. 

i     0P  THE. 
U  N  I  VE.R.S  ITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


.  \ 


;  vl    •    i  •:. 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
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LlbHAHY 

OF  THE 

WNIVtRblTY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORICAL 


ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


ILLINOIS 


EDITED    hY 

NEWTON   BATEMAN.   LL.  D.  PAUL  SKLHY,  A.  M. 


AND     HISTORY     OF 


EVANSTON 

EDITED  BY 

HARVEY   B.  HUKD,  LL.D.  ROBERT  D.  SIIEPPAKD,  D.D. 


VOLUME    I 


ILLUSTRATED 


CH  ICAGO: 

MUNSE1.1.     PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS. 
1906. 


Entered  wrninllui!  to  A.-t  ul  Coiiuran. 
in  the  year*  1HW.  !»«•.  1'JOO  ulnl  I'JUB  hy 


W  I  L  L  I  A  M 


ill  thi-  .iffire.if  the  LilH.u  1.1 
at 

WASHINCiTHN 


M  U  X  s  t  L  L  . 
.f  U<ili»m» 


! 


THe 

ILLINOIS  RIV6R 
BASIN. 


TERRITORY  DRAINED  BY  THE  ILLINOIS  RIVER. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLfNOK 


- 


( 


- 

PREFACE. 


Why  publish  this  book?  There  should  be  many  and  strong  reasons  to  warrant  ench  an 
undertaking.  Are  there  such  reasons?  What  considerations  are  weighty  enough  to  huv« 
indnced  the  publishers  to  make  this  venture?  and  what  special  claims  has  Illinois  to  such  a 
distinction?  These  are  reasonable  and  inevitable  inquiries,  and  it  is  fitting  they  should 
receive  attention. 

In  the  first  place,  good  State  Histories  are  of  great  importance  and  value,  and  there  ia 
abundant  and  cheering  evidence  of  an  increasing  popular  interest  in  them.  This  is  true  of 
all  such  works,  whatever  States  may  be  their  subjects;  and  it  is  conspicuously  true  of  Illi- 
nois, for  the  following,  among  many  other  reasons :  Because  of  its  great  prominence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  West  as  the  seat  of  the  first  settlements  of  Europeans  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  River — the  unique  character  of  its  early  civilization,  due  to  or  resulting  from  its  early 
French  population  brought  in  contact  with  the  aborigines — its  political,  military,  and  educa- 
tional prominence — its  steadfast  loyalty  and  patriotism — the  marvelous  development  of  its 
vast  resources — the  number  of  distinguished  statesmen,  generals,  and  jurists  whom  it  has 
furnished  to  the  Government,  and  its  grand  record  in  the  exciting  and  perilous  conflicts  on 
the  Slavery  question. 

This  is  the  magnificent  Commonwealth,  the  setting  forth  of  whose  history,  in  all  of  its 
essential  departments  and  features,  seemed  to  warrant  the  bringing  out  of  another  volume 
devoted  to  that  end.     Its  material  has  been  gathered  from  every  available  source,  and  most 
carefully  examined  and  sifted  before  acceptance.     Especial  care  has  been  taken  in  collecting 
material  of  a  biographical  character ;  facts  and  incidents  in  the  personal  history  of  men  identi- 
fied with  the  life  of  the  State  in  its  Territorial  and  later  periods.     This  material  has  been 
gathered  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  widely  scattered,  and  much  of  it  quite  inaccessible 
s  to  the  ordinary  inquirer.     The  encyclopedic  form  of  the  work  favors  conciseness  and  com- 
•  •  pactness.  and  was  adopted  with  a  view  to  condensing  the  largest  amount  of  information 
within  the  smallest  practicable  space. 

And  so  the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois  was  conceived  and  planned  in  the  belief 

that  it  was  needed;  that  no  other  book  filled  the  place  it  was  designed  to  occupy,  or  f ur- 

'•  -  n  is  bed  the  amount,  variety  and  scope  of  information  touching  the  infancy  and  later  life  of 

'  Illinois,  that  would  be  found  in  its  pages.     In  that  belief,  and  in  furtherance  of  those  end*, 

;     the  book  has  been  constructed  and  its  topics  selected  and  written.     Simplicity,  perspicuity, 

conciseness  and  accuracy  have  been  the  dominant  aims  and  rules  of  its  editors  and  writers. 

^~  The  supreme  mission  of  the  book  is  to  record,  fairly  and  truthfully,  historical  facts ;  facts  of 

the  earlier  and  later  history  of  the  State,  and  drawn  from  the  almost  innumerable  sources 

1  connected  with  that  history ;  facts  of  interest  to  the  great  body  of  our  people,  as  well  as  to 

|  scholars,  officials,  and  other  special  classes;   a  book  convenient  for  reference  in  the  school, 

tb«  flffice,  and  the  home.     Hence,  no  attempt  at  fine  writing,  no  labored,  irrelevant  and 

3 

• 

I  075228 


PREFACE. 


Why  publish  this  book?  There  should  ho  many  and  strong  reasons  to  warrant  such  an 
undertaking.  Are  there  such  reasons?  What  considerations  ;ire  weighty  enough  to  have 
induced  the  publishers  to  make  this  venture?  and  what  special  claims  has  Illinois  to  such  a 
distinction?  These  are  reasonable  and  inevitable  inquiries,  and  it.  is  fitting  they  should 
receive  attention. 

In  the  first  place,  -rood  State  Histories  arc  of  great  imjwrtance  and  value,  and  there  i* 
abundant  and  cheering  evidence  o[  an  increasing  popular  interest  in  them.  This  is  true  of 
all  such  works,  whatever  States  may  be  their  subjects;  and  it  is  conspicuously  true  of  Illi- 
nois, for  the  following,  among  many  other  reasons:  Because  of  its  great  prominence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  West  as  the  seat  of  the  first  settlements  of  Europeans  northwest  of  thi 
Ohio  Kivcr — the  unique  character  of  its  early  civilization,  due  to  or  resulting  from  its  early 
French  jx>pulation  brought  in  contact  with  the  aborigines — its  political,  military,  and  educa- 
tional prominence- — its  steadfast  loyalty  and  patriotism — the  marvelous  development  of  it* 
vast  resources — the  number  of  distinguished  statesmen,  generals,  and  jurists  whom  it  ha* 
furnished  to  the  Government,  and  its  grand  record  in  the  exciting  and  perilous  conflicts  on 
the  Slavery  question. 

This  is  tin1  magnificent  Commonwealth,  the  setting  forth  of  whose  history,  in  all  of  its 
essential  departments  and  features,  seemed  to  warrant  the  bringing  out  of  another  volume, 
devoted  to  that  end.  Its  material  lias  been  gathered  from  every  available  source,  and  most 
carefully  examined  and  sifted  before  acceptance.  Especial  care  has  been  taken  in  collecting 
material  of  a  biographical  character ;  facts  and  incidents  in  the  personal  history  of  men  identi- 
fied with  the  life  of  the  State  in  its  Territorial  and  later  periods.  This  material  has  been 
gathered  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  widely  scattered,  and  much  of  it  quite,  inaccessible 
to  the  ordinary  inquirer.  The  encyclopedic  form  of  the  work  favors  conciseness  and  com- 
pactness, and  was  adopted  with  a  view  to  condensing  the  largest  amount  of  informatiou 
within  the  smallest  practicable  space. 

And  so  the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois  was  conceived  and  planned  in  the  belief 
that  it  was  iiretlvil;  that  no  other  book  filled  the  place  it  was  designed  to  occupy,  or  fur- 
nished the  amount,  variety  and  scope  of  information  touching  the  infancy  and  later  life  of 
Illinois,  that  would  be  found  in  its  pages.  In  that  belief,  and  in  furtherance  of  those  ends, 
the  book  has  been  constructed  and  its  topics  selected  and  written.  Simplicity,  perspicuity, 
conciseness  and  accuracy  have  been  the  dominant  aims  and  rules  of  its  editors  and  writers. 
The  supreme  mission  of  the  book  is  to  record,  fairly  and  truthfully,  historical  facts;  facts  of 
the  earlier  and  later  history  of  the  State,  and  drawn  from  the  almost  innumerable  sources 
connected  with  that  history;  facts  of  interest  to  the  great  body  of  our  people,  as  well  as  to 
scholars,  officials,  and  other  special  classes;  a  book  convenient  for  reference  in  the  school, 
the  'iffice,  and  the  home.  Hence,  no  attempt  at.  line  writing,  no  labored,  irrelevant  and 


4  PREFACE. 

long-drawn  accounts  of  matters,  persons  or  things,  which  really  need  but  a  few  plain  words 
for  their  adequate  elucidation,  will  be  found  in  its  pages.  On  the  other  hand,  perspicuity 
and  fitting  development  are  never  intentionally  sacrificed  to  mere  conciseness  and  brevity. 
Whenever  a  subject,  from  its  nature,  demands  a  more  elaborate  treatment — and  there  are 
many  of  this  character — it  is  handled  accordingly. 

As  a  rule,  the.  method  pursued  is  the  separate  and  topical,  rather  than  the  chronological, 
as  being  more  satisfactory  and  convenient  for  reference.  That  is,  each  topic  is  considered 
separately  and  exhaustively,  instead  of  being  blended,  chronologically,  with  others.  To  pass 
from  subject  to  subject,  in  the  mere  arbitrary  order  of  time,  is  to  sacrifice  simplicity  and 
order  to  complexity  and  confusion. 

Absolute  freedom  from  error  or  defect  in  all  cases,  in  handling  so  many  thousands  of 
items,  is  not  claimed,  and  could  not  reasonably  be  expected  of  any  finite  intelligence;  since, 
in  complicated  cases,  some  element  may  possibly  elude  its  sharpest  scrutiny.  But  every 
statement  of  fact,  made  herein  without  qualification,  is  believed  to  be  strictly  correct,  and 
the  statistics  of  the  volume,  as  a  whole,  are  submitted  to  its  readers  with  entire  confidence. 

Considerable  space  is  also  devoted  to  biographical  sketches  of  persons  deemed  worthy  of 
mention,  for  their  close  relations  to  the  State  in  some  of  its  varied  interests,  political,  gov- 
ernmental, financial,  social,  religions,  educational,  industrial,  commercial,  economical,  mili- 
tary, judicial  or  otherwise ;  or  for  their  supposed  personal  deservings  in  other  respects.  It 
is  believed  that  the  extensive  recognition  of  such  individuals,  by  the  publishers,  will  not  be 
disapproved  or  regretted  by  the  public ;  that  personal  biography  has  an  honored,  useful  and 
legitimate  place  in  such  a  history  of  Illinois  as  this  volume  aims  to  be,  and  that  the  omission 
of  such  a  department  would  seriously  detract  from  the  completeness  and  value  of  the  book. 
Perhaps  no  more  delicate  and  difficult  task  has  confronted  the  editors  and  publishers  than 
the  selection  of  names  for  this  part  of  the  work. 

While  it  is  believed  that  no  unworthy  name  has  a  place  in  the  list,  it  is  freely  admitted 
that  there  may  be  many  others,  equally  or  possibly  even  more  worthy,  whose  names  do  not 
appear,  partly  for  lack  of  definite  and  adequate  information,  and  partly  because  it  was  not 
loomed  beat  to  materially  increase  the  space  devoted  to  this  class  of  topics. 

And  so,  with  cordial  thanks  to  the  publishers  for  the  risks  they  have  so  cheerfully 
iissumed  in  this  enterprise,  for  their  business  energy,  integrity,  and  determination,  and  their 
uniform  kindness  and  courtesy ;  to  the  many  who  have  to  generously  and  helpfully  promoted 
the  success  of  the  work,  by  their  contributions  of  valuable  information,  interesting  reminis- 
cences, and  rare  incidents;  to  Mr.  Paul  Selby,  the  very  able  associate  editor,  to  whom 
especial  honor  and  credit  are  due  for  his  most  efficient,  intelligent  and  scholarly  services ;  to 
Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  Walter  B.  Wines,  and  to  all  others  who  have,  by  word  or  act, 
encouraged  us  in  this  enterprise — with  grateful  recognition  of  all  these  friends  and  helpers, 
the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois,  with  its  thousands  of  topics  and  many  thousands  of 
details,  items  and  incidents,  is  now  respectfully  submitted  to  the  good  people  of  the  State, 
for  whom  it  has  been  prepared,  in  the  earnest  hope  and  confident  belief  that  it  will  be  found 
instructive,  convenient  and  useful  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  designed. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


PREFATORY    STATEMENT. 


Since  the  bulk  of  the  matter  contained  in  this  volume  was  practically  completed  and 
ready  for  the  press,  Dr.  Newton  Bateman,  who  occupied  the  relation  to  it  of  editor-in-chief, 
has  passed  beyond  the  sphere  of  mortal  existence.  In  placing  the  work  before  the  public,  it 
therefore  devolves  upon  the  undersigned  to  make  this  last  prefatory  statement. 

As  explained  by  Dr.  Bateman  in  his  preface,  the  object  had  in  view  in  the  preparation 
of  a  "Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois"  has  been  to  present,  in  compact  and  concise  form, 
the  leading  facts  of  Territorial  and  State  history,  from  the  arrival  of  the  earliest  French 
explorers  in  Illinois  to  the  present  time.  This  has  included  an  outline  history  of  the  State, 
under  the  title,  "Illinois, "supplemented  by  special  articles  relating  to  various  crises  and  eras 
in  State  history;  changes  in  form  of  government  and  administration;  the  history  of  Consti- 
tutional Conventions  and  Legislative  Assemblies ;  the  various  wars  in  which  Illinoisans  have 
taken  part,  with  a  summary  of  the  principal  events  in  the  history  of  individual  military 
organizations  engaged  in  the  Civil  War  of  1861-65,  and  the  War  of  1898  with  Spain;  lists  of 
State  officers,  United  States  Senators  and  Members  of  Congress,  with  the  terms  of  each ;  the 
organization  and  development  of  political  divisions;  the  establishment  of  charitable  and 
educational  institutions ;  the  growth  of  public  improvements  and  other  enterprises  which 
have  marked  the  progress  of  the  State ;  natural  features  and  resources ;  the  history  of  early 
newspapers,  and  the  growth  of  religious  denominations,  together  with  general  statistical 
information  and  unusual  or  extraordinary  occurrences  of  a  local  or  general  State  character — 
all  arranged  under  topical  heads,  and  convenient  for  ready  reference  by  all  seeking  informa- 
tion on  these  subjects,  whether  in  the  family,  in  the  office  of  the  professional  or  business 
man,  in  the  teacher's  study  and  the  school-room,  or  in  the  public  library. 

While  individual  or  collected  biographies  of  the  public  men  of  Illinois  have  not  been 
wholly  lacking  or  few  in  number — and  those  already  in  existence  have  a  present  and  con- 
stantly increasing  valne — they  have  been  limited,  for  the  most  part,  to  special  localities  and 
particular  periods  or  classes.  Rich  as  the  annals  of  Illinois  are  in  the  records  and  character 
of  its  distinguished  citizens  who,  by  their  services  in  the  public  councils,  upon  the  judicial 
bench  and  in  the  executive  chair,  in  the  forum  and  in  the  field,  have  reflected  honor  upon 
the  State  and  the  Nation,  there  has  been  hitherto  no  comprehensive  attempt  to  gather 
together,  in  one  volume,  sketches  of  those  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  creation  and 
upbuilding  of  the  State.  The  collection  of  material  of  this  sort  has  been  a  task  requiring 
patient  and  laborious  research ;  and,  while  all  may  not  have  been  achieved  in  this  direction 
that  was  desirable,  owing  to  the  insufficiency  or  total  absence  of  data  relating  to  the  lives  of 
many  men  most  prominent  in  public  affairs  during  the  period  to  which  they  belonged,  it  is 
still  believed  that  what  has  been  accomplished  will  be  found  of  permanent  value  and  be 
appreciated  by  those  most  deeply  interested  in  this  phase  of  State  history. 

The  large  number  of  topics  treated  has  made  brevity  and  conciseness  an  indispensable 
feature  of  the  work ;  consequently  there  has  been  no  attempt  to  indulge  in  graces  of  style  or 

5 


•• 


PRE  F ATO  R  Y    S  T A  T  K M K N T . 


Since  the  bulk  of  the  matter  contained  in  this  volume  was  practically  completed  and 
ready  for  the  press,  Dr.  Newton  Bateman.  who  occupied  the  relation  to  it  of  editor-in-chief, 
has.  passed  beyond  the  sphere  of  mortal  existence.  In  placing  the  work  before  the  public,  it 
therefore  devolves  upon  the  undersigned  to  make  this  last  prefatory  statement. 

As  explained  by  Dr.  liateman  in  his  preface,  the  object  had  in  view  in  the  preparation 
of  a  "Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois"  has  been  to  present,  in  compact  and  concise  form, 
the  leading  facts  of  Territorial  and  State  history,  from  the  arrival  nf  the  earliest  Frencl. 
explorers  in  Illinois  to  the  present  time.  This  lias  included  an  outline  history  of  tlie  State, 
under  the  title,  •'Illinois,''  supplemented  by  special  articles  relating  to  various  crises  and  eras 
in  State  history:  changes  in  form  of  government  and  administration;  the  history  of  Consti 
tutional  Conventions  and  Legislative  Assemblies;  the  various  wars  in  which  Illinoisans  liav«- 
taken  part,  with  a  summary  of  the  principal  events  in  the  history  of  individual  military 
organizations  engaged  in  the  Civil  War  of  1St51-G5,  and  the  War  of  is'.iswith  Spain:  lists  of 
State  officers,  I'nited  States  Senators  and  -Members  of  Congress,  with  the  terms  of  each :  tin- 
organization  and  development  of  political  divisions;  the  establishment  of  charitable  anil 
educational  institutions;  the  growth  of  public  improvements  and  other  enterprises  whirl; 
have  marked  the  progress  of  the  State;  natural  features  and  resources;  the  history  of  early 
newspapers,  and  the  growth  of  religious  denominations,  together  with  general  statistical 
information  and  unusual  or  extraordinary  occurrences  of  a  local  or  ircneral  State  character — 
all  arranged  under  topical  heads,  anil  convenient  for  ready  reference  by  all  seekin:;  informa- 
tion on  these  subjects,  whether  in  the  family,  in  the  office  of  the  professional  or  business 
man,  in  the  teacher's  study  and  the  school-room,  or  in  the  public  library. 

While  individual  or  collected  biographies  of  the  public  men  of  Illinois  have  n:>t  been 
wholly  lacking  or  few  in  number — and  those  already  in  existence  have  a  present,  and  con- 
stantly increasing  value — they  have  been  limited,  for  the  most  part,  to  s]wial  localities  and 
particular  periods  or  classes.  Itich  as  the  annals  of  Illinois  are  in  the  records  and  character 
of  its  distinguished  citizens  who,  by  their  services  in  the  public  councils,  upon  the  judicial 
bench  and  in  the  executive  chair,  in  the  forum  and  in  the  field,  have  reflected  honor  U|K)n 
the  State  and  the  Nation,  there  has  l>een  hitherto  no  comprehensive  attempt  to  gather 
together,  in  one  volume,  sketches  of  those  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  creation  and 
upbuilding  of  the  State.  The  collection  of  material  of  this  sort  has  been  a  task  requiring 
patient  and  laborious  research;  and,  while  all  may  not  have  been  achieved  in  this  direction 
that  was  desirable,  owing  to  the  insufficiency  or  total  absence  of  data  relating  to  the  lives  of 
many  men  most  prominent  in  public  affairs  during  the  period  to  which  they  In-longed,  it  it 
still  believed  that  what  has  been  accomplished  will  lie  found  of  permanent  value  and  be 
appreciated  by  those  most  deeply  interested  in  this  phase  of  State  history. 

The  large  number  of  topics  treated  has  made  brevity  and  conciseness  an  indispensable 
feature  of  the  work:  consequently  there  ha-s  been  no  attempt  to  indulge  in  graces  of  style  or 


6 


PREFATORYSTATEMENT. 


e.aboration  of  narrative.  The  object  has  been  to  present,  in  simple  language  and  concise 
form,  facts  of  history  of  interest  or  value  to  those  who  may  choose  to  consult  its  pages. 
Absolute  inerrancy  is  not  claimed  for  every  detail  of  the  work,  but  no  pains  has  been 
spared,  and  every  available  authority  consulted,  to  arrive  at  complete  accuracy  of  statement. 

In  view  of  the  important  bearing  which  railroad  enterprises  have  had  upon  the  extraor- 
dinary development  of  tho  State  within  the  past  fifty  years,  considerable  space  has  been  given 
to  this  department,  especially  with  reference  to  the  older  lines  of  railroad  whose  history  has 
been  intimately  interwoven  with  that  of  the  State,  and  its  progress  in  wealth  and  population. 

In  addition  to  the  acknowledgments  made  by  Dr.  Bateman,  it  is  but  proper  that  I 
should  express  my  personal  obligations  to  the  late  Prof.  Samuel  M.  Inglis,  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  and  his  assistant,  Prof.  J.  H.  Freeman;  to  ex-Senator  John 
M.  Palmer,  of  Springfield  ;  to  the  late  Hon.  Joseph  Medill,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Tribune"  ; 
to  the  Hon.  James  B.  Bradwell,  of  "The  Chicago  Legal  News";  to  Gen.  Green  B.  Raum, 
Dr.  Samuel  Willard,  and  Dr.  Garrett  Newkirk,  of  Chicago  (the  latter  as  author  of  the  prin- 
cipal portions  of  the  article  on  the  "Underground  Railroad")  ;  to  the  Librarians  of  the  State 
Historical  Library,  the  Chicago  Historical  Library,  and  the  Chicago  Public  Library,  for 
special  and  valuable  aid  rendered,  as  well  as  to  a  large  circle  of  correspondents  in  different 
parts  of  the  State  who  have  courteously  responded  to  requests  for  information  on  special 
topics,  and  have  thereby  materially  aided  in  securing  whatever  success  may  have  been 
attained  in  the  work. 

In  conclusion,  I  cannot  omit  to  pay  tliis  final  tribute  to  the  memory  of  my  friend  and 
associate,  Dr.  Bateman,  whose  death,  at  his  home  in  Galesburg,  on  October  21,  1897,  was 
deplored,  not  only  by  his  associates  in  the  Faculty  of  Enox  College,  his  former  pupils  and 
immediate  neighbors,  but  by  a  large  circle  of  friends  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 

Although  his  labors  as  editor  of  this  volume  had  been  substantially  finished  at  the  time 
of  his  death  (and  they  included  the  reading  and  revision  of  every  line  of  copy  at  that  time 
prepared,  comprising  the  larger  proportion  of  the  volume  as  it  now  goes  into  the  hands  of 
the  public),  the  enthusiasm,  zeal  and  kindly  appreciation  of  the  labor  of  others  which  he 
brought  to  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  have  been  sadly  missed  in  the  last  stages  of  prepara- 
tion of  the  work  for  the  press.  In  the  estimation  of  many  who  have  held  his  scholarship 
and  his  splendid  endowments  of  mind  and  character  in  the  highest  admiration,  his  con- 
nection with  the  work  will  be  its  strongest  commendation  and  the  surest  evidence  of  its 
merit. 

With  myself,  the  most  substantial  satisfaction  I  have  in  dismissing  the  volume  from  my 
hands  and  submitting  it  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  exists  in  the  fact  that,  in  its  prepara- 
tion, I  have  been  associated  with  such  a  co-laborer  —  one  whose  abilities  commanded  uni- 
versal respect,  and  whose  genial,  scholarly  character  and  noble  qualities  of  mind  and  heart 
won  the  love  and  confidence  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  and  whom  it  had  been  my 
privilege  to  count  aa  a  friend  from  an  early  period  in  his  long  and  useful  career. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PACK 

Abraham  Lincoln  (Frontispiece) 1 

Annex  Central  Hospital  for  Insane,  Jacksonville 84 

Asylum  for  Feeble-Minded  Children,  Lincoln 237 

Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane,  Bartonville 85 

Bateman,  Newton  (Portrait) 3 

Board  of  Trade  Building,  Chicago 277 

"Chenn  Mansion,"  Easkaskia  (1898),  where  La  Fayette  was  entertained  in  1825  ....  315 

Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences 394 

Chicago  Drainage  Canal 94 

Chicago  Historical  Society  Building 394 

Chicago  Post  Office  (U.  S.  Gov.  Building)    88 

Chicago  Public  Buildings     395 

Chicago  Thoroughfares     89 

Chicago  Thoroughfares 93 

Chief  Chicagou  (Portrait) 246 

Comparative  Size  of  Great  Canals 95 

Day  after  Chicago  Fire 92 

Early  Historic  Scenes,  Chicago 170 

Early  Historic  Scenes,  Chicago  (No.  2) 171 

Engineering  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 280 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois 12 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois — The  Vineyard 13 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois— Orchard  Cultivation 13 

First  Illinois  State  House,  Kaskaskia  (1818) 314 

Fort  Dearborn  from  the  West  (1808) 246 

Fort  Dearborn  from  Southeast  (1808) 247 

Fort  Dearborn  (1853) 247 

General  John  Edgar's  House,  Easkasia 315 

Henry  de  Tonty  (Portrait) 246 

House  of  Governor  Bond,  Old  Kaskaskia  (1891) 315 

House  of  Chief  Ducoign,  the  last  of  the  Easkaskias  (1893) 314 

Home  for  Juvenile  Female  Offenders,  Geneva 236 

Illinois  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Quincy 438 

Illinois  State  Normal  University,  Normal 504 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (First),  Easkaskia    240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Second),  Vandalia     240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Third) ,  Spring6eld    240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Present),  Springfield     241 

Illinois  State  Building,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  1893 601 

Illinois  State  Penitentiary,  Joliet 306 

Illinois  State  Penitentiary — Cell  House  and  Women's  Prison 307 

Illinois  State  Reformatory,  Pontiac 493 

7 


8  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAOK 

Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Jacksonville 300 

Interior  of  Room,  Kaakaskia  Hotel  (1893)  where  La  Fayette  Banqnet  was  held  in  1825  314 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  Jacksonville 301 

Kaskaskia  Hotel,  where  La  Fayetto  was  feted  in  1825  (as  it  appeared,  1893)  314 

La  Salle  (Portrait) 246 

Library  Building,  University  of  Illinois 334 

Library  Building — Main  Floor — University  of  Illinois 335 

Lincoln  Park  Vistas,  Chicago    120 

Map  of  Burned  District,  Chicago  Fire,  1871 276 

Map  of  Grounds,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  1893 '. 600 

Map  of  Illinois Following  Title  Page 

Map  of  Illinois  River  Valley "           "  " 

McCormick  Seminary,  Chicago 362 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 90 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 206 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 207 

Natural  History  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 151 

Newberry  Library,  Chicago 394 

Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Elgin 402 

Old  Kaskaskia,  from  Garrison  Hill  (as  it  appeared  in  1893) 314 

Old  State  House,  Kaskaskia  (1900) 315 

Pierre  Menard  Mansion,  Kaskaskia  (1893) 314 

Remnant  of  Old  Kaskaskia  (as  it  appeared  in  1898) 315 

Scenes  in  South  Park,  ( 'himijo     604 

Selby,  Paul  (Protrait)    5 

Sheridan  Road  and  on  the  Boulevards,  Chicago     1'J  I 

Soldiers'  Widows'  Home,  Wilmington 43(» 

Southern  Illinois  Normal,  Carbondale 50"> 

Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane,  Chester 4'J'i 

University  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 150 

University  of  Chicago 363 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana.     (Group  of  Buildings) 540 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana.     (Group  of  Buildings) 541 

View  from  Engineering  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 281 

View  on  Principal  Street,  Old  Kaskaskia  (1891) 315 

Views  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 91 

Views  of  Drainage  Canal 90 

Views  of  Drainage  Canal  97 

War  Eagle  (Portrait) 24« 

Western  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Watertown 403 

World's  Fair  Buildings    605 


Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois. 


. 


ABBOTT,  ( l.inii..(,ov.)  Edward,  a  British 
officer,  who  was  commandant  at  Post  Vincennes 
(called  by  the  British,  Fort  Sackville)  at  the 
time  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  captured  Kaskas- 
kia  in  1778.  Abbott's  jurisdiction  extended,  at 
least  nominally,  over  a  part  of  the  "Illinois 
Country. "  Ten  days  after  the  occupation  of  Kas- 
kaskia.  Colonel  Clark,  having  learned  that 
Abbott  had  gone  to  the  British  headquarters  at 
Detroit,  leaving  the  Post  without  any  guard 
except  that  furnished  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
village,  took  advantage  of  his  absence  to  send 
Pierre  Gibault.  the  Catholic  Vicar-General  of  Illi- 
nois, to  win  over  the  people  to  the  American 
cause,  which  he  did  so  successfully  that  they  at 
once  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  the  Ameri- 
can flag  was  run  up  over  the  fort.  Although 
Fort  Sackville  afterwards  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  British  for  a  time,  the  manner  of  its  occupa- 
tion was  as  much  of  a  surprise  to  the  British  as 
that  of  Kaskaskia  itself,  and  contributed  to  the 
completeness  of  Clark's  triumph.  (See  Clark, 
Col.  George  Rogers,  also,  Gibault,  Pierre.)  Gov- 
ernor Abbott  seems  to  have  been  of  a  more 
humane  character  than  the  mass  of  British 
officers  of  his  day,  as  he  wrote  a  letter  to  General 
Carleton  about  this  time,  protesting  strongly 
against  the  employment  of  Indians  in  carrying 
on  warfare  against  the  colonists  on  the  frontier, 
on  the  ground  of  humanity,  claiming  that  it  was 
a  detriment  to  the  British  cause,  although  he 
'was  overruled  by  his  superior  officer,  Colonel 
Hamilton,  in  the  steps  soon  after  taken  to  recap- 
ture Vincennes. 

A  BI NGDON,  second  city  in  size  in  Knox  County , 
at  the  junction  of  the  Iowa  Central  and  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads;  10 
miles  south  of  Galesburg,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  electric  car  line ;  has  city  waterworks, 
electric  light  plant,  wagon  works,  brick  and  tile 
works,  sash,  blind  and  swing  factories,  two  banks, 


three  weekly  papers,  public  library,  fine  high 
school  building  and  two  ward  schools.  Hedding 
College,  a  flourishing  institution,  under  auspices 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,  is  located  here.  Population 
(1900),  2,022;  (eat.  1904),  3,000. 

ACCAULT,  Michael  (Ak-ko),  French  explorer 
and  companion  of  La  Salle,  who  came  to  the 
"Illinois  Country"  in  1780,  and  accompanied 
Hennepin  when  the  latter  descended  the  Illinois 
River  to  its  mouth  and  then  ascended  the  Mis 
sissippi  to  the  vicinity  of  the  present  city  of  St. 
Paul,  where  they  were  captured  by  Sioux.  They 
were  rescued  by  Greysolon  Dulhut  (for  whom 
the  city  of  Duluth  was  named),  and  having  dis- 
covered the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  returned  to 
Green  Bay.  (See  Hennepin.) 

ACKERMAN,  William  K.,  Railway  President 
and  financier,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Jan. 
29,  1832,  of  Knickerbocker  and  Revolutionary 
ancestry,  his  grandfather,  Abraham  D.  Acker- 
man,  having  served  as  Captain  of  a  company  of 
the  famous  "Jersey  Blues,"  participating  with 
"Mad"  Anthony  Wayne  in  the  storming  of  Stony 
Point  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  while  his 
father  served  as  Lieutenant  of  Artillery  in  the 
War  of  1812.  After  receiving  a  high  school  edu- 
cation in  New  York,  Mr.  Ackerman  engaged  in 
mercantile  business,  but  in  1852  became  a  clerk 
in  the  financial  department  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  the  service  of 
the  Company  in  1860,  he  successively  filled  the 
positions  of  Secretary,  Auditor  and  Treasurer, 
until  July,  1876,  when  he  was  elected  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  a  year  later  promoted  to  the  Presidency, 
voluntarily  retiring  from  this  position  in  August. 
1883,  though  serving  some  time  longer  in  the 
capacity  of  Vice-Presiilent.  During  the  progress 
of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago 
(1892-93)  Mr.  Ackerman  served  as  Auditor  of  the 
Exposition,  and  was  City  Comptroller  of  Chicago 
under  the  administration  of  Mayor  Hopkins 


10 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


; 


(1893-95).  He  is  an  active  member  of  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  and  has  rendered  valuable 
service  to  railroad  history  by  the  issue  of  two  bro- 
chures on  the  "Early  History  of  Illinois  Rail- 
roads," and  a  "Historical  Sketch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad." 

ADAMS,  John,  LL.D.,  educator  and  philan- 
thropist, was  born  at  Canterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  18, 
1772;  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1795;  taught 
for  several  years  in  his  native  place,  in  Plain- 
field,  N.  J.,  and  at  Colchester,  Conn.  In  1810  he 
became  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy  at  An- 
<  lover.  Mass.,  remaining  there  twenty -three 
years.  In  addition  to  his  educational  duties  he 
participated  in  the  organization  of  several  great 
charitable  associations  which  attained  national 
importance.  On  retiring  from  Phillips  Academy 
in  1833,  he  removed  to  Jacksonville,  I1L,  where, 
four  years  afterward,  he  became  the  third  Prin- 
cipal of  Jacksonville  Female  Academy,  remaining 
six  years.  He  then  became  Agent  of  the  Ameri- 
can Sunday  School  Union,  in  the  course  of  the 
next  few  years  founding  several  hundred  Sunday 
Schools  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Yale  College  in 
1854.  Died  in  Jacksonville,  April  24,  1863.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  father  of  Dr.  William 
Adams,  for  forty  years  a  prominent  Presbyterian 
clergyman  of  New  York  and  for  seven  years  ( 1873- 
80)  President  of  Union  Theological  Seminary. 

ADAMS,  John  McGregor,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Londonderry,  N.  II. ,  March  11,  is;; I,  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  R.  Adams,  who  served  as  Chap- 
lain of  the  Fifth  Maine  and  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-first  New  York  Volunteers  during  the 
Civil  War.  Mr.  Adams  was  educated  at  Gorham, 
He.,  and  Andover,  Mass.,  after  which,  going  to 
New  York  City,  he  engaged  as  clerk  in  a  dry- 
goods  house  at  $150  a  year.  He  next  entered  the 
office  of  Clark  &  Jessup,  hardware  manufacturers, 
and  in  1858  came  to  Chicago  to  represent  the 
house  of  Morris  K .  Jessup  &  Co.  He  thus  became 
associated  with  the  late  John  Crerar,  the  firm  of 
Jessup  &  Co.  being  finally  merged  into  that  of 
Crerar,  Adams  &  Co.,  which,  with  the  Adams  & 
Westlake  Co.,  have  done  a  large  business  in  the 
manufacture  of  railway  supplies.  Since  the 
death  of  Mr.  Crerar,  Mr.  Adams  has  been  princi- 
pal manager  of  the  concern's  vast  manufacturing 
business. 

ADAMS,  (Dr.)  Samuel,  physician  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  Dec.  19,  1806, 
and  educated  at  Bowdoin  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  both  the  departments  of  literature 
and  of  medicine.  Then,  having  practiced  as  a 


physician  several  years,  in  1838  he  assumed  the 
chair  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry  and 
Natural  History  in  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville, 111.  From  1843  to  1845  he  was  also  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  same  institution,  and, 
during  his  connection  with  the  College,  gave 
instruction  at  different  times  in  nearly  every 
branch  embraced  in  the  college  curriculum, 
including  the  French  and  German  languages. 
Of  uncompromising  firmness  and  invincible  cour- 
age in  his  adherence  to  principle,  he  was  a  man 
of  singular  modesty,  refinement  and  amiability 
in  private  life,  winning  the  confidence  and  esteem 
of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  especially 
the  students  who  came  under  his  instruction.  A 
profound  and  thorough  scholar,  he  possessed  a 
refined  and  exalted  literary  taste,  which  was 
illustrated  in  occasional  contributions  to  scien- 
tific and  literary  periodicals.  Among  productions 
of  his  pen  on  philosophic  topics  may  be  enumer- 
ated articles  on  "The  Natural  History  of  Man  in 
his  Scriptural  Relations;"  contributions  to  the 
"Biblical  Repository"  (1844);  "Auguste  Comte 
and  Positivism"  ("New  Englander,"  1873),  and 
"Herbert  Spencer's  Proposed  Reconciliation  be- 
tween Religion  and  Science"  ("New  Englander," 
1875).  His  connection  with  Illinois  College  con- 
tinued until  his  death,  April,  1877 — a  period  of 
more  than  thirty-eight  years.  A  monument  to 
his  memory  lias  been  erected  through  the  grate- 
ful donations  of  his  former  pupils. 

ADAMS,  George  Everett,  lawyer  and  ex-Con- 
gressman, born  at  Keene,  N.  H  ,  June  18,  1840; 
was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  at  Dane 
Law  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  graduating  at  the 
former  in  1860.  Early  in  life  he  settled  in  Chi- 
cago, where,  after  some  time  spent  as  a  teacher 
in  the  Chicago  High  School,  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  His  first  post  of  pub- 
lic responsibility  was  that  of  State  Senator,  to 
which  he  was  elected  in  1880.  In  1882  he  was 
chosen,  as  a  Republican,  to  represent  the  Fourth 
Illinois  District  in  Congress,  and  re-elected  in 
1884,  '86  and  '88.  In  1890  he  was  again  a  candi- 
date, but  was  defeated  by  Walter  C.  Newberry. 
He  is  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Newberry 
Library. 

ADAMS,  James,  pioneer  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  26,  1803;  taken  to  Oswego 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  1809,  and,  in  1821,  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  being  the  first  lawyer  to  locate 
in  the  future  State  capital.  He  enjoyed  an  ex- 
tensive practice  for  the  time ;  in  1823  was  elected 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  took  part  in  the  Winne- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


11 


bago  and  Black  Hawk  wars,  was  elected  Probate 
Judge  in  1841,  and  died  in  office,  August  11,  1843. 

ADAMS  COUNTY,  an  extreme  westerly  county 
of  the  State,  situated  about  midway  between  its 
northern  and  southern  extremities,  and  bounded 
on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi  River.  It  was 
organized  in  1825  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
yuincy  Adams,  the  name  of  Quincy  being  given 
to  the  county  seat.  The  United  States  Census  of 
1890  places  its  area  at  830  sq.  m.  and  its  popula- 
tion at  61,888.  The  soil  of  the  county  is  fertile 
and  well  watered,  the  surface  diversified  and 
hilly,  especially  along  the  Mississippi  bluffs,  and 
its  climate  equable.  The  wealth  of  the  county  is 
largely  derived  from  agriculture,  although  a 
large  amount  of  manufacturing  is  carried  on  in 
Quincy.  Population  (1900),  67,058. 

ADDAMS,  John  Huy,  legislator,  was  born  at 
Sinking  Springs,  Berks  County,  Pa.,  July  12. 
1822;  educated  at  Trappeand  Upper  Dublin,  Pa., 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a  miller  in  his  youth, 
which  he  followed  in  later  life.  In  1844,  Mr. 
Addams  came  to  Illinois,  settling  at  Cedarville, 
Stephenson  County,  purchased  a  tract  of  land 
and  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill  on  Cedar  Creek. 
In  1854  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from 
Stephenson  County,  serving  continuously  in  that 
body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1870 — first  as 
a  Whig  and  afterwards  as  a  Republican.  In  1865 
lie  established  the  Second  National  Bank  of  Free- 
|K>rt,  of  which  he  continued  to  be  the  president 
until  his  death,  August  17,  1881. — Miss  Jane 
I  \<Uams). philanthropist. the  founder  of  the  "Hull 
House,"  Chicago,  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Addams. 

ADDISON,  village,  Du  Page  County;  seat  of 
Evangelical  Lutheran  College,  Normal  School 
and  Orphan  Asylum ;  has  State  Bank,  stores  and 
public  school  Pop.  (1900),  591;  (1904),  614. 

ADJUTANTS-GENERAL.  The  office  of  Adju- 
tant-General for  the  State  of  Illinois  was  first 
created  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  Feb.  2,  1865. 
Previous  to  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  the  position 
was  rather  honorary  than  otherwise,  its  duties 
(except  during  the  Black  Hawk  War)  and  its 
emoluments  being  alike  unimportant.  The  in- 
cumbent was  simply  the  Chief  of  the  Governor's 
Staff.  In  1861,  the  post  became  one  of  no  small 
importance.  Those  who  held  the  office  during 
the  Territorial  period  were:  Elias  Rector,  Robert 
Morrison,  Benjamin  Stephenson  and  Wm.  Alex- 
ander. Aftej  the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State 
up  to  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  the  duties 
(which  were  almost  wholly  nominal)  were  dis- 
charged by  Wm.  Alexander,  1819  21 ;  Elijah  C. 
Berry,  1821  28;  James  W.  Berry,  1828-39;  Moses 


K.  Anderson,  1839-57;  Thomas  S.  Mather,  1858-61. 
In  November,  1861,  CoL  T.  S.  Mather,  who  had  held 
the  position  for  three  years  previous,  resigned  to 
enter  active  service,  and  Judge  Allen  C.  Fuller 
was  appointed,  remaining  in  office  until  January 
1,  1865.  The  first  appointee,  under  the  act  of 
1865,  was  Isham  N.  Haynie,  who  held  office 
until  his  death  in  1869.  The  Legislature  of  1869. 
taking  into  consideration  that  all  the  Illinois 
volunteers  had  been  mustered  out,  and  that  the 
duties  of  the  Adjutant-General  had  been  materi- 
ally lessened,  reduced  the  proportions  of  the 
department  and  curtailed  the  appropriation  for 
its  support.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  military 
code  of  1877,  the  Adjutant-General's  office  has 
occupied  a  more  important  and  conspicuous  posi- 
tion among  the  departments  of  the  State  govern- 
ment. The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  have 
held  office  since  General  Haynie,  with  the  date 
and  duration  of  their  respective  terms  of  office: 
Hubert  Dilger,  1869-73;  Edwin  L.  Higgins. 
1873-75;  Hiram  Billiard,  1875-81;  Isaac  H.  Elliot, 
1881-84;  Joseph  W.  Vance,  1884-93;  Albert  Oren- 
dorff,  1893-96;  C.  C.  Hilton,  1896-97;  Jasper  N. 
Reece,  1897  — . 

AGRICULTURE.  Illinois  ranks  high  as  an 
agricultural  State.  A  large  area  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  State,  because  of  the  absence  of 
timber,  was  called  by  the  early  settlers  "the 
Grand  Prairie."  Upon  and  along  a  low  ridge 
beginning  in  Jackson  County  and  running  across 
the  State  is  the  prolific  fruit-growing  district  of 
Southern  Illinois.  The  bottom  lands  extending 
from  Cairo  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River  are 
of  a  fertility  seemingly  inexhaustible.  The  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  State  is  best  adapted  to  corn, 
and  the  southern  and  southwestern  to  the  culti- 
vation of  winter  wheat.  Nearly  three-fourths  of 
the  entire  State — some  42,000  square  miles — is  up- 
land prairie,  well  suited  to  the  raising  of  cereals. 
In  the  value  of  its  oat  crop  Illinois  leads  all  the 
States,  that  for  1891  being  831,106, 674,  with  3,068,- 
930  acres  under  cultivation.  In  the  production 
of  corn  it  ranks  next  to  Iowa,  the  last  census 
(1890)  showing  7,014,336  acres  under  cultivation, 
and  the  value  of  the  crop  being  estimated  at 
$86.905,510.  In  wheat-raising  it  ranked  seventh, 
although  the  annual  average  value  of  the  crop 
from  1880  to  1890  was  a  little  less  than  $29.000.- 
000.  As  a  live-stock  State  it  leads  in  the  value  ot 
horses  ($83,000,000),  ranks  second  in  the  produc- 
tion of  swine  ($30,000, 000),  third  in  cattle-growing 
($32,000,000),  and  fourth  in  dairy  products,  the 
value  of  milch  cows  being  estimated  at  $24,000,- 
000.  (See  also  Farmers  Institute.) 


12 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


IMlId  I.Tl  III..    DEPARTMENT     OF.       A 

department  of  the  State  administration  which 
grew  out  of  the  organization  of  the  Illinois  Agri- 
cultural Society,  incorporated  by  Act  of  the 
Legislature  in  1853.  The  first  appropriation  from 
the  State  treasury  for  its  maintenance  was  $1,000 
per  annum,  "to  be  expended  in  the  promotion  of 
mechanical  and  agricultural  arts."  The  first 
President  was  James  N.  Brown,  of  Sangamon 
County.  Simeon  Francis,  also  of  Sangamon,  was 
the  first  Recording  Secretary ;  John  A.  Kennicott 
of  Cook,  first  Corresponding  Secretary ;  and  John 
Williams  of  Sangamon,  first  Treasurer.  Some 
thirty  volumes  of  reports  have  been  issued,  cover- 
ing a  variety  of  topics  of  vital  interest  to  agri- 
culturists. The  department  has  well  equipped 
offices  in  the  State  House,  and  is  charged  with 
the  conduct  of  State  Fairs  and  the  management 
of  annual  exhibitions  of  fat  stock,  besides  the 
collection  and  dissemination  of  statistical  and 
other  information  relative  to  the  State's  agri- 
cultural interests.  It  receives  annual  reports 
from  all  County  Agricultural  Societies.  Tin- 
State  Board  consists  of  three  general  officers 
(President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer)  and  one 
representative  from  each  Congressional  district. 
The  State  appropriates  some  $20,000  annually  for 
the  prosecution  of  its  work,  besides  which  there 
is  a  considerable  income  from  receipts  at  State 
Fairs  and  fat  stock  shows.  Between  $20,000  and 
$25,000  per  annum  is  disbursed  in  premiums  to 
competing  exhibitors  at  the  State  Fairs,  and  some 
$10,000  divided  among  County  Agricultural 
Societies  holding  fairs. 

AKERS,  Peter,  D.  It. ,  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman,  born  of  Presbyterian  parentage,  in 
Campbell  County,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1790;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools,  and,  at  the  age 
of  16,  began  teaching,  later  pursuing  a  classical 
course  in  institutions  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  Having  removed  to  Kentucky,  after  a 
brief  season  spent  in  teaching  at  Mount  Sterling 
in  that  State,  he  began  the  study  of  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1817.  Two  years  later  he 
began  the  publication  of  a  paper  called  "The 
Star,"  which  was  continued  for  a  short  time.  In 
1821  he  was  converted  and  joined  the  Methodist 
church,  and  a  few  months  later  began  preaching. 
In  1832  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and,  after  a  year 
spent  in  work  as  an  evangelist,  he  assumed  the 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College  at  Lebanon, 
remaining  during  1833-34;  then  established  a 
"manual  labor  school"  near  Jacksonville,  which 
he  maintained  for  a  few  years.  From  1837  to 
1852  was  spent  as  stationed  minister  or  Presiding 


Elder  at  Springfield,  Quincy  and  Jacksonville.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  again  appointed  to  the 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College,  where  he 
remained  five  years.  He  was  then  (1857)  trans- 
ferred to  the  Minnesota  Conference,  but  a  year 
later  was  compelled  by  declining  health  to  assume 
a  superannuated  relation.  Returning  to  Illinois 
about  1865,  he  served  as  Presiding  Elder  of  the 
Jacksonville  and  Pleasant  Plains  Districts,  but 
was  again  compelled  to  accept  a  superannuate!) 
relation,  making  Jacksonville  his  home,  where 
he  died,  Feb.  21,  1886.  While  President  of  Mc- 
Kendree College,  he  published  his  work  on  "Bib- 
lical Chronology,"  to  which  he  had  devoted  many 
previous  years  of  his  life,  and  which  gave  evi- 
dence of  gr«at  learning  and  vast  research.  Dr. 
Akers  was  a  man  of  profound  convictions,  exten- 
sive learning  and  great  eloquence.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  and  logician  he  probably  had  no  superior 
in  the  State  during  the  time  of  his  most  active 
service  in  the  denomination  to  which  he  belonged. 

AKIN,  Edward  ('.,  lawyer  and  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was  born  in  Will  County,  111.,  in  1852,  ami 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Joliet  and  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.  For,  four  years  he  was  paying  and 
receiving  teller  in  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Joliet,  but  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878  ami 
has  continued  in  act!  ve  practice  since.  In  1887  )»• 
entered  upon  his  political  career  as  the  Republi- 
can candidate  for  City  Attorney  of  Joliet,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  over  700  votes,  although 
the  city  was  usually  Democratic.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  the  candidate  of  his  party  for 
State's  Attorney  of  Will  County,  and  was  again 
elected,  leading  the  State  and  county  ticket  by 
800  votes — being  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in 
1892.  In  1895  he  was  the  Republican  nomine* 
for  Mayor  of  Joliet,  and,  although  opposed  by  a 
citizen's-  ticket  headed  by  a  Republican,  was 
elected  over  his  Democratic  competitor  by  a  deci- 
sive majority.  His  greatest  popular  triumph  was 
in  1896,  when  he  was  elected  Attorney-General 
on  the  Republican  State  ticket  by  a  plurality 
over  his  Democratic  opponent  of  132,248  and  a 
majority  over  all  com]>etitors  of  111,255.  His 
legal  abilities  are  recognized  as  of  a  very  high 
order,  while  his  personal  popularity  is  indicated 
by  his  uniform  success  as  a  candidate,  in  the 
face,  at  times,  of  strong  political  majorities. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Whiteside  County,  lo- 
cated on  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Chicago. 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway  (Rock  Island 
branch).  Population  (1890),  611 ;  (1900),  621. 

ALBION,  county-seat  of  Edwards  County, 
on  Southern  Railway,  midway  between  St.  Louis 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK  ILLINOIS. 


U;RKt  LTIRK.     IIMMKTMKM     OF.       A 

deiiartrnent  of  tin-  State  administration  which 
grew  out  of  the  organiy..ition  of  the  Illinois  Agri- 
cultural Society  mc«r|iorated  by  Act  of  the 
Legislature  in  IKilJ.  The  iirst  appropriation  from 
the  State  treasury  for  its  maintenance  was  SI.IHKI 
per  annum,  "to  he  expended  in  the  promotion  of 
mechanical  and  agricultural  arts."  The  first 
President  was  James  X.  Brown,  of  Sangamon 
County.  Simeon  Francis,  also  of  Sangamon,  was 
the  first  Recording  Secretary;  John  A.  Kennicott 
of  Cook.  Iirst  < 'orresjKinding  Secretary  ;  ami  John 
Williams  of  Sangamon,  Iirst  Treasurer.  Some 
thirty  volumes  of  reports  have  In-en  issued,  cover- 
ing a  variety  of  topics  of  vital  interest  to  agri- 
culturists. The  department  has  well  eipiipped 
offices  in  the  State  House,  ami  is  charged  with 
the  conduct  of  State  Fairs  and  the  management 
of  annual  exhibitions  of  fat  stock,  besides  the 
collection  and  dissemination  of  statistical  and 
other  information  relative  to  the  State's  agri- 
cultural interests.  It  receives  annual  rejiorts 
from  all  County  Agricultural  Societies.  Tin- 
State  Hoard  consists  of  three  general  ollicers 
(President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer)  and  one 
representative  from  each  Congressional  district. 
The  State  appropriates  some  $20,000  annually  for 
the  prosecution  of  its  work,  besides  wliich  there 
is  a  considerable  income  from  receipts  at  State 
Fairs  and  fat  stock  shows.  Between  S-'ll.lHMl  and 
$3-~i,(HK)  per  annum  is  disbursed  in  premiums  to 
coni]>eting  exhibitors  at  the  State  Fairs,  and  some 
$1(1, (100  divided  among  County  Agricultural 
Societies  holding  fairs. 

AKF.RS,  Peter,  1>.  I).,  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman,  born  of  Presbyterian  parentage,  in 
Campbell  County,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1790;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools,  and,  at  the  ag«» 
of  Hi,  began  teaching,  later  pursuing  a  classical 
course  in  institutions  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  Having  removed  to  Kentucky,  after  a 
brief  season  spent  in  teaching  at  Mount  Sterling 
in  that  State,  he  began  the  study  of  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  liar  in  1817.  Two  years  later  hi' 
liegan  the  publication  of  a  pajier  called  "Tin- 
Star,"  which  was  continued  for  a  short  time.  In 
1821  he  was  converted  and  joined  the  Methodist 
church,  and  a  few  months  later  liegan  preaching. 
In  18:i2  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and.  after  a  year 
spent  in  work  as  an  evangelist,  he  assumed  tlie 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College  at  Lebanon, 
remaining  during  tKKl!t-l;  then  established  a 
"manual  laljor  school"  near  Jacksonville,  which 
he  maintained  for  a  few  years.  From  1H:)7  to 
1852  was  spent  as  stationed  minister  or  Presiding 


Kliler  at  Springlield.  Qiiincy  and  Jacksonville.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  again  appointed  to  tin- 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College,  where  In 
remained  live  years.  He  was  then  (1857)  trans- 
ferred to  the  Minnesota  Conference,  but  a  year 
later  was  compelled  by  declining  health  to  assume 
a  superannuated  relation.  Returning  to  Illinois 
alioiit  181'hi,  lie  served  as  Presiding  Elder  of  tin 
Jacksonville  and  Pleasant  Plains  Districts,  but 
was  again  compiled  to  accept  a  sii]>eraiinuatcii 
relation,  making  Jacksonville  his  home,  where 
he  died,  Feb.  21,  IHSIi.  While  President  of  Mc- 
Kendree College,  he  published  his  work  on  "Hil- 
lical  Chronology,"  to  which  he  had  devoted  nmn\ 
previous  years  of  his  life,  and  which  gave  evi- 
dence of  gn-at  learning  and  vast  research.  I'v 
Akers  was  a  man  of  profound  convictions,  exten- 
sive learning  and  gmit  eloquence.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  and  logician  he  probably  had  no  superior 
in  the  State  during  the  time  of  his  most  acti\<- 
service  in  the  denomination  to  which  he  belonged. 

\k!N,  Edward  f.,  lawyer  and  Attorney  -Gen- 
eral, was  l>orn  in  Will  County.  111.,  in  If. 13,  und 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Joliet  and  at  Aim 
Arbor,  Mich.  For  four  years  he  was  paying  ami 
receiving  teller  in  the  First  National  Bank  »f 
Joliet,  but  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878  un<l 
has  continued  in  active  practice  since.  In  18H7  In- 
entered  upon  his  (Hilitical  career  as  the  Itepubli 
can  candidate  for  City  Attorney  of  Joliet,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  over  700  votes,  although 
the  city  was  usually  Democratic.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  the  candidate  of  his  party  f< it- 
State's  Attorney  of  Will  County,  and  was  agaii 
elected,  leading  the  State  and  county  ticket  b\ 
MOO  votes — l>eing  re-elected  to  the  same  ollice  ii 
1H92.  In  189.~>  he  was  the  Republican  noiniiiii- 
for  Mayor  of  Joliet.  and,  although  opjioscil  by  a 
citizen's  ticket  headed  by  a  l{e|»ib!ican,  wa- 
elected  over  his  Democratic  competitor  by  adeci 
sive  majority.  His  greatest  popular  triumph  was 
in  18!Hi,  when  he  was  elected  Attornev-CIeneral 
on  the  Republican  State  ticket  by  a  plurality 
over  his  Democratic-  opjtonent  of  lo'J.^IH  and  a 
majority  over  all  competitors  of  1 1 1 ,  L'.Vi.  His 
legal  abilities  are  recognized  as  of  a  very  high 
order,  while  his  personal  jntpularity  is  indicated 
by  his  uniform  success  as  a  candidate,  in  tin- 
face,  at  times,  of  strong  political  majorities. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Whiteside  County,  lo- 
cated on  the  .Mississippi  River  and  the  ( 'hicago 
Milwaukee  &  St  Paul  Railway  (Rock  Island 
branch)  Population  (189(1),  (ill  ;  (1900),  031. 

ALBION,  county-seat  of  Edwards  County, 
on  Southern  Hallway,  midway  between  St.  Louis 


• 


KXPEKIMENT  KAKM     (THE    VIKEVARU)    UNIVERSITY    OK    ILLINOIS. 


EXPERIMENT   FARM    (ORCHARD   CULTIVATIONl    UNIVERSITY    OF    ILLINOIS. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  Louisville;  seat  of  Southern  Collegiate  In- 
stitute; has  plant  for  manufacture  of  vitrified 
shale  paving  brick,  two  newspapers,  creamery, 
flouring  mills,  and  is  important  shipping  point 
for  live  stock ;  is  in  a  rich  fruit-growing  district ; 
has  five  churches  and  splendid  public  schools. 
Population  (1900),  1,162;  (est.  1904),  1,600. 

ALCORN,  James  Lusk,  was  born  near  Gol- 
conda,  111.,  Nov.  4,  1816;  early  went  South  and 
held  various  offices  in  Kentucky  and  Mississippi, 
including  member  of  the  Legislature  in  each; 
was  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  State  Conven- 
tions of  1851  and  1861,  and  by  the  latter  appointed 
a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Confederate  service, 
but  refused  a  commission  by  Jefferson  Davis 
because  his  fidelity  to  the  rebel  cause  was 
doubted.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  accept  the  reconstruction  policy ;  was 
elected  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi  in 
1865,  but  not  admitted  to  his  seat.  In  1869  he 
was  chosen  Governor  as  a  Republican,  and  two 
years  later  elected  United  States  Senator,  serving 
until  1877.  Died,  Dec.  20,  1894. 

ALDRICH,  J.  Frank,  Congressman,  was  born 
at  Two  Rivers,  Wis.,  April  6,  1853,  the  son  of 
William  Aldrich,  who  afterwards  became  Con- 
gressman from  Chicago ;  was  brought  to  Chicago 
in  1861,  attended  the  public  schools  and  the  Chi- 
cago University,  and  graduated  from  the  Rensse- 
laer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1877, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer.  Later  he 
engaged  in  the  linseed  oil  business  in  Chicago. 
Becoming  interested  in  politics,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  serving  as  President  of  that  body 
during  the  reform  period  of  1887;  was  also  a 
member  of  the  County  Board  of  Education  and 
Chairman  of  the  Chicago  Citizens'  Committee, 
appointed  from  the  various  clubs  and  commer- 
cial organizations  of  the  city,  to  promote  the  for- 
mation of  the  Chicago  Sanitary  District.  From 
May  1,  1891,  to  Jan.  1,  1893,  he  was  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works  for  Chicago,  when  he  resigned 
his  office,  having  been  elected  (Nov.,  1892)  a 
member  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress,  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  from  the  First  Congressional 
District;  was  re-elected  in  1894,  retiring  at  the 
close  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  to  a  position  in  connection  with 
the  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  at 
Washington. 

ALDRICH,  William,  merchant  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1820. 
His  early  common  school  training  was  supple- 
mented by  private  tuition  in  higher  branches  of 


mathematics  and  in  surveying,  and  by  a  term  in 
an  academy.  Until  he  had  reached  the  age  of  2>'> 
years  he  was  engaged  in  farming  and  teaching, 
but,  in  1846,  turned  his  attention  to  mercantile 
pursuits.  In  1851  he  removed  to  Wisconsin, 
where,  in  addition  to  merchandising,  he  engage'! 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  wooden  war. 
and  where  he  also  held  several  important  office- 
being  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  three  years. 
Chairman  of  the  County  Board  of  Supervisors 
one  year,  besides  serving  one  term  in  the  Legisla- 
ture. In  1860  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business.  In 
1875  he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and,  in 
1876,  chosen  to  represent  his  district  (the  First)  in 
Congress,  as  a  Republican,  being  re-elected  in  1878. 
and  again  in  1880.  Died  in  Fond  du  Lao,  Wis. , 
Dec.  3,  1885. 

ALEDO,  county-seat  of  Mercer  County;  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  and  bituminous  coal 
region ;  fruit-growing  and  stock-raising  are  also 
extensively  carried  on,  and  large  quantities  of 
these  commodities  are  shipped  here;  has  two 
newspapers  and  ample  school  facilities.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,601;  (1900),  2,081. 

ALEXANDER,  John  T.,  agriculturist  and 
stock-grower,  was  born  in  Western  Virginia. 
Sept.  15,  1820;  removed  with  his  father,  at  six 
years  of  age,  to  Ohio,  and  to  Illinois  in  1848 
Here  he  bought  a  tract  of  several  thousand  acres 
of  land  on  the  Wabash  Railroad,  10  miles  east  of 
Jacksonville,  which  finally  developed  into  one  of 
the  richest  stock-farms  in  the  State.  After  the 
war  he  became  the  owner  of  the  celebrate<l 
"Sullivant  farm,"  comprising  some  20,000  acres 
on  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad  in 
Champaign  County,  to  which  he  transferred  his 
stock  interests,  and  although  overtaken  by  re- 
verses, left  a  large  estate.  Died,  August  22,  187(i. 

ALEXANDER,  Hilton  K.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Elbert  County,  Ga.,  Jan.  23,  1796;  emigrated 
with  his  father,  in  1804,  to  Tennessee,  and,  while 
still  a  boy,  enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812. 
serving  under  the  command  of  General  Jackson 
until  the  capture  of  Pensaoola,  when  he  entered 
upon  the  campaign  against  the  Seminoles  in 
Florida.  In  1823  he  removed  to  Edgar  County 
111. ,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  and  agricultural 
pursuits  at  Paris;  serving  also  as  Postmaster 
there  some  twenty-five  years,  and  as  Clerk  of  the 
County  Commissioners'  Court  from  1826  to  "37 
In  1826  he  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Coles. 
Colonel  of  the  Nineteenth  Regiment,  Illinois 
State  Militia;  in  1830  was  Aide-de-Camp  to  Gov- 
ernor Reynolds,  and,  in!832,  took  part  in  the  Black 


I:\I-KKI.MKVI  i  AI:M    nil-:  vtxi-:v.\i;iii   IM\I-:I:SITV 


i:xri:i:i  \ii-vr  i  AI;.M    II>I;CIIAI:H  ri'i/nx  \TION.    i  MVI-:I:SITV  »!•'   II.I.IMHS. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    «>K    ILLINOIS. 


and  Ixiuisville;  seat  of  Southern  Collegiate  In- 
stitute; h:is  plant  for  manufacture  of  vitrified 
shale  paving  brick,  two  newspapers, -creamery, 
flouring  mills,  and  is  irn]>ortant  shipping  point 
for  live  stock;  is  in  a  rich  fruit-growing  district; 
has  five  churches  and  splendid  public  schools. 
Population  (1900),  1,162;  (est.  1904),  1,500. 

ALCORN,  James  Lusk,  was  born  near  Gol- 
conda,  111.,  Nov.  4.  1816;  early  went  South  and 
held  various  offices  in  Kentucky  and  Mississippi, 
including  niemlx-r  of  the  Legislature  in  each; 
was  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  State  Conven- 
tions of  1851  and  1801,  and  by  the  latter  appointed 
a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Confederate  service, 
hut  refused  a  commission  by  Jefferson  Davis 
because  his  fidelity  to  the  rebel  cause  was 
doubted.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  accept  the  reconstruction  policy;  was 
elected  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi  in 
1805.  hut  not  admitted  to  his  seat.  In  180!)  he 
was  chosen  Governor  as  a  Republican,  anil  two 
years  later  elected  United  States  Senator,  serving 
until  1877.  Died.  Dei-.  20.  1894. 

M.HKICII.  .1.  Frank,  Congressman,  was  lx>rn 
at  Two  Kivers.  Wis  .  April  G.  18.1:!.  the  son  of 
William  Aldrieh.  who  afterwards  became  Con- 
gressman from  Chicago;  was  brought  to  Chicago 
in  1801.  attended  the  public  schools  and  the  Chi- 
cago University,  and  graduated  from  the  Rensse- 
laer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1877. 
receiving  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer.  Later  he 
engaged  in  the  linseed  oil  business  in  Chicago. 
Becoming  interested  in  politics,  he  \v;is  elected  a 
memlier  of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  serving  as  President  of  that  body 
during  the  reform  |n-riod  of  1887;  was  also  a 
memlier  of  the  County  Board  of  Education  and 
Chairman  of  the  Chicago  Citizens'  Committee, 
ap|x>inted  from  the  various  clubs  and  commer- 
cial organizations  of  the  city,  to  promote  the  for- 
mation of  the  Chicago  Sanitary  District.  From 
May  1.  1891.  to  Jan.  1.  1893,  he  was  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works  for  Chicago,  when  he  resigned 
his  oilice,  having  l>een  elected  (Nov.,  1892)  a 
member  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress,  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  from  the  First  Congressional 
District;  was  re-elected  in  1894.  retiring  at  the 
close  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  to  a  position  in  connection  with 
the  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  at 
Washington. 

ALHRICH,  William,  merchant  and  Congress- 
man, was  l>orn  at  Greenfield,  N  Y..  Jan.  21),  1820. 
His  early  common  school  training  was  supple- 
mented by  private  tuition  in  higher  branches  of 


mathematics  and  in  surveying,  and  by  ;»  term  in 
an  academy.  Until  he  had  renched  the  age  of  2'i 
years  he  was  engaged  in  farming  and  teaching 
but.  in  1H4(>,  turned  his  attention  to  mercantile 
pursuits.  In  18.">1  he  removed  to  Wisconsin, 
where,  in  addition  to  merchandising,  he  engage. I 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  wowlenwarc. 
and  where  he  also  held  several  ini[iortanl  oflico 
being  Su|>erintendent  of  Schools  for  three  yoan- 
Chairman  of  the  County  Board  of  Supervisor^ 
one  year,  liesides  serving  one  tenn  in  the  1/egisla- 
ture.  In  1H(!0  he  removed  In  Chie.-igo,  \\liern  lie 
embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business  In 
1875  he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and.  in 
1870,  chosen  to  represent  his  district  (the  First)  in 
Congress,  as  a  Republican,  being  re  elected  in  187s 
and  again  in  1880.  Died  in  Fond  ilu  I -v,  WL- 
Dec.  3.  1885. 

ALEIM),  county-seat  of  Mercer  County;  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  and  bituminous  <-oal 
region;  fruit-growing  and  stock  raising  are  alsc 
extensively  carried  on.  and  large  quantities  ot 
these  commodities  are  ship|ted  here:  has  tw«- 
newspapers  and  ample  school  facilities.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1.C01;  (1900),  2.081. 

ALEXAMIEK,    John    T.,   agriculturist    and 
stock  grower,   was    born    in   Western    Virginia 
Sept.  15.    1820;    removed  with   his  father,  at  si\ 
years  of  age.   to  Ohio,   and  to    Illinois  in   1K}- 
Here  he  liought  a  tract  of  several  thousand  ac-re- 
of  land  on  the  Wabash  Railroad.  10  miles  east  ol 
Jacksonville,  which  finally  develo|ied  into  one  ol' 
the  richest   stock  farms  in  the  State.      After  tin 

war    he   became    the  owner    of    tht lehratol 

"Sullivant  farm."  comprising  some  2(MHH)  acrev 
on  the  Toledo.  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad  in 
Champaign  County,  to  which  hi-  transferred  hi-- 
stock  interests,  and  although  overtaken  by  n- 
verses.  left  a  large  estate.  Died.  August  22.  1871'. 

AI.KX  \  MM'.K.  Milton  K.,  pioneer,  was  liorn  in 
Elliert  County.  Ga.,  Jan.  2:!.  17(M1;  emigrate.) 
with  his  father,  in  1801.  to  Tenne-see.  and,  while 
still  ahoy,  enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  tin- War  of  IS12 
serving  under  the  command  of  General  Jackson 
until  the  capture  of  Pensaeola.  when  he  entered 
upon  the  campaign  against  the  Scminoli---  it 
Florida.  In  |82:t  he  removed  to  Edgar  Countv 
111.,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  and  agricultural 
pursuits  at  Paris;  serving  also  as  Post  mast' -i 
there  some  twenty-five  years,  and  as  Clerk  of  th. 
County  Commissioners'  Court  from  ls'Jf>  to  '•'•" 
In  1821!  he  \vascomn\issioned  l.y  Governor  <>>le* 
Colonel  of  the  Nineteenth  Regiment,  Illinois 
State  Militia,  in  18:iO  was  Aide-de-Camp  to  Gov 
ernor  Reynolds,  and,  in  1832,  took  part  in  the  Black 


'• 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Hawk  War  as  Brigadier-General  of  the  Second 
Brigade,  Illinois  Volunteers.  On  the  inception  of 
the  internal  improvement  scheme  in  1837  he  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Public  Works,  serving 
until  the  Board  was  abolished.  Died,  July  7,  1856. 

ALEXANDER,  (Dr.)  William  M.,  pioneer, 
(tame  to  Southern  Illinois  previous  to  the  organi- 
zation of  Union  County  (1818),  and  for  some  time, 
while  practicing  his  profession  as  a  physician, 
acted  as  agent  of  the  proprietors  of  the  town  of 
America,  which  was  located  on  the  Ohio  River, 
on  the  first  high  ground  above  its  junction  with 
the  Mississippi.  It  became  the  first  county-seat 
of  Alexander  County,  which  was  organized  in 
1819,  and  named  in  his  honor.  In  1820  we  find 
him  a  Representative  in  the  Second  General 
Assembly  from  Pope  County,  and  two  years  later 
Representative  from  Alexander  County,  when  he 
became  Speaker  of  the  House  during  the  session 
of  the  .Third  General  Assembly.  Later,  he 
removed  to  Kaskaskia,  but  finally  went  South, 
where  he  died,  though  the  date  and  place  of  his 
i  leath  are  unknown. 

ALEXANDER  COUNTY, the  extreme  southern 
i  -i  puuty  of  the  State,  being  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Mississipppi,  and  south  and  east  by  the 
Ohio  and  Cache  rivers.  Its  area  is  about  230 
square  miles  and  its  population,  in  1890,  was  16,- 
563.  The  first  American  settlers  were  Tennessee- 
;i  MS  named  Bird,  who  occupied  the  delta  and  gave 
it  the  name  of  Bird's  Point,  which,  at  the  date  of 
the  Civil  War  <  1861-65),  had  been  transferred  to 
the  Missouri  shore  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 
Other  early  settlers  were  Clark,  Kennedy  and 
Philips  (at  Mounds),  Conyer  and  Terrel  (at  Amer- 
ica), and  Humphreys  (near  Caledonia).  In  1818 
•Shadrach  Bond  (afterwards  Governor),  John  G. 
( 'omyges  and  others  entered  a  claim  for  1800  acres 
in  the  central  and  northern  part  of  the  county, 
and  incorporated  the  "City  and  Bank  of  Cairo." 
The  history  of  this  enterprise  is  interesting.  In 
1818  (on  Comyges'  death)  the  land  reverted  to  the 
Government;  but  in  1835  Sidney  Breese,  David  J. 
IJaker  and  Miles  A.  Gilbert  re-entered  the  for- 
feited bank  tract  and  the  title  thereto  became 
vested  in  the  "Cairo  City  and  Canal  Company," 
which  was  chartered  in  1837,  and,  by  purchase, 
extended  its  holdings  to  10,000  acres.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1819;  the  first  county- 
seat  being  America,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1830.  Population  (1900),  19,384. 

ALEXIAN  BROTHERS'  HOSPITAL,  located 
at  Chicago;  established  in  1860,  and  under  the 
management  of  the  Alexian  Brothers,  a  monastic 


order  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  It  was 
originally  opened  in  a  small  frame  building,  but  a 
better  edifice  was  erected  in  1868,  only  to  be  de- 
stroyed in  the  great  fire  of  1871.  The  following 
year,  through  the  aid  of  private  benefactions  and 
an  appropriation  of  $18,000  from  the  Chicago  Re- 
lief and  Aid  Society,  a  larger  and  better  hospital 
was  built.  In  1888  an  addition  was  made,  increas- 
ing the  accommodation  to  150  beds.  Only  poor 
male  patients  are  admitted,  and  these  are  received 
without  reference  to  nationality  or  religion,  and 
absolutely  without  charge.  The  present  medical 
staff  (1896)  comprises  fourteen  physicians  and  sur- 
geons. In  1895  the  close  approach  of  an  intra- 
mural transit  line  having  rendered  the  building 
unfit  for  hospital  purposes,  a  street  railway  com- 
pany purchased  the  site  and  buildings  f or  $250,- 
000  and  a  new  location  has  been  selected. 

ALEXIS,  a  village  of  Warren  County,  on  the 
Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  12  miles  east  of 
north  from  Monmouth.  It  has  manufactures  of 
brick,  drain-tile,  pottery  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments; is  also  noted  for  its  Clydesdale  horses. 
Population  (1880),  398;  (1890),  562;  (1900),  915. 

ALGONQUINS,  a  group  of  Indian  tribes. 
Originally  their  territory  extended  from  about 
latitude  37°  to  53°  north,  and  from  longitude  25° 
east  to  15°  west  of  the  meridian  of  Washington. 
Branches  of  the  stock  were  found  by  Cartier  in 
Canada,  by  Smith  in  Virginia,  by  the  Puritans  in 
New  England  and  by  Catholic  missionaries  in  the 
great  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal of  their  five  confederacies  embraced  the 
Illinois  Indians,  who  were  found  within  the 
State  by  the  French  when  the  latter  discovered 
the  country  in  1673.  They  were  hereditary  foes 
of  the  warlike  Iroquois,  by  whom  their  territory 
was  repeatedly  invaded.  Besides  the  Illinois, 
other  tribes  of  the  Algonquin  family  who  origi- 
nally dwelt  within  the  -present  limits  of  Illinois, 
were  the.  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  Miamis,  Menominees, 
and  Sacs.  Although  nomadic  in  their  mode  of 
life,  and  subsisting  largely  on  the  spoils  of  the 
chase,  the  Algonquins  were  to  some  extent  tillers 
of  the  soil  and  cultivated  large  tracts  of  maize. 
Various  dialects  of  their  language  have  been 
reduced  to  grammatical  rules,  and  Eliot's  Indian 
Bible  is  published  in  their  tongue.  The  entire 
Algonquin  stock  extant  is  estimated  at  about 
95,000,  of  whom  some  35,000  are  within  the  United 
States. 

ALLEN,  William  Joshua,  jurist,  was  born 
June  9,  1829,  in  Wilson  County,  Tenn. ;  of  Vir- 
ginia ancestry  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  In  early 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


15 


infancy  he  was  brougnt  by  his  parents  to  South- 
ern Illinois,  where  his  father,  Willis  Allen,  be- 
came a  Judge  and  member  of  Congress.  After 
reading  law  with  his  father  and  at  the  Louisville 
Law  School,  young  Allen  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  settling  at  Metropolis  and  afterward  (1853) 
at  his  old  home,  Marion,  in  Williamson  County. 
In  1855  he  was  appointed  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  Illinois,  but  resigned  in  1859  and  re- 
sumed private  practice  as  partner  of  John  A. 
Logan.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  Circuit 
Judge  to  succeed  his  father,  who  had  died,  but  he 
declined  a  re-election.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Conventions  of  1862  and  1869,  serv- 
ing in  both  bodies  on  the  Judicial  Committee  and 
as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Bill  of 
Rights.  From  1864  to  1888  he  was  a  delegate  to 
every  National  Democratic  Convention,  being 
chairman  of  the  Illinois  delegation  in  1876.  He 
has  been  four  times  a  candidate  for  Congress,  and 
twice  elected,  serving  from  1862  to  1865.  During 
this  period  he  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  wai 
policy  of  the  Government.  In  1874-75,  at  the 
solicitation  of  Governor  Beveridge,  he  undertook 
the  prosecution  of  the  leaders  of  a  bloody  "ven- 
detta" which  had  broken  out  among  his  former 
neighbors  in  Williamson  County,  and,  by  his  fear- 
less and  impartial  efforts,  brought  the  offenders  to 
justice  and  assisted  in  restoring  order.  In  1886, 
Judge  Allen  removed  to  Springfield,  and  in  1887 
was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  to  succeed 
Judge  Samuel  H.  Treat  (deceased)  as  Judge  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  for  the  Southern 
District  of  Illinois.  Died  Jan.  26,  1901. 

ALLEN,  Willis,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  who 
removed  to  Williamson  County,  111.,  in  1829  and 
engaged  in  farming.  In  1834  he  was  chosen 
Sheriff  of  Franklin  County,  in  1838  elected  Rep- 
resentative in  the  Eleventh  General  Assembly, 
and,  in  1844,  became  State  Senator.  In  1841, 
although  not  yet  a  licensed  lawyer,  he  was  chosen 
Prosecuting  Attorney  for  the  old  Third  District, 
and  was  shortly  afterward  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  in  1844,  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847, 
and  served  two  terms  in  Congress  (1851-55).  On 
March  2,  1859,  he  was  commissioned  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-sixth  Judicial  Circuit,  but  died  three 
months  later.  His  son,  William  Joshua,  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  latter  office. 

A LLERTON",  Samuel  Waters, stock-dealer  and 
capitalist,  was  born  of  Pilgrim  ancestry  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  V  ,  May  26,  1829.  His 
youth  was  spent  with  his  father  on  a  farm  in 
Yates  County.  X  Y  .  but  about  1*52  he  engaged 


in  the  live-stock  business  in  Central  and  Western 
New  York.  In  1856  he  transferred  his  operations 
to  Illinois,  shipping  stock  from  various  points  to 
New  York  City,  finally  locating  in  Chicago.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  projectors  of  the  Chicago 
Stock-Yards,  later  securing  control  of  the  Pitts 
burg  Stock-Yards,  also  becoming  interested  in 
yards  at  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  Jersey  City  and 
Omaha.  Mr.  Allerton  is  one  of  the  founders  and 
a  Director  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Chicago, 
a  Director  and  stockholder  of  the  Chicago  City 
Railway  (the  first  cable  line  in  that  city),  the 
owner  of  an  extensive  area  of  highly  improved 
farming  lands  in  Central, Illinois,  as  also  of  large 
tracts  in  Nebraska  and  Wyoming,  and  of  valuable 
and  productive  mining  properties  in  the  Black 
Hills.  A  zealous  Republican  in  politics,  he  is  a 
liberal  supporter  of  the  measures  of  that  party, 
and,  in  1893,  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  can- 
didate for  Mayor  of  Chicago  in  opposition  to 
Carter  H.  Harrison. 

ALLOCEZ,  Claude  Jean,  sometimes  called 
"The  Apostle  of  the  West,"  a  Jesuit  priest,  was 
born  in  France  in  1620.  He  reached  Quebec  in 
1658,  and  later  explored  the  country  around 
Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  establishing  the 
mission  of  La  Pointe,  near  where  Ashland,  Wis. , 
now  stands,  in  1665,  and  St.  Xavier,  near  Green 
Bay,  in  1669.  He  learned  from  the  Indians  the 
existence  and  direction  of  the  upper  Mississippi, 
and  was  the  first  to  communicate  the  informa- 
tion to  the  authorities  at  Montreal,  which  report 
was  the  primary  cause  of  Joliet's  expedition.  He 
succeeded  Marquette  in  charge  of  the  mission  at 
Kaskaskia.  on  the  Illinois,  in  1677,  where  he 
preached  to  eight  tribes.  From  that  date  to  1690 
he  labored  among  the  aborigines  of  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  Died  at  Fort  St.  Joseph,  in  1690. 

ALLTN,  (Rev.)  Robert,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Ledyard,  New  London  County, 
Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1817,  being  a  direct  descend- 
ant in  the  eighth  generation  of  Captain  Robert 
Allyn,  who  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  New 
London.  He  grew  up  on  a  farm,  receiving  his 
early  education  in  a  country  school,  supple- 
mented by  access  to  a  small  public  library,  from 
which  he  acquired  a  good  degree  of  familiarity 
with  standard  English  writers.  In  1837  he 
entered  the  Wesleyan  University  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
mathematician  and  took  a  high  rank  as  a  linguist 
and  rhetorician,  graduating  in  1841.  He  im- 
mediately engaged  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics 
in  the  Wesleyan  Academy  at  Wilbraham,  Mass., 
and,  in  1846,  was  elected  principal  of  the  school, 


16 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


meanwhile  (1843)  becoming  a  licentiate  of  the 
Providence  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  From  1848  to  1854  he  served  as  Princi- 
pal of  the  Providence  Conference  Seminary  at 
East  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  when  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools  of  Rhode  Island 
— also  serving  the  same  year  as  a  Visitor  to  West 
Point  Military  Academy.  Between  1857  and  1859 
lie  filled  the  chair  of  Ancient  Languages  in  the 
State  University  at  Athens,  Ohio,  when  he  ac- 
<*;ptod  the  Presidency  of  the  Wesleyan  Female 
College  at  Cincinnati,  four  years  later  (1863) 
becoming  President  of  McKendree  College  at 
Lebanon,  111.,  where  he  remained  until  1874. 
That  position  he  resigned  to  accept  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal  University 
at  Carbondale,  whence  he  retired  in  1892.  Died 
at  Carbondale,  Jan.  7,  1894. 

ALTAHONT,  Effingham  County,  is  intersecting 
point  of  the  Vandalia,  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois, 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  S.  W.,  and  Wabash  Railroads, 
being  midway  and  highest  point  between  St. 
Louis  and  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  was  laid  out  in 
1870.  The  town  is  in  the  center  of  a  grain,  fruit- 
growing and  stock-raising  district ;  has  a  bank, 
two  grain  elevators,  flouring  mill,  tile  works,  a 
large  creamery,  wagon,  furniture  and  other  fac- 
tories, besides  churches  and  good  schools.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,044,  11900),  1,335. 

ALT6ELD,  John  Peter,  ex-Judge  and  ex-Oov- 
ernor,  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1848,  and  in  boy- 
hood accompanied  his  parents  to  America,  the 
family  settling  in  Ohio.  At  the  age  of  10  he 
enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-fourth 
Ohio  Infantry,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Hia  legal  education  was  acquired  at  St.  Louis  and 
Savannah,  Mo.,  and  from  1874  to  '78  he  was 
Prosecuting  Attorney  for  Andrew  County  in  that 
State.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  professional  work.  In  1884  he 
led  the  Democratic  forlorn  hope  as  candidate  for 
Congress  in  a  strong  Republican  Congressional 
district,  and  in  1886  was  elected  to  tha^  bench  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  but  resigned 
in  August,  1891.  The  Democratic  State  conven- 
tion of  1893  nominated  him  for  Governor,  and  he 
was  elected  the  following  November,  being  the 
first  foreign-born  citizen  to  hold  that  office  in  the 
history  of  the  State,  and  the  first  Democrat 
elected  since  1852.  In  1896  he  was  a  prominent 
factor  in  the  Democratic  National  Convention 
which  nominated  William  J.  Bryan  for  Presi- 
dent, and  was  also  a  candidate  for  re-election  to 
the  office  of  Governor,  but  was  defeated  by  John 
tt.  Tanner,  the  Republican  nominee. 


ALTON,  principal  city  in  Madison  County 
and  important  commercial  and  manufacturing 
point  on  Mississippi  River,  25  miles  north  of 
St.  Louis;  site  was  first  occupied  as  a  French 
trading-post  about  1807,  the  town  proper  being 
laid  out  by  Col.  Ruf  us  Easton  in  1817 ;  principal 
business  houses  are  located  in  the  valley  along 
the  river,  while  the  residence  portion  occupies 
the  bluffs  overlooking  the  river,  sometimes  rising 
to  the  height  of  nearly  250  feet.  The  city  has 
extensive  glass  works  employ'ng  (1903)  4,000 
hands,  flouring  mills,  iron  foundries,  manufac- 
tories of  agricultural  implements,  coal  cars,  min- 
ers' tools,  shoes,  tobacco,  lime,  etc.,  besides 
several  banks,  numerous  churches,  schools,  and 
four  newspapers,  three  of  them  daily.  A  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  who 
fell  while  defending  his  press  against  a  pro-slav- 
ery mob  in  1837,  was  erected  in  Alton  Cemetery, 
1896-7,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  contributed  by  the 
State  and  citizens  of  Alton.  Population  (1890), 
10,294;  (1900),  14,310. 

ALTON  PENITENTIARY.  The  earliest  pun- 
ishments imposed  upon  public  offenders  in  Illi- 
nois were  by  public  flogging  or  imprisonment  for 
a  short  time  in  jails  rudely  constructed  of  logs, 
from  which  escape  was  not  difficult  for  a  prisoner 
of  nerve,  strength  and  mental  resource.  The 
inadequacy  of  such  places  of  confinement  was 
soon  perceived,  but  popular  antipathy  to  any 
increase  of  taxation  prevented  the  adoption  of 
any  other  policy  until  1827.  A  grant  of  40,000 
acres  of  saline  lands  was  made  to  the  State  by 
Congress,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  money 
received  from  their  sale  was  appropriated  to  the 
establishment  of  a  State  penitentiary  at  Alton. 
The  sum  set  apart  proved  insufficient.and,  in  1831, 
an  additional  appropriation  of  $10,000  was  made 
from  the  State  treasury.  In  1833  the  prison  was 
ready  to  receive  its  first  inmates.  It  was  built  of 
stone  and  had  but  twenty-four  cells.  Additions 
were  made  from  time  to  time,  but  by  1857  the 
State  determined  upon  building  a  new  peniten- 
tiary, which  was  located  at  Joliet  (see  Northern 
Penitentiary),  and,  in  1860,  the  last  convicts  were 
transferred  thither  from  Alton.  The  Alton  prison 
was  conducted  on  what  is  known  as  "the  Auburn 
plan"  —  associated  labor  in  silence  by  day  and 
separate  confinement  by  night.  The  manage- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  a  "lessee,"  who  fur- 
nished supplies,  employed  guards  and  exercised 
the  general  powers  of  a  warden  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  Commissioner  appointed  by  the  State, 
and  who  handled  all  the  products  of  convict 
labor. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


17 


ALTON  RIOTS.  (See  Lovejog,  Elijah  Pttr- 
rish.) 

ALTON  A.,  town  of  Knoz  County,  on  C.,  B  &  Q. 
K.  R.,  16  miles  northeast  of  Galesburg;  has  an 
endowed  public  library,  electric  light  system, 
cement  sidewalks,  four  churches  and  good  school 
system.  Population  (1900),  683. 

ALTON  &  SANGAMON  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  A  Alton  Railroad.) 

AMBOY,  city  in  Lee  County  on  Green  River,  at 
junction  of  Illinois  Central  and  C. ,  B.  &  Q.  Rail- 
roads, 95  miles  south  by  west  from  Chicago ;  has 
artesian  water  with  waterworks  and  fire  protec- 
tion, city  park,  two  telephone  systems,  electric 
lights,  railroad  repair  shops,  two  banks,  two 
newspapers,  seven  churches,  graded  and  high 
schools;  is  on  line  of  Northern  Illinois  Electric 
Ry.  from  De  Kalb  to  Dixon;  extensive  bridge 
and  iron  works  located  here.  Pop.  (1900),  1,826. 

AMES,  Edward  Raymond,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  born  at  Amesville,  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
May  30,  1806;  was  educated  at  the  Ohio  State 
University,  where  he  joined  the  M.  E.  Church. 
In  1838  he  left  college  and  became  Principal  of 
the  Seminary  at  Lebanon,  111.,  which  afterwards 
became  McKendree  College.  While  there  he 
received  a  license  to  preach,  and,  after  holding 
various  charges  and  positions  in  the  church,  in- 
cluding membership  in  the  General  Conference 
of  1840,  '44  and  '53,  in  the  latter  year  was  elected 
Bishop,  serving  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  Baltimore,  April  35,  1879. 

ANDERSON,  tialnsha,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Bergen,  N.  Y. ,  March  7,  1833 ; 
graduated  at  Rochester  University  in  1854  and  at 
the  Theological  Seminary  there  in  1856;  spent 
ten  years  in  Baptist  pastoral  work  at  Janesville, 
Wig.,  and  at  St.  Louis,  and  seven  as  Professor  in 
Newton  Theological  Institute,  Mass.  From  1873 
to  '80  he  preached  in  Brooklyn  and  Chicago;  was 
then  chosen  President  of  the  old  Chicago  Univer- 
sity, remaining  eight  years,  when  he  again  be- 
came a  pastor  at  Salem,  Mass.,  but  soon  after 
assumed  the  Presidency  of  Denison  University, 
Ohio.  On  the  organization  of  the  new  Chicago 
University,  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Homiletics 
and  Pastoral  Theology,  which  he  now  holds. 

ANDERSON,  George  A.,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  bom  in  Botetourt  County,  Va. ,  March 
11,  1853.  When  two  years  old  he  was  brought  by 
his  parents  to  Hancock  County,  111  He  re- 
ceived a  collegiate  education,  and,  after  studying 
law  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  and  at  Sedalia,  Mo.,  settled 
at  Quincy,  111.,  where  he  began  practice  in  1880. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  City  Attorney  on  the 


Democratic  ticket,  and  re-elected  in  1885  without 
opposition.  The  following  year  he  was  the  suc- 
cessful candidate  of  his  party  for  Congress,  which 
was  his  last  public  service.  Died  at  Quincy, 
Jan.  31,  1896. 

ANDERSON,  James  C.,  legislator,  was  born  in 
Henderson  County,  111.,  August  1,  1845;  raised  on 
a  farm,  and  -after  receiving  a  common-school 
education,  entered  Monmouth  College,  but  left 
early  in  the  Civil  War  to  enlist  in  the  Twentieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  in  which  he  attained 
the  rank  of  Second  Lieutenant.  After  the  war  he 
served  ten  years  as  Sheriff  of  Henderson  County, 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  General 
Assembly  in  1888,  '90,  '92  and  '96,  and  served  on 
the  Republican  "steering  committee"  during  the 
session  of  1893.  He  also  served  as  Sergeant-at- 
Arms  of  the  Senate  for  the  session  of  1895,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention of  1896.  His  home  is  at  Decorra. 

ANDERSON,  Stinson  H.,  Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor, was  born  in  Sumner  County,  Tenn.,  in  1800; 
came  to  Jefferson  County,  111.,  in  his  youth,  and, 
at  an  early  age,  began  to  devote  his  attention  to 
breeding  fine  stock;  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War  as  a  Lieutenant  in  1833,  and  the  same  year 
was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Eighth 
General  Assembly,  being  re-elected  in  1834.  In 
1838  he  was  chosen  Lieutenant-Govemor  on  the 
ticket  with  Gov.  Thomas  Carlin,  and  soon  after 
the  close  of  his  term  entered  the  United  States 
Army  as  Captain  of  Dragoons,  in  this  capacity 
taking  part  in  the  Seminole  War  in  Florida. 
Still  later  he  served  under  President  Polk  as 
United  States  Marshal  for  Illinois,  and  also  held 
the  position  of  Warden  of  the  State  Penitentiary 
at  Alton  for  several  years.  Died,  September,  1857. — 
William  B.  (Anderson),  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  bom  at  Mount  Vernon,  M.,  April  30,  1830; 
attended  the  common  schools  and  later  studied 
surveying,  being  elected  Surveyor  of  Jefferson 
County,  in  1851.  He  studied  law  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1858,  but  never  practiced,  pre- 
ferring the  more  quiet  life  of  a  farmer.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  re-elected  in  1858.  In  1861  he 
entered  the  volunteer  service  as  a  private,  was 
promoted  through  the  grades  of  Captain  and 
Lieutenant-Colonel  to  a  Colonelcy,  and,  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. In  1868  he  was  a  candidate  for  Presidential 
Elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70. 
and,  in  1871,  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  In  1874  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty  • 


18 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


fourth  Congress  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In 
1883  General  Anderson  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  Pension  Agent  for  Illinois,  con- 
tinuing in  that  position  four  years,  when  he 
retired  to  private  life. 

AMMtt'S,  Rev.  Reuben,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Rutland,  Jefferson  County, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  29,  1824;  early  came  to  Fulton 
County,  111.,  and  spent  three  years  (1844-47)  as  a 
student  at  Illinois  College,  Jacksonville,  but 
graduated  at  McKendree  College,  Lebanon,  in 
1849 ;  taught  for  a  time  at  Greenfield,  entered  the 
Methodist  ministry,  and,  in  1850,  founded  the  Illi- 
nois Wesleyan  University  at  Bloomington,  of 
which  he  became  a  Professor;  later  re-entered 
the  ministry  and  held  charges  at  Beardstown, 
Decatur,  Quincy,  Springfield  and  Bloomington, 
meanwhile  for  a  time  being  President  of  Illinois 
Conference  Female  College  at  Jacksonville,  and 
temporary  President  of  Quincy  CollegX  In  1867 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Indiana  Conference  and 
stationed  at  Evansville  and  Indianapolis;  from 
1872  to  '75  was  President  of  Indiana  Asbury  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle.  Died  at  Indianapolis, 
Jan.  17,  1887. 

ANNA,  a  city  in  Union  County,  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  36  miles  from  Cairo;  is  center 
of  extensive  fruit  and  vegetable-growing  district, 
and  largest  shipping-point  for  these  commodities 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  It  has  an  ice 
plant,  pottery  and  lime  manufactories,  two  banks 
and  two  newspapers.  The  Southern  (III)  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane  is  located  here.  Population 
(1890),  2,295;  (1900),  2,618;  (est.  1904),  3,000. 

ANTHONY,  Elliott,  jurist,  was  born  of  New 
England  Quaker  ancestry  at  Spafford,  Onondaga 
County,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1827;  was  related  on 
the  maternal  side  to  the  Chases  and  Phelps  (dis- 
tinguished lawyers)  of  Vermont.  His  early  years 
were  spent  in  labor  on  a  farm,  but  after  a  course 
of  preparatory  study  at  Cortland  Academy,  in 
1847  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  in  Hamilton 
College  at  Clinton,  graduating  with  honors  in 
1850.  The  next  year  he  began  the  study  of  law, 
at  the  same  time  giving  instruction  in  an  Acad- 
emy at  Clinton,  where  he  had  President  Cleve- 
land as  one  of  his  pupila.  After  admission  to  the 
bar  at  Oswego,  in  1851,  he  removed  West,  stop- 
ping for  a  time  at  Sterling,  111.,  but  the  following 
year  located  in  Chicago.  Here  he  compiled  "A 
Digest  of  Illinois  Reports" ;  in  1858  was  elected 
City  Attorney,  and,  in  1863,  became  solicitor  of 
the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad  (now  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern).  Judge  Anthony 
served  in  two  State  Constitutional  Conventions — 


those  of  1862  and  1869-70— being  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Executive  Department  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  on  Judiciary  in  the  latter. 
He  was  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention of  1880,  and  was  the  same  year  elected  a 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Chicago,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1886,  retiring  in  1892,  after  which  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession,  being 
chiefly  employed  as  consulting  counsel.  Judge 
Anthony  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpo- 
rators  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute  and  a  member 
of  the  first  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Chicago 
Public  Library;  also  served  as  President  of  the 
State  Bar  Association  (1894-95),  and  delivered 
several  important  historical  addresses  before  that 
body.  His  other  most  important  productions 
are  volumes  on  "The  Constitutional  History  of 
Illinois,"  "The  Story  of  the  Empire  State"  and 
"Sanitation  and  Navigation."  Near  the  close  of 
his  last  term  upon  the  bench,  he  spent  several 
months  in  an  extended  tour  through  the  princi- 
pal countries  of  Europe.  His  death  occurred, 
atyer  a  protracted  illness,  at  his  home  at  Evans- 
ton,  Feb.  24,  1898. 

ANTI-NEBRASKA  EDITORIAL  CONVEN- 
TION, a  political  body,  which  convened  at 
Decatur,  Feb.  22,  1856,  pursuant  to  the  suggestion 
of  "The  Morgan  Journal,"  then  a  weekly  paper 
published  at  Jacksonville,  for  the  purpose  of  for- 
mulating a  policy  in  opposition  to  the  principles 
of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Twelve  editors 
were  in  attendance,  as  follows :  Charles  H.  Ray 
of  "The  Chicago  Tribune";  V.  Y.  Ralston  of 
"The  Quincy  Whig";  O.  P.  Wharton  of  "The 
Rock  Island  Advertiser" ;  T.  J.  Pickett  of  "The 
Peoria  Republican";  George  Schneider  of  "The 
Chicago  Staats  Zeitung" ;  Charles  Faxon  of  "The 
Princeton  Post";  A.  N.  Ford  of  "The  Lacon  Ga- 
zette"; B.  F.  Shaw  of  "The  Dixon  Telegraph" ;  E. 
C.  Daughertyof  "The  Rockford  Register";  E.  W. 
Blaisdell  of  "The  Rockford  Gazette";  W.  J. 
Usrey  of  "The  Decatur  Chronicle";  and  Paul 
Selby  of  "The  Jacksonville  Journal. "  PaulSelby 
was  chosen  Chairman  and  W.  J.  Usrey,  Secre- 
tary. The  convention  adopted  a  platform  and 
recommended  the  calling  of  a  State  convention 
at  Bloomington  on  May  29,  following,  appointing 
the  following  State  Central  Committee  to  take  the 
matter  in  charge:  W.  B.  Ogden,  Chicago;  S.  M. 
Church,  Rockford;  G.  D.  A.  Parks,  Joliet;  T.  J. 
Pickett,  Peoria;  E.  A.  Dudley,  Quincy;  William 
H.  Herndon,  Springfield;  K.  J.  Oglesby,  Deca- 
tur; Joseph  Gilleapie,  Ed wardsville ;  D.  L.  Phil- 
lips, Jonesboro;  and  Ira  O.  Wilkinson  and 
Gustavus  Koerner  for  the  State-at-large.  A  bra- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ham  Lincoln  was  present  and  participated  in  the 
consultations  of  the  committees.  All  of  these 
served  except  Messrs.  Ogden,  Oglesby  and  Koer- 
ner,  the  two  former  declining  on  account  of  ab- 
sence from  the  State.  Ogden  was  succeeded  by 
the  late  Dr.  John  Evans,  afterwards  Territorial 
Governor  of  Colorado,  and  Oglesby  by  Col.  Isaac 
C.  Pugh  of  Decatur.  (See  Bloomington  Conven- 
tion of  1856.) 

APPLE  RIYER,  a  village  of  Jo  Daviess 
County,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  21  miles 
east-northeast  from  Galena.  Population  (1880), 
626;  (1890),  572;  (1900),  576. 

APPLINttTON,  (Maj.)  /enas,  soldier,  was  bom 
in  Broome  County.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  24,  1815;  in  1837 
emigrated  to  Ogle  County,  111.,  where  he  fol- 
lowed successively  the  occupations  of  farmer, 
blacksmith,  carpenter  and  merchant,  finally 
becoming  the  founder  of  the  town  of  Polo.  Here 
he  became  wealthy,  but  lost  much  of  his  property 
in  the  financial  revulsion  of  1857.  In  1858  he 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and,  during  the 
session  of  1859,  was  one  of  the  members  of  that 
body  appointed  to  investigate  the  "canal  scrip 
fraud"  (which  see),  and  two  years  later  was  one  of 
the  earnest  supporters  of  the  Government  in  its 
preparation  for  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The 
latter  year  he  assisted  in  organizing  the  Seventh 
Illinois  Cavalry,  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
Major,  being  some  time  in  command  at  Bird's 
Point,  and  later  rendering  important  service  to 
General  Pope  at  New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10. 
He  was  killed  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  May  8,  1862, 
while  obeying  an  order  to  charge  upon  a  band  of 
rebels  concealed  in  a  wood. 

APPORTIONMENT,  a  mode  of  distribution  of 
the  counties  of  the  State  into  Districts  for  the 
election  of  members  of  the  General  Assembly 
and  of  Congress,  which  will  be  treated  under 
separate  heads: 

LEGISLATIVE.— The  first  legislative  apportion- 
ment was  provided  for  by  the  Constitution  of 
1818.  That  instrument  vested  the  Legislature 
with  power  to  divide  the  State  as  follows:  To 
create  districts  for  the  election  of  Representatives 
not  less  than  twenty -seven  nor  more  than  thirty- 
six  in  number,  until  the  population  of  the  State 
should  amount  to  100,000;  and  to  create  sena- 
torial districts,  in  number  not  less  than  one-third 
nor  more  than  one-half  of  the  representative  dis- 
tricts at  the  time  of  organization. 

The  schedule  appended  to  the  first  Constitution 
contained  the  first  legal  apportionment  of  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives.  The  first  fifteen 
oounties  were  allowed  fourteen  Senators  and 


twenty-nine  Representatives.  Each  county 
formed  a  distinct  legislative  district  for  repre- 
sentation in  the  lower  house,  with  the  number  of 
members  for  each  varying  from  one  to  three; 
while  Johnson  and  Franklin  were  combined  in 
one  Senatorial  district,  the  other  counties  being 
entitled  to  one  Senator  each.  Later  apportion- 
ments were  made  in  1821,  '26,  '31,  '36,  '41  and  '47. 
Before  an  election  was  held  under  the  last,  how- 
ever, the  Constitution  of  1848  went  into  effect, 
and  considerable  changes  were  effected  in  this 
regard.  The  number  of  Senators  was  fixed  at 
twenty-five  and  of  Representatives  at  seventy  - 
five,  until  the  entire  population  should  equal 
1,000,000,  when  five  members  of  the  House  were 
added  and  five  additional  members  for  each  500,- 
000  increase  in  population  until  the  whole  num- 
ber of  Representatives  reached  100.  Thereafter 
the  number  was  neither  increased  nor  dimin- 
ished, but  apportioned  among  the  several  coun- 
ties according  to  the  number  of  white  inhabit- 
ants. Should  it  be  found  necessary,  a  single 
district  might  be  formed  out  of  two  or  more 
counties. 

The  Constitution  of  1848  established  fifty-four 
Representative  and  twenty-five  Senatorial  dis- 
tricts. By  the  apportionment  law  of  1854,  the 
number  of  the  former  was  increased  to  fifty-eight, 
and,  in  1861,  to  sixty-one.  The  number  of  Sen- 
atorial districts  remained  unchanged,  but  their 
geographical  limits  varied  under  each  act,  while 
the  number  of  members  from  Representative 
districts  varied  according  to  population. 

The  Constitution  of  1870  provided  for  an  im- 
mediate reapportionment  (subsequent  to  its 
adoption)  by  the  Governor  and  Secretary  of 
State  upon  the  basis  of  the  United  States  Census 
of  1870.  Under  the  apportionment  thus  made, 
as  prescribed  by  the  schedule,  the  State  was 
divided  into  twenty-five  Senatorial  districts  (each 
electing  two  Senators)  and  ninety-seven  Repre- 
sentative districts,  with  an  aggregate  of  177  mem- 
bers varying  from  one  to  ten  for  the  several 
districts,  according  to  population.  This  arrange- 
ment continued  in  force  for  only  one  Legislature 
— that  chosen  in  1870. 

In  1872  this  Legislature  proceeded  to  reappor- 
tion  the  State  in  accordance  with  the  principle  of 
"minority  representation,"  which  had  been  sub- 
mitted as  an  independent  section  of  the  Constitu- 
tion and  adopted  on  a  separate  vote.  This 
provided  for  apportioning  the  State  into  fifty-one 
districts,  each  being  entitled  to  one  Senator  and 
three  Representatives.  The  ratio  of  representa- 
tion in  the  lower  house  was  ascertained  by  divid- 


ao 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ing  the  entire  population  by  153  and  each  county 
to  be  allowed  one  Representative,  provided  its 
population  reached  three-fifths  of  the  ratio ;  coun- 
ties having  a  population  equivalent  to  one  and 
three-fifths  times  the  ratio  were  entitled  to  two 
Representatives ;  while  each  county  with  a  larger 
population  was  entitled  to  one  additional  Repre- 
sentative for  each  time  the  full  ratio  was  repeated 
in  the  number  of  inhabitants.  Apportionments 
were  made  on  this  principle  in  1872,  '82  and  '93. 
Members  of  the  lower  house  are  elected  bienni- 
ally; Senators  for  four  years,  those  in  odd  and 
even  districts  being  chosen  at  each  alternate 
legislative  election.  The  election  of  Senators  for 
the  even  (numbered)  districts  takes  place  at  the 
same  time  with  that  of  Governor  and  other  State 
officers,  and  that  for  the  odd  districts  at  the  inter- 
mediate periods. 

CONGRESSIONAL. — For  the  first  fourteen  years 
of  the  State's  history,  Illinois  constituted  but  one 
Congressional  district.  The  census  of  1830  show- 
ing sufficient  population,  the  Legislature  of  1831 
(by  act,  approved  Feb.  13)  divided  the  State  into 
three  districts,  the  first  election  under  this  law 
being  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  1832. 
At  that  time  Illinois  comprised  fifty-five  coun- 
ties, which  were  apportioned  among  the  districts 
as  follows:  First  —  Gallatin,  Pope,  Johnson, 
Alexander,  Union,  Jackson,  Franklin,  Perry, 
Randolph,  Monroe,  Washington,  St.  Clair,  Clin- 
ton, Bond,  Madison,  Macoupin;  Second — White, 
Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Wayne,  Edwards,  Wabash, 
Clay,  Marion,  Lawrence,  Fayette,  Montgomery, 
Shelby,  Vermilion,  Edgar,  Coles,  Clark,  Craw- 
ford; Third  —  Greene,  Morgan,  Sangamon, 
Macon,  Tazewell,  McLean,  Cook,  Henry,  La 
Salle,  Putnam,  Peoria,  Knox,  Jo  Daviess,  Mercer, 
McDonough,  Warren,  Fulton,  Hancock,  Pike, 
Schuyler,  Adams,  Calhoun. 

The  ^apportionment  following  the  census  of 
1840  was  made  by  Act  of  March  1,  1843,  and  the 
first  election  of  Representatives  thereunder 
occurred  on  the  first  Monday  of  the  following 
August.  Forty-one  new  counties  had  been  cre- 
ated (making  ninety-six  in  all)  and  the  number 
of  districts  was  increased  to  seven  as  follows: 
First  —  Alexander,  Union,  Jackson,  Monroe, 
Perry,  Randolph,  St.  Clair,  Bond,  Washington, 
Madison;  Second  —  Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin, 
Williamson,  Gallatin,  Franklin,  White,  Wayne, 
Hamilton,  Wabash,  Massac,  Jefferson,  Edwards, 
Marion;  Third  —  Lawrence,  Richland,  Jasper, 
Fayette,  Crawford,  Effingham,  Christian,  Mont- 
gomery, Shelby,  Moultrie.  Coles,  Clark,  Clay, 
Edgar.  Piatt,  Macon,  De  Witt;  Fourth— Lake, 


McHenry,  Boone,  Cook,  Kane,  De  Kalb,  Du  Page, 
Kendall,  Will,  Grundy,  La  Salle,  Iroquois, 
Livingston,  Champaign,  Vermilion,  McLean, 
Bureau;  Fifth  —  Greene,  Jersey,  Calhoun,  Pike, 
Adams,  Marquette  (a  part  of  Adams  never  fully 
organized),  Brown,  Schuyler,  Fulton  Peoria, 
Macoupin;  Sixth  —  Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson, 
Winnebago,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Whiteside,  Henry, 
Lee,  Rock  Island,  Stark,  Mercer,  Henderson, 
Warren,  Knox,  McDonough,  Hancock;  Seventh 
— Putnam,  Marshall,  Woodford,  Cass,  Tazewell, 
Mason,  Menard,  Scott,  Morgan,  Logan,  Sangamon. 
The  next  Congressional  apportionment  (August 
22,  1852)  divided  the  State  into  nine  districts,  as 
follows — the  first  election  under  it  being  held  the 
following  November:  First  —  Lake,  McHenry, 


Boone,  Winnebago,  Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Car- 
roll, Ogle;  Second  — Cook,  Du  Page,  Kane,  De 
Kalb,  Lee,  Whiteside,  Rock  Island ;  Third  — 
Will,  Kendall,  Grundy,  Livingston,  La  Salle, 
Putnam,  Bureau,  Vermilion,  Iroquois,  Cham- 
paign, McLean,  De  Witt;  Fourth  —  Fulton, 
Peoria,  Knox,  Henry,  Stark,  Warren,  Mercer, 
Marshall,  Mason,  Woodford,  Tazewell;  Fifth 
— Adams,  Calhoun,  Brown,  Schuyler,  Pike,  Mc- 
Donough, Hancock,  Henderson ;  Sixth — Morgan, 
Scott,  Sangamon,  Greene,  Macoupin,  Montgom- 
ery, Shelby,  Christian,  Cass,  Menard,  Jersey; 
Seventh — Logan,  Macon,  Piatt,  Coles,  Edgar, 
Moultrie,  Cumberland,  Crawford,  Clark,  Effing- 
ham,  Jasper,  Clay,  Lawrence,  Richland,  Fayette; 
Eighth  —  Randolph,  Monroe,  St.  Clair,  Bond, 
Madison,  Clinton,  Washington,  Jefferson,  Mar- 
ion; Ninth — Alexander,  Pulaski,  Massac,  Union, 
Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin,  Gallatin,  Saline,  Jack- 
son, Perry,  Franklin,  Williamson,  Hamilton, 
Edwards,  White,  Wayne,  Wabash, 

The  census  of  1860  showed  that  Illinois  was 
entitled  to  fourteen  Representatives,  but  through 
an  error  the  apportionment  law  of  April  24,  1861, 
created  only  thirteen  districts.  This  was  com- 
pensated for  by  providing  for  the  election  of  one 
Congressman  for  the  State-at- large.  The  districts 
were  as  follows:  First — Cook,  Lake;  Second — 
McHenry,  Boone,  Winnebago,  De  Kalb,  and 
Kane;  Third — Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  White- 
side,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Lee;  Fourth — Adams,  Han- 
cock, Warren,  Mercer,  Henderson,  Rock  Island; 
Fifth— Peoria,  Knox,  Stark,  Marshall,  Putnam, 
Bureau.  Henry;  Sixth — La  Salle,  Grundy,  Ken- 
dall, Du  Page,  Will,  Kankakee;  Seventh  — 
Macon,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas,  Moultrie, 
Cumberland,  Vermilion,  Coles,  Edgar,  Iroquois, 
Ford;  Eighth — Sangamon,  Logan,  De  Witt,  Mc- 
Lean, Tazewell,  Woodford,  Livingston;  Ninth — 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


21 


Fulton,  Mason,  Menard,  Cass,  Pike,  McDonough, 
Schuyler,  Brown;  Tenth  —  Bond,  Morgan,  Cal- 
l» >un.  Macoupin,  Scott,  Jersey,  Greene,  Christian, 
Montgomery,  Shelby;  Eleventh  —  Marion,  Fay- 
ette,  Richland,  Jasper,  Clay,  Clark,  Crawford, 
Franklin,  Lawrence,  Hamilton,  Eftingham, 
Wayne,  Jefferson;  Twelfth— St.  Clair,  Madison, 
Clinton,  Monroe,  Washington,  Randolph; 
Thirteenth — Alexander,  Pulaski,  Union,  Perry, 
Johnson,  Williamson,  Jackson,  Massac,  Pope, 
Hardin,  (iallatin.  Saline,  White,  Edwards, 
Wabash. 

The  next  reapportionment  was  made  July  1, 
1872.  The  Act  created  nineteen  districts,  as  fol- 
lows: First — The  first  seven  wards  in  Chicago 
and  thirteen  towns  in  Cook  County,  with  the 
county  of  Du  Page;  Second — Wards  Eighth  to 
Fifteenth  (inclusive)  in  Chicago;  Third — Wards 
Sixteenth  to  Twentieth  in  Chicago,  the  remainder 
of  Cook  County,  and  Lake  County;  Fourth — 
Kane,  De  Kalb,  McHenry,  Boone,  and  Winne- 
hago;  Fifth — Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  Carroll, 
Ogle,  Whiteside;  Sixth  — Henry,  Rock  Island, 
Putnam,  Bureau,  Lee;  Seventh — La  Salle,  Ken- 
dall, Grundy,  Will ;  Eighth— Kankakee,  Iroquois, 
Ford,  Marshall,  Livingston,  Woodford;  Ninth — 
Stark,  Peoria,  Knox,  Fulton;  Tenth  —  Mercer, 
Henderson,  Warren,  McDonough,  Hancock, 
Schuyler;  Eleventh  —  Adams,  Brown,  Calhoun, 
Greene,  Pike,  Jersey;  Twelfth — Scott,  Morgan, 
Menard,  Sangamon,  Cass,  Christian ;  Thirteenth — 
Mason,  Tazewell,  McLean,  Logan,  De  Witt;  Four- 
teenth— Macon,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas,  Coles, 
Vermilion;  Fifteenth — Edgar,  Clark,  Cumber- 
land, Shelby,  Moultrie,  Effingham,  Lawrence, 
Jasper,  Crawford;  Sixteenth  —  Montgomery, 
Cuvette,  Washington,  Bond,  Clinton,  Marion, 
Clay;  Seventeenth  —  Macoupin,  Madison,  St. 
Clair,  Monroe;  Eighteenth  —  Randolph,  Perry, 
Jackson,  Union,  Johnson,  Williamson,  Alex- 
ander, Pope,  Massac,  Pulaski;  Nineteenth — 
Richland,  Wayne,  Edwards,  White,  Wabash, 
.Saline,  Gallatin.  Hardin,  Jefferson,  Franklin, 
Hamilton. 

In  1882  (by  Act  of  April  29)  the  number  of  dis- 
tricts was  increased  to  twenty,  and  the  bound- 
aries determined  as  follows:  First — Wards  First 
to  Fourth  (inclusive)  in  Chicago  and  thirteen 
towns  in  Cook  County;  Second — Wards  5th  to 
"th  and  part  of  8th  in  Chicago;  Third — Wards 
!>th  to  14th  and  part  of  8th  in  Chicago ;  Fourth 
— The  remainder  of  the  City  of  Chicago  and  of 
the  county  of  Cook;  Fifth  —  Lake,  McHenry, 
Boone,  Kane,  and  De  Kalb ;  Sixth — Winnebago, 
Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Ogle,  and  Carroll; 


Seventh  —  Lee,  Whiteside,  Henry,  Bureau.  Put- 
nam; Eighth— La  Salle,  Kendall,  Grundy,  Du 
Page,  and  Will ;  Ninth  —  Kankakee,  Iroquois, 
Ford,  Livingston,  Woodford,  Marshall;  Tenth — 
Peoria,  Knox,  Stark,  Fulton;  Eleventh— Rock 
Island,  Mercer,  Henderson,  Warren,  Hancock. 
McDonough,  Schuyler;  Twelfth — Cass,  Brown. 
Adams,  Pike,  Scott.  Greene,  Calhoun,  Jersey : 
Thirteenth  —  Tazewell,  Mason,  Menard,  Sanga- 
mon, Morgan,  Christian;  Fourteenth  —  McLean. 
De  Witt,  Piatt.  Macon,  Logan;  Fifteenth  — 
Coles,  Edgar,  Douglas,  Vermilion,  Champaign; 
Sixteenth  —  Cumberland,  Clark,  Jasper,  Clay, 
Crawford,  Richland,  Lawrence,  Wayne,  Edwards, 
Wabash ;  Seventeenth  —  Macoupin,  Montgomery, 
Moultrie,  Shelby.  Effinghara,  Fayette;  Eight- 
eenth— Bond,  Madison,  St.  Clair,  Monroe,  Wash- 
ington; Nineteenth  —  Marion,  Clinton  Jefferson, 
Saline.  Franklin,  Hamilton,  White,  Gallatin,  Har- 
din ;  Twentieth  —  Perry,  Randolph,  Jackson, 
Union,  Williamson,  Johnson,  Alexander,  Pope, 
Pulaski,  Massac. 

The  census  of  1890  showed  the  State  to  be  entit- 
led to  twenty-two  Representatives.  No  reap- 
portionment, however,  was  made  until  June, 
1893,  two  members  from  the  State-at-large  being 
elected  in  1892.  The  existing  twenty-two  Con- 
gressional districts  are  as  follows:  The  first 
seven  districts  comprise  the  counties  of  Cook  and 
Lake,  the  latter  lying  wholly  in  the  Seventh  dis- 
trict; Eighth  —  McHenry,  De  Kalb,  Kane,  Du 
Page,  Kendall.  Grundy;  Ninth  —  Boone,  Winne- 
bago, Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Lee; 
Tenth — Whiteside,  Rock  Island,  Mercer,  Henry, 
Stark,  Knox ;  Eleventh  —  Bureau,  La  Salle. 
Livingston,  Woodford;  Twelfth— Will,  Kanka- 
kee, Iroquois,  Vermilion;  Thirteenth — Ford.  Mc- 
Lean, DeWitt,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas;  Four- 
teenth —  Putnam,  Marshall,  Peoria,  Fulton, 
Tazewell,  Mason;  Fifteenth— Henderson,  War- 
ren, Hancock,  McDonough,  Adams,  Brown, 
Schuyler;  Sixteenth  —  Cass,  Morgan,  Scott, 
Pike,  Greene,  Macoupin,  Calhoun,  Jersey; 
Seventeenth — Menard,  Logan,  Sangamon.  Macon, 
Christian;  Eighteenth — Madison,  Montgomery, 
Bond,  Fayette,  Shelby,  Moultrie;  Nineteenth — 
Coles,  Edgar,  Clark,  Cumberland,  Effingham 
Jasper,  Crawford,  Richland,  Lawrence;  Twenti- 
eth —  Clay,  Jefferson,  Wayne,  Hamilton,  Ed- 
wards, Wabash,  Franklin,  White,  Gallatin. 
Hardin;  Twenty-first — Marion,  Clinton,  Wash- 
ington, St.  Clair.  Monroe,  Randolph,  Perry; 
Twenty-second  —  Jackson,  Union,  Alexander. 
Pulaski,  Johnson,  Williamson,  Saline,  Pope, 
Massac.  (See  also  Representatives  in  Congress. } 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ARCHER,  William  It.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Warren  County,  Ohio,  in  1792,  and  taken  to  Ken- 
tuck;  at  an  early  day,  where  he  remained  until 
1817,  when  his  family  removed  to  Illinois,  finally 
settling  in  what  is  now  Clark  County.  Although 
pursuing  the  avocation  of  a  farmer,  he  became 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influential  men  in 
that  part  of  the  State.  On  the  organization  of 
Clark  County  in  1819,  he  was  appointed  the  first 
County  and  Circuit  Clerk,  resigning  the  former 
office  in  1820  and  the  latter  in  1822.  In  1824  he 
was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and  two  years  later  to  the  State 
Senate,  serving  continuously  in  the  latter  eight 
years.  He  was  thus  a  Senator  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1832),  in  which  he 
served  as  a  Captain  of  militia.  In  1834  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Lieutenant-Governor; 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Duncan,  in  1835,  a 
member  of  the  first  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal;  in  1838  was 
returned  a  second  time  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives and  re-elected  in  1840  and  '46  to  the 
same  body.  Two  years  later  (1848)  he  was  again 
elected  Circuit  Clerk,  remaining  until  1852,  and 
in  1854  was  an  Anti-Nebraska  Whig  candidate 
for  Congress  in  opposition  to  James  C.  Allen. 
Although  Allen  received  the  certificate  of  elec- 
tion, Archer  contested  his  right  to  the  seat,  with 
the  result  that  Congress  declared  the  seat  vacant 
and  referred  the  question  back  to  the  people.  In 
A  new  election  held  in  August,  1856,  Archer  was 
defeated  and  Allen  elected.  He  held  no  public 
office  of  importance  after  this  date,  but  in  1856 
was  a  delegate  to  the  first  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Philadelphia,  and  in  that  body  was 
on  enthusiastic  supporter  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
whose  zealous  friend  and  admirer  he  was,  for  the 
office  of  Vice-President.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
tictive  promoters  of  various  railroad  enterprises 
in  that  section  of  the  State,  especially  the  old 
Chicago  &  Vincennes  Road,  the  first  projected 
southward  from  the  City  of  Chicago.  His  con- 
nection with  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  was 
the  means  of  giving  his  name  to  Archer  Avenue, 
si  somewhat  famous  thoroughfare  in  Chicago 
He  was  of  tall  stature  and  great  energy  of  char- 
acter, with  a  tendency  to  enthusiasm  that  com- 
municated itself  to  others.  A  local  history  has 
rv-ti.i  of  him  that  "he  did  more  for  Clark  County 
than  any  man  in  his  day  or  since,"  although  "no 
consideration,  pecuniary  or  otherwise,  was  ever 
given  him  for  his  services. "  Colonel  Archer  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Marshall,  the  county -seat 
of  Clark  County,  Governor  Duncan  being  associ- 


ated with  him  in  the  ownership  of  the  land  on 
which  the  town  was  laid  out.  His  death  oc- 
curred in  Clark  County,  August  9,  1870,  at  the 
age  of  78  years. 

AKCOL A , incorporated  city  in  Douglas  County, 
168  miles  south  of  Chicago,  at  junction  of  Illinois 
Central  and  Terre  Haute  branch  Vandalia  Rail- 
road ;  is  center  of  largest  broom-corn  producing 
region  in  the  world;  has  city  waterworks,  with 
efficient  volunteer  fire  department,  electric  light*, 
telephone  system,  grain  elevators  and  broom- 
corn  warehouses,  two  banks,  three  newspapers, 
nine  churches,  library  building  and  excellent  free 
school  system.  Pop.  (1890).  1,733;  (1900),  1,995. 

AREN'Z,  Francis  A.,  pioneer,  was  bom  ac 
Blankenberg,  in  the  Province  of  the  Rhein. 
Prussia,  Oct.  31,  1800;  obtained  a  good  education 
and,  while  a  young  man,  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  in  his  native  country.  In  1827  he  cauu> 
to  the  United  States  and,  after  spending  two 
years  in  Kentucky,  in  1829  went  to  Galena,  where 
he  was  engaged  for  a  short  time  in  the  lead 
trade.  He  took  an  early  opportunity  to  become 
naturalized,  and  coming  to  Beardstown  a  few 
months  later,  went  into  merchandising  and  real 
estate;  also  became  a  contractor  for  furnishing 
supplies  to  the  State  troops  during  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  Beardstown  being  at  the  time  a  rendezvous 
and  shipping  point.  In  1834  he  began  the  publi- 
cation of  "The  Beardstown  Chronicle  and  Illinois 
Bounty  Land  Register,"  and  was  the  projector  of 
the  Beardstown  &  Sangamon  Canal,  extending 
from  the  Illinois  River  at  Beardstown  to  Miller's 
Ferry  on  the  Sangamou,  for  which  he  secured  a 
special  charter  from  the  Legislature  in  1836.  He 
had  a  survey  of  the  line  made,  but  the  hard  times 
prevented  the  beginning  of  the  work  and  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  Retiring  from  the  mercantile 
business  in  1835,  he  located  on  a  farm  six  miles 
southeast  of  Beardstown,  but  in  1839  removed  to 
a  tract  of  land  near  the  Morgan  County  line 
which  he  had  bought  in  1833,  and  on  which  the 
present  village  of  Arenzville  now  stands.  This 
became  the  center  of  a  thrifty  agricultural  com- 
munity composed  largely  of  Germans,  among 
whom  he  exercised  a  large  influence.  Resuming 
the  mercantile  business  here,  he  continued  it 
until  about  1853,  when  he  sold  out  a  considerable 
part  of  his  possessions.  An  ardent  Whig,  he  was 
elected  as  such  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Four- 
teenth General  Assembly  (1844)  from  Morgan 
County,  and  during  the  following  session  suc- 
ceeded in  securing  the  passage  of  an  act  by  which 
a  strip  of  territory  three  miles  wide  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Morgan  County,  including  the  village 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


i'  Arenrville,  and  which  had  been  in  dispute, 
•was  transferred  by  vote  of  the  citizens  to  Cans 
County.  In  1852  Mr.  Arenz  visited  his  native 
land,  by  appointment  of  President  Fillmore,  as 
bearer  of  dispatches  to  the  American  legations  at 
Berlin  and  Vienna.  "  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society  of  1853, 
and  served  as  the  Vice- President  for  his  district 
until  his  death,  and  was  also  the  founder  and 
President  of  the  Cass  County  Agricultural  Soci- 
ety. Died,  April  2,  1856. 

ARLINGTON,  a  village  of  Bureau  County,  on 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  92 
miles  west  of  Chicago.  Population  (1880),  447; 
(1890),  486;  (1900),  400. 

ARLINGTON  HEIGHTS  (formerly  Dunton),  a 
village  of  Cook  County,  on  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Bail  way,  22  miles  northwest  of  Chicago; 
is  in  a  dairying  district  and  has  several  cheese 
factories,  besides  a  sewing  machine  factory, 
hotels  and  churches,  a  graded  school,  a  bank  and 
one  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  995;  (1890), 
1.434;  (1900),  1,380. 

ARMOUR,  Philip  Danforth,  packer,  Board  of 
Trade  operator  and  capitalist,  was  born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Madison  County,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1832. 
After  receiving  the  benefits  of  such  education  as 
the  village  academy  afforded,  in  1852  he  set  out 
across  the  Plains  to  California,  where  he  re- 
mained four  years,  achieving  only  moderate  suc- 
cess as  a  miner.  Returning  east  in  1856,  he  soon 
after  embarked  in  the  commission  business  in 
Milwaukee,  continuing  until  1863,  when  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  John  Plankinton 
in  the  meat-packing  business.  Later,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brothers — H.  O.  Armour  having 
already  built  up  an  extensive  grain  commission 
trade  in  Chicago — he  organized  the  extensive 
packing  and  commission  firm  of  Armour  & 
Co.,  with  branches  in  New  York,  Kansas  City 
and  Chicago,  their  headquarters  being  removed 
to  the  latter  place  from  Milwaukee  in  1875. 
Mr.  Armour  is  a  most  industrious  and  me- 
thodical business  man,  giving  as  many  hours 
to  the  superintendence  of  business  details  as  the 
most  industrious  day-laborer,  the  result  being 
seen  in  the  creation  of  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  prosperous  firms  in  the  country.  Mr. 
Armour's  practical  benevolence  has  been  demon- 
strated in  a  munificent  manner  by  his  establish 
merit  and  endowment  of  the  Armour  Institute 
(a  manual  training  school)  in  Chicago,  at  a  cost 
of  over  $2,250,000,  as  an  offshoot  of  the  Armour 
Mission  founded  on  the  bequest  of  his  deceased 
brother,  Joseph  F.  Armour.  Died  Jan.  6,  1901. 


ARMSTRONG,  John  Strawn,  pioneer,  bom  in 
Somerset  County,  Pa.,  May  29,  1810,  the  oldest  of 
a  family  of  nine  sons ;  was  taken  by  his  parents 
in  1811  to  Licking  County,  Ohio,  where  he  spent 
his  childhood  and  early  youth.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Ireland  and  his  mother  a  sister  of  Jacob 
Strawn,  afterwards  a  wealthy  stock-grower  and 
dealer  in  Morgan  County.  In  1829,  John  S.  came 
to  Tazewell  County,  111.,  but  two  years  later 
joined  the  rest  of  his  family  in  Putnam  (now 
Marshall)  County,  all  finally  removing  to  La 
Salle  County,  where  they  were  among  the  earli- 
est settlers.  Here  he  settled  on  a  farm  in  1834, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  over  fifty  years, 
when  he  located  in  the  village  of  Sheridan,  but 
early  in  1897  went  to  reside  with  a  daughter  in 
Ottawa.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  has  been  a  prominent  and  influential  fann- 
er, and,  in  the  later  years  of  his  life,  has  been 
a  leader  in  "Granger"  politics,  being  Master  of  his 
local  "Grange,"  and  also  serving  as  Treasurer  of 
the  State  Grange.— 4}eorge  Washington  (Arm- 
strong), brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  upon 
the  farm  of  his  parents,  Joseph  and  Elsie  (Strawn) 
Armstrong,  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  9, 
1812;  learned  the  trade  of  a  weaver  with  his 
father  (who  was  a  woolen  manufacturer),  and  at 
the  age  of  18  was  in  charge  of  the  factory 
Early  in  1831  he  came  with  his  mother's  family 
to  Illinois,  locating  a  few  months  later  in  La 
Salle  County.  In  1832  he  served  with  his  older 
brother  as  a  soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  waa 
identified  with  the  early  steps  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  finally  be- 
coming a  contractor  upon  the  section  at  Utica, 
where  he  resided  several  years.  He  then  returned 
to  the  farm  near  the  present  village  of  Seneca, 
where  he  had  located  in  1833,  and  where  (with 
the  exception  of  his  residence  at  Utica)  he  has 
resided  continuously  over  sixty -five  years.  In 
1844  Mr.  Armstrong  was  elected  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly, 
also  served  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1847  and,  in  1858,  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Congress  in  opposition  to  Owen 
Lovejoy.  Re-entering  the  Legislature  in  1860  as 
Representative  from  La  Salle  County,  he  served 
in  that  body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1888, 
proving  one  of  its  ablest  and  most  influential 
members,  as  well  as  an  accomplished  parliamen- 
tarian. Mr.  Armstrong  was  one  of  the  original 
promoters  of  the  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroad. — 
William  E.  (Armstrong),  third  brother  of  this 
family,  was  born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  Oct. 
25,  1814;  came  to  Illinois  with  the  rest  of  the 


24 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


family  in  1831,  and  resided  in  La  Salle  County 
until  1841,  meanwhile  serving  two  or  three  terms 
as  Sheriff  of  the  county.  The  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  locate  the 
county-seat  of  the  newly-organized  county  of 
Qrundy,  finally  becoming  one  of  the  founders  and 
the  first  permanent  settler  of  the  town  of  Grundy 
— later  called  Morris,  in  honor  of  Hon.  I.  N.  Mor- 
ris, of  Quincy.  Ill,  at  that  time  one  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal. 
Here  Mr.  Armstrong  was  again  elected  to  the 
office  of  Sheriff,  serving  several  terms.  So  ex- 
tensive was  his  influence  in  Grundy  County,  that 
he  was  popularly  known  as  "The  Emperor  of 
Grundy."  Died.  Nov.  1,  1850.— Joel  W.  (Arm- 
strong), a  fourth  brother,  was  born  in  Licking 
County,  Ohio,  Jan.  6,  1817;  emigrated  in  boyhood 
to  La  Salle  County,  111. ;  served  one  term  as 
County  Recorder,  was  member  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  for  a  number  of  years  and  the  first 
Postmaster  of  his  town.  Died,  Dec.  3,  1871. — 
Perry  A.  (Armstrong),  the  seventh  brother  of 
this  historic  family,  was  born  near  Newark,  Lick- 
ing County,  Ohio,  April  15,  1823,  and  came  to  La 
Salle  County,  111.,  in  1831.  His  opportunities  for 
acquiring  an  education  in  a  new  country  were 
limited,  but  between  work  on  the  farm  and  serv- 
ice as  a  clerk  of  his  brother  George,  aided  by  a 
short  term  in  an  academy  and  as  a  teacher  in 
Kendall  County,  he  managed  to  prepare  himself 
for  college,  entering  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville in  1843.  Owing  to  failure  of  health,  he  was 
compelled  to  abandon  his  plan  of  obtaining  a  col- 
legiate education  and  returned  home  at  the  end 
of  his  Freshman  year,  but  continued  his  studies, 
meanwhile  teaching  district  schools  in  the  winter 
and  working  on  his  mother's  farm  during  the 
crop  season,  until  1845,  when  he  located  in  Mor- 
ris, Grundy  County,  opened  a  general  store  and 
was  appointed  Postmaster.  He  has  been  in  pub- 
lic position  of  some  sort  ever  since  he  reached  his 
majority,  including  the  offices  of  School  Trustee, 
Postmaster,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Supervisor. 
County  Clerk  (two  terms).  Delegate  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1863,  and  two  terms  as 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly  (1863-64 
and  1873-74).  During  his  last  session  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
revision  of  the  statutes  under  the  Constitution  of 
1870,  framing  some  of  the  most  important  laws 
on  the  statute  book,  while  participating  in  the 
preparation  of  others.  At  an  earlier  date  it  fell 
to  his  lot  to  draw  up  the  original  charters  of  the 
Chicago  &  Rock  Island,  the  Illinois  Central,  and 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads.  He 


has  also  been  prominent  in  Odd  Fellow  and 
Masonic  circles,  having  been  Grand  Master  of  the 
first  named  order  in  the  State  and  being  the  old- 
est 33d  degree  Mason  in  Illinois;  was  admitted  to 
the  State  bar  in  1864  and  to  that  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  in  1868,  and  has  been 
Master  in  Chancery  for  over  twenty  consecutive 
years.  Mr.  Armstrong  has  also  found  time  to  do 
some  literary  work,  as  shown  by  his  history  of 
"The  Sauks  and  Black  Hawk  War,"  and  a  num- 
ber of  poems.  He  takes  much  pleasure  in  relat- 
ing reminiscences  of  pioneer  life  in  Illinois,  one 
of  which  is  the  story  of  his  first  trip  from 
Ottawa  to  Chicago,  in  December,  1831,  when  he 
accompanied  his  oldest  brother  (William  E. 
Armstrong)  to  Chicago  with  a  sled  and  ox- 
team  for  salt  to  cure  their  mast-fed  pork,  the 
trip  requiring  ten  days.  His  recollection  is,  that 
there  were  but  three  white  families  in  Chicago 
at  that  time,  but  a  large  number  of  Indians 
mixed  with  half-breeds  of  French  and  Indian 
origin. 

ARNOLD,  Isaac  N.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  near  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  30,  1813, 
being  descended  from  one  of  the  companions  of 
Roger  Williams.  Thrown  upon  his  own  resources 
at  an  early  age,  he  was  largely  "self-made." 
He  read  law  at  Cooperstown,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1835.  The  next  year  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  was  elected  the  first  City  Clerk  in  1837, 
but  resigned  before  the  close  of  the  year  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois  in  1841.  He  soon 
established  a  reputation  as  a  lawyer,  and  served 
for  three  terms  (the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and 
Twentieth)  in  the  lower  house  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. In  1844  he  was  a  Presidential  Elector  on 
the  Polk  ticket,  but  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise,  with  the  legislation  regarding  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska,  logically  forced  him,  as  a  free- 
soiler,  into  the  ranks  of  the  Republican  party,  by 
which  he  was  sent  to  Congress  from  1861  to  1865. 
While  in  Congress  he  prepared  and  delivered  an 
exhaustive  argument  in  support  of  the  right  of 
confiscation  by  the  General  Government.  After 
the  expiration  of  his  last  Congressional  term,  Mr. 
Arnold  returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  April  24,  1884.  He  was  of  schol- 
arly instincts,  fond  of  literature  and  an  author  of 
repute.  Among  his  best  known  works  are  his 
"Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  and  his  "Life  of 
Benedict  Arnold." 

ARRINGTON,  Alfred  W.,  clergyman,  lawyer 
and  author,  was  born  in  Iredell  County,  N.  C., 
September,  1810,  being  the  son  of  a  Whig  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  that  State.  In  1839  he  was 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


received  on  trial  as  a  Methodist  preacher  and 
became  a  circuit-rider  in  Indiana ;  during  1833-33 
served  as  an  itinerant  in  Missouri,  gaining  much 
celebrity  by  his  eloquence.  In  1834  he  began  the 
study  of  law,  and  having  been  admitted  to  the 
bar,  practiced  for  several  years  in  Arkansas, 
where  he  was  sent  to  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1844, 
was  the  Whig  candidate  for  Presidential  Elec- 
tor. Later  he  removed  to  Texas,  where  he  served 
as  Judge  for  six  years.  In  1856  he  removed  to 
Madison,  Wis.,  but  a  year  later  came  to  Chicago, 
where  he  attained  distinction  as  a  lawyer,  dying 
in  that  city  Dec.  31,  1867.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar  and  gifted  writer,  having  written 
much  for  "The  Democratic  Review"  and  "The 
Southern  Literary  Messenger,"  over  the  signature 
of  "Charles  Summerfield,"  and  was  author  of  an 
"Apostrophe  to  Water,"  which  he  put  in  the 
mouth  of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  and 
which  John  B.  Gough  was  accustomed  to  quote 
with  great  effect.  A  volume  of  his  poems  with  a 
memoir  was  published  in  Chicago  in  1869. 

ARROWSMITH,  a  village  of  McLean  County, 
on  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Railway,  20  miles 
east  of  Bloomington;  is  in  an  agricultural  and 
stock  region;  has  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1890).  420;  (1900),  317. 

ARTHUR,  village  in  Moultrie  and  Douglas 
Counties,  at  junction  of  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illi- 
nois and  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria  Division  Vandalia 
Line;  is  center  of  broom-corn  belt;  has  two 
banks,  a  weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1900), 
858;  (est.  1904),  1,000. 

ASA  Y,  Edward  6.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  17,  1825;  was  educated  in  private 
schools  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church;  later  spent  sometime  in  the 
South,  but  in  1853  retired  from  the  ministry  and 
began  the  study  of  law,  meantime  devoting  a  part 
of  his  time  to  mercantile  business  in  New  York 
City.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856,  remov- 
ing the  same  year  to  Chicago,  where  he  built  up 
a  lucrative  practice.  He  was  a  brilliant  speaker 
and  became  eminent,  especially  as  a  criminal 
lawyer.  Politically  he  was  a  zealous  Democrat 
and  was  the  chief  attorney  of  Buckner  S.  Morris 
and  others  during  their  trial  for  conspiracy  in 
connection  with  the  Camp  Douglas  affair  of  No- 
vember, 1864.  During  1871-72  he  made  an  ex- 
tended trip  to  Europe,  occupying  some  eighteen 
months,  making  a  second  visit  in  1882.  His  later 
years  were  spent  chiefly  on  a  farm  in  Ogle 
County.  Died  in  Chicago,  Nov.  24,  1898. 

ASlil'K  Y,  Henry,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Harri- 
son (now  Robertson)  County,  Ky.,  August  10, 


1810;  came  to  Illinois  iu  1834,  making  the  jour- 
ney on  horseback  and  finally  locating  in  Quincy. 
where  he  soon  after  began  the  study  of  law  with 
the  Hon.  O.  H.  Browning;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1837,  being  for  a  time  the  partner  of  Col. 
Edward  D.  Baker,  afterwards  United  States 
Senator  from  Oregon  and  finally  killed  at  Ball's 
Bluff  in  1863.  In  1849  Mr.  Asbury  was  appointed 
by  President  Taylor  Register  of  the  Quincy  Land 
Office,  and,  in  1864-65,  served  by  appointment  of 
President  Lincoln  (who  was  his  close  personal 
friend)  as  Provost-Marshal  of  the  Quincy  dis- 
trict, thereby  obtaining  the  title  of  "Captain," 
by  which  he  was  widely  known  among  his 
friends.  Later  he  served  for  several  years  as 
Registrar  in  Bankruptcy  at  Quincy,  which  was 
his  last  official  position.  Originally  a  Kentucky 
Whig,  Captain  Asbury  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Illinois,  acting  in  co- 
operation with  Abram  Jonas,  Archibald  Williams, 
Nehemiah  Bushnell,  O.  H.  Browning  and  others 
of  his  immediate  neighbors,  and  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  with  whom  he  was  a  frequent  corre- 
spondent at  that  period.  Messrs.  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  in  their  Life  of  Lincoln,  award  him  the 
credit  of  having  suggested  one  of  the  famous 
questions  propounded  by  Lincoln  to  Douglas 
which  gave  the  latter  so  much  trouble  during 
the  memorable  debates  of  1858.  In  1886  Captain 
Asbury  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  until  his  death,  Nov.  19,  1896. 

ASHLAND,  a  town  in  Cass  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  South-Western  Railroad,  21 
miles  west-northwest  of  Springfield  and  200 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  in  the  midst  of 
a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  is  an  important 
shipping  point  for  grain  and  stock.  It  has  a 
bank,  three  churches  and  a  weekly  newspaper. 
Coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  Population  (1880), 
609;  (1890),  1.045;  (1900),  1,201. 

ASHLEY,  a  city  of  Washington  County,  at 
intersection  of  Illinois  Central  and  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railways,  62  miles  east  by  southeast  of 
St.  Louis;  is  in  an  agricultural  and  fruit-growing 
region;  has  some  manufactures,  electric  light 
plant  and  excellent  granitoid  sidewalks.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,035;  (1900),  953. 

ASHMORE,  a  village  of  Coles  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way, 9  miles  east  of  Charleston ;  has  a  newspaper 
and  considerable  local  trade.  Population  (1890), 
446,  (1900),  487;  (1903),  520. 

ASHTON,  a  village  of  Lee  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago &  North-Western  Railroad,  84  miles  west  of 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Chicago;  has  one  newspaper.     Population  (1880), 
648;  (1890),  680;  (1900),  776. 

ASPINWA1L,  Homer  F.,  farmer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Stephenson  County,  111. ,  NOT.  15, 
1846,  educated  in  the  Freeport  high  school,  and, 
in  early  life,  spent  two  years  in  a  wholesale 
notion  store,  later  resuming  the  occupation  of  a 
farmer.  After  holding  various  local  offices,  in- 
cluding that  of  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervis- 
ors of  Stephenson  County,  in  1893  Mr.  Aspinwall 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and  re-elected  in 
1896.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  in  1898,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  McKinley  Captain  and  Assistant 
Quartermaster  in  the  Volunteer  Army,  but 
before  being  assigned  to  duty  accepted  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonelcy of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Pro- 
visional Regiment.  When  it  became  evident  that 
the  regiment  would  not  be  called  into  the  service, 
he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  "Mani- 
toba," a  large  transport  steamer,  which  carried 
some  13,000  soldiers  to  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  with- 
out a  single  accident.  In  view  of  the  approach- 
ing session  of  the  Forty-first  General  Assembly, 
it  being  apparent  that  the  war  was  over,  Mr. 
Aspinwall  applied  for  a  discharge,  which  was 
refused,  a  30-days'  leave  of  absence  being  granted 
instead.  A  discharge  was  finally  granted  about 
the  middle  of  February,  when  he  resumed  his 
seat  in  the  Senate.  Mr.  Aspinwall  owns  and 
operates  a  large  farm  near  Freeport. 

ASS  I'M  PI' I  ON,  a  town  in  Christian  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  33  miles  south  by 
west  from  Decatur  and  9  miles  north  of  Pana. 
It  is  situated  in  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal  min- 
ing district,  and  has  two  banks,  five  churches,  a 
public  school,  two  weekly  papers  and  coal  mines. 
Population  (1880),  706;  (1890),  1,076;  (1900),  1,702. 

ASTORIA,  town  in  Fulton  County,  on  Rock 
Island  &  St.  Louis  Division  C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R. ; 
has  city  waterworks,  electric  light  plant,  tele- 
phone exchange,  three  large  grain  elevators, 
pressed  brick  works;  six  churches,  two  banks, 
two  weekly  papers,  city  hall  and  park,  and  good 
schools:  is  in  a  coal  region;  business  portion  is 
built  of  brick.  Pop.  (1890),  1,357;  (1900),  1,684. 

ATCHISON,  TOPEKA  &  SANTA  FE  RAIL- 
WAT  COMPANY.  This  Company  operates  three 
subsidiary  lines  in  Illinois — the  Chicago,  Santa 
Fe  &  California,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa 
Fe  in  Chicago,  and  the  Mississippi  River  Rail- 
road &  Toll  Bridge,  which  are  operated  as  a 
through  line  between  Chicago  and  Kansas  City, 
with  a  branch  from  Ancona  to  Pekin,  111.,  hav- 
ing an  aggregate  operated  mileage  of  515  miles,  of 


which  295  are  in  Illinois.  The  total  earnings  and 
income  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1895,  were 
$1,298,600,  while  the  operating  expenses  and  fixed 
charges  amounted  to  $2,360,706.  The  accumu- 
lated deficit  on  the  whole  line  amounted,  June  30. 
1894,  to  more  than  $4,500,000.  The  total  capitali 
zation  of  the  whole  line  in  1895  was  $52,775,251. 
The  parent  road  was  chartered  in  1859  under  the 
name  of  the  Atchison  &  Topeka  Railroad ;  but  in 
1863  was  changed  to  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railroad.  The  construction  of  the  main 
line  was  begun  in  1859  and  completed  in  1873. 
The  largest  number  of  miles  operated  was  in 
1893,  being  7,481.65.  January  1,  1896,  the  road 
was  reorganized  under  the  name  of  The  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  Company  (its  present 
name),  which  succeeded  by  purchase  under  fore- 
closure (Dec.  10,  1895)  to  the  property  and  fran- 
chises of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company.  Its  mileage,  in  1895,  was 
6,481.65  miles.  The  executive  and  general  officers 
of  the  system  (1898)  are: 

Aldace  F.  Walker,  Chairman  of  the  Board, 
New  York;  E.  P.  Ripley,  President,  Chicago;  C. 
M.  Higginson,  Ass't  to  the  President,  Chicago; 
E.  D.  Kenna,  1st  Vice-President  and  General 
Solicitor,  Chicago;  Paul  Morton,  3d  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Chicago;  E.  Wilder,  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, Topeka;  L.  C.  Deming,  Assistant  Secretary, 
New  York ;  H.  W.  Gardner,  Assistant  Treasurer, 
New  York;  Victor  Morawetz,  General  Counsel, 
New  York;  Jno.  P.  Whitehead,  Comptroller, 
New  York;  H.  C.  Whitehead,  General  Auditor, 
Chicago;  W.  B.  Biddle,  Freight  Traffic  Manager, 
Chicago;  J.  J.  Frey,  General  Manager,  Topeka; 
H.  W.  Mudge,  General  Superintendent,  Topeka; 
W.  A.  Bissell,  Assistant  Freight  Traffic  Manager, 
Chicago;  W.  F.  White,  Passenger  Traffic 
Manager,  Chicago;  Geo.  T.  Nicholson,  Assistant 
Passenger  Traffic  Manager,  Chicago;  W.  E. 
Hodges,  General  Purcliasing  Agent,  Chicago; 
James  A.  Davis,  Industrial  Commissioner,  Chi- 
cago; James  Dun,  Chief  Engineer,  Topeka,  Kan. ; 
John  Player,  Superintendent  of  Machinery, 
Topeka,  Kan. ;  C.  W.  Kouns,  Superintendent  Car 
Service,  Topeka,  Kan. ;  J.  8.  Hobson,  Signal 
Engineer,  Topeka;  C.  G.  Sholes,  Superintendent 
of  Telegraph,  Topeka,  Kan. ;  C.  W.  Ryus,  General 
Claim  Agent,  Topeka ;  F.  C.  Gay,  General  Freight 
Agent,  Topeka;  C.  R.  Hudson,  Assistant  General 
Freight  Agent,  Topeka;  W.  J.  Black,  General 
Passenger  Agent,  Chicago;  P.  Walsh,  General 
Baggage  Agent,  Chicago. 

ATHENS,  an  incorporated  city  and  coal-mining 
town  in  Menard  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Peoria 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


37 


&  St.  Louis  R.  K. ,  north  by  northwest  of  Spring- 
field. It  is  also  the  center  of  a  prosperous  agri- 
cultural and  stock-raising  district,  and  large 
numbers  of  cattle  are  shipped  there  for  the  Chi- 
cago market.  The  place  has  an  electric  lighting 
plant,  brickyards,  two  machine  shops,  two  grain 
elevators,  five  churches,  one  newspaper,  and  good 
schools.  Athena  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in 
Central  Illinois.  Pop.  (1890),  944;  (1900),  1,535. 

ATKINS,  Smith  I).,  soldier  and  journalist,  was 
born  near  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  June  9,  1886;  came  with 
his  father  to  Illinois  in  1846,  and  lived  on  a  farm 
till  1850;  was  educated  at  Rock  River  Seminary, 
Mount  Morris,  meanwhile  learning  the  printer's 
trade,  and  afterwards  established  "The  Savanna 
Register"  in  Carroll  County.  In  1854  he  begt.n 
the  study  of  law,  and  in  1860,  while  practicing  a1; 
Freeport,  was  elected  Prosecuting  Attorney,  but 
resigned  in  1861,  being  the  first  man  to  enlist  as  a 
private  soldier  in  Stephenson  County.  He  served 
:ts  a  Captain  of  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
(three-months'  men),  re-enlisted  with  the  same 
rank  for  three  years  and  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Donelson  and  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  serv- 
ing at  the  latter  on  the  staff  of  General  Hurlbut. 
Forced  to  retire  temporarily  on  account  of  his 
health,  he  next  engaged  in  raising  volunteers  in 
Northern  Illinois,  was  finally  commissioned  Col- 
onel of  the  Ninety-second  Illinois,  and,  in  June, 
1863,  was  assigned  to  command  of  a  brigade  in 
the  Army  of  Kentucky,  later  serving  in  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  On  the  organization  of  Sher- 
man's great  "March  to  the  Sea,"  he  efficiently 
cooperated  in  it,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General 
for  gallantry  at  Savannah,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  by  special  order  of  President  Lincoln,  was 
brevetted  Major-General.  Since  the  war,  Gen- 
eral Atkins'  chief  occupation  has  been  that  of 
editor  of  "The  Freeport  Journal,"  though,  for 
uearly  twenty-four  years,  he  served  as  Post- 
master of  that  city.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  erection  of  the  Stephenson  County  Sol- 
diers' Monument  at  Freeport,  has  been  President 
of  the  Freeport  Public  Library  since  its  organiza- 
tion, member  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  since 
1895,  by  appointment  of  the  Governor  of  Illinois, 
one  of  the  Illinois  Commissioners  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  and  Chattanooga  Military  Park. 

ATKINSON,  village  of  Henry  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  39  miles 
east  of  Rock  Island;  has  an  electric  light  plant,  a 
bank  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  534;  (1900),  762. 

ATLANTA,  a  city  of  Logan  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  20  miles  southwest  of 
Bloomington.  It  stands  on  a  high,  fertile  prairie 


and  the  surrounding  region  is  rich  in  coal,  as- 
well  as  a  productive  agricultural  and  stock-rais- 
ing district.  It  has  a  water-works  system,  elec- 
tric light  plant,  five  churches,  a  graded  school,  a 
weekly  paper,  two  banks,  a  flouring  mill,  and  is 
the  headquarters  of  the  Union  Agricultural  So- 
ciety established  in  1860.  Population  (1900).  1,870. 

ATLAS,  a  hamlet  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Pike  County,  10  miles  southwest  of  Pittsfield  and 
three  miles  from  Rockport,  the  nearest  station  on 
the  Quincy  &  Louisiana  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.  Atlas  has  an  in- 
teresting history.  It  was  settled  by  Col.  William 
Ross  and  four  brothers,  who  came  here  from 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  the  latter  part  of  1819,  or 
early  in  1820,  making  there  the  first  settlement 
within  the  present  limits  of  Pike  County.  The 
town  was  laid  out  by  the  Rosses  in  1833,  and  the 
next  year  the  county-seat  was  removed  thither 
from  Coles  Grove — now  in  Calhoun  County — but 
which  had  been  the  first  county-seat  of  Pike 
County,  when  it  comprised  all  the  territory  lying 
north  and  west  of  the  Illinois  River  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  the  Wisconsin  State  line. 
Atlas  remained  the  county-seat  until  1833,  when 
the  seat  of  justice  was  removed  to  Pittsfield. 
During  a  part  of  that  time  it  was  one  of  the 
most  important  points  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  and  was,  for  a  time,  a  rival  of  Quincy. 
It  now  has  only  a  postoffice  and  general  store. 
The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1890, 
was  52. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  Attorneys-General  of  Illinois  under  the 
Territorial  and  State  Governments,  down  to  the 
present  time  (1899),  with  the  date  and  duration  of 
the  term  of  each  incumbent: 

TERRITORIAL— Benjamin  H.  Doyle,  July  to  De- 
cember, 1809;  John  J.  Crittenden,  Dec.  30  to 
April,  1810;  Thomas  T.  Crittenden,  April  to 
October,  1810;  Benj.  M.  Piatt,  October,  1810-18; 
William  Mears,  1813-18. 

STATE— Daniel  Pope  Cook,  March  5  to  Dec.  14, 
1819;  William  Mears,  1819-21;  Samuel  D.  Lock- 
wood,  1821-23;  James  Turney,  1823-29;  George 
Forquer,  1829-33;  James  Semple,  1833-84;  Ninian 
W.  Edwards,  1834-35;  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr., 
1835-36;  Walter  B.  Scates,  1836-37;  Usher  F. 
Linder,  1837-38;  George  W.  Olney,  1838-39;  Wick- 
liffe  Kitchell,  1839-40;  Josiah  Lamborn.  1840-43; 
James  Allen  McDougal,  1843-46 ;  David  B.  Camp- 
bell, 1846-48. 

The  Constitution  of  1848  made  no  provision  for 
the  continuance  of  the  office,  and  for  nineteen 
years  it  remained  vacant.  It  was  re-created, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


however,  by  legislative  enactment  in  1867,  and 
on  Feb.  28  of  that  year  Governor  Oglesby 
appointed  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  of  Peoria,  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  the  position,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  do  until  18C9.  Subsequent  incumbents 
of  the  office  have  been:  Washington  Bushnell, 
1869-73;  James  K.  Edsall,  1873-81;  James  McCart- 
ney, 1881  85 ;  George  Hunt,  1885-93 ;  M.  T.  Moloney , 
1893-97;  Edward  C.  Akin,  1897  — .  Under  the 
first  Constitution  (1818)  the  office  of  Attorney- 
General  was  filled  by  appointment  by  the  Legisla- 
ture; under  the  Constitution  of  1848,  as  already 
stated,  it  ceased  to  exist  until  created  by  act  of 
the  Legislature  of  1867,  but,  in  1870,  it  was  made 
a  constitutional  office  to  be  filled  by  popular 
election  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

AT  WOOD,  a  village  lying  partly  in  Piatt  and 
partly  in  Douglas  County,  on  the  Cincinnati, 
Hamilton  &  Dayton  R.  It.,  27  miles  east  of  Deca- 
tur.  The  region  is  agricultural  and  fruit-grow- 
ing; the  town  has  two  banks,  an  excellent  school 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  530;  (1900),  698. 

AT  WOOD,  Charles  B.,  architect,  was  bora  at 
Millbury,  Mass.,  May  18,  1849;  at  17  began  a  full 
course  in  architecture  at  Harvard  Scientific 
School,  and,  after  graduation,  received  prizes  for 
public  buildings  at  San  Francisco,  Hartford  and 
a  number  of  other  cities,  besides  furnishing 
designs  for  some  of  the  finest  private  residences 
in  the  country.  He  was  associated  with  D.  H. 
Burnham  in  preparing  plans  for  the  Columbian 
Exposition  buildings,  at  Chicago,  for  the  World's 
Fair  of  1893,  and  distinguished  himself  by  pro- 
ducing plans  for  the  "Art  Building,"  the  "Peri- 
style," the  "Terminal  Station"  and  other 
prominent  structures.  Died,  in  the  midst  of  his 
highest  successes  as  an  architect,  at  Chicago, 
Dec.  19,  1895. 

AUBURN,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  15  miles  south  of 
Springfield ;  has  some  manufactories  of  flour  and 
farm  implements,  besides  tile  and  brick  works, 
two  coal  mines,  electric  light  plant,  two  banks, 
several  churches,  a  graded  school  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  874;  (1900),  1,281. 

AUDITORS  OF  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTS.  The 
Auditors  of  Public  Accounts  under  the  Terri- 
torial Government  were  H.  H.  Maxwell,  1812-16; 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  1816-17;  Robert  Blackwell,  (April 
to  August),  1817;  ElijahC.  Berry,  1817-18.  Under 
the  Constitution  of  1818  the  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts  was  made  appointive  by  the  legislature, 
without  limitation  of  term ;  but  by  the  Constitu- 
tions of  1848  and  1870  the  office  was  made 
elective  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  four  years. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  State  Auditors 
from  the  date  of  the  admission  of  the  State  into 
the  Union  down  to  the  present  time  (1899),  with 
the  date  and  duration  of  the  term  of  each: 
Elijah  C.  Berry,  181831;  James  T.  B.  Stapp, 
1831-35;  Levi  Davis,  1835-41;  James  Shields, 
1841-43;  William  Lee  D.  Ewing,  1843-46;  Thomas 
H.  Campbell,  1846-57;  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  1857-64; 
Orlin  H.  Miner,  1864-69;  Charles  E.  Lippincott, 
1869-77;  Thomas  B.  Needles,  1877-81;  Charles  P. 
Swigert,  1881-89;  C.  W.  Pavey,  1889-93;  David 
Gore,  1893-97;  James  S.  McCullough,  1897  — . 

AUGUSTA,  a  village  in  Augusta  township, 
Hancock  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  36  miles  northeast  of  Quincy. 
Wagons  and  brick  are  the  principal  manufac- 
tures. The  town  has  one  newspaper,  two  banks, 
three  churches  and  a  graded  school.  The  sur 
rounding  country  is  a  fertile  agricultural  region 
and  abounds  in  a  good  quality  of  bituminous 
coal.  Fine  qualities  of  potter's  clay  and  mineral 
paint  are  obtained  here.  Population  (1890), 
1,077;  (1900),  1,149. 

AUGUSTANA  COLLEGE,  an  educational  insti- 
tution controlled  by  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
denomination,  located  at  Rock  Island  and  founded 
in  1863.  Besides  preparatory  and  collegiate  de- 
partments, a  theological  school  is  connected  with 
the  institution.  To  the  two  first  named,  young 
women  are  admitted  on  an  equality  with 
men.  More  than  500  students  were  reported  in 
attendance  in  1896,  about  one-fourth  being 
women.  A  majority  of  the  latter  were  in  the 
preparatory  (or  academic)  department.  The  col- 
lege is  not  endowed,  but  owns  property  (real 
and  personal)  to  the  value  of  $250,000.  It  has  a 
library  of  12,000  volumes. 

AURORA,  a  city  and  important  railroad  cen- 
ter, Kane  County,  on  Fox  River,  39  miles  south- 
west of  Chicago;  is  location  of  principal  shops  of 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  R.  R.,  has  fine 
water-power  and  many  successful  manufactories, 
including  extensive  boiler  works,  iron  foundries, 
cotton  and  woolen  mills,  flour  mills,  silver-plat- 
ing works,  corset,  sash  and  door  and  carriage 
factories,  stove  and  smelting  works,  establish- 
ments for  turning  out  road-scrapers,  buggy  tops, 
and  wood-working  machinery.  The  city  owns 
water-works  and  electric  light  plant;  has  six 
banks,  four  daily  and  several  weekly  papers, 
some  twenty-five  churches,  excellent  schools  and 
handsome  public  library  building;  is  connected 
by  interurban  electric  lines  with  the  principal 
towns  and  villages  in  the  Fox  River  valley. 
Population  (1890),  19,688;  (1900),  24,147. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


AUSTIN,  a  suburb  of  Chicago,  in  Cook  County. 
It  is  accessible  from  that  city  by  either  the  Chi- 
cago &•  Northwestern  Railway,  or  by  street 
railway  lines.  A  weekly  newspaper  is  issued,  a 
graded  school  is  supported  (including  a  high 
school  department)  and  there  are  numerous 
churches,  representing  the  various  religious 
denominations.  Population  (1880),  1,359;  (1890), 
4,031.  Annexed  to  City  of  Chicago,  1899. 

AUSTIN  COLLEGE,  a  mixed  school  at  Effing- 
ham,  111.,  founded  in  1890.  It  has  eleven  teachers 
and  reports  a  total  of  312  pupils  for  1897-98—162 
males  and  150  females.  It  has  a  library  of  2,000 
volumes  and  reports  property  valued  at  $37,000. 

AUSTBALIAN  BALLOT,  a  form  of  ballot  for 
popular  elections,  thus  named  because  it  was 
first  brought  into  use  in  Australia.  It  was 
adopted  by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois  in 
1891,  and  is  applicable  to  the  election  of  all  public 
officers  except  Trustees  of  Schools,  School  Direct- 
ors, members  of  Boards  of  Education  and  officers 
of  road  districts  in  counties  not  under  township 
organization.  Under  it,  all  ballots  for  the  elec- 
tion of  cfficers  (except  those  just  enumerated) 
are  required  to  be  printed  and  distributed  to  the 
election  officers  for  use  on  the  day  of  election,  at 
public  cost.  These  ballots  contain  the  names, 
on  the  same  sheet,  of  all  candidates  to  be  voted 
for  at  such  election,  such  names  having  been 
formally  certified  previously  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  (in  the  case  of  candidates  for  offices  to  be 
voted  for  by  electors  of  the  entire  State  or  any 
district  greater  than  a  single  county)  or  to  the 
County  Clerk  (as  to  all  others),  by  the  presiding 
officer  and  secretary  of  the  convention  or  caucus 
making  such  nominations,  when  the  party  repre- 
sented cast  at  least  two  per  cent  of  the  aggregate 
vote  of  the  State  or  district  at  the  preceding  gen- 
eral election.  Other  names  may  be  added  to  the 
ballot  on  the  petition  of  a  specified  number  of  the 
legal  voters  under  certain  prescribed  conditions 
named  in  the  act.  The  duly  registered  voter,  on 
presenting  himself  at  the  poll,  is  given  a  copy  of 
the  official  ticket  by  one  of  the  judges  of  election, 
upon  which  he  proceeds  to  indicate  his  prefer- 
ence in  a  temporary  booth  or  closet  set  apart  for 
his  use,  by  making  a  cross  at  the  head  of  the  col- 
umn of  candidates  for  whom  he  wishes  to  vote,  if 
he  desires  to  vote  for  all  of  the  candidates  of  the 
same  party,  or  by  a  similar  mark  before  the  name 
of  each  individual  for  whom  he  wishes  to  vote,  in 
case  he  desires  to  distribute  his  support  among 
the  candidates  of  different  parties.  The  object  of 
the  law  is  to  secure  for  the  voter  secrecy  of  the 
ballot,  with  independence  and  freedom  from  dic- 


tation or  interference  by  others  in  the  exercise  of 
his  right  of  suffrage. 

ATA,  a  town  in  Jackson  County  (incorporated 
as  a  city,  1901),  on  the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad 
(Cairo  &  St.  Louis  Division),  75  miles  south- 
southeast  from  St.  Louis.  It  has  two  banks  and 
two  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  807;  (1900),  984. 

AVON,  village  of  Fulton  County,  on  C.,  B  &  Q. 
R.  R.,  20  miles  south  of  Galesburg;  lias  drain- 
pipe works,  two  factories  for  manufacture  of 
steam- and  hot- water  heaters,  two  banks  and  two 
newspapers;  agricultural  fair  held  here  annu- 
ally. Population  (1900),  809;  (1904,  est.),  1.000. 

ATER,  Benjamin  F.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Kingston,  N.  H.,  April  22,  1825,  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1846,  studied  law  at  Dane 
Law  School  (Harvard  University),  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at  Manchester. 
N.  H.  After  serving  one  term  in  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Legislature,  and  as  Prosecuting  Attorney 
for  Hillsborough  County,  in  1857  he  came  to  Chica- 
go, soon  advancing  to  the  front  rank  of  lawyers 
then  in  practice  there ;  became  Corporation  Counsel 
in  1861,  and,  two  years  later,  drafted  the  revised 
city  charter.  After  the  close  of  his  official  career, 
he  was  a  member  for  eight  years  of  the  law  firm  of 
Beckwith,  Ayer  &  Kales,  and  afterwards  of  the 
firm  of  Ayer  &  Kales,  until,  retiring  from  general 
practice,  Mr.  Ayer  became  Solicitor  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  then  a  Director  of  the  Company, 
and  is  at  present  its  General  Counsel  and  a  potent 
factor  in  its  management. 

AVERS,  Marshall  Paul,  banker,  Jacksonville, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  27,  1823. 
came  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  with  his  parents,  in 
1830,  and  was  educated  there,  graduating  from 
Illinois  College,  in  1843,  as  the  classmate  of  Dr. 
Newton  Bateman,  afterwards  President  of  Knox 
College  at  Galesburg,  and  Rev.  Thomas  K 
Beecher,  now  of  Elmira,  N.Y.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  became  the  partner  of  his  father  (David 
B.  Ayers)  as  agent  of  Mr.  John  Grigg,  of  Philadel- 
phia, who  was  the  owner  of  a  large  body  of  Illi- 
nois lands.  His  father  dying  in  1850,  Mr.  Ayers 
succeeded  to  the  management  of  the  business, 
about  75,000  acres  of  Mr.  Grigg's  unsold  lands 
coming  under  his  charge.  In  December,  1852, 
with  the  assistance  of  Messrs.  Page  &  Bacon,  bank- 
ers, of  St.  Louis,  he  opened  the  first  bank  in  Jack- 
sonville, for  the  sale  of  exchange,  but  which 
finally  grew  into  a  bank  of  deposit  and  has  been 
continued  ever  since,  being  recognized  as  one  of 
the  most  solid  institutions  in  Central  Illinois.  In 
1870-71,  aided  by  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
capitalists,  he  built  the  "Illinois  Farmers'  Rail- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


road"  between  Jacksonville  and  Waverly,  after- 
wards extended  to  Virden  and  finally  to  Centralia 
;ind  Mount  Vernon.  This  was  the  nucleus  of  the 
Jacksonville  Southeastern.  Rail  way,  though  Mr. 
Ayers  has  had  no  connection  with  it  for  several 
years.  Other  business  enterprises  with  which  he 
has  been  connected  are  the  Jacksonville  Gas  Com- 
pany (now  including  an  electric  light  and  power 
plant),  of  which  he  has  been  President  for  forty 
years;  the  "Home  Woolen  Mills"  (early  wiped 
out  by  fire),  sugar  and  paper-barrel  manufacture, 
coal-mining,  etc.  About  1877  he  purchased  a 
body  of  23,600  acres  of  land  in  Champaign  County, 
known  as  "Broadlands. "  from  John  T.  Alexander, 
an  extensive  cattle-dealer,  who  had  become 
heavily  involved  during  the  years  of  financial 
revulsion.  As  a  result  of  this  transaction,  Mr. 
Alexander's  debts,  which  aggregated  $1,000,000, 
were  discharged  within  the  next  two  years.  Mr. 
Ayers  has  been  an  earnest  Republican  since  the 
organization  of  that  party  and,  during  the  war, 
rendered  valuable  service  in  assisting  to  raise 
funds  for  the  support  of  the  operations  of  the 
Christian  Commission  in  the  field.  He  has  also 
been  active  in  Sunday  School,  benevolent  and 
educational  work,  having  been,  for  twenty  years, 
a  Trustee  of  Illinois  College,  of  which  he  has 
)>een  an  ardent  friend.  In  1846  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Laura  Allen,  daughter  of  Rev.  John 
Alien,  D.  D.,  of  Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  is  the  father 
of  four  sons  and  four  daughters,  all  living. 

BABCOCK,  Amos  (  .,  was  born  at  Penn  Yaii, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1828,  the  son  of  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  that  State;  at  the  age  of  18,  having 
lost  his  father  by  death,  came  West,  and  soon 
ufter  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  partner- 
ship with  a  brother  at  Canton,  111.  In  1854  he 
was  elected  by  a  majority  of  one  vote,  as  an  Anti- 
N'ebraska  Whig,  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Nine- 
teenth General  Assembly,  and,  in  the  following 
session,  took  part  in  the  election  of  United  States 
Senator  which  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Lyman 
Trumbull.  Although  a  personal  and  political 
friend  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Mr.  Babcock,  as  a  matter 
of  policy,  cast  his  vote  for  his  townsman.  William 
Kellogg,  afterwards  Congressman  from  that  dis- 
trict, until  it  was  apparent  that  a  concentration 
of  the  Anti-Nebraska  vote  on  Trumbull  was 
necessary  to  defeat  the  election  of  a  Democrat. 
In  1862  he  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
the  first  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the 
Fourth  District,  and,  in  1863,  was  commissioned 
by  Governor  Yates  Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and  Third  Illinois  Volunteers,  but  soon  resigned. 
Colonel  Babcock  served  as  Delegate-at-large  in 


the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1868, 
which  nominated  General  Grant  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  the  same  year  was  made  Chairman  of 
the  Republican  State  Central  Committee,  also 
conducting  the  campaign  two  years  later.  He 
identified  himself  with  the  Greeley  movement  in 
1872,  but,  in  1876,  was  again  in  line  with  his 
party  and  restored  to  his  old  position  on  the  State 
Central  Committee,  serving  until  1878.  Among 
business  enterprises  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected was  the  extension,  about  1854,  of  the  Buda 
branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad  from  Yates  City  to  Canton,  and  the 
erection  of  the  State  Capitol  at  Austin,  Tex., 
which  was  undertaken,  in  conjunction  with 
Abner  Taylor  and  J.  V.  and  C.  B.  Farwell,  4bout 
1881  and  completed  in  1888,  for  which  the  firm 
received  over  3,000,000  acres  of  State  lands  in  the 
"Pan  Handle"  portion  of  Texas.  In  1889  Colonel 
Babcock  took  up  his  residence  in  Chicago,  which 
continued  to  be  his  home  until  his  death  from 
apoplexy,  Feb.  25,  1899. 

BABCOCK,  Andrew  J.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Dorchester,  Norfolk  County,  Mass.,  July  19,  1880; 
began  life  as  a  coppersmith  at  Lowell;  in  1851 
went  to  Concord,  N.  H.,  and,  in  1856,  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  where,  in  1859,  he  joined  a  mili- 
tary company  called  the  Springfield  Greys,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  (afterwards  Gen. )  John  Cook,  of 
which  he  was  First  Lieutenant.  This  company 
became  the  nucleus  of  Company  I,  Seventh  Illi- 
nois Volunteers,  which  enlisted  on  Mr.  Lincoln's 
first  call  for  troops  in  April,  1861.  Captain  Cook 
having  been  elected  Colonel,  Babcock  succeeded 
him  as  Captain,  on  the  re-enlistment  of  the  regi- 
ment in  July  following  becoming  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  and,  in  March,  1862,  lieing  promoted  to 
the  Colonelcy  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  service 
rendered  at  Fort  Donelson."  A  year  later  he  was 
compelled  to  resign  on  account  of  impaired 
health.  His  home  is  at  Springfield. 

BACON,  George  E.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  born 
at  Madison,  Ind. ,  Feb.  4,  1851;  was  brought  to 
Illinois  by  his  parents  at  three  years  of  age,  and. 
in  1876,  located  at  Paris,  Edgar  County ;  in  1879 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  held  various  minor 
offices,  including  one  term  as  State's  Attorney. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the 
State  Senate  and  re-elected  four  years  later,  but 
finally  removed  to  Aurora,  where  he  died.  July 
6,  1896.  Mr.  Bacon  was  a  man  of  recognized 
ability,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that,  after  the  death 
of  Senator  John  A.  Logan,  he  was  selected  by  his 
colleagues  of  the  Senate  to  pronounce  the  eulogy 
on  the  deceased  statesman 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


31 


BA6BY,  John  C.,  jurist  and  Congressman,  was 
born  at  Glasgow,  Ky.,  Jan.  24,  1819.  After  pas- 
sing through  the  common  schools  of  Barren 
County,  Ky.,  he  studied  civil  engineering  at 
Bacon  College,  graduating  in  1840.  Later  he 
read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845. 
In  1846  he  commenced  practice  at  Rushville,  111., 
confining  himself  exclusively  to  professional  work 
until  nominated  and  elected  to  Congress  in  1874, 
by  the  Democrats  of  the  (old)  Tenth  District.  In 
1883  he  was  elected  to  the  Circuit  Bench  for  the 
Sixth  Circuit.  Died,  April  4,  1896. 

BAILEY,  Joseph  Mead,  legislator  and  jurist, 
was  born  at  Middlebury,  Wyoming  County,  N.  Y., 
June  22,  1833,  graduated  from  Rochester  (N.  Y.) 
University  in  1854,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  that  city  in  1855.  In  August,  1856,  he 
removed  to  Freeport,  111. ,  where  he  soon  built  up 
a  profitable  practice.  In  1866  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  Twenty-fifth  General 
Assembly,  being  re-elected  in  1868.  Here  he  was 
especially  prominent  in  securing  restrictive  legis- 
lation concerning  railroads.  In  1876  he  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Elector  for  his  district  on 
the  Republican  ticket.  In  1877  he  was  elected  a 
Judge  of  the  Thirteenth  judicial  district,  and 
re-elected  in  1879  and  in  1885.  In  January, 
1878,  and  again  in  June,  1879.  he  was  assigned  to 
the  bench  of  the  Appellate  Court,  being  presiding 
Justice  from  June,  1879.  to  June,  1880,  and  from 
June,  1881,  to  June.  1882.  In  1879  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Universities  of 
Rochester  and  Chicago.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Died  in 
office,  Oct.  16.  1895. 

ItAII.HAf HE,  John,  pioneer  journalist,  was 
born  in  the  Island  of  Jersey,  May  8,  1787;  after 
gaining  the  rudiments  of  an  education  in  his 
mother  tongue  (the  French),  he  acquired  a  knowl- 
edge of  English  and  some  proficiency  in  Greek 
and  Latin  in  an  academy  near  his  paternal  home, 
when  he  spent  five  years  as  a  printer's  apprentice. 
In  1810  he  came  to  the  United  States,  first  locat- 
ing at  Cambridge,  Ohio,  but,  in  1812,  purchased  a 
half  interest  in  "The  Fredonian"  at  Chillicothe 
(then  the  State  Capital),  soon  after  becoming  sole 
owner.  In  1815  he  purchased  "The  Scioto  Ga- 
zette" and  consolidated  the  two  papers  under  the 
name  of  "The  Scioto  Gazette  and  Fredonian 
Chronicle."  Here  he  remained  until  1828,  mean- 
time engaging  temporarily  in  the  banking  busi- 
ness, also  serving  one  term  in  the  Legislature 
(1820),  and  being  elected  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  Ross  County.  In 
1828  he  removed  to  Columbus,  assuming  charge 


of  "The  Ohio  State  Journal."  served  one  term  as 
Mayor  of  the  city,  and  for  three  consecutive 
years  was  State  Printer.  Selling  out  "The  Jour- 
nal" in  1836,  he  came  west,  the  next  year  becom- 
ing part  owner,  and  finally  sole  proprietor,  of  "The 
Telegraph"  at  Alton,  111.,  which  he  conducted 
alone  or  in  association  with  various  partners  until 
1854,  when  he  retired,  giving  his  attention  to  the 
book  and  job  branch  of  the  business.  He  served  as 
Representative  from  Madison  County  in  the  Thir- 
teenth General  Assembly  (1842-44).  As  a  man 
and  a  journalist  Judge  Bailhache  commanded  the 
highest  respect,  and  did  much  to  elevate  the 
standard  of  journalism  in  Illinois,  "The  Tele- 
graph," during  the  period  of  his  connection  with 
it,  being  one  of  the  leading  papers  of  the  State. 
His  death  occurred  at  Alton,  Sept.  3,  1857,  as  the 
result  of  injuries  received  the  day  previous,  by 
being  thrown  from  a  carriage  in  which  he  was 
riding.—  Maj.  William  Henry  (Bailhache),  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio, 
August  14,  1826,  removed  with  his  father  to  Alton, 
HI.,  in  1836,  was  educated  at  Shurtleff  College, 
and  learned  the  printing  trade  in  the  office  of 
"The  Telegraph,"  under  the  direction  of  his 
father,  afterwards  being  associated  with  the 
business  department.  In  1855,  in  partnership 
with  Edward  L.  Baker,  he  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  and  business  manager  of  "The  State 
Journal''  at  Springfield.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  received  from  President  Lincoln  the  appoint- 
ment of  Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster, 
serving  to  its  close  and  receiving  the  brevet  rank 
of  Major.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  journal- 
ism and  was  associated  at  different  times  with 
"The  State  Journal"  and  "The  Quincy  Whig," 
as  business  manager  of  each,  but  retired  in  1873 ; 
in  1881  was  appointed  by  President  Arthur, 
Receiver  of.  Public  Moneys  at  Santa  Fe.,  N.  M., 
remaining  four  years.  He  is  now  (1899)  a  resi- 
dent of  San  Diego,  Cal.,  where  he  has  been 
engaged  in  newspaper  work,  and,  under  the 
administration  of  President  McKinley,  has  been 
a  Special  Agent  of  the  Treasury  Department — 
Preston  Heath  (Bailhache),  another  son,  was 
born  in  Coluiubus.  Ohio,  Feb.  21,  1835,  served  as 
a  Surgeon  during  the  Civil  War,  later  became  a 
Surgeon  in  the  regular  army  and  has  held  posi- 
tions in  marine  hospitals  at  Baltimore,  Washing- 
ton and  New  York,  and  has  visited  Europe  in  the 
interest  of  sanitary  and  hospital  service.  At 
present  (1899)  he  occupies  a  prominent  position 
at  the  headquarters  of  the  United  States  Marine 
Hospital  Service  in  Washington. — Arthur  Lw 
(Bailhache),  a  third  son,  born  at  Alton,  111.,  April 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


12.  1839;  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  was 
employed  in  the  State  commissary  service  at 
Camp  Yates  and  Cairo,  became  Adjutant  of  the 
Thirty-eighth  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  died  at 
Pilot  Knob,  Mo.,  Jan.  9,  1862,  as  the  result  of 
disease  and  exposure  in  the  service. 

BAKER,  David  Jeirett,  lawyer  and  United 
States  Senator,  was  born  at  East  Haddam,  Conn. , 
Sept.  7,  1792.  His  family  removed  to  New  York 
in  1800,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm  during  boy- 
hood, but  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in 
1816,  and  three  years  later  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1819  he  came  to  Illinois  and  began  prac- 
tice at  Kaskaskia,  where  be  attained  prominence 
in  his  profession  and  was  made  Probate  Judge  of 
Randolph  County.  His  opposition  to  the  intro- 
duction of  slavery  into  the  State  was  so  aggres- 
sive that  his  life  was  frequently  threatened.  In 
1830  Governor  Edwards  appointed  him  United 
States  Senator,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Senator  McLean,  but  he  served  only  one  month 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  John  M.  Robinson, 
who  was  elected  by  the  Legislature.  He  was 
United  States  District  Attorney  from  1833 
to  1841  (the  State  then  constituting  but 
one  district),  and  thereafter  resumed  private 
practice.  Died  at  Alton,  August  6,  1869. 
—Henry  Southard  (Baker),  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  Nov.  10, 
1824,  received  his  preparatory  education  at  Shurt- 
leff  College.  Upper  Alton,  and,  in  1843,  entered 
Brown  University,  R.  I.,  graduating  therefrom 
in  1847;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1849,  begin- 
ning practice  at  Alton,  the  home  of  his  father, 
Hon.  David  J.  Baker.  In  1854  he  was  elected  as  an 
Anti-Nebraska  candidate  to  the  lower  branch  of 
the  Nineteenth  General  Assembly,  and,  at  the 
subsequent  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  was 
one  of  the  five  Anti-Nebraska  members  whose 
uncompromising  fidelity  to  Hon.  Lyman  Truin- 
bull  resulted  in  the  election  of  the  latter  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  the  first  time — the  others 
being  his  colleague,  Dr.  George  T.  Allen  of  the 
House,  and  Hon.  John  M.  Palmer,  afterwards 
United  States  Senator,  Burton  C.  Cook  and  Nor- 
man B.  Judd  in  the  Senate.  He  served  as  one  of  the 
Secretaries  of  the  Republican  State  Convention 
held  at  Bloomington  in  May,  1856,  was  a  Repub- 
lican Presidential  Elector  in  1864,  and,  in  1865, 
became  Judge  of  the  Alton  City  Court,  serving 
until  1881.  In  1876  he  presided  over  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention,  served  as  delegate  to  the 
Republican  National  Convention  of  the  same 
year  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Congress  in  opposition  to  William  R.  Morrison. 


Judge  Baker  was  the  orator  selected  to  deliver 
the  address  on  occasion  of  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Lieut.  -Gov.  Pierre  Menard,  on  the 
capitol  grounds  at  Springfield,  in  January,  1888. 
About  1888  he  retired  from  practice,  dying  at 
Alton,  March  5,  1897.  —  Edward  L.  (Baker), 
second  son  of  David  Jewett  Baker,  was  born  at 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  June  3, 1829;  graduated  at  Shurt- 
leff  College  in  1847 ;  read  law  with  his  father  two 
years,  after  which  he  entered  Harvard  Law 
School  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Spring- 
field in  1855.  Previous  to  this  date  Mr.  Baker  had 
become  associated  with  William  H.  Bailhache,  in 
the  management  of  "The  Alton  Daily  Telegraph," 
and,  in  July,  1855,  they  purchased  "The  Illinois 
State  Journal,"  at  Springfield,  of  which  Mr. 
Baker  assumed  the  editorship,  remaining  until 
1874.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Assessor  for  the  Eighth  District,  serving  until 
the  abolition  of  the  office.  In  1873  he  received 
the  appointment  from  President  Grant  of  Consul 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  South  America,  and,  assuming 
the  duties  of  the  office  in  1874,  remained  there 
for  twenty-three  years,  proving  himself  one  of 
the  most  capable  and  efficient  officers  in  the  con- 
sular service.  On  the  evening  of  the  20th  of 
June,  1897,  when  Mr.  Baker  was  about  to  enter  a 
railway  train  already  in  motion  at  the  station  in 
the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  he  fell  under  the  cars, 
receiving  injuries  which  necessitated  the  ampu- 
tation of  his  right  arm,  finally  resulting  in  his 
death  in  the  hospital  at  Buenos  Ayres,  July  8, 
following.  His  remains  were  brought  home  at 
the  Government  expense  and  interred  in  Oak 
Ridge  Cemetery,  at  Springfield,  where  a  monu- 
ment has  since  been  erected  in  his  honor,  bearing 
a  tablet  contributed  by  citizens  of  Buenos  Ayres 
and  foreign  representatives  in  that  city  express- 
ive of  their  respect  for  his  memory. — David 
Jewett  (Baker),  Jr.,  a  third  son  of  David  Jowett 
Baker,  Sr.,  was  born  at  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  20,1834; 
graduated  from  Shurtleff  College  in  1854,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856.  In  November  of 
that  year  he  removed  to  Cairo  and  began  prac- 
tice. He  was  Mayor  of  that  city  in  1864-65,  and, 
in  1869,  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Nineteenth 
Judicial  Circuit.  The  Legislature  of  1873  (by  Act 
of  March  28)  having  divided  the  State  into 
twenty-six  circuits,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-sixth,  on  June  2,  1873.  In  August,  1878, 
he  resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  on  the 
Supreme  Bench  as  successor  to  Judge  Breese, 
deceased,  but  at  the  close  of  his  term  on  the 
Supreme  Bench  (1879),  was  re-elected  Circuit 
Judge,  and  again  in  1885.  During  this  period  he 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


served  for  several  years  on  the  Appellate  Bench. 
In  1888  he  retired  from  the  Circuit  Bench  by 
resignation  and  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  for  a  term  of  nine  years.  Again, 
in  1897,  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  but 
was  defeated  by  Carroll  C.  Boggs.  Soon  after 
retiring  from  the  Supreme  Bench  he  removed  to 
Chicago  and  engaged  in  general  practice,  in 
partnership  with  his  son,  John  W.  Baker.  He 
fell  dead  almost  instantly  in  his  office,  March  13, 
1899.  In  all,  Judge  Baker  had  spent  some  thirty 
years  almost  continuously  on  the  bench,  and  had 
attained  eminent  distinction  both  as  a  lawyer  and 
a  jurist. 

BAKER,  Edward  Dickinson,  soldier  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  London, 
Eng.,  Feb.  24,  1811;  emigrated  to  Illinois  while 
yet  in  his  minority,  first  locating  at  Belleville, 
afterwards  removing  to  Carrollton  and  finally  to 
Sangamon  County,  the  last  of  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  lower  house  of  the  Tenth  General 
Assembly,  and  as  State  Senator  in  the  Twelfth 
and  Thirteenth.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  as 
a  Whig  from  the  Springfield  District,  but  resigned 
in  December,  1846,  to  accept  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Fourth  Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteers,  in  .the 
Mexican  War,  and  succeeded  General  Shields  in 
command  of  the  brigade,  when  the  latter  was 
wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
to  Congress  from  the  Galena  District;  was  also 
identified  with  the  construction  of  the  Panama 
Railroad;  went  to  San  Francisco  in  1832,  but 
later  removed  to  Oregon,  where  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1860.  In  1861  he 
resigned  the  Senatorship  to  enter  the  Union 
army,  commanding  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of 
Ball's  Bluff,  where  he  was  killed,  October  21, 1861. 

BAKER,  Jehn,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  4,  1822.  At 
an  early  age  he  removed  to  Illinois,  making  his 
home  in  Belleville,  St.  Clair  County.  He  re- 
ceived bis  early  education  in  the  common  schools 
and  at  McKendree  College.  Although  he  did 
not  graduate  from  the  latter  institution,  he 
received  therefrom  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
in  1858,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  in  1882.  For  a  time 
he  studied  medicine,  but  abandoned  it  for  the 
study  of  law.  From  1861  to  1805  he  was  Master 
in  Chancery  for  St.  Clair  County.  From  1865  to 
1869  he  represented  the  Belleville  District  as  a 
Republican  in  Congress.  From  1876  to  1881  and 
from  1882  to  1885  he  was  Minister  Resident  in 
Venezuela,  during  the  latter  portion  of  his  term 
of  sen-ice  acting  also  as  Consul-General.  Return- 
ing home,  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress  (1886) 


from  the  Eighteenth  District,  but  was  defeated 
for  re-election,  in  1888,  by  William  S.  Forman. 
Democrat.  Again,  in  1896,  having  identified 
himself  with  the  Free  Silver  Democracy  and 
People's  Party,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from 
the  Twentieth  District  over  Everett  J.  Murphy, 
the  Republican  nominee,  serving  until  March  3, 
1899.  He  is  the  author  of  an  annotated  edition 
of  Montesquieu's  "Grandeur  and  Decadence  of 
tin'  Romans." 

BALDWIN,  Elmer,  agriculturist  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  March 
8,  1806 ;  at  16  years  of  age  began  teaching  a  coun- 
try school,  continuing  this  occupation  for  several 
years  during  the  winter  months,  while  working 
on  his  father's  farm  in  the  summer.  He  then 
started  a  store  at  New  Milford,  which  he  man- 
aged for  three  years,  when  he  sold  out  on  account 
of  his  health  and  began  farming.  In  1833  he 
came  west  and  purchased  a  considerable  tract  of 
Government  land  in  La  Salle  County,  where  the 
village  of  Farm  Ridge  is  now  situated,  removing 
thither  with  his  family  the  following  year.  He 
served  as  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  fourteen  con- 
secutive terms,  as  Postmaster  twenty  years  and 
as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  La 
Salle  County  six  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 
was  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in  1866,  and  to 
the  State  Senate  in  1872,  serving  two  years.  He 
was  also  appointed,  in  1869,  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Public  Charities,  serving  as  President  of 
the  Board.  Mr.  Baldwin  is  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  La  Salle  County,"  which  contains  much 
local  and  biographical  history.  Died,  Nov.  18, 
1895. 

BALDWIN',  Theron,  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, was  born  in  Goshen,  Conn.,  July  21,  1801; 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1827;  after  two 
years'  study  in  the  theological  school  there,  was 
ordained  a  home  missionary  in  1829,  becoming 
one  of  the  celebrated  "Yale  College  Band,"  or 
"Western  College  Society,"  of  which  he  was  Cor- 
responding Secretary  during  most  of  his  life.  He 
was  settled^  as  a  Congregationalist  minister  at 
Vandalia  for  two  years,  and  was  active  in  pro- 
curing the  charter  of  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville, of  which  he  was  a  Trustee  from  its 
organization  to  his  death.  He  served  for  a 
number  of  years,  from  1831,  as  Agent  of  the 
Home  Missionary  Society  for  Illinois,  and,  in 
1838,  became  the  first  Principal  of  Monticello 
Female  Seminary,  near  Alton,  which  he  con- 
ducted five  years.  Died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  April 
10,  1870. 


34 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BALLARD,  Addison,  merchant,  was  born  of 
Quaker  parentage  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  No- 
vember, 1823.  He  located  at  La  Porte,  1ml.. 
about  1841,  where  he  learned  and  pursued  the 
carpenter's  trade;  in  1849  went  to  California, 
remaining  two  years,  when  he  returned  to  La 
Porte;  in  1853  removed  to  Chicago  and  embarked 
in  the  lumber  trade,  which  he  prosecuted  until 
1887,  retiring  with  a  competency.  Mr.  Ballard 
served  several  years  as  one  of  the  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  and,  from  1876  to  1882,  as  Alder- 
man of  the  City  of  Chicago,  and  again  in  the 
latter  office,  1894-90. 

BALTES,  Peter  Joseph,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 
of  Alton,  was  born  at  Ensheim,  Rhenish  Ba- 
varia, April  7,  1827 ;  was  educated  at  the  colleges 
of  the  Holy  Cross,  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  and  of  St. 
Ignatius,  at  Chicago,  and  at  Lavalle  University, 
Montreal,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in  1853,  and 
consecrated  Bishop  in  1870.  His  diocesan  admin- 
istration was  successful,  but  regarded  by  his 
priests  as  somewhat  arbitrary.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous pastoral  letters  and  brochures  for  the  guidance 
of  clergy  and  laity.  His  most  important  literary 
work  was  entitled  "Pastoral  Instruction,"  first 
edition,  N.  Y.,  1875;  second  edition  (revised  and 
enlarged),  1880.  Died  at  Alton,  Feb.  15,  1886. 

BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  SOUTHWESTERN 
RAILWAY.  This  road  (constituting  a  part  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  system)  is  made  up  of  two 
principal  divisions,  the  first  extending  across  the 
State  from  East  St.  Louis  to  Belpre,  Ohio,  and  the 
second  (known  as  the  Springfield  Division)  extend- 
ing from  Beardstown  to  Shawneetown.  The  total 
mileage  of  the  former  (or  main  line)  is  V;7 
miles,  of  which  147)4  are  in  Illinois,  and  of  the 
latter  (wholly  within  Illinois)  228  miles.  The 
main  line  (originally  known  as  the  Ohio  &  Mis- 
sissippi Railway)  was  chartered  in  Indiana  in 
1848,  in  Ohio  in  1849,  and  in  Illinois  in  1851.  It 
was  constructed  by  two  companies,  the  section 
from  Cincinnati  to  the  Indiana  and  Illinois  State 
line  being  known  as  the  Eastern  Division,  and 
that  in  Illinois  as  the  Western  Division,  the 
gauge,  as  originally  built,  being  six  feet,  but 
reduced  in  1871  to  standard.  The  banking  firm 
of  Page  &  Bacon,  of  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco, 
were  the  principal  financial  backers  of  the  enter- 
prise. The  line  was  completed  and  opened  for 
traffic,  May  1,  1857.  The  following  year  the  roail 
became  financially  embarrassed;  the  Eastern  Di- 
vision was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver  in 
1860.  while  the  Western  Division  was  sold  under 
foreclosure,  in  1862,  and  reorganized  as  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  Railway  under  act  of  the  Illinois 


Legislature  passed  in  February,  1861.  The  East- 
ern Division  was  sold  in  January,  1867;  and,  in 
November  of  the  same  year,  the  two  divisions 
were  consolidated  under  the  title  of  the  Ohio  & 
Mississippi  Railway. — The  Springfield  Division 
was  the  result  of  the  consolidation,  in  December. 
1869,  of  the  Pana,  Springfield  &  Northwestern 
and  the  Illinois  &  Southeastern  Railroad — each 
having  been  chartered  in  1867 — the  new  corpo- 
ration taking  the  name  of  the  Springfield  &  Illi- 
nois Southeastern  Railroad,  under  which  name 
the  road  was  built  and  opened  in  March,  1871.  In 
1873,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  receivers;  iu 
1874  was  sold  under  foreclosure,  and,  on  March 
1,  1875,  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Ohio  &  Mis- 
sissippi Railway  Company.  In  November,  1876, 
the  road  was  again  placed  in  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  but  was 'restored  to  the  Company  in  1884. 
— In  November,  1893,  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  was 
consolidated  with  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western Railroad,  which  was  the  successor  of  the 
Cincinnati,  Washington  &  Baltimore  Railroad, 
the  reorganized  Company  taking  the  name  of  tin- 
Baltimore  &  /Ohio  Southwestern  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  total  capitalization  of  the  road,  as 
organized  in  1898,  was  $84,770,531.  Several 
branches  of  the  main  line  in  Indiana  and  Ohio  go 
to  increase  the  aggregate  mileage,  but  bein£ 
wholly  outside  of  Illinois  are  not  taken  into  ar- 
count  in  this  statement. 

BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  it  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
ROAD,  part  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad 
System,  of  which  only  8.21  out  of  265  miles  are  in 
Illinois.  The  principal  object  of  the  company's 
incorporation  was  to  secure  entrance  for  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  into  Chicago.  The  capital 
stock  outstanding  exceeds  $1,000,000.  The  total 
capital  (including  stock,  funded  and  floating  debt) 
is  $20, 329, 166  "or  $76,728  per  mile.  The  gross 
earnings  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1898,  were 
$3,383,016  and  the  operating  expenses  $2,493,452. 
The  income  and  earnings  for  the  portion  of  the. 
line  in  Illinois  for  the  same  period  were  $209,208 
and  the  expenses  $208,096. 

BANGS,  Mark,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Franklin 
County,  Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1822;  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  a  farm  in  Western  New  York,  and,  after 
a  year  in  an  institution  at  Rochester,  came  l« 
Chicago  in  1844,  later  spending  two  years  in  farm 
work  and  teaching  in  Central  Illinois.  Return- 
ing east  in  1847,  he  engaged  in  teaching  for 
two  years  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  then  spent 
a  year  in  a  dry  goods  store  at  Lacon,  111., 
meanwhile  prosecuting  his  legal  studies.  Ik 
1851  he  began  practice,  was  elected  a  Judgt 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   ILLINOIS. 


35 


of  the  Circuit  Court  in  1859 ;  served  one  session 
as  State  Senator  (1870-72);  in  1873  was  ap- 
pointed Circuit  Judge  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  Judge  Richmond,  deceased,  and,  in  1875, 
was  appointed  by  President  Grant  United  States 
District  Attorney  for  the  Northern  District, 
remaining  in  office  four  years.  Judge  Bangs  was 
also  a  member  of  the  first  Anti-Nebraska  State 
Convention  of  Illinois,  held  at  Springfield  in  1854; 
in  1862  presided  over  the  Congressional  Conven- 
tion which  nominated  Owen  Lovejoy  for  Congress 
for  the  first  time ;  was  one  of  the  charter  members 
of  the  "Union  League  of  America,"  serving  as  its 
President,  and,  in  1868,  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Convention  which  nominated  General 
Grant  foi  President  for  the  first  time.  After 
retiring  from  the  office  of  District  Attorney  in 
1879,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  is  still 
(1898)  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 

BAMiSOX,  Andrew,  pioneer  and  early  legis- 
lator, a  native  of  Tennessee,  settled  on  Silver  % 
Creek,  in  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  four  miles  south 
of  Lebanon,  about  1808  or  1810,  and  subsequently 
removed  to  Washington  County.  He  was  a  Col- 
onel of  "Rangers"  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  a 
Captain  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  of  1832.  In 
1822  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from 
Washington  Ceunty,  serving  four  years,  and  at 
the  session  of  1822-23  was  one  of  those  who  voted 
against  the  Convention  resolution  which  had  for 
its  object  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  He  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Iowa  Territory,  but  died,  in 
1853,  while  visiting  a  son-in-law  in  Wisconsin. 

BAPTISTS.  The  first  Baptist  minister  to  set- 
tle in  Illinois  was  Elder  James  Smith,  who 
located  at  New  Design,  in  1787.  He  was  fol- 
lowed, about  1796-97,  by  Revs.  David  Badgley  and 
Joseph  Chance,  who  organized  the  first  Baptist 
church  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  Five 
churches,  having  four  ministers  and  111  mem- 
bers, formed  an  association  in  1807.  Several 
causes,  among  them  a  difference  of  views  on  the 
slavery  question,  resulted  in  the  division  of  the 
denomination  into  factions.  Of  these  perhaps 
the  most  numerous  was  the  Regular  (or  Mission- 
ary) Baptists,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Rev.  John 
M.  Peck,  a  resident  of  the  State  from  1822  until 
his  death  (1858).  By  1835  the  sect  had  grown, 
until  it  had  some  350  churches,  with  about  7,500 
members.  These  were  under  the  ecclesiastical 
care  of  twenty-two  Associations.  Rev.  Isaac 
McCoy,  a  Baptist  Indian  missionary,  preached  at 
Fort  Dearborn  on  Oct.  9,  1825,  and,  eight  years 
later.  Rev.  Allen  B.  Freeman  organized  the  first 
Baptist  society  in  what  was  then  an  infant  set- 


tlement. By  1890  the  number  of  Associations 
had  grown  to  forty,  with  1010  churches,  891 
ministers  and  88,884  members.  A  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary  was  for  some  time  supported  at 
Morgan  Park,  but,  in  1895,  was  absorbed  by  the 
University  of  Chicago,  becoming  the  divinity 
school  of  that  institution.  The  chief  organ  of  the 
denomination  in  Illinois  is  "The  Standard."  pub- 
lished at  Chicago. 

BABBER,  Hiram,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
N.  Y.,  March  24,  1835.  At  11  years  of  age  he 
accompanied  his  family  to  Wisconsin,  of  which 
State  he  was  a  resident  until  1866.  After  gradu- 
ating at  the  State  University  of  Wisconsin,  at 
Madison,  he  studied  law  at  the  Albany  Law 
School,  and  was  admitted  to  practice.  After 
serving  one  term  as  District  Attorney  of  his 
county  in  Wisconsin  (1861-62),  and  Assistant 
Attorney-General  of  the  State  for  1865-66,  in 
the  latter  year  he  came  to  Chicago  and,  in  1878, 
was  elected  to  Congress  by  the  Republicans  of 
the  old  Second  Illinois  District.  His  home  is  in 
Chicago,  where  he  holds  the  position  of  Master  in 
Chancery  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County. 

BARDOLPH,  a  village  of  McDonough  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  7 
miles  northeast  of  Macomb;  has  a  local  paper. 
Population  (1880),  409;  (1890),  447;  (1900),  387. 

ItAKNSB.Vt  k,  George  Frederick  Jnlins,  pio- 
neer, was  born  in  Germany,  July  25,  1781 ;  came 
to  Philadelphia  in  1797,  and  soon  after  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  became  an  overseer;  two  or 
three  years  later  visited  his  native  country,  suf- 
fering shipwreck  en  route  in  the  English  Channel ; 
returned  to  Kentucky  in  1802,  remaining  until 
1809,  when  he  removed  to  what  is  now  Madison 
(then  a  part  of  St.  Clair)  County,  111. ;  served  in 
the  War  of  1812,  farmed  and  raised  stock  until 
1824,  when,  after  a  second  visit  to  Germany,  he 
bought  a  plantation  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo. 
Subsequently  becoming  disgusted  with  slavery, 
he  manumitted  his  slaves  and  returned  to  Illinois, 
locating  on  a  farm  near  Edwardsville,  where  he 
resided  until  his  death  in  1869.  Mr.  Barnsback 
served  as  Representative  in  the  Fourteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1844-46)  and,  after  returning  from 
Springfield,  distributed  his  salary  among  the  poor 
of  Madison  County. — Julius  A.  (Bamsback),  his 
son,  was  born  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo.,  May 
14,  1826;  in  1846  became  a  merchant  at  Troy, 
Madison  County ;  was  elected  Sheriff  in  1860 ;  in 
1864  entered  the  service  as  Captain  of  a  Company 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Illinois  Volun- 
teers (100-days'  men);  also  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Twenty -fourth  General  Assembly  (1865). 


36 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BABNUH,  William  II .,  lawyer  and  ex-Judge, 
was  born  in  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 
1840.  When  he  was  but  two  years  old  his  family 
removed  to  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  where  he  passed 
his  boyhood  and  youth.  His  preliminary  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  Belleville,  111-.  Ypsilanti, 
Mich.,  and  at  the  Michigan  State  University  at 
Ann  Arbor.  After  leaving  the  institution  last 
named  at  the  end  of  the  sophomore  year,  he 
taught  school  at  Belleville,  still  pursuing  his  clas- 
sical studies.  In  1862  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Belleville,  and  soon  afterward  opened  an  office 
at  Chester,  where,  for  a  time,  he  held  the  oilier 
of  Master  in  Chancery.  He  removed  to  Chicago 
in  1867,  and,  in  1879,  was  elevated  to  the  bench 
of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court.  At  the  expi- 
ration of  his  term  he  resumed  private  practice. 

BARRERE,  (iranville,  was  born  in  Highland 
County,  Ohio.  After  attending  the  common 
schools,  he  acquired  a  higher  education  at  Au- 
gusta, Ky. ,  and  Marietta.  Ohio.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  his  native  State,  but  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Fulton  County.  111.,  in  1856.  In 
1872  he  received  the  Republican  nomination  for 
Congress  and  was  elected,  representing  his  dis- 
trict from  1873  to  1875,  at  the  conclusion  of  his 
term  retiring  to  private  life.  Died  at  Canton, 
111.,  Jan.  13.  1889. 

HARRINGTON,  a  village  located  on  the  north- 
ern border  of  Cook  County,  and  partly  in  Lake, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
and  the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Railway,  32  miles 
northwest  of  Chicago.  It  has  banks,  a  local  paper, 
and  several  cheese  factories,  being  in  a  dairying 
district.  Population  (1890),  848;  (1900),  1,162. 

BARROWS,  John  Henry,  D.  !>.,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  born  at  Medina,  Mich.,  July 
11,  1847;  graduated  at  Mount  Olivet  College  in 
1867,  and  studied  theology  at  Yale,  Union  and 
Andover  Seminaries.  In  1869  he  went  to  Kansas, 
where  he  spent  two  and  a  half  years  in  mission- 
ary and  educational  work.  He  then  (in  1872) 
accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Congregational 
Church  at  Springfield,  111.,  where  he  remained  a 
year,  after  which  he  gave  a  year  to  foreign  travel, 
visiting  Europe,  Egypt  and  Palestine,  during  a 
part  of  the  time  supplying  the  American  chapel 
in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he 
spent  six  years  in  pastoral  work  at  Lawrence  and 
East  Boston,  Mass.,  when  (in  November,  1881)  he 
assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Chicago.  Dr.  Barrows  achieved  a 
world-wide  celebrity  by  his  services  as  Chairman 
of  the  "Parliament  of  Religions,"  a  branch  of  the 
"World's  Congress  Auxiliary,"  held  during  the 


World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago  in 
1893.  Later,  he  was  appointed  Professorial  Lec- 
turer on  Comparative  Religions,  under  lectureships 
in  connection  with  the  University  of  Chicago  en- 
dowed by  Mrs.  Caroline  E.  Haskell.  One  of  these, 
established  in  Dr.  Barrows'  name,  contemplated 
a  series  of  lectures  in  India,  to  be  delivered  on 
alternate  years  with  a  similar  course  at  the  Uni- 
versity. Courses  were  delivered  at  the  University 
•in  1895-96,  and,  in  order  to  carry  out  the  purposes 
of  the  foreign  lectureship,  Dr.  Barrows  found  it 
necessary  to  resign  his  pastorate,  which  he  did  in 
the  spring  of  1896.  After  spending  the  summer 
in  Germany,  the  regular  itinerary  of  the  round- 
the-world  tour  began  at  London  in  the  latter  part 
of  November,  1896,  ending  with  his  return  to  the 
United  States  by  way  of  San  Francisco  in  May, 
1897.  Dr.  Barrows  was  accompanied  by  a  party 
of  personal  friends  from  Chicago  and  elsewhere, 
the  tour  embracing  Visits  to  the  principal  cities 
of  Southern  Europe,  Egypt,  Palestine,  China  and 
Japan,  with  a  somewhat  protracted  stay  in  India 
during  the  winter  of  1898-97.  After  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  lectured  at  the  University 
of  Chicago  and  in  many  of  the  principal  cities  of 
the  country,  on  the  moral  and  religious  condition 
of  Oriental  nations,  but,  in  1898,  was  offered 
the  Presidency  of  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  which 
he  accepted,  entering  upon  his  duties  early  in 
1899. 

HARRY,  »  city  in  Pike  County,  founded  in 
1«:!6,  on  Hi.'  Wabash  Railroad,  18  miles  east  of 
1 1. inn  II  i-il.  Mo.,  and  30  miles  southeast  of  Quincy. 
The  surrounding  country  is  agricultural.  The 
city  contains  flouring  mills,  porkpacking  and 
poultry  establishments,  etc.  It  has  two  local 
papers,  two  banks,  three  churches  and  a  high 
school,  besides  schools  of  lower  grade.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  1,392;  (1890),  1,854;  (1900),  1.648. 

BARTLETT,  Adolphns  Clay,  merchant,  was 
Ixjrn  of  Revolutionary  ancestry  at  Stratford, 
Fulton  County,  N.  Y. ,  June  22, 1844 ;  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  at  Danville  Academy 
and  Clinton  Liberal  Institute,  N.  Y. ,  and,  coming 
to  Chicago  in  1863,  entered  into  the  employment 
of  the  hardware  firm  of  Tuttle,  Hibbard  &  Co., 
now  Hibbard,  Spencer,  Bartlett  &  Co.,  of  which, 
a  few  years  later,  he  became  a  partner,  and  later 
Vice-President  of  the  Company.  Mr.  Bartlett 
has  also  been  a  Trustee  of  Beloit  College,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Home  for  the  Friendless  and 
a  Director  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  and 
the  Metropolitan  National  Bank,  besides  being 
identified  with  various  other  business  and  benevo- 
lent associations. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


37 


BASCOM,  (Bev.)  Flavel,  1).  D.,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  June  8,  1804;  spent 
his  boyhood  on  a  farm  until  17  years  of  age,  mean- 
while attending  the  common  schools;  prepared 
for  college  under  a  private  tutor,  and,  in  1824, 
entered  Yale  College,  graduating  in  1828.  After  a 
year  as  Principal  of  the  Academy  at  New  Canaan, 
Conn.,  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  theology 
at  Yale,  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1831  and,  for 
the  next  two  years,  served  as  a  tutor  in  the  liter- 
ary department  of  the  college.  Then  coming  to 
Illinois  (1883),  he  cast  his  lot  with  the  "Yale 
Band,"  organized  at  Yale  College  a  few  years 
previous;  spent  five  years  in  missionary  work  in 
Tazewell  County  and  two  years  in  Northern  Illi- 
nois as  Agent  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society, 
exploring  new  settlements,  founding  churches 
and  introducing  missionaries  to  new  fields  of 
labor.  In  1839  he  became  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  remaining  until 
1849,  when  he  assumed  the  pastorship  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Galesburg,  this  relation 
continuing  until  1856.  Then,  after  a  year's  serv- 
ice as  the  Agent  of  the  American  Missionary 
Association  of  the  Congregational  Church,  he 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Congregational  Church  at 
Princeton,  where  he  remained  until  1869,  when 
he  took  charge  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
Hinsdale.  From  1878  he  served  for  a  consider- 
able period  as  a  member  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Illinois  Home  Missionary  Society; 
was  also  prominent  in  educational  work,  being 
one  of  the  founders  and,  for  over  twenty-five 
years,  an  officer  of  the  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  a  Trustee  of  Knox  College  and  one  of 
the  founders  and  a  Trustee  of  Beloit  College, 
Wis.,  from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  D.  T>. 
in  1889.  Dr.  Bascom  died  at  Princeton,  111., 
August  8,  1890. 

BATAYIA,  a  city  in  Kane  County,  on  Fox 
River  and  branch  lines  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroads,  35  miles  west  of  Chicago:  has  water 
power  and  several  prosperous  manufacturing 
establishments  employing  over  1,000  operatives. 
The  city  lias  fine  water-works  supplied  from  an 
artesian  well,  electric  lighting  plant,  electric 
street  car  lines  with  interurban  connections,  two 
weekly  papers,  eight  churches,  two  public 
schools,  and  private  hospital  for  insane  women. 
Population  (1900),  3,871;  (1903,  est),  4,400. 

BATKMAX,  Newton,  A.  M.,  LI,. I).,  educator 
and  Editor-in-Chief  of  the  "Historical  Encyclo- 
|mdia  of  Illinois,"  was  born  at  Fairfield,  N.  J., 
July  27,  1822,  of  mixed  English  and  Scotch  an- 


cestry ;  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Illinois  in 
1833;  in  his  youth  enjoyed  only  limited  educa- 
tional advantages,  but  graduated  from  Illinois 
College  at  Jacksonville  in  1843.  supporting  him- 
self during  his  college  course  wholly  by  his  own 
labor.  Having  contemplated  entering  the  Chris- 
tian ministry,  he  spent  the  following  year  at  Lane 
Theological  Seminary,  but  was  compelled  to 
withdraw  on  account  of  failing  health,  when  he 
gave  a  year  to  travel.  He  then  entered  upon  his 
life-work  as  a  teacher  by  engaging  as  Principal 
of  an  English  and  Classical  School  in  St.  Louis, 
remaining  there  two  years,  when  he  accepted  the 
Professorship  of  Mathematics  in  St.  Charles  Col- 
lege, at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  continuing  in  that 
position  four  years  (1847-51).  Returning  to  Jack- 
sonville, 111.,  in  the  latter  year,  he  assumed  the 
principalship  of  the  main  public  school  of  that 
city.  Here  he  remained  seven  years,  during  four 
i if  them  discharging  the  duties  of  County  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  for  Morgan  County.  In  the 
fall  of  1857  he  became  Principal  of  Jacksonville 
Female  Academy,  but  the  following  year  was 
elected  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, having  been  nominated  for  the  office  by  the 
Republican  State  Convention  of  1858,  which  put 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  nomination  for  the  United 
.States  Senate.  By  successive  re-elections  he  con- 
tinued in  this  office  fourteen  years,  sen-ing  con- 
tinuously from  1859  to  1875,  except  two  years 
(1863-65),  as  the  result  of  his  defeat  for  re-election 
in  1862.  He  was  also  endorsed  for  the  same  office 
by  the  State  Teachers'  Association  in  1856,  but 
was  not  formally  nominated  by  a  State  Conven- 
tion. During  his  incumbency  the  Illinois  com- 
mon school  system  was  developed  and  brought  to 
the  state  of  efficiency  which  it>  lias  so  well  main- 
tained. He  also  prepared  some  seven  volumes  of 
biennial  reports,  portions  of  which  have  been 
republished  in  five  different  languages  of  Europe, 
besides  a  volume  of  "Common  School  Decisions," 
originally  published  by  authority  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and  of  which  several  editions  have 
since  been  issued.  This  volume  lias  been  recog- 
nized by  the  courts,  and  is  still  regarded  as 
authoritative  on  the  subjects  to  which  it  relates. 
In  addition  to  his  official  duties  during  a  part  of 
this  period,  for  three  years  he  served  as  editor  of 
"The  Illinois  Teacher,"  and  was  one  of  a  com- 
mittee of  three  which  prepared  tlie  bill  adopted 
by  Congress  creating  the  National  Bureau  of 
Education.  Occupying  a  room  in  the  old  State 
Capitol  at  Springfield  adjoining  that  used  as  an 
office  by  Abraham  Lincoln  during  the  first  candi- 
dacy of  the  latter  for  the  Presidency,  in  1860.  a 


I 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


close  intimacy  sprang  up  between  the  two  men, 
which  enabled  the  "School-master,"  as  Mr.  Lin- 
coln playfully  called  the  Doctor,  to  acquire  an 
insight  into  the  character  of  the  future  emanci- 
pator of  a  race,  enjoyed  by  few  men  of  that  time, 
and  of  which  he  gave  evidence  by  his  lectures 
full  of  interesting  reminiscence  and  eloquent 
appreciation  of  the  high  character  of  the  "Martyr 
President."  A  few  months  after  his  retirement 
from  the  State  Superintendency  (1875),  Dr.  Bate- 
man  was  offered  and  accepted  the  Presidency  of 
Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  remaining  until  1893, 
when  he  voluntarily  tendered  his  resignation. 
This,  after  having  been  repeatedly  urged  upon 
the  Board,  was  finally  accepted ;  but  that  body 
immediately,  and  by  unanimous  vote,  appointed 
him  President  Emeritus  and  Professor  of  Mental 
and  Moral  Science,  under  which  he  continued  to 
discharge  his  duties  as  a  special  lecturer  as  his 
health  enabled  him  to  do  so.  During  his  incum- 
bency as  President  of  Knox  College,  he  twice 
received  a  tender  of  the  Presidency  of  Iowa  State 
University  and  the  Chancellorship  of  two  other 
important  State  institutions.  He  also  served,  by 
appointment  of  successive  Governors  between  1877 
and  1891,  as  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  for  four  years  of  this  period  being  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board.  In  February,  1878,  Dr.  Bate- 
man,  unexpectedly  and  without  solicitation  on  his 
part,  received  from  President  Hayes  an  appoint- 
ment as  "Assay  Commissioner"  to  examine  and 
test  the  fineness  and  weight  of  United  States 
coins,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  June  22,  1874,  and  discharged 
the  duties  assigned  at  the  mint  in  Philadelphia. 
Never  of  a  very  strong  physique,  which  was 
rather  weakened  by  his  privations  while  a  stu- 
dent and  his  many  years  of  close  confinement  to 
mental  labor,  towards  the  close  of  his  life  Dr. 
Bateman  suffered  much  from  a  chest  trouble 
which  finally  developed  into  "angina  pectoris," 
or  heart  disease,  from  which,  as  the  result  of  a 
most  painful  attack,  he  died  at  his  home  in  Gales- 
burg,  Oct.  21,  1897.  The  event  produced  the 
most  profound  sorrow,  not  only  among  his  associ- 
ates in  the  Faculty  and  among  the  students  of 
Knox  College,  but  a  large  number  of  friends 
throughout  the  State,  who  had  known  him  offi- 
cially or  personally,  and  had  learned  to  admire 
his  many  noble  and  beautiful  traits  of  character. 
His  funeral,  which  occurred  at  Galesburg  on 
Oct.  25,  called  out  an  immense  concourse  of 
sorrowing  friends.  Almost  the  last  labors  per- 
formed by  Dr.  Bateman  were  in  the  revision  of 
matter  for  this  volume,  in  which  he  manifested 


the  deepest  interest  from  the  time  of  his  assump- 
tion of  the  duties  of  its  Editor-in-Chief.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  know- 
ing that  his  work  in  this  field  was  practically 
complete.  Dr.  Bateman  had  been  twice  married, 
first  in  1850  to  Miss  Sarah  Dayton  of  Jacksonville, 
who  died  in  1857,  and  a  second  time  in  October, 
•1859,  to  Miss  Annie  N.  Tyler,  of  Massachusetts 
(but  for  some  time  a  teacher  in  Jacksonville 
Female  Academy),  who  died,  May  28,  1878. — 
Clifford  Rush  (Bateman),  a  son  of  Dr.  Bateman 
by  his  first  marriage,  was  born  at  Jacksonville, 
March  7,  1854,  graduated  at  Amherst  College  and 
later  from  the  law  department  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York,  afterwards  prosecuting  his 
studies  at  Berlin,  Heidelberg  and  Paris,  finally 
becoming  Professor  of  Administrative  Law  and 
Government  in  Columbia  College — a  position 
especially  created  for  him.  He  had  filled  this 
position  a  little  over  one  year  when  his  career — 
which  was  one  of  great  promise — was  cut  short  by 
death,  Feb.  6,  1883.  Three  daughters  of  Dr.  Bate- 
man survive — all  the  wives  of  clergymen. — P.  S. 

BATES,  Clara  Doty,  author,  was  born  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  Dec.  22,  1838;  published  her  first 
book  in  1868;  the  next  year  married  Morgan 
Bates,  a  Chicago  publisher;  wrote  much  for 
juvenile  periodicals,  besides  stories  and  poems, 
some  of  the  most  popular  among  the  latter  being 
"Blind  Jakey"  (1868)  and  "JEsop's  Fables"  in 
verse  (1873).  She  was  the  collector  of  a  model 
library  for  children,  for  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  1893.  Died  in  Chicago,  Oct.  14,  1895. 
BATES,  Uraslns  Newton,  soldier  and  State 
Treasurer,  was  born  at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  29, 
1828,  being  descended  from  Pilgrims  of  the  May- 
flower. When  8  years  of  age  he  was  brought  by 
his  father  to  Ohio,  where  the  latter  soon  after- 
ward died.  For  several  years  he  lived  with  an 
uncle,  preparing  himself  for  college  and  earning 
money  by  teaching  and  manual  labor.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  College,  Mass.,  in  1853,  and 
commenced  the  study  of  law  in  New  York  City, 
but  later  removed  to  Minnesota,  where  he  served 
as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1856  and  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1857. 
In  1859  he  removed  to  Centralia,  111.,  and  com- 
menced practice  there  in  August,  1862;  was  com- 
missioned Major  of  the  Eightieth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  being  successively  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel,  and 
finally  brevetted  Brigadier-General.  For  fifteen 
months  he  was  a  prisoner  of  war,  escaping  from 
Libby  Prison  only  to  be  recaptured  and  later 
exposed  to  the  fire  of  the  Union  batteries  at  Mor- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


39 


ris  Island,  Charleston  harbor.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1868,  State 
Treasurer,  being  re-elected  to  the  latter  office 
under  the  new  Constitution  of  1870,  and  serving 
until  January,  1873.  Died  at  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  May  29,  1898,  and  was  buried  at  Spring- 
field. 

BATES,  George  (.'.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Canandaigua,  N.  Y  .  and  removed  to 
Michigan  in  1834 ;  in  1849  was  appointed  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  that  State,  but  re- 
moved to  California  in  1830,  where  he  became  a 
member  of  the  celebrated  "Vigilance  Committee" 
at  San  Francisco,  and,  in  1856,  delivered  the  first 
Republican  speech  there.  From  1861  to  1871,  he 
practiced  law  in  Chicago;  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  District  Attorney  for  Utah,  serving 
two  years,  in  1878  ^  removing  to  Denver,  Colo., 
where  he  died,  Feb.  11,  1886.  Mr.  Bates  was  an 
orator  of  much  reputation,  and  was  selected  to 
express  the  thanks  of  the  citizens  of  Chicago  to 
Gen.  B.  J.  Sweet,  commandant  of  Camp  Douglas, 
after  the  detection  and  defeat  of  the  Camp  Doug- 
las conspiracy  in  November,  1864 — a  duty  which 
he  performed  in  an  address  of  great  eloquence. 
At  an  early  day  he  married  the  widow  of  Dr. 
Alexander  Wolcott,  for  a  number  of  years  previ- 
ous to  1830  Indian  Agent  at  Chicago,  his  wife 
being  a  daughter  of  John  Kinzie,  the  first  white 
settler  of  Chicago. 

BATH,  a  village  of  Mason  County,  on  the 
Jacksonville  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St. 
Louis  Railway,  8  miles  south  of  Havana.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  439;  (1890),  384;  (1900),  330. 

BATI.IS,  a  corporate  village  of  Pike  County, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Wabash  Railway, 40  miles 
southeast  of  Quinsy ;  lias  one  newspaper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  368;  (1900),  340. 

BAYLISS,  Alfred,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  was  born  about  1846,  served  as  a 
private  in  the  First  Michigan  Cavalry  the  last 
two  years  of  the  Civil  War,  and  graduated  from 
Hillsdale  College  (Mich.),  in  1870,  supporting 
himself  during  his  college  course  by  work  upon  a 
farm  and  teaching.  After  serving  three  years  as 
County  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  La  Grange 
County,  linl  .  in  1874  he  came  to  Illinois  and 
entered  upon  the  vocation  of  a  teacher  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  He  served  for  some 
time  as  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  the  city  of 
Sterling,  afterwards  becoming  Principal  of  the 
Township  High  School  at  Streator,  where  he  was, 
in  1898,  when  he  received  the  nomination  for  the 
office  of  Ptate  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, to  which  he  was  elected  in  November  follow- 


ing by  a  plurality  over  his  Democratic  opponent 
of  nearly  70,000  votes. 

BEARD,  Thomas,  pioneer  and  founder  of  the 
city  of  Bean  1st  own,  111.,. was  born  in  Granville, 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1795,  taken  to 
Northeastern  Ohio  in  1800,  and,  in  1818,  removed 
to  Illinois,  living  for  a  time  about  Edwardsville 
and  Alton.  In  1820  he  went  to  the  locality  of 
the  present  city  of  Beardstown.  and  later  estab- 
lished there  the  first  ferry  across  the  Illinois 
River.  In  1827,  in  conjunction  with  Enoch 
March  of  Morgan  County,  he  entered  the  land  on 
which  Beardstown  was  platted  in  1829.  Died,  at 
Beardstown,  in  November,  1849. 

BEARDSTOWN,  a  city  in  Cass  County,  on  the 
Illinois  River,  being  the  intersecting  point  for 
the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  and  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railways,  and  the 
northwestern  terminus  of  the  former.  It  is  111 
miles  north  of  St.  Louis  and  90  miles  south  of 
Peoria.  Thomas  Beard,  for  whom  the  town  wag 
named,  settled  here  about  1820  and  soon  after- 
wards established  the  first  ferry  across  the  Illi- 
nois River.  In  1827  the  land  was  patented  by 
Beard  and  Enoch  March,  and  the  town  platted, 
and,  during  the  Black  Hawk  War  of  1832,  it 
became  a  principal  base  of  supplies  for  the  Illi- 
nois volunteers.  The  city  has  six  churches  and 
three  schools  (including  a  high  school),  two  banks 
and  two  daily  newspapers.  Several  branches  of 
manufacturing  are  carried  on  here — flouring  and 
saw  mills,  cooperage  works,  an  axe-handle  fac- 
tory, two  button  factories,  two  stave  factories, 
one  shoe  factory,  large  machine  shops,  and  others 
of  less  importance.  The  river  is  spanned  here  by 
a  fine  railroad  bridge,  costing  some  $300,000. 
Population  (1B90),  4,226;  (1900),  4,827. 

ItV.U  HIKN,  Jean  Baptiste,  the  second  per* 
manent  settler  on  the  site  of  Chicago,  was  born 
at  Detroit  in  1780,  became  clerk  of  a  fur-trader  on 
Grand  River,  married  an  Ottawa  woman  for  his 
first  wife,  and,  in  1800,  had  a  trading-post  at  Mil* 
waukee,  which  he  maintained  until  1818.  Ha 
visited  Chicago  as  early  as  1804,  bought  a  cabin 
there  soon  after  the  Fort  Dearborn  massacre  ot 
1812,  married  the  daughter  of  Francis  La  Fram- 
boise, a  French  trader,  and,  in  1818,  became 
agent  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  having 
charge  of  trading  posts  at  Mackinaw  and  else* 
where.  After  1823  he  occupied  the  building 
known  as  "the  factory,"  just  outside  of  Fort  Dear* 
born,  which  had  belonged  to  the  Government, 
but  removed  to  a  farm  on  the  Des  Plaines  in  1840. 
Out  of  the  ownership  of  this  building  grew  his 
claim  to  the  right,  in  1835,  to  enter  seventy-five 


40 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


acres  of  land  belonging  to  the  Fort  Dearborn 
reservation.  The  claim  was  allowed  by  the  Land 
Office  officials  and  sustained  by  the  State  courts, 
but  disallowed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  after  long  litigation.  An  attempt 
was  made  to  revive  this  claim  in  Congress  in 
1878,  but  it  was  reported  upon  adversely  by  a 
Senate  Committee  of  which  the  late  Senator 
Thomas  F.  Bayard  was  chairman.  Mr.  Beaubien 
was  evidently  a  man  of  no  little  prominence  in 
his  day.  He  led  a  company  of  Chicago  citizens 
to  the  Black  Hawk  War  in  1832,  was  appointed 
by  the  Governor  the  first  Colonel  of  Militia  for 
Cook  County,  and,  in  1850,  was  commissioned 
Brigadier-General.  In  1858  he  removed  to  Nash- 
ville, Tenn..  and  died  there,  Jan.  5,  1863.— Mark 
(Beaubien),  a  younger  brother  of  Gen.  Beaubien, 
was  born  in  Detroit  in  1800,  came  to  Chicago  in 
1826,  and  bought  a  log  house  of  James  Kinzie,  in 
which  he  kept  a  hotel  for  some  time.  Later,  he 
erected  the  first  frame  building  in  Chicago,  which 
was  known  as  the  "Sauganash,"  and  in  which  he 
kept  a  hotel  until  1834.  He  also  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, but  was  not  successful,  ran  the  first 
ferry  across  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  and  served  for  many  years  as  lighthouse 
keeper  at  Chicago.  About  1834  the  Indians  trans- 
ferred to  him  a  reservation  of  640  acres  of  land  on 
the  Calumet,  for  which,  some  forty  years  after- 
wards, he  received  a  patent  which  had  been 
signed  by  Martin  Van  Buren — he  having  previ- 
ously been  ignorant  of  its  existence.  He  was 
married  twice  and  had  a  family  of  twenty-two 
children.  Died,  at  Kankakee,  111.,  April  16,  1881. 
— Madore  II.  (Beaubien),  the  second  son  of 
General  Beaubien  by  his  Indian  wife,  was  born 
on  Grand  River  in  Michigan,  July  15,  1809,  joined 
his  father  in  Chicago,  was  educated  in  a  Baptist 
Mission  School  where  Niles,  Mich.,  now  stands; 
was  licensed  as  a  merchant  in  Chicago  in  1831, 
but  failed  as  a  business  man;  served  as  Second 
Lieutenant  of  the  Naperville  Company  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  and  later  was  First  Lieutenant 
of  a  Chicago  Company.  His  first  wife  was  ;\. 
white  woman,  from  whom  he  separated,  after- 
wards marrying  an  Indian  woman.  He  left  Illi- 
nois with  the  Pottawatomies  in  1840,  resided  at 
Council  Bluffs  and.  later,  in  Kansas,  being  for 
many  years  the  official  interpreter  of  the  tribe 
and,  for  some  time,  one  of  six  Commissioners 
employed  by  the  Indians  to  look  after  their 
affairs  with  the  United  States  Government. — 
Alexander  (Beaubien).  son  of  General  Beau- 
bien by  his  white  wife,  was  born  in  one  of  the 
buildings  belonging  to  Fort  Dearborn,  Jan.  28, 


1822.  In  1840  he  accompanied  his  father  to  his 
farm  on  the  Des  Plaines,  but  returned  to  Chicago 
in  1862,  and  for  years  past  has  been  employed  on 
the  Chicago  police  force. 

BEBB,  William,  Governor  of  Ohio,  was  born 
in  Hamilton  County  in  that  State  in  1802;  taught 
school  at  North  Bend,  the  home  of  William  Henry 
Harrison,  studied  law  and  practiced  at  Hamilton ; 
served  as  Governor  of  Ohio,  1846-48;  later  led  a 
Welsh  colony  to  Tennessee,  but  left  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  removing  to  Winnebago 
County,  111.,  where  he  had  purchased  a  large 
body  of  land.  He  was  a  man  of  uncompromising 
loyalty  and  high  principle ;  served  as  Examiner 
of  Pensions  by  appointment  of  President  Lincoln 
and,  in  1868,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  cam- 
paign which  resulted  in  Grant's  first  election  to 
the  Presidency.  Died  at  Rockford,  Oct.  23,  1873. 
A  daughter  of  Governor  Bebb  married  Hon. 
John  P.  Reynolds,  for  many  years  the  Secretary 
of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  and, 
during  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
Director-in-Chief  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners. 

BECKER,  Charles  St.  >.,  ex-State  Treasurer, 
was  born  in  Germany.  June  14,  1840,  and  brought 
to  this  country  by  his  i>arents  at  the  age  of  11 
years,  the  family  settling  in  St.  Clair  County.  111. 
Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  the  Twelfth 
Missouri  regiment,  and,  at  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  was  so  severely  wounded  that  it  was 
found  necessary  to  amputate  one  of  his  legs.  In 
1866  he  was  elected  Sheriff  of  St.  Clair  County, 
and,  from  1872  to  1880,  he  served  as  clerk  of  the 
St.  Clair  Circuit  Court.  He  also  served  several 
terms  as  a  City  Councilman  of  Belleville.  In  1888 
he  was  elected  State  Treasurer  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  serving  from  Jan.  14, 1889,  to  Jan.  12, 1891. 

BECKWITH,  Corydon,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
l>orn  in  Vermont  in  1823,  and  educated  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I. ,  and  Wrentham,  Mass.  He  read  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  St.  Albans,  Vt., 
where  he  practiced  for  two  years.  In  1853  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and,  in  January,  1864,  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Yates  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  to  fill  the  five  remaining  months 
of  the  unexpired  term  of  Judge  Caton.  who  had 
resigned.  On  retiring  from  the  bench  he  re- 
sumed private  practice.  Died,  August  1H,  189(1. 

BECKWITH,  Hiram  Williams,  lawyer  and 
author,  was  born  at  Danville,  111.,  March  5.  1H33. 
Mr.  Beckwith's  father.  Dan  W.  Beckwith,  a  pio- 
neer settler  of  Eastern  Illinois  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  city  of  Danville,  was  a  native  of 
Wyalusing,  Pa.,  where  he  was  born  about  1789, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


41 


his  mother  being,  in  her  girlhood,  Hannah  York, 
one  of  the  survivors  of  the  famous  Wyoming 
massacre  of  1778.  In  1817,  the  senior  Beckwith, 
iu  company  with  his  brother  George,  descended 
the  Ohio  River,  afterwards  ascending  the  Wabash 
to  where  Terre  Haute  now  stands,  but  finally 
locating  in  what  is  now  a  part  of  Edgar  County, 
III.  A  year  later  he  removed  to  the  vicinity  of 
the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Danville.  Having 
been  employed  for  a  time  in  a  surveyor's 
corps,  he  finally  became  a  surveyor  himself,  and, 
on  the  organization  of  Vermilion  County,  served 
for  a  time  as  County  Surveyor  by  appointment  of 
the  Governor,  and  was  also  employed  by  the 
General  Government  in  surveying  lands  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  some  of  the  Indian 
reservations  in  that  section  of  the  State  being 
set  off  by  him.  In  connection  with  Guy  W. 
Smith,  then  "Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  in  the 
Land  Office  at  Palestine,  111.,  he  donated  the 
ground  on  which  the  county-seat  of  Vermilion 
County  was  located,  and  it  took  the  name  of  Dan- 
ville from  his  first  name — "Dan."  In  1830  he 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ture for  the  District  composed  of  Clark,  Edgar, 
and  Vermilion  Counties,  then  including  all  that 
section  of  the  State  between  Crawford  County 
and  the  Kankakee  River.  He  died  in  1835. 
Hiram,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  thus  left 
fatherless  at  less  than  three  years  of  age,  received 
only  such  education  as  was  afforded  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  that  period.  Nevertheless,  he 
began  the  study  of  law  in  the  Danville  office  of 
Lincoln  &  Lamon,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1854,  'about  the  time  of  reaching  his  majority. 
He  continued  in  their  office  and,  on  the  removal 
of  Lamon  to  Bloomington  in  1859,  he  succeeded 
to  the  business  of  the  firm  at  Danville.  Mr. 
Lamon — who,  on  Mr.  Lincoln's  accession  to  the 
Presidency  in  1861,  became  Marshal  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia — was  distantly  related  to  Mr. 
Beckwith  by  a  second  marriage  of  the  mother  of 
the  latter.  While  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  Mr.  Beckwith  has  been  over  thirty 
years  a  zealous  collector  of  records  and  other 
material  liearing  upon  the  early  history  of  Illinois 
and  the  Northwest,  and  is  probably  now  the 
owner  of  one  of  the  most  complete  and  valuable 
collections  of  Americana  in  Illinois.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  several  monographs  on  historic 
themes,  including  "The  Winnebago  War,"  "The 
Illinois  and  Indiana  Indians,"  and  "Historic 
Notes  of  the  Northwest,"  published  in  the  "Fer- 
gus Series."  besides  having  edited  an  edition  of 
"Reynolds'  History  of  Illinois"  (published  by  the 


same  firm) ,  which  he  has  enriched  by  the  addition 
of  valuable  notes.  During  1895-96  he  contributed 
a  series  of  valuable  articles  to  "The  Chicago 
Tribune"  on  various  features  of  early  Illinois  and 
Northwest  history.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Fifer  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library, 
serving  until  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1894, 
and  was  re-appointed  to  the  same  position  by 
Governor  Tanner  in  1897,  in  each  case  being 
chosen  President  of  the  Board. 

BEECHEB,  Charles  A.,  attorney  and  railway 
solicitor,  was  born  in  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y., 
August  37,  1829,  but,  in  1836,  removed  with  his 
family  to  Licking  County,  Ohio,  where  he  lived 
upon  a  farm  until  he  reached  the  age  of  18  years. 
Having  taken  a  course  in  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University  at  Delaware,  in  1854  he  removed  to 
Illinois,  locating  at  Fairfield,  Wayne  County, 
and  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  his 
brother,  Edwin  Beecher,  being  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  1855.  In  1867  he  united  with  others  in  the 
organization  of  the  Illinois  Southeastern  Rail- 
road projected  from  Shawneetown  to  Edgewood 
on  the  Illinois  Central  in  Effingham  County. 
This  enterprise  was  consolidated,  a  year  or  two 
later,  with  the  Pana,  Springfield  &  Northwest- 
ern, taking  the  name  of  the  Springfield  &  Illinois 
Southeastern,  under  which  name  it  was  con- 
structed and  opened  for  traffic  in  1871.  (This 
line — which  Mr.  Beecher  served  for  some  time 
as  Vice- President — now  constitutes  the  Beards- 
town  &  Shawneetown  Division  of  the  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  Southwestern.)  The  Springfield  &  Illi- 
nois Southeastern  Company  having  fallen  into 
financial  difficulty  in  1873,  Mr.  Beecher  was 
appointed  receiver  of  the  road,  and,  for  a  time, 
had  control  of  its  operation  as  agent  for  the  bond- 
holders. In  1875  the  line  was  conveyed  to  the 
Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio),  when  Mr.  Beecher  became 
General  Counsel  of  the  controlling  corporation, 
so  remaining  until  1888.  Since  that  date  he  lias 
been  one  of  the  assistant  counsel  of  the  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  system.  His  present  home  is  in  Cincin- 
nati, although  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  he 
has  been  prominently  identified  with  one  of  the 
most  important  railway  enterprises  in  Southern 
Illinois.  In  politics  Mr.  Beecher  has  always  been 
a  Republican,  and  was  one  of  the  few  in  Wayne 
County  who  voted  for  Fremont  in  1856,  and  for 
Lincoln  in  1860.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Republican  State  Central  Committee  of 
Illinois  from  1860  for  a  period  of  ten  or  twelve 
vears. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BEECHER,  Edward,  D.  I).,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I., 
August  27,  1803 — the  son  of  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher 
and  the  elder  brother  of  Henry  Ward ;  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1832,  taught  for  over  a  year  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  studied  theology,  and  after  a 
year's  service  as  tutor  in  Yale  College,  in 
1826  was  ordalhed  pastor  of  the  Park  Street 
Congregational  Church  in  Boston.  In  1830 
he  became  President  of  Illinois  College  at 
Jacksonville,  remaining  until  1844,  when  he 
resigned  and  returned  to  Boston,  serving  as 
pastor  of  the  Salem  Street  Church  in  that 
city  until  1856,  also  acting  as  senior  editor  of 
"The  Congregationalist' '  for  four  years.  In  1856 
he  returned  to  Illinois  as  pastor  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church  at  Galesburg,  continuing 
until  1871,  when  he  removed  to  Brooklyn,  where 
he  resided  without  pastoral  charge,  except  1885- 
89,  when  he  was  pastor  of  the  Parkville  Congre- 
gational Church.  While  President  of  Illinois 
College,  that  institution  was  exposed  to  much 
hostile  criticism  on  account  of  his  outspoken 
opposition  to  slavery,  as  shown  by  his  participa- 
tion in  founding  the  first  Illinois  State  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  and  his  eloquent  denunciation  of 
the  murder  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy.  Next  to  his 
brother  Henry  Ward,  he  was  probably  the  most 
powerful  orator  belonging  to  that  gifted  family, 
and.  in  connection  with  his  able  associates  in  the 
faculty  of  the  Illinois  College,  assisted  to  give 
that  institution  a  wide  reputation  as  a  nursery 
of  independent  thought.  Up  to  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  he  was  a  prolific  writer,  his 
productions  (besides  editorials,  reviews  and  con- 
tributions on  a  variety  of  subjects)  including 
nine  or  ten  volumes,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are:  "Statement  of  Anti-Slavery  Principles 
and  Address  to  the  People  of  Illinois"  (1837); 
"A  Plea  for  Illinois  College";  "History  of  the 
Alton  Riots"  (1838);  "The  Concord  of  Ages" 
(1853);  "The  Conflict  of  Ages"  (1854);  "Papal 
Conspiracy  Exposed"  (1854),  besides  a  number 
of  others  invariably  on  religious  or  anti-slavery 
topics.  Died  in  Brooklyn,  July  28,  1895. 

BEECHER,  William  H.,  clergyman  —  oldest 
son  of  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher  and  brother  of 
Edward  and  Henry  Ward — was  born  at  East 
Hampton,  N.  Y.,  educated  at  home  and  at  An- 
dover,  became  a  Congregationalist  clergyman, 
occupying  pulpits  at  Newport.  R.  I.,  Batavia, 
N.  Y..  and  Cleveland,  Ohio;  came  to  Chicago  in 
his  later  years,  dying  at  the  home  of  his  daugh- 
ters in  that  city,  June  23.  1889. 

BEGGS,  (Rev.)  Stephen  R.,  pioneer  Methodist 


Episcopal  preacher,  was  born  in  Buckingham 
County,  Va.,  March  30,  1801.  His  father,  who 
was  opposed  to  slavery,  moved  to  Kentucky  in 
1805,  but  remained  there  only  two  years,  when  he 
removed  to  Clark  County,  Ind.  The  son  enjoyed 
but  poor  educational  advantages  here,  obtaining 
his  education  chiefly  by  his  own  efforts  in  what 
he  called  "Brush  College."  At  the  age  of  21  he 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  during  the  next  ten  years  traveling 
different  circuits  in  Indiana.  In  1831  he  was 
appointed  to  Chicago,  but  the  Black  Hawk  War 
coming  on  immediately  thereafter,  he  retired  to 
Plainfleld.  Later  he  traveled  various  circuits  in 
Illinois,  until  1868,  when  he  was  superannuated, 
occupying  his  time  thereafter  in  writing  remi- 
niscences of  his  early  history.  A  volume  of  this 
character  published  by  him,  was  entitled  "Pages 
from  the  Early  History  of  the  West  and  North- 
west." He  died  at  Plainfield,  111.,  Sept.  9,  1895, 
in  the  95th  year  of  his  age. 

BEIDLER,  Henry,  early  settler,  was  born  of 
German  extraction  in  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Nov. 
27,  1812;  came  to  Illinois  in  1843,  settling  first  at 
Springfield,  where  he  carried  on  the  grocery 
business  for  five  years,  then  removed  to  Chicago 
and  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade  in  connection 
with  a  brother,  afterwards  carrying  on  a  large 
lumber  manufacturing  business  at  Muskegon, 
Mich.,  which  proved  very  profitable.  In  1871 
Mr.  Beidler  retired  from  the  lumber  trade,  in- 
vesting largely  in  west  side  real  estate  in  the  city 
of  Chicago,  which  appreciated  rapidly  in  value, 
making  him  one  of  the  most  wealthy  real  estate 
owners  in  Chicago.  Died,  March  16,  1893.— Jacob 
(Beidler),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Bucks  County,  Penn.,  in  1815;  came  west  in 
1842,  first  began  working  as  a  carpenter,  but 
later  engaged  in  the  grocery  business  with  his 
brother  at  Springfield,  111. ;  in  1844  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  brother  four 
years  later,  when  they  engaged  largely  in  the 
lumber  trade.  Mr.  Beidler  retired  from  business 
in  1891,  devoting  his  attention  to  large  real  estate 
investments.  He  was  a  liberal  contributor  to 
religious,  educational  and  benevolent  institutions. 
Died  in  Chicago,  March  15,  1898. 

BELFIELD,  Henry  Holmes,  educator,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  17,  1837;  was  educated 
at  an  Iowa  College,  and  for  a  time  was  tutor  in 
the  same ;  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  served 
in  the  army  of  the  Cumberland,  first  as  Lieuten- 
ant and  afterwards  as  Adjutant  of  the  Eighth 
Iowa  Cavalry,  still  later  lieing  upon  the  staff  of 
Gen.  E.  M.  McCook,  and  taking  part  in  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Atlanta  and  Nashville  campaigns.  While  a 
prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  rebels  he  was  placed 
under  fire  of  the  Union  batteries  at  Charleston. 
Coming  to  Chicago  in  1866,  he  served  as  Principal 
in  various  public  schools,  including  the  North 
Division  High  School.  He  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est advocates  of  manual  training,  and,  on  the 
establishment  of  the  Chicago  Manual  Training 
School  in  1884,  was  appointed  its  Director — a 
position  which  he  has  continued  to  occupy. 
During  1891-92  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe  by 
appointment  of  the  Government,  to  investigate 
the  school  systems  in  European  countries. 

BELKNAP,  Hugh  Reid,  ex-Member  of  Congress, 
was  born  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  Sept.  1,  1860,  being 
the  son  of  W.  W.  Belknap,  for  some  time  Secre- 
tary of  War  under  President  Grant.  After 
attending  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city, 
he  took  a  course  at  Adams  Academy,  Quincy, 
Mass.,  and  at  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  when 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  where  he  remained  twelve  years  in 
various  departments,  finally  becoming  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  General  Manager.  In  1892  he  retired 
from  this  position  to  become  Superintendent  of 
the  South  Side  Elevated  Railroad  of  Chicago. 
He  never  held  any  political  position  until  nomi- 
nated (1894)  as  a  Republican  for  the  Fifty-fourth 
Congress,  in  the  strongly  Democratic  Third  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  Although  the  returns  showed 
a  plurality  of  thirty -one  votes  for  his  Democratic 
opponent  (Lawrence  McGann),  a  recount  proved 
him  elected,  when,  Mr.  McGann  having  volun- 
tarily withdrawn,  Mr.  Belknap  was  unanimously 
awarded  the  seat.  In  1896  he  was  re-elected 
from  a  District  usually  strongly  Democratic, 
receiving  a  plurality  of  590  votes,  but  was 
defeated  by  his  Democratic  opponent  in  1898,  retir- 
ing from  Congress,  March  3,  1899,  when  he  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  Paymaster  in  the  Army 
from  President  McKinley,  with  the  rank  of  Major. 
BELL,  Robert,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lawrence 
County,  111.,  in  1829,  educated  at  Mount  Carmel 
and  Indiana  State  University  at  Bloomington, 
graduating  from  the  law  department  of  the 
latter  in  1855;  while  yet  in  his  minority  edited 
"The  Mount  Carmel  Register,"  during  1851-52 
becoming  joint  owner  and  editor  of  the  same 
with  his  brother,  Victor  D.  Bell.  After  gradu- 
ation he  opened  an  office  at  Fairfield,  Wayne 
County,  but.  in  1857,  returned  to  Mount  Carmel 
and  from  1864  was  the  partner  of  Judge  E.  B. 
Green,  until  the  appointment  of  the  latter  Chief 
Justice  of  Oklahoma  by  President  Harrison  in 
1890.  In  1869  Mr.  Bell  was  appointed  County 


Judge  of  Lawrence  County,  being  elected  to  the 
same  office  in  1894.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  Illinois  Southern  Railroad  Company 
until  it  was  merged  into  the  Cairo  &  Vincennes 
Road  in  1867 ;  later  became  President  of  the  St. 
Louis  &  Mt.  Carmel  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the 
Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  line,  and 
secured  the  construction  of  the  division  from 
Princeton,  Ind.,  to  Albion,  111.  In  1876  he  visited 
California  as  Special  Agent  of  the  Treasury 
Department  to  investigate  alleged  frauds  in  the 
Revenue  Districts  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  in  1878 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  on 
the  Republican  ticket  in  the  strong  Democratic 
Nineteenth  District;  was  appointed,  the  same 
year,  a  member  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  for  the.  State-at-large,  and,  in  1881, 
officiated  by  appointment  of  President  Garfield, 
as  Commissioner  to  examine  a  section  of  the 
Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  in  New  Mexico. 
Judge  Bell  is  a  gifted  stump-speaker  and  is  known 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  as  the 
"Silver-tongued  Orator  of  the  Wabash." 

BELLEVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  St.  Clair 
County,  a  city  and  railroad  center,  14  miles  south 
of  east  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  the  State,  having  been  selected  as  the 
county-seat  in  1814  and  platted  in  1815.  It  lies 
in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal-bear- 
ing district  and  contains  numerous  factories  of 
various  descriptions,  including  flouring  mills,  a 
nail  mill,  glass  works  and  shoe  factories.  It  has 
five  newspaper  establishments,  two  being  Ger- 
man, whicb  issue  daily  editions.  Its  commercial 
and  educational  facilities  are  exceptionally  good. 
Its  population  is  largely  of  German  descent. 
Population  (1890).  15,361 ;  (1900).  17,484. 

BELLEVILLE,  CEMTRALIA  &  EASTERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Louisritle,  Eransrille  *  St. 
Louis  (CimsoliJuti'd)  Kailroad.) 

BELLEVILLE  A-  CARONDELET  RAILROAD, 
a  short  line  of  road  extending  from  Belleville  to 
East  Carondelet.  111. ,  17. 3  miles.  It  was  chartered 
Feb.  20,  1881,  and  leased  to  the  St.  Louis,  Alton 
&  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company,  June  1,  1883. 
The  annual  rental  is  $30,000,  a  sum  equivalent  to 
the  interest  on  the  bonded  debt.  The  capital 
stock  (1895)  is  §500,0(10  and  the  bonded  debt  $485,- 
000.  In  addition  to  these  sums  the  floating  debt 
swells  the  entire  capitalization  to  $995,054  or  $57,- 
317  per  mile. 

BELLEVILLE  i  ELDORADO  RAILROAD, 
a  road  50.4  miles  in  length  running  from  Belle- 
ville to  Duquoin,  111.  It  was  chartered  Feb.  22. 
1861,  and  completed  Oct.  31,  1871.  On  July  1, 


L. 


44 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


1880,  it  was  leased  to  the  St  Louis,  Alton  & 
Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company  for  486  years,  and 
has  since  been  operated  by  that  corporation  in 
connection  with  its  Belleville  branch,  from  East 
St.  Louis  to  Belleville.  At  Eldorado  the  road 
intersects  the  Cairo  &  Vincennes  Railroad  and 
the  Shawneetown  branch  of  the  St.  Louis  & 
Southeastern  Railroad,  operated  by  the  Louisville 
&  Npshville  Railroad  Company.  Its  capital 
stock  (1895)  is  $1,000,000  and  its  bonded  debt 
$550,000.  The  corporate  office  is  at  Belleville. 

BELLEVILLE  *  ILL1NOISTOWN  RAILROAD. 
(See  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Ruilroail.) 

BELLEVILLE  &  SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 
RAILROAD,  a  road  (laid  with  steel  rails)  run- 
ning from  Belleville  to  Duquoin,  111.,  56.4  miles 
in  length.  It  was  chartered  Feb.  15,  1857,  and 
completed  Dec.  15,  1873.  At  Duquoin  it  connects 
with  the  Illinois  Central  and  forms  a  short  line 
between  St.  Louis  and  Cairo.  Oct.  1,  1866,  it  was 
leased  to  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad  Company  for  999  years.  The  capital 
stock  is  $1,692,000  and  the  bonded  debt  $1,000,- 
000.  The  corporate  office  is  at  Belleville. 

BELLMONT,  a  village  of  Wabash  County,  on 
the  Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  9 
miles  west  of  Mount  Carmel.  Population  (1880), 
350;  (1890),  487;  (1900),  624. 

BELT  RAILWAY  COMPANY  OF  CHICAGO, 
THE,  a  corporation  chartered,  Nov.  22,  1882,  and 
the  lessee  of  the  Belt  Division  of  the  Chicago  & 
Western  Indiana  Railroad  (which  see).  Its  total 
trackage  (all  of  standard  gauge  and  laid  with  66- 
pound  steel  rails)  is  93.26  miles,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Auburn  Junction  to  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & 
St.  PaulJunction,  15.9  miles;  branches  from  Pull- 
man Junction  to  Irondale,  111.,  etc.,  5.41  miles; 
second  track,  14.1  miles;  sidings,  57.85  miles. 
The  cost  of  construction  has  been  §524,549;  capi- 
tal stock,  $1,200,000.  It  has  no  funded  debt. 
The  earnings  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1895, 
were  $556,847,  the  operating  expenses  $378,012, 
and  the  taxes  $51,009. 

BELVIDERE,an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Boone  County,  situated  on  the  Kishwau- 
kee  River,  and  on  two  divisions  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railroad,  78  miles  west-northwest 
of  Chicago  and  14  miles  east  of  Rockford ;  is  con- 
nected with  the  latter  city  by  electric  railroad. 
The  city  has  twelve  churches,  five  graded  schools, 
and  three  banks  (two  national).  Two  daily  and 
two  semi-weekly  papers  are  published  here.  Bel- 
videre  also  has  very  considerable  manufacturing 
interests,  including  manufactories  of  sewing  ma- 
chines, bicycles,  automobiles,  besides  a  large 


milk-condensing  factory  and  two  creameries. 
Population  (1890),  3,807;  (1900),  6,937. 

BEMENT,  a  village  in  Piatt  County,  at  inter- 
section of  main  line  and  Chicago  Division  of 
Wabash  Railroad,  20  miles  east  of  Decatur  and 
166  miles  south -south  west  of  Chicago;  in  agri- 
cultural and  stock-raising  district;  has  three 
grain  elevators,  broom  factory,  water- works,  elec- 
tric-light plant,  four  churches,  two  bunks  and 
weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1890),  1,129;  (1BOO),  1,484. 

lit!  VI  V  M  I  V  Renhen  Moore,  lawyer,  born  at 
Chatham  Centre,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  June 
29,  1833;  was  educated  at  Amherst  College,  Am- 
lierst,  Mass. ;  spent  one  year  in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  Harvard,  another  as  tutor  at  Amherst 
and,  in  1856,  came  to  Bloomington,  111.,  where,  on 
an  examination  certificate  furnished  by  Abraham 
Lincoln,  he  was  licensed  to  practice.  The  first 
public  office  held  by  Mr.  Benjamin  was  that  of 
Delegate  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
shaping  the  provisions  of  the  new  Constitution 
relating  to  corporations.  In  1873  he  was  chosen 
County  Judge  of  McLean  County,  by  repeated 
re-elections  holding  the  position  until  1886,  when 
he  resumed  private  practice.  For  more  than 
twenty  years  he  lias  been  connected  with  the  law 
department  of  Wesleyan  University  at  Blooming- 
ton,  a  part  of  the  time  being  Dean  of  the  Faculty ; 
is  also  the  author  of  several  volumes  of  legal 
text-books. 

BENNETT  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  an  Eclectic 
Medical  School  of  Chicago,  incorporated  by 
special  charter  and  opened  in  the  autumn  of 
1868.  Its  first  sessions  were  held  in  two  large 
rooms ;  its  faculty  consisted  of  seven  professors, 
and  there  were  thirty  matriculates.  More  com- 
modious quarters  were  secured  the  following 
year,  and  a  still  better  home  after  the  fire  of  1871, 
in  which  all  the  college  property  was  destroyed. 
Another  change  of  location  was  made  in  1874. 
In  1890  the  property  then  owned  was  sold  and  a 
new  college  building,  in  connection  with  a  hos- 
pital, erected  in  a  more  quiet  quarter  of  the  city. 
A  free  dispensary  is  conducted  by  the  college. 
The  teaching  faculty  (1896)  consists  of  nineteen 
professors,  with  four  assistants  and  demonstra- 
tors. Women  are  admitted  as  pupils  on  equal 
terms  with  men. 

BENT,  Charles,  journalist,  was  born  in  Chi- 
cago, Dec.  8,  1844,  but  removed  with  his  family, 
in  1856,  to  Morrison,  Whiteside  County,  where, 
two  years  later,  he  became  an  apprentice  to  the 
printing  business  in  the  office  of  "The  Whiteside 
Sentinel."  In  June,  1864,  he  enlisted  as  a  soldier 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


45 


in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Illinois  (100- 
ilsvys'  regiment)  and,  on  the  expiration  of  his  term 
of  service,  re-enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Forty -seventh  Illinois,  being  mustered  out  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  in  January,  1866,  with  the  rank 
of  Second  Lieutenant.  Then  resuming  his  voca- 
tion as  a  printer,  in  July,  1867,  he  purchased  the 
office  of  "The  Whiteside  Sentinel,"  in  which  he 
learned  his  trade,  and  has  since  been  the  editor  of 
that  paper,  except  during  1877-79  while  engaged 
in  writing  a  "History  of  Whiteside  County." 
He  is  a  charter  member  of  the  local  Grand  Army 
Post  and  served  on  the  staff  of  the  Department 
Commander ;  was  Assistant  Assessor  of  Internal 
Revenue  during  1870-73,  and,  in  1878,  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Senate  for  White- 
side  and  Carroll  Counties,  serving  four  years. 
Other  positions  held  by  him  include  the  office  of 
City  Alderman,  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Canal  Commissioners  (1883-85)  and  Commissioner 
of  the  Joliet  Penitentiary  (1889-93).  He  has  also 
been  a  member  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  and  served  as  its  Chairman  1886-88. 

HKXTO>,  county-seat  of  Franklin  County,  on 
111.  Cent,  and  Chi.  &  E.  111.  Railroads;  has  electric- 
light  plant,  water-works,  saddle  and  harness  fac- 
tory, two  banks,  two  flouring  mills,  shale  brick 
and  tile  works  (projected),  four  churches  and 
three  weekly  papers.  Pop.  (1890),  939;(190U),  1,341. 

HKKIIAN,  James,  lawyer  and  County  Judge, 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  July  4,  1805,  and 
educated  at  Columbia  and  Yale  Colleges,  gradu- 
ating from  the  latter  in  the  class  of  1824.  His 
father,  James  Berdan,  Sr  ,  came  west  in  the  fall 
of  1819  as  one  of  the  agents  of  a  New  York 
Emigration  Society,  and,  in  January,  1820,  visited 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  site  of  Jacksonville, 
111.,  but  died  soon  after  his  return,  in  part  from 
exposure  incurred  during  his  long  and  arduous 
winter  journey.  Thirteen  years  later  (1832)  his 
son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  came  to  the  same 
region,  and  Jacksonville  became  his  home  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  Mr.  Berdan  was  a  well- 
read  lawyer,  as  well  as  a  man  of  high  principle 
and  sound  culture,  with  pure  literary  and  social 
tastes.  Although  possessing  unusual  capabilities, 
his  refinement  of  character  and  dislike  of  osten- 
tation made  him  seek  rather  the  association  and 
esteem  of  friends  than  public  office.  In  1849  he 
was  elected  County  Judge  of  Morgan  County, 
serving  by  a  second  election  until  1857.  Later 
he  was  Secretary  for  several  years  of  the  Tonica 
&  Petersburg  Railroad  (at  that  time  in  course  of 
construction),  serving  until  it  was  merged  into 
the  St.  Louis,  Jacksonville  &  Chicago  Railroad, 


now  constituting  a  part  of  the  Jacksonville  di- 
vision of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad:  also 
served  for  many  years  as  a  Trustee  of  Illinois 
College.  In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was,  for 
a  considerable  period,  the  law  partner  of  ex-Gov- 
ernor and  ex-Senator  Richard  Yates.  Judge 
Berdan  was  the  ardent  political  friend  and 
admirer  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  as  well  as  an  inti- 
mate friend  and  frequent  correspondent  of  the 
poet  Longfellow,  besides  being  the  correspondent, 
during  a  long  period  of  his  life,  of  a  number  of 
other  prominent  literary  men.  Pierre  Irving, 
the  nephew  and  biographer  of  Washington  Irving, 
was  his  brother-in-law  through  the  marriage  of  a 
favorite  sister.  Judge  Berdan  died  at  Jackson- 
ville, August  24,  1884. 

BERGEN,  (Rev.)  John  <;.,  pioneer  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Hightstown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  27,  179(1; 
studied  theology,  and.  after  two  years'  service  as 
tutor  at  Princeton  and  sixteen  years  as  pastor  of 
a  Presbyterian  church  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  in  1828 
came  to  Springfield,  111.,  and  assisted  in  the 
erection  of  the  first  Protestant  church  in  the 
central  part  of  the  State,  of  which  he  remained 
pastor  until  1848.  Died,  at  Springfield.  Jan. 
17,  1872. 

BERGGREN,  Augustus  W.,  legislator,  born  in 
Sweden,  August  17,  1840;  came  to  the  United 
States  at  Hi  years  of  age  and  located  at  Oneida. 
Knox  County,  111. ,  afterwards  removing  to  Gales- 
burg;  held  various  offices,  including  that  of 
Sheriff  01  Knox  County  (1873-81),  State  Senator 
(1881-89) — serving  as  President  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate  1887-89,  and  was  Warden  of  the  State 
penitentiary  at  Joliet.  1HHK-91.  He  was  for  many 
years  the  very  able  and  efficient  President  of  the 
Covenant  Mutual  Life  Association  of  Illinois,  and 
is  now  its  Treasurer. 

BERGIER,  (Rev.)  J,  a  secular  priest,  born  in 
France,  and  an  early  missionary  in  Illinois.  He 
labored  among  the  Tamaroas.  bei  ng  in  charge  of  the 
mission  at  Cahokia  from  1700  to  his  death  in  1710. 

BERRY,  Orville  F.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  McDonough  County,  111.,  Feb.  16,  1852: 
early  left  an  orphan  and,  after  working  for  some 
time  on  a  fann,  removed  to  Carthage,  Hancock 
County,  where  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1877;  in  1883  was  elected  Mayor  of 
Carthage  and  twice  re-elected ;  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1888  and  '92,  and,  in  1891,  took  a 
prominent  part  in  securing  the  enactment  of  the 
compulsory  education  clause  in  the  common 
school  law.  Mr.  Berry  presided  over  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention  of  1H96,  the  same  year  was 
a  candidate  for  re-election  to  the  State  Senat*. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


but  the  certificate  was  awarded  to  his  Democratic 
competitor,  who  was  declared  elected  by  164 
plurality.  On  a  contest  before  the  Senate  at  the 
first  session  of  the  Fortieth  General  Assembly, 
the  seat  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Berry  on  the  ground 
of  illegality  in  the  rulings  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  affecting  the  vote  of  his  opponent. 

IlKHKY.  (Col.)  William  W.,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  in  Kentucky,  Feb.  22,  1834,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  Ohio.  His  home  being  then 
in  Covington,  he  studied  law  in  Cincinnati,  and, 
at  the  age  of  23,  began  practice  at  Louisville,  Ky. , 
being  married  two  years  later  to  Miss  Georgie 
Hewitt  of  Frankfort.  Early  in  1861  he  entered 
the  Civil  War  on  the  Union  side  as  Major  of  the 
Louisville  Legion,  and  subsequently  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  marching  to  the 
sea  with  Sherman  and,  during  the  period  of  his 
service,  receiving  four  wounds.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  offered  the  position  of  Gov- 
ernor of  one  of  the  Territories,  but,  determining 
not  to  go  further  west  than  Illinois,  declined. 
For  three  years  he  was  located  and  in  practice  at 
Winchester,  111. ,  but  removed  to  Quincy  in  1874, 
where  he  afterwards  resided.  He  always  took  a 
warm  interest  in  politics  and,  in  local  affairs, 
was  a  leader  of  his  party.  He  was  an  organizer  of 
the  G.  A.  R.  Post  at  Quincy  and  its  first  Com-' 
inander,  and,  in  1884-85,  served  as  Commander  of 
the  State  Department  of  the  G.  A.  R.  He  organ- 
ized a  Young  Men's  Republican  Club,  as  he 
believed  that  the  young  minds  should  take  an 
active  part  in  politics.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  seven  appointed  by  the  Governor  to 
locate  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  for  Illinois, 
and,  after  spending  six  months  inspecting  vari- 
ous sites  offered,  the  institution  was  finally 
located  at  Quincy;  was  also  Trustee  of  Knox 
College,  at  Galesburg,  for  several  years.  He  was 
frequently  urged  by  his  party  friends  to  run  for 
public  office,  but  it  was  so  much  against  his 
nature  to  ask  for  even  one  vote,  that  he  would 
not  consent.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Quincy, 
much  regretted,  May  6,  1895. 

BESTOK,  George  C.,  legislator,  born  in  Wash- 
ington City,  April  11,  1811;  was  assistant  docu- 
ment clerk  in  the  House  of  Representatives  eight 
years;  came  to  Illinois  in  1835  and  engaged  in 
•  real  estate  business  at  Peoria;  was  twice  ap- 
pointed Postmaster  of  that  city  (1842  and  1861) 
and  three  times  elerted  Mayor;  served  as  finan- 
cial agent  of  the  Peoria  &  Oqua  wka  ( now  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quinoy  Railroad),  anda  Director  of 
the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw ;  a  delegate  to  the 
Whig  National  Convention  of  1852;  a  State 


Senator  (1858-62),  and  an  ardent  friend  of  Abra- 
ham   Lincoln.     Died,    in   Washington,  May  14, 

1872,  while    prosecuting  a   claim    against   the 
Government  for  the   construction  of   gunboats 
during  the  war. 

BETHALTO,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway,  25  miles  north  of  St.  Louis.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  628;  (1890),  879;  (1900),  477. 

BETHANY,  a  village  of  Moultrie  County,  on 
Peoria  Division  111.  Cent.  Railroad,  18  miles  south- 
east of  Decatur ;  in  farming  district ;  has  one  news- 
paper and  four  churches.  Pop. ,  mostly  American 
born.  (1890),  688;  (1900),  873;  (1903,  est.),  900. 

BETT1E  STUART  INSTITUTE,  an  institu- 
tion for  young  ladies  at  Springfield,  111. ,  founded 
in  1868  by  Mrs.  Mary  McKee  Homes,  who  con- 
ducted it  for  some  twenty  years,  until  her  death. 
Its  report  for  1898  shows  a  faculty  often  instruct- 
ors and  125  pupils.  Its  property  is  valued  at 
$23,500.  Its  course  of  instruction  embraces  the 
preparatory  and  classical  branches,  together  with 
music,  oratory  and  fine  arts. 

BEVERIDOE,  James  H.,  State  Treasurer, 
was  born  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1828; 
served  as  State  Treasurer,  1865-67,  later  acted  as 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  which  built  the 
State  Capitol.  His  later  years  were  spent  in 
superintending  a  large  dairy  farm  near  Sandwich, 
De  Kalb  County,  where  he  died  in  January,  1896. 

BETERIDOE,  John  L.,  ex-Governor,  was  born 
in  Greenwich.  N.  Y.,  July  6,  1824;  came  to  Illi- 
nois, 1842,  and,  after  spending  some  two  years  in 
Granville  Academy  and  Rock  River  Seminary, 
went  to  Tennessee,  where  he  engaged  in  teaching 
while  studying  law.  Having  been  admitted  to 
the  bar,  he  returned  to  Illinois  in  1851,  first  locat- 
ing at  Sycamore,  but  three  years  later  established 
himself  in  Chicago.  During  the  first  year  of  the 
war  he  assisted  to  raise  the  Eighth  Regiment  Illi- 
nois Cavalry,  and  was  commissioned  first  as  Cap- 
tain and  still  later  Major;  two  years  later 
became  Colonel  of  the  Seventeenth  Cavalry, 
which  he  commanded  to  the  close  of  the  war, 
being  mustered  out,  February,  1866,  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-General.  After  the  war 
he  held  the  office  of  Sheriff  of  Cook  County  four 
years;  in  1870  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
and,  in  the  following  year.  Congressman-at-large 
to  succeed  General  Logau,  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate;  resigned  this  office  in  January. 

1873,  having  been  elected  Lieutenant-Governor. 
and  a  few  weeks  later  succeeded  to  the  govern- 
orship by  the  election  of  Governor  Oglesby  to  the 
United  States  Senate.   In  18H1  he  was  appointed. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


47 


by  President  Arthur,  Assistant  United  States 
Treasurer  for  Chicago,  serving  until  after  Cleve- 
land's first  election.  His  present  home  (1898),  is 
near  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

BIENVILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  le  Mojne,  Sieur 
de,  was  born  at  Montreal,  Canada,  Feb.  23,  1680, 
and  was  the  French  Governor  of  Louisiana  at  the 
time  the  Illinois  country  was  included  in  that 
province.  He  had  several  brothers,  a  number  of 
whom  played  important  parts  in  the  early  history 
of  the  province.  Bienville  first  visited  Louisi- 
ana, in  company  with  his  brother  Iberville,  in 
1698,  their  object  being  to  establish  a  French 
colony  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  at  Biloxi,  Dec.  6,  1699, 
and  Sanvolle,  another  brother,  was  placed  in 
charge.  The  latter  was  afterward  made  Governor 
of  Louisiana,  and,  at  his  death  (1701),  he  was 
succeeded  by  Bienville,  who  transferred  the  seat 
of  government  to  Mobile.  In  1704  he  was  joined 
by  his  brother  Chateaugay,  who  brought  seven- 
teen settlers  from  Canada.  Soon  afterwards 
Iberville  died,  and  Bienville  was  recalled  to 
France  in  1707,  but  was  reinstated  the  following 
year.  Finding  the  Indians  worthless  as  tillers  of 
the  soil,  he  seriously  suggested  to  the  home  gov- 
ernment the  expediency  of  trading  off  the  copper- 
colored  aborigines  for  negroes  from  the  West 
Indies,  three  Indians  to  be  reckoned  as  equiva- 
lent to  two  blacks.  In  1713  Cadillac  was  sent  out 
as  Governor,  Bienville  being  made  Lieutenant- 
Governor.  The  two  quarreled.  Cadillac  was 
superseded  by  Epinay  in  1717,  and,  in  1718,  Law's 
first  expedition  arrived  (see  Company  of  the 
West),  and  brought  a  Governor's  commission  for 
Bienville.  The  latter  soon  after  founded  New 
Orleans,  which  became  the  seat  of  government 
for  the  province  (which  then  included  Illinois),  in 
1723.  In  January,  1724,  he  was  again  summoned 
to  France  to  answer  charges;  was  removed  in 
disgrace  in  1726,  but  reinstated  in  1733  and  given 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-General.  Failing  in  vari- 
ous expeditions  against  the  Chickasaw  Indians, 
he  was  again  superseded  in  1743,  returning  to 
France,  where  he  died  in  1768. 

BltKJS,  William,  pioneer,  -Judge  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  Maryland  in  1753,  enlisted  in  the 
Revolutionary  army,  and  served  as  an  officer 
under  Colonel  George  Rogers  Clark  in  the  expe- 
dition for  the  capture  of  Illinois  from  the  British 
in  1778.  He  settled  in  Bellefontaine  (now  Monroe 
County)  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was 
Sheriff  of  St.  Clair  County  for  many  years,  and 
later  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas.  He  also  represented  his 


county  in  the  Territorial  Legislatures  of  In- 
diana and  Illinois.  Died,  in  St.  Clair  County, 
in  1827. 

HI<;i;S YILLE.  a  village  of  Henderson  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad. 
15  miles  northeast  of  Burlington ;  has  a  bank  and 
two  newspapers;  considerable  grain  and  live- 
stock are  shipped  here.  Population  (1880),  358; 
(1890),  487;  (1900),  417. 

Bid  MUDDY  RIVER,  a  stream  formed  by  the 
union  of  two  branches  which  rise  in  Jefferson 
County.  It  runs  south  and  southwest  through 
Franklin  and  Jackson  Counties,  and  enters  the 
Mississippi  about  five  miles  below  Grand  Tower. 
Its  length  is  estimated  at  140  miles. 

BILLIN6S,  Albert  Merrltt,  capitalist,  was 
born  in  New  Hampshire,  April  19,  1814,  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  State  and 
Vermont,  and,  at  the  age  of  22,  became  Sheriff  of 
Windsor  County,  Vt.,  Later  he  was  proprietor 
for  a  time  of  the  mail  stage-coach  line  between 
Concord,  N.  H. ,  and  Boston,  but,  having  sold  out, 
invested  his  means  in  the  securities  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  &  St  jp-.iul  Railway  and  became 
identified  with  the  bjfsfness  interests  of  Chicago. 
In  the  '50's  he  became  associated  with  Cornelius 
K.  Garrison  in  the  People's  Gas  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, of  which  he  served  as  President  from  1859 
to  1888.  In  1890  Mr.  Billings  became  extensively 
interested  in  the  street  railway  enterprises  of  Mr. 
C.  B.  Holmes,  resulting  in  his  becoming  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  street  railway  system  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  valued,  in  1897,  at  $3,000,000.  In  early 
life  he  had  been  associated  with  Commodore 
Vanderbilt  in  the  operation  of  the  Hudson  River 
steamboat  lines  of  the  latter.  In  addition  to  his 
other  business  enterprises;  he  was  principal 
owner  and,  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  of 
his  life,  President  of  the  Home  National  and 
Home  Savings  Banks  of  Chicago.  Died,  Feb.  7, 
1897,  leaving  an  estate  valued  at  several  millions 
of  dollars. 

BILLINGS,  Henry  W.,  was  born  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  July  11,  1814,  graduated  at  Amherst  Col- 
lege at  twenty  years  of  age,  and  began  the  study 
of  law  with  Judge  Foote,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  wa* 
admitted  to  the  bar  two  yean  later  and  practiced 
there  some  two  years  longer.  He  then  removed 
to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  later  resided  for  a  time  at 
Waterloo  and  Cairo,  111.,  but,  in  1845,  settled  at 
Alton;  was  elected  Mayor  of  that  city  in  1851, 
and  the  first  Judge  of  the  newly  organized  City 
Court,  in  1859,  serving  in  this  position  six  years. 
In  1869  he  was  elected  a  Delegate  from  Madison 
County  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of 


48 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


. 


1869-70,  but  died  before  the  expiration  of  the  ses- 
sion, on  April  19,  1870. 

BIRKBECK,  Morris,  early  colonist,  was  born 
in  England  about  1763  or  1763,  emigrated  t<> 
America  in  1817,  and  settled  in  Edwards  County, 
111.  He  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  and  in- 
duced a  large  colony  of  English  artisans,  laborers 
and  fanners  to  settle  upon  the  same,  founding 
the  town  of  New  Albion.  He  was  an  active,  un- 
compromising opponent  of  slavery,  and  was  an 
important  factor  in  defeating  the  scheme  to  make 
Illinois  a  slave  State.  He  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  by  Governor  Coles  in  October,  1824. 
but  resigned  at  the  end  of  three  months,  a  hostile 
Legislature  having  refused  to  confirm  him.  A 
strong  writer  and  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
press,  his  letters  and  published  works  attracted 
attention  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 
Principal  among  the  latter  were:  "Notes  on  a 
Journey  Through  France"  (1815);  "Notes  on  a 
Journey  Through  America"  (1818),  and  "Letters 
from  Illinois"  (1818).  Died  from  drowning  in 
1825.  aged  about  63  years.  (See  Slavery  ami 
t<li i iv  Law*.) 

BISSELL,  William  H.,  first  Republican  Gov- 
ernor of  Illinois,  was  born  near  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y. ,  on  April  25,  1811,  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Philadelphia  in  1835,  and,  after  practicing  a  short 
time  in  Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  removed  to  Mon- 
roe County,  111.  In  1840  he  was  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  the  General  Assembly,  where  he  soon 
attained  high  rank  as  a  debater.  He  studied  law 
and  practiced  in  Belleville.  St.  Clair  County,  be- 
coming Prosecuting  Attorney  for  that  county  in 
1844.  He  served  as  Colonel  of  the  Second  Illinois 
Volunteers  during  the  Mexican  War,  and  achieved 
distinction  at  Buenu  Vista.  He  represented  Illi- 
nois in  Congress  from  1849  to  1855,  being  first 
elected  as  an  Independent  Democrat.  On  the  pax- 
sage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill, he  left  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and,  in  1856,  was  elected  Governor  on 
the  Republican  ticket.  While  in  Congress  he  was 
challenged  by  Jefferson  Davis  after  an  inter- 
change of  heated  words  respecting  the  relative 
courage  of  Northern  and  Southern  soldiers, 
spoken  in  debate.  Bissell  accepted  the  challenge, 
naming  muskets  at  thirty  paces.  Mr.  Davis's 
friends  objected,  and  the  duel  never  occurred. 
Died  in  office,  at  Springfield,  111.,  March  18,  1860. 

BLACK,  John  Charles,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
born  at  Lexington,  Miss.,  Jan.  29,  1839,  at  eight 
years  of  age  came  with  his  widowed  mother  to 
Illinois;  while  a  student  at  Wabash  College,  Ind., 
in  April,  1861.  enlisted  in  the  Union  army,  serv- 
ing gallantly  and  with  distinction  until  Aug.  15, 


186o,  when,  as  Colonel  of  the  37th  111.  Vol.  Inf.,  he 
retired  with  the  rank  of  BrevetBrigadier-General ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1857,  and  after  practic- 
ing at  Danville,  Champaign  and  Urbana,  in  1885 
was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  serving 
until  1889,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago ;  served  as 
Congressman-at-large  ( 1893-95),  and  U.  S.  District 
Attorney  (1895-99);  Commander  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  and  of  the  (}.  A.  U.  (Department  of 
Illinois),  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Grand  Army  at  the  Grand  Encampment,  1903. 
Gen.  Black  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M. 
from  his  Alma  Mater  and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Knox 
College:  in  January,  1904.  wax  appointed  by 
President  Roosevelt  member  of  the  U.  8.  Civil 
Service  Commission,  and  chosen  its  President. 

BLACKBURN  I  MVKKSI1  Y,  located  at  Car- 
linville,  Macoupin  County.  It  owes  its  origin  to 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Gideon  Blackburn,  who,  having 
induced  friends  in  the  East  to  unite  with  him  in 
the  purchase  of  Illinois  lands  at  N  Government 
price,  in  1837  conveyed  16,656  acres  of  these 
lands,  situated  in  ten  different  counties,  in  trust 
for  the  founding  of  an  institution  of  learning, 
intended  particularly  "to  qualify  young  men  for 
the  gospel  ministry."  The  citizens  of  Carlinville 
donated  funds  wherewith  to  purchase  eighty 
acres  of  land,  near  that  city,  as  a  site,  which  was 
included  in  the  deed  of  trust.  The  enterprise 
lay  dormant  for  many  years,  and  it  was  not  until 
1857  that  the  institution  was  formally  incorpo- 
rated, and  ten  years  later  it  was  little  more  than 
a  high  school,  giving  one  course  of  instruction 
considered  particularly  adapted  to  prospective 
students  of  theology.  At  present  (1898)  there 
are  about  110  students  in  attendance,  a  faculty 
of  twelve  instructors,  and  a  theological,  as  well  as 
preparatory  and  collegiate  departments.  The 
institution  owns  property  valued  at  $110,000,  of 
which  $50,000  is  represented  by  real  estate  and 
$40,000  by  endowment  funds: 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  Chief  of  the  Sac  tribe  of 
Indians,  reputed  to  have  been  born  at  Kaskaskia 
in  1767.  (It  is  also  claimed  that  he  was  born  on 
Rock  River,  as  well  as  within  the  present  limits 
of  Hancock  County.)  Conceiving  that  his  people 
had  been  wrongfully  despoiled  of  lands  belonging 
to  them,  in  1832  he  inaugurated  what  is  com 
monly  known  as  the  Black  Hawk  War.  His 
Indian  name  was  Makabaimishekiakiak,  signify- 
ing Black  Sparrow  Hawk.  He  was  ambitious,  but 
susceptible  to  flattery,  and  while  having  many  of 
the  qualities  of  leadership,  was  lacking  in  moral 
force.  He  was  always  attached  to  British  inter- 
ests, and  unquestionably  received  British  aid  of  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


substantial  sort.  After  his  defeat  he  was  made 
the  ward  of  Keokuk,  another  Chief,  which 
humiliation  of  his  pride  broke  his  heart  He  died 
on  a  rest- rv.itinn  set  apart  for  him  in  Iowa,  in 
1838,  aged  71.  His  body  is  said  to  have  been 
exhumed  nine  months  after  death,  and  his  articu- 
lated skeleton  is  alleged  to  have  been  preserved 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Burlington  (la.)  Historical 
Society  until  1855,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
(See  also  Black  Hawk  War:  Appendix.) 

BLACKSTONE,  Timothy  ][..  Railway  Presi- 
dent, was  born  at  Branford,  Conn.,  March  28, 
1829.  After  receiving  a  common  school  educa- 
tion, supplemented  by  a  course  in  a  neighboring 
academy,  at  18  he  began  the  practical  study  of 
engineering  in  a  corps  employed  by  the  New 
York  &  New  Hampshire  Railway  Company,  and 
the  same  year  became  assistant  engineer  on  the 
Stockbridge  &  Pittsfield  Railway.  While  thus 
employed  he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
study  of  the  theoretical  science  of  engineering, 
and,  on  coming  to  Illinois  in  1851,  was  qualified 
to  accept  and  fill  the  position  of  division  engineer 
(from  Bloomington  to  Dixon)  on  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railway.  On  the  completion  of  the  main 
line  of  that  road  in  1855,  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Engineer  of  the  Joliet  &  Chicago  Railroad,  later 
becoming  financially  interested  therein,  and 
being  chosen  President  of  the  corporation  on  the 
completion  of  the  line.  In  January,  1864,  the 
Chicago  &  Joliet  was  leased  in  perpetuity  to  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  Company.  Mr.  Black- 
stone  then  became  a  Director  in  the  latter  organi- 
zation and,  in  April  following,  was  chosen  its 
President.  This  office  he  filled  uninterruptedly 
until  April  1,1899,  when  the  road  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  syndicate  of  other  lines.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  original  incorporators  of  the  Union 
Stock  Yards  Company,  and  was  its  President  from 
1864  to  1868.  His  career  as  a  railroad  man  was  con- 
spicuous for  its  long  service,  the  uninterrupted 
success  of  his  management  of  the  enterprises 
entrusted  to  his  hands  and  his  studious  regard  for 
the  interests  of  stockholders.  This  was  illustrated 
by  the  fact  that,  for  some  thirty  years,  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad  paid  dividends  on  its  preferred 
and  common  stock,  ranging  from  6  to  8%  per  cent , 
per  annum,  and,  on  disposing  of  his  stock  conse- ' 
quent  on  the  transfer  of  the  line  to  a  new  corpora- 
tion in  1899,  Mr.  Blackstone  rejected  offers  for  his 
stock — aggregating  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole 
—which  would  hare  netted  him  $1,000,000  in 
excess  of  the  amount  received,  because  he  was 
unwilling  to  use  his  position  to  reap  an  advantage 
over  smaller  stockholders.  Died,  May  26,  1900. 


BLACKWELL,  Robert  S.,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Belleville,  111.,  in  1828.  He  belonged  to  a 
prominent  family  in  the  early  history  of  the 
State,  his  father,  David  Black-well,  who  was  also 
a  lawyer  and  settled  in  Belleville  about  1819, 
having  been  a  member  of  the  Second  General 
Assembly  (1830)  from  St.  Clair  County,  and  also 
of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth.  In  April,  1823,  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Coles  Secretary  of  State, 
succeeding  Judge  Samuel  D.  Lockwood.  after- 
wards a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  had 
just  received  from  President  Monroe  the  appoint- 
ment of  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  at  the 
Edwardsville  Land  Office.  Mr.  Blackwell  served 
in  the  Secretary's  office  to  October,  1824,  during 
a  part  of  the  time  acting  as  editor  of  "The  Illinois 
Intelligencer."  which  liad  been  removed  from 
Kaskaskia  to  Vandalia,  and  in  which  he  strongly 
opposed  the  policy  of  making  Illinois  a  slave 
State.  He  finally  died  in  Belleville.  Robert 
Blackwell,  a  brother  of  David  and  the  uncle  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  joint  owner  with 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  of  "The  Illinois  Herald"— after- 
wards "The  Intelligencer"  —  at  Kaskaskia,  in 
1816,  and  in  April,  1817,  succeeded  Cook  in  the 
office  of  Territorial  Auditor  of  Public  Accounte, 
being  himself  succeeded  by  Elijah  C.  Berry,  who 
had  become  his  partner  on  "The  Intelligencer," 
and  served  as  Auditor  until  the  organization  of 
the  State  Government  in  1818.  Blackwell  &  Berry 
were  chosen  State  Printers  after  the  removal  of 
the  State  capital  to  Vandalia  in  1820,  serving  in 
this  capacity  for  some  years.  Robert  Blackwell 
located  at  Vandalia  and  served  as  a  member  of 
the  House  from  Fayette  County  in  the  Eighth 
and  Ninth  General  Assemblies  (1832-36)  and  in 
the  Senate,  1840-42.  Robert  S.— the  son  of  David, 
and  the  younger  member  of  this  somewhat 
famous  and  historic  family — whose  name  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  paragraph,  attended  the  common 
schools  at  Belleville  in  his  boyhood,  but  in  early 
manhood  removed  to  Galena,  where  he  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  later  studied  law 
with  Hon.  O.  H.  Browning  at  Quincy,  beginning 
practice  at  Rushville.  where  he  was  associated 
for  a  time  with  Judge  Minshall.  In  1852  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  having  for  his  first  partner 
Corydon  Beckwith,  afterwards  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  still  later  being  associated  with  a  number 
of  prominent  lawyers  of  that  day.  He  is  de- 
scribed by  his  biographers  as  "an  able  lawyer,  an 
eloquent  advocate  and  a  brilliant  scholar." 
"Blackwell  on  Tax  Titles,"  from  his  pen.  has  been 
accepted  by  the  profession  as  a  high  authority  on 
that  branch  of  law.  He  also  published  a  revision 


50 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  the  Statutes  in  1858,  and  began  an  "Abstract 
of  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,"  which  had 
reached  the  third  or  fourth  volume  at  his  death, 
May  16,  1863. 

BLAIR,  William,  merchant,  was  born  at 
Homer,  Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1818, 
being  descended  through  five  generations  of  New 
England  ancestors.  After  attending  school  in 
the  town  of  Cortland,  which  became  his  father's 
residence,  at  the  age  of  14  he  obtained  employ- 
ment in  a  stove  and  hardware  store,  four  years 
later  (1836)  coming  to  Joliet,  111.,  to  take  charge 
of  a  branch  store  which  the  firm  had  established 
there.  The  next  year  he  purchased  the  stock  and 
continued  the  business  on  his  own  account.  In 
August,  1842,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
established  the  earliest  and  one  of  the  most 
extensive  wholesale  hardware  concerns  in  that 
city,  with  which  he  remained  connected  nearly 
fifty  years.  During  this  period  he  was  associated 
with  various  partners,  including  C.  B.  Nelson, 
E.  O.  Hall,  O.  \V.  Belden,  James  H.  Horton  and 
others,  besides,  at  times,  conducting  the  business 
alone.  He  suffered  by  the  fire  of  1871  in  common 
with  other  business  men  of  Chicago,  but  promptly 
resumed  business  and,  within  the  next  two  or 
three  years,  had  erected  business  blocks,  succes- 
sively, on  Lake  and  Randolph  Streets,  but  retired 
from  business  in  1888.  He  was  a  Director  of  the 
Merchants'  National  Bank  of  Chicago  from  its 
organization  in  1865,  as  also  for  a  time  of  the 
Atlantic  &  Pacific  Telegraph  Company  and  the 
Chicago  Gaslight  &  Coke  Company,  a  Trustee  of 
Lake  Forest  University,  one  of  the  Managers  of 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital  and  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society.  Died  in  Chicago, 
Hay  10,  1899. 

BLAKELY,  Oarid,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Franklin  County,  Vt.,  in  1884;  learned  the  print- 
er's trade  and  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Vermont  in  1857.  He  was  a  member  of  a  musical 
family  which,  under  the  name  of  "The  Blakely 
Family,"  made  several  successful  tours  of  the 
West.  He  engaged  in  journalism  at  Rochester, 
Minn.,  and,  in  1862,  was  elected  Secretary  of 
State  and  ex-officio  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
serving  until  1865,  when  he  resigned  and,  in 
partnership  with  a  brother,  bought  "The  Chicago 
Evening  Post,"  with  which  he  was  connected  at 
the  time  of  the  great  fire  and  for  some  time  after- 
ward. Later,  he  returned  to  Minnesota  and 
became  one  of  the  proprietors  and  a  member  of 
the  editorial  staff  of  "The  St.  Paul  Pioneer-Press." 
In  his  later  years  Mr.  Blakely  was  President  of 
the  Blakely  Printing  Company,  of  Chicago,  also 


conducting  a  large  printing  business  in  New 
York,  which  was  his  residence.  He  was  manager 
for  several  years  of  the  celebrated  Gilinore  Band 
of  musicians,  and  also  instrumental  in  organizing 
the  celebrated  Sousa's  Band,  of  which  he  was 
manager  up  to  the  time  of  his  decease  in  New 
York,  Nov.  7,  1896. 

BLAKEMAN,  Curtis*,  sea-captain,  and  pioneer 
settler,  came  from  New  England  to  Madison 
County,  III,  in  1819,  and  settled  in  what  was. 
afterwards  known  as  the  "Marine  Settlement,"  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders.  This  settle- 
ment, of  which  the  present  town  of  Marine  (first 
called  Madison)  was  the  outcome,  took  its  name 
from  the  fact  that  several  of  the  early  settlers,  like 
Captain  Blakeman,  were  sea-faring  men.  Captain 
Blakeman  became  a  prominent  citizen  and  repre- 
sented Madison  County  in  the  lower  branch  of 
the  Third  and  Fourth  General  Assemblies  (1822 
and  1824),  in  the  former  being  one  of  the  opponents 
of  the  pro-slavery  amendment  of  the  Constitution. 
A  son  of  his,  of  the  same  name,  was  a  Represent- 
ative in  the  Thirteenth,  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth 
General  Assemblies  from  Madison  County. 

Ill,  A  \C  H  A  RI>,  Jonathan,  clergyman  and  edu 
cator,  was  born  in  Rockingham,  Vt.,  Jan.  19, 
1811;  graduated  at  Middlebury  College  in  1832; 
then,  after  teaching  some  time,  spent  two  years 
in  Amlover  Theological  Seminary,  finally  gradu- 
ating in  theology  at  Lane  Seminary,  Cincinnati, 
in  1838,  where  he  remained  nine  years  as  pastor 
of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city. 
Before  this  time  he  had  become  interested  in 
various  reforms,  and,  in  1843,  was  sent  as  a 
delegate  to  the  second  World's  Anti-Slavery 
Convention  in  London,  serving  as  the  American 
Vice- President  of  that  body.  In  1846  he  assumed 
the  Presidency  of  Knox  College  at  Galesburg, 
remaining  until  1858,  during  his  connection 
with  that  institution  doing  much  to  increase  its 
capacity  and  resources.  After  two  years  spent  in 
pastoral  work,  he  accepted  (1860)  the  Presidency 
of  Wheaton  College,  which  he  continued  to  fill 
until  1882,  when  he  was  chosen  President  Emer- 
itus, remaining  in  this  position  until  his  death, 
May  14,  1892. 

BLAYDINSVILLE,  a  town  in  McDonongh 
County,  on  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw  Rail- 
road, 26  miles  southeast  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  and 
64  miles  west  by  south  from  Peoria.  It  is  a  ship- 
ping point  for  the  grain  grown  in  the  surround- 
ing country,  and  has  a  grain  elevator  and  steam 
flour  and  saw  mills.  It  also  has  banks,  two 
weekly  newspapers  and  several  churches.  Popu- 
lation (JWV  877;  (1900),  996. 


•% 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


51 


BLANEY,  Jerome  Van  Zandt,  early  physician, 
born  at  Newcastle,  Del.,  May  1,  1820;  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  and  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Philadelphia  when  too  young  to  receive  his 
diploma ;  in  1843  came  west  and  joined  Dr.  Daniel 
Brainard  in  founding  Rush  Medical  College  at 
Chicago,  f6r  a  time  filling  three  chairs  in  that 
institution ;  also,  for  a  time,  occupied  the  chair  of 
Chemistry  and  Natural  Philosophy  in  Northwest- 
ern University.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  Sur- 
geon, and  afterwards  Medical  Director,  in  the 
army,  and  was  Surgeon -in-Chief  on  the  staff  of 
General  Sheridan  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Winchester ;  after  the  war  was  delegated  by  the 
Government  to  pay  off  medical  officers  in  the 
Northwest,  in  this  capacity  disbursing  over  $600,- 
000;  finally  retiring  with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  Died.  Dec.  11,  1874. 

BLATCHFORD,  Eliphalet  Wick.-.  1.I..I).. 
son  of  Dr.  John  Blatchford,  was  born  at  Stillwater, 
N.  Y.,  May  31,  1826;  being  a  grandson  of  Samuel 
Blatchford,  D.D.,who  came  to  New  York  from 
England,  in  1795.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Lan- 
singburg  Academy.  New  York,  and  at  Marion 
College,  Ma,  finally  graduating  at  Illinois  College, 
Jacksonville,  in  the  class  of  1845.  After  graduat- 
ing, he  was  employed  for  several  years  in  the  law 
offices  of  his  uncles,  R.  M.  and  E.  H.  Blatchford, 
New  York.  For  considerations  of  health  he  re- 
turned to  the  West,  and,  in  1850,  engaged  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  lead  manufacturer  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  afterwards  associating  with  him  the 
late  Morris  Collins,  under  the  firm  name  of  Blatch- 
ford &  Collins.  In  1854  a  branch  was  established 
in  Chicago,  known  as  Collins  &  Blatchford.  After 
a  few  years  the  firm  was  dissolved,  Mr.  Blatch- 
ford  taking  the  Chicago  business,  which  has 
continued  as  E.  W.  Blatchford  &  Co  to  the  pres- 
ent time.  While  Mr.  Blatchford  has  invariably 
declined  political  offices,  he  has  been  recognized 
as  a  staunch  Republican,  and  the  services  of  few 
men  have  been  in  more  frequent  request  for 
positions  of  trust  in  connection  with  educational 
and  benevolent  enterprises.  Among  the  numer- 
ous positions  of  this  character  which  he  has  been 
called  to  fill  are  those  of  Treasurer  of  the  North- 
western Branch  of  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission,  during  the  Civil  War,  to  which  he 
devoted  a  large  part  of  his  time;  Trustee  of  Illi- 
nois College  (1866-75);  President  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences ;  a  member,  and  for  seven- 
teen years  President,  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  Chicago  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary ;  Trustee  of 
the  Chicago  Art  Institute ;  Executor  and  Trustee 
of  the  late  Walter  L.  Newberry,  and,  since  its 


incorporation,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  The  Newberry  Library;  Trustee  of  the  John 
Crerar  Library;  one  of  the  founders  and  Presi 
dent  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Chicago 
Manual  Training  School;  life  member  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society;  for  nearly  forty 
years  President  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary;  during  his  resi- 
dence in  Chicago  an  officer  of  the  New  England 
Congregational  Church;  a  corporate  member  of 
the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  For- 
eign Missions,  and  for  fourteen  years  its  Vice- 
President;  a  charter  member  of  the  City 
Missionary  Society,  and  of  the  Congregational 
Club  of  Chicago;  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Union  League,  the  University,  the  Literary  and 
the  Commercial  Clubs,  of  which  latter  he  lias 
been  President.  Oct.  7,  1858,  Mr.  Blatchford  was 
married  to  Miss  Mary  Emily  Williams,  daughter 
of  John  C.Williams,  of  Chicago.  Seven  children — 
four  sons  and  three  daughters — have  blessed  this 
union,  the  eldest  son,  Paul,  being  to-day  one  of 
Chicago's  valued  business  men.  Mr.  Blatchford's 
life  lias  been  one  of  ceaseless  and  successful 
activity  in  business,  and  to  him  Chicago  owes 
much  of  its  prosperity.  In  the  giving  of  time 
and  money  for  Christian,  educational  and  benevo- 
lent enterprises,  he  has  been  conspicuous  for  his 
generosity,  and  noted  for  his  valuable  counsel  and 
executive  ability  in  carrying  these  enterprises  to 
success. 

BLATCHFORD,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  at  New- 
field  (now  Bridgeport),  Conn.,  May  24,  1799; 
removed  in  childhood  to  Lansingburg,  N.  Y., 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge  Academy  and 
Union  College  in  that  State,  graduating  in  1820. 
He  finished  his  theological  course  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  in  1823,  after  which  he  ministered  succes- 
sively to  Presbyterian  churches  at  Pittstown  and 
Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  in  1830  accepting  the  pastorate 
of  the  First  Congregational  Church  of  Bridge- 
port, Conn.  In  1836  he  came  to  the  West,  spend- 
ing the  following  winter  at  Jacksonville,  111. ,  and, 
in  1837,  was  installed  the  first  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  where  he 
remained  until  compelled  by  failing  health  to 
resign  and  return  to  the  East.  In  1841  he  ac 
cepted  the  chair  of  Intellectual  and  Moral  Phi- 
losophy at  Marion  College,  Mo.,  subsequently 
assuming  the  Presidency.  The  institution  having 
been  purchased  by  the  Free  Masons,  in  1844,  he 
removed  to  West  Ely,  Mo.,  and  thence,  in  1847, 
to  Quincy,  111.,  where  he  resided  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  His  death  occurred  in  St. 
Louis,  April  8,  1855.  The  churches  he  served 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


testified  strongly  to  Dr.  Blatchford's  faithful, 
acceptable  and  successful  performance  of  his 
ministerial  duties.  He  was  married  in  1825  to 
Frances  Wickes,  daughter  of  Eliphalet  Wickes, 
Esq. ,  of  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

BLEDSOE,  Albert  Taylor,  teacher  and  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Frankfort,  Ky. ,  Nov.  9,  1809; 
graduated  at  West  Point  Military  Academy  in 
1830,  and,  after  two  years'  service  at  Fort  Gib- 
son, Indian  Territory, -retired  from  the  army  in 
1832.  During  1833-34  he  was  Adjunct  Professor 
of  Mathematics  and  teacher  of  French  at  Kenyon 
College,  Ohio,  and,  in  1835-36,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  at  Miami  University.  Then,  hav- 
ing studied  theology,  he  served  for  several  years 
as  rector  of  Episcopal  churches  in  Ohio.  In  1838 
he  settled  at  Springfield,  111.,  and  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  remaining  several  years,  when  he 
removed  to  Washington,  D.  C.  Later  he  became 
Professor  of  Mathematics,  first  (1848-54)  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  and  (1854-61)  in  the 
University  of  Virginia.  He  then  entered  the 
Confederate  service  with  the  rank  of  Colonel, 
but  soon  became  Acting  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War ;  in  1863  visited  England  to  collect  material 
for  a  work  on  the  Constitution,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1866,  when  he  settled  at  Baltimore, 
where  he  began  the  publication  of  "The  Southern 
Review, "  which  became  the  recognized  organ  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South.  Later 
he  became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
He  gained  considerable  reputation  for  eloquence 
during  his  residence  in  Illinois,  and  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  works  on  religious  and 
political  subjects,  the  latter  maintaining  the 
right  of  secession;  was  a  man  of  recognized 
ability,  but  lacked  stability  of  character.  Died 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  8,  1877. 

BLOD6ETT,  Henry  William*,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  in  1821.  At  the  age  of  10 
years  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois, 
where  he  attended  the  district  schools,  later 
returning  to  Amherst  to  spend  a  year  at  the 
Academy.  Returning  home,  he  spent  the  years 
1839-42  in  teaching  and  surveying.  In  1842  he 
began  the  study  of  law  at  Chicago,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  and  beginning  prac- 
tice at  Waukegan,  111.,  where  he  has  continued 
to  reside.  In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature  from  Lake  County,  as 
an  anti-slavery  candidate,  and,  in  1858,  to  the 
State  Senate,  in  the  latter  serving  four  years. 
He  gained  distinction  as  a  railroad  solicitor,  being 
employed  at  different  times  by  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern,  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 


Paul,  the  Michigan  Southern  and  the  Pittsburg 
&  Fort  Wayne  Companies.  Of  the  second  named 
road  he  was  one  of  the  projectors,  procuring  its 
charter,  and  being  identified  with  it  in  the  sev- 
eral capacities  of  Attorney,  Director  and  Presi- 
dent. In  1870  President  Grant  appointed  him 
Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Illinois.  This  position  he 
continued  to  occupy  for  twenty-two  years,  resign- 
ing it  in  1892  to  accept  an  appointment  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  as  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
United  States  before  the  Behring  Sea  Arbitrators 
at  Paris,  which  was  his  last  official  service. 

BL001HINGDALE,a  village  of  Du  Page  County, 
30  miles  west  by  north  from  Chicago.  Population 
(1880),  226;  (1890),  463;  (1900),  235. 

BLOOKINQTON,  the  county-seat  of  McLean 
County,  a  flourishing  city  and  railroad  center,  59 
miles  northeast  of  Springfield ;  is  in  a  rich  agri- 
cultural and  coal-mining  district.  Besides  car 
shops  and  repair  works  employing  some  2,000 
hands,  there  are  manufactories  of  stoves,  fur- 
naces, plows,  flour,  etc.  Nurseries  are  numerous 
in  the  vicinity  and  horse  breeding  receives  much 
attention.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  Illinois  Wee- 
leyan  University,  has  fine  public  schools,  several 
newspapers  (two  published  daily),  besides  educa- 
tional and  other  publications.  The  business  sec- 
tion suffered  a  disastrous  fire  in  1900,  but  has  been 
rebuilt  more  substantially  than  before.  The  prin- 
cipal streets  are  paved  and  electric  street  cars  con- 
nect with  Normal  (two  miles  distant),  the  site  of 
the  "State  Normal  University"  and  "Soldiers'  Or- 
phans' Home."  Pop.  (1890),  20,284;  (1900).  23.880. 

BLOOMINGTON  CONTENTION  OF  1856. 
Although  not  -formally  called  as  such,  this  was 
the  first  Republican  State  Convention  held  in 
Illinois,  out  of  which  grew  a  permanent  Repub- 
lican organization  in  the  State.  A  mass  conven- 
tion of  those  opposed  to  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise  (known  as  an  "Anti-Nebraska 
Convention")  was  held  at  Springfield  during  the 
week  of  the  State  Fair  of*1854  (on  Oct.  4  and  5), 
and,  although  it  adopted  a  platform  in  harmony 
with  the  principles  which  afterwards  became  the 
foundation  of  the  Republican  party,  and  appointed 
a  State  Central  Committee,  besides  putting  in 
nomination  a  candidate  for  State  Treasurer — the 
only  State  officer  elected  that  year — the  organi- 
zation was  not  perpetuated,  the  State  Central 
Committee  failing  to  organize.  The  Bloomington 
Convention  of  1856  met  in  accordance  with  a  call 
issued  by  a  State  Central  Committee  appointed 
by  the  Convention  of  Anti-Nebraska  editors  held 
at.Decatur  on  February  22,  1856.  (See  Anti-Neb- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Editorial  Convention.)  The  call  did  not 
even  contain  the  word  "Republican,"  but  was 
addressed  to  those  opposed  to  the  principles  of 
the  Nebraska  Bill  and  the  policy  of  the  existing 
Democratic  administration.  The  Convention 
met  on  May  29,  1856,  the  date  designated  by  the 
Editorial  Convention  at  Decatur,  but  was  rather 
in  the  nature  of  a  mass  than  a  delegate  conven- 
tion, as  party  organizations  existed  in  few  coun- 
ties of  the  State  at  that  time.  Consequently 
representation  was  very  unequal  and  followed  no 
systematic  rule.  Out  of  one  hundred  counties 
into  which  the  State  was  then  divided,  only 
seventy  were  represented  by  delegates,  ranging 
from  one  to  twenty-five  each,  leaving  thirty 
counties  (embracing  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  State)  entirely  unrepre- 
sented. Lee  County  had  the  largest  representa- 
tion (twenty-five),  Morgan  County  (the  home  of 
Richard  Yates)  coming  next  with  twenty  dele- 
gates, while  Cook  County  had  seventeen  and 
Sangamon  had  five.  The  whole  number  of 
delegates,  as  shown  by  the  contemporaneous 
record,  was  269.  Among  the  leading  spirits  in 
the  Convention  were  Abraham  Lincoln,  Archi- 
bald Williams,  O.  H.  Browning,  Richard  Yates, 
John  M.  Palmer,  Owen  Lovejoy,  Norman  B. 
Judd,  Burton  C.  Cook  and  others  who  afterwards 
became  prominent  in  State  politics.  The  delega- 
tion from  Cook  County  included  the  names  of 
John  Wentworth,  Grant  Goodrich.  George 
Schneider,  Mark  Skinner,  Charles  H.  Ray  and 
Charles  L.  Wilson.  The  temporary  organization 
was  effected  with  Archibald  Williams  of  Adams 
County  in  the  chair,  followed  by  the  election  of 
John  M.  Palmer  of  Macoupin,  as  Permanent 
President.  The  other  officers  were:  Vice-Presi- 
dents — John  A.  Davis  of  Stephenson;  William 
Ross  of  Pike;  James  McKee  of  Cook;  John  H. 
Bryant  of  Bureau;  A.  C.  Harding  of  Warren; 
Richard  Yates  of  Morgan;  Dr.  H.  C.  Johns  of 
Macon;  D.  L.  Phillips  of  Union;  George  Smith 
of  Madison;  Thomas  A.  Marshall  of  Coles;  J.  M. 
Rugglesof  MasonjG.D.A.  Parks  of  Will,  and  John 
Clark  of  Schuyler.  Secretaries — Henry  S.  Baker 
of  Madison;  Charles  L.  Wilson  of  Cook;  John 
Tillson  of  Adams;  Washington  Bushnell  of  La 
Salle.  and  B.  J.  F.  Hanna  of  Randolph.  A  State 
ticket  was  put  in  nomination  consisting  of 
William  H.  Bissell  for  Governor  (by  acclama- 
tion); Francis  A.  Hoffman  of  Du  Page  County, 
for  Lieutenant-Governor ;  Ozias  M.  Hatch  of 
Pike,  for  Secretary  of  State ;  Jesse  K.  Dubois  of 
Lawrence,  for  Auditor;  James  Miller  of  McLean, 
for  Treasurer,  and  William  H.  Powell  of  Peoria. 


for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  Hoff- 
man, having  been  found  ineligible  by  lack  of  resi- 
dence after  the  date  of  naturalization,  withdrew, 
and  his  place  was  subsequently  filled  by  the 
nomination  of  John  Wood  of  Quincy.  The  plat- 
form adopted  was  outspoken  in  its  pledges  Of 
unswerving  loyalty  to  the  Union  and  opposition 
to  the  extension  of  slavery  into  new  territory.  A 
delegation  was  appointed  to  the  National  Con- 
vention to  be  held  in  Philadelphia  on  June  17, 
following,  and  a  State  Central  Committee  was 
named  to  conduct  the  State  campaign,  consisting 
of  James  C.  Conkling  of  Sangamon  County; 
Asahel  Gridley  of  McLean;  Burton  C.  Cook  of 
La  Salle,  and  Charles  H.  Ray  and  Norman  B. 
Judd  of  Cook.  The  principal  speakers  of  the 
occasion,  before  the  convention  or  in  popular 
meetings  held  while  the  members  were  present  in 
Bloomington,  included  the  names  of  O.  H.  Brown- 
ing, Owen  Lovejoy,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Burton 
C.  Cook,  Richard  Yates,  the  venerable  John 
Dixon,  founder  of  the  city  bearing  his  name,  and 
Governor  Reeder  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had  been 
Territorial  Governor  of  Kansas  by  appointment 
of  President  Pierce,  but  had  refused  to  carry  out 
the  policy  of  the  administration  for  making 
Kansas  a  slave  State.  None  of  the  speeches 
were  fully  reported,  but  that  of  Mr.  Lincoln  has 
been  universally  regarded  by  those  who  heard  it 
as  the  gem  of  the  occasion  and  the  most  brilliant 
of  his  life,  foreshadowing  his  celebrated  "house- 
divided-against-itself"  speech  of  June  17,  1858. 
John  L.  Scripps,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Demo- 
cratic Press,"  writing  of  it,  at  the  time,  to  his 
paper,  said:  "Never  has  it  been  our  fortune  to 
listen  to  a  more  eloquent  and  masterly  presenta- 
tion of  a  subject.  .  .  .  For  an  hour  and  a  half  he 
(Mr.  Lincoln)  held  the  assemblage  spellbound  by 
the  power  of  his  argument,  the  intense  irony  of 
his  invective,  and  the  deep  earnestness  and  fervid 
brilliancy  of  his  eloquence.  When  he  concluded, 
the  audience  sprang  to  their  feet  and  cheer  after 
cheer  told  how  deeply  their  hearts  had  been 
touched  and  their  souls  warmed  up  to  a  generous 
enthusiasm."  At  the  election,  in  November 
following,  although  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  carried  the  State  by  a  plurality  of 
over  9,000  votes,  the  entire  State  ticket  put  in 
nomination  at  Bloomington  was  successful  by 
majorities  ranging  from  3,000  to  20,000  for  the 
several  candidates. 

BLUE  ISLAND,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on 
the  Calumet  River  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific,  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  and 
the  Illinois  Central  Railways.  15  miles  south  of 


54 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Chicago.  It  has  a  high  school,  churches  and  two 
newspapers,  besides  brick,  smelting  and  oil  works. 
Population  (1890),  2,521;  (1900),  6,114. 

BLUE  ISLAND  RAILROAD,  a  short  line  3.96 
miles  in  length,  lying  wholly  within  Illinois; 
capital  stock  $25,000;  operated  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company.  Its  funded  debt 
(1895)  was  §100.000  and  its  floating  debt.  83,779. 

BLUE  MOUND,  a  town  of  Macon  County,  on 
the  Wabash  Railway,  14  miles  southeast  of  De- 
catur;!  in  rich  grain  and  live-stock  region;  has 
three  grain  elevators,  two  banks,  tile  factory  and 
one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  696;  (1900),  714. 

BLUFFS,  a  village  of  Scott  County,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Quincy  and  Hannibal  branches  of 
the  Wabash  Railway,  S3  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field; has  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Population 
(1880),  162;  (1890),  421:  (1900),  O39. 

BOAL,  Robert,  M.D.,  physician  and  legis- 
lator, born  near  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  in  1806;  was 
brought  by  his  parents  to  Ohio  when  five  years 
old  and  educated  at  Cincinnati,  graduating  from 
the  Ohio  Medical  College  in  1828;  settled  at 
Lacon,  111.,  in  1836,  practicing  there  until  1862, 
when,  having  been  appointed  Surgeon  of  the 
Board  of  Enrollment  for  that  District,  he  re- 
moved to  Peoria.  Other  public  positions  held  by 
Dr.  Boal  have  been  those  of  Senator  in  the 
Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  General  Assemblies 
(1844-48),  Representative  in  the  Nineteenth  and 
Twentieth  (1854-58),  and  Trustee  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jacksonville, 
remaining  in  the  latter  position  seventeen  years 
under  the  successive  administrations  of  Gov- 
ernors Bissell,  Yates,  Oglesby,  Palmer  and  Bever- 
idge — the  last  five  years  of  his  service  being 
President  of  the  Board.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  State  Medical  Board  in  1882.  Dr.  Boal 
continued  to  practice  at  Peoria  until  about  1890, 
when  he  retired,  and,  in  1893,  returned  to  Lacon 
to  reside  with  his  daughter,  the  widow  of  the 
late  Colonel  Greenbury  L.  Fort,  for  eight  years 
Representative  in  Congress  from  the  Eighth 
District. 

BOARD  OF  ARBITRATION,  a  Bureau  of  the 
State  Government,  created  by  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, approved  August  2,  1895.  It  is  appointed 
by  the  Executive  and  is  composed  of  three  mem- 
bers (not  more  than  two  of  whom  can  belong  to 
the  same  political  party),  one  of  whom  must  be 
an  employer  of  labor  and  one  a  member  of  some 
labor  organization.  The  term  of  office  for  the 
members  first  named  was  fixed  at  two  years; 
after  March  1.  1897,  it  is  to  be  three  years,  one 
member  retiring  annually.  A  compensation  of 


91,500  per  annum  is  allowed  to  each  member  of 
the  Board,  while  the  Secretary,  who  must  also  be 
a  stenographer,  receives  a  salary  of  $1,200  per 
annum.  When  a  controversy  arises  between  an 
individual,  firm  or  corporation  employing  not  less 
than  twenty -five  persons,  and  his  or  its  employes, 
application  may  be  made  by  the  aggrieved 
party  to  the  Board  for  an  inquiry  into  the 
nature  of  the  disagreement,  or  both  parties  may 
unite  in  the  submission  of  a  case.  The  Board  is 
required  to  visit  the  locality,  carefully  investi- 
gate the  cause  of  the  dispute  and  render  a  deci- 
sion as  soon  as  practicable,  the  same  to  be  at  once 
made  public.  If  the  application  be  filed  by  the 
employer,  it  must  be  accompanied  by  a  stipula- 
tion to  continue  in  business,  and  order  no  lock-out 
for  the  space  of  three  weeks  after  its  date.  In 
like  manner,  complaining  employes  must  promise 
to  continue  peacefully  at  work,  under  existing 
conditions,  for  a  like  period.  The  Board  is 
granted  power  to  send  for  persons  and  papers  and 
to  administer  oaths  to  witnesses.  Its  decisions 
are  binding  upon  applicants  for  six  months  after 
rendition,  or  until  either  party  shall  have  given 
the  other  sixty  days'  notice  in  writing  of  his  or 
their  intention  not  to  be  bound  thereby.  In  case 
the  Board  shall  learn  that  a  disagreement  exists 
between  employes  and  an  employer  having  less 
than  twenty -five  persons  in  his  employ,  and  that 
a  strike  or  lock-out  is  seriously  threatened,  it  is 
made  the  duty  of  the  body  to  put  itself  into 
communication  with  both  employer  and  employes 
and  endeavor  to  effect  an  amicable  settlement 
between  them  by  mediation.  The  absence  of  any 
provision  in  the  law  prescribing  penalties  for  its 
violation  leaves  the  observance  of  the  law,  in  its 
present  form,  dependent  upon  the  voluntary 
action  of  the  parties  interested. 

BOARD  OF  EQUALIZATION,  a  body  organ- 
ized under  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  approved 
March  8,  1867.  It  first  consisted  of  twenty-five 
members,  one  from  each  Senatorial  District. 
The  first  Board  was  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
holding  office  two  years,  afterwards  becoming 
elective  for  a  term  of  four  years.  In  1872  the 
law  was  amended,  reducing  the  number  of  mem- 
bers to  one  for  each  Congressional  District,  the 
whole  number  at  that  time  becoming  nineteen, 
with  the  Auditor  as  a  member  ex-officio,  who 
usually  presides.  From  1884  to  1897  it  consisted 
of  twenty  elective  members,  but,  in  1897,  it  was 
increased  to  twenty-two.  The  Board  meets 
annually  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  August.  The 
abstracts  of  the  property  assessed  for  taxation  in 
the  several  counties  of  the  State  are  laid  before 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


55 


it  for  examination  and  equalization,  but  it  may 
not  reduce  the  aggregate  valuation  nor  increase 
it  more  than  one  per  cent.  Its  powers  over  the 
returns  of  the  assessors  do  not  extend  beyond 
equalization  of  assessments  between  counties. 
The  Board  is  required  to  consider  the  various 
classes  of  property  separately,  and  determine 
such  rates  of  addition  to  or  deduction  from  the 
listed,  or  assessed,  valuation  of  eacli  class  as  it 
may  deem  equitable  and  just.  The  statutes  pre- 
scribe rules  for  determining  the  value  of  all  the 
classes  of  property  enumerated — personal,  real, 
railroad,  telegraph,  etc.  The  valuation  of  the 
capital  stock  of  railroads,  telegraph  and  other 
corporations  (except  newspapers)  is  fixed  by  the 
Board.  Its  consideration  having  been  completed, 
the  Board  is  required  to  summarize  the  results  of 
its  labors  in  a  comparative  table,  which  must  be 
again  examined,  compared  and  perfected. 
Reports  of  each  annual  meeting,  with  the  results 
reached,  are  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  State 
and  distributed  as  are  other  public  documents. 
The  present  Board  (1897-1901)  consists  by  dis- 
tricts of  (1)  George  F.  McKnight,  (2)  John  J. 
McKenna,  (3)  Solomon  Simon.  (4)  Andrew  Mc- 
Ansh,  (5)  Albert  Oberndorf,  (6)  Henry  Severin. 
(7)  Edward  S.  Taylor,  (8)  Theodore  S.  Rogers. 
(9)  Charles  A.  Works.  (10)  Thomas  P.  Pierce,  (11) 
Samuel  M.  Barnes,  (12)  Frank  P.  Martin,  (13) 
Frank  K.  Robeson,  (14)  W.  O.  Cadwallader,  (15) 
J.  S.  Cruttenden,  (16)  H.  D.  Hirshheimer,  (17) 
Thomas  N.  Leavitt,  (18)  Joseph  F.  Long,  (19) 
Richard  Cadle.  (20)  Charles  Emerson.  (21)  John 
W.  Larimer,  (22)  William  A.  Wall,  besides  the 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  as  ex  officio  member 
— the  District  members  being  divided  politically 
in  the  proportion  of  eighteen  Republicans  to  four 
Democrats. 

BOARD  OF  PUBLIC  CHARITIES,  u  State 
Bureau,  created  by  act  of  the  Legislature  in 
1869,  upon  the  recommendation  of  Governor 
Oglesby.  The  act  creating  the  Board  gives  the 
Commissioners  supervisory  oversight  of  the 
financial  and  administrative  conduct  of  all  the 
charitable  and  correctional  institutions  of  the 
State,  with  the  exception  of  the  penitentiaries, 
and  they  are  especially  charged  with  looking 
after  and  caring  for  the  condition  of  the  paupers 
and  the  insane.  As  originally  constituted  the 
Board  consisted  of  five  male  members  who  em- 
ployed a  Secretary.  Later  provision  was  made 
for  the  appointment  of  a  female  Commissioner. 
The  office  is  not  elective.  The  Board  has  always 
carefully  scrutinized  the  accounts  of  the  various 
State  charitable  institutions,  and.  under  its  man- 


agement, no  charge  of  peculation  against  any 
official  connected  with  the  same  has  ever  been 
substantiated ;  there  have  been  no  scandals,  and 
only  one  or  two  isolated  charges  of  cruelty  to 
inmates.  Its  supervision  of  the  county  jails  and 
almshouses  has  been  careful  and  conscientious, 
and  lias  resulted  in  benefit  alike  to  the  tax-payers 
and  the  inmates.  The  Board,  at  the  close  of  the 
year  1898,  consisted  of  the  following  five  mem- 
bers, their  terms  ending  as  indicated  in  paren- 
thesis: J.  C.  Corbus  (1898),  R.  D.  Lawrence 
(1899).  Julia  C.  Lathrop  (1900),  William  J.  Cal 
houn  (1901),  Ephraim  Banning  (1902).  J.  C.  Cor- 
bus was  President  and  Frederick  H.  Wines. 
Secretary. 

BOGARDUS,  Charles,  legislator,  was  born 
in  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y.,  March  28,  1841.  and 
left  an  orphan  at  six  years  of  age ;  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools,  began  working  in  a  store 
at  12,  and,  in  1862,  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty-first  New  York  Infantry,  being  elected 
First  Lieutenant,  and  retiring  from  the  service 
as  Lieutenant-Colonel  "for  gallant  and  meritori- 
ous service"  before  Petersburg.  While  in  the 
service  he  participated  in  some  of  the  most 
important  battles  in  Virginia,  and  was  once 
wounded  and  once  captured.  In  1872  he  located 
in  Ford  County,  111.,  where,  he  lias  been  a  success- 
ful operator  in  real  estate.  He  has  been  twice 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  (1884  and 
'86)  and  three  times  to  the  State  Senate  (1888, 
'92  and  '96),  and  has  served  on  the  most  important 
committees  in  eacli  house,  and  has  proved  him- 
self one  of  the  most  useful  members.  At  the 
session  of  1895  he  was  chosen  President  pro  tern. 
of  the  Senate. 

BOG6S,  Carroll  C.,  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  born  in  Fairfield,  Wayne  County, 
111.,  Oct.  19,  1844,  and  still  resides  in  his  native 
town:  has  held  the  offices  of  State's  Attorney, 
County  Judge  of  Wayne  County,  and  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  Second  Judicial  Circuit, 
being  assigned  also  to  Appellate  Court  duty.  In 
.1  une.  1897,  Judge  Boggs  was  elected  a  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Judge  David  J. 
Baker,  his  term  to  continue  until  1906. 

BOLTWOOD,  Henry  L.,  the  son  of  William 
and  Electa  (Stetson)  Boltwood,  was  born  at  Am- 
herst,  Mass..  Jan.  17,  1831;  fitted  for  college  at 
Amherst  Academy  and  graduated  from  Amherst 
College  in  1853.  While  in  college  he  taught 
school  every  winter,  commencing  on  a  salary  of 
$4  i>er  week  and  "boarding  round"  among  the 
scholars.  After  graduating  he  taught  in  acad- 
emies at  Limerick.  Me.,  and  at  Pembroke  and 


56 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Deny,  N.  H.,  and  in  the  high  school  at  Law- 
rence, Mass. ;  also  served  as  School  Commissioner 
for  Rockingham  County,  N.  H.  In  1864  he  went 
into  the  service  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  in 
the  Department  of  the  Gulf,  remaining  until  the 
close  of  the  war;  was  also  ordained  Chaplain  of  a 
colored  regiment,  but  was  not  regularly  mustered 
in.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  employed 
as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Griggsville,  111., 
for  two  years,  and,  while  there,  in  1867,  organ- 
ized the  first  township  high  school  ever  organized 
in  the  State,  where  he  remained  eleven  years.  He 
afterwards  organized  the  township  high  school  at 
Ottawa,  remaining  there  five  years,  after  which, 
in  1883,  he  organized  and  took  charge  of  the 
township  high  school  at  Evanston,  where  he  has 
since  been  employed  in  his  profession  as  a  teacher. 
Professor  Boltwood  has  been  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education  and  has  served  as  President 
of  the  State  Teachers'  Association.  As  a  teacher 
he  has  given  special  attention  to  English  language 
and  literature,  and  to  history,  being  the  author 
of  an  English  Grammar,  a  High  School  Speller 
and  "Topical  Outlines  of  General  History," 
besides  many  contributions  to  educational  jour- 
nals. He  has  done  a  great  deal  of  institute  work, 
both  in  Illinois  and  Iowa,  and  has  been  known 
somewhat  as  a  tariff  reformer. 

BOND,  Lester  L..  lawyer,  was  born  at  Raven- 
na, Ohio,  Oct.  27,  1829 ;  educated  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  an  academy,  meanwhile  laboring 
in  local  factories ;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1853,  the  following  year  coming  to 
Chicago,  where  he  has  given  his  attention  chiefly 
to  practice  in  connection  with  patent  laws.  Mr. 
Bond  served  several  terms  in  the  Chicago  City 
Council,  was  Republican  Presidential  Elector  in 
1868,  and  served  two  terms  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly—1866-70. 

BOND,  Shadrach,  first  Territorial  Delegate  in 
Congress  from  Illinois  and  first  Governor  of  the 
State,  was  born  in  Maryland,  and,  after  being 
liberally  educated,  removed  to  Kaskaskia  while 
Illinois  was  a  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  first  Territorial 
Legislature  (of  Indiana  Territory)  and  was  the 
first  Delegate  from  the  Territory  of  Illinois  in 
Congress,  serving  from  1812  to  1814.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys;  he  also  held  a  commission  as  Captain  in 
the  War  of  1812.  On  the  admission  of  the  State, 
in  1818,  he  was  elected  Governor,  and  occupied 
the  executive  chair  until  1822.  Died  at  Kaskas- 
kia, April  13, 1832.— Shadrach  Bond,  Sr.,  an  uncle 
of  the  preceding,  came  to  Illinois  in  1781  and  was 


elected  Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County  (then 
comprehending  all  Illinois)  to  the  Territorial 
Legislature  of  Northwest  Territory,  in  1799,  and, 
in  1804,  to  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  newly 
organized  Territory  of  Indiana. 

BOND  COUNTY,  a  small  county  lying  north- 
east from  St.  Louis,  having  an  area  of  380  square 
miles  and  a  population  1900)  of  16,078.  The 
first  American  settlers  located  here  in  1807,  com- 
ing from  the  South,  and  building  Hill's  and 
Jones's  forts  for  protection  from  the  Indians. 
Settlement  was  slow,  in  1816  there  being  scarcely 
twenty-five  log  cabins  in  the  county.  The 
county-seat  is  Greenville,  where  the  first  cabin 
was  erected  in  1815  by  George  Davidson.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1818,  and  named  in 
honor  of  GOT.  Shadrach  Bond.  Its  original 
limits  included  the  present'  counties  of  Clinton, 
Fayette  and  Montgomery.  The  first  court  was 
held  at  Perryville,  and,  in  May,  1817,  Judge. 
Jesse  B.  Thomas  presided  over  the  first  Circuit 
Court  at  Hill's  Station.  The  first  court  house 
was  erected  at  Greenville  in  1822.  The  county 
contains  good  timber  and  farming  lands,  and  at 
some  points,  coal  is  found  near  the  surface. 

BONNEY,  Charles  Carroll,  lawyer  and  re- 
former, was  born  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 
1831 ;  educated  at  Hamilton  Academy  and  settled 
in  Peoria,  111.,  in  1850,  where  he  pursued  the 
avocation  of  a  teacher  while  studying  law ;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1852,  but  removed  to  Chi- 
cago in  1860,  where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in 
practice;  served,  as  President  of  the  National 
Law  and  Order  League  in  New  York  in  1885, 
being  repeatedly  re-elected,  and  has  also  been 
President  of  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Association,  as 
well  as  a  member  of  the  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion. Among  the  reforms  which  he  has  advo- 
cated are  constitutional  prohibition  of  special 
legislation;  an  extension  of  equity  practice  to 
bankruptcy  and  other  law  proceedings;  civil  serv- 
ice pensions ;  State  Boards  of  labor  and  capital, 
etc.  He  has  also  published  some  treatises  in  book 
form,  chiefly  on  legal  questions,  besides  editing 
a  volume  of  "Poems  by  Alfred  W.  Arlington, 
with  a  sketch  of  his  Character"  (1869. )  As  Presi- 
dent of  the  World's  Congresses  Auxiliary,  in  1893, 
Mr.  Bonney  contributed  largely  to  the  success  of 
that  very  interesting  and  important  feature  of 
the  great  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago. 

BOONE,  Lev!  I).,  M.  D.,  early  physician,  was 
bom  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  December,  1808 — a 
descendant  of  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone;  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Transylvania 
University  and  came  to  Edwardsville,  111. ,  at  an 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


57 


early  day,  afterwards  locating  at  Hillsboro  and 
taking  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  as  Captain  of 
a  cavalry  company ;  came  to  Chicago  in  1836  and 
engaged  in  the  insurance  business,  later  resuming 
the  practice  of  his  profession;  served  several 
terms  as  Alderman  and  was  elected  Mayor  in 
1855  by  a  combination  of  temperance  men  and 
Know-Nothings ;  acquired  a  large  property  by 
operations  in  real  estate.  Died,  February, 
1882 

BOONE  COUNTY,  the  smallest  of  the  "north- 
ern tier"  of  counties,  having  an  area  of  only  290 
square  miles,  and  a  population  (1900)  of  15,791. 
Its  surface  is  chiefly  rolling  prairie,  and  the 
principal  products  are  oats  and  corn.  The  earli- 
est settlers  came  from  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  among  them  were  included  Medkiff, 
Dunham,  Caswell,  Cline,  Towner,  Doty  and 
Whitney.  Later  (after  the  Pottawattomies  had 
evacuated  the  country),  came  the  Shattuck 
brothers,  Maria  Hollenbeck  and  Mrs.  Bullard, 
Oliver  Hale,  Nathaniel  Crosby,  Dr.  Whiting,  H. 
C.  Walker,  and  the  Neeley  and  Mahoney  families. 
Boone  County  was  cut  off  from  Winnebago,  and 
organized  in  1837,  being  named  in  honor  of  Ken- 
tucky's pioneer.  The  first  frame  house  in  the 
county  was  erected  by  S.  F.  Doty  and  stood  for 
fifty  years  in  the  village  of  Belvidere  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Kishwaukee  River.  The  county-seat 
(Belvidere)  was  platted  in  1837,  and  an  academy 
built  soon  after.  The  first  Protestant  church 
was  a  Baptist  society  under  the  pastorate  of  Rev. 
Dr.  King. 

BOURBONN  AIS,  a  village  of  Kankakee  County, 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  5  miles  north  of 
Kankakee.  Population  (1890),  510;  (1900).  595. 

BOUTELL,  Henry  Sherman,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  14, 
1856,  graduated  from  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity at  Evanston,  111.,  in  1874,  and  from  Harvard 
in  1876;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois  in 
1879,  and  to  that  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  in  1885.  In  1884  Mr.  Boutell  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Thirty-fourth 
General  Assembly  and  was  one  of  the  "103"  who, 
in  the  long  struggle  during  the  following  session, 
participated  in  the  election  of  Gen.  John  A. 
Logan  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  the  last 
time.  At  a  special  election  held  in  the  Sixth 
Illinois  District  in  November,  1897,  he  was 
elected  Representative  in  Congress  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  sudden  death  of  his  pred- 
ecessor, Congressman  Edward  D.  Cooke,  and  at 
the  regular  election  of  1898  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  position,  receiving  a  plurality  of  1,116  over 


his  Democratic  competitor  and  a  majority  of  719 
over  all. 

BOUTON,  Nathaniel  S.,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  May  14,  1828;  in  his 
youth  farmed  and  taught  school  in  Connecticut, 
but  in  1852  came  to  Chicago  and  was  employed 
in  a  foundry  firm,  of  which  he  soon  afterwards 
became  a  partner,  in  the  manufacture  of  car- 
wheels  and  railway  castings.  Later  he  became 
associated  with  the  American  Bridge  Company's 
works,  which  was  sold  to  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company  in  1857,  when  he  bought  the 
Union  Car  Works,  which  ho  operated  until  1863. 
He  then  became  the  head  of  the  Union  Foundry 
Works,  which  having  been  consolidated  with 
the  Pullman  Car  Works  in  1886,  he  retired, 
organizing  the  Bouton  Foundry  Company.  Mr. 
Bouton  is  a  Republican,  was  Commissioner  of 
Public  Works  for  the  city  of  Chicago  two  terms 
before  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  Assistant 
Quartermaster  in  the  Eighty-eighth  Illinois 
Infantry  (Second  Board  of  Trade  Regiment) 
from  1862  until  after  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

BOYD,  Thomas  A.,  was  born  in  Adams  County, 
Pa.,  June  25,  1830,  and  graduated  at  Marshall 
College,  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  at  the  age  of  18; 
studied  law  at  Chambersburg  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  Bedford  in  his  native  State,  where 
he  practiced  until  1856.  when  he  removed  to  Illi- 
nois. In  1861  he  abandoned  his  practice  to  enlist 
in  the  Seventeenth  Illinois  Infantry,  in  which  he 
held  the  position  of  Captain.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  his  home  at  Lewistown,  and, 
in  1866,  was  elected  State  Senator  and  re-elected 
at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1870,  serving  in 
the  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth  and  Twenty- 
seventh  General  Assemblies.  He  was  also  a 
Republican  Representative  from  his  District  in 
the  Forty-fifth  and  Forty-sixth  Congresses 
(1877-81).  Died,.at  Lewistown,  May  28,  1897. 

BRACEVILLE,  a  town  In  Grundy  County,  61 
miles  by  rail  southwest  of  Chicago.  Coal  mining 
is  the  principal  industry.  The  town  has  two 
banks,  two  churches  and  good  public  schools. 
Population  (1890),  2,150;  (1900).  1,669. 

BBADFORD,  village  of  Stark  County,  on  Buda 
and  Rushville  branch  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railway ;  is  in  excellent  farming  region 
and  has  large  grain  and  live-stock  trade,  excel- 
lent high  school  building,  fine  churches,  good 
hotels  and  one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  773. 

HRAItSBY.  William  H.,  pioneer  and  Judge, 
was  born  in  Bedford  County,  Va.,  July  12,  1787. 
He  removed  to  Illinois  early  in  life,  and  was  the 
first  postmaster  in  Washington  County  (at  Cov- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


ington),  the  first  school-teacher  and  the  first 
Circuit  and  County  Clerk  and  Recorder.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  Probate  and  County 
Judge.  Besides  being  Clerk  qf  all  the  courts,  he 
was  virtually  County  Treasurer,  as  he  had  cus- 
tody of  all  the  county's  money.  For  several 
years  he  was  also  Deputy  United  States  Surveyor, 
and  in  that  capacity  surveyed  much  of  the  south 
part  of  the  State,  as  far  east  as  Wayne  and  Clay 
Counties.  Died  at  Nashville,  111  ,  August  21, 
1839. 

BRADWELL,  James  Bolesworth,  lawyer  and 
editor,  was  born  at  Lougliborough.  England,  April 
16.  1888,  and  brought  to  America  in  infancy,  his 
parents  locating  in  1829  or  '30  at  Utica,  N.  Y.  In 
1833  they  emigrated  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  but  the 
following  year  removed  to  Wheeling,  Cook 
County,  settling  on  a  farm,  where  the  younger 
Bradwell  received  his  first  lessons  in  breaking 
prairie,  splitting  rails  and  tilling  the  soil.  His 
first  schooling  was  obtained  in  a  country  log- 
school-house,  but.  later,  he  attendeil  the  Wilson 
Academy  in  Chicago,  where  he  had  Judge  Lo- 
renzo Sawyer  for  an  instructor.  He  also  took  a 
course  in  Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  then  a 
manual-labor  school,  supporting  himself  by  work- 
ing in  a  wagon  and  plow  shop,  sawing  wood, 
etc.  In  May,  1852,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Myra 
Colby,  a  teacher,  with  whom  he  went  to  Mem- 
phis, Tenn..  the  same  year,  where  they  engaged 
in  teaching  a  select  school,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  meanwhile  devoting  some  attention  to 
reading  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there, 
inn  after  a  stay  of  less  than  two  years  in  Mem- 
phis, returned  to  Chicago  and  began  practice. 
In  1861  he  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Cook 
County,  and  re-elected  four  years  later,  but 
declined  a  re-election  in  1869.  The  first  half  of 
his  term  occurring  during  the  progress  of  the 
Civil  War,  he  had  the  opportunity  of  rendering 
some  vigorous  decisions  which  won  for  him  the 
reputation  of  a  man  of  courage  and  inflexible 
independence,  as  well  as  an  incorruptible  cham- 
pion of  justice.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  Twenty-eighth  General 
Assembly  from  Cook  County,  and  re-elected  in 
1874.  He  was  again  a  candidate  in  1882,  and  by 
many  believed  to  have  been  honestly  elected, 
though  his  opponent  received  the  certificate.  He 
made  a  contest  for  the  seat,  and  the  majority  of 
the  Committee  on  Elections  reported  in  his 
favor ;  but  he  was  defeated  through  the  treach- 
ery and  suspected  corruption  of  a  professed  polit- 
ical friend.  He  is  the  author  of  the  law  making 
women  eligible  to  school  offices  in  Illinois  and 


allowing  them  to  become  Notaries  Public,  and 
has  always  been  a  champion  for  equal  rights  for 
women  in  the  professions  and  as  citizens.  'He 
was  a  Second  Lieutenant  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifth  Regiment,  Illinois  Militia,  in  1848;  presided 
over  the  American  Woman's  Suffrage  Associa- 
tion at  its  organization  in  Cleveland;  has  been 
President  of  the  Chicago  Press  Club,  of  the  Chi- 
cago Bar  Association,  and,  for  a  number  of  years, 
the  Historian  of  the  latter;  one  of  the  founders 
and  President  of  the  Union  League  Club,  besides 
l*ing  associated  with  many  other  social  and 
business  organizations.  At  present  (1899)  he  is 
editor  of  "The  Chicago  Legal  News,"  founded  by 
his  wife  thirty  years  ago,  and  with  which  he  has 
been  identified  in  a  business  capacity  from  its 
establishment.— Myra  Colby  (Bradwell),  the  wife 
of  Judge  Bradwell.  was  born  at  Manchester,  Vt., 
Feb.  12,  1831 — being  descended  on  her  mother's 
side  from  the  Chase  family  to  which  Bishop 
Philander  Chase  and  Salmon  P.  Chase,  the  latter 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  by  appointment  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  belonged.  In  infancy  she  was  brought 
to  Portage,  N.  Y. ,  where  she  remained  until  she 
was  twelve  years  of  age,  when  her  family  re- 
moved west.  She  attended  school  in  Kenosha. 
Wis.,  and  a  seminary  at  Elgin,  afterwards  being 
engaged  in  teaching.  On  May  18,  1852,  she  was 
married  to  Judge  Bradwell,  almost  immediately 
going  to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  where,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  her  husband,  she  conducted  a  select  school 
for  some  time,  also  teaching  in  the  public  schools, 
when  they  returned  to  Chicago.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  Civil  War  she  took  a  deep  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  the  soldiers  in  the  field  and  their 
families  at  home,  becoming  President  of  the 
Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  and  was  a  leading  spirit  in 
the  Sanitary  Fairs  held  in  Chicago  in  1863  and  in 
1865.  After  the  war  she  commenced  the  study 
of  law  and,  in  1868,  began  the  publication  of 
"The  Chicago  Legal  News,"  with  which  she  re- 
mained identified  until  her  death — also  publishing 
biennially  an  edition  of  the  session  laws  after 
each  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  After 
passing  a  most  creditable  examination,  applica- 
tion was  made  for  her  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1871,  but  denied  in  an  elaborate  decision  rendered 
by  Judge  C.  B.  Lawrence  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  State,  on  the  sole  ground  of  sex,  as 
was  also  done  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  in  1873,  on  the  latter  occasion 
Chief  Justice  Chase  dissenting.  She  was  finally 
admitted  to  the  bar  on  March  28,  1892,  and  was 
the  first  lady  member  of  the  State  Bar  Associ- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ation.  Other  organizations  with  which  she  was 
identified  embraced  the  Illinois  State  Press 
Association,  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Sol- 
diers' Home  (in  war  time),  the  "Illinois  Industrial 
School  for  Girls"  at  Evanston,  the  Washingtonian 
Home,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  Chairman  of 
the  Woman's  Committee  on  Jurisprudence  of  the 
World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of  1893.  Although 
much  before  the  public  during  the  latter  years  of 
her  life,  she  never  lost  the  refinement  and  graces 
which  belong  to  a  true  woman.  Died,  at  her 
home  in  Chicago,  Feb.  14,  1894. 

BRAIDWOOD,  a  city  in  Will  County,  incorpo- 
rated in  1860;  is  58  miles  from  Chicago,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad;  an  important  coal- 
mining point,  and  in  the  heart  of  a  ricli 
agricultural  region.  It  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890).  4,641 ;  ( 1900),  3,279. 

BRANSON,  Nathaniel  W..  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Jacksonville,  111.,  May  29,  1837;  was  educated  in 
the  private  and  public  schools  of  that  city  and  at 
Illinois  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1857;  studied  law  with  David  A.  Smith,  a  promi- 
nent and  able  lawyer  of  Jacksonville,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1860,  soon  after 
establishing  himself  in  practice  at  Petersburg, 
Menard  County,  where  he  has  ever  since  resided. 
In  1867  Mr.  Branson  was  appointed  Register  in 
Bankruptcy  for  the  Springfield  District  —  a  po- 
sition which  he  held  thirteen  years.  He  was  also 
elected  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly 
in  1872,  by  re-election  in  1874  serving  four  years 
in  the  stormy  Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth 
General  Assemblies ;  was  a  Delegate  from  Illinois 
to  the  National  Republican  Convention  of  1876. 
and  served  for  several  years  most  efficiently  as  a 
Trustee  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Blind  at 
Jacksonville,  part  of  the  time  as  President  of  the 
Board.  Politically  a  conservative  Republican, 
and  in  no  sense  an  office-seeker,  the  official  po- 
sitions which  he  has  occupied  have  come  to  him 
unsought  and  in  recognition  of  his  fitness  and 
capacity  for  the  proper  discharge  of  their  duties. 

BRAYMAN,  Mason,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1813;  brought  up 
as  a  farmer,  became  a  printer  and  edited  "The 
Buffalo  Bulletin,"  1834-35;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1836;  removed  west  in 
1837,  was  City  Attorney  of  Monroe,  Mich.,  in  1838 
and  became  editor  of  "The  Louisville  Adver- 
tiser" in  1841.  In  1842  he  opened  a  law  office  in 
Springfield,  111.,  and  the  following  year  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Ford  a  commissioner  to 
adjust  the  Mormon  troubles,  in  which  capacity 


he  rendered  valuable  service.  In  1844-45  he  was 
appointed  to  revise  the  statutes  of  the  State. 
Later  he  devoted  much  attention  to  railroad 
enterprises,  being  attorney  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad.  1851-53;  then  projected  the  construe 
tion  of  a  railroad  from  Bird's  Point,  opposite 
Cairo,  into  Arkansas,  which  was  partially  com- 
pleted before  the  war,  and  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed during  that  period.  In  1861  he  entered 
the  service  as  Major  of  the  Twenty -ninth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  taking  part  in  a  number  of  the  early 
battles,  including  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh; 
was  promoted  to  a  colonelcy  for  meritorious  con- 
duct at  the  latter,  and  for  a  time  served  as 
Adjutant-General  on  the  staff  of  General  McCler- 
nand;  was  promoted  Brigadier-General  in  Sep- 
teml>er,  1862,  at  the  close  of  the  war  receiving 
the  brevet  rank  of  Major-General.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  devoted  considerable  atten- 
tion to  reviving  his  railroad  enterprises  in  the 
South;  edited  "The  Illinois  State  Journal," 
187273;  removed  to  Wisconsin  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Idaho  in  1876,  serving  four 
years,  after  which  he  returned  to  Ripon,  WLs. 
Died,  in  Kansas  City,  Feb.  27,  1895. 

BRKESK,  a  village  in  Clinton  County,  on 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  S.  W.  Railway,  39  miles  east  of 
St.  Louis;  lias  coal  mines,  water  system,  bank  and 
weekly  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890).  80S.  (1900),  1,571. 

BREESE.  Sidney,  statesman  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Whitesboro,  N  Y..  (according  to  the 
generally  accepted  authority)  July  15,  1800. 
Owing  to  a  certain  sensitiveness  about  his  age  in 
his  later  years,  it  has  been  exceedingly  difficult 
to  secure  authentic  data  on  the  subject;  but  his 
arrival  at  Kaskaskia  in  1818,  after  graduating  at 
Union  College,  and  his  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1820,  have  induced  many  to  believe  that  the  date 
of  his  birth  should  be  placed  somewhat  earlier. 
He  was  related  to  some  of  the  most  prominent 
families  in  New  York,  including  the  Livingstons 
and  the  Morses,  and,  after  his  arrival  at  Kaskas- 
kia, began  the  study  of  law  with  his  friend  Elias 
Kent  Kane,  afterwards  United  States  Senator. 
Meanwhile,  having  served  as  Postmaster  at  Kas- 
kaskia, he  became  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
and,  in  December,  1820,  superintended  the  re- 
moval of  the  archives  of  that  office  to  Vandalia. 
the  new  State  capital.  Later  he  was  appointed 
Prosecuting  Attorney,  serving  in  that  position 
from  1822  till  1827,  when  he  became  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  Illinois.  He  was 
the  first  official  reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
issuing  its  first  volume  of  decisions;  served  as 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  volunteers  during  the 


60 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


Black  Hawk  War  (1832);  in  1835  was  elected  to 
the  circuit  bench,  and,  in  1841,  was  advanced  to 
the  Supreme  bench,  serving  less  than  two  years, 
when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  seat  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1843  as 
the  successor  of  Richard  M.  Young,  defeating 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  in  the  first  race  of  the  latter 
for  the  office.  While  in  the  Senate  (1843-49)  he 
served  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Public 
Lands,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  suggest  the 
construction  of  a  transcontinental  railway  to  the 
Pacific.  He  was  also  one  of  the  originators  and 
active  promoters  in  Congress  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  enterprise.  He  was  Speaker  of  the 
Illinois  House  of  Representatives  in  1851 ,  again 
became  Circuit  Judge  in  1855  and  returned  to 
the  Supreme  bench  in  1857  and  served  more  than 
one  term  as  Chief  Justice,  the  last  being  in 
1873-74.  His  home  during  most  of  his  public  life 
in  Illinois  was  at  Carlyle.  His  death  occurred 
at  Pinckneyville,  June  28,  1878. 

II R  K\T \  >"( »,  Lorenzo,  was  born  at  Mannheim, 
in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  Germany,  Nov. 
14,  1813;  was  educated  at  the  Universities  ol 
Heidelberg  and  Freiburg,  receiving  the  degree  of 
I.L.I).,  and  attaining  high  honors,  both  profes- 
sional and  political.  He  was  successively  a 
member  of  the  Baden  Chamber  of  Deputies  and 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament,  and  always  a  leader 
of  the  revolutionist  party.  In  1849  he  became 
President  of  the  Provisional  Republican  Gov- 
ernment of  Baden,  but  was,  before  long,  forced 
to  find  an  asylum  in  the  United  States.  He  first 
settled  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Mich.,  as  a  farmer, 
but,  in  1859,  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar,  but  soon  entered  the 
field  of  journalism,  becoming  editor  and  part 
proprietor  of  "The  Illinois  Staats  Zeitung."  He 
held  various  public  offices,  being  elected  to  the 
Legislature  in  1862,  serving  five  years  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Education,  was  a 
Republican  Presidential  Elector  in  1868,  and 
United  States  Consul  at  Dresden  in  1872  (a  gen- 
eral amnesty  having  been  granted  to  the 
participants  in  the  revolution  of  1848),  and 
Representative  in  Congress  from  1877  to  1879. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  Sept.  17,  1891. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  town  of  Lawrence  County, 
on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad, 
14  miles  west  of  Vincennes,  Ind.  It  has  a  bank 
and  one  weekly  paper.  Population  (1900),  487. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  former  suburb  (now  a  part  of 
the  city)  of  Chicago,  located  at  the  junction  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  with  the  South 
Branch  of  the  Chicago  River.  It  is  now  the 


center  of  the  large  slaughtering  and  packing 
industry. 

BRIDGEPORT  &  SOUTH  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.) 

BRIGHTON,  a  village  of  Macoupin  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the 
Rock  Island  and  St.  Louis  branch  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railways;  coal  is  mined 
here;  has  a  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  691; 
(1890),  697;  (1900),  660. 

BKIM FIELD,  a  town  of  Peoria  County,  on  the 
Buda  and  Rushville  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railway,  38  miles  south  of 
Buda;  coal-mining  and  farming  are  the  chief 
industries.  It  has  one  weekly  paper  and  a  bank. 
Population  (1880),  832;  (1890),  719;  (1900),  677. 

BRISTOL,  Frank  Milton,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Orleans  County,  N.  Y. ,  Jan.  4,  1851;  came 
to  Kankakee,  111.,  in  boyhood,  and  having  lost 
his  father  at  12  years  of  age,  spent  the  following 
years  in  various  manual  occupations  until  about 
nineteen  years  of  age,  when,  having  been  con- 
verted, he  determined  to  devote  his  life  to  the 
ministry.  Through  the  aid  of  a  benevolent  lady, 
he  was  enabled  to  get  two  years'  (1870-72)  instruc- 
tion at  the  Northwestern  University,  at  Evans- 
ton,  afterwards  supporting  himself  by  preaching 
at  various  points,  meanwhile  continuing  his 
studies  at  the  University  until  1877.  After  com- 
pleting his  course  he  served  as  pastor  of  some  of 
the  most  prominent  Methodist  churches  in  Chi- 
cago, his  last  charge  in  the  State  being  at  Evans- 
ton.  In  1897  he  was  transferred  to  Washington 
'  City,  becoming  pastor  of  the  Metropolitan  M.  E. 
Church,  attended  by  President  McKinley.  Dr. 
Bristol  is  an  author  of  some  repute  and  an  orator 
of  recognized  ability. 

BROA  DWELL,  Norman  M.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Morgan  County,  111.,  August  1,  1825;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKendree 
and  Illinois  Colleges,  but  compelled  by  failing 
health  to  leave  college  without  graduating ;  spent 
some  time  in  the  book  business,  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  a  view  to  benefiting  his 
own  health,  but  finally  abandoned  this  and,  about 
1850,  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of 
Lincoln  &  Heradon  at  Springfield.  Having  been 
admitted  to  the  bar,  he  practiced  for  a  time  at 
Pekin,  but,  in  1854,  returned  to  Springfield, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1860 
he  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  Sangamon  County,  serving 
in  the  Twenty -second  General  Assembly.  Other 
offices  held  by  him  included  those  of  County 
Judge  (1863-65)  and  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Spring- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


61 


field,  to  which  last  position  he  was  twice  elected 
(1867  and  again  in  1869).  Judge  Broadwell  was 
one  of  the  most  genial  of  men,  popular,  high- 
minded  and  honorable  in  all  his  dealings.  Died, 
in  Springfield,  Feb.  28,  1893. 

BROOKS,  John  Flavcl,  educator,  was  born 
in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  Dec.  3,  1801; 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  1838;  studied 
three  years  in  the  theological  department  of  Yale 
College;  was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  min- 
istry in  1831,  and  came  to  Illinois  in  the  service 
of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society. 
After  preaching  at  Collinsville,  Belleville  and 
other  points,  Mr.  Brooks,  who  was  a  member  of 
the.  celebrated  "Yale  Band,"  in  1837  assumed  the 
principalship  of  a  Teachers'  Seminary  at  Waverly, 
Morgan  County,  but  three  years  later  removed  to 
Springfield,  where  he  established  an  academy  for 
both  sexes.  Although  finally  compelled  to 
abandon  this,  he  continued  teaching  with  some 
interruptions  to  within  a  few  years  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1886.  He  was  one  of  the  Trus- 
tees of  Illinois  College  from  its  foundation  up  to 
his  death. 

BBOSS,  William,  journalist,  was  born  in  Sus- 
sex County,  N.  J.,  Nov.  14,  1813,  and  graduated 
with  honors  from  Williams  College  in  1838,  hav- 
ing previously  developed  his  physical  strength 
by  much  hard  work  upon  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal,  and  in  the  lumbering  trade.  For 
five  years  after  graduating  he  was  a  teacher,  and 
settled  in  Chicago  in  1848.  Th  sre  he  first  engaged 
in  bookselling,  but  later  embarked  in  journalism. 
His  first  publication  was  "The  Prairie  Herald,"  a 
religious  paper,  which  was  discontinued  after 
two  years.  In  1852,  in  connection  with  John  L. 
Scripps,  he  founded  "The  Democratic  Press," 
which  was  consolidated  with  "The  Tribune"  in 
1858,  Mr.  Bross  retaining  his  connection  with  the 
new  concern.  He  was  always  an  ardent  free- 
soiler,  and  a  firm  believer  in  the  great  future  of 
Chicago  and  the  Northwest.  He  was  an  enthusi- 
astic Republican,  and,  in  1856  and  1860,  served  as 
an  effective  campaign  orator.  In  1864  he  was 
the  successful  nominee  of  his  party  for  Lieuten- 
ant-' Jovernor.  This  was  his  only  official  position 
outside  of  a  membership  in  the  Chicago  Common 
Council  in  1855.  As  a  presiding  officer,  he  was 
dignified  yet  affable,  and  his  impartiality  was 
shown  by  the  fact  that  no  appeals  were  taken 
from  his  decisions.  After  quitting  public  life  he 
devoted  much  time  to  literary  pursuits,  deliver- 
ing lectures  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
Among  his  best  known  works  are  a  brief  "His- 
tory of  Chicago,"  "History  of  Camp  Douglas," 


and  "Tom  Quick."    Died,  in  Chicago,  Jan.  27. 
1890. 

BROWN,  Henry,  lawyer  and  historian,  was 
born  at  Hebron,  Tolland  County,  Conn.,  May  13. 
1789 — the  son  of  a  commissary  in  the  army  of 
General  Greene  of  Revolutionary  fame;  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  College,  and,  when  of  age,  removed 
to  New  York,  later  studying  law  at  Albany, 
Canandaigua  and  Batavia,  and  being  admitted  to 
the  bar  about  1813,  when  he  settled  down  in 
practice  at  Cooperstown ;  in  1816  was  appointed 
Judge  of  Herkimer  County,  -remaining  on  the 
bench  until  about  1834.  He  then  resumed  prac- 
tice at  Cooperstown.  continuing  until  1836,  when 
he  removed  to  Chicago.  The  following  year  he 
was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  serving  two 
years,  and,  in  1842,  became  Prosecuting  Attorney 
of  Cook  County.  During  this  period  he  was 
engaged  in  writing  a  "History  of  Illinois,"  which 
was  published  in  New  York  in  1844  This  was 
regarded  at  the  time  as  the  most  voluminous  and 
best  digested  work  on  Illinois  history  that  had  as 
yet  been  published.  In  1846,  on  assuming  the 
Presidency  of  the  Chicago  Lyceum,  he  delivered 
an  inaugural  entitled  "Chicago,  Present  and 
Future,"  which  is  still  preserved  as  a  striking 
prediction  of  Chicago's  future  greatness.  Origi- 
nally a  Democrat,  he  became  a  Freesoiler  in  1848. 
Died  of  cholera,  in  Chicago,  May  16,  1849. 

BROWN,  James  B.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Gilmanton,  Belknap  County,  N.  H.,  Sept.  1, 
1833 — his  father  being  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  Selectman  for  his  town.  The  son  was 
educated  at  Gilmanton  Academy,  after  which  he 
studied  medicine  for  a  time,  but  did  not  gradu- 
ate. In  1857  he  removed  West,  first  settling  at 
Dunleith,  Jo  Daviess  County,  111.,  where  he 
became  Principal  of  the  public  schools;  in  1861 
was  elected  County  Superintendent  of  Schools 
for  Jo  Daviess  County,  removing  to  Galena  two 
years  later  and  assuming  the  editorship  of  "The 
Gazette"  of  that  city.  Mr.  Brown  also  served  as 
Postmaster  of  Galena  for  several  years.  Died, 
Feb.  13,  1896. 

BROWN,  James  N.,  agriculturist  and  stock- 
man, was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  1, 
1806;  came  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in  1833, 
locating  at  Island  Grove,  where  he  engaged 
extensively  in  farming  and  stock-raising.  He 
served  as  Representative  in  the  General  Assem- 
blies of  1840,  '42,  '46,  and  '52,  and  in  the  last  was 
instrumental  in  securing  the  incorporation  of  the 
Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  the  first  President,  being  re-elected  in 
1854.  He  was  one  of  the  most  enterprising  grow- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


era  of  blooded  cattle  in  the  State  and  did  much  to 
introduce  them  in  Central  Illinois ;  was  also  an 
earnest  and  influential  advocate  of  scientific 
education  for  the  agricultural  classes  and  an 
efficient  colaborer  with  Prof.  J.  B.  Turner,  of 
Jacksonville,  in  securing  the  enactment  by  Con- 
gress, in  1862.  of  the  law  granting  lands  for  the 
endowment  of  Industrial  Colleges,  out  of  which 
grew  the  Illinois  State  University  and  institu- 
tions of  like  character  in  other  States.  Died, 
Nov.  16,  1868. 

BROWN,  William,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
June  1,  1819,  in  Cumberland,  England,  his  par- 
ents emigrating  to  this  country  when  he  was 
eight  years  old,  and  settling  in  Western  New 
York.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rochester, 
in  October,  1845,  and  at  once  removed  to  Rock- 
ford,  111.,  where  he  commenced  practice.  In  1852 
he  was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Four- 
teenth Judicial  Circuit,  and,  in  1837,  was  chosen 
Mayor  of  Rockford.  In  1870  he  was  elected  to 
the  bench  of  the  Circuit  Court  as  successor  to 
Judge  Sheldon,  later  was  promoted  to  the  Su- 
preme Court,  and  was  re-elected  successively  in 
1873,  in  '79  and  .'85.  Died,  at  Rockford,  Jan.  15, 
1891. 

BROWN,  William  H.,  lawyer  and  financier, 
was  born  in  Connecticut,  Dec.  20,  1796;  spent 
his  boyhood  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  studied  law,  and, 
in  1818,  came  to  Illinois  with  Samuel  D.  Lock- 
wood  (afterwards  a  Justice  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court),  descending  the  Ohio  River  to  Shawnee- 
town  in  a  flat-boat.  Mr.  Brown  visited  Kaskas- 
kia  and  was  soon  after  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  by  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope,  removing,  in  1820,  to  Vandalia,  the  new 
State  capital,  where  he  remained  until  1835.  He 
then  removed  to  Chicago  to  accept  the  position  of 
Cashier  of  the  Chicago  branch  of  the  State  Bank 
of  Illinois,  which  he  continued  to  fill  for  many 
years.  He  served  the  city  as  School  Agent  for 
thirteen  years  (1840-53),  managing  the  city's 
school  fund  through  a  critical  period  with  great 
discretion  and  success.  He  was  one  of  the  group 
of  early  patriots  who  successfully  resisted  the 
attempt  to  plant  slavery  in  Illinois  in  1823-24; 
was  also  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Chicago  & 
Oalena  Union  Railroad,  was  President  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society  for  seven  years  and 
connected  with  many  other  local  enterprises. 
He  was  an  ardent  personal  friend  of  President 
Lincoln  and  served  as  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-second  General  Assembly  (1860-62). 
While  making  a  tour  of  Europe  lie  died  of  paraly- 
sis at  Amsterdam,  June  17,  1867. 


BROWN  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  300  square 
miles,  and  a  population  (1890)  of  11,951 ;  was  cut 
off  from  Schuyler  and  made  a  separate  county  in 
May,  1839,  being  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Jacob 
Brown.  Among  the  pioneer  settlers  were  the 
Vandeventers  and  Hambaughs,  John  and  David 
Six,  William  McDaniel,  Jeremiah  Walker, 
Willis  O'Neil,  Harry  Lester,  John  Ausmus  apd 
Robert  H.  Curry.  The  county-seat  is  Mount 
Sterling,  a  town  of  no  little  attractiveness. 
Other  prosperous  villages  are  Mound  Station  and 
Ripley.  The  chief  occupation  of  the  people  is 
farming,  although  there  is  some  manufacturing 
of  lumber  and  a  few  potteries  along  the  Illinois 
River.  Population  (1900),  11,557. 

BROWNE,  Francis  Fisher,  editor  and  author, 
was  born  in  South  Halifax,  Vt.,  Dec.  1,  1843,  the 
son  of  William  Goldsmith  Browne,  who  was  a 
teacher,  editor  and  author  of  the  song  "A  Hun- 
dred Years  to  Come."  In  childhood  he  was 
brought  by  his  parents  to  Western  Massachusetts, 
where  he  attended  the  public  schools  and  learned 
the  printing  trade  in  his  father's  newspaper 
office  at  Chicopee,  Mass.  Leaving  school  in  1862. 
he  enlisted  in  the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers,  in  which  he  served  one 
year,  chiefly  in  North  Carolina  and  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  On  the  discharge  of  his  regi- 
ment he  engaged  in  the  study  of  law  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  entering  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1866,  but  abandoning 
his  intenton  of  entering  the  legal  profession, 
removed  to  Chicago  in  1867,  where  he  engaged  in 
journalistic  and  literary  pursuits.  Between  1869 
and  '74  he  was  editor  of  "The  Lakeside  Monthly,  " 
when  he  became  literary  editor  of  "The  Alliance. " 
but,  in  1880,  he  established  and  assumed  the 
editorship  of  "The  Dial,"  a  purely  literary  pub 
liration  which  has  gained  a  high  reputation,  and 
of  which  he  has  remained  in  control  continuously 
ever  since,  meanwhile  serving  as  the  literary 
adviser,  for  many  years,  of  the  well-known  pub 
lishing  house  of  McClurg  &  Co.  Besides  his 
journalistic  work,  Mr.  Browne  has  contributed 
to  the  magazines  and  literary  anthologies  a  num- 
ber of  short  lyrics,  and  is  the  author  of  "The 
Everyday  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  (1886),  and 
a  volume  of  poems  entitled,  "Volunteer  Grain" 
(1893).  He  also  compiled  and  edited  "Golden 
Poems  by  British  and  American  Authors"  (1881) ; 
"The  Golden  Treasury  of  Poetry  and  Prose" 
(1886),  and  the  "Laurel  Crowned"series  of  stand- 
ard poetry  (1891-92).  Mr.  Browne  was  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Congress  of  Authors  in 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


63 


the  "World's  Congress  Auxiliary  held  in  con- 
nection with  The  Columbian  Exposition  in 
1893. 

BROWNE,  Thomas  C.,  early  jurist,  was  born  in 
Kentucky,  studied  law  there  and,  coming  to 
Shawneetown  in  1812,  served  in  the  lower  branch 
of  the  Second  Territorial  Legislature  (1814-16) 
and  in  the  Council  (1816-18),  being  the  first  law- 
yer to  enter  that  body.  In  1815  he  was  appointed 
Prosecuting  Attorney  and,  on  the  admission  of 
Illinois  as  a  State,  was  promoted  to  the  Supreme 
bench,  being  re-elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the 
Legislature  in  1825,  and  serving  continuously 
until  the  reorganization  of  the  Supreme  Court 
under  the  Constitution  of  1848,  a  period  of  over 
thirty  years.  Judge  Browne's  judicial  character 
and  abilities  have  been  differently  estimated. 
Though  lacking  in  industry  as  a  student,  he  is 
represented  by  the  late  Judge  John  D.  Caton, 
who  knew  him  personally,  as  a  close  thinker  and 
a  good  judge  of  men.  While  seldom,  if  ever, 
accustomed  to  argue  questions  in  the  conference 
room  or  write  out  his  opinions,  he  had  a  capacity 
for  expressing  himself  in  short,  pungent  sen- 
tences, which  indicated  that  he  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable ability  and  had  clear  and  distinct  views 
of  his  own.  An  attempt  was  made  to  impeach 
him  before  the  Legislature  of  1843  "for  want  of 
capacity  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office," 
but  it  failed  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote.  He 
was  a  Whig  in  politics,  but  had  some  strong  sup- 
porters among  Democrats.  In  1822  Judge  Browne 
was  one  of  the  four  candidates  for  Governor — in 
the  final  returns  standing  third  on  the  list  and,  by 
dividing  the  vote  of  the  advocates  of  a  pro-slavery 
clause  in  the  State  Constitution,  contributing  to 
the  election  of  Governor  Coles  and  the  defeat  of 
the  pro-slavery  party.  (See  Coles,  Edward,  and 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws. )  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  official  term  Judge  Browne  resided  at  Ga- 
lena, but,  in  1853,  removed  with  his  son-in-law, 
ex-Congressman  Joseph  P.  Hoge,  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  where  he  died  a  few  years  later — 
probably  about  1856  or  1858. 

BROWNING,  Orvillc  Hlckman,  lawyer,  United 
States  Senator  and  Attorney-General,  was  born 
in  Harrison  County,  Ky.,  in  1810.  After  receiv- 
ing a  classical  education  at  Augusta  in  his  native 
State,  he  removed  to  Quincy,  111.,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831.  In  1832  he  served 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  from  1836  to  1843, 
was  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  serving  in  both 
houses.  A  personal  friend  and  political  adherent 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  he  aided  in  the  organization 
of  the  Republican  party  at  the  memorable 


Bloomington  Convention  of  1856.  As  a  delegate 
to  the  Chicago  Convention  in  1860,  he  aided  in 
securing  Mr.  Lincoln's  nomination,  and  was  a 
conspicuous  supporter  of  the  Government  in  the 
Civil  War.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Yates  United  States  Senator  to  till  Senator 
Douglas'  unexpired  term,  serving  until  1863.  In 
1866  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  ap- 
pointment of  President  Johnson,  also  for  a  time 
discharging  the  duties  of  Attorney-General. 
Returning  to  Illinois,  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  which 
was  his  last  participation  in  public  affairs,  his 
time  thereafter  being  devoted  to  his  profession. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  Quincy,  111.,  August  10, 
1881. 

BRYAX,  Silas  Lillanl.  legislator  and  jurist, 
born  in  Culpepper  County,  Va.,  Nov.  4,  1822;  was 
left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  and  came  west  in 
1840,  living  for  a  time  with  a  brother  near  Troy, 
Mo.  The  following  year  he  came  to  Marion 
County,  111.,  where  he  attended  school  and 
worked  on  a  farm;  in  1845  entered  McKendree 
College,  graduating  in  1849,  and  two  years  later 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  supporting  himself 
meanwhile  by  teaching.  He  settled  at  Salem 
111.,  and,  in  1852,  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to 
the  State  Senate,  in  which  lx>dy  he  served  for 
eight  years,  being  re-elected  in  1856.  In  1861  he 
was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Second  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  again  chosen  in  1867,  his  second 
term  expiring  in  1873.  While  serving  as  Judge, 
he  was  also  elected  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1869-70.  He  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  Congress  on  the  Greeley 
ticket)in  1872.  Died  at  Salem,  March  30,  1880.— 
William  Jennings  (Bryan),  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Salem,  111.,  March  19,  1860.  The  early- 
life  of  young  Bryan  was  spent  on  his  father's 
farm,  but  at  the  age  of  ten  years  he  began  to 
attend  the  public  school  in  town :  later  spent  two 
years  in  Whipple  Academy,  .the  preparatory 
department  of  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville, 
and,  in  1881,  graduated  from  the  college  proper  as 
the  valedictorian  of  his  class.  Then  he  devoted 
two  years  to  the  study  of  law  in  the  Union  Law 
School  at  Chicago,  meanwhile  acting  as  clerk  and 
studying  in  the  law  office  of  ex-Senator  Lyman 
Trumbull.  Having  graduated  in  law  in  1883,  he 
soon  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Jacksonville  as  the  partner  of  Judge  E.  P. 
Kirby,  a  well-known  lawyer  and  prominent 
Republican  of  that  city.  Four  years  later  (1887) 
found  him  a  citizen  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  which  has 
since  been  his  home.  He  took  a  prominent  part 


HISTOKICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  the  politics  of  Nebraska,  stumping  the  State 
for  the  Democratic  nominees  in  1888  and  '89,  and 
in  1890  received  the  Democratic  nomination  for 
Congress  in  a  district  which  had  been  regarded 
as  strongly  Republican,  and  was  elected  by  a 
large  majority.  Again,  in  1892,  he  was  elected 
by  a  reduced  majority,  but  two  years  later 
declined  a  renomination,  though  proclaiming 
himself  a  free-silver  candidate  for  the  United 
States  Senate,  meanwhile  officiating  as  editor  of 
"The  Omaha  World-Herald."  In  July,  1896,  he 
received  the  nomination  for  President  from  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  at  Chicago,  on 
a  platform  declaring  for  the  "free  and  unlimited 
coinage  of  silver"  at  the  ratio  of  sixteen  of  silver 
(in  weight)  to  one  of  gold,  and  a  few  weeks  later 
was  nominated  by  the  "Populists'"  at  St.  Louis 
for  the  same  office — l«ing  the  youngest  man  ever 
put  in  nomination  for  the  Presidency  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Government.  He  conducted  an 
active  personal  campaign,  speaking  in  nearly 
every  Northern  and  Middle  Western  State,  but 
was  defeated  by  his  Republican  opponent,  Maj. 
William  McKinley.  Mr.  Bryan  is  an  easy  and 
fluent  speaker,  possessing  a  voice  of  unusual 
compass  and  power,  and  is  recognized,  even  by 
his  political  opponents',  as  a  man  of  pure  personal 
character. 

BRYAN,  Thomas  Harbour,  lawyer  and  real 
estate  operator,  was  born  at  Alexandria,  Va., 
Dec.  22,  1828,  being  descended  on  the  maternal 
side  from  the  noted  Barbour  family  of  that 
State ;  graduated  in  law  at  Harvard,  and,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  settled  in  Cincinnati.  In 
1852  he  came  to  Chicago,  where  he  acquired  ex- 
tensive .  real  estate  interests  and  built  Bryan 
Hall,  which  became  a  popular  place  for  en- 
tertainments. Being  a  gifted  speaker,  as  well 
as  a  zealous  Unionist,  Mr.  Bryan  was  chosen 
to  deliver  the  address  of  welcome  to  Senator 
Douglas,  when  that  statesman  returned  to 
Chicago  a  few  weeks  before  his  death  in  1861. 
During  the  progress  of  the  war  he  devoted  his 
time  and  his  means  most  generously  to  fitting  out 
soldiers  for  the  field  and  caring  for  the  sick  and 
wounded.  His  services  as  President  of  the  great 
Sanitary  Fair  in  Chicago  (1865),  where  some 
$300,000  were  cleared  for  disabled  soldiers,  were 
especially  conspicuous.  At  this  time  he  became 
the  purchaser  (at  $3.000)  of  the  original  copy  of 
President  Lincoln's  Emanci]>ation  Proclamation, 
which  had  been  donated  to  the  cause.  He  also 
rendered  valuable  service  after  the  fire  of  1871, 
though  a  heavy  sufferer  from  that  event,  and  was 
a  leading  factor  in  securing  the  location  of  the 


World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago  ip  1890, 
later  becoming  Vice -President  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  and  making  a  visit  to  Europe  in  the 
interest  of  the  Fair.  After  the  war  Mr.  Bryan 
resided  in  Washington  for  some  time,  and,  by 
appointment  of  President  Hayes,  served  as  Com- 
missioner of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Possessing 
refined  literary  and  artistic  tastes,  he  has  done 
much  for  the  encouragement  of  literature  and 
art  in  Chicago.  His  home  is  in  the  suburban 
village  of  Elmhurst. — Charles  Page  (Bryan),  son 
of  the  preceding,  lawyer  and  foreign  minister, 
was  born  in  Chicago,  Oct.  2,  1855,  and  educated 
at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  Columbia  Law 
School;  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1878,  and 
the  following  year  removed  to  Colorado,  where 
he  remained  four  years,  while  there  serving  in 
both  Houses  of  the  State  Legislature.  In  1883  he 
returned  to  Chicago  and  became  a  member  of  the 
First  Regiment  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard, 
serving  upon  the  staff  of  both  Governor  Oglesby 
and  Governor  Fifer;  in  1890,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature  from  Cook  County,  being  re- 
elected  in  1892,  and  in  1894;  was  also  the  first 
Commissioner  to  visit  Europe  in  the  interest  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  on  his  return 
serving  as  Secretary  of  the  Exposition  Commis- 
sioners in  1891-92.  In  the  latter  part  of  1897  he 
was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  Minister 
to  China,  but  before  being  confirmed,  early  in 
1898,  was  assigned  to  the  United  States  mission  to 
the  Republic  of  Brazil,  where  he  now  is,  Hon. 
E.  H.  Conger  of  Iowa,  who  had  previously  been 
appointed  to  the  Brazilian  mission,  being  trans- 
ferred to  Pekin. 

BRYANT,  John  Howard,  pioneer,  brother  of 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  the  poet,  was  born  in 
Cummington,  Mass.,  July  22,  1807,  educated  at 
the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  in  Troy, 
N.  Y. ;  removed  to  Illinois  in  1831,  and  held  vari- 
ous offices  in  Bureau  Comity,  including  that  of 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly,  to  which 
he  was  elected  in  1842,  and  again  in  1858.  A 
practical  and  enterprising  farmer,  he  was  identi- 
fied with  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society 
in  its  early  history,  as  also  with  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  industrial 
colleges  in  the  various  States.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Republican  party  and  a  warm 
personal  friend  of  President  Lincoln,  being  a 
member  of  the  first  Republican  State  Convention 
at  Bloomington  in  1856,  and  serving  as  Collector 
of  Internal  Revenue  by  appointment  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln in  1862-64.  In  1872  Mr.  Bryant  joined  in  the 
Liberal  Republican  movement  at  Cincinnati,  two 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


65 


years  later  was  identified  with  the  "Independent 
Reform"  party,  but  has  since  cooperated  with 
the  Democratic  party.  He  has  produced  two 
volumes  of  poems,  published,  respectively,  in  1855 
and  1885,  besides  a  number  of  public  addresses. 
His  home  is  at  Princeton,  Bureau  County. 

BUCK,  Hiram,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Steu- 
ben  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1818;  joined  the  Illinois 
Methodist  Episcopal  Conference  in  1843,  and  con- 
tinued in  its  service  for  nearly  fifty  years,  being 
much  of  the  time  a  Presiding  Elder.  At  his 
death  he  bequeathed  a  considerable  sum  to  the 
endowment  funds  of  the  Wesleyan  University  at 
Bloomington  and  the  Illinois  Conference  College 
at  Jacksonville  Died  at  Decatur,  111.,  August 
23,  1892. 

lit'  l»A,a  village  in  Bureau  County,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  main  line  with  the  Buda  and  Rush- 
ville  branch  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  and  the  Sterling  and  Peoria  branch  of 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern,  12  miles  southwest 
of  Princeton  and  117  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chicago:  has  excellent  water-works,  electric- 
light  plant,  brick  and  tile  factory,  fine  churches, 
graded  school,  a  bank  and  one  newspaper 
Dairying  is  carried  on  quite  extensively  and  a 
good-sized  creamery  is  located  here.  Population 
(1890).  990;  (1900),  873. 

BUFORD,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  banker  and 
soldier,  was  born  in  Woodford  County,  Ky.,  Jan. 
13,  1807 ;  graduated  at  West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy, 1827,  and  served  for  some  time  as  Lieutenant 
of  Artillery;  entered  Harvard  Law  School  in 
1831,  served  as  Assistant  Professor  of  Natural  and 
Experimental  Philosophy  there  (1834-35),  then 
resigned  his  commission,  and,  after  some  service 
as  an  engineer  upon  public  works  in  Kentucky, 
established  himself  as  an  iron-founder  and  banker 
at  Rock  Island,  111.,  in  1857  becoming  President 
of  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  In  1861 
he  entered  the  volunteer  service,  as  Colonel  of 
the  Twenty-seventh  Illinois,  serving  at  various 
points  in  Western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  as 
also  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  at  Helena, 
Ark.,  where  he  was  in  command  from  Septem- 
ber, 1863,  to  March,  1865.  In  the  meantime,  by 
promotion,  he  attained  to  the  rank  of  Major- 
General  by  brevet,  being  mustered  out  in  August. 
1865.  He  subsequently  held  the  post  of  Special 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs 
(1868),  and  that  of  Inspector  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  (1807 -09).  Died.  March  28,  1883. 

BULKLEY,  (Rev.)  Justus,  educator,  was  born 
at  Leicester,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  July  2:?, 
1819,  taken  to  Allegany  County,  N.  Y.,  at  3 


years  of  age,  where  he  remained  until  17,  attend 
ing  school  in  a  log  school-house  in  the  winter  and 
working  on  a  farm  in  the  summer.  His  family 
then  removed  to  Illinois,  finally  locating  at 
Barry,  Pike  County.  In  1842  he  entered  the 
preparatory  department  of  Shurtleff  College  at 
Upper  Alton,  graduating  there  in  1847.  He  was 
immediately  made  Principal  of  the  preparatory 
department,  remaining  two  years,  when  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Baptist  ministry  and  became 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Jerseyville.  Four  years 
later  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics 
in  Shurtleff  College,  but  remained  only  two 
years,  when  he  accepted  the  pastorship  of  a 
church  at  Carrollton,  which  he  continued  to  fill 
nine  years,  when,  in  1864,  he  was  called  to  a 
church  at  Upper  Alton.  At  the  expiration  of 
one  year  he  was  again  called  to  a  professorship 
in  Shurtleff  College,  this  time  taking  the  chair  of 
Church  History  and  Church  Polity,  which  he 
continued  to  fill  for  a  period  of  thirty-four  years; 
also  serving  for  a  time  as  Acting  President  dur 
ing  a  vacancy  in  that  office.  During  this  period 
he  was  frequently  called  upon  to  preside  as  Mod- 
erator at  General  Associations  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  and  he  became  widely  known,  not  only 
in  that  denomination,  but  elsewhere.  Died  at 
Upper  Alton,  Jan.  16,  1899. 

BULL,  Lorenzo,  banker,  Quincy,  III,  was  born 
in  Hartford,  Conn,,  March  21,  1819,  being  the 
eldest  son  of  Lorenzo  and  Elizabeth  Goodwin 
Bull.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  of  the 
party  who,  under  Thomas  Hooker,  moved  from 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  and  settled  Hartford  in 
1634.  Leaving  Hartford  in  the  spring  of  1833,  he 
arrived  at  Quincy,  111.,  entirely  without  means, 
but  soon  after  secured  a  position  with  Judge 
Henry  H.  Snow,  who  then  held  most  of  the 
county  offices,  being  Clerk  of  the  County  Com- 
missioners' Court.  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court, 
Recorder,  Judge  of  Probate.  Notary  Public  and 
Justice  of  the  Peace.  Here  the  young  clerk 
made  himself  acquainted  with  the  people  of  the 
county  (at  {liat  time  few  in  number),  with  the 
land-system  of  the  country  and  with  the  legal 
forms  and  methods  of  procedure  in  the  courts. 
He  remained  with  Judge  Snow  over  two  years, 
receiving  for  his  services,  the  first  year,  six  dol- 
lars per  month,  and.  for  the  second,  ten  dollars 
per  month,  besides  his  board  in  Judge  Snow's 
family.  He  next  accepted  a  situation  with 
Messrs.  Holmes,  Brown  &  Co.,  then  one  of  the 
most  prominent  mercantile  houses  of  the  city, 
remaining  through  various  changes  of  the  firm 
until  1844,  when  he  formed  a  partnership  with 


66 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


his  brother  under  the  firm  name  of  L.  &  C.  II. 
Bull,  and  opened  a  store  for  the  sale  of  hardware 
and  crockery,  which  was  the  first  attempt  made 
in  Quincy  to  separate  the  mercantile  business 
into  different  departments.  Disposing  of  their 
business  in  1861,  the  firm  of  L.  &  C.  H.  Bull 
embarked  in  the  private  banking  business,  which 
they  continued  in  one  location  for  about  thirty 
years,  when  they  organized  the  State  Savings 
Loan  &  Trust  Company,  in  which  he  held  the 
position  of  President  until  1898,  when  he  retired. 
Mr.  Bull  has  always  been  active  in  promoting  the 
improvement  and  growth  of  the  city ,  was  one  of 
the  five  persons  who  built  most  of  the  horse  rail- 
roads in  Quincy,  and  was,  for  about  twenty  years, 
President  of  the  Company.  The  Quincy  water- 
works are  now  (1898)  owned  entirely  by  himself 
and  his  son.  He  has  never  sought  or  held  political 
office,  but  at  one  time  was  the  active  President  of 
five  distinct  business  corporations.  He  was  also 
for  some  five  years  one  of  the  Trustees  of  Illinois 
College  at  Jacksonville.  He'  was  married  in  1844 
to  Miss  Margaret  H.  Benedict,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Wm.  M.  Benedict,  of  Milbury,  Mass.,  and  they 
have  five  children  now  living.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  his  religious  associations  are  with 
the  Congregational  Church.  —  Charles  Henry 
(Bull),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  16.  1822.  and  removed 
to  Quincy,  111.,  in  June,  1837.  He  commenced 
business  as  a  clerk  in  a  general  store,  where 
he  remained  for  seven  years,  when  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  his  brother,  Lorenzo  Bull, 
in  the  hardware  and  crockery  business,  to 
which  was  subsequently  added  dealing  in 
agricultural  implements.  This  business  was 
continued  until  the  year  1861.  when  it  was 
sold  out,  and  the  brothers  established  them- 
selves as  private  bankers  under  the  same  firm 
name.  A  few  years  later  they  organized  the 
Merchants'  and  Farmers'  National  Bank,  which 
was  mainly  owned  and  altogether  managed  by 
them.  Five  or  six  years  later  this  bank  was 
wound  up,  when  they  returned  to  private  bank- 
ing, continuing  in  this  business  until  1891,  when 
it  was  merged  in  the  State  Savings  Loan  & 
Trust  Company,  organized  under  the  laws  of 
Illinois  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  held  equally 
by  Lorenzo  Bull,  Charles  H.  Bull  and  Edward  J. 
Parker,  respectively,  as  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent  and  Cashier.  Near  the  close  of  1898  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Quincy  was  merged  into 
the  State  Savings  Loan  &  Trust  Company  with 
J.  H.  Warfield,  the  President  of  the  former,  as 
President  of  the  consolidated  concern.  Mr.  Bull 


was  one  of  the  parties  who  originally  organized 
the  Quincy.  Missouri  &  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
pany in  1869  —a  road  intended  to  be  built  from 
Quincy,  111.,  across  the  State  of  Missouri  to 
Brownsville,  Neb.,  and  of  which  he  is  now 
(1898)  the  President,  the  name  having  been 
changed  to  the  Quincy,  Omaha  &  Kansas  City 
Railway.  He  was  also  identified  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  system  of  street  railways  in 
Quincy,  and  continued  active  in  their  manage- 
ment for  about  twenty  years.  He  has  been 
active  in  various  other  public  and  private  enter- 
prises, and  has  done  much  to  advance  the  growth 
and  prosperity  of  the  city. 

BUNKER  HILL, H  city  of  Macoupin  County,  on 
the  Cleveland.  Cincinnati,  Chicago  Jt  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  37  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis:  has 
electric-lighting  plant,  telephone  service,  cxwl 
mine,  flouring  mill,  wagon  and  various  other 
manufactories,  two  lianks,  two  newspapers,  oj>era 
house,  numerous  churches,  public  library,  a  mili- 
tary academy  and  fine  public  schools,  ami  many 
handsome  residences;  is  situated  on  high  ground 
in  a  rich  agricultural  anil  dairying  region  and  an 
important  shipping-point.  Pop.  (1900),  1J279. 

Itl  N \.  Jacob,  banker  and  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.,  in  1814;  came 
to  Springfield  in  1836,  and,  four  years  later,  began 
business  as  a  grocer,  to  which  he  afterwards 
added  that  of  private  banking,  continuing  until 
1878.  During  a  part  of  this  time  his  bank  was 
one  of  the  best  known  and  widely  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  solid  institutions  of  its  kind  in 
the  State.  Though  crippled  by  the  financial 
revulsion  of  1873-74  and  forced  investments  in 
depreciated  real  estate,  he  paid  dollar  for  dollar. 
After  retiring  from  banking  in  1878,  he  assumed 
charge  of  the  Springfield  Watch  Factory,  in 
which  he  was  a  large  stockholder,  and  of  which 
he  became  the  President.  Mr.  Bunn  was,  be- 
tween 1866  and  1870,  a  principal  stockholder  in 
"The  Chicago  Republican"  (the  predecessor  of 
'•The  Inter-Ocean''),  and  was  one  of  the  bankers 
who  came  to  the  aid  of  the  State  Government  with 
financial  assistance  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War.  Died  at  Springfield.  Oct.  16,  1S97.— John  W. 
(Bunn),  brother  of  the  preceding  and  successor 
to  the  grocery  business  of  J.  &  J.  W.  Bunn,  lias 
been  a  prominent  business  man  of  Springfield, 
and  served  as  Treasurer  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Board  from  1858  to  1898.  and  of  the  Illinois  Uni- 
versity from  its  establishment  to  1893. 

BUNSEN,  George,  German  patriot  and  educa- 
tor, was  born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  Ger- 
many, Fell  18,  1794,  and  educated  in  his  native 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


city  and  at  Berlin  University;  while  still  a 
student  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  War  which 
resulted  in  the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  but  resum- 
ing his  studies  in  1816.  graduated  three  years 
later.  He  then  founded  a  boys'  school  at  Frank- 
fort, which  he  maintained  fourteen  years,  when, 
having  been  implicated  in  the  republican  revolu 
tion  of  1833,  he  was  forced  to  leave  the  country, 
locating  the  following  year  on  a  farm  in  St.  Clair 
County,  111.  Here  he  finally  became  a  teacher  in 
the  public  schools,  served  in  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847,  was  elected  School 
Commissioner  of  St.  Clair  County,  and,  having 
removed  to  Belleville  in  1855,  there  conducted  a 
private  school  for  the  instruction  of  teachers 
while  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office-,  later 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  State  School 
Board,  serving  until  1860,  and  taking  part  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Illinois  State  Normal  Urn 
versity,  of  which  he  was  a  zealous  advocate.  He 
was  also  a  contributor  to  "The  Illinois  Teacher," 
and,  for  several  years  prior  to  his  death,  served 
as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Belleville  without 
compensation.  Died,  November,  1872. 

BUBCHARD,  Horatio  C.,  ex -Congressman,  was 
born  at  Marshall,  Oneida  County.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  22, 
1825;  graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  in 
1850,  and  later  removed  to  Stephenson  County, 
111.,  making  his  home  at  Freeport.  By  profes- 
sion he  is  a  lawyer,  but  he  has  been  also  largely 
interested  in  mercantile  pursuits.  From  1857  to 
1860  he  was  School  Commissioner  of  Stephenson 
County ;  from  1863  to  1866  a  member  of  the  State 
Legislature,  and  from  1869  to  1879  a  Representa- 
tive in  Congress,  being  each  time  elected  as  a 
Republican,  for  the  first  time  as  the  successor  of 
E.  B.  Washburne.  After  retiring  from  Congress, 
he  served  for  six  years  (1879-85)  as  Director  of  the 
United  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  with  marked 
ability.  During  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion at  Chicago  (1893),  Mr.  Burchard  was  in 
charge  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards  in  connection 
with  the  Mining  Department,  afterwards  resum- 
'  ing  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Freeport. 

BURDETTE,  Robert  Jones,  journalist  and 
humorist,  was  born  in  Greensborough,  Pa. ,  July 
80,  1844,  and  taken  to  Peoria,  111.,  in  early  life, 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools.  In 
1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Forty -seventh 
Illinois  Volunteers  and  served  to  the  end  of  the 
war ;  adopted  journalism  in  1869,  being  employed 
upon  "The  Peoria  Transcript"  and  other  papers 
of  that  city.  Later  he  became  associated  with 
"The  Burlington  (Iowa)  Hawkeye,"  upon  which 
he  gained  a  wide  reputation  as  a  genial  humor- 


ist. Several  volumes  of  his  sketches  have  been 
published,  but  in  recent  years  he  has  devoted  hi; 
attention  chiefly  to  lecturing,  with  occasional 
contributions  to  the  literary  press. 

BUREAU  COUNTY,  set  off  from  Putnam 
County  in  1837,  near  the  center  of  the  northern 
half  of  the  State,  Princeton  being  made  the 
county-seat.  Coal  had  been  discovered  in  1834, 
there  being  considerable  quantities  mined  at 
Mineral  and  Selby.  Sheffield  also  has  an  impor- 
tant coal  trade.  Public  lands  were  offered  for  sale 
as  early  as  1835.  and  by  1844  had  been  nearly  all 
sold.  Princeton  was  platted  in  1832,  and.  in  1890. 
contained  a  population  of  3,396.  The  county  has 
an  area  of  870  square  miles,  and,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900,  a  population  of  41.112.  The  pio- 
neer settler  was  Henry  Thomas,  who  erected  the 
first  cabin,  in  Bureau  township,  in  1828.  He  was 
soon  followed  by  the  Ament  brothers  (Edward. 
Justus  and  John  L. ) ,  and  for  a  time  settlers  came 
in  rapid  succession,  among  the  earliest  being 
Amos  Leonard.  Daniel  Dimmick,  John  Hall. 
William  Hoskins,  Timothy  Perkins,  Leonard 

Roth,  Bull x ma  and  John  Dixon.  Serious 

Indian  disturbances  in  1831  caused  a  hegira  of 
the  settlers,  some  of  whom  never  returned.  In 
1833  a  fort  was  erected  for  the  protection  of  the 
whites,  and,  in  1836,  there  began  a  new  and  large 
influx  of  immigrants.  Among  other  early  set- 
tlers were  John  H.  and  Arthur  Bryant,  brothers 
of  the  poet,  William  Cullen  Bryant. 

BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS,  estab- 
lished in  1879,  being  an  outgrowth  of  the  agitation 
and  discontent  among  the  laboring  classes,  which 
culminated  in  1877-78.  The  Board  consists  of 
five  Commissioners,  who  serve  for  a  nominal 
compensation,  their  term  of  office  being  two 
years.  They  are  nominated  by  the  Executive 
and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  The  law  requires 
that  three  of  them  shall  be  manual  laborers  and 
two  employers  of  manual  labor.  The  Bureau  is 
charged  with  the  collection,  compilation  and 
tabulation  of  statistics  relative  to  labor  in  Illi- 
nois, particularly  in  its  relation  to  the  commer- 
cial, industrial,  social,  educational  and  sanitary 
conditions  of  the  working  classes.  The  Com- 
mission is  required  to  submit  biennial  reports. 
Those  already  published  contain  much  informa- 
tion of  value  concerning  coal  and  lead  mines, 
convict  labor,  manufactures,  strikes  and  lock- 
outs, wages,  rent,  cost  of  living,  mortgage 
indebtedness,  and  kindred  topics. 

BURGESS,  Alexander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Quincy,  was  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  31,  1819.  He  graduated 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


from  Brown  University  in  1838  and  from  the 
General  Theological  Seminary  (New  York)  in 
1841.  He  was  made  a  Deacon,  Nov.  3,  1842.  and 
ordained  a  priest,  Nov.  1,  1843.  Prior  to  his  ele- 
vation to  the  episcopate  he  was  rector  of  various 
parishes  in  Maine,  at  Brooklyn,  N.  V  ,  and  at 
Springfield,  Mass.  He  represented  the  dioceses 
of  Maine,  Long  Island  and  Massachusetts  in  the 
General  Conventions  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  from  1844  to  1877,  and,  in  the  latter  year, 
was  President  of  the  House  of  Deputies.  Upon 
the  death  of  his  brother  George,  Bishop  of  Maine, 
he  was  chosen  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese  to  suc- 
ceed him  but  declined  When  the  diocese  of 
Quincy  111.  was  created,  he  was  elected  its  first 
Bishop,  and  consecrated  ut  Christ  Church,  Spring 
field,  Mass  .  on  May  15,  1N78.  Besides  publishing 
a  memoir  of  his  brother.  Bishop  Burgess  is  the 
author  of  several  Sunday-school  question  books, 
carols  and  hymns,  anil  lias  been  a  contributor  to 
periodical  church  literature.  His  residence  is  at 
Peoria. 

IM'lt I. KV.  Arthur  (iiliiiHii,  merchant,  was  born 
at  Exeter,  N.  H..  Oct.  4.  1K12,  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  local  schools,  and,  in  1835,  came 
West,  locating  in  Chicago.  For  some  two  years 
he  served  as  clerk  in  the  boot,  shoe  and  clothing 
store  of  John  Holbrook.  after  which  he  accepted 
a  position  with  his  half-brother,  Stephen  F.  Gale, 
the  proprietor  of  the  first  book  and  stationery 
store  in  Chicago.  In  1838  he  invested  his  savings 
in  a  bankrupt  stock  of  crockery,  purchased  from 
the  old  State  Bank,  and  entered  upon  a  business 
career  which  was  continued  uninterruptedly  for 
nearly  sixty  years.  In  that  time  Mr.  Burley 
huilt  up  a  business  which,  for  its  extent  and 
success,  was  unsurpassed  in  its  time  in  the  West. 
His  brother  in-law,  Mr.  John  Tyrrell,  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  in  1832.  the  business  there- 
after being  conducted  under  the  name  of  Burley 
&  Tyrrell,  with  Mr.  Burley  as  President  of  the 
Company  until  his  death,  which  occurred,  August 

37,  1897.— Augustus  Harris  (Hurley),  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  March 

38,  1819 ;  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
State,  and,  in  his  youth,  was  employed    for  a 
time  as  a  clerk  in  Boston.     In  1837  he  came  to 
Chicago  and  took  a  position  as  clerk  or  salesman 
in  the  book  and  stationery  store  of  his  half- 
brother,  Stephen  F.  Gale,  subsequently  became  a 
partner,  and,  on   the  retirement  of   Mr    Gale  a 
few  years  later,  succeeded  to  the  control  of  the 
business.     In  1857  he  disposed  of  his  book  and 
stationery  business,   and  about    the  same  time 
became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Merchants' 


Loan  and  Trust  Company,  with  which  he  has 
been  connected  as  a  Director  ever  since.  Mr. 
Burley  was  a  member  of  the  volunteer  fire  depart- 
ment organized  in  Chicago  in  1841  Among  the 
numerous  public  positions  held  by  him  may  be 
mentioned,  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works 
(1867-70),  the  first  Superintendent  of  Lincoln  Park 
(1869),  Representative  from  Cook  County  in  the 
Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly  (1870-72),  City 
Comptroller  during  the  administration  of  Mayor 
Medill  (1872-73),  and  again  undar  Mayor  Roche 
(1887),  and  member  of  the  City  Council  (1881-82). 
Politically,  Mr.  Burley  has  been  a  zealous  Repub- 
lican and  served  on  the  Chicago  Union  Defense 
Committee  in  the  first  year  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  a  delegate  from  the  State  aMarge  to  the 
National  Republican  Convention  at  Baltimore  in 
1864,  which  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the 
Presidency  a  second  time. 

BURNHAM,  Daniel  Hudson,  architect,  was 
l>orn  at  Henderson,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1846;  came  to 
Chicago  at  9  years  of  age;  attended  private 
schools  and  the  Chicago  High  School,  after  which 
he  spent  two  years  at  Waltham.  Mass..  receiving 
special  instruction;  returning  to  Chicago  in  1867. 
he  was  afterwards  associated  with  various  firms. 
About  1873  he  formed  a  business  connection  with 
J.  W.  Root,  architect,  which  extended  to  the 
death  of  the  latter  in  1891.  The  firm  of  Burnham 
&  Root  furnished  the  plans  of  a  large  number  of 
the  most  conspicuous  business  buildings  in  Chi- 
cago, but  won  their  greatest  distinction  in  con- 
nection with  the  construction  of  buildings  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  of  which  Mr. 
Root  was  Supervising  Architect  previous  to  his 
death,  while  Mr.  Burnham  was  made  Chief  of 
Construction  and,  later  Director  of  Works.  In 
this  capacity  his  authority  was  almost  absolute, 
but  was  used  with  a  discretion  that  contributed 
greatly  to  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 

BURR,  Albert  6.,  former  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  8,  1829: 
came  to  Illinois  about  1832  with  his  widowed 
mother,  who  settled  in  Springfield.  In  early  life 
he  became  a  citizen  of  Winchester,  where  he  read 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  also,  for  a  time, 
following  the  occupation  of  a  printer.  Here  he 
was  twice  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1860  and  1862),  meanwhile  serving 
as  a  member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1862.  Having  removed  to  Carrollton. 
Greene  County,  he  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to 
the  Fortieth  and  Forty-first  Congresses  (1866  and 
1868).  serving  until  March  4.  1871.  In  August, 
1877,  he  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  to  fill  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


69 


vacancy  and  was  re-elected  for  the  regular  term 
in  June,  1879,  but  died  in  office,  June  10,  1882. 

BUBBELL,  Orlando,  member  of  Congress,  was 
born  in  Bradford  County,  Pa. ;  removed  with  his 
parents  to  White  County,  111.,  in  1834,  growing 
up  on  a  farm  near  Carmi;  received  a  common 
school  education;  in  1850  went  to  California, 
driving  an  ox-team  across  the  plains.  Soon  after 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  (1861)  he  raised  a 
company  of  cavalry,  of  which  he  was  elected 
Captain,  and  which  became  a  part  of  the  First 
Regiment  Illinois  Cavalry;  served  as  County 
Judge  from  1873  to  1881,  and  was  elected  Sheriff 
in  1886.  In  1894  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  Congress  as  a  Republican  from  the  Twentieth 
District,  composed  of  counties  which  formerly 
constituted  a  large  part  of  the  old  Nineteenth 
District,  and  which  had  uniformly  been  repre- 
sented by  a  Democrat.  He  suffered  defeat  as  a 
candidate  for  re-election  in  1896. 

BUBROU6HS,  John  Curtis,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Stamford,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  7, 
1818;  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1842,  and 
Madison  Theological  Seminary  in  1846.  After 
five  years  spent  as  pastor  of  Baptist  churches  at 
Waterford  and  West  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1852  he 
assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Chicago;  about  1856  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Chicago  University,  then  just 
established,  having  previously  declined  the 
presidency  of  Shurtleff  College  at  Upper  Alton. 
Resigning  his  position  in  1874,  he  soon  after 
became  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and,  in  1884,  was  elected  Assistant  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Schools  of  that  city,  serving 
until  his  death,  April  21,  1892. 

IM'SF.V,  Samuel  T.,  banker  and  ex-Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Greencastle,  Ind.,  Nov.  16, 
1835;  in  infancy  was  brought  by  his  parents  to 
Urbana,  III.,  where  he  was  educated  and  has 
since  resided.  From  1857  to  1859  he  was  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  during  1860-61 
attended  a  commercial  college  and  read  law.  In 
1862  he  was  chosen  Town  Collector,  but  resigned 
to  enter  the  Union  Army,  being  commissioned^ 
Second  Lieutenant  by  Governor  Yates,  and 
assigned  to  recruiting  service.  Having  aided  in 
the  organization  of  the  Seventy-sixth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  he  was  commissioned  its  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  August  12,  1862 ;  was  afterward  promoted 
to  the  colonelcy,  and  mustered  out  of  service  at 
Chicago,  August  6,  1865,  with  the  rank  of  Brevet 
Brigadier-General.  In  1866  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  the  General  Assembly  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  and  for  Trustee  of  tho  State 


University  in  1888.  From  1880  to  1889  he  was 
Mayor  and  President  of  the  Board  of  Education 
of  Urbana.  In  1867  lie  opened  a  private  bank, 
which  he  conducted  for  twenty-one  years.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Fif- 
teenth Illinois  District,  defeating  Joseph  G.  Can 
non.  Republican,  by  whom  he  was  in  turn 
defeated  for  the  same  office  in  1892. 

BCSHNELL,  a  nourishing  city  and  manufac- 
turing center  in  McDonough  County,  11  miles 
northeast  nf  Macomb.  at  the  junction  of  two 
branches  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quincy 
with  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railroads;  has 
numerous  manufactories,  including  wooden 
puni|>s.  flour,  agricultural  implements,  wagons 
and  cariiages,  tank  and  fence-work,  rural  mail- 
boxes, mattresses,  brick,  besides  egg  and  poultry 
packing  houses:  also  has  water-works  and  elec- 
tric lights,  grain  elevators,  three  banks,  several 
churches,  graded  public  and  high  schools,  two 
newnpai>ers  and  a  public  library.  Pop.  (1900),  2,490. 

HI  SIINKI.I..  Nrhemiah,  lawyer,  was  horn  in 
the  town  of  Westbrook,  C'onn.,  Oct.  9,  1813; 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1835,  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  coming  in 
December  of  the  same  year  to  Quincy,  111. ,  where, 
for  a  time,  he  assisted  in  editing  "The  Whig" 
of  that  city,  later  forming  a  partnership  with 
O.  H.  Browning,  which  was  never  fully  broken 
until  his  death.  In  his  practice  he  gave  much 
attention  to  land  titles  in  the  "Military  Tract" ; 
in  1851  was  President  of  the  portion  of  the  North- 
ern Cross  Railroad  between  Quincy  and  Gales- 
burg  (now  a  part  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  ft 
Quincy),  and  later  of  the  Quincy  Bridge  Company 
and  the  Quincy  &  Palmyra  (Mo.)  Railroad.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  the 
"minority"  Representative  from  Adams  County 
in  the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  but 
died  during  the  succeeding  session,  Jan.  31,  1873. 
He  was  able,  high-minded  and  honorable  in  public 
and  private  life. 

BCSHNELL,  Washington,  lawyer  and  Attor- 
ney-General, was  born  in  Madison  County,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  30,  1825;  in  1837  came  with  his  father  to 
Lisbon,  Kendall  County,  111.,  where  he  worked  on 
a  farm  and  taught  at  times ;  studied  law  at  Pough- 
keepsie.  N.  Y..  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
established  himself  in  practice  at  Ottawa,  111. 
The  public  positions  held  by  him  were  those  of 
State  Senator  for  La  Salle  County  (1861-69)  and 
Attorney -General  (1869-73) ;  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1864, 
liesides  being  identified  with  various  business 
enterprises  at  Ottawa.  Died.  June  30,  1885. 


70 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BUTLER,  William,  State  Treasurer,  was  born 
in  A. lair  County,  Ky.,  Dec.  15,  1797;  during  the 
war  of  1812,  at  the  age  of  16  years,  served  as  the 
messenger  of  the  Governor  of  Kentucky,  carrying 
dispatches  to  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  in 
the  field;  removed  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in 
1828,  and,  in  1836,  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
Circuit  Court  by  Judge  Stephen  T.  Logan.  In 
1859  he  served  as  foreman  of  the  Grand  Jury 
which  investigated  the  "canal  scrip  frauds" 
charged  against  ex-Governor  Matteson,  and  it 
was  largely  through  his  influence  that  the  pro- 
ceedings of  that  body  were  subsequently  pub- 
lished in  an  official  form.  During  the  same  year 
Governor  Bissell  appointed  him  State  Treasurer 
to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
James  Miller,  and  he  was  elected  to  the  same 
office  in  1860.  Mr.  Butler  was  an  ardent  sup- 
porter of  Abraham  Lincoln,  whom  he  efficiently 
befriended  in  the  early  struggles  of  the  latter 
in  Springfield.  He  died  in  Springfield,  Jan.  11, 
1876. 

BUTTERFIELD,  Justin,  early  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Keene,  N.  II  .  in  1790.  He  studied  at 
Williams  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  in  1812.  After  some  years 
devoted  to  practice  at  Adams  and  at  Sackett's 
Harbor,  N.  Y. ,  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where 
he  attained  a  high  rank  at  the  bar.  In  1835  he 
settled  in  Chicago  and  soon  became  a  leader  in 
his  profession  there  also.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Harrison  United  States  District  At- 
torney for  the  District  of  Illinois,  and,  in  1849,  by 
President  Taylor  Commissioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office,  one  of  his  chief  competitors  for  the 
latter  place  being  Abraham  Lincoln.  This  dis- 
tinction he  probably  owed  to  the  personal  influ- 
ence of  Daniel  Webster,  then  Secretary  of  State, 
of  whom  Mr.  Butterfield  was  a  personal  friend 
and  warm  admirer.  While  Commissioner,  he 
rendered  valuable  service  to  the  State  in  securing 
the  canal  land  grant.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  logical 
and  resourceful,  as  well  as  witty  and  quick  at 
repartee,  yet  his  chief  strength  lay  before  the 
Court  rather  than  the  jury.  Numerous  stories 
are  told  of  his  brilliant  sallies  at  the  bar  and 
elsewhere.  One  of  the  former  relates  to  his 
address  before  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,  of  the 
United  States  Court  at  Springfield,  in  a  habeas- 
corpus  case  to  secure  the  release  of  Joseph  Smith, 
the  Mormon  prophet,  who  was  under  arrest  under 
the  charge  of  complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassin- 
ate Governor  Boggs  of  Missouri.  Rising  to  begin 
his  argument,  Mr.  Butterfield  said:  "I  am  to 
address  the  Pope"  (bowing  to  the  Court),  "sur- 


rounded by  angels"  (bowing  still  lower  to  a  party 
of  ladies  in  the  audience),  "in  the  presence  of 
the  holy  apostles,  in  behalf  of  the  prophet  of 
the  Lord."  On  another  occasion,  being  asked  if 
he  was  opposed  to  the  war  with  Mexico,  he 
replied.  "I  opposed  one  war" — meaning  his 
opposition  as  a  Federalist  to  the  War  of  1812 — 
"but  learned  the  folly  of  it.  Henceforth  I  am  for 
war,  pestilence  and  famine."  He  died,  Oct.  25, 
1855. 

BYFORD,  William  II.,  physician  and  author, 
was  born  at  Eaton.  Ohio,  March  20,  1817 ;  in  1830 
came  with  his  widowed  mother  to  Crawford 
County,  111.,  and  began  learning  the  tailor's 
trade  at  Palestine;  later  studied  medicine  at 
Vincennes  and  practiced  at  different  points  in 
Indiana.  Meanwhile,  having  graduated  at  the 
Ohio  Medical  College,  Cincinnati,  in  1850,  he 
assumed  a  professorship  in  a  Medical  College  at 
Evansville,  Ind.,  also  editing  a  medical  journal. 
In  1857  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  ac- 
cepted a  chair  in  Rush  Medical  College,  but  two 
years  later  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  where  he  remained 
twerty  years.  He  then  (1879)  returned  to  Rush, 
assuming  the  chair  of  Gynecology.  In  1870  he 
assisted  in  founding  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Chicago,  remaining  President  of  the 
Faculty  and  Board  of  Trustees  until  his  death, 
May  21,  1890.  He  published  a  number  of  medical 
works  which  are  regarded  as  standard  by  the 
profession,  besides  acting  as  associate  of  Dr.  N.  S. 
Davis  in  the  editorship  of  "The  Chicago  Medical 
Journal"  and  as  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Medical 
Journal  and  Examiner,"  the  successor  of  the 
former.  Dr.  Byford  was  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  as  a  physician  and  a  man,  both  by  the 
general  public  and  his  professional  associates. 

BYRON,  a  village  of  Ogle  County,  in  a  pictur- 
esque region  on  Rock  River,  at  junction  of  the 
Chicago  Great  Western  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railways.  83  miles  west-north- 
west from  Chicago;  is  in  rich  farming  and  dairy- 
ing district:  has  two  banks  and  two  weekly 
papers.  Population  (1890),  698;  (1900).  1,015. 

CABLE,  a  town  in  Mercer  County,  on  the  Rock 
Island  &  Peoria  Railroad,  26  miles  south  by  east 
from  Rock  Island.  Coal-mining  is  the  principal 
industry,  but  there  are  also  tile  works,  a  good 
quality  of  clay  for  manufacturing  purposes  being 
found  in  abundance.  Population  (1880),  572; 
(1890),  1,276;  (1900).  697. 

CABLE,  Benjamin  T.,  capitalist  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Georgetown.  Scott  County,  Ky.. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


71 


August  11,  1853.  When  he  was  three  years  old 
his  father's  family  removed  to  Rock  Island,  111., 
where  he  has  since  resided.  After  passing 
through  the  Rock  Island  public  schools,  he  matric- 
ulated at  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating 
in  June,  1876.  He  owns  extensive  ranch  and 
manufacturing  property,  and  is  reputed  wealthy ; 
is  also  an  active  Democratic  politician,  and  influ- 
ential in  his  party,  having  been  a  member  of  both 
the  National  and  State  Central  Committees.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Eleventh 
Illinois  District,  but  since  1893  has  held  no  public 
office. 

CABLE,  Ransom  R..  railway  manager,  was 
born  in  Athens  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  23,  1834. 
His  early  training  was  mainly  of  the  practical 
sort,  and  by  the  time  he  was  17  years  old  he  was 
actively  employed  as  a  lumberman.  In  1857  he 
removed  to  Illinois,  first  devoting  his  attention 
to  coal  mining  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rock 
Island.  Later  he  became  interested  in  the  pro- 
jection and  management  of  railroads,  being  in 
turn  Superintendent,  Vice-President  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  His 
next  position  was  that  of  General  Manager  of  the 
Rockford,  Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  Railroad.  His 
experience  in  these  positions  rendered  him  famil- 
iar with  both  the  scope  and  the  details  of  railroad 
management,  while  his  success  brought  him  to 
the  favorable  notice  of  those  who  controlled  rail- 
way interests  all  over  the  country.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  a  Director  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  Railway.  In  connection  with 
this  company  he  has  held,  successively,  the 
offices  of  Vice-President,  Assistant  to  the  Presi- 
dent, General  Manager  and  President,  being  chief 
executive  officer  since  1880.  (See  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  (fc  Pacific  Railiray.) 

CAHOKIA,  the  first  permanent  white  settle- 
ment in  Illinois,  and,  in  French  colonial  times, 
one  of  its  principal  towns.  French  Jesuit  mis- 
.sionaries  established  the  mission  of  the  Tamaroas 
here  in  1700,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
"Sainte  Famille  de  Caoquias,"  antedating  the 
settlement  at  Kaskaskia  of  the  same  year  by  a 
fejv  months.  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  were 
jointly  made  the  county -seats  of  St.  Clair  County, 
when  that  county  was  organized  by  Governor  St. 
Clair  in  1790.  Five  years  later,  when  Randolph 
County  was  set  off  from  St.  Clair,  Cahokia  was 
continued  as  the  county-seat  of  the  parent 
county,  so  remaining  until  the  removal  of  the 
seat  of  justice  to  Belleville  in  1814.  Like  its 
early  rival,  Kaskaskia,  it  has  dwindled  in  impor- 
tance until,  in  1890.  its  population  was  estimated 


at  100.  Descendants  of  the  early  French  settlers 
make  up  a  considerable  portion  of  the  present 
population.  The  site  of  the  old  town  is  on  the 
line  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Rail- 
road, about  four  miles  from  East  St.  Louis. 
Some  of  the  most  remarkable  Indian  mounds  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  known  as  "the  Cahokia 
Mounds, "  are  located  in  the  vicinity.  (See  Mound- 
Builders,  Works  of  the.) 

CAIRXES,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  in 
1816  settled  in  that  part  of  Crawford  County,  III, 
which  was  embraced  in  Lawrence  County  on  the 
organization  of  the  latter  in  1821.  Mr.  Cairnes 
was  a  member  of  the  House  for  Crawford  County 
in  the  Second  General  Assembly  (1820-22),  and 
for  Lawrence  County  in  the  Third  (1822-24),  in 
the  latter  voting  against  the  pro-slavery  Conven- 
tion scheme.  He  removed  from  Lawrence 
County  to  some  point  on  the  Mississippi  River  in 
1826,  but  further  details  of  his  history  are  un- 
known. 

CAIRO,  the  county-seat  of  Alexander  County, 
and  the  most  important  river  point  between  St. 
Louis  and  Memphis.  Its  first  charter  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Territorial  Legislature  by  Shad 
rach  Bond  (afterwards  Governor  of  Illinois),  John 
G.  Corny ges  and  others,  who  incorporated  the 
"City  and  Bank  of  Cairo. "  The  company  entered 
about  1,800  acres,  but  upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Corny- 
ges,  the  land  reverted  to  the  Government.  The 
forfeited  tract  was  re-entered  in  1835  by  Sidney 
Breese  and  others,  who  later  transferred  it  to  the 
"Cairo  City  and  Canal  Company,?'  a  corporation 
chartered  in  1837,  which,  by  purcliase,  increased 
its  holdings  to  10,000  acres.  Peter  Stapleton  is 
said  to  have  erected  the  first  house,  and  John 
Hawley  the  second,  within  the  town  limits.  In 
consideration  of  certain  privileges,  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  has  erected  around  the  water 
front  a  substantial  levee,  eighty  feet  wide.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  Cairo  was  an  important  base 
for  military  operations.  Its  population,  according 
to  the  census  of  1900,  was  12,568.  (See  also  Alex- 
ander County.) 

CAIRO  BRIDGE,  THE,  one  of  the  triumphs  of 
modern  engineering,  erected  by  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company  across  the  Ohio  River, 
opposite  the  city  of  Cairo.  It  is  the  longest 
metallic  bridge  across  a  river  in  the  world,  being 
thirty-three  feet  longer  than  the  Tay  Bridge,  in 
Scotland.  The  work  of  construction  was  begun. 
July  1.  1S87,  and  uninterruptedly  prosecuted  for 
twenty -seven  months,  being  completed,  Oct.  29. 
iss'.i  The  first  train  to  cross  it  was  made  up  of 
ten  locomotives  coupled  together.  The  ap- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


proaches  from  both  the  Illinois  and  Kentucky 
shores  consist  of  iron  viaducts  and  well-braced 
timber  trestles.  The  Illinois  viaduct  approach 
consists  of  seventeen  spans  of  150  feet  each,  and 
one  span  of  106  !^  feet.  AH  these  rest  on  cylin- 
der piers  filled  with  concrete,  and  are  additionally 
1  supported  by  piles  driven  within  the  cylinders. 
The  viaduct  on  the  Kentucky  shore  is  of  similar 
general  construction.  The  total  number  of  spans 
is  twenty -two — twenty -one  being  of  150  feet  each, 
and  one  of  KM>'+  feet.  The  total  length  of  the 
metal  work,  from  end  to  end,  is  10,650  feet, 
including  that  of  the  bridge  proper,  which  is 
4.644  feet.  The  latter  consists  of  nine  through 
.spans  and  three  deck  spans.  The  through  spans 
rest  on  ten  first-class  masonry  piers  on  pneumatic 
foundations.  The  total  length  of  the  bridge, 
including  the  timber  trestles,  is  20,461  feet — about 
3#  miles.  [Four-fifths  of  the  Illinois  trestle 
work  has  been  filled  in  with  earth,  while  that  on 
the  southern  shore  has  been  virtually  replaced  by 
an  embankment  since  the  completion  of  the 
bridge.  The  bridge  proper  stands  104.42  feet  in 
the  clear  above  low  water,  and  from  the  deepest 
foundation  to  the  top  of  the  highest  iron  work  is 
248.94  feet.  The  total  cost  of  the  work,  including 
the  filling  and  embankment  of  the  trestles,  has 
been  (1895)  between  $3,250,000  and  $3,500,000. 

CAIRO,  VINCEOES  &  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  extending  from 
Danville  to  Cairo  (261  miles),  with  "a  branch  nine 
miles  in  length  from  St.  Francisville,  111.,  to  Vin- 
rennes,  Ind.  It  «'a.s  chartered  as  the  Cairo  & 
Vincennes  Railroad  in  1867,  completed  in  1872, 
placed  in  the  hands  <>f  a  receiver  in  1874,  sold 
under  foreclosure  in  January,  1880,  and  for  some 
time  operated  as  the  Cairo  Division  of  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway.  In  1889, 
having  been  surrendered  by  the  Wabash,  St. 
Louis  &  Pacific  Railway,  it  was  united  with  the 
Danville  &  Southwestern  Railroad,  reorganized  as 
the  Cairo,  Vincennes  &  Chicago  Railroad,  and, 
in  1890,  leased  to  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  Railway,  of  which  it  is  known 
as  the  "Cairo  Division."  (See  Cleveland,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  <t  St.  Louix  Railway.) 

CAIRO  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD.  (See  St. 
Louis  &  Cairo  Railroad  and  Mobile  &  Ohio  Rail- 
teay. ) 

CAIRO  \  VINCENNES  RAILROAD.  (See 
Cairo,  Vincennes  <t  Chicago  Railroad.) 

CALDWELL,  (Dr.)  George,  early  physician 
and  legislator  (the  name  is  spelled  both  Cadwell 
and  Caldwell  in  the  early  records),  was  born  at 


Wethersfield,  Conn..  Feb.  21,  1773,  and  received 
his  literary  education  at  Hartford,  and  his  pro- 
fessional at  Rutland,  Vt.  He  married  a  daughter 
of  Hon.  Matthew  Lyon,  who  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  who  served  two  terms  in  Congress 
from  Vermont,  four  from  Kentucky  (1803-11), 
and  was  elected  the  first  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  Arkansas  Territory,  but  died  before  taking 
his  seat  in  August,  1822.  Lyon  was  also  a  resi- 
dent for  a  time  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  a  candidate 
for  Delegate  to  Congress  from  Missouri  Territory, 
but  defeated  by  Edward  Hempstead  (see  Hemp- 
stead,  Edward).  Dr.  Caldwell  descended  the 
Ohio  River  in  1799  in  company  with  Lyon's 
family  and  his  brother-in-law,  John  Messinger 
(see  Messinger,  John),  who  afterwards  became  a 
prominent  citizen  of  St.  Clair  County,  the  party 
locating  at  Eddyville,  Ky.  In  1802,  Caldweil 
and  Messinger  removed  to  Illinois,  landing  near 
old  Fort  Chartres,  and  remained  some  time  in 
the  American  Bottom.  The  former  finally 
located  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  a  few 
miles  above  St.  Louis,  where  he  practiced  his 
profession  and  held  various  public  offices,  includ- 
ing those  of  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  County 
Judge  for  St.  Clair  County,  as  also  for  Madison 
County  after  the  organization  of  the  latter.  He 
served  as  State  Senator  from  Madison  County 
in  the  First  and  Second  General'  Assemblies 
(1818-22),  and,  having  removed  in  1820  within  the 
limits  of  what  is  now  Morgan  County  (but  still 
earlier  embraced  in  Greene),  in  1822  was  elected 
to  the  Senate  for  Greene  and  Pike  Counties — 
the  latter  at  that  time  embracing  all  the  northern 
and  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  including 
the  county  of  Cook.  During  the  following  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  he  was  a  sturdy  opponent 
of  the  scheme  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  Hi.s 
home  in  Morgan  County  was  in  a  locality  known 
as  "Swinerton's  Point,"  a  few  miles  west  of 
Jacksonville,  where  he  died,  August  1,  1826. 
(See  Slavery  and  Slave  Lam.)  Dr.  Caldwell  (or 
Cadwell,  as  he  was  widely  known)  commanded 
a  high  degree  of  respect  among  early  residents  of 
Illinois.  Governor  Reynolds,  in  his  "Pioneer 
History  of  Illinois,"  says  of  him:  "He  was 
moral  and  correct  in  his  public  and  private  life. 
.  .  .  was  a  respectable  physician,  and  always 
maintained  an  unblemished  character." 

CALHOUN,  John,  pioneer  printer  and  editor, 
was  born  at  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  April  14,  1HOX; 
learned  the  printing  trade  and  practiced  it  in  his 
native  town,  also  working  in  a  type-foundry  in 
Albany  and  as  a  compositor  in  Troy.  In  the  fall 
of  1833  he  came  to  Chicago,  bringing  with  him 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


an  outfit  for  the  publication  of  a  weekly  paper, 
and,  on  Nov.  26,  began  the  issue  of  "The  Chicago 
Democrat" — the  first  paper  ever  published  in  that 
city.  Mr.  Calhoun  retained  the  management  of 
the  paper  three  years,  transferring  it  in  Novem- 
ber, 1836,  to  John  Wentworth,  who  conducted  it 
until  its  absorption  by  "The  Tribune"  in  July, 
4861.  Mr.  Calhoun  afterwards  served  as  County 
Treasurer,  still  later  as  Collector,  and,  finally,  as 
agent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  in  procur- 
ing right  of  way  for  the  construction  of  its  lines. 
Died  in  Chicago,  Feb.  20,  1859. 

(  A  I.IIOl" N ,  John,  surveyor  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1806;  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  in  1830,  served  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War  and  was  soon  after  appointed  County 
Surveyor.  It  was  under  Mr.  Calhoun,  and  by  his 
appointment,  that  Abraham  Lincoln  served  for 
some  time  as  Deputy  Surveyor  of  Sangamon 
County.  In  1838  Calhoun  was  chosen  Represent- 
ative in  the  General  Assembly,  but  was  defeated 
in  1840,  though  elected  Clerk  of  the  House  at  the 
following  session.  He  was  a  Democratic  Presi- 
dential Elector  in  1844,  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  nomination  for  Governor  in 
1846,  and,  for  three  terms  (1849,  '50  and  '51). 
served  as  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Springfield.  In 
1852  he  was  defeated  by  Richard  Yates  (after- 
wards Governor  and  United  States  Senator) ,  as  a 
candidate  for  Congress,  but  two  years  later  was 
appointed  by  President  Pierce  Surveyor-General 
of  Kansas,  where  be  became  discreditably  con- 
spicuous by  his  zeal  in  attempting  to  carry  out 
the  policy  of  the  Buchanan  administration  for 
making  Kansas  a  slave  State — especially  in  con- 
nection with  the  Lecompton  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, with  the  election  of  which  he  had  much 
to  do,  and  over  which  he  presided.  Died  at  St. 
Joseph.  Mo.,  Oct.  25,  1859. 

CALHOUX,  William  J.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  .5,  1847.  After  residing  at 
various  points  in  that  State,  his  family  removed 
to  Ohio,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm  until  1864, 
when  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Nineteenth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  serving  to  the  end  of 
the  war.  He  participated  in  a  number  of  severe 
battles  while  with  Sherman  on  the  march  against 
Atlanta,  returning  with  General  Thomas  to  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.  During  the  last  few  months  of  the 
war  he  served  in  Texas,  being  mustered,  out  at 
San  Antonio  in  that  State,  though  receiving  his 
final  discharge  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  After  the 
war  he  entered  the  Poland  Union  Seminary, 
where  he  became  the  intimate  personal  friend  of 
Maj  William  McKinley,  who  was  elected  to  the 


Presidency  in  1896.  Having  graduated  at  the 
seminar^-,  he  came  to  Arcola,  Douglas  County, 
111  .  and  began  the  study  of  law,  later  taking  a 
course  in  a  law  school  in  Chicago,  after  which  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  (1875)  and  established 
himself  in  practice  at  Danville  as  the  partner  of 
the  Hon.  Joseph  B.  Maun.  In  1882  Mr.  Calhoun 
was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the  lower  branch 
of  the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  and,  during 
the  following  session,  proved  himself  one  of  the 
ablest  members  of  that  body.  In  Hay,  1897,  Mr. 
Calhoun  was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  a 
special  envoy  to  investigate  the  circumstances 
attending  the  death  of  Dr.  Ricardo  Ruiz,  a  nat- 
uralized citizen  of  the  United  States  who  had 
died  while  a  prisoner  in  the  liandsof  the  Spaniards 
during  the  rebellion  then  in  progress  in  Cuba. 
In  1898  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Inter- 
State  Commerce  Commission  to  succeed  William 
R.  Morrison,  whose  term  had  expired. 

CALHOUN  COUNTY,  situated  between  the 
Mississippi  and  Illinois  Rivers,  just  above  their 
junction.  It  has  an  area  of  260  square  miles, 
with  a  population  (1900)  of  8,917;  was  organized 
in  1825  and  named  for  John  C.  Calhoun.  Origi- 
nally, the  county  was  well  timbered  and  the 
early  settlers  were  largely  engaged  in  lumbering, 
which  tended  to  give  the  population  more  or  less 
of  a  migratory  character.  Much  of  the  timber 
has  been  cleared  off,  and  the  principal  business 
in  later  years  has  been  agriculture,  although  coal 
is  found  and  mined  in  paying  quantities  along 
Silver  Creek.  Tradition  lias  it  that  the  aborig- 
ines found  the  precious  metals  in  the  bed  of  this 
stream.  It  was  originally  included  within  the 
limits  of  the  Military  Tract  set  apart  for  the 
veterans  of  the  War  of  1812.  The  physical  con- 
formation of  the  county's  surface  exhibits  some 
peculiarities.  Limestone  bluffs,  rising  some- 
times to  the  height  of  200  feet,  skirt  the  banks  of 
both  rivers,  while  through  the  center  of  the 
county  runs  a  ridge  dividing  the  two  watersheds. 
The  side  valleys  and  the  top  of  the  central  ridge 
are  alike  fertile.  The  bottom  lands  are  very 
rich,  but  are  liable  to  inundation.  The  county- 
seat  and  principal  town  is  Hardin,  with  a  popula- 
tion (1890)  of  311. 

CALLAHAN,  Ethelbert,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  near  Newark,  Ohio,  Dec.  17,  1829; 
came  to  Crawford  County,  III.,  in  1849,  where  he 
farmed,  taught  school  and  edited,  at  different 
times,  "The  Wabash  Sentinel"  and  "The  Marshall 
Telegraph."  He  early  identified  himself  with 
the  Republican  party,  and,  in  1864,  was  the 
Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  his  dis- 


T4 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


trict ;  became  a  member  of  the  first  State  Board 
of  Equalization  by  appointment  of  Governor 
Oglesby  in  1867 ;  served  in  the  lower  house  of  the 
General  Assembly  during  the  sessions  of  1875,  '91, 
'93  and  '95,  and,  in  1893-95,  on  a  Joint  Committee 
to  revise  the  State  Revenue  Lawd.  He  was  also 
Presidential  Elector  in  1880,  and  again  in  1888. 
Mr.  Callahan  was  admitted  to  the  bar  when  past 
30  years  of  age,  and  was  President  of  the  State 
Bar  Association  in  1889.  His  home  is  at  Robinson. 

CALUMET  RIVER,  a  short  stream  the  main 
body  of  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  two 
branches  which  come  together  at  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  which  flows 
into  Lake  Michigan  a  short  distance  north  of  the 
Indiana  State  line.  The  eastern  branch,  known 
as  the  Grand  Calumet,  flows  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion from  Northwestern  Indiana  and  unites  with 
the  Little  Calumet  from  the  west,  :i  .',2  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  main  stream.  From  the  south- 
ern limit  of  Chicago  the  general  course  of  the 
stream  is  north  between  Lake  Calumet  and  Wolf 
Lake,  which  it  serves  to  drain.  At  its  mouth, 
Calumet  Harbor  has  been  constructed,  which 
admits  of  the  entrance  of  vessels  of  heavy 
draught,  and  is  a  shipping  and  receiving 
point  of  importance  for  heavy  freight  for 
the  Illinois  Steel  Works,  the  Pullman  Palace 
Car  Works  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  that  vicinity.  The  river  is  regarded  as 
a  navigable  stream,  and  lias  been  dredged  by  the 
General  Government  to  a  depth  of  twenty  feet 
and  300  feet  wide  for  a  distance  of  two  miles, 
with  a  depth  of  sixteen  feet  for  the  remainder  of 
the  distance  to  the  forks.  The  Calumet  feeder 
for  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  extends  from 
the  west  branch  (or  Little  Calumet)  to  the  canal 
in  the  vicinity  of  Willow  Springs.  The  stream 
was  known  to  the  early  French  explorers  as  "the 
Calimic,"  and  was  sometimes  confounded  by 
them  with  the  Chicago  River. 

CALUMET  RIVER  RAILROAD,  a  short  line, 
4.43  miles  in  length,  lying  wholly  within  Cook 
,  County.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company 
is  the  lessee,  but  the  line  is  not  operated  at  present 
(1898).  Its  outstanding  capital  stock  is  $68,700. 
It  has  no  funded  debt,  but  has  a  floating  debt  of 
$116,357,  making  a  total  capitalization  of  §165,087. 
This  road  extends  from  One  Hundredth  Street  in 
Chicago  to  Hegewisch.  and  was  chartered  in  1883. 
(See  Pennsylvania  Railroad.) 

CAMBRIDGE,  the  county-seat  of  Henry 
County,  about  160  miles  southwest  of  Chicago, 
on  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  fertile  region  chiefly  devoted  to 


agriculture  and  stock-raising.  The  city  is  a  con- 
siderable grain  market  and  has  some  manufac- 
tories. Some  coal  is  also  mined.  It  has  a  public 
library,  two  newspapers,  three  banks,  good 
schools,  and  handsome  public  (county)  buildings. 
Population  (1880),  1,203;  (1890),  United  States 
census  report,  940;  (1900),  1,345. 

CAMERON,  James,  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
minister  and  pioneer,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1791,  came  to  Illinois  in  1815,  and,  in  1818,  settled 
in  Sangamon  County.  In  1829  he  is  said  to  have 
located  where  the  town  of  New  Salem  (after- 
wards associated  with  the  early  history  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln)  was  built,  and  of  which  he  and 
James  Rutledge  were  the  founders.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  officiated  at  the  funeral  of  Ann 
Rutledge,  with  whose  memory  Mr.  Lincoln's 
name-  has  been  tenderly  associated  by  his  biog- 
raphers. Mr.  Cameron  subsequently  removed 
successively  to  Fulton  County,  111.,  to  Iowa  and 
to  California,  dying  at  a  ripe  old  age,  in  the  latter 
State,  about  1878. 

CAMP  DOUGLAS,  a  Federal  military  camp 
established  at  Chicago  early  in  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion,  located  between  Thirty-first  Street  and 
College  Place,  and  Cottage  Grove  and  Forest 
Avenues.  It  was  [originally  designed  and  solely 
used  as  a  camp  of  instruction  for  new  recruits. 
Afterwards  it  was  utilized  as  a  place  of  confine- 
ment for  Confederate  prisoners  of  war.  (For 
plot  to  liberate  the  latter,  together  with  other 
similar  prisoners  in  Illinois,  see  Camp  Douglas 
Conspiracy.) 

CAMP  DOUGLAS  CONSPIRACY,  a  plot  formed 
in  1864  for  the  liberation  of  the  Confederate 
prisoners  of  war  at  Chicago  (in  Camp  Douglas), 
Rock  Island,  Alton  and  Springfield.  It  was  to  be 
but  a  preliminary  step  in  the  execution  of  a 
design  long  cherished  by  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment, viz.,  the  seizing  of  the  organized  gov- 
ernments of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  the 
formation  of  a  Northwestern  Confederacy, 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  "Sons  of  Lib- 
erty." (See  Secret  Treasonable  Societies. )  Three 
peace  commissioners  (Jacob  Thompson,  C.  C. 
Clay  and  J.  P.  Holcomb),  who  had  been  sent 
from  Richmond  to  Canada,  held  frequent 
conferences  with  leaders  of  the  treasonable 
organizations  in  the  North,  including  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham,  Bowles,  of  Indiana,  and  one 
Charles  Walsh,  who  was  head  of  the  movement 
in  Chicago,  with  a  large  number  of  allies  in  that 
city  and  scattered  throughout  the  States.  The 
general  management  of  the  affair  was  entrusted 
to  Capt.  Thomas  H.  Hines,  who  had  been  second 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  command  to  the  rebel  Gen.  John  Morgan  dur- 
ing his  raid  north  of  the  Ohio  River,  while  Col. 
Vincent  Marmaduke,  of  Missouri,  and  G.  St.  Leger 
Grenfell  (an  Englishman)  were  selected  to 
carry  out  the  military  program.  Hines  followed 
out  his  instructions  with  great  zeal  and  labored 
indefatigably.  Thompson's  duty  was  to  dis- 
seminate incendiary  treasonable  literature,  and 
strengthen  the  timorous  "Sons  of  Liberty"  by 
the  use  of  argument  and  money,  both  he  and  his 
agents  being  lavishly  supplied  with  the  latter. 
There  was  to  be  a  draft  in  July,  1864,  and  it  was 
determined  to  arm  the  "Sons  of  Liberty"  for 
resistance,  the  date  of  uprising  being  fixed  for 
July  20.  This  part  of  the  scheme,  however,  was 
finally  abandoned.  Captain  Hines  located  him- 
self at  Chicago,  and  personally  attended  to  the 
distribution  of  funds  and  the  purchase  of  arms. 
The  date  finally  fixed  for  the  attempt  to  liberate 
the  Southern  prisoners  was  August  29,  1864,  when 
the  National  Democratic  Convention  was  to 
assemble  at  Chicago.  On  that  date  it  was 
expected  the  city  would  be  so  crowded  that  the 
presence  of  the  promised  force  of  "Sons"  would 
not  excite  comment.  The  program  also  included 
an  attack  on  the  city  by  water,  for  which  pur- 
pose reliance  was  placed  upon  a  horde  of  Cana- 
dian refugees,  under  Capt.  John  B.  Castleman. 
There  were  some  26,500  Southern  prisoners  in  the 
State  at  this  time,  of  whom  about  8,000  were  at 
Chicago,  6,000  at  Rock  Island,  7,500  at  Spring- 
field, and  5,000  at  Alton.  It  was  estimated  that 
there  were  4,000  "Sons  of  Liberty"  in  Chicago, 
who  would  be  largely  reenforced.  With  these 
and  the  Canadian  refugees  the  prisoners  at  Camp 
Douglas  were  to  be  liberated,  and  the  army  thus 
formed  was  to  march  upon  Rock  Island,  Spring- 
field and  Alton.  But  suspicions  were  aroused, 
and  the  Camp  was  reenforced  by  a  regiment  of 
infantry  and  a  battery.  The  organization  of  the 
proposed  assailing  force  was  very  imperfect,  and 
the  great  majority  of  those  who  were  to  compose 
it  were  lacking  in  courage.  Not  enough  of  the 
latter  reported  for  service  to  justify  "an  attack, 
and  tlie  project  was  postponed.  In  the  meantime 
a  preliminary  part  of  the  plot,  at  least  indirectly 
connected  with  the  Camp  Douglas  conspiracy, 
and  which  contemplated  the  release  of  the  rebel 
officers  confined  on  Johnson's  Island  in  Lake 
Erie,  had  been  "nipped  in  the  bud"  by  the  arrest 
of  Capt.  C.  H.  Cole,  a  Confederate  officer  in  dis- 
guise, on  the  19th  of  September,  just  as  he  was 
on  the  point  of  putting  in  execution  a  scheme  for 
seizing  the  United  States  steamer  Michigan  at 
Snndusky.  and  putting  on  board  of  it  a  Confeder- 


ate crew.  November  8  was  the  date  next  selected 
to  carry  out  the  Chicago  scheme — the  day  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  second  election.  The  same  pre- 
liminaries were  arranged,  except  that  no  water 
attack  was  to  be  made.  But  Chicago  was  to  be 
burned  and  flooded,  and  its  banks  pillaged. 
Detachments  were  designated  to  apply  the  torch, 
to  open  fire  plugs,  to  levy  arms,  and  to  attack 
banks.  But  representatives  of  the  United  States 
Secret  Service  had  been  initiated  into  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty,"  and  the  plans  of  Captain  Hines  and 
his  associates  were  well  known  to  the  authori- 
ties. An  efficient  body  of  detectives  was  put 
upon  their  track  by  Gen.  B.  J.  Sweet,  the  com- 
mandant at  Camp  Douglas,  although  some  of  the 
most  valuable  service  in  running  down  the  con- 
spiracy and  capturing  its  agents,  was  rendered 
by  Dr.  T.  Winslow  Ayer  of  Chicago,  a  Colonel 
Langhorne  (an  ex-Confederate  who  had  taken 
the  oath  of  allegiance  without  the  knowledge  of 
some  of  the  parties  to  the  plot),  and  Col.  J.  T. 
Shanks,  a  Confederate  prisoner  who  was  known 
as  "The  Texan."  Both  Langhorne  and  Shanks 
were  appalled  at  the  horrible  nature  of  the  plot 
as  it  was  unfolded  to  them,  and  entered  with 
zeal  into  the  effort  to  defeat  it.  Shanks  was 
permitted  to  escape  from  Camp  Douglas,  thereby 
getting  in  communication  with  the  leaders  of  the 
plot  who  assisted  to  conceal  him,  while  he  faith- 
fully apprised  General  Sweet  of  their  plans.  On 
the  night  of  Nov.  6 — or  rather  after  midnight  on 
the  morning  pf  the  7th — General  Sweet  caused 
simultaneous  arrests  of  the  leaders  to  be  made  at 
their  hiding-places.  Captain  Hines  was  not 
captured,  but  the  following  conspirators  were 
taken  into  custody:  Captains  Cant  rill  and  Trav- 
erse; Charles  Walsh,  the  Brigadier-General  of 
the  "Sons  of  Liberty,"  who  was  sheltering  them, 
and  in  whose  barn  and  house  was  found  a  large 
quantity  of  arms  and  military  stores:  Cols.  St. 
Leger  Grenfell,  W.  R.  Anderson  and  J.  T. 
Shanks;  R.  T.  Semmes,  Vincent  Marmaduke, 
Charles  T.  Daniel  and  Buckner  S.  Morris,  the 
Treasurer  of  the  order.  They  were  tried  by 
Military  Commission  at  Cincinnati  for  conspir- 
acy. Marmaduke  and  Morris  were  acquitted: 
Anderson  committed  suicide  during  the  trial; 
Walsh,  Semmes  and  Daniels  were  sentenced  to 
the  penitentiary,  and  Grenfell  was  sentenced  to 
be  hung,  although  his  sentence  was  afterward 
commuted  to  life  imprisonment  at  the  Dry  Tortu- 
gas,  where  he  mysteriously  disappeared  some 
years  afterward,  but  whether  he  escaped  or  was 
drowned  in  the  attempt  to  do  so  has  never  been 
known.  The  British  Government  had  made 


-  • 


re 


• 


i 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


repeated  attempts  to  secure  his  release,  a  brother 
of  his  being  a  General  in  the  British  Army. 
Daniels  managed  to  escape,  and  was  never  recap- 
tured, while  Walsh  and  Semmes,  after  under- 
going brief  terms  of  imprisonment,  were 
pardoned  by  President  Johnson.  The  subsequent 
history  of  Shanks,  who  played  so  prominent  a 
part  in  defeating  the  scheme  of  wholesale  arson, 
pillage  and  assassination,  is  interesting.  While 
in  prison  he  had  been  detailed  for  service  as  a 
clerk  in  one  of  the  offices  under  the  direction  of 
General  Sweet,  and,  while  thus  employed,  made 
the  acquaintance  of  a  young  lady  member  of  a 
loyal  family,  whom  he  afterwards  married. 
After  the  exposure  of  the  contemplated  uprising, 
the  rebel  agents  in  Canada  offered  a  reward  of 
$1,000  in  gold  for  the  taking  of  his  life,  and  he 
was  bitterly  persecuted.  The  attention  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  was  called  to  the  service  rendered 
by  him,  and  sometime  during  1865  he  received  a 
commission  as  Captain  and  engaged  in  fighting 
the  Indians  upon  the  Plains.  The  efficiency 
shown  by  Colonel  Sweet  in  ferreting  out  the  con- 
spiracy and  defeating  its  consummation  won  for 
him  the  gratitude  of  the  people  of  Chicago  and 
the  whole  nation,  and  was  recognized  by  the 
Government  in  awarding  him  a  commission  as 
Brigadier-General.  (See  Benjamin  J.  Sweet, 
Camp  Douglas  and  Secret  Treasonable  Societies. ) 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  legislator  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  at  Concord,  Pa.,  Oct.  4,  1814. 
After  obtaining  a  limited  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  at  an  early  age  he  secured  employ- 
ment as  a  clerk  in  an  iron  manufactory.  He  soon 
rose  to  the  position  of  superintendent,  managing 
iron-works  in  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, until  1850,  when  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  at  La  Salle.  He  was  twice  (1852  and 
1 853)  elected  Mayor  of  that  city,  and  represented 
his  county  in  the  Twenty-first  General  Assembly 
(1859).  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and  served 
one  term  (1875-77)  as  Representative  in  Congress, 
being  elected  as  an  Independent,  but,  in  1*78,  was 
defeated  for  re-election  by  Philip  C.  Hayes, 
Republican.  Mr.  Campbell  was  a  zealous  friend 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and,  in  1858,  contributed 
liberally  to  the  expenses  of  the  latter  in  making 
the  tour  of  the  State  during  the  debate  with 
Douglas.  He  broke  with  the  Republican  party 
in  1874  on  the  greenback  issue,  which  won  for 
him  the  title  of  "Father  of  the  Greenback."  His 
death  occurred  at  La  Salle,  August  9,  1898. 

CAMPBELL,  Antrim,  early  lawyer,  was  born 
in  New  Jersey  in  1814;  came  to  Springfield,  111., 


in  1838;  was  appointed  Master  in  Cliancery  for 
Sangamon  County  in  IM'.i.  and,  in  1861,  to  a 
similar  position  by  the  United  States  District 
Court  for  that  district.  Died,  August  11,  1868. 

CAMPBELL,  James  R.,  Congressman  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  111.,  May  4. 
1853,  his  ancestors  being  among  the  first  settlers 
in  that  section  of  the  State;  was  educated  at 
Notre  Dame  University,  Ind.,  read  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1877 ; 
in  1878  purcliased  "The  McLeansboro  Times." 
which  he  has  since  conducted ;  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1884,  and 
again  in  '86,  advanced  to  the  Senate  in  1888,  and 
re-elected  in  '92.  During  his  twelve  years' 
experience  in  the  Legislature  he  participated,  as 
a  Democrat,  in  the  celebrated  Logan-Morrison 
contest  for  the  United  States  Senate,  in  1885,  and 
assisted  in  the  election  of  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer 
to  the  Senate  in  1H91.  At  the  close  of  his  last 
term  in  the  Senate  (1.H96)  he  wad  elected  to  Con- 
gress from  the  Twentieth  District,  receiving  a 
plurality  of  2,851  over  Orlando  Burrell,  Repub- 
lican, who  had  been  elected  in  1894.  On  the 
second  call  for  troops  issued  by  the  President 
during  the  Spanish- American  War,  Mr.  Camp- 
bell organized  a  regiment  which  was  mustered  in 
as  the  Ninth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  and  assigned 
to  the  corps  of  Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee  at  Jackson- 
ville, Flu.  Although  his  regiment  saw  no  active 
service  during  the  war,  it  was  held  in  readiness 
for  that  purpose,  and,  on  the  occupation  of  Cuba 
in  December,  189H,  it  became  a  part  of  the  army 
of  occupation.  As  Colonel  Campbell  remained 
with  his  regiment,  he  took  no  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  last  term  of  the  Fifty-fifth  Con- 
gress, and  was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election  in 
1898. 

CAMPBELL,  Thompson,  Secretary  of  State 
and  Congressman,  was  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  in  1811 ;  removed  in  childhood  to  the  western 
part  of  the  State  and  was  educated  at  Jefferson 
College,  afterwards  reading  law  at  Pittsburg. 
Soon  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar  he  removed 
to  Galena.  111.,  where  he  had  acquired  some  min- 
ing interests,  and,  in  1843,  was  appointed  Secre 
tary  of  State  by  Governor  Ford,  but  resigned  in 
1846,  and  became  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1S47;  in  1850  was  elected  as  a 
Democrat  to  Congress  from  the  Galena  District, 
but  defeated  for  re-election  in  1852  by  E.  B. 
Washburne.  He  was  then  appointed  by  President 
Pierce  Commissioner  to  look  after  certain  land 
grants  by  the  Mexican  Government  in  California, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


77 


removing  to  that  State  in  1853,  but  resigned  this 
ixjsition  about  1855  to  engage  in  general  practice. 
In  1859  he  made  an  extended  visit  to  Europe 
with  his  family,  and,  on  his  return,  located  in 
Chicago,  the  following  year  becoming  a  candidate 
for  Presidential  Elector-at-large  on  the  Breckin- 
ridge  ticket ;  in  1861  returned  to  California,  and, 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  became  a 
zealous  champion  of  the  Union  cause,  by  his 
speeches  exerting  a  powerful  influence  upon  the 
destiny  of  the  State.  He  also  served  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Legislature  during  the  war,  and,  in  1864, 
was  a  member  of  the  Baltimore  Convention 
which  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency 
a  second  time,  assisting  most  ably  in  the  subse- 
quent campaign  to  carry  the  State  for  the  Repub- 
lican ticket.  Died  in  San  Francisco,  Dec.  6,  1868. 

CAMPBELL,  William  J.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1850.  When 
he  was  two  years  old  his  father  removed  to 
Illinois,  settling  in  Cook  County.  After  passing 
through  the  Chicago  public  schools,  Mr.  Camp- 
bell attended  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
two  years,  after  which  he  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875.  From  that  date  he 
was  in  active  practice  and  attained  prominence 
at  the  Chicago  bar.  In  1878  he  was  elected  State 
Senator,  and  was  re-elected  in  1882,  serving  in  all 
eight  years.  At  the  sessions  of  1881,  '83  and  '85 
he  was  chosen  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate,  and,  on  Feb.  6,  1883,  he  became  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  upon  the  accession  of  Lieutenant- 
Go  vernor  Hamilton  to  the  executive  office  to 
succeed  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  who  had  been  elected 
United  States  Senator.  In  1888  he  represented 
the  First  Illinois  District  in  the  National  Repub- 
lican Convention,  and  was  the  same  year  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Republican  National  Committee 
for  Illinois  and  was  re-elected  in  1882.  Died  in 
Chicago,  March  4,  1896.  For  several  years 
immediately  preceding  his  death,  Mr.  Campbell 
was  the  chief  attorney  of  the  Armour  Packing 
Company  of  Chicago. 

CAMP  POINT,  a  village  in  Adams  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  and  the  Wabash  Railroads,  22  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Quincy.  It  is  a  grain  center,  has 
one  flour  mill,  two  feed  mills,  one  elevator,  a 
pressed  brick  plant,  two  banks,  four  churches,  a 
high  school,  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1890),  1,150;  (1900),  1,260. 

CANAL  SCRIP  FRAUD.  During  the  session 
of  the  Illinois  General  Assembly  of  1859,  Gen. 
Jacob  Fry,  who,  as  Commissioner  or  Trustee,  had 
been  associated  with  the  construction  of  the 


Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  from  1837  to  1845. 
had  his  attention  called  to  a  check  purporting  to 
have  been  issued  by  the  Commissioners  in  1839, 
which,  upon  investigation,  he  became  convinced 
was  counterfeit,  or  haj  been  fraudulently  issued. 
Having  communicated  his  conclusions  to  Hon. 
Jesse  K.  Dubois,  the  State  Auditor,  in  charge  of 
the  work  of  refunding  the  State  indebtedness,  an 
inquiry  was  instituted  in  the  office  of  the  Fund 
Commissioner — a  position  attached  to  the  Gov- 
ernor's office,  but  in  the  charge  of  a  secretary — 
which  developed  the  fact  that  a  large  amount  of 
these  evidences  of  indebtedness  had  been  taken 
up  through  that  office  and  bonds  issued  therefor 
by  the  State  Auditor  under  the  laws  for  funding 
the  State  debt.  A  subsequent  investigation  by  the 
Finance  Committee  of  the  State  Senate,  ordered 
by  vote  of  that  body,  resulted  in  the  discovery 
that,  in  May  and  August,  1839,  two  series  of 
canal  "scrip"  (or  checks)  had  been  issued  by  the 
Canal  Board,  to  meet  temporary  demands  in  the 
work  of  construction  —  the  sum  aggregating 
$269,059— of  which  all  but  $316  had  been  redeemed 
within  a  few  years  at  the  Chicago  branch  of  the 
Illinois  State  Bank.  The  bank  officers  testified 
that  this  scrip  (or  a  large  part  of  it)  had,  after 
redemption,  been  held  by  them  in  the  bank  vaults 
without  cancellation  until  settlement  was  had 
with  the  Canal  Board,  when  it  was  packed  in 
boxes  and  turned  over  to  the  Board.  After  liav- 
ing  lain  in  the  canal  office  for  several  years  in 
this  condition,  and  a  new  "Trustee"  (as  the 
officer  in  charge  was  now  called)  having  come 
into  the  canal  office  in  1853,  this  scrip,  with  other 
papers,  was  repacked  in  a  shoe-box  and  a  trunk 
and  placed  in  charge  of  Joel  A.  Matteson,  then 
Governor,  to  be  taken  by  him  *o  Springfield  and 
deposited  there.  Nothing  further  was  known  of 
these  papers  until  October,  1854,  when  $300  of  the 
scrip  was  presented  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Fund 
Commissioner  by  a  Springfield  banker,  and  bond 
issued  thereon.  This  was  followed  in  1856  and 
1857  by  larger  sums,  until,  at  the  time  the  legis- 
lative investigation  was  instituted,  it  was  found 
that  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $223,182.66  had  been 
issued  on  account  of  principal  and  interest. 
With  the  exception  of  the  $300  first  presented,  it- 
was  shown  that  all  the  scrip  so  funded  had  been 
presented  by  Governor  Matteson,  either  while  in 
office  or  subsequent  to  his  retirement,  and  the 
bonds  issued  therefor  delivered  to  him — although 
none  of  the  persons  in  whose  names  the  issue  was 
made  were  known  or  ever  afterward  discovered. 
The  developments  made  by  the  Senate  Finance 
Committee  led  to  an  offer  from  Matteson  to 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


indemnify  the  State,  in  which  he  stated  that  he 
had  "unconsciously  and  innocently  been  made 
the  instrument  through  whom  a  gross  fraud  upon 
the  State  had  been  attempted."  He  therefore 
gave  to  the  State  mortgages  and  an  indemnifying 
bond  for  the  sum  shown  to  have  been  funded  by 
him  of  this  class  of  indebtedness,  upon  which  the 
State,  on  foreclosure  a  few  years  later,  secured 
judgment  for  $255,000,  although  the  property  on 
being  sold  realized  only  $238,000.  A  further 
investigation  by  the  Legislature,  in  1861,  revealed 
the  fact  that  additional  issues  of  bonds  for  similar 
scrip  had  been  made  amounting  to  $165,340,  for 
which  the  State  never  received  any  compensa- 
tion. A  search  through  the  State  House  for  the 
trunk  and  box  placed  in  the  hands  of  Governor 
Matteson  in  1853,  while  the  official  investigation 
was  in  progress,  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the 
trunk  in  a  condition  showing  it  had  been  opened, 
but  the  box  was  never  found.  The  fraud  was 
made  the  subject  of  a  protracted  investigation 
by  the  Grand  Jury  of  Sangamon  County  in  May, 
1859,  and,  although  the  jury  twice  voted  to  indict 
Governor  Matteson  for  larceny,  it  as  often  voted 
to  reconsider,  and,  on  a  third  ballot,  voted  to 
"ignore  the  bill." 

CANBY,  Richard  Sprigg,  jurist,  was  born  in 
(ireen  County,  Ohio.  Sept.  :!(),  1808;  was  educated 
at  Miami  University  and  admitted  to  the  bar, 
afterwards  serving  as  Prosecuting  Attorney, 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  one  term  (1847-49) 
in  Congress.  In  1863  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
locating  at  Olney,  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-fifth  Judicial  Circuit  in  1867,  resuming 
practice  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1873. 
Died  in  Richland  County,  July  27,  1895.  Judge 
C'anby  was  a  relative  of  Gen.  Edward  Richard 
Spriggs  Canby,  who  was  treacherously  killed  by 
the  Modocs  in  California  in  1873. 

CANNON,  Joseph  G.,  Congressman,  was  born 
at  Guilford,  N.  C.,  May  7,  1836,  and  removed  to 
Illinois  in  early  youth,  locating  at  Danville,  Ver- 
milion County.  By  profession  he  is  a  lawyer, 
and  served  as  State's  Attorney  of  Vermilion 
County  for  two  terms  (1861-68).  Incidentally, 
he  is  conducting  a  large  banking  business  at 
.  Danville.  In  1872  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican 
to  the  Forty-third  Congress  for  the  Fifteenth  Dis- 
trict, and  has  been  re-elected  biennially  ever 
(  since,  except  in  1890,  when  he  was  defeated  for 
the  Fifty-second  Congress  by  Samuel  T.  Busey. 
his  Democratic  opponent.  He  is  now  (1898) 
serving  his  twelfth  term  as  the  Representative 
for  the  Twelfth  Congressional  District,  and  has 
been  re-elected  for  a  thirtepnth  term  in  the  Fifty- 


sixth  Congress  ( 1899-1901 ) .  Mr.  Cannon  has  been 
an  influential  factor  in  State  and  National  poli- 
tics, as  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  has  been  Chair- 
man of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropriations 
during  the  important  sessions  of  the  Fifty-fourth 
and  Fifty-fifth  Congresses. 

CANTON,  a  flourishing  city  in  Fulton  County, 
12  miles  from  the  Illinois  River,  and  28  miles 
southwest  of  Peoria.  It  is  the  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  counties 
in  the  "corn  belt";  also  lias  abundant  supplies 
of  timber  and  clay  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
There  are  coal  mines  within  the  municipal  limits, 
and  various  manufacturing  establishments. 
Among  the  principal  outputs  are  agricultural 
implements,  flour,  brick  and  tile,  cigars,  cigar 
boxes,  foundry  and  machine-shop  products,  fire- 
arms, brooms,  and  marble.  The  city  is  lighted 
by  gas  and  electricity,  has  water-works,  fire  de- 
partment, a  public  library,  six  ward  schools  and 
one  high  schoo'.,  and  three  newspapers.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  5,604;  (1900),  6,564. 

C.VPI'S,  Jabez,  pioneer,  was  born  in  London, 
England,  Sept.  9,  1796 ;  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1817,  and  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in  1819. 
For  a  time  he  taught  school  in  what  is  now 
called  Round  Prairie,  in  the  present  County  of 
Sangamon,  and  later  in  Calhoun  (the  original 
name  of  a  part  of  the  city  of  Springfield),  having 
among  his  pupils  a  number  of^  those  who  after- 
wards became  prominent  citizens  of  Central 
Illinois.  In  1836,  in  conjunction  with  two  part- 
ners, he  laid  out  the  town  of  Mount  Pulaski,  the 
original  county-seat  of  Logan  County,  where  he 
continued  to  live  for  the  remainder  of  hia  life, 
and  where,  during  its  later  period,  he  served  as 
Postmaster  some  fifteen  years.  He  also  served  as 
Recorder  of  Logan  County  four  years.  Died, 
April  1,  1896,  in  the  100th  year  of  his  age. 

CARBONDALE,  a  city  in  Jackson  County, 
founded  in  1852,  57  miles  north  of  Cairo,  and  91 
miles  from  St.  Louis.  Three  lines  of  railway 
center  here.  The  chief  industries  are  coal-min- 
ing, farming,  stock-raising,  fruit-growing  and 
lumbering.  It  has  two  preserving  plants, 'eight 
churches,  two  weekly  papers,  and  four  public 
schools,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Southern  Illinois 
Normal  University.  Pop.  (1890),  2,382;  (1900),  3,318. 

CARBONDALE  &  SHAWNEETOWN  RAIL- 
ROAD, a  short  line  17  V  miles  in  length,  ex- 
tending from  Marion  to  Carbondale.  and  operated 
by  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad 
Company,  as  lessee.  It  was  incorporated  as  the 
Murphysboro  &  Shawneetown  Railroad  in  1867 : 
its  name  changed  in  1869  to  The  Carbondale  & 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Shawneetown,  was  opened  for  business,  Dec.  31, 
1871,  and  leased  in  1886  for  980  years  to  the  St. 
Louis  Southern,  through  which  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Rail- 
road, and  by  lease  from  the  latter,  in  1896,  became 
apart  of  the  Illinois  Central  System  (which  see). 

CAREY,  William,  lawyer,  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Turner,  Maine,  Dec.  29,  1826 ;  studied  law  with 
General  Fessenden  and  at  Yale  Law  School,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Maine  in  1856,  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in 
1857,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  on  motion  of  Hon.  Lyinan  Trumbull,  in 
1873.  Judge  Carey  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70  from  Jo 
Daviess  County,  and  the  choice  of  the  Republicans 
in  that  body  for  temporary  presiding  officer; 
was  elected  to  the  next  General  Assembly  (the 
Twenty -seventh),  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
House  Judiciary  Committee  through  its  four  ses- 
sions; from  1873  to  1876  was  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for  Utah,  still  later  occupying 
various  offices  at  Deadwood,  Dakota,  and  in  Reno 
County,  Kan.  The  first  office  fteld  by  Judge 
Carey  in  Illinois  (that  of  Superintendent  of 
Schools  for  the  city  of  Galena)  was  conferred 
upon  him  through  the  influence  of  John  A.  Raw- 
lins,  afterwards  General  Grant's  chief-of-staff 
during  the  war,  and  later  Secretary  of  War — 
although  at  the  time  Mr.  Rawlins  and  he  were 
politically  opposed.  Mr.  Carey's  present  resi- 
dence is  in  Chicago. 

CARUN,  Thomas,  former  Governor,  was  born 
of  Irish  ancestry  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  July 
18,  1789;  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1811,  and  served 
as  a  private  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  as  a  Captain 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  While  not  highly  edu- 
cated, he  was  a  man  of  strong  common  sense, 
high  moral  standard,  great  firmness  of  character 
and  unfailing  courage.  In  1818  he  settled  in 
Greene  County,  of  which  he  was  the  first  Sheriff ; 
was  twice  elected  State  Senator,  and  was  Regis- 
ter of  the  Land  Office  at  Quincy,  when  he  was 
elected  Governor  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in 
1838.  An  uncompromising  partisan,  he  never- 
theless commanded  the  respect  and  good-will  of 
his  political  opponents.  Died  at  his  home  in 
Carrollton,  Feb.  14,  1852. 

CARLIN,  William  Passmoro,  soldier,  nephew  of 
Gov.  Thomas  Carlin,  was  born  at  Rich  Woods, 
Greene  County,  111.,  Nov.  24,  1829.  At  the  age 
of  21  he  graduated  from  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point,  and,  in  1855,  was 
attached  to  the  Sixth  United  States  Infantry  as 
Lieutenant.  After  several  years  spent  in  Indian 


fighting,  he  was  ordered  to  California,  where  he 
was  promoted  to  a  captaincy  and  assigned  to 
recruiting  duty.  On  August  15,  1861,  he  was 
commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Thirty -eighth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers.  His  record  during  the  war  was 
an  exceptionally  brilliant  one.  He  defeated  Gen. 
Jeff.  Thompson  at  Fredericktown,  Mo.,  Oct.  21, 
1861 ;  commanded  the  District  of  Southeast  Mis- 
souri for  eighteen  months ;  led  a  brigade  under 
Slocum  in  the  Arkansas  campaign ;  served  with 
marked  distinction  ia  Kentucky  and  Mississippi ; 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Stone 
River,  was  engaged  in  the  Tullahoma  campaign, 
at  Chattanooga,  Lookout  Mountain  and  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  and,  on  Feb.  8,  1864,  was  commis- 
sioned Major  in  the  Sixteenth  Infantry.  He  also 
took  part  in  the  Georgia  campaign,  aiding  in  the 
capture  of  Atlanta,  and  marching  with  Sherman 
to  the  sea.  For  gallant  service  in  the  assault  at 
Jonesboro,  Tenn.,  Sept.  1,  1864,  he  was  made 
Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  and,  on  March  13, 
1865,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  for  meritori- 
ous service  at  Bentonville,  N.  C.,  and  Major- 
General  for  services  during  the  war.  Colonel 
Carlin  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General  in  1893.  His  home  is  at  Carrollton. 

CARLINYILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Macoupin 
County;  a  city  and  railroad  junction,  57  miles 
northeast  of  St.  Louis,  and  38  miles  southwest  of 
Springfield.  Blackburn  University  (which  see) 
ia  located  here.  Three  coal  mines  are  operated . 
and  there  are  brick  works,  tile  works,  and  one 
newspaper.  The  city  has  gas  and  electric  light 
plants  and  water-works.  Population  (1880), 
8,117,  (.1890),  3.293;  (IflOO),  3,502. 

CARLYLE,  the  county-seat  of  Clinton  County. 
48  miles  east  of  St.  Louis,  located  on  the  Kaskas- 
kia  River  and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern 
Railroad.  The  town  has  churches,  parochial  and 
public  schools,  water-works,  lighting  plant,  and 
manufactures.  It  has  a  flourishing  seminary  for 
young  ladies,  three  weekly  papers,  and  a  public 
library  connected  with  the  high  school.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,784;  (1900),  1,874. 

CARMI,  the  county -seat  of  White  County,  on 
the  Little  Wabash  River,  124  miles  east  of  St. 
Louis  and  38  west  of  Evansville,  Ind.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  fertile,  yielding  both  cereals 
and  fruit.  Flouring  mills  and  lumber  manufac- 
turing, including  the  making  of  staves,  are  the 
chief  industries,  though  the  city  has  brick  and 
tile  works,  a  plow  factory  and  foundry.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  2,512;  (1890),  2,785;  (1900),  2,939. 

CARPENTER,  Hilton,  legislator  and  State 
Treasurer ;  entered  upon  public  life  in  Illinois  as 


80 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Representative  in  the  Nintli  General  Assembly 
(1834)  from  Hamilton  County,  serving  by  succes- 
sive re-elections  in  the  Tenth,  Eleventh  and 
Twelfth.  While  a  member  of  the  latter  (1841) 
he  was  elected  by  the  Legislature  to  the  office  of 
State  Treasurer,  retaining  this  position  until  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1848,  when  he  was 
chosen  his  own  successor  by  popular  vote,  but 
died  a  few  days  after  the  election  in  August, 
1848.  He  was  buried  in  what  is  now  known  as 
the  "Old  Hutchinson  Cemetery"  —  a  burying 
ground  in  the  west  part  of  the  city  of  Springfield, 
long  since  abandoned — where  his  remains  still  lie 
(1897)  in  a  grave  unmarked  by  a  tombstone. 

CARPENTER,  Philo,  pioneer  and  early  drug- 
gist, was  born  of  Puritan  and  Revolutionary 
ancestry  in  the  town  of  Savoy,  Mass.,  Feb.  27, 
1805 ;  engaged  as  a  druggist's  clerk  at  Troy,  N.  Y. , 
in  1828,  and  came  to  Chicago  in  1832,  where  he 
established  himself  in  the  drug  business,  which 
was  later  extended  into  other  lines.  Soon  after 
his  arrival,  he  began  investing  in  lands,  which 
have  since  become  immensely  valuable.  Mr. 
Carpenter  was  associated  with  the  late  Rev. 
Jeremiah  Porter  in  the  organization  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  but,  in  1851, 
withdrew  on  account  of  dissatisfaction  with  the 
attitude  of  some  of  the  representatives  of  that 
denomination  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  identify- 
ing himself  with  the  Congregationalist  Church, 
in  which  he  had  been  reared.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  founders  and  most  liberal  benefactors  of 
the  Chicago  Theological  Seminary,  to  which  he 
gave  in  contributions,  during  his  life-time,  or  in 
!»'<|iiests  after  his  death,  sums  aggregating  not 
fur  from  $100,000.  One  of  the  Seminary  build 
ings  was  named  in  his  honor.  "Carpenter  Hall." 
He  was  identified  with  various  other  organiza- 
tions, one  of  the  most  important  being  the  Relief 
and  Aid  Society,  which  did  such  useful  work 
after  the  fire  of  1871.  By  a.  life  of  probity,  liber- 
ality and  benevolence,  he  won  the  respect  of  all 
classes,  dying,  August  7.  1S^fi. 

CARPENTER,  (Mrs.)  Sarah  L.  Warren,  pio- 
neer teacher,  born  in  Fredonia.  X  Y.,  Sept.  1, 
1813:  at  the  age  of  13  she  began  teaching  at  State 
Line.  N.  Y. ;  in  1833  removed  with  her  parents 
(Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Warren)  to  Chicago,  and 
soon  after  began  teaching  in  what  was  called  the 
"Yankee"  settlement."  now  the  town  of  Lockport, 
Will  County.  She  came  to  Chicago  the  following 
year  (1834)  to  take  the  place  of  assistant  of  Gran- 
ville  T.  Sproat  in  a  school  for  boys,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  teacher  paid  out  of  the  public- 
funds  in  Chicago,  though  Miss  Eliza  Chappell 


(afterwards  Mrs.  Jeremiah  Porter)  began  teach- 
ing the  children  about  Fort  Dearborn  in  1833. 
Miss  Warren  married  Abel  E.  Carpenter,  whom 
she  survived,  dying  at  Aurora,  Kane  County, 
Jan.  10,  1897. 

CARPE>"TER8VIU,E,  a  village  of  Kane 
County  iiml  manufacturing  center,  on  Luke  Ge- 
neva branch  of  the('liioHgo&  Northwestern  Rail- 
road. 6  miles  north  of  East  Elgin  and  about  48 
miles  from  Chicago.  Pop.  (1890),  754 ;  (1900),  1,002. 

CARR,  Clark  £.,  lawyer,  politician  and  diplo- 
mat, was  horn  at  Boston,  Erie  County.  N.  Y.. 
May  20,  1836;  at  13  years  of  age  accompanied  his 
father's  family  to  Galesburg,  111. ,  where  he  spent 
several  years  at  Knox  College.  In  1857  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Albany  Law  School,  but  on  return-  ' 
ing  to  Illinois,  soon  embarked  in  politics,  his 
affiliations  being  uniformly  with  the  Republican 
party.  His  first  office  was  that  of  Postmaster  at 
Galesburg,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by  Presi 
dent  Lincoln  in  1861  and  which  he  held  for 
twenty-four  years.  He  was  a  tried  and  valued 
assistant  of  Governor  Yates  during  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion,  serving  on  the  staff  of  the  latter 
with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  National  Convention  of  his  party  at  Baltimore 
in  1864.  which  renominated  Lincoln,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  campaigns  of  that  year,  as  well 
as  those  of  1868  and  1873.  In  1869  he  purchased 
"The  Galesburg  Republican,"  which  he  edited 
and  published  for  two  years.  In  1880  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomi- 
nation for  Governor ;  in  1884  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  National  Convention,  from  the  State- 
at-large,  and,  in  1887,  a  candidate  for  the  caucus 
nomination  for  United  States  Senator,  which  was 
given  to  Charles  B.  Farwell.  In  1888  he  was 
defeated  in  the  Republican  State  Convention  as 
candidate  for  Governor  by  Joseph  W.  Fifer.  In 
1889  President  Harrison  appointed  him  Minister 
to  Denmark,  which  post  he  filled  with  marked 
ability  and  credit  to  the  country  until  his  resig 
nation  was  accepted  by  President  Cleveland, 
when  he  returned  to  his  former  home  at  Gales- 
burg. While  in  Denmark  he  did  much  to 
promote  American  trade  with  that  country, 
especially  in  the  introduction  of  American  corn 
as  an  article  of  food,  which  has  led  to  a  large 
increase  in  the  annual  exportation  of  this  com- 
modity to  Scandinavian  markets. 

CARR,  Eugene  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Erie 
County,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1830,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1850,  entering  the  Mounted  Rifles. 
Until  1861  he  was  stationed  in  the  Far  West,  and 
engaged  in  Indian  fighting,  earning  a  First  Lieu- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


81 


tenancy  through  his  gallantry.  In  1861  he 
entered  upon  active  service  under  General  Lyon, 
in  Southwest  Missouri,  taking  part  in  the  engage- 
ments of  Dug  Springs  and  Wilson's  Creek, 
winning  the  brevet  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  In 
September,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of 
the  Third  Illinois  Cavalry.  He  served  as  acting 
Brigadier-General  in  Fremont's  hundred-day 
expedition,  for  a  time  commanding  the  Fourth 
Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Southwest.  On  the 
second  day  at  Pea  Ridge,  although  three  times 
wounded,  he  remained  on  the  field  seven  hours, 
and  materially  aided  in  securing  a  victory,  for 
his  bravery  being  made  Brigadier-General  of 
Volunteers.  In  the  summer  of  1862  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major  in  the  Regular 
Army.  During  the  Vicksburg  campaign  he  com- 
manded a  division,  leading  the  attack  at  Magnolia 
Church,  at  Port  Gibson,  and  at  Big  Black  River, 
and  winning  a  brevet  Lieutenant-Colonelcy  in 
the  United  States  Army.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  for  a  first  and  second  assault  upon  taking 
Vicksburg,  and,  in  the  autumn  of  1862.  com- 
manded the  left  wing  of  the  Sixteenth  Corps  at 
Corinth.  In  December  of  that  year  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Department  of  Arkansas, 
where  he  gained  new  laurels,  being  brevetted 
Brigadier-General  for  gallantry  at  Little  Rock, 
and  Major-General  for  services  during  the  war. 
After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  he  was  stationed 
chiefly  in  the  West,  where  he  rendered  good  serv- 
ice in  the  Indian  campaigns.  In  1894  he  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  and 
has  since  resided  in  New  York. 

CARRIEL,  Henry  F.,  M.D.,  alienist,  was  born 
,\t  Cliarlestown,  N.  II. .  and  educated  at  Marlow 
Academy,  N.  H.,  and  Wesleyan  Seminary.  Vt. : 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York  City,  in  1857,  and  immedi- 
ately accepted  the  position  of  Assistant  Physician 
in  the  New  Jersey  State  Lunatic  Asylum, 
remaining  until  1870.  Meanwhile,  however,  he 
visited  a  large  number  of  the  leading  hospitals 
and  asylums  of  Europe.  In  1870,  Dr.  Carriel 
received  the  appointment  of  Su]>erintendent  of 
the  Illinois  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Jacksonville,  a  position  which  he  continued  to 
till  until  1893,  when  he  voluntarily  tendered  to 
Governor  Altgeld  his  resignation,  to  take  effect 
July  1  of  that  year.— Mrs.  Mary  Turner  (Carriel). 
wife  of  Dr.  Carriel,  and  a  daughter  of  Prof. 
Jonathan  B.  Turner  of  Jacksonville,  was  elected 
a  Trustee  of  the  University  of  Illinois  on  the  Repub 
lican  ticket  in  1896.  receiving  a  plurality  of  148,03!) 
over  Julia  Holmes  Smith,  her  highest  competitor. 


CARROLL  COUNTY,  originally  a  part  of  Jo 
Daviess  County,  but  set  apart  and  organized  in 
1839,  named  for  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton.  The 
first  settlements  were  in  and  around  Savanna, 
Cherry  Grove  and  Arnold's  Grove.  The  first 
County  Commissioners  were  Messrs.  L.  H.  Bor 
den,  Garner  Moffett  and  S.  M.  Jersey,  who  held 
their  first  court  at  Savanna,  April  13,  1839.  In 
1843  the  county -seat  was  changed  from  Savanna 
to  Mount  Carroll,  where  it  yet  remains.  Town 
ships  were  first  organized  in  1850,  and  the 
development  of  the  county  has  steadily  pro- 
gressed since  that  date.  The  surface  of  the  land 
is  rolling,  and  at  certain  points  decidedly  pictur- 
esque. The  land  is  generally  good  for  farming. 
It  is  well  timbered,  particularly  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Area  of  the  county,  440  square  miles; 
population,  18,963.  Mount  Carroll  is  a  pleasant, 
prosperous,  wide-awake  town,  of  about  2,000 
inhabitants,  and  noted  for  its  excellent  public 
and  private  schools. 

CARROLLTON,  the  county-seat  of  Greene 
County,  situated  on  the  west  branch'  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Alton  and  the  Quincy.  Carrollton  &  St. 
Louis  Kailroails.  33  miles  north-northwest  of 
Alton,  and  H4  miles  south  by  west  from  Jackson- 
ville. The  town  has  a  foundry,  carriage  and 
wagon  factory,  two  machine  shops,  two  flour 
mills,  two  banks,  six  churches,  a  high  school,  and 
two  weekly  newspa|>ei-s.  Population  (1890), 
2,258;  (1900).  2,335. 

CARTER,  Joseph  N.,  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  born  in  Hardin  County,  Ky..  March 
12,  1843;  came  to  Illinois  in  boyhood,  and,  after 
attending  school  at  Tuscola  four  years,  engaged 
in  teaching  until  1863,  when  he  entered  Illinois 
College,  graduating  in  1866;  in  1868  graduated 
from  the  Law  Department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  the  next  year  establishing  himself  in 
practice  at  Quincy,  where  he  lias  since  resided 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Thirty-first  and  Thirty- 
second  General  Assemblies  (1878-82),  and,  in 
June,  1N94.  was  elected  to  the  seat  on  the  Supreme 
Bench,  which  he  now  occupies 

CARTER,  Thomas  Henry,  United  States  Sena 
tor,  born  in  Scioto  County,  Ohio,  Oct.  30,  1854; 
in  his  fifth  year  was  brought  to  Illinois,  his 
father  locating  at  Pana,  where  he  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools;  was  employed  in  farming, 
railroading  and  teaching  several  years,  then 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  and.  in 
1882,  removed  to  Helena.  Mont.,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  practice;  was  elected,  as  a  Republican 
the  last  Territorial  Delegate  to  Congress  from 
Idaho  and  the  first  Representative  from  the  new 


82 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


State:  was  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office  (1891-92),  and,  in  1895,  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  the  term  ending  in  1901. 
In  1892  he  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Repub- 
lican National  Committee,  serving  until  the  St. 
Louis  Convention  of  1896. 

CARTERVILLE,  a  city  in  Williamson  County, 
10  miles  by  rail  northwest  of  Marion.  Coal  min- 
ing is  t  in'  principal  industry.  It  has  a  bank,  five 
churches,  a  public  school,  ami  a  weekly  news- 
paper. Population  (ISSO),  092;  (1890),  969;  (1900), 
1,749;  (1904,  est.),  2,000. 

CARTHAGE,  a  city  nml  the  county-seat  of 
Hancock  County,  lii  miles  east  of  Keokuk,  Iowa, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Wa- 
basli  Railroads;  lias  water-works,  electric  lights, 
three  banks,  four  trust  companies,  four  weekly 
and  two  semi-weekly  papers,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
Lutheran  College.  Pop.  (1890).  1.654;  (1900),  2,104. 

CARTHAGE  COLLEGE,  at  Carthage.  Hancock 
County,  incorporated  in  1871;  has  a  teaching 
faculty  of  twelve  members,  and  reports  158  pupils 
—sixty-eight  men  and  ninety  women — for  1897-98. 
It  has  a  library  of  5,000  volumes  and  endowment 
of  $32,000.  Instruction  is  given  in  the  classical, 
scientific,  musical,  fine  arts  and  business  depart- 
ments, as  well  as  in  preparatory  studies.  In  1898 
this  institution  reported  a  property  valuation  of 
$41,000,  of  which  $35,000  was  in  real  estate. 

CARTHAGE  &  BURLINGTON  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago,  Burlington  <t  Quincy  Railroad.) 

CARTWRIGHT,  James  Henry,  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  was  born  at  Maquoketa,  Iowa, 
Deo.  1,  1842— {he  son  of  a  frontier  Methodist 
clergyman;  was  educated  at  Rock  River  Semi- 
nary and  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1867;  began  practice  in  1870  at 
Oregon,  Ogle  County,  which  is  still  his  home ;  in 
1888  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  to  succeed  Judge 
Eustace,  deceased,  and  in  1891  assigned  to  Appel- 
late Court  duty ;  in  December,  1895,  was  elected 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Justice 
John  M.  Bailey,  deceased,  and  re-elected  in 
1897. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Peter,  pioneer  Methodist 
preacher,  was  born  in  Amherst  County,  Va., 
Sept.  1,  1785,  and  at  the  age  of  five  years  accom- 
panied his  father  (a  Revolutionary  veteran)  to 
Logan  County,  Ky.  The  country  was  wild  and 
unsettled,  there  were  no  schools,  the  nearest  mill 
was  40  miles  distant,  the  few  residents  wore 
homespun  garments  of  flax  or  cotton ;  and  coffee, 
tea  and  sugar  in  domestic  use  were  almost  un- 
known. Methodist  circuit  riders  soon  invaded 
the  district,  and,  at  a  camp  meeting  held  at  Cane 


Ridge  in  1801,  Peter  received  his  first  religious 
impressions.  A  few  months  later  he  abandoned 
his  reckless  life,  sold  his  race-horse  and  abjured 
gambling.  He  began  preaching  immediately 
after  his  conversion,  and,  in  1803,  was  regularly 
received  into  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  although  only  18  years  old.  In 
1823  he  removed  to  Illinois,  locating  in  Sangamon 
County,  then  but  sparsely  settled.  In  1828,  and 
again  in  1832,  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature, 
where  his  homespun  wit  and  undaunted  courage 
stood  him  in  good  stead.  For  a  long  series  of 
years  he  attended  annual  conferences  (usually  as 
a  delegate),  and  was  a  conspicuous  figure  at 
camp-meetings.  Although  a  Democrat  all  his 
life,  he  was  an  uncompromising  antagonist  of 
slavery,  and  rejoiced  at  the  division  of  his 
denomination  in  1844.  He  was  also  a  zealous 
supporter  of  the  Government  during  the  Civil 
War.  In  1846  he  was  a  candidate  for  Congress 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  but  was  defeated  by 
Abraham  Lincoln.  He  was  a  powerful  preacher, 
a  tireless  worker,  and  for  fifty  years  served  as  a 
Presiding  Elder  of  his  denomination.  On  the 
lecture  platform,  his  quaintness  and  eccentricity, 
together  with  his  inexhaustible  fund  of  personal 
anecdotes,  insured  an  interested  audience 
Numerous  stories  are  told  of  his  physical  prowess 
in  overcoming  unruly  characters  whom  he  had 
failed  to  convince  by  moral  suasion.  Inside  the 
church  he  was  equally  fearless  and  outspoken, 
and  his  strong  common  sense  did  much  to  pro- 
mote the  success  of  the  denomination  in  the 
West.  He  died  at  his  home  near  Pleasant  Plains, 
Sangamon  County,  Sept.  25,  1872.  His  principal 
published  works  are  "A  Controversy  with  the 
Devil"  (1853),  "Autobiography  of  Peter  Cart- 
wright"  (1856),  "The  Backwoods  Preacher" 
(London,  1869),  and  several  works  on  Methodism. 
CARY,  Engene,  lawyer  and  insurance  manager, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20, 
1835;  began  teaching  at  sixteen,  meanwhile 
attending  a  select  school  or  academy  at  intervals ; 
studied  law  at  Sheboygan,  Wis. ,  and  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  1855-56;  served  as  City  Attorney  and 
later  as  County  Judge,  and,  in  1861,  enlisted  in 
the  First  Regiment  Wisconsin  Volunteers,  serv- 
ing as  a  Captain  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
and  the  last  two  years  as  Judge- Advocate  on  the 
staff  of  General  Rousseau.  After  the  war  he 
settled  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  where  he  held  the 
office  of  Judge  of  the  First  District,  but  in  1871 
he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and,  in  1883, 
was  the  High-License  candidate  for  Mayor  in 
opposition  to  Mayor  Harrison,  and  believed  by 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


K3 


many  to  liave  been  honestly  elected,  but  counteil 
out  by  the  machine  methods  then  in  vogue. 

CASAD,  Anthony  Wayne,  clergyman  and  phy- 
sician ,  was  born  in  Wantage  Township,  Sussex 
County,  N.  J.,  May  2,  1791;  died  at  Summerfield, 
111.,  Dec.  16,  1857.  His  father,  Rev.  Thomas 
Casad,  was  a  Baptist  minister,  who,  with  his 
wife,  Abigail  Tingley,  was  among  the  early 
settlers  of  Sussex  County.  He  was  descended 
from  Dutch-Huguenot  ancestry,  the  family  name 
being  originally  Cossart,  the  American  branch 
having  been  founded  by  Jacques  Cossart,  who 
emigrated  from  Leyden  to  New  York  in  1663. 
At  the  age  of  19  Anthony  removed  to  Greene 
County,  Ohio,  settling  at  Fairfield,  near  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Dayton,  where  some  of  his 
relatives  were  then  residing.  On  Feb.  6,  1811,  he 
married  Anna,  eldest  daughter  of  Captain  Samuel 
Stites  and  Martha  Martin  Stites,  her  mother's 
father  and  grandfather  having  been  patriot  sol- 
diers in  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  Anthony 
Wayne  Casad  served  as  a  volunteer  from  Ohio  in 
the  War  of  1*12,  being  a  member  of  Captain 
Wm.  Stephenson's  Company.  In  1818  he  re- 
moved with  his  wife's  father  to  Union  Grove,  St. 
Clair  County,  111.  A  few  years  later  he  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  during  1821-23  was  stationed  at  Kaskaskia 
and  Buffalo,  removing,  in  1823,  to  Lebanon, 
where  he  taught  school.  Later  he  studied  medi- 
cine and  attained  considerable  prominence  as  a 
practitioner,  being  commissioned  Surgeon  of  the 
Forty-ninth  Illinois  Infantry  in  1835.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  McKendree  College  and  a 
liberal  contributor  to  its  support;  was  also  for 
many  years  Deputy  Superintendent  of  Schools  at 
Lebanon,  served  as  County  Surveyor  of  St. 
Clair  County,  and  acted  as  agent  for  Harper 
Brothers  in  the  sale  of  Southern  Illinois  lands. 
He  was  a  prominent  Free  Mason  and  an  influ- 
ential citizen.  His  youngest  daughter,  Amanda 
Keziah,  married  Rev.  Colin  D.  James  (which  see). 

CASEY,  a  village  of  Clark  County,  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Vandalia  Line  and  the  Chicago  & 
Ohio  River  Railroad.  *j  miles  southwest  of  Terre 
Haute.  Population  (1890).  844;  (1900),  1,500. 

CASEY,  Zadoc,  pioneer  and  early  Congressman, 
was  born  in  Georgia,  March  17,  1796,  the  young- 
est son  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War  who 
removed  to  Tennessee  about  1800.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  came  to  Illinois  in  1817,  bringing 
with  him  his  widowed  mother,  and  settling  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  city  of  Mount  Vernon, 
in  Jefferson  County,  where  he  acquired  great 
prominence  as  a  politician  and  became  the  head 


of  an  influential  family.  He  began  preaching  at 
an  early  age,  and  continued  to  do  so  occasionally 
through  his  political  career.  In  1819,  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  organization  of  Jefferson 
County,  serving  on  the  first  Board  of  County 
Commissioners;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  Legislature  in  1820,  but  was  elected 
Representative  in  1822  and  re-elected  two  years 
later;  in  1826  was  advanced  to  the  Senate,  serv- 
ing until  1830,  when  lie  was  elected  Lieutenant 
Governor,  and  during  his  incumbency  took  part 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  On  March  1,  1833,  he 
resigned  the  Lieutenant-Governorship  to  accept 
a  seat  as  one  of  the  three  Congressmen  from 
Illinois,  to  which  he  had  been  elected  a  few 
months  previous,  being  subsequently  re-elected 
for  four  consecutive  terms.  In  1842  he  was 
again  a  candidate,  but  was  defeated  by  John  A. 
McClernand.  Other  public  positions  held  by  him 
included  those  of  Delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Conventions  of  1847  and  1862,  Representative  in 
the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  General  Assem- 
blies (1848-52),  serving  as  Speaker  in  the  former. 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1860,  but 
died  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  Sept.  4. 
1862.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was 
active  in  securing  the  right  of  way  for  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  Railroad,  the  original  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi division  of  the  Baltimore,  Ohio  &  South- 
western. He  commenced  life  in  poverty,  but 
acquired  a  considerable  estate,  and  was  the  donor 
of  the  ground  upon  which  the  Supreme  Court 
building  for  the  Southern  Division  at  Mount 
Vernon  was  erected. — Dr.  Newton  R.  (Casey), 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  III,  Jan.  27,  1826,  received  his  pri- 
mary education  in  the  local  schools  and  at  Hills 
boro  and  Mount  Vernon  Academies;  in  1842 
entered  the  Ohio  University  at  Athens  in  that 
State,  remaining  until  1845,  when  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine,  taking  a  course 
of  lectures' the  following  year  at  the  Louisville 
Medical  Institute;  soon  after  began  practice, 
and,  in  Ib47,  removed  to  Benton,-IU.,  returning 
the  following  year  to  Mount  Vernon.  In 
185C-57  he  attended  a  second  course  of  lectures  at 
the  Missouri  Medical  College.  St.  Louis,  the  latter 
year  removing  to  Mound  City,  where  he  filled  a 
number  of  positions,  including  that  of  Mayor 
from  1859  to  1864,  when  he  declined  a  re-election. 
In  1860,  Dr.  Casey  served  as  delegate  from  Illi- 
nois to  the  Democratic  National  Convention  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  and,  on  the  establishment  of 
the  United  States  Government  Hospital  at  Mound 
Citv.  in  1^61.  actol  for  some  time  as  a  volunteer 


84 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


surgeon,  later  serving  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  In 
1866,  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-fifth  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  in 
1868,  when  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Speaker  in  opposition  to  Hon.  S.  M. 
Cullom;  also  again  served  as  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly  (1872-74). 
Since  retiring  from  public  life  Dr.  Casey  has 
given  his  attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion!— Col.  Thomas  S.  (Casey),  another  son,  was 
born  in  Jefferson  County,  111.,  April  6,  1832, 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKend- 
ree  College,  in  due  course  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M.  from  the  latter;  studied  law  for  three 
years,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854;  in  1860, 
was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth 
Judicial  District;  in  September,  1862,  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Tenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  mustered  out 
May  16,  1863,  having  in  the  meantime  taken  part 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River  and  other  important 
engagements  in  Western  Tennessee.  By  this 
time  his  regiment,  having  been  much  reduced 
in  numbers,  was  consolidated  with  the  Sixtieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry.  In  1864,  he  was 
again  elected  State's  Attorney,  serving  until 
1868;  in  1870,  was  chosen  Representative,  and,  in 
1872,  Senator  for  the  Mount  Vernon  District  for 
a  term  of  four  years.  In  1879,  he  was  elected  Cir- 
cuit Judge  and  was  immediately  assigned  to 
Appellate  Court  duty,  soon  after  the  expiration  of 
liis  term,  in  1885,  removing  to  Springfield,  where 
he  died,  March  1.  1891. 

CASS  COUNTY,  situated  a  little  west  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  360  square 
miles  and  a  population  (1900)  of  17,222 — named 
for  Gen.  Lewis  Cass.  French  traders  are  believed 
to  have  made  the  locality  of  Beardstown  their 
headquarters  about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of 
the  Illinois  country.  The  earliest  permanent 
white  settlers  came  about  1820,  and  among  them 
were  Thomas  Beard,  Martin  L.  Lindsley,  John 


as  at  present  laid  out,  was  at  one  time  sold  by 
Mr.  Downing  for  twenty-five  dollars.  The 
county  was  set  off  from  Morgan  in  1837.  The 
principal  towns  are  Beardstown,  Virginia,  Chand- 
lerville,  Ashland  and  Arenzville.  The  county- 
seat,  formerly  at  Beardstown,  was  later  removed 
to  Virginia,  where  it  now  is.  Beardstown  was 
incorporated  in  1837,  with  about  700  inhabitants. 
Virginia  was  platted  in  1836,  but  not  incorporated 
.until  1842. 

CASTLE,  Orlando  Lane,  educator,  was  born  at 
Jericho,  Vt,  July  26,  1822;  graduated  at  Denison 
University,  Ohio,  1846;  spent  one  year  as  tutor 
there,  and,  for  several  years,  had  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  Zanesville.  Ohio.  In  1858,  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Rhetoric,  Oratory  and 
Belles-Lettres  in  Shurtleff  College,  at  Upper 
Alton,  111.,  remaining  until  his  death,  Jan.  31, 
1892.  Professor  Castle  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Denison  University  in  1877. 

<  ATHKU WOOD,  Mary  Hartwcll,  author,  was 
born  (Hartwcll)  in  Luray,  Ohio,  Dec.  16,  1844, 
educated  at  the  Female  College,  Granville,  Ohio, 
where  she  graduated,  in  1868,  and,  in  1887,  was 
married  to  James  S.  Catherwood,  with  whom  she 
resides  at  Hoopeston,  111.  Mrs.  Catherwood  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  works  of  fiction,  which 
have  been  accorded  a  high  rank.  Among  her 
earlier  productions  are  "Craque-o'-Doom"  (1881), 
"Rocky  Fork"  (1882),  "Old  Caravan  Days" 
(1884),  "The  Secrets  at  Roseladies"  (1888),  "The 
Romance  of  Doll»d"  and  "The  Bells  of  St. 
Anne"  (1889).  During  the  past  few  years  she 
has  shown  a  predilection  for  subjects  connected 
with  early  Illinois  history,  and  has  published 
popular  romances  under  the  title  of  "The  Story 
of  Tonty,"  "The  White  Islander,"  "The  Lady  of 
Fort  St.  John,"  "Old  Kaskaskia"  and  "The  Chase 
of  Sant  Castin  and  other  Stories  of  the  French 
in  the  New  World." 

CATO>,  John  Dean,  early  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y. ,  March  19, 


Cetrough  and  Archibald  Job.     As  early  as  182^_J**2.     Left  to  the  care  of  a  widowed  mother  at 


there  was  a  horse-mill  on  Indian  Creek,  and,  in 
1827,  M.  L  Lindsley  conducted  a  school  on  the 
bluffs.  Peter  Cartwright,  the  noted  Methodist 
missionary  and  evangelist,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
preachers,  and  among  the  pioneers  may  be  named 
Messrs.  Robertson,  Toplo,  McDonald,  Downing, 
Davis,  Shepherd,  Penny,  Bergen  and  Hopkins. 
Beardstown  was  the  original  county-seat,  and 
during  both  the  Black  Hawk  and  Mormon 
troubles  was  a  depot  of  supplies  and  rendezvous 
for  troops.  Here  also  Stephen  A.  Douglas  made 
his  first  political  speech.  The  site  of  the  town. 


an  early  age,  his  childhood  was  spent  in  poverty 
and  manual  labor.  At  15  he  was  set  to  learn  a 
trade,  but  an  infirmity  of  sight  compelled  him  to 
abandon  it.  After  a  brief  attendance  at  an 
academy  at  Utica,  where  he  studied  law  between 
the  ages  of  19  and  21.  in  1833  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  and  shortly  afterward,  on  a  visit  to 
Pekin,  was  examined  and  licensed  to  practice  by 
Judee  Stephen  T.  Logan.  In  1834,  he  was  elected 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  served  as  Alderman  in 
1837-38,  and  sat  upon  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court  from  1842  to  1864,  when  he  resigned,  hav- 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Burgeon,  later  serving  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  In 
18(j<>,  he  was  elected  Representative  in  tlte 
Twenty-lifth  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  in 
1888,  when  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Sneaker  in  o|i|H>sition  to  Hon.  S.  M. 
Cullom;  also  agaiu  served  as  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-eighth  Cent-rat  Assembly  (1*72-7-1). 
Sincn  retiring  from  public  life  Dr.  Casey  has 
given  his  attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion.— Col.  Thomas  S.  (Casey),  another  son.  was 
horn  in  Jefferson  County.  111..  April  C,  18:!2, 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKend- 
ree  College,  in  due  course  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M.  from  the  latter;  studied  law  for  three 
years,  being  admitted  to  the  liar  in  1S.TJ;  in  I860, 
was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth 
Judicial  District,  in  Septemlier.  1802,  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Tenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  mustered  out 
May  Ifi,  180!!.  having  in  the  meantime  taken  part 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River  and  other  important 
engagements  in  Western  Tennessee.  By  this 
lime  his  regiment,  having  Ix-en  much  reduced 
in  numbers,  was  consolidated  with  the  Sixtieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry.  In  18G4,  he  was 
again  elected  State's  Attorney,  serving  until 
I8IW;  in  1870.  was  chosen  Representative,  and.  in 
1872.  Senator  for  the  Mount  Vernon  District  for 
a  term  of  four  years  In  1N70.  he  waselected  Cir- 
cuit Judge  and  was  immediately  assigned  to 
\p|M-llate  Court  duty,  soon  after  the  expiration  of 
his  term,  in  1885.  removing  to  Springfield,  where 
he  died,  March  1.  I8!H. 

C.VSS  rOl'NTV,  situated  a  little  west  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  UGll  square 
miles  anil  a  |»>pulation  (t'JOO)  of  17,222— named 
for  (Jen.  Lewis  Cass.  French  traders  are  believed 
to  have  made  the  locality  of  Bcardstown  their 
headquarters  alioul  the  time  of  the  discovery  of 
ihe  Illinois  country.  The  earliest  |iermanent 
white  settlers  came  about  1821),  and  among  them 
were  Thomas  Hear, I.  Martin  I..  Lindslev.  John 
Cetrough  and  Archibald  Job.  As  early  as  1821 
there  was  a  horse  mill  on  Indian  Creek,  and.  in 
1*27.  M  :  Limlsley  conducted  a  school  on  the 
hlulN.  I'eter  Cartwright.  the  noted  Methodist 
missionary  and  evangelist.  w;ts  one  of  the  earliest 
l>rc  tellers,  anil  among  the  pioneers  may  be  named 
Messrs  Robertson,  Toplo.  McDonald,  Downing, 
Davis.  Shepherd,  Penny.  Bergen  and  Hopkins 

Hear.lstown    was   tl riginal    county  seat,    ami 

during  both  the  I 'In  I.  Hawk  and  Monuon 
troubles  was  a  depot  of  supplies  and  rendezvous 
for  troops.  Here  also  Stephen  A  Douglas  made 
his  lirst  i«>litical  S|M h  The  site  of  the  town 


as  at  present  laid  out.  was  at  one  time  sold  by 
Mr.  Downing  for  twenty  live  dollars.  The. 
county  was  set  off  from  Morgan  in  lb:!7.  The 
principal  towns  are  Beardstown.  Virginia.  Chaiul- 
lerville,  Ashland  and  Arenzville.  The  county- 
seat,  formerly  at  ISeardstovnC  was  later  removed 
to  Virginia,  where  it  now  is.  Beardstown  was 
incorporated  in  18:i7,  with  about  "(Ml  inhabitants. 
Virginia  was  platted  in  18:jG,  but  not  incorporated 
until  1842. 

CASTLE,  Orlando  Lane,  educator,  was  born  at 
Jericho,  Vt.,  July  26,  1822;  graduated  at  Denison 
University,  Ohio,  1846;  spent  one  year  as  tutor 
there,  and,  for  several  years,  had  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  Zanesville.  Ohio.  In  18.'i8.  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Rhetoric,  Oratory  and 
Belles-Lettres  in  Shurtletf  College,  at  Upjier 
Alton,  111.,  remaining  until  his  death.  Jan.  31, 
1892.  Professor  Castle  received  the  degree  of 
I.L.  D.  from  Denison  University  in  1H77. 

C.VTHERWOOD,  -Mary  Hartnrll,  author,  was 
born  (Hartwell)  in  Luray,  Ohio.  Dec.  1<>,  1844. 
educated  at  the  Female  College,  Grunville.  Ohio, 
where  she  graduated,  in  1808.  and.  in  1887,  was 
married  to  James  S.  Catherwood.  with  whom  she 
resides  at  Hoopeston.  III.  Mrs.  Catherwood  is  the 
author  of  u  number  of  works  of  fiction,  which 
have  l>een  accorded  u  high  rank.  Among  her 
earlier  productions  are  "Craime  o'-Doom"  (1881). 
"Rocky  Fork"  (1882).  "Old  Caravan  Days" 
<IMM.|I  "The  Secrets  at  Roseladics"  (!***!.  "Tim 
Romance  of  Dollard"  and  "The  Bells  of  St. 
Anne"  (IHM'J).  During  the  |»ist  few  years  she 
has  shown  a  predilection  for  subjects  connected 
with  early  Illinois  history,  anil  has  published 
popular  romances  under  the  title  of  "The  Story 
of  Tonty,"  "The  White  Islander,"  "The  Lady  nf 
Fort  St.  John."  "Old  Kaskaskia"  and  "The  Chase 
of  Sant  Cast  in  and  other  Stories  of  the  French 
in  the  New  World." 

('ATOM,  John  Dean,  early  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  Uirn  in  Monroe  County.  X.  V..  March  1!). 
1*12.  I. ell  to  the  care  of  a  widowed  mother  at 
an  early  age.  his  childhood  was  sj»ent  in  jMivertv 
and  manual  lalior.  At  l-"i  he  was  set  to  learn  a 
trade,  but  an  inlirmity  of  sight  coni|iclled  him  to 
abandon  it  After  a  brief  attendance  at  an 
academy  at  I'tica,  where  lie  studied  law  U-tween 
the  ages  of  III  and  21.  in  IS:!:)  he  removed  to 
''liicago.  and  shortly  afterward,  on  a  visit  to 
I'ekin.  was  examined  and  licensed  to  practice  by 
. In. lire  Stephen  T.  Logan  In  |s:tt.  he  was  elected 
.Instiee  of  the  I'eaee.  served  as  Alderman  in 
|s:',7  :!M,  and  sat  up.;,  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court  from  |X|2  to  l^il  when  he  resigned,  hav 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


85 


ing  served  nearly  twenty-two  years.  During 
this  period  lie  more  than  once  occupied  the  posi- 
tion of  Chief -Justice.  Being  embarrassed  by  the 
financial  stringency  of  1837-38,  in  the  latter  year 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  near  Plainfield,  and, 
taking  his  family  with  him,  began  farming. 
Later  in  life,  while  a  resident  of  Ottawa,  he 
l>ecame  interested  in  the  construction  of  telegraph 
lines  in  the  West,  which  for  a  time  bore  his  name 
and  were  ultimately  incorporated  in  the  "West- 
ern Union,"  laying  the  foundation  of  a  large 
fortune.  On  retiring  from  the  bench,  he  devoted 
himself  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  his  private 
affairs,  to  travel,  and  to  literary  labors.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "The  Antelope  and  Deer 
of  America,"  "A  Summer  in  Norway,"  "Miscel- 
lanies," and  "Early  Bench  and  'Bar  of  Illinois." 
Died  in  Chicago,  July  30,  1895. 

CAT  ABLY,  Alfred  W.,  early  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator; was  born  in  Connecticut,  Sept.  15,  1793; 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1813,  and,  in 
1822,  came  to  Illinois,  first  settling  at  Edwards- 
ville,  and  soon  afterwards  at  Carrollton,  Greene 
County.  Here  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifth  General  Assembly  (1826),  and  again  to 
the  Twelfth  (1840) ;  also  served  as  Senator  in  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Assemblies 
(1842-48),  acting,  in  1845,  as  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  revise  the  statutes.  In  1844,  he  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Elector,  and,  in  1846,  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  in  conven- 
tion by  Augustus  C.  French.  Mr.  Cavarly  was 
prominent  both  in  his  profession  and  in  the 
Legislature  while  a  member  of  that  body.  In 
1853,  he  removed  to  Ottawa,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  Oct.  25,  1876. 

CENTERYILLE  (or  Central  City),  a  village  in 
the  coal-mining  district  of  Grundy  County,  near 
Coal  City.  Population  (1880),  673;  (1900).  290. 

CENTRAL  HOSPITAL  FOB  THE  INSANE, 
established  under  act  of  the  Legislature  passeil 
March  1,  1847,  and  located  at  Jacksonville,  Mor- 
gan County.  Its  founding  was  largely  due  to  the 
philanthropic  efforts  of  Miss  Dorothea  L.  Dix. 
who  addressed  the  people  from  the  platform  and 
appeared  before  the  General  Assembly  in  behalf 
of  this  class  of  unfortunates.  Construction  of 
the  building  was  begun  in  1848.  By  1851  two 
wards  were  ready  for  occupancy,  and  the  first 
patient  was  received  in  November  of  that  year. 
The  first  Superintendent  was  Dr.  J.  M.  Higgins, 
who  served  less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  H.  K.  Jones,  who  had  been  Assist- 
ant Superintendent.  Dr.  Jones  remained  as 


Acting  Superintendent  for  several  months,  when 
the  place  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Andrew  McFarland  of  New  Hampshire,  his 
administration  continuing  until  1870,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  ill-health,  being  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Henry  F.  Carriel  of  New  Jersey.  Dr. 
Carriel  tendered  his  resignation  in  1893,  and, 
after  one  or  two  further  changes,  in  1897  Dr. 
F.  C.  Winslow,  who  had  been  Assistant  Superin- 
tendent under  Dr.  Carriel,  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  institution.  The  original  plan  of  construc- 
tion provided  for  a  center  building,  five  and  a 
half  stories  high,  and  two  wings  with  a  rear 
extension  in  which  were  to  be  the  chapel,  kitchen 
and  employes'  quarters.  Subsequently  these 
wings  were  greatly  enlarged,  permitting  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  wards,  and  as  the 
exigencies  of  the  institution  demanded,  appropri- 
ations have  been  made  for  the  erection  of  addi- 
tional buildings.  Numerous  detached  buildings 
have  been  erected  within  the  past  few  years,  and 
the  capacity  of  the  institution  greatly  increased 
— "The  Annex"  admitting  of  the  introduction  of 
many  new  and  valuable  features  in  the  classifica- 
tion and  treatment  of  patients.  The  number  of 
inmates  of  late  years  has  ranged  from  1,200  to 
1,400.  The  counties  from  which  patients  are 
received  in  this  institution  embrace:  Rock 
Island,  Mercer,  Henry,  Bureau,  Putnam,  Mar- 
shall, Stark,  Kno.x,  Warren,  Henderson,  Hancock, 
McDonough,  Fulton,  Peoria,  Tazewell,  Logan, 
Mason,  Menard,  Cass,  Schuyler,  Adams,  Pike, 
Calhoun,  Brown,  Scott,  Morgan,  Sangamon, 
Christian,  Montgomery,  Macoupin,  Greene  and 
Jersey. 

CENTRALIA,  a  city  and  railway  center  of 
Marion  County,  250  miles  south  of  Chicago.  It 
forms  a  trade  center  for  the  famous  "fruit  belt" 
of  Southern  Illinois;  has  a  number  of  coal  mines, 
a  glass  plant,  an  envelope  factory,  iron  foundries, 
railroad  repair  shops,  flour  and  rolling  mills,  and 
an  ice  plant;  also  has  water- works  and  sewerage 
system,  a  fire  department,  two  daily  papers,  and 
excellent  graded  schools.  Several  parks  afford 
splendid  pleasure  resorts.  Population  (1890), 
4,763;  (1900),  6.721;  (1903,  est.).  S.OOO. 

CENTRALIA  &  ALTAMONT  RAILROAD. 
(See  Central ia  &  Cliextrr  Rnilnmil) 

CENTRALIA  &  CHESTER  RAILROAD,  a  rail- 
way line  wholly  within  the  State,  extending 
from  Salem,  in  Marion  County,  to  Chester,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  (91.6  miles),  with  a  lateral 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Roxborough  (5  miles),  and 
trackage  facilities  over  the  Illinois  Central  from 
the  branch  junction  to  Centralia  (2.9  miles) — 


•  . 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


ing  served  nearly  twenty-two  years.  During 
this  period  lie  more  than  once  occupied  the  posi- 
tion  of  Chief  Justice.  Being  embarrassed  by  the 
linancial  stringency  of  1837-38,  in  the  latter  year 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  near  Plainlield,  and. 
taking  his  family  with  him,  began  farming. 
Later  in  life,  while  a  resident  of  Ottawa,  he 
became  interested  in  the  const  met  ion  of  telegraph 
lines  in  the  West,  which  for  a  time  l>ore  his  name 
ami  were  ultimately  incoqiorated  in  the  "West- 
ern Union."  laying  the  foundation  of  a  large 
fortune.  On  retiring  from  the  l>encli.  he  devoted 
himself  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  his  private 
affairs,  to  travel,  and  to  literary  labors.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "The  Antelope  and  Deer 
of  America,"  "A  Summer  in  Norway."  "Miscel- 
lanies," ami  "Early  Bench  and  Bar  of  Illinois." 
Died  in  Chicago.  Jufy  30,  1H95. 

OAVARLY,  Alfred  W.,  early  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator was  lx»ni  in  Connecticut,  Sept.  1~>,  17!*:!; 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1S12.  and.  in 
IX'.'i.  came  to  Illinois,  tirst  settling  at  Edwards- 
ville.  and  soi>ii  afterwards  at  C'arrollton.  Greene 
County.  Here  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifth  General  Assembly  (l*2li).  and  again  to 
the  Twelfth  (1S4D) ,  also  served  ;is  Senator  in  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Assemblies 
(IS|-J-4S),  acting,  in  1X4.1,  as  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  revise  the  statutes.  In  1X14.  hi*  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Klector,  and,  in  IX-l'i,  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  in  conven- 
tion by  Augustus  C.  French.  Mr.  Cavarly  was 
prominent  lx>th  in  his  profession  and  in  the 
Legislature  while  .>  inemher  of  that  Univ.  In 
IM.V!.  he  removed  to  Ottawa,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death.  Oct.  'J."..  IHTti. 

CF.XTERVILLE  (or  Central  City),  u  village  in 
.the  coal-mining  district  of  (irundy  County,  near 
Coal  City  Population  (ISSO).  li?:t;  (190ft).  iSH). 

CENTRAL  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  I\SAXE, 
c-taMished  under  act  of  the  Legislature  passed 
March  1.  1*17,  and  located  at  .lacksonville.  Mor- 
gan <  'oiinty.  Its  founding  was  largely  due  to  the 
philanthropic  efforts  of  Miss  Dorothea  L.  Di.\ 
«  ho  addressed  (lie  jieoplc  from  the  platform  anil  ' 
appeared  Imfore  the  General  Assembly  in  U-hall 
of  this  class  of  unfortunates  Construction  of 
the  building  was  begun  in  l*|x.  Ity  I"-""!  two 
wards  were  ready  for  occupancy,  and  the  tirst 
patient  was  received  in  Novemlier  of  that  year. 
The  ti?-st  Superintendent  was  Dr.  .1  M.  Higgins. 
whoserved  less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  H.  K.  Jones,  who  had  lieen  Assist- 
ant Superintendent  Dr.  Jones  remained  as 


Acting  Sii]>erintPndent  for  several  months,  when 
the  place  was  tilled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Andrew  McFurland  of  New  Hampshire,  his 
administration'  continuing  until  1*7U,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  ill  health,  lieing  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Henry  F.  Carriel  of  -New  Jersey  Dr. 
Carriel  tendered  his  resignation  in  IN&!.  and. 
after  one  or  two  further  changes,  in  1SH7  Dr. 
F.  C.  Winslow,  who  lia«i  lieen  Assistant  .Superin- 
tendent under  Dr.  Carriel.  was  plaivd  in  cliarge 
of  the  institution.  The  original  plan  of  construc- 
tion provided  for  :t  center  building,  live  and  a 
half  stories  high,  and,two  wings  with  a  rear 
extension  in  which  were  to  be  the  chajiel.  kitchen 
and  employes'  quarters.  Subsequently  these 
wings  were  greatly  enlarged.  |»-rmiiting  an 
increase  in  the  mmilier  uf  wards,  and  its  the 
exigencies  of  the  institution  demanded,  appropri- 
ations have  been  made  for  tjhe.  erection  of  addi- 
tional buildings.  Numerous  detached  buildings 
have  been  erected  within  the  past  few  years,  and 
the  cajiaeity  of  the  institution  greatly  increased 
— "The  Annex"  admitting  of  the  introduction  of 
many  new  and  valuable  features  in  the  classifica- 
tion and  treatment  of  |>atieiits.  The  number  of 
inmates  of  late  years  has  ranged  froin  1,20(1  to 
1.40O.  The  counties  fron.  which  (taXients  are 
received  in  this  institution  embrace:  Rock 
Island.  Mercer.  Henry.  Bureau.  Putnam,  Mar 
shall.  Stark.  Knox.  Warren.  Henderson.  Hancock. 
McDonough.  Fulton.  Peoria.  Tazewell.  Logan. 
Mason.  Menard,  Cass,  Schuyler.  Adams,  Pike. 
Calhoun.  Brown.  Scott.1  Morgan.  Sangamon. 
Christian.  Montgomery,  Macotipin.  Greene  and 
Jersey 

CENTHAI.IA,  a  city  and  railway  center  of 
Marion  County.  ''~>«  mile-  south  of  Chicago.  It 
forms  a  trade  center  for  t lie  famous  "fruit  belt" 
of  Souther:.  Illinois;  has  a  nnmlier  of  coal  mine- 
a  glass  plant,  an  envelope  fai  t"iy.  iron  foundries, 
railroad  repair  shep^.  tlntirand  i<  MiKg  mills,  and 
an  ice  plant :  also  has  \\ater-\\  irks  and  M'weragc 
systi-in.  a  tire  department.  :  v.  o  daily  |iapers.  and 
excellent  gnuled  s;-ln»i-U  Several  (rarks  atTord' 
splendid  pleasure  iv«»ii>.  !'.  pulation  (1-S1K)).  . 
4,7lj::.  (I'.MHO.  ".:•.'!:  i  ;!«-!.  est.  )  N.IIINI 

4'KM'RAIJA  X  Al.TAJIOM'  KUIHoMi. 
iSee  (  ',  jilrolix  <*'•  '•/,..•</.  ,•  /.'.ii//..ii./ 

TEMKAI.IA  .V  CHKSTHK  It  A  ll.KO  A II.  a  mil- 
wax  line  wholly  wilhin  the  State,  extending 
from  Salem,  in  Marion  County,  to  Chester,  on  the 
Mississippi  liiver  ((II  li  inilesi.  with  a  livteral 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Roxlwnnigh  <•"•  miles.',  ami 
trackage  facilities  over  the  Illinois  Central  from 
the  branch  junction  to  Centralia  (J  !t  miles) — 


86 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


total,  99.5  miles.  The  original  line  was  chartered 
as  the  Centralia  &  Chester  Railroad,  in  December, 
1887,  completed  from  Sparta  to  Coulterville  in 
1889,  and  consolidated  the  same  year  with  the 
.Sparta  &  Evansville  and  the  Centralia  &  Alta- 
uiont  Railroads  (projected);  line  completed 
from  Centralia  to  Evansville  early  in  1894.  The 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Rosborough  was  built  in 
1895,  the  section  of  the  main  line  from  Centralia 
to  Salem  (14.9  miles)  in  1896,  and  that  from 
Evansville  to  Chester  (17.6  miles)  in  1897-98. 
The  road  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver, 
June  7,  1897,  and  the  expenditures  for  extension 
and  equipment  made  under  authority  granted  by 
the  United  States  Court  for  the  issue  of  Receiver's 
certificates.  The  total  capitalization  is  $2,374,- 
841,  of  which  $978,000  is  in  stocks  and  $948,000  in 
bonds. 

CENTRAL  MILITARY  TRACT  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quiney  Railroad.) 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  town  in  Piatt  County,  12 
miles  by  rail  east-northeast  of  Uecatur.  The  crop 
of  cereals  in  the  surrounding  country  Is  sufficient 
to  support  two  elevators  at  Cerro  Gordo,  which 
lias  also  a  tl  Hiring  mill,  brick  and  tile  factories, 
etc.  There  are  three  churches,  graded  schools,  a 
bank  and  two  newspaper  offices.  Population 
(1890),  939;  (1900),  1,008. 

CHADDOCK  COLLEGE,  an  institution  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
at  Quincy,  111.,  incorporated  in  1878;  is  co-educa- 
tional, has  a  faculty  of  ten  instructors,  and 
reports  127  students — 70  male  and  57  female — in 
the  classes  of  1895-96.  Besides  the  usual  depart- 
ments in  literature,  science  and  the  classics, 
instruction  is  given  to  classes  in  theology,  music, 
the  fine  arts,  oratory  and  preparatory  studies.  It 
has  property  valued  at  $110,000,  and  reports  an 
endowment  fund  of  $8,000. 

CHAMBERLIN,  Thomas  Crowder,  geologist 
and  educator,  was  born  near  Mattoon,  111.,  Sept. 
25.  1845;  graduated  at  Beloit  College,  Wisconsin, 
in  1866:  took  a  course  in  Michigan  University 
(1868-69);  taught  in  various  Wisconsin  institu- 
tions, also  discharged  the  duties  of  State 
Geologist,  later  filling  the  chair  of  Geology  at 
Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  In 
1878,  he  was  sent  to  Paris,  in  charge  of  the  edu- 
cational exhibits  of  Wisconsin,  at  the  Interna- 
tional Exposition  of  that  year— during  his  visit 
making  a  special  study  of  the  Alpine  glaciers. 
In  1887,  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity  of  Wisconsin,  serving  until  1892,  when  he 
became  Head  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  where  he  still  remains.  He  is 


also  editor  of  the  University  "Journal  of  Geol-  ' 
ogy"  and  President  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of 
Sciences.  Professor  Chamberlin  is  author  of  a 
number  of  volumes  on  educational  and  scientific 
subjects,  chiefly  in  the  line  of  geology.  He 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  Beloit  College  and  Columbian 
University,  all  on  the  same  date  (1887). 

CHAMPAIGN,  a  flourishing  city  in  Champaign 
County,  128  miles  southwest  of  Chicago  and  83 
miles  northeast  of  Springfield ;  is  the  intersecting 
point  of  three  lines  of  railway  and  connected 
with  the  adjacent  city  of  Urbana.  the  county- 
seat,  by  an  electric  railway.  The  University  of 
Illinois,  located  in  Urbana.  is  contiguous  to  the 
city.  Champaign  1ms  an  excellent  system  of 
water-works,  well-paved  streets,  and  is  lighted  by 
both  gas  and  electricity.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  agricultural,  but  the  city  has  manufac- 
tories of  carriages  and  machines.  Three  papers 
are  published  here,  besides  a  college  weekly  con- 
ducted by  the  students  of  the  University.  The 
Murnham  Hospital  ami  the  Garwood  OKI  Ladies' 
Home  are  located  in  Champaign.  In  the  resi- 
dence portion  of  the  city  there  is  a  handsome 
I/ark,  covering  ten  acres  and  containing  a  notable 
piece  of  bronze  statua  ry .  and  several  smaller  parks 
in  other  sections.  There  are  several  handsome 
'•hurches,  and  excellent  schools,  both  public  and 
private.  Population  (1890),  5,839;  (1900).  9,098. 

CHAMPAIGN  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  eastern 
half  of  the  central  belt  of  the  State;  area.  I,  IK  is 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  47,622.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1833,  and  named  for  a 
county  in  Ohio.  The  physical  conformation  is 
flat,  and  the  soil  rich.  The  county  lies  in  the 
heart  of  what  was  once  called  the  "Gram! 
Prairie."  Workable  seams  of  bituminous  coal 
underlie  the  surface,  but  overlying  quicksands 
interfere  with  their  operation.  The  Sangamon 
and  Kaskaskia  Rivers  have  their  sources  in  this 
region,  and  several  railroads  cross  the  county. 
The  soil  is  a  black  muck  underlaid  by  a  yellow 
clay.  Urbana  (with  a  population  of  5,708  in 
1900)  is  the  county -seat.  Other  important  points 
in  the  county  are  Champaign  (9,000),  Tolono 
(1,000),  and  Rantoul  (1,200).  Champaign  and 
Urbana  adjoin  each  other,  and  the  grounds  of  the 
Illinois  State  University  extend  into  each  corpo- 
ration, being  largely  situated  in  Champaign. 
Large  drifted  masses  of  Niagara  limestone  are 
found,  interspersed  with  coal  measure  limestone 
and  sandstone.  Alternating  beds  of  clay,  gravel 
and  quicksand  of  the  drift  formation  are  found 
beneath  the  subsoil  to  the  depth  of  150  to  300  feet. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHAMPAIGN,  HAT  ANA  £  WESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (Soo  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

CHANDLER,  Charles,  physician,  was  born  at 
West  Woodstock,  Conn.,  July  2,  1806;  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Castleton,  Vt..  and, 
in  1839,  located  in  Scituate,  R.  I. ;  in  1832,  started 
with  the  intention  of  settling  at  Fort  Clark  (now 
Peoria),  III,  but  was  stopped  at  Beardstown  by 
the  "Black  Hawk  War."  finally  locating  on  the 
Sangaraon  River,  in  Cass  County,  where,  in  1848. 
he  laid  out  the  town  of  Cliamllerville — Abraham 
Lincoln  being  one  of  the  surveyors  who  platted 
the  town.  Here  he  gained  a  large  practice. 
which  he  was  compelled,  in  his  later  years,  par- 
tially to  abandon  in  consequence  of  injuries 
received  while  prosecuting  his  profession,  after- 
wards turning  his  attention  to  merchandising 
and  encouraging  the  development  of  the  locality 
in  which  he  lived  by  promoting  the  construction 
of  railroads  and  the  building  of  schoolhouses  anil 
churches.  Liberal  and  public-spirited,  his  influ- 
ence for  good  extended  over  a  large  region. 
Died,  April  7,  1879. 

CHANDLER,  Hcnrj  B.,  newspaper  manager, 
was  born  at  Frelighsburg,  Quebec,  July  12,  1886 ; 
at  18  he  began  teaching,  and  later  took  charge  of 
the  business  department  of  "The  Detroit  Free 
Press" ;  in  1861,  came  to  Chicago  with  Wilbur  F. 
Storey  and  became  business  manager  of  "The 
Chicago  Times";  in  1870,  disagreed  with  Storey 
and  retired  from  newspaper  business.  Died,  at 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1806. 

CHANDLERTILLE,  a  village  in  Cass  County, 
on  the  Chicago.  Peoria  *  St.  Louis  Railroad,  7 
miles  north  by  east  from  Virginia,  laid  out  in 
1848  by  Dr.  Charles  Chandler,  and  platted  by 
Abraham  Lincoln.  It  has  a  bank,  a  creamery, 
four  churches,  a  weekly  newspaper,  u  flour  and  a 
saw-mill.  Population  (1H90),  910;  (1900),  940. 

CHAPIN,  a  village  of  Morgan  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Wabasli  and  the  Chicago. 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads.  10  miles  west  of 
Jacksonville.  Population  (1890),  450;  (1900),  314'. 

CHAPPELL,  Charley  H.,  railway  manager, 
was  born  in  Du  Page  County,  III,  March  3,  1841. 
With  an  ardent  passion  for  the  railroad  business. 
•\t  the  age  of  16  he  obtained  a  position  as  freight 
brakeman  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  being  steadily  promoted  through  the 
ranks  of  conductor,  train-master  and  dispatcher, 
until,  in  1865,  at  the  age  of  24,  he  was  appointed 
General  Agent  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy.  Other  railroad 
positions  which  Mr.  Chappell  has  since  held  are: 
Superintendent  of  a  division  of  the  Union  Pacific 


(186U-70);  Assistant  or  Division  Superintendent 
of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  or  some  of 
its  branches  (1870-74) ;  General  Superintendent 
of  the  Missouri.  Kansas.  &  Texas  (1874-76); 
Superintendent  of  the  Western  Division  of  the 
Wabash  (1877-79).  In  1880,  he  accepted  tl»- 
position  of  Assistant  General  Superintendent  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  being  advanced  in 
the  next  three  years  through  the  grades  of 
General  Superintendent  and  Assistant  General 
Manager,  to  that  of  General  Manager  of  the 
entire  system,  which  he  has  continued  to  fill  for 
over  twelve  years.  Quietly  and  without  show  or 
display,  Mr.  Chappell  continues  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties,  assisting  to  make  the  system  with 
which  he  is  identified  one  of  the  most  successful 
and  perfect  in  its  operation  in  the  whole  country. 

CHARLESTON,  the  county-seat  of  Coles 
County,  an  incorporated  city  and  a  railway  junc- 
tion, 46  miles  west  of  Terre  Haute,  Ind.  It  lies 
in  the  center  of  a  farming  region,  yet  lias  several 
factories,  including  woolen  and  flouring  mills, 
broom,  plow  and  carriage  factories,  a  foundry 
and  a  canning  factory.  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here,  issuing  daily  editions.  Population 
(1890),  4,135;  (1900),  5,488.  The  Eastern  State 
Normal  School  was  located  here  in  1895. 

CHARLESTON,  SfEOGA  A  ST.  LOUIS  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Toledo.  St.  Louis  <t  A'anwut  City 
RailrtHitl. ) 

CHARLEVOIX,  Pierre  Francois  Xavicr  dr. 
a  celebrated  French  traveler  and  an  early 
explorer  of  Illinois,  born  at  St.  Quentin,  France. 
Oct.  29.  16H2.  He  entered  the  Jesuit  Society, 
and  while  a  student  was  sent  to  Quebec' 
( IBU5).  where  for  four  years  he  was  instructor  in 
the  college,  and  completed  his  divinity  studies 
In  1709  lit-  returned  to  France,  but  came  again  to 
Queliec  a  few  years  later.  He  ascended  the  St 
I  «i  «•  iviirr.  sailed  through  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, 
and  dually  reached  the  Mississippi  by  way  of  the 
Illinois  Uiver.  After  visiting  Cahokia  and  the 
surrounding  county  (1720-81),  he  continued  down 
the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans,  and  returned  to 
France  by  way  of  Santo  Domingo.  Besides  some 
works  on  religious  subjects,  he  was  the  author  of 
histories  of  Japan,  Paraguay  and  San  Domingo 
His  great  work,  however,  was  the  "History  of 
New  France,"  which  was  not  published  until 
twenty  years  after  his  death.  His  journal  of  his 
American  explorations  appeared  about  the  same 
time.  His  history  has  long  been  cited  by 
scholars  as  authority,  but  no  English  translation 
was  made  until  1865,  when  it  was  undertaken  by 
Shea.  Died  in  France.  Fol>  1  17fil 


. 


--. 


88 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHASE,  Philander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  born  in  Cornish,  Vt.,  Dec  14,  1775, 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1795.  Although 
reared  as  a  Congregationalist,  he  adopted  the 
Episcopal  faith,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in 
1799,  for  several  years  laboring  as  a  missionary 
in  Northern  and  Western  New  York.  In  1805, 
he  went  to  New  Orleans,  but  returning  North  in 
1811,  spent  six  years  as  a  rector  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  then  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Ohio, 
organizing  a  number  of  parishes  and  founding  an 
academy  at  Worthington;  was  consecrated  a 
Bishop  in  1819,  and  after  a  visit  to  England  to 
raise  funds,  laid  the  foundation  of  Kenyon 
College  and  Gambler  Theological  Seminary, 
named  in  honor  of  two  English  noblemen  who 
hftd  contributed  a  large  portion  of  the  funds. 
Differences  arising  with  some  of  his  clergy  in 
reference  to  the  proper  use  of  the  funds,  he 
resigned  both  the  Bishopric  and  the  Presidency 
of  the  college  in  1831.  and  after  three  years  of 
missionary  labor  in  Michigan,  in  1835  was  chosen 
Bishop  of  Illinois.  Making  a  second  visit  to 
England,  he  succeeded  in  raising  additional 
funds,  and,  in  1838,  founded  Jubilee  College  at 
Robin's  Nest,  Peoria  County,  111.,  for  which  a 
charter  was  obtained  in  1847.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  religious  zeal,  of  indomitable  perseverance 
and  the  most  successful  pioneer  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  West.  He  was  Presiding  Bishop 
from  1843  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Sept. 
'  20,  1852.  Several  volumes  appeared  from  his  pen, 
the  most  important  being  "A  Plea  for  the  West" 
(1826),  and  "Reminiscences:  an  Autobiography, 
Comprising  a  History  of  the  Principal  Events  in 
the  Author's  Life"  (1848). 

CHATHAM,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  9  miles  south  of 
Springfield.  Population  (1890),  482;  (1900),  62fl, 

CHATSWORTH,  town  in  Livingston  County, 
on  111.  Cent,  and  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Rail- 
ways, 79  miles  east  of  Peoria;  in  farming  and 
stock-raising  district ;  has  two  banks,  three  grain 
elevators,  five  churches,  a  graded  school,  two 
weekly  papers,  water  works,  electric  lights,  paved 
streets,  cement  sidewalks,  btick  works,  and  other 
manufactories.  Pop.  (1890),  827;  (1900),  1,038. 

CHEBANSE,  a  town  in  Iroquois  and  Kankakee 
Counties,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  64 
miles  south-southwest  from  Chicago;  the  place 
has  two  banks  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1880).  728;  (1890),  616;  (1900),  555. 

CHENEY,  Charles  Edward,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  was  born  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1836;  graduated  at 


Hobart  in  1857,  and  began  study  for  the  ministry 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  Soon  after 
ordination  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Church. 
Chicago,  and  was  prominent  among  those  who, 
under  the  leadership  of  Assistant  Bishop  Cum- 
mins of  Kentucky,  organized  the  Reformed  Epis 
copal  Church  in  1873.  He  was  elected  Missionary 
Bishop  of  the  Northwest  for  the  new  organiza- 
tion, and  was  consecrated  in  Christ  Church, 
Chicago,  Dec.  14,  1873. 

CHENEY,  John  Vance,  author  and  librarian, 
was  bom  at  Groveland,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848, 
though  the  family  home  was  at  Dorset,  Vt.. 
where  he  grew  up  and  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation. He  acquired  his  academic  training  at 
Manchester,  Vt.,  and  Temple  Hill  Academy, 
Genesee,  N.  Y.,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1865,  later  becoming  Assistant  Principal  of  the 
same  institution.  Having  studied  law,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  successively  in  Massachusetts 
and  New  York;  but  meanwhile  having  written 
considerably  for  the  old  "Scribner's  Monthly" 
(now  "Century  Magazine"),  while  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland,  he  gradually 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  Removing  to 
the  Pacific  Coast,  he  took  charge,  in  1887,  of  the 
Free  Public  Library  at  San  Francisco,  remaining 
until  1894,  when  he  accepted  the  position  of 
Librarian  of  the  Newberry  Library  in  Chicago, 
as  successor  to  Dr.  William  F.  Poole,  deceased. 
Besides  two  or  three  volumes  of  verse,  Mr.  Cheney 
is  the  author  of  numerous  essays  on  literary 
subjects.  His  published  works  include  "Thistle- 
Drift,"  poems  (1887);  "Wood-Blooms,"  poems 
(1888),  "Golden  Guess,"  essays  (1892);  "That 
Dome  in"  Air,"  essays  (1895);  "Queen  Helen," 
poem  (1895)  and  "Out  of  the  Silence,"  poem 
(1897).  He  is  also  editor  of  "Wood  Notes  Wild," 
by  Simeon  Pease  Cheney  (1892),  and  Canton  Club's 
edition  of  Derby's  Phoenixiana. 

CHENOA,  an  incorporated  city  of  McLean 
County,  at  the  intersecting  point  of  the  Toledo, 
Peoria  &  Western  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
roads, 48  miles  east  of  Peoria,  23  miles  northeast 
of  Bioomington,  and  102  miles  south  of  Chicago. 
Agriculture,  dairy  farming,  fruit-growing  and 
coal-mining  are  the  chief  industries  of  the  sur- 
rounding region.  The  city  also  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  water-works,  canning  works  and  tile 
works,  besides  two  banks,  seven  churches,  a 
graded  school,  two  weekly  papers,  and  telephone 
systems  connecting  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Population  (1890),  1,226;  (1900),  1,512. 

CHESBROUGH,  Ellis  Sylvester,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md. ,  July  6,  1813 ;  at  the 


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88 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS. 


CHASE,  Philander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  Ixirn  in  Cornish,  Vt.,  Dec  II.  ITT'i, 
and  graduated  at  J'artmouth  in  17'J">.  Although 
reared  as  a  Congregationalist,  lie  adopted  the 
Episcopal  faith,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in 
1799,  for  several  years  laboring  as  a  missionary 
in  Northern  and  Western  New  York.  In  1N<>.">, 
he  went  to  New  Orleans,  but  returning  North  in 
isll,  spent  six  years  as  a  rector  at  New  Haven. 
Conn. ,  then  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Ohio, 
organizing  a  number  of  parishes  and  founding  an 
academy  at  Worthington;  was  consecrated  a 
Bishop  in  1819,  and  after  a  visit  to  England  to 
raise  funds,  laid  the  foundation  of  Kenyon 
College  and  (iambier  Theological  Seminary, 
named  in  honor  of  two  English  noblemen  who 
had  contributed  a  large  jxirtion  of  the  funds. 
Differences  arising  with  some  of  his  clergy  in 
reference  to  the  proper  use  of  the  funds,  he 
resigned  both  the  Pishopric  and  the  Presidency 
of  the  college  in  1H31.  ami  after  three  years  of 
missionary  labor  in  Michigan,  in  183.1  was  chosen 
Bishop  of  Illinois.  Making  a  second  visit  to 
England,  he  succeeded  in  raising  additional 
funds,  and.  in  1S3S.  founded  Jubilee  College  at 
Robin's  Nest,  Peoria  County,  111.,  for  which  a 
charter  was  obtained  in  1^17.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  religious  zeal,  of  indomitable  [icrseverance 
and  the  most  successful  pioneer  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  West.  He  was  Presiding  Bishop 
from  1843  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Sept. 
20,  18ri2.  Several  volumes  appeared  from  his  pen, 
the  most  important  lieing  "A  Plea  for  the  West" 
(182G),  and  "Reminiscences:  an  Autobiography. 
Comprising  a  History  of  the  Principal  Events  in 
the  Author's  Life"  (ISIS). 

CHATHAM,  a  village  of  Sanganum  County,  on 
tin?  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  11  miles  south  of 
Springliulil.  Population  (  IN'.MIJ,  lvj:  ( l'.ino>,  c.j'.i.. 

CHATSWOKTH.  town  in  Livingston  County, 
on  III.  Cent,  and  Toledo.  Peoria  &  Western  Rail- 
ways. 7'J  miles  east  of  Peoria;  in  farming  and 
stock  raising  district:  has  two  banks,  three  grain 
elevators,  live  churches,  a  graded  school,  two 
weekly  pa|>ers.  water  works,  electric  lights  paved 
streets,  cement  sidewalks,  biick  works,  and  other 
manufactories.  Pop.  (IN'.HI),  N,'7;  (1!«MJ),  1.03H. 

t'HKISAXSK.  a  town  in  Iro<|iiois  and  Kankakpe 
Counties.  OTI  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  l>4 
miles  south  southwest  from  Chicago;  the  place 
has  two  lianks  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(18SO),  72*:  (1*U(>).  lilli;  (111011,),  .VVi 

CIIKXEV,  Charles  Edward,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Kpiscopal  Church,  was  liorn  in 
Cauandaigua.  N.  Y. .  Feb.  12.  1830;  graduated  at 


lloliart  in  1*">7.  and  licgaii  study  for  the  ministry 
of  the  Protestant  Kpiscopal  Church.  .Soon  after 
ordination  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Church. 
Chicago,  and  was  prominent  among  those  who. 
under  the  leadership  of  Assistant  Bishop  Cum- 
mins of  Kentucky,  organized  the  Reformed  Epis 
copal  Church  in  1*7:).  He  was  elected  Missionary 
Bishop  of  the  Northwest  for  the  new  organiza- 
tion, and  was  consecrated  in  Christ  Church. 
Chicago.  Pec.  14.  1873. 

CHKXEY,  John  Vance,  author  and  librarian, 
was  born  at  (iroveland.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848, 
though  the  family  home  was  at  Dorset,  Vt.. 
where  he  grew  up  and  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation. He  acquired  his  academic  training  at 
Manchester.  Vt..  and  Temple  Hill  Academy, 
Genesee.  N.  Y.,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
ISO,"),  later  liecoming  Assistant  Principal  of  the 
same  institution.  Having  studied  law,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  successively  in  Massachusetts 
ami  New  York;  but  meanwhile  having  written 
considerably  for  the  old  "Scribner's  Monthly" 
(now  "Century  Magazine"),  while  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  J.  CJ.  Holland,  he  gradually 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  Removing  to 
the  Pacific  Coast,  he  took  charge,  in  1887,  of  the 
Free  Public  Library  at  San  Francisco,  remaining 
until  1*94,  when  he  accepted  the  jiosition  of 
Librarian  of  the  Newlxsrry  Library  in  Chicago, 
as  successor  to  Dr.  William  F.  Poole,  deceased. 
Besides  tw<  Mir  three  volumes  of  verse.  Mr.  Cheney 
is  the  author  of  numerous  essays  on  literar\ 
subjects.  His  published  works  include  "Thistle- 
Drift."  poems  (1KS7);  "Wood-Blooms, "  poems 
(JSSS),  "Golden  Guess,"  essays  (1S92);  "That 
Dome  in  Air,"  essays  (1S'J">);  "Queen  Helen," 
jmem  (ls!(."))  and  "Out  of  the  Silence,"  |MKMII 
(1*!>7).  He  is  also  editor  of  "Wood  Notes  Wild." 
by  Simeon  Pease  Cheney  (1S!I2),  and  Caxton  Club's 
editiiin  of  Derby's  Pin eni. \iana. 

CHEXOA,  an  incorporated  city  of  McLean 
County,  at  the  intersecting  point  of  the  Toledo. 
Peoria  A:  Western  and  the  Chicago  A-  Alton  Kail- 
roads,  4M  miles  east  of  I'eoria,  23  miles  northeast 
of  liloomington.  and  I o2  miles  south  of  Chicago. 
Agriculture,  dairy  fanning,  fruit-growing  and 
coal-mining  an*  the  chief  industries  of  the  sur- 
rounding region.  The  city  also  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  water  works,  canning  works  and  tile 
works,  liesides  t\vo  banks,  seven  churches,- a 
gradeil  school,  two  weekly  pajiers.  and  telephone 
systems  connecting  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Population  (IS'JO).  1.22ii;  (KM').  l.-">12 

CHESBROrciI, Ellis  S)lvostor,civil  engineer, 
was  Ixirn  in  Baltimore.  Md.,  Julvfi,  1813;  at  the 


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CHICAGO  THOROUGHFARES. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


age  of  thirteen  was  cbainman  to  an  engineering 
party  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  being 
later  employed  on  other  roads.  In  1837,  he  was 
appointed  senior  assistant  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Louisville,  Cincinnati  &  Charles- 
ton Railroad,  and,  in  1848,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Boston  Waterworks,  in  1850  becoming  sole  Com- 
missioner of  the  Water  Department  of  that  city. 
In  1855,  he  became  engineer  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Sewerage  Commissioners,  and  in  that  capacity 
designed  the  sewerage  system  of  the  city — also 
planning  the  river  tunnels.  He  resigned  the 
office  of  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  of 
Chicago  in  18T9.  He  was  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity on  water-supply  and  sewerage,  and  was  con- 
sulted by  the  officials  of  New  York,  Boston, 
Toronto,  Milwaukee  and  other  cities.  Died, 
August  19,  1886. 

CHESNUT,  John  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, Jan.  19,  1816,  his  father  being  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  but  of  Irish  descent.  John  A. 
was  educated  principally  in  his  native  State,  but 
came  to  Illinois  in  1836,  read  law  with  P.  H. 
Winchester  at  Carlinville,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1837,  and  practiced  at  Carlinville  until 
1855,  when  he  removed  to  Springfield  and  engaged 
in  real  estate  and  banking  business.  Mr.  Clies- 
nut  was  associated  with  many  local  business 
enterprises,  was  for  several  years  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Jacksonville,  also  a  Trustee  of  the 
Illinois  Female  College  (Methodist)  at  the  same 
place,  and  was  Supervisor  of  the  United  States 
Census  for  the  Sixth  District  of  Illinois  in  1880. 
Died,  Jan.  14,  1898. 

CHESTER,  the  county-seat  of  Randolph 
County,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  76 
miles  south  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  of  the  State 
Asylum  for  Insane  Convicts  It  stands  in  the 
heart  of  a  region  abounding  in  bituminous  coal, 
and  is  a  prominent  shipping  point  for  this  com- 
modity; also  has  quarries  of  building  stone.  It 
has  a  grain  elevator,  flouring  mills,  rolling  mills 
and  foundries.  Population  (1880),  2,580;  (1890), 
2,708;  (1900),  2,832. 

CHETLA1N,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  26,  1824,  of  French  Hugue- 
not stock — his  parents  having  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  in  1823,  at  first  becoming  members 
of  the  Selkirk  colony  on  Red  River,  in  Manitoba. 
Having  received  a  common  school  education,  he 
became  a  merchant  at  Galena,  and  was  the  first 
to  volunteer  there  in  response  to  the  call  for 
troops  after  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter,  in 


1861,  being  chosen  to  the  captaincy  of  a  company 
in  the  Twelfth  Regiment  of  Illinois  Volunteers, 
which  General  Grant  had  declined;  participated 
in  the  campaign  on  the  Tennessee  River  which 
resulted  in  the  capturs  of  Fort  Donelson  anil  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  meanwhile  being  commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel;  also  distinguished  himself  at 
Corinth,  where  he  remained  in  command  until 
May,  1863,  and  organized  the  first  colored  regi- 
ment raised  in  the  West.  In  December,  1863,  he 
was  promoted  Brigadier-General  and  placed  in 
charge  of  the  organization  of  colored  troops  in 
Tennessee,  serving  later  in  Kentucky  and  being 
bre vetted  Major-General  in  January,  1864.  From 
January  to  October,  1865,  he  commanded  the 
post  at  Memphis,  and  later  the  District  of  Talla- 
dega,  Ala.,  until  January,  186C,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service.  General  Chetlain 
was, Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  District 
of  Utah  (1867-69),  then  appointed  United  State* 
Consul  at  Brussels,  serving  until  1872,  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  establishing  himself 
as  a  banker  and  broker  in  Chicago. 

CHICAGO,  the  county-seat  of  Cook  County, 
chief  city  of  Illinois  and  (1890)  second  city  in 
population  in  the  United  States. 

SITUATION. — The  city  is  situated  at  the  south- 
west bend  of  Lake  Michigan,  18  miles  north  of 
the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  lake,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River;  715  miles  west  of 
New  York,  590  miles  north  of  west  from  Wash- 
ington, and  260  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis. 
From  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  distant  2,417  miles. 
Latitude  41°  52'  north;  longitude  87°  35'  west  of 
Greenwich.  Area  (1898),  186  square  miles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — Chicago  stands  on  the  dividing 
ridge  between  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence 
basins.  It  is  502  feet  above  sea-level,  and  its 
highest  point  is  some  18  feet  above  Lake  Michi- 
gan. The  Chicago  River  is  virtually  a  bayou,* 
dividing  into  north  and  south  branches  about  a 
half-mile  west  of  the  lake.  The  surrounding 
country  is  a  low,  flat  prairie,  but  engineering 
science  and  skill  have  done  much  for  it  in  the 
way  of  drainage.  The  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
terminates  at  a  point  on  the  south  branch  of 
the  Chicago  River,  within  the  city  limits,  and 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  those 
of  the  Illinois  River. 

COMMERCE.— The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches,  affords  a  water  frontage  of  nearly  60 
miles,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  utilized  for 
the  shipment  and  unloading  of  grain,  lumber, 
stone,  coal,  merchandise,  etc.  Another  navigable 
stream  (the  Calumet  River)  also  lies  within  the 


i  IIIC.XCi  i  TIM  >K<  >l  (iHKAKtS 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


age  of  thirteen  was  chainman  to  an  engineering 
jiarty  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  lieing 
later  employed  on  other  raids.  In  18:57,  he  was 
appointed  senior  assistant  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Louisville,  Cincinnati  &  Charles- 
ton Railroad,  and,  in  1840,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Boston  Waterworks,  in  18.°>0  Incoming  sole  Com- 
missioner of  the  Water  Department  of  that  city. 
In  18."i."i.  lie  became  engineer  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Sewerage  Commissioners,  and  in  that  capacity 
designed  the  sewerage  system  of  the  city — also 
planning  the  river  tunnels.  He  resigned  the 
office  of  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  of 
Chicago  in  187!).  lie  was  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity on  water-supply  and  sewerage,  and  was  con- 
sulted by  the  officials  of  New  York,  Boston, 
Toronto,  Milwaukee  and  other  cities.  Died, 
August  19,  18S6. 

CHESM'T,  John  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, Jan.  19,  1810,  his  father  being  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  but  of  Irish  descent.  John  A. 
was  educated  principally  in  bis  native  State,  but 
came  to  Illinois  in  18110,  read  law  with  P.  II. 
Winchester  at  Carlinville,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1S:J7,  ami  practiced  at  Carlinville  until 
18~>5,  when  he  removed  to  Springfield  and  engaged 
in  real  estate  and  banking  business.  Mr.  I 'lies- 
nut  was  associated  with  many  local  business 
enterprises,  was  for  several  years  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Jacksonville,  also  a  Trustee  of  the 
Illinois  Female  College  (Methodist)  at  the  same 
place,  anil  was  Supervisor  of  the  United  States 
Census  for  the  Si.xth  District  of  Illinois  in  18SII. 
Pied,  Jan  11,  18HS. 

CIIKSTF.K,  the  county-seat  of  Randolph 
County,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  Hiver,  70 
miles  south  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the.  scat  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  of  the  Slate 
Asylum  for  Insane  Convicts  It  stands  in  the 
heart  of  a  region  abounding  in  bituminous  coal, 
ami  is  a  prominent  shipping  ]x>int  for  this  com- 
modity: also  lias  quarries  of  building  stone.  It 
has  a  grain  elevator,  flouring  mills,  rolling  mills 
and  foundries.  Population  (1880),  2,580;  (189(1), 
•-',708.  (1900),  2,8:w. 

CIIETLAIN,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  was  liorn 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  20,  18-21,  of  French  Hugue- 
not stock — his  parents  having  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  in  182:!,  at  lirst  becoming  members 
of  the  Selkirk  colony  on  Red  River,  in  Manitoba. 
Having  received  ,i  common  school  education,  he 
became  a  merchant  at  Galena,  and  was  the  lirst 
to  volunteer  there  in  response  to  the  call  for 
troops  after  the  Ixwnbardmeut  of  Fort  Suinter,  in 


1*01,  being  chosen  to  the  captaincy  of  a  company 
in  the  Twelfth  Regiment  of  Illinois  Volunteers 
which  (ieneral  Circuit  had  declined;  participated 
in  the  cam|Kiign  on  the  Tennessee  River  which 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  anu  the 
1  «t tie  of  Sliiloh.  meanwhile  being  commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel;  also  distinguished  himself  at 
Corinth,  where  he  remained  in  command  until 
May,  i80:i,  and  organized  the  first  colored  regi- 
ment raised  in  the  West.  In  December,  18C-'i,  he 
was  promoted  Brigadier-General  and  placed  in 
charge  of  the  organization  of  colored  troops  in 
Tennessee,  serving  later  in  Kentucky  and  being 
brevetted  Major-General  in  January,  1804.  From 
January  to  Octolier,  18G."i,  lie  commanded  the 
jxjst  at  Memphis,  and  later  the  District  of  Talla- 
dega,  Ala.,  until  January,  1800,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service.  General  Chetlain 
was  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  District 
of  Utah  (1807-09).  then  appointed  United  States 
Consul  at  Brussels,  serving  until  1872,  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  establishing  himself 
as  a  banker  and  broker  in  Chicago. 

CHICAGO,  the  county-seat  of  Cook  County, 
chief  city  of  Illinois  anil  (1890)  second  city  in 
IKipulation  in  the  United  States. 

SITUATION. — The  city  is  situated  at  the  south- 
west liend  of  Lake  Michigan,  18  miles  north  of 
the  extreme  southern  jKiint  of  the  lake,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River;  T15  miles  west  of 
New  York,  T>!KI  miles  north  of  west  from  Wash- 
ington, and  2fi()  miles  northeast  of  St.  I -oil  is. 
From  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  distant  2,417  miles. 
Latitude  41  52'  north:  longitude  s7  :!.">'  west  of 
Greenwich.  Area  (1  *!>-<) ,  1M>  square  miles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — Chicago  stands  on  the  dividing 
ridge  lietween  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence 
basins.  It  is  M'2  feet  alnive  sea-level.  a:j«l  its 
highest  jMiint  is  some  18  feet  ill  Hive  l^tke  Michi- 
gan. The  Chicago  River  is  virtually  a  bayou, 
dividing  into  north  and  south  branches  about  a 
half-mile  west,  of  the  lake.  The  surrounding 
country  is  a  low,  flat  prairie,  but  engineering 
science  and  skill  have  done  much  for  it  in  the 
way  of  drainage.  The  Illinois  &  Michigan  '.'anal 
terminates  at  a  point  on  the  south  branch  of 
the  Chicago  River,  within  the  city  limits,  and 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  those 
of  the  Illinois  River. 

CIIM.MKKI  •!•:.— The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches  affords  a  water  frontage  of  nearly  Gil 
miles,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  utilized  for 
the  shipment  and  unloading  of  grain.  ImnU-i 
stone,  coal,  merchandise,  etc.  Anfther  navigable 
stream  (the  Calumet  River)  also  lies  within  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


corporate  limits.  Dredging  has  made  the  Chi- 
cago River,  with  its  branches,  navigable  for 
vessels  of  deep  draft.  The  harbor  has  also  been 
widened  and  deepened.  Well  constructed  break- 
waters protect  the  vessels  lying  inside,  and  the 
port  is  ae  safe  as  any  on  the  great  lakes.  The 
city  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  tonnage  of  vessels 
arriving  there  exceeds  that  of  any  other  port  in 
the  United  States.  During  1897,  9,156  vessels 
arrived,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  7,309,443, 
while  9,301  cleared,  representing  a  tonnage  of 
7.185,324.  It  is  the  largest  grain  market  in  the 
world,  its  elevators  (in  1897)  having  a  capacity 
of  33,550.000  bushels. 

According  to  the  reports  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
the  total  receipts  and  shipments  of  grain  for 
the  year  1898 — counting  flour  as  its  grain  equiva- 
lent in  bushels— amounted  to  333.097,453  bushels 
of  the  former,  to  289,930.028  bushels  of  the  latter. 
The  receipts  and  shipments  of  various  products 
for  the  year  (1898)  were  as  follows: 


Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Flour  (bbls.)     . 

r).316,195 

5,032,23H 

Wheat  (bu.)     .     . 

35.741,555 

38,094,900 

Corn        "    .     .     .     . 

127.428,374 

130,397,681 

Oats         ".... 

110,293,647 

85,057,636 

Rye          "    .     .     .     . 

4.935.30H 

4.453.384 

Barley     "    .     .     .     . 
Cured  Meats  ill.-  )    . 

18,116.51)4 

UMMJM 

6,75T>.247 
923.627.722 

Dressed  Beef    "   .     . 

110.286,652 

1,060,859.808 

r.ive-stock  —  Hogs 

9.360.968 

1.334.76H 

Cattle 

•J.  480.  632 

864.408 

Sheep    . 

3,502,378 

545,001 

Chicago  is  also  an  important  lumber  market, 
the  receipts  in  1895,  including  shingles,  being 
1.562,527  M.  feet.  As  a  center  for  beef  and  pork- 
packing,  the  city  is  without  a  rival  in  the  amount 
of  its  products,  there  having  been  93,459  cattle 
and  760,514  hogs  packed  in  1894-95.  In  bank 
clearings  and  general  mercantile  business  it 
ranks  second  only  to  New  York,  while  it  is  also 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
country.  The  census  of  1890  shows  9,959  manu- 
facturing establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $292,- 
477,038;  employing  303,108  hands,  and  turning 
out  products  valued  at  $632,184,140.  Of  the  out- 
put by  far  the  largest  was  that  of  the  slaughter- 
ing and  meat-packing  establishments,  amounting 
to  $203,825,093;  men's  clothing  came  next  ($32,- 
517,226) ;  iron  and  steel,  $31,419,854;  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products,  $29,928.616;  planed 
lumber.  $17,604.494.  Chicago  is  also  the  most 
important  live-stock  market  in  the  United  States. 
The  Union  Stock  Yards  (in  the  southwest  part  of 
the  city)  are  connected  with  all  railroad  lines 
entering  the  city,  and  cover  many  hundreds  of 


acres.  In  1894,  there  were  received  8,788,049 
animals  (of  all  descriptions) ,  valued  at  $148,057,- 
626.  Chicago  is  also  a  primary  market  for  hides 
and  leather,  the  production  and  sales  being  both 
of  large  proportions,  and  the  trade  in  manufac- 
tured leather  (notably  in  boots  and  shoes) 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  market  in  the  country. 
Ship-building  is  a  leading  industry,  as  are  also 
brick-making,  distilling  and  brewing.  • 

TRANSPORTATION,  ETC.— Besides  being  the  chief 
port  on  the  great  lakes,  Chicago  ranks  second  to 
no  other  American  city  as  a  railway  center.  The 
old  "Galena  &  Chicago  Union,"  its  first  railroad, 
was  operated  in  1849,  and  within  three  years  a 
substantial  advance  had  been  scored  in  the  way 
of  steam  transportation.  Since  then  the  multi- 
plication of  railroad  lines  focusing  in  or  passing 
through  Chicago  has  been  rapid  and  steady.  In 
1895  not  less  than  thirty -eight  distinct  lines  enter 
the  city,  although  these  are  operated  by  only 
twenty-two  companies.  Some  2,600  miles  of 
railroad  track  are  laid  within  the  city  limits. 
The  number  of  trains  daily  arriving  and  depart- 
ing (suburban  and  freight  included)  is  about 
2.00U.  Intramural  transportation  is  afforded  by 
electric,  steam,  cable  and  horse-car  lines.  Four 
tunnels  under  the  Chicago  River  and  its  branches, 
and  numerous  bridges  connect  the  various  divi- 
sions of  the  city. 

HISTORY.— Point  du  Sable  (a  native  of  San 
Domingo)  was  admittedly  the  first  resident  of 
Chicago  other  than  the  aborigines.  The  French 
missionaries  and  explorers — Marquette,  Joliet, 
La  Salle,  Hennepin  and  others — came  a  century 
earlier,  their  explorations  beginning  in  1673. 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  French  at  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  War,  the  territory  passed 
under  British  control,  though  French  traders 
remained  in  this  vicinity  after  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  One  of  these  named  Le  Mai  followed 
Point  du  Sable  about  1796,  and  was  himself  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Kinzie,  the  Indian  trader,  who 
came  in  1803.  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River  in  1804  on  land 
acquired  from  the  Indians  by  the  treaty  of 
Greenville,  concluded  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne 
in  1795,  but  was  evacuated  in  1812,  when  most  of 
the  garrison  and  the  few  inhabitants  were  massa- 
cred by  the  savages.  (See  Fort  Dearborn.)  The 
fort  was  rebuilt  in  1816,  and  another  settlement 
established  around  it.  The  first  Government 
survey  was  made,  1829-30.  Early  residents  were 
the  Kinzies,  the  Wolcotts,  the  Beaubiens  and  the 
Millers.  The  Black  Hawk  War  (1832)  rather 
aided  in  developing  the  resources  and  increasing 


r 


<*> 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    ol-'   ILLINOIS. 


corporate  limits.  Dredging  has  made  the  Chi- 
cago River,  with  its  branches,  navigable  for 
vessels  of  deep  draft.  The  harlMir  lias  also  been 
widened  and  deei>ene<I.  Well  constructed  break- 
waters protect  the  vessels  lying  inside,  and  the 
port  is  of  safe  as  any  on  the  great  lakes.  The 
'•ity  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  tonnage  of  vessels 
arriving  there  exceeds  that  of  any  other  |>ort  in 
the  United  States.  During  1*97.  9. I'M  vessels 
arrived,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  7.209,  H2. 
while  9,201  cleared,  representing  a  tonnage  of 
7.1S.">.:i24.  It  is  the  largest  grain  market  in  the 
world,  its  elevators  (in  Is97t  having  a  capacity 
..I':!2..'>r>0,oo0  bushels. 

According  to  the  reportsof  the  Hoard  of  Trade 
the  total  receipt*  and  shipments  of  grain  for 
the  vear  1HOH — counting  llonr  as  its  grain  equiva- 
lent in  bushels — anioiuited  ti>  383.007,4331  bushels 
.if  the  former,  to  2*9.920  ir,>s  bushels  of  the  latter. 
The  receipts  and  shipments  of  various  products 
fni  the  year  (|M!ls>  were  as  follows. 


Receipts. 

Shipments 

Hour  I  bbls.  ) 

5.311!,  195 

5,0:12.230 

U'heat  (bu  1 

35,74I..Vi5 

:>  11:11  '.mil 

i  orn         "... 

127.  t2H,:t7l 

i:lo,:l'.i7.(isi 

Oats         ".... 

IIJ».2!Kt.B47 

S5.057.IKM> 

Hye 

1  935.30N 

1.453.3*1 

ISarley      " 

-'is,  1111.  .V.I  1 

li.  755.  24  7 

i  'tired  Meats  i  Mi-  i 

229.iMl5.2Hi 

923.  027.722 

1  >ressed  lieef 

lin.2Nt!.li.V.' 

I.ii(in.s5!i,sns 

l.ive-stock  —  Hogs 

!).3lill.<HiN 

1.331  ,7(i* 

Cattle 

'.'.  t*o.»i:tv.' 

H<i4.  IOS 

Sheep 

:j.502.37H 

515.00! 

<  'hicago  is  also  an  important  lumber  market, 
the  receipts  in  1*95,  including  shiiiRles,  lieinj; 
I  VW.527  M.  feet.  As  a  center  for  beef  and  pork- 
packing,  the  city  is  without  a  rival  in  the  amount 
of  its  products-,  there  having  been  92.459  cattle 
aud  7(50,. 114  hogs  packed  in  1  HIM -95.  In  bank 
. hearings  and  general  mercantile  business  it 
ranks  second  only  to  New  York,  while  it  is  also 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
country.  The  census  of  IS<NI  shows  il.959  manu- 
facturing establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $29'-'  - 
177,03*;  employing'  203.1118  hands,  and  turning 
out  products  valued  at  $(KI2.  IM4. 140.  Of  the  out 
put  by  far  the  largest  was  that  of  the  slaughter 
ing  and  mcat-|>acking  establishments,  amounting 
to  :ji203.s'.>5.<l92;  men's  clothing  came  next  ($32.- 
"i|7.22(i)  ;  iron  and  steel.  *:>!.  H9.R54:  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products.  s.".i  !i"s  r,ir,  planed 
lumber  si;  i;n|  |<u  Chicago  is  also  the  most 
important  live-stock  market  in  the  I'nited  States. 
The  Union  Stock  Yards  (in  the  southwest  part  of 
the  city)  are  connected  with  all  railroad  lines 
entering  the  city  :iti.|  .-iixfi-  many  Imndre.ls  <>]' 


acres.  In  1N!I4.  there  were  received  S.7S8.049 
animals  (of  all  descriptions),  valued  at  §148,057,- 
02(5.  Clm-ago  is  also  a  primary-  market  for  hides 
and  leather,  the  production  and  sales  lieing  l)oth 
of  large  pro]>ortious.  and  the  trade  in  manufac- 
tured leather  (notably  in  lioots  and  shoes) 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  market  in  the  country. 
Ship-building  is  a  leading  industry,  as  are  also 
brick-making,  distilling  and  brewing. 

TRANSIIIKTATIOX.  ETC.—  Besides  U-ing  the  chief 
|»irton  the  great  hikes.  Chicago  ranks  second  to 
no  other  American  city  as  a  railway  center  The 
old  "(ialena  <k  Chicago  Union,"  its  tirst  railroad, 
was  ojierated  in  1H49.  and  within  three  years  a 
substantial  advance  had  lieen  scored  in  the  way 
of  steam  transportation.  Since  then  the  multi- 
plication of  railroad  lines  focusing  in  or  passing 
through  Chicago  has  lieen  rapid  and  steady.  In 
1S9.1  not  less  than  thirty-eight  distinct  lines  enter 
the  city,  although  these  are  ojierated  bv  nnlv 
twenty-two  com|>anics.  Some  2.WMI  miles  of 
railroad  track  are  laid  within  the  city  limits 
The  number  of  trains  daily  arri\  ing  ami  depart 
ing  i  suburban  ami  freight  included  i  is  alxmt 
'.'nun  liitnnmiial  trans|x>rtation  is  allorded  by 
electric,  steam,  cable  and  horse-car  lines  Four 
tunnels  under  the  ( 'hicago  River  and  its  branches, 
and  miiiieniiis  bridges  connect  the  various  divi- 
sions l(f  the  city. 

HlsToiiV — I'oint  du  Sable  la  native  of  San 
Doming*))  was  admittedly  the  tirst  resident  of 
Chicago  other  than  the  aliorigines.  The  Kreiich 
missionaries  and  explorers — Martjuette.  Joliet. 
I -i  Salic.  Mennepin  and  others — came  a  century 
earlier,  their  explorations  l>eginning  in  1673 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  French  at  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  War.  the  territory  passed 
under  Itritish  control,  though  French  traders 
remained  in  this  vicinity  after  the  War  of  the 
Revolution  One  of  these  named  I,e  Mai  followed 
I'oint  du  Sable  al»>ut  17!»6.  and  was  himself  suc- 
ceeded by  .John  Kin/.ie,  the  Indian  trader,  who 
came  in  IMS.  Fort  Deurlwrn  was  built  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  Itiver  in  IH01  on  land 
aconircd  from  the  Indians  by  the  treaty  of 
(ireemille.  concluded  by  (ien.  Anthony  Wavne 
in  ITil'i  but  was  evacuated  in  1*12.  when  most  of 
the  garrison  and  the  few  inhabitants  were  massa- 
cred by  the  savages  (See  Fort  Dmrliorn . )  The 
fort  was  rebuilt  in  IMfi,  and  another  settlement 
established  around  it  The  lirst  (iovernment 
survey  was  made.  |H^1».:JO.  Karly  residents  were 
the  Kin/ies.  the  Wolcotts.  the  Mcuuhiens  and  the 
Millers  The  Black  Hawk  War  (!H#>)  rather 
aided  in  developing  the  resource*  and  increasing 


o 
u 

V 
u 


•5  ± 

I  2 

U*       *-* 
Q 

z 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


91 


the  population  of  the  infant  settlement  by  draw- 
ing to  it  settlers  from  the  interior  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection.  Town  organization  was 
effected  on  August  10,  1832,  the  total  number  of 
votes  polled  being  28.  The  town  grew  rapidly 
for  a  time,  but  received  a  set-back  in  the  financial 
crisis  of  1837.  '  During  May  of  that  year,  how- 


ever, a  charter  was  obtained  and  Chicago  became 
a  city.  The  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  that 
time  was  703.  The  census  of  the  city  for  the  1st 
of  July  of  that  year  showed  a  population  of  4,180. 
The  following  table  shows  the  names  and  term 
of  office  of  the  chief  city  officers  from  1837  to 
1899: 


Yu«. 

MA  yon 

CITY  ri  IKK 

C»TV  ATTOBMBY. 

CITY  TRKAnmica. 

1837 
1S38 
1839 
1840 
1M1 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
I84< 
1847 
1841 
1849 
1860 
1851 
1852 
1833 
1854 
18U 
IS58 
1857 
18S8 
1859 
I860 
18S1 
1862 
1863 
1864 
18M 
ItMM 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
187S 
1876 

1877-78 
1879-80 
1881-82 
1863-84 
1881-86 
1887-98 
1  1)89-90 
1S91  92 
JB9»  W 

18H-98 

1ST7-1W 
18»  — 

I.  N.  Arnold,  «eo.  l>avt>  ,  i 
Oeo.  Dav!a  
Wm.  H.  Brackett  
Thomas  Hoyna  
Thomas  Hoyno  
J.  Curtis  

N  B  Judd 

Hiram  Pearsons. 
Hiram  Pearsons. 
Ueo.  W.  Dole. 
W.8  Ournee,  N.H.  Boll*s(2) 
N.  H.  Bolles. 
F.  C.  Sheriuan. 
Walters,  yurnee. 
Walters.  Uurnee. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Andrew  Uetzler. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Wm.  I.  Church. 
Edward  Manierre. 
Edward  Manierre. 
Kdward  Manierre 
Edward  Manierr*. 
Uriah  P.  Harris. 
Wm.  F  De  Wolf. 
0.  J.  Rose 
C.  N.  Holden. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  Harvey  ,C.W.Hunt(6; 
W.  H.  Rice. 
F.  H.  Cutttnc.  W.  B.  Rlce(7) 
David  A.  Gage 
David  A.  Gage. 
A.  O.  Throop. 
A.  O.  Throop. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
David  A.  Gage. 
David  A.  Gage. 
David  A.  Oag*. 
David  A.  Gage. 
Daniel  O'Hara. 
Daniel  O'Hara. 

Clinton  Brlggs. 
Chas.  B.  Larrabee. 
W.  C.  Selpp. 
Rudolph  Brand. 
John  M.  Dunphy. 
Wm.  M.  iwvme 
C.  Herman  Plautz. 
Bernard  Roeelng. 
Peter  Klolbaaaa. 

Michael  J.  Bransneld. 
Adam  Wolf. 
Ernst  Hummel. 
Adam  Ortaeifen. 

N.B.  Judd  
Samuel  I,.  Smith  
Mark  Skinner  
G*o.  Manterre.  
Henry  Brown  
u  Manierre.  Henry  BrowniS) 
Henry  W.  Clarke  
Henry  W.  Clarke  

Alexander  Lloyd  
F.  C.  Sherman  
Ben).  W.  Raymond  

Aug.Qarrett,Alson  S.8hermaut  4> 
Aug.Qarrelt.AlsonS.8herman<4l 
John  P.  Cbapln  
JamesCurtlai  
Junta  H.  Woodworth  

E.  A.  Rucker  

K.  A.  Hncker,  W  in  S.  Hnm  II.  .r.  1 
Henry  B.  Clark*  
Henry  B.  Clarice  

Patrick  Ballinffall  
(Jilea  Hprinc 

O  R  W  Lull 

Henry  W.  Zlmmermaa      
1  Henry  W.  Zimmerman     — 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman     
Henry  W.  Zimmerman     

John  Wentworth  

H.  Krelaman  

H.  Krelsman  
Abraham  Kohn  
A.  J.  Marble  
A.  J.  Marble  

Oeo.  F.  Crocker  

John  Wentworth  
JuIlanS.  Rumeey  
F.  O.  Sherman  

Ira  W.  Buel  
Oeo.  A.Meecb  

Daniel  It.  Driscoll  
Daniel  1>.  Driscoll  

Jolin  B.  Hi.-e  

Albert  H.  Bodman  
Albert  H.  Bodman  

Albert  H.  Hodman  
Charles  T.  Hoichklsa  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  

Haihrouck  Davla  
Israel  N  Stiles 

R.B.  Mason  
R.B.  Mason  
JoiephMedlU  
Joseph  fitadllL  

Israel  »  stiles  

Israel  N  Stiles  

Harvey  D.  ColTln  
Harvey  D.  Oolvln  
Monroe  Heath.  (9>  H.  D.  ColTln. 

Jos.  K.C.  Forrest  
Jo§.  K.C.  Forrest  

Egbert  Jatuteeon  

R.S.  Tuthlll  

Carter  H.  Harriaon  
Carter  H.  Harrison  

P.  j.  Howard  
P.  J.  Howard  
John  a.  NeameUter  
C.  Herman  Plauiz  
D.  W.  Nlckerson  

Julius  H.  UriiiiH'll  
Julius  R.  Orinnell  
Julius  8.  Orinnell  
Hempstead  Wasbburne  
Hempstead  Washburne  

Carter  H.  Harriaou  
John  A.  Roche  

Hempstead  Washburne  
Carter    H.    Harrison.    Oeo.    B. 
Swlft.dll  John  P.  Hopkins  ill  I 
Oeo  B  Swift 

James  B.  B.  Van  Cleave  

Chaa.  D.  Gastfield  
Jamen  K.  B.  Van  Cleave  
William  Lofffler  
William  Lot-flier    .. 

Jacob  J.  Kern.a.A.TrudeUO) 
i  J'-i  A.  Trude  

Carter  H.  Harriaon.  Jr  
Carter  H.  Harriaon,  Jr.  ... 

MllesJ.  Devine  
Andrew  J.  Ryan  .  . 

(10) 

lit) 


•  It    I.  N.  Arnold  resigned,  and  Oeo.  Davis  appointed,  October,  1837. 
2i    Uurnee  resigned,  Bolles  appointed  his  successor  April   1840 
3i    Manierre  resigned.  Brown  appointed  his  successor.  July,  18«. 

K)    Election  of  Uarrett  declared  Illegal,  and  Sherman  elected  at  new  elerii..n.  lield  April,  1844. 

1 5 1    Brown  appointed  to  flu  vacancy  caused  by  resignation  of  Rucker. 

(6)    Harvey  resigned  and  Hunt  appointed  to  till  vacancy. 

7i    Cutting  having  failed  to  qualify.  Rice,  who  was  already  In  office,  held  over 

IB)    Legislature  changed  date  of  election  from  April  to  November,  the  persons  in  offlca  at  beginning  of  lv»  remaining  in  t 
to  December  o:  that  year. 

|9|  City  organized  under  general  Incorporation  Act  In  1873,  and  no  city  election  held  until  April, 1876.  The  order  (or  a  new 
election  omitted  tbe  office  of  Mayor,  yet  a  popular  vote  was  taken  which  gave  a  majority  to  Thomas  Hoyne.  The  Council 
then  in  office  refused  to  canvass  this  vote,  but  Its  successor,  at  its  first  meeting,  did  so,  declaring  Hoyne  duly  elected 
Oolvln,  the  incumbent,  refused  to  surrender  the  office,  claiming  the  right  to  ••  hold  over;"  Hoyne  then  made  a  contest 
for  tbe  office,  which  reaulted  In  a  decision  by  the  supreme  Court  denying  the  claims  of  both  contestants,  when  a  new 
election  was  ordered  by  the  City  Council.  July  12, 1876,  at  which  Monroe  Heath  was  elected,  serving  out  the  term. 
City  Attorney  Kern,  having  resigned  November  21, 1892,  Oeo.  A.  Trude  was  appointed  to  serve  out  the  remainder  of  the 

term. 

Mayor  Harrison,  baring  been  assassinated.  October  28.  1893,  tbe  City  Council  at  it«  neit  meeting  (November  6,  18931 
elected  <ie<>.  R  Swift  (an  Alderman  from  the  Eleventh  Ward  I  Mayor  ad  tnUrim  At  a  special  election  held  December  19, 
13*3,  John  F.  Hopkins  was  elected  to  flu  out  tbe  unezplred  term  of  Mayor  Harrlann. 


. 


UISTUKU  AL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    n|-'   ILLIMU.v 


the  population  of  the  infant  settlement  by  draw- 
ing to  it  settlers  from  the  interior  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection.  Town  organization  was 
effected  on  August  10.  1S32.  the  total  number  of 
votes  polled  being  28.  The  town  grew  rapidly 
for  a  time,  but  received  a  set-back  in  the  financial 
crisis  of  1»37.  During  May  of  that  year,  how- 


ever. :i  charter  was  obtained  and  Chicago  became 
a  city  The  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  that 
time  was  UK'.  The  census  of  the  city  for  the  1st 
of  July  of  that  year  showed  a  population  of  4.180 
The  following  table  shows  the  names  and  term 
of  office  of  the  chief  city  officers  from  1837  to 


CITV    Cl.KKft. 


C'TY    ATTHKMK\ 


OT\     TKK4MCHKK 


IH37 
1838 
1939 

It40 
1841 
1*42 
IK43 

1-44 
-;'. 
IMf> 
1*47 
tx48 
i-rt 
IH.W 

IM.M 

1852 

IMM 

lH.r,4 

IH55 

IS.W 
1K47 
1H.V* 

l*alt 
1x60 
ivtl 
1-wiJ 

1N«3 
IVrl 

isrtS 

1-'.'. 

It«7 
IHtM 

iHtia 

1S70 

IH72 
1*73 
1*74 
1175 
1876 

1H77-78 
1871*  HO 

iHCtf-M 

ISK5   Hti 

1VC-HH 

i«yi  ;« 
i»y»  in 

iMtt  -»fi 

i-:*7   if* 

X.  It.  Judd 

Hiram  Pearsons. 
Hiram  Pearsons. 

W.S  <iurnee.  N.  H.  B»Um  2} 
N.  H    I:-M.  s 

K.  C.  Sherman. 
Walters.  •,.?-,. 
Walters  •..'-. 
Wm.  L.  Clnirch 
Win.  I.  Church. 

Wm.  1..  Church 
Wm    1..  Church. 
Kdwartt  Manierre. 
Kilwrtril  Manierre. 
!•  >!«  :ml  Manierre 
Kdward  Manierre. 
t'riah  P.  Harris. 
Will.  K    lie  Wolf 
0.1     Rose 
C  N    HoMen. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  llarve>- 
Alunzo  Harvey  .  C.  W  Hunt  (*  • 
W    II    R«-e. 
F.  II.  CiHtiUK.  W  .11    Bice,? 
l>avitl  A.Uave 
David  A.  UaKe 
A.ti.Thr-Kip 
A.  O.  Throop. 
Wm    F.  Wentworth. 
Win    F.  Wentworth. 
Wm    F    Wentworth. 
David  A.tiatfe. 
David  A.dajce. 
David  A  Oa^e. 
David  A   Oatre. 
Itaniel  (I'Hara 
Daniel  o'Hjtn*. 

Clinton  Briifh*s 
Chas.  It    Ijtrrahee. 
W.  C  Seipp 

Rn.lolph    Bran.l 
John  M.  lUinphv. 
Win    M.  Irvine 
('    Herman  I'lautr.. 
ftenmril  Uoesing 
IVter  Kmltiustia. 

Michael  J    HransheM 
Adam   Wi.lf 
Krnst    Hummel 

Win.  H.  Bracken 

Bt-nj.  W.  Raymond  
Augustus  Garret  t  
AIIR  <  larretl.AIson  S.ShermMn  4 
Auy.Garrett.  Alarm  S.Hhermain4 
John  1*  Clmpin  
James  Ctirliss    
James  H.  Woudworlh  
James  II.  Wundwurth  
.1  :uu.-«  Curtis*  
Walters.  Uurnee  

J.  Curtis  
James  M.  Lowe  
K.  A.  Rucker  

Henrv  Brown.   ..    ...      . 
tj  Miimerre.  Henrv  llmwn  ;d 
ll.-nrv  W.(  larke'  ... 
Henry  W.  chirk*-  
t  'harlrs  H    Lurrattee  
Pairir-k  BnllmKall. 
Giles  Spring  
0    It    W.  Lull      
Henry  11.  Clark  
Henry  II.  Clark  
Arnu  VOSH  
Amu  \  oss  - 
Patrick  Bal!liif[*ll  

K.  A.  Rucker.Wm  s.  Brown,:. 
Henrv  K.  Clurke 

Henrv  It.  Clarke.. 
Sidney  AbeJ    
Sidney   A  bell  
Sidney  A  bell  
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  . 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  . 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  .. 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  

Charles  M.  Gray  

Henrv  W.  Zimmerman  ..     . 

J    K    Marsh  

Klhott  Ai'tlio»> 

Albert  H.  Rodman  
.Uhert  II.  Bodman  
Albert  11    Bodmun  
Alhert  H.  Rodman  
\|!>ert    H.  Bodman   
Charles  T   Holchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss.  
Charle*  T   Hotchki»s  
Jos   K.  C.  Forrest  
Jos.  K.  C   Forrest  

Daniel  I>.  Driscull..         
Daniel   It    Driscoll  
llashroiK-k   liavia  . 
Hashrourk  I>avis...  
llasdroiu-k    Imvis  
Israel  X-  Stiles  
Israel  N.  Stiles  
Israel  N    snlf-    
Israel  N.  Htiles  
j  L'»>.  -  p  Janiiesuti  
Kffheri  Jumieaoit 

R    S    Tuthill 
U.S.  "I  iin.  Ill 
i  MI  mi  s.  tirinnell  
JuliiiM  S.  Orinnell  . 
Julius  K  Orinriell  . 
Hempatead  Waiihhiirne 
Hempstenil  WanhhuriK-  

JncohJ    Kern,  (i  A  Trudr.lOi 
(lr».  A.  Trinle. 

R..VO.    West.. 

Mti-s.l.    Ihxn.e  . 
A  mlrew  J.  H>  MII  

JollU    It     Kir.-      - 

R  B.  Mason  
R   It    Mason 

Juteuh  Medill  
Joseph  Medill  
Harvey  It.  C«»tvin   
Harvey   It.  Colviu  
Monroe  Heath..  *>    11    1>.  C..1vn 
Ttnm.ua  Hoyne,  . 
Monroe  n  .-.>•  :-  
Carter  H.  Harmon 

faspar  Bill/.  .  . 
P  J   Howard 

Carter  H.  Harris*  MI  . 

P.  J   Howard 

Carter  11    Harrison.  . 
Curler  H    Harrison  
John  A    Roche  

Dewitt  C    Creuier  

Hi-mpstcmt  Wa*hhurne 
Carter     H      Harrison     <leo.     It 
Swift.  11.  John  P   Hopkins    11 
<leo.  B.  swift    
Carter  11     Harrison    Jr 
Car|,-r  II.  Hurri*on,.1r 

Joint  «.  Neumetster 
C.  Herman  Plautz  ..... 
II.  W.  Xickerson           

James  It   H.  Van  Cleave  

Chan    I'  <!a*t!ield 
James  It.  11    \  HII  Ch-ave 

William  l..».-m.-r 
Willmm  I  ...-ill.T 

:  Uiirnee  resiKiieil.  liullctt  appointi>i|  Ins  successor    April    1*40 

•  Manierre  resigned.  Brown  appointed  his  nuccevwir   J"l.v.  IM.: 

41  Election  of  Oarrett  decl»r.-<|  nie^til    and  Sheriimn  eledeil  al  ne«  .- 

.  .-11  Brown  appmnfd  t.»  till  vacancy  causal  by  resiicnnlion  ..f  Rucker. 

•  fii  Harvey  rt-siifned  an<l  Hunt  ap|»ointi-d  to  fill  vacancy. 

7>  CuttiiiBhavituffaileil  t..,,ualiry.  Rice,  who  wa*  already  in  nHbi-   hi 

N.  LeK'slatur«  rhauged  date  «>f  election  from  April  lo  Novemlwr.  the  i 
to  L>ecember  u.'  that  year 


offlre  HI   lK-1,'11 


City  i-rK'»ni.'t-(1  under 

election  omiltetl  UK 

then  in  ofUce  refused  to  ca 


Incornoriitioti  Act  in  i-"1-.  ai 
Hi. -i-  of  Mayor,  yet  a  popular  vute  wan  tak< 

•ass  tins  vote,  but  its  successor,  at  its  first  meeting- 


A*  hi 


I  April.  H 
mytoThu 
;lid  s.t.  decta 


>      Tl r> 

NH     il      . 

HoytM 


»r  f»r  a 

TheC.. 

duly  f*li-> 


i.  i 
.-.I 


Colvin.  the  mcuinl>erit,  refused  lo  surrender  the  ollice.  ciaiimnc  the  rn;hi  to  "  h..ld  over."   Hoyne  then  tuade'i 

for  the  office  which  resulted  In  a  decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  denying  ! he  claims  of  bi.th  runte- 

election  was  ordered  by  the  City  Council.  July  12.  lH7(i.  at  which  Monroe"  Healh  was  electetl  serving  out   the  term. 

City  Attorney  Kara,  having  resigned  November  ji  ii ' '  Geo  A  Trudc  wan  ai>|H»int>><l  ••»  serve  ,('j-  me  remainder  of  the 
term. 

Mayor  Harrison,  having  been  assassinatfHl  October  '>.  1*!<3.  the  Cn>  Council  at  it"  nezi  meeting  i  V»vetnl»er  ••  1892) 
•l*cl*>.KIeo.  B  Swift  <an  Alderman  from  the  Kleventh  War-1 .  Ma>urM-I  ...'.-,-.*  \t  r»s(M-.-ial  eie.-n,in  l.el-i  ii* -ember  W, 
IWS.  Joha  P  Uupkiui  was  •l«et«<l  to  nil  uut  the  utn-tpireil  I.T f  Ma>«r  Ilftrrin-Mi 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


THE  FIRE  OF  1871. — The  city  steadily  grew  m 
beauty,  population  and  commercial  importance 
until  1871.  On  Oct.  9  of  that  year  occurred  the 
"great  fire"  the  story  of  which  has  passed  into 
history.  Recuperation  was  speedy,  and  the  2,100 
acres  burned  over  were  rapidly  being  rebuilt, 
when,  in  1874,  occurred  a  second  conflagration, 
although  by  no  means  so  disastrous  as  that  of 
1871.  The  city's  recuperative  power  was  again 
demonstrated,  and  its  subsequent  development 
has  been  phenomenal.  The  subjoined  statement 
shows  its  growth  in  population : 


1837 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 

4,179 
4,470 
28,269 
112,162 
298.977 
503,185 
1,099,850 
1,698,575 

Notwithstanding  a  large  foreign  population  and 
a  constant  army  of  unemployed  men,  Chicago 
has  witnessed  only  three  disturbances  of  the 
peace  by  mobs — the  railroad  riots  of  1877,  the 
Anarchist  disturbance  of  1886,  and  a  strike  of 
railroad  employes  in  1894. 

MUNICIPAL  ADMINISTRATION.  —  Chicago  long 
since  outgrew  its  special  charter,  and  is  now 
incorporated  under  the  broader  provisions  of  the 
law  applicable  to  "cities  of  the  first  class,"  under 
which  the  city  is  virtually  autonomous.  The 
personnel,  drill  and  equipment  of  the  police  and 
fire  departments  are  second  to  none,  if  nov  supe- 
rior to  any,  to  be  found  in  other  American  cities. 
The  Chicago  River,  with  its  branches,  divides  the 
city  into  three  principal  divisions,  known  respec- 
tively as  North,  South  and  West.  Each  division 
has  its  statutory  geographical  boundaries,  and 
each  retains  its  own  distinct  township  organiza- 
tion. This  system  is  anomalous;  it  has,  how- 
ever, both  assailants  and  defenders. 

PUBLIC  IMPROVEMENTS. — Chicago  has  a  fine 
system  of  parks  and  boulevards,  well  developed, 
well  improved  and  well  managed.  One  of  the 
parks  (Jackson  in  the  South  Division)  was  the 
site  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  The 
water  supply  is  obtained  from  Lake  Michigan  by 
means  of  cribs  and  tunnels.  In  this  direction 
new  and  better  facilities  are  being  constantly 
introduced,  and  the  existing  water  system  will 
compare  favorably  with  that  of  any  other  Ameri- 
can city. 

ARCHITECTURE. — The  public  and  office  build- 
ings, as  well  as  the  business  blocks,  are  in  some 
instances  classical,  but  generally  severely  plain. 


Granite  and  other  varieties  of  stone  are  used  in 
the  City  Hall,  County  Court  House,  the  Board  of 
Trade  structure,  and  in  a  few  commercial  build- 
ings, as  well  as  in  many  private  residences.  In 
the  business  part  of  the  city,  however,  steel, 
iron,  brick  and  fire  clay  are  the  materials  most 
largely  employed  in  construction,  the  exterior 
walls  being  of  brick.  The  most  approved 
methods  of  fire-proof  building  are  followed,  and 
the  "Chicago  construction"  has  been  recognized 
and  adopted  (with  modifications)  all  over  the 
United  States.  Office  buildings  range  from  ten 
to  sixteen,  and  even,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Masonic 
Temple,  twenty  stories  in  height.  Most  of  them 
are  sumptuous  as  to  the  interior,  and  many  of  the 
largest  will  each  accommodate  3,000  to  5,000 
occupants,  including  tenants  and  their  employes. 
In  the  residence  sections  wide  diversity  may  be 
seen ;  the  chaste  and  the  ornate  styles  being  about 
equally  popular.  Among  the  handsome  public, 
or  semi-public  buildings  may  be  mentioned  the 
Public  Library,  the  Newberry  Library,  the  Art 
Institute,  the  Armour  Institute,  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Auditorium,  the  Board  of  Trade 
Building,  the  Masonic  Temple,  and  several  of  the 
railroad  depots. 

EDUCATION  AND  LIBRARIES.  —  Chicago  has  a 
public  school  system  unsurpassed  for  excellence 
in  any  other  city  in  the  country.  According  to 
the  report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  1898,  the 
city  had  a  total  of  221  primary  and  grammar 
schools,  besides  fourteen  high  schools,  employing 
5,268  teachers  and  giving  instruction  to  over 
236,000  pupils  in  the  course  of  the  year.  The 
total  expenditures  during  the  year  amounted  to 
$6,785,601,  of  which  nearly  $4,500,000  was  on 
account  of  teachers'  salaries.  The  city  has 
nearly  $7,500,000  invested  in  school  buildings. 
Besides  pupils  attending  public  schools  there  are 
about  100,000  in  attendance  on  private  and 
parochial  schools,  not  reckoning  students  at 
higher  institutions  of  learning,  such  as  medical, 
law,  theological,  dental  and  pharmaceutical 
schools,  and  the  great  University  of  Chicago. 
Near  the  city  are  also  the  Northwestern  and  the 
Lake  Forest  Universities,  the  former  at  Evanston 
and  the  latter  at  Lake  Forest.  Besides  an  exten- 
sive Free  Public  Library  for  circulating  and  refer- 
ence purposes,  maintained  by  public  taxation, 
and  embracing  (in  1898)  a  total  of  over  235,000 
volumes  and  nearly  50,000  pamphlets,  there 
are  the  Library  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
and  the  Newberry  and  Crerar  Libraries — the  last 
two  the  outgrowth  of  posthumous  donations  by 
public-spirited  and  liberal  citizens — all  open  to 


1MY  AFTER    CHICAGO  FIRE. 


:.2  IIISToIMy.U,    KNCYCI. 

TIIK  FIIH:  OF  1*71. — The  city  steadily  grew  HI 
beauty,  population  and  commercial  im]iortance 
until  1*71.  On  Oct.  !l  of  that  year  occurred  the 
"great  h're"  the  story  of  which  has  passed  into 
history.  l!ecu|>eration  was  s|>eedy,  and  the  2.  UK) 
acres  burned  over  were  rapidly  being  rebuilt, 
when,  in  1*74.  occurred  a  second  conflagration, 
although  by  no  means  so  disastrous  as  that  of 
1*71.  The  city's  recuperative  power  was  again 
demonstrated,  and  its  subsequent  development 
has  been  phenomenal.  The  subjoined  statement 
shows  its  growth  in  imputation : 


1837 
IH40 
|sr,o 


4. 17!) 

4.470 

2N.S09 

112,102 

°!)S  1)77 


1ST!  I 
IHSO 
IX'.NI 

19UU 


Notwithstanding  a  large  foreign  population  and 
:t  constant  army  of  unemployed  men.  Chicago 
has  witnessed  only  three  disturbances  of  the 
peace  by  mobs — the  railroad  riots  of  1N77,  the 
Anarchist  disturliance  of  1**G.  and  a  strike  of 
railroad  c'lnployes  in  1*94. 

Mrxicii'AL  ADMIXISTUATIOX.  —  Chicago  long 
since  outgrew  its  s|«cial  charter,  and  is  now 
incor|>orated  under  the  broader  provisions  of  the 
law.  applicable  to  "cities  of  the  lirst  class,"  under 
which  the  city  is  virtually  autonomous.  The 
personnel,  drill  and  equipment  of  the  |M>lice  and 
lire  depart ments  are  second  to  none,  if  noi  supe- 
rior to  any,  to  IH-  found  in  other  American  cities. 
The  Chicago  River,  with  its  branches,  divides  the 
city  into  three  principal  divisions,  known  resjiec- 
tively  as  North,  South  and  West.  Kach  division 
has  its  statutory  ideographical  boundaries,  and 
each  retains  its  own  distinct  'township  organiza- 
tion. This  system  is  anomalous;  it  has,  how- 
ever, Ixitli  assailants  and  defenders. 

I't'iil.ic  iMlMtnVKMKXTS. — Chicago  has  a  line 
system  of  parks  and  boulevards,  well  developed 
well  improved  and  well  managed.  One  of  the 
parks  (Jackson  in  the  South  Division)  was  the 
site  ipf  the  World's  Columbian  K.\  posit  ion.  The 
water  supply  is  obtained  from  Lake  Michigan  by 
means  of  cribs  and  tunnels.  In  this  direction 
new  and  better  facilities  are  lieing  constantly 
introduced,  and  the  existing  water  system  will 
compare  favorably  with  that  ol  any  other  Ameri- 
can city. 

AUCIIITKCTUHK. — The  public  ami  ollice  build- 
ings, as  well  as  the  business  blocks,  are  in  some 
instances  classical,  but  generally  severely  plain 


•iPKIHA    OF   ILLINOIS. 

(iranite  and  other  varieties  of  stone  are  used  in 
the  City  Hall,  County  Court  House,  the  Board  of 
Trade  structure,  and  in  a  lew  commercial  build- 
ings, as  well  as  in  many  private  residences.  In 
the  business  part  of  the  city,  however,  steel, 
iron,  brick  and  lire  clay  are  the  materials  most 
largely  employed  in  construction,  the  exterior 
walls  l>eing  of  brick.  The  most  approved 
methods  of  tire-proof  building  are  followed,  and 
the  "Chicago  construction"  has  lieen  recognized 
and  adopted  (with  mod ilicat ions)  all  over  the 
Cnited  States.  Ollice  buildings  range  from  ten 
to  sixteen,  and  even,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Masonic 
Temple,  twenty  stories  in  height.  Most  of  them 
are  sumptuous  as  to  the  interior,  and  many  of  the 
largest  will  each  accommodate  3.000  to  .~>.000 
occupants,  including  tenants  and  their  employes. 
In  the  residence  sections  wide  diversity  may  In- 
seen;  thechaste  and  the  ornatestyles  lieing  alxmt 
equally  popular.  Among  the  handsome  public, 
or  semi-public  buildings  may  lie  mentioned  the 
Public  Library,  the  Newlierry  Library,  the  Art 
Institute,  the  Armour  Institute,  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Auditorium,  the  Board  of  Trade 
Building,  the  Masonic  Temple,  and  several  of  the 
railroad  dejiots. 

Eni'i'ATinx  AMI  LIIIHAHIKS  — Chicago  has  a 
public  school  system  unsurpassed  for  excellence 
in  any  other  city  in  the  country.  According  to 
the  report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  ISJIH.  the 
city  had  a  total  of  221  primary  and  grammar 
schools,  liesides  fourteen  high  schools,  employing 
.1.20*  teachers  and  giving  instruction  to  over 
2311.000  pupils  in  the  course  of  the  year.  The 
total  expenditures  during  the  year  amounted  to 
$(i.7H.'U;oi.  of  which  nearly  $4,."iOO.OOO  was  on 
account  of  teachers'  salaries.  The  city  has 
nearly  87,300,000  invested  in  school  buildings, 
liesides  pupils  attending  public  schools  there  are 
aliout  1011,000  in  attendance  on  private  and 
parochial  schools,  not  reckoning  students  at 
higher  institutions  of  learning,  such  as  medical. 
law.  theological,  dental  and  pharmaceutical 
.schools,  and  the  great  University  of  Chicago. 
Near  the  city  are  also  the  Northwestern  and  the 
Lake  Forest  Universities,  the  former  at  Kvanston 
and  the  latter  at  Lake  Forest.  Besides  an  exten- 
sive Free  Public  Library  for  circulating  and  refer- 
ence purposes,  maintained  by  public  taxation, 
and  embracing  (in  isfls)  a.  total  of  over  23.". 000 
volumes  and  nearly  ,~>0.000  pamphlets,  there 
are  the  Library  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
and  the  Newlierry  anil  Crerar  Libraries — the  last 
two  the  outgrowth  of  |Kisthumous  donations  by 
public-spirited  and  liberal  citizens — all  ojien  to 


"AY   Al   II.K     CHICAGO   KIRK. 


CHICAGO  THOROUGHFARES. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  public  for  purposes  of  reference  under  certain 
conditions.  This  list  does  not  include  the  exten- 
sive library  of  the  University  of  Chicago  and  those 
connected  with  the  Armour  Institute  and  the 
public  schools,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
of  these  various  institutions. 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  TRADE,  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  exchanges  of  the  world.  It 
was  originally  organized  in  the  spring  of  1843  as 
a  voluntary  association,  with  a  membership  of 
eighty-two.  Its  primary  object  was  the  promo- 
tion of  the  city's  commercial  interests  by  unity 
of  action.  On  Feb.  8,  1849,  the  Legislature 
enacted  a  general  law  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  Boards  of  Trade,  and  under  its  provisions 
an  incorporation  was  effected — a  second  organi- 
zation being  effected  in  April,  1850.  For  several 
years  the  association  languished,  and  at  times  its 
existence  seemed  precarious.  It  was,  however, 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  introduction 
of  the  system  of  measuring  grain  by  weight, 
which  initial  step  opened  the  way  for  subsequent 
great  improvements  in  the  methods  of  handling, 
storing,  inspecting  and  grading  cereals  and  seeds. 
By  the  close  of  1856,  the  association  had  overcome 
the  difficulties  incident  to  its  earlier  years,  and 
the  feasibility  of  erecting  a  permanent  Exchange 
building  began  to  be  agitated,  but  the  project  lay 
dormant  for  several  years.  In  1856  was  adopted 
the  first  system  of  classification  and  grading  of 
wheat,  which,  though  crude,  formed  the  founda- 
tion of  the  elaborate  modern  system,  which  has 
proved  of  such  benefit  to  the  grain-growing 
States  of  the  West,  and  has  done  so  much  to  give 
Chicago  its  commanding  influence  in  the  grain 
markets  of  the  world.  In  1858,  the  privilege  of 
trading  on  the  floor  of  the  Exchange  was  limited 
to  members.  The  same  year  the  Board  began 
to  receive  and  send  out  daily  telegraphic  market 
reports  at  a  cost,  for  the  first  year,  of  $500,000, 
which  was  defrayed  by  private  subscriptions. 
New  York  was  the  only  city  with  which  such 
communication  was  then  maintained.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1859,  a  special  charter  was  obtained,  confer- 
ring more  extensive  powers  upon  the  organization, 
and  correspondingly  increasing  its  efficiency.  An 
important  era  in  the  Board's  history  was  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-65.  During  this  struggle  its 
attitude  was  one  of  unde viating  loyalty  and  gener- 
ous patriotism.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
were  contributed,  by  individual  members  and 
from  the  treasury  of  the  organization,  for  the  work 
of  recruiting  and  equipping  regiments,  in  caring 
for  the  wounded  on  Southern  battlefields,  and 
•roviding  for  the  families  of  enlisted  men.  In 


1864,  the  Board  waged  to  a  successful  issue  a  war 
upon  the  irredeemable  currency  with  which  the 
entire  West  was  then  flooded,  and  secured  such 
action  by  the  banks  and  by  the  railroad  and 
express  companies  as  compelled  its  replacement 
by  United  States  legal-tender  notes  and  national 
bank  notes.  In  1865,  handsome,  large  (and,  as 
then  supposed,  permanent)  quarters  were  occu- 
pied in  a  new  building  erected  by  the  Chicago 
Chamber  of  Commerce  under  an  agreement  with 
the  Board  of  Trade.  This  structure  was  destroyed 
in  the  fire  of  October,  1871,  but  at  once  rebuilt, 
and  made  ready  for  re-occupancy  in  precisely 
one  year  after  the  destruction  of  its  predecessor. 
Spacious  and  ample  as  these  quarters  were  then 
considered,  the  growing  membership  and  increas- 
ing business  demonstrated  their  inadequacy 
before  the  close  of  1877.  Steps  looking  to  the 
erection  of  a  new  building  were  taken  in  1881. 
and,  on  May  1,  1885,  the  new  edifice — then  the 
largest  and  most  ornate  of  its  class  in  the  world 
— was  opened  for  occupancy.  The  membership 
of  the  Board  for  the  year  1898  aggregated  con- 
siderably in  excess  of  1,800.  The  influence  of  the 
association  is  felt  in  every  quarter  of  the  com- 
mercial world. 

CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  £  NORTHERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago,  Burlington  <f- 
Quincy  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  &  QUINCY  RAIL- 
ROAD (known  as  the  "Burlington  Route")  is 
the  parent  organization  of  an  extensive  system 
which  operates  railroads  in  eleven  Western  and 
Northwestern  States,  furnishing  connections 
from  Chicago  with  Omaha,  Denver,  St.  Paul  and 
Minneapolis,  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City,  Chey- 
enne (Wyo.),  Billings  (Mont  ),  Deadwood  (So. 
Dak,),  and  intermediate  points,  and  having  con- 
nections by  affiliated  roads  with  the  Pacific  Coast. 
The  main  line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Denver 
(Colo.),  1,025.41  miles.  The  mileage  of  the 
various  branches  and  leased  proprietary  lines 
(1898)  aggregates  4,637.06  miles.  The  Company 
uses  207.23  miles  in  conjunction  with  other 
roads,  besides  subsidiary  standard-gauge  lines 
controlled  through  the  ownership  of  securities 
amounting  to  1,440  miles  more.  In  addition  to 
these  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  controls 
179  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  whole 
number  of  miles  of  standard-gauge  road  operated 
by  the  Burlington  system,  and  known  as  the 
Burlington  Route,  on  June  30,  1899,  is  estimated 
at  7,419,  of  which  1,509  is  in  Illinois,  all  but  47 
miles  being  owned  by  the  Company.  The  system 
in  Illinois  connects  many  important  commercial 


HISTORICAL    rACYCLOl'KDlA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


the  public  for  purposes  of  reference  under  certain 
conditions.  This  list  does  not  include  the  exten- 
sive library  of  the  University  of  Chicago  and  those 
connected  with  the  Armour  Institute  and  the 
public  schools,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
of  these  various  institutions 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  TRADE,  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  exchanges  of  the  world  It 
was  originally  organized  in  the  spring  of  lK43as 
a  voluntary  association,  with  a  membership  of 
eighty-two.  Its  primary  object  was  the  promo- 
tion of  the  city's  commercial  interests  by  unity 
of  action.  On  Feb.  8,  1849,  the  Legislature 
enacted  a  general  law  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  Boards  of  Trade,  and  under  its  provisions 
an  incorporation  was  effected — a  second  organi- 
zation l>eing  effected  in  April,  1850.  For  several 
years  the  association  languished,  and  at  times  its 
existence  seemed  precarious.  It  was.  however, 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  introduction 
of  the  system  of  measuring  grain  by  weight, 
which  initial  step  opened  the  way  for  subsequent 
great  improvements  in  the  methods  of  handling, 
storing,  ins|>ecting  and  grading  cereals  and  seeds. 
By  the  close  of  1S5(>,  the  association  had  overcome 
the  difficulties  incident  to  its  earlier  years,  and 
the  feasibility  of  erecting  a  permanent  Exchange 
building  Iiegan  to  l>e  .agitated,  but  the  project  lay 
dormant  for  several  years.  In  1856  was  adopted 
the  first  system  of  classification  and  grading  of 
wheat,  which,  though  crude,  formed  the  founda- 
tion of  the  elalxjrate  modern  system,  which  has 
proved  of  such  benefit  to  the  grain-growing 
States  of  the  West,  and  has  done  so  much  to  give 
Chicago  its  commanding  influence  in  the  grain 
markets  of  the  world.  In  1S.~>K,  the  privilege  of 
trading  on  the  floor  of  the  Exchange  was  limited 
to  meml>ers.  The  same  year  the  Boa.rU  began 
to  receive  and  send  out  daily  telegraphic  market 
rejKirts  at  a  cost,  for  the  first  year,  of  $500,IHH), 
which  was  defrayed  by  private  subscriptions. 
New  York  was  the  only  city  with  which  such 
communication  was  then  maintained.  In  Febru- 
ary, 18.">9,  a  special  charter  was  obtained,  confer- 
ring more  extensive  powers  upon  the  organization, 
and  correspondingly  increasing  its  efficiency.  An 
important  era  in  the  Board's  history  was  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-05.  During  this  struggle  its 
attitude  wasone  of  undeviating  loyalty  and  gener- 
ous patriotism.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
were  contributed,  by  individual  members  and 
from  the  treasury  of  the  organization,  for  the  work 
of  recruiting  and  equipping  regiments,  in  caring 
for  the  wounded  on  Southern  battlefields,  and 
"roviding  for  the  families  of  enlisted  men  In 


18fi4.  the  Board  waged  to  a  successful  issue  a  war 
UJMIII  the  irredeemable  currency  with  wliirh  tin- 
entire  West  was  then  flooded,  and  secured  such 
action  by  the  Uinks  and  by  the  railroad  and 
express  companies  a*  com|>elled  its  replacement 
by  United  States  legal-tender  notes  and  national 
bank  notes  In  lS(»r>.  handsome,  large  (and.  as 
then  supposed.  ]>ermanent )  quarters  were  occu- 
pied in  a  new  building  erected  by  the  Chicago 
Chamlier  of  Commerce  under  an  agreement  with 
the  Board  of  Trade.  This  structure  was  destroyed 
in  the  fire  of  OctoU-r.  1S71,  but  at  once  rebuilt, 
and  made  ready  for  re-occupancy  in  pre.-isely 
one  year  after  the  destruction  of  its  predecessor 
Spacious  and  ample  as  these  quarters  were  then 
considered,  the  growing  meml>ershipand  increas- 
ing business  demonstrated  their  inadequacy 
before  the  close  of  1877.  Steps  looking  to  tin- 
erection  of  a  new  building  were  taken  in  1X81. 
and,  on  May  1,  18S.~>.  the  new  edifice — then  tin- 
largest  and  most  ornate  of  its  class  in  the  world 
— was  opened  for  occupancy  The  membership 
of  the  Board  for  the  year  1898  aggregated  con 
siderably  in  excess  of  1.800.  The  influence  of  tin- 
association  is  felt  in  every  quarter  of  the  com 
mercial  world. 

CHICAGO,  III  III  IV.HiN  &  NOI.'TIII  i:\ 
RAILROAD.  (See  ('liiratjo.  Burlington  iV 
(Jitinfy  liiiilruiid.  I 

CHICAGO,  Bl"RLIXGTO>'  A.  QITIXCY  RAIL- 
ROAD (known  as  the  "Burlington  Route")  is 
the  parent  organization  of  an  extensive  system 
which  o|)erates  railroads  in  eleven  Western  and 
Northwestern  States,  furnishing  connection* 
from  Chicago  with  Omaha.  Denver.  St  Paul  and 
Minnea|K>lis,  St  Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Chey- 
enne (Wyo  ).  Billings  (Mont  ).  Oeadwuod  (So 
Dak,),  and  intermediate  points,  and  having  con 
nections  by  affiliated  roads  with  the  Pacific  Coast 
The  main  line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Denver 
(Colo.),  1.02:i. 41  miles  The  mileage  of  the 
various  branches  ami  leased  proprietary  lines 
(1898)  aggregates  4.li27.(Ni  miles.  The  C'oin|>aiiy 
uses  207.23  miles  in  conjunction  with  other 
roads,  besides  subsidiary  standard-gauge  lim-* 
controlled  through  the  ownership  of  securities 
amounting  to  1.110  miles  more.  In  addition  to 
these  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quiney  control 
179  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  whole 
numl>er  of  miles  of  standard-gauge,  road  operatc.1 
by  the  Burlington  system,  and  known  as  tlm 
Burlington  Route,  on  June  SO,  1899,  is  estimated 
at  7,419.  of  which  1.509  is  in  Illinois,  all  but  47 
miles  l>eing  owned  by  the  Company.  The  system 
in  Illinois  connects  many  important  commercial 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


points,  including  Chicago.  Aurora,  Oalesburg, 
Quincy,  Peoria,  Streator.  Sterling,  Mendota,  Ful- 
ton, Lewistown,  Rushville,  Geneva,  Keithsburg, 
Rock  Island,  Beardstown.  Alton,  etc.  The  entire 
capitalization  of  the  line  (including  stock,  bonds 
and  floating  debt)  amounted,  in  1898,  to  $234,884,- 
600,  which  was  equivalent  to  about  $33,000  per 
mile.  The  total  earnings  of  the  road  in  Illinois, 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1898, 
amounted  to  $8,724,997,  and  the  total  disburse- 
ments of  the  Company  within  the  State,  during 
the  same  period,  to  $7,469.456.  Taxes  paid  in 
1898,  $377,968.— (HISTORY).  The  first  section  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  was 
constructed  under  a  charter  granted,  in  1849,  to 
the  Aurora  Branch  Railroad  Company,  the  name 
being  changed  in  1852  to  the  Chicago  &  Aurora 
Railroad  Company.  The  line  was  completed  in 
1853,  from  the  junction  with  the  old  Galena  & 
Chicago  Union  Railroad.  30  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago, to  Aurora,  later  being  extended  to  Mendota. 
In  1855  the  name  of  the  Company  was  changed 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  to  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy.  The  section  between  Mendota  and 
Galesburg  (80  miles)  was  built  under  a  charter 
granted  in  1851  to  the  Central  Military  Tract 
Railroad  Company,  and  completed  in  1854.  July 
9,  1856,  the  two  companies  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  the  former.  Previous  to  this 
consolidation  the  Company  had  extended  aid  to 
the  Peoria  &  Oquawka  Railroad  (from  Peoria  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  opposite  Burlington, 
Iowa),  and  to  the  Northern  Cross  Railroad  from 
Quincy  to  Galesburg,  both  of  which  were  com- 
pleted in  1855  and  operated  by  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy.  In  1H57  the  name  of  the 
Northern  Cross  was  changed  to  the  Quincy  & 
Chicago  Railroad.  In  I860  the  latter  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  to  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy,  and,  in  1863.  the  Peoria  &  Oquawka  was 
acquired  in  the  same  way — the  former  constitut- 
ing the  Quinc)r  branch  of  the  main  line  and  the 
latter  giving  it  its  Burlington  connection.  Up 
to  1863,  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  used 
the  track  of  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Rail- 
road to  enter  the  city  of  Chicago,  but  that  year 
I  it-nan  the  construction  of  its  line  from  Aurora  to 
Chicago,  which  was  completed  in  1864.  In  1872 
it  acquired  control,  by  perpetual  lease,  of  tlie 
Burlington  &  Missouri  River  Road  in  Iowa, 
and,  in  1880,  extended  this  line  into  Nebraska, 
now  reaching  Billings,  Mont.,  with  a  lateral 
branch  to  Deadwood,  So.  Dak.  Other  branches 
in  Illinois,  built  or  acquired  by  this  corporation, 
include  the  Peoria  &  Hannibal :  Carthage  &  Bur- 


lington .  Quincy  &  Warsaw ;  Ottawa,  Chicago  A 
Fox  River  Valley;  Quincy,  Alton  &  St.  Louis, 
and  the  St.  Louis,  Rock  Island  &  Chicago.  The 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Northern — known  as  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  —  is  an  important  part  of  the  system, 
furnishing  a  connection  between  St.  Louis  on 
the  south  and  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  on  the 
north,  of  which  more  than  half  of  the  distance  of 
583  miles  between  terminal  points,  is  in  Illinois. 
The  latter  division  was  originally  chartered,  Oct. 
21,  IMS:,  an<]  constructed  from  Oregon.  111.,  to  St. 
Paul.  Minn.  (319  miles),  and  from  Fulton  to 
Savanna,  111.  (16.72  miles),  and  opened,  Nov.  1, 
1886.  It  was  formally  incorporated  into  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  line  in  1899.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  also  acquired  by  purchase  the  Keokuk  & 
Western  Railroad  from  Keokuk  to  Van  Wert. 
Iowa  (143  miles),  and  the  Des  Moines  &  Kansas 
City  Railway,  from  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  to  Gaines- 
ville, Mo.  (112  miles). 

CHICAGO,  DANVILLE  &  VINCENNES  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  *  Eastern  Illinois  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAUO  DRAINAGE  CANAL,  a  channel  or 
waterway,  in  course  of  construction  (1892-99) 
from  the  Chicago  River,  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  to  Joliet  Lake,  in  the  Des  Plaines 
River,  about  12  miles  above  the  junction  of  the 
Des  Plaines  with  the  Illinois.  The  primary  object 
of  the  channel  is  the  removal  of  the  sewage  of 
the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  proper  drainage  of 
the  region  comprised  within  what  is  called  the 
"Sanitary  District  of  Chicago."  The  feasibility 
of  connecting  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  by 
way  of  the  Des  Plaines  River  with  those  of  the 
Illinois,  attracted  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
French  explorers  of  this  region,  and  was  com- 
mented upon,  from  time  to  time,  by  them  and 
their  successors.  As  early  as  1808  the  subject  of 
a  canal  uniting  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
was  discussed  in  a  report  on  roads  and  canals  by 
Albert  Gallatin,  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
and  the  project  was  touched  upon  in  a  bill  relat- 
ing to  the  Erie  Canal  and  other  enterprises,  intro- 
duced in  Congress  in  1811.  The  measure  continued 
to  receive  attention  in  the  press,  in  Western 
Territorial  Legislatures  and  in  official  reports, 
one  of  the  latter  being  a  report  by  John  C.  Cal- 
houn,  as  Secretary  of  War,  in  1819,  in  which  it  is 
spoken  of  as  "valuable  for  military  purposes." 
In  1822  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  the 
right  of  way  to  the  State  through  the  public 
lands  for  such  an  enterprise,  which  was  followed, 


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HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


point-  including  Chicago.  Aurora.  Galesburg, 
yuincy,  Peoria.  Streat»r.  Sterling.  Mendota,  Ful- 
ton. Lewistown,  Rushville.  (ieneva.  Keithsburg. 
Rock  Island.  Beardstow  n,  Alton,  etc.  The  entire 
capitalization  of  the  line  (including  stock.  |HIIIC|S 
and  Moating debt )  amounted,  in  !*!»«.  to  S2:J4.MX4.- 
IHIO,  which  was  equivalent  to  nlmiit  :W:!.0(K)  |ier 
mile.  The  total  earnings  ol  the  road  in  Illinois, 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  IV).  1*9*. 
amounted  to  *H,  724, (197.  anil  the  total  disburse- 
ments of  the  Company  within  the  State,  during 
the  same  period,  to  -ST.  ll>!l.4.">t>  Taxes  |iaiil  in 
l«l».  J3S77.9W.— (HisToKY).  The  tirst  section  of 
the  Chicago.  Kurlington  A:  Vtu'ncy  Rjiilroad  was 
const rurted  under  a  charter  granted,  in  1N4!».  to 
the  Aurora  Branch  Kailroad  ( 'oin|>any.  the  name 
being  changed  in  l>Ci2  to  the  Chicago  <&  Aurora 
Kailroad  Coni|»tny  The  line  was  completed  in 
|M.~)3.  from  the  junction  with  the.  old  ( ialena  <X 
Chicago  Union  Kailroad  3o  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago, to  Aurora,  later  lieing  extended  to  Mendota. 
In  IK.Vi  the  name  of  the  ('om)iany  was  changed 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  to  the  Chicago.  Hurling 
ton  &  (Juincy.  The  section  lietwecn  Mendota  and 
lialeshurg  (W  miles)  was  Imilt  under  a  charter 
grained  in  inril  to  the  Central  Military  Tract 
Kailroad  Company,  and  completed  in  l-~,  (  July 
II.  |M.~)(i.  the  two  companies  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  the  former.  Previous  to  this 
consolidation  the  Company  had  extended  aid  to 
the  IVoria  &  Oijuawka  liailroad  (from  Peoria  t» 
the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  op|>ositc  Iturlington. 
Iowa),  ami  to  the  Northern  Cross  Railroad  from 
Vuincy  to  (ialcshurg  lioth  of  which  were  rom- 
pleted  in  1<V>  and  operated  hy  the  Chicago.  Bur 
lington  &  ynincy  In  I<i7  the  name  of  the 
Northern  Cross  was  changed  to  the  Quinry  »V 
Chicago  Railroad  In  l"l>"  the  latter  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  to  the  Clue-ago  Burlington  <V 
ijuincy.  and.  in  IHI^i.  the  IVoria  <S  Oijuawka  was 
aci|iiired  in  the  sfime  way — the  former  constitut- 
ing the  (^uinry  branch  oi  the  main  line  and  the 
latter  giving  it  its  Iliirliiigton  connection  I'p 
to  IXIKI.  the  Chicago,  liiirlington  &  yuinry  used 
the  truck  of  the  fialena  iV  Chicago  t'nion  Hail 
road  to  enter  the  city  of  Chicago,  hut  that  year 
U-gan  the  construction  of  its  line  from  Aurora  to 
Chicago,  which  was  completed  in  1*01  In  1><7',' 
it  acquired  control.  h\  |>ci-[ictual  lease,  of  the 
Burlington  it  Missouri  River  Road  in  Iowa, 
and.  in  INXII.  extended  this  line  into  Nebraska 
now  reaching  Billings.  Mont  with  a  lateral 
branch  to  Dcadwood  So  Dak  Other  hranchcs 
in  Illinois,  litiilt  or  acquired  hy  this  corporation, 
ilii'ludethe  I'eoria  \  I laiuiilial  Carthage  (V  Unr 


lington;  yuincy  &  Warsaw;  Ottawa.  Chicago  & 
Fox  River  Valley;  Quincy.  Alton  &  St.  Louis. 
and  the  St  Louis,  Rock  Island  &  Chicago.  The 
Chicago.  Burlington  &  Northern — known  as  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  & 
Quinry  —  is  an  important  |iart  of  the  system, 
furnishing  a  connection  lietween  St  Louis  on 
the  south  and  St.  Caul  ami  Minneafiolis  on  the 
north,  of  which  more  than  half  of  the  distance  of 
">*-.;  miles  lietween  terminal  points,  is  in  Illinois 
The  latter  division  was  originally  chartered.  Oct. 
21.  IHM.">.  and  constructed  from  Oregon.  Ill  .  to  St 
I'm!  Minn,  i-ll'.i  miles),  and  from  Fulton  to 
Savanna.  Ill  (l(i.72  miles),  and  o]Hmed.  Nov.  1. 
IKS»;  It  w;is  formally  incorjiorated  into  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  (^uincy  line  in  IH'.MI.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
yuincy  also  acquired  by  purchase  the  Keokuk  & 
Western  Kailroad  from  Keokuk  to  Van  Wert 
Iowa  ill:!  miles),  and  the  Des  Moines  it  Kansas 
City  Railway  from  Des  Moines.  Iowa  to  Caines 
ville.  Mo.  (112  miles) 

I  UK   \<.n.  li\\v  ||  i.l    i  VIM'KXXES  RAIL- 
I!O\II.       See   Cliii-iniii  it-    Kiixti-rn    Illimiix   Hail 

I'm  III. 

(  UK   \l.(»    III!  \I\ACK   (  \>  VI..  ,  channel  or 

waterway  in  course  of  construction  (1*02-991 
from  the  Chicago  River,  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  to  Joliet  Lake,  in  the  Des  Plainer 
River,  aliout  12  miles  aliove  the  junction  of  the 
Des  I'laines  with  the  Illinois.  The  primary  object 
of  the  channel  is  the  removal  of  the  sewage  of 
the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  projier  drainage  of 
the  region  comprised  within  what  is  called  the 
"Sanitary  District  of  Chicago."  The  feasibility 
of  connecting  the  waters  of  l^tke  Michigan  by 
way  of  the  Des  I'laines  River  with  those  of  the 
Illinois,  attracted  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
French  explorers  of  this  region,  and  was  com- 
mented upon  from  time  to  time,  hy  them  ami 
their  successors.  As  early  as  1SIIS  the  subject  of 
a  canal  uniting  I.ake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
\vas  discussed  in  a  re|Mirt  on  roads  and  canals  b\ 
\lliert  <  iiill.it  in  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
irid  the  project  was  touched  u|K>n  in  a  bill  relat 
ing  to  the  Krie  Canal  anil  other  enterprises,  intro 
duced  in  *  *ongress  in  1*11.  The  measure  continued 
to  receive  attention  in  the  press,  in  Western 
Territorial  Legislatures  and  in  oflicial  reports, 
one  of  the  latter  lieing  a  re|~irt  by  John  C  Cal 
houn.  as  Secretary  of  War.  in  1*H*.  in  which  it  is 
••poken  of  as  "valuable  for  military  purposes 
In  |s->-J  Congress  passed  an  art  granting  the 
right  ol  way  to  tin-  State  through  the  public 
lands  for  such  an  enterprise  which  was  followed. 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


five  years  later,  by  a  grant  of  lands  for  the  pur- 
pose of  its  construction.  The  work  was  begun  in 
1836.  and  so  far  completed  in  1848  as  to  admit  of 
the  passage  of  boats  from  the  Chicago  basin  to  La 
Salle.  (See  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.)  Under 
an  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  in  1865,  the  work 
of  deepening  the  canal  was  undertaken  by  the 
city  of  Chicago  with  a  view  to  furnishing  means 
to  relieve  the  city  of  its  sewage,  the  work  being 
completed  some  time  before  the  fire  of  1871.  This 
scheme  having  failed  to  accomplish  the  object 
designed,  other  measures  began  to  be  considered. 
Various  remedies  were  proposed,  but  in  all  the 
authorities  were  confronted  with  the  difficulty 
of  providing  a  fund,  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Constitution  of  1870,  to  meet  the  necessary  cost 
of  construction.  In  the  closing  months  of  the 
year  1885,  Hon.  H.  B.  Kurd,  who  had  been  a 
member  of  a  Board  of  "Drainage  Commission- 
ers," organized  in  1855,  was  induced  to  give 
attention  to  the  subject.  Having  satisfied  him- 
self and  others  that  the  difficulties  were  not 
insurmountable  with  proper  action  by  the  Legis- 
lature, the  City  Council,  on  Jan.  27,  1886,  passed 
a  resolution  authorizing  the  Mayor  to  appoint  a 
Commission,  to  consist  of  "one  expert  engineer  of 
reputation  and  experience  in  engineering  and 
sanitary  matters, "  and  two  consulting  engineers, 
to  constitute  a  "drainage  and  water-supply  com- 
mission" for  the  purpose  of  investigating  and 
reporting  upon  the  matter  of  water-supply  and 
disposition  of  the  sewage  of  the  city.  As  a 
result  of  this  action,  Rudolph  Bering,  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  appointed  expert  engineer  by  Mayor 
Harrison,  with  Benezette  Williams  and  S.  G. 
Artingstall,  of  Chicago,  as  consulting  engineers. 
At  the  succeeding  session  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly (1887),  two  bills— one  known  as  the  "Hurd 
bill"  and  the  other  as  the  "Winston  bill,"  but 
both  drawn  by  Mr.  Hurd,  the  first  contemplating 
doing  the  work  by  general  taxation  and  the  issue 
of  bonds,  and  the  other  by  special  assessment — 
were  introduced  in  that  body.  As  it  was  found 
that  neither  of  these  bills  could  be  passed  at  that 
session,  a  new  and  shorter  one,  which  became 
known  as  the  "Roche- Winston  bill,"  was  intro- 
duced and  passed  near  the  close  of  the  session. 
A  resolution  was  also  adopted  creating  a  com- 
mission, consisting  of  two  Senators,  two  Repre- 
sentatives and  Mayor  Roche  of  Chicago,  to  further 
investigate  the  subject.  The  later  act,  just 
referred  to,  provided  for  the  construction  of  a  cut- 
off from  the  Des  Plaines  River,  which  would 
divert  the  flood-waters  of  that  stream  and  the 
North  Branch  into  Lake  Michigan  north  of  the 


city.  Nothing  was  done  under  this  act,  however. 
At  the  next  session  (1889)  the  commission  made  a 
favorable  report,  and  a  new  law  was  enacted 
embracing  the  main  features  of  the  Hurd  bill, 
though  changing  the  title  of  the  organization  to 
be  formed  from  the  "Metropolitan  Town,"  as 
proposed  by  Mr.  Hurd,  to  the  "Sanitary  Dis- 
trict." The  act,  as  passed,  provided  for  the 
election  of  a  Board  of  nine  Trustees,  their  powers 
being  confined  to  "providing  for  the  drainage  of 
the  district,"  both  us  to  surplus  water  and  sew- 
age. Much  opposition  to  the  measure  had  been 
developed  during  the  pendency  of  the  legislation 
on  the  subject,  especially  in  the  Illinois  valley, 
on  sanitary  grounds,  as  well  as  fear  of  midsum- 
mer flooding  of  the  bottom  lands  which  are 
cultivated  to  some  extent :  but  this  was  overcome 
by  the  argument  that  the  channel  would,  when 
the  Des  Plaines  and  Illinois  Rivers  were  improved 
between  Juliet  and  La  Salle,  furnish  a  new  and 
enlarged  waterway  for  the  passage  of  vessels 
between  the  lake  and  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
the  enterprise  was  indorsed  by  conventions  held 
at  Peoria,  Memphis  and  elsewhere,  during  the 
eighteen  months  preceding  the  passage  of  the 
act.  The  promise  ultimately  to  furnish  a  flow  of 
not  less  than  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute  also 
excited  alarm  in  cities  situated  upon  the  lakes, 
lest  the  taking  of  so  large  a  volume  of  water  from 
Lake  Michigan  should  affect  the  lake-level 
injuriously  to  navigation;  but  these  apprehen- 
sions were  quieted  by  the  assurance  of  expert 
engineers  that  the  greatest  reduction  of  the  lake- 
level  below  the  present  minimum  would  not 
exceed  three  inches,  and  more  likely  would  not 
produce  a  perceptible  effect. 

At  the  general  election,  held  Nov.  5,  1889, 
the  "Sanitary  District  of  Chicago"  was  organ- 
ized by  an  almost  unanimous  popular  vote 
— the  returns  showing  70,9:>8  votes  for  the 
measure  to  242  against.  The  District,  as  thus 
formed,  embraces  all  of  the  city  of  Chicago 
north  of  Eighty-seventh  Street,  with  forty- 
three  square  miles  outside  of  the  city  limits 
but  within  the  area  to  lie  benefited  by  the 
improvement.  Though  the  channel  is  located 
partly  in  Will  County,  the  district  is  wholly  in 
Cook  and  bears  the  entire  exjiense  of  construc- 
tion. The  first  election  of  Trustees  was  held  at  a 
special  election,  Dec.  12.  1889,  the  Trustees  then 
elected  to  hold  their  offices  for  five  years  and 
until  the  following  November.  The  second 
election  occurred,  Nov.  5,  1895,  when  the  Board, 
as  now  constituted  (1899).  was  chosen,  viz.: 
William  Boldenweck,  Joseph  C.  Braden.  Zina  R. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Carter,  Bernard  A.  Ecktiart,  Alexander  J.  Jones, 
Thomas  Kelly,  James  P.  Mallette,  Thomas  A. 
Smyth  and  Frank  Wenter.  The  Trustees  have 
power  to  sell  bonds  in  order  to  procure  funds  to 
prosecute  the  work  and  to  levy  taxes  upon  prop- 
erty within  the  district,  under  certain  limitations 
as  to  length  of  time  the  taxes  run  and  the  rate 
per  cent  imposed.  Under  an  amendment  of  the 
Drainage  Act  adopted  by  the  Legislature  in  1897, 
the  rate  of  assessment  upon  property  within  the 
Drainage  District  is  limited  to  one  and  one-half 
per  cent,  up  to  and  including  the  year  1899,  but 
after  that  date  becomes  one-half  of  one  per  cent. 
The  bed  of  the  channel,  as  now  in  process  of 
construction,  commences  at  Robey  Street  and  the 
South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  5.8  miles 
from  Lake  Michigan,  and  extends  in  a  sooth- 
westerly  direction  to  the  vicinity  of  Summit, 
where  it  intersects  the  Des  Plaines  River.  From 
this  point  it  follows  the  bed  of  that  stream  to 
Lockport,  in  Will  County,  where,  in  consequence 
of  the  sudden  depression  in  the  ground,  the  bed  of 
the  channel  comes  to  the  surface,  and  where  the 
great  controlling  works  are  situated.  This  has  made 
necessary  the  excavation  of  about  thirteen  miles 
of  new  channel  for  the  river — which  runs  parallel 
with,  and  on  the  west  side  of,  the  drainage  canal 
— liesides  the  construction  of  about  nineteen 
miles  of  levee  to  separate  the  waters  of  the 
canal  from  the  river.  The  following  statement 
<>f  the  quality  of  the  material  excavated  and  the 
I'.imensions  of  the  work,  is  taken  fromapaper  by 
Hon.  H.  B.  Hurd,  under  the  title,  "The  Chicago 
Drainage  Channel  and  Waterway,"  published  in 
the  sixth  volume  of  "Industrial  Chicago"  (1896): 
•  'Through  that  portion  of  the  channel  between 
Chicago  and  Summit,  which  is  being  constructed 
to  produce  a  flow  of  300,000  cubic  feet  per  minute, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  sufficient  to  dilute  sew- 
age for  about  the  present  population  (of  Chicago) , 
the  width  of  the  channel  is  110  feet  on  the  bot- 
tom, with  side  slopes  of  two  to  one.  This  portion 
i  if  the  channel  is  ultimately  to  be  enlarged  to  the 
capacity  of  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute.  The 
i  »>t  tin  1 1  of  the  channel,  at  Robey  Street,  is  34.448 
feet  below  Chicago  datum.  The  width  of  the 
.channel  from  Summit  down  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Willow  Springs  is  202  feet  on  the  bottom,  with 
the  same  side  slope.  The  cut  through  the  rock, 
which  extends  from  the  neighborhood  of  Willow 
Springs  to  the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out 
of  ground  near  Lockport,  is  160  feet  wide  at  the 
bottom.  The  entire  depth  of  the  channel  is 
substantially  the  same  as  at  Robey  Street,  with 
the  addition  of  one  foot  in  40,000  feet  The  rook 


portion  of  the  channel  is  constructed  to  the  full 
capacity  of  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute.  From 
the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out  of  ground 
to  Joliet  Lake,  there  is  a  rapid  fall;  over  this 
slope  works  are  to  be  constructed  to  let  the  water 
down  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  damage  Joliet. " 

Ground  was  broken  on  the  rock-cut  near 
Lemont,  on  Sept.  3,  1892,  and  work  has  been  in 
progress  almost  constantly  ever  since.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  work  was  greatly  obstructed  during 
the  year  1898,  by  difficulties  encountered  in  secur- 
ing the  right  of  way  for  the  discharge  of  the 
waters  of  the  canal  through  the  city  of  Joliet. 
but  these  were  compromised  near  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  it  was  anticipated  that  the  work  would 
be  prosecuted  to  completion  during  the  year 
1899.  From  Feb.  1,  1890,  to  Dec.  31,  1898,  the 
net  receipts  of  the  Board  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  aggregated  $28,257,707.  while  the  net 
expenditures  had  amounted  to  $28,221  864.57.  Of 
the  latter,  $20,099,284.67  was  charged  to  construc- 
tion account,  $3,156,903.12  to  "land  account" 
(including  right  of  way),  and  $1,222,092.82  to  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  engineering  department. 
When  finished,  the  cost  will  reach  not  less  than 
$35,000,000.  These  figures  indicate  the  stupen- 
dous character  of  the  work,  which  bids  fair  to 
stand  without  a  rival  of  its  kind  in  modern 
engineering  and  in  the  results  it  is  expected  to 
achieve. 

CHICAGO  GREAT  WESTERN  RAILWAT. 
The  total  mileage  of  this  line,  June  30,  1898,  was 
1,008  miles,  of  which  152.52  miles  are  operated 
and  owned  in  Illinois.  The  line  in  this  State 
extends  west  from  Chicago  to  East  Dubuque,  the 
extreme  terminal  points  being  Chicago  and 
Minneapolis  in  the  Northwest,  and  Kansas  City 
in  the  Southwest.  It  has  several  branches  in  Illi 
nois,  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  and  trackage  arrange- 
ments with  several  lines,  the  most  important 
being  with  the  St.  Paul  &  Northern  Pacific  (10.56 
miles),  completing  the  connection  between  St. 
Paul  and  Minneapolis :  with  the  Illinois  Central 
from  East  Dubuque  to  Portage  (12.23  miles),  and 
with  the  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  from  Forest 
Home  to  the  Grand  Central  Station  in  Chicago. 
The  company's  own  track  is  single,  of  standard 
gauge,  laid  with  sixty  and  seventy-five-pound 
steel  rails.  Grades  and  curvature  are  light,  and 
the  equipment  well  maintained.  The  outstand- 
ing capital  stock  (1898)  was  $52,019,054;  total 
capitalization,  including  stock,  bonds  and  miscel- 
laneous indebtedness,  $57,144,245.  (HISTORY).  The 
road  was  chartered,  Jan.  5,  1892,  under  the  laws 
of  Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  reorganization  of 


VIFAVS  Of   DRAINAGE  CANAL. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Carter,  Bernard  A  Eckhart,  Alexander  J.  Jones. 
Thomas  Kelly.  .lames  I'.  Mallette.  Thomas  A. 
Smyth  anil  Frank  Wenter.  The  Trustees  have 
ixiwer  to  sell  bonds  in  order  to  procure  funds  to 
prosecute  the  work  and  to  levy  taxes  n|Min  prop- 
erty within  the  district,  under  certain  limitations 
as  to  length  of  time  the  taxes  run  and  the  rate 
percent  imposed.  Under  an  amendment  of  the 
Drainage  Act  adopted  l>y  the  Legislature  in  18!)7. 
the  rate  of  assessment  upon  property  within  the 
Drainage  District  is  limited  to  one  and  one-half 
|ier  cent,  tip  to  and  including  the  year  IS!)!),  hut 
after  that  date  becomes  mic-half  of  one  [>er  cent. 

The  IHM!  of  the  channel,  as  now  in  process  of 
construction,  commences  at  Kobey  Street  and  the 
South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  li.N  miles 
from  Lake  Michigan,  and  extends  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  to  the  vicinity  of  Summit, 
where  it  intersects  the  Des  Plaines  River.  From 
this  pi  ii  nt  it  follows  the  lied  of  that  stream  to 
Lockport.  in  AVill  County,  where,  in  consequence 
of  the  sudden  depression  in  the  ground,  the  lied  of 
the  channel  comes  t»  the  surface,  and  where  the 
great  controlling  works  a  re  situated.  This  has  made 
necessary  the  excavation  of  aliout  thirteen  miles 
ol  new  channel  for  the  river — which  runs  parallel 
••  ith.  and  on  the  west  sid"  of.  the  drainage  canal 

besides  the.  construction  of  aliout  nineteen 
miles  of  levee  to  separate  the  waters  of  the 
'•anal  from  the  river  The  following  statement 
<>f  the  quality  of  the  material  excavated  and  the 
dimensions  of  the  work,  is  taken  fromapaper  by 
II. in.  II.  1!.  Ilurd.  under  the  title.  "The  Chicago 
drainage  Channel  and  Waterway."  published  in 
the  sixth  volume,  of  •'Industrial  Chicago"  (1*911) 
'Through  that  (xirtion  of  the  channel  lietween 
<  'hicago  and  .Summit,  which  is  being  constructed 
In  produce  a  How  of  mil), INK)  i-ubic  feet  |>er  minute 
which  is  supposed  to  be  snllicient  to  dilute  sew- 
age for  aliout  the  present  giopulalion  (of  Chicago). 
the  width  of  the  channel  is  111)  feet  on  tlieUit- 
lom.  with  side  slo|>cs  of  two  to  one.  This  jiortioii 
•i  the  channel  is  ultimately  t<>  lie  enlarged  to  the 
i  apacity  of  600.IKIH  i-iibic  feet  per  minute  The 
bottom  of  the.  channel  at  l.'obcy  Street,  is  '.MUM 
IVet  lielow  Chicago  datum  The  width  of  the 

•  •haiinel  from  Summit  down  In  the  neighlMirho.nl 
..I  Willow  Springs  is  MIK.'  feet  mi  the  bottom,  with 
ilic>ame  side  slope      The  .-lit  through  the  rock 
which  extends  from  the  neighborhood  of  Willow 
Springs  to  the  |ioint  where  t  he  channrl  runs  out 

•  if  ground  near   l.ock|>ort    is  Hill  feet  wide  at  the 
Uittom.     The   entire    d^pth    of    the    channel    is 
sutistantially  the  same  as  at    Uoliey  Street,  with 
the  addition  of  one  foot  in  IIMHMI  I'eet      The  r»ek 


jKirtion  of  the  cnannel  is  "onstrueted  to  the  full 
capacity  of  fJiM).(NK)  cubic  feet  jier  minute.  From 
the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out  of  ground 
to  Joliet  Lake,  there  is  a  rapid  fall;  ove»  this 
slope  works  are  to  t-e  constructed  to  let  the  water 
down  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  damage  Joliet." 
(rround  was  broken  on  the  rock-cut  near 
Lemont,  on  Sept.  3,  1S'J2.  and  work  has  been  in 
progress  almost  constantly  ever  since.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  work  was  greatly  obstructed  during 
the  year  istfs,  by  difficulties  encountered  in  secur- 
ing the  right  of  way  for  the  discharge  of  the 
waters  of  the  canal  through  the  city  of  Joliet. 
but  these  were  compromised  near  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  it  was  anticipated  that  the  work  would 
be  prosecuted  to  completion  during  the  year 
is<)9.  From  Feb.  1,  ls!W,  to  Dec.  31,  1S9S,  the 
net  receipts  of  the  Board  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  aggregated  $2H,S.'i7>T07,  while  the  net 
expenditures  had  amounted  to$2s.221  N(>4  ."i7.  Of 
the  latter.  S2U,<)99,2H4.S7  was  charged  to  construc- 
tion account,  $3.ir>K,903.13  to  "bind  account" 
(including  right  of  way),  and  S1.222.092.S2  to  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  engineering  de|iartinent. 
When  finished,  the  cost  will  reach  not  less  than 
s:!.1.(«Ml.lNN).  These  figures  indicate  the  stujieu 
dons  character  of  the  work,  which  bids  fair  to 
stand  without  a  rival  of  its  kind  in  modern 
engineering  and  in  the  results  it  is  expected  to 
achieve. 

urn  u.o   <;KKAT   WESTERN   RAILWAY. 

The  total  jnileage  of  this  line.  June  :»),  1*!)S.  was 
I.INIS  miles,  of  which  1V>..~>2  miles  are  ojieratcd 
and  owned  ill  Illinois  The  line  in  this  State 
extends  west  from  Chicago  t.i  East  Dubuque.  the 
extreme  terminal  (Kiints  being  Chicago  and 
Minnca|Kilis  in  the  Northwest,  and  Kansas  City 
in  the  South  west  It  has  several  branches  in  Illi 
iwiis.  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  and  trackage  arrange 
ments  with  several  lines,  the  most  ini]Kirtant 
being  with  tljfcSt  F'aul  &  Northern  Pacific  (111.5(1 
miles),  .-omflleting  the  connection  between  St 
I '.-in  I  .ind  Minneapolis:  with  the  Illinois  Central 
from  Kast  Dubu.|ue  to  Portage  (12.2:!  miles),  and 
with  the  Chi. 'agiiit  Northern  Pacilic  from  Forest 
Home  to  i  In- <  fraud  Central  Station  in  Chicago 
The  roiupaii v's  own  track  is  single,  of  standard 
uange.  laid  with  sixty  and  seventy  tive-jiound 
steel  rails.  <  !radc.s  and  curvature  are  light,  and 
the  e.|uipnicnt  well  maintained.  The  outstand- 
ing capital  stock  (1S9H)  was  S.Vi,(ll9.0.'i4;  total 
i-apitalization,  including  stock,  bonds  and  miscel- 
laneous indebtedness.  §57. 1  -M.'J-l'i.  (IIlSTOUY).  The 
road  was  chartered,  Jan  -I,  lsf)2.  under  the  laws 
.'I  Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  re. irganization  of 


-'-'•  ."•'-"  --;-  ifiSiSf 

•  •._.--,  -_^  '^-  ^r*T, 


VH'.US    UK    DK  \IN.\Ci:   CANAI 


VIEWS   OF    DRAINAGE    CANAL. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Kansas  City  Railway 
Company  on  a  stock  basis.  During  1895,  the 
De  Kalb  &  Great  "Western  Railroad  (5.81  miles) 
was  built  from  De  Kalb  to  Sycamore  as  a  feeder 
of  this  line. 

CHICAGO,  HARLEM  &  BATAVIA  BAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAGO,  HAVANA  &  WESTEBN  BAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  organized, 
April  24,  1856,  for  the  purposes  of  (1)  establishing 
a  library  and  a  cabinet  of  antiquities,  relics,  etc. ; 
(2)  the  collection  and  preservation  of  historical 
manuscripts,  documents,  papers  and  tracts;  (3) 
the  encouragement  of  the  discovery  and  investi- 
gation of  aboriginal  remains,  particularly  in  Illi- 
nois; (4)  the  collection  of  material  illustrating 
the  growth  and  settlement  of  Chicago.  By  1871 
the  Society  had  accumulated  much  valuable 
material,  but  the  entire  collection  was  destroyed 
in  the  great  Chicago  fire  of  that  year,  among  the 
manuscripts  consumed  being  the  original  draft 
of  the  emancipation  proclamation  by  Abraham 
Lincoln.  The  nucleus  of  a  second  collection  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1874.  Its  loss  in  this  second 
conflagration  included  many  valuable  manu- 
.scripts.  In  1877  a  temporary  building  was 
erected,  which  was  torn  down  in  1892  to  make 
room  for  the  erection,  on  the  same  lot,  of  a 
thoroughly  fire-proof  structure  of  granite, 
planned  after  the  most  approved  modern  systems. 
The  new  building  was  erected  and  dedicated 
under  the  direction  of  its  late  President,  Ed- 
ward G.  Mason,  Esq.,  Dec.  12,  1896.  The  Society's 
third  collection  now  embraces  about  twenty-five 
thousand  volumes  and  nearly  fifty  thousand 
pamphlets;  seventy-five  portraits  in  oils,  with 
other  works  of  art;  a  valuable  collection  of 
manuscript  documents,  and  a  large  museum  of 
local  and  miscellaneous  antiquities.  Mr.  Charles 
Evans  is  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC  MEDICAL  COL- 
LEGE, organized  in  1876,  with  a  teaching  faculty 
of  nineteen  and  forty-five  matriculates.  Its  first 
term  opened  October  4,  of  that  year,  in  a  leased 
building.  By  1881  the  college  had  outgrown  its 
first  quarters,  and  a  commodious,  well  appointed 
structure  was  erected  by  the  trustees,  in  a  more 
desirable  location.  The  institution  was  among 
the  first  to  introduce  a  graded  course  of  instruc- 
tion, extending  over  a  period  of  eighteen  years. 
In  1897,  the  matriculating  class  numbered  over  200. 

CHICAGO  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN  AND 
CHILDREN, located  at  Chicago,  and  founded  in 


1865  by  Dr.  Mary  Harris  Thompson.  Its  declared 
objects  are:  "To  afford  a  home  for  women  and 
children  among  the  respectable  poor  in  need  of 
medical  and  surgical  aid;  to  treat  the  same 
classes  at  home  by  an  assistant  physician;  to 
afford  a  free  dispensary  for  the  same,  and  to 
train  competent  nurses."  At  the  outset  the 
hospital  was  fairly  well  sustained  through  pri- 
vate benefactions,  and,  in  1870,  largely  through 
Dr.  Thompson's  efforts,  a  college  was  organized 
for  the  medical  education  of  women  exclusively. 
(See  Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical 
School.)  The  hospital  building  was  totally 
destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1871,  but  temporary 
accommodations  were  provided  in  another  section 
of  the  city.  The  following  year,  with  the  aid  of 
$25,000  appropriated  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and 
Aid  Society,  a  permanent  building  was  pur- 
chased, and,  in  1885,  a  new,  commodious  and  well 
planned  building  was  erected  on  the  same  site,  at 
a  cost  of  about  $75,000. 

CHICAGO,  MADISON  &  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  line  of  railway  331.3  miles  in  length,  140 
miles  of  which  lie  within  Illinois.  It  is  operated 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  and  is 
known  as  its  "Freeport  Division."  The  par  value 
of  the  capital  stock  outstanding  is  $50,000  and  of 
bonds  $2,500,000,  while  the  floating  debt  is 
$3,620,698,  making  a  total  capitalization  of 
$6,170,698,  or  $26,698  per  mile.  (See  also  Illinois 
Central  Railroad. )  This  road  was  opened  from 
Chicago  to  Freeport  in  1888. 

CHICAGO  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.  (See  .\<,rth- 
western  University  Medical  College.) 

CHICAGO,  MILWAUKEE  ft  ST.  PAUL  BALL* 
WAT,  one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  North- 
west, having  a  total  mileage  (1898)  of  6,153.88 
miles,  of  which  317.94  are  in  Illinois.  The  main 
line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Minneapolis,  420 
miles,  although  it  has  connections  with  Kansas 
City,  Omaha,  Sioux  City  and  various  points  in 
Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  the  Dakotas.  The  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad  Company  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  being  the  owner  of  all  the  lines 
operated  by  it,  though  it  operates  245  miles  of 
second  tracks  owned  jointly  with  other  lines. 
The  greater  part  of  its  track  is  laid  with 
60,  75  and  85-lb.  steel  rails.  The  total  capital 
invested  (1898)  is  $220,005,901,  distributed  as 
follows:  capital  stock,  $77,845,000;  bonded  debt, 
$135,285,500;  other  forms  of  indebtedness, 
$5,572,401.  Its  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for 
1898  were  $5,205,244,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures, $3,320,248.  The  total  number  of  em- 
ployes in  Illinois  for  1898  was  2,293,  receiving 


VIEWS    (M      J>KAINA<;i:    CANAL. 


HISTORICAL   KM  Y(  Lol'KIHA    <>!•'   ILLINOIS. 


the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Kansas  City  Railway 
Company  on  a  st<x-k  liasis  During  1S9.~>.  the 
T)e  Kail)  &  Great  Western  Railroad  (~>>1  miles) 
was  built  from  Pe  Kall>  to  Sycamore  as  a  feeder 
of  this  line. 

CHICAGO,  HARLEM  A;  BATAVIA  RAIL- 
ROAD. (Set>  Cliii'injH  it  .\\irllifm  Pacific  Hitil- 

(  HICAGO,  HAVANA  A:  WESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  IlliiKiix  I'l'iitrnl  Knilriuiil. ) 

CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  organized. 
April  24.  IM.Vl,  for  the  pur|Misfs  nf  (1)  establishing 
a  library  and  a  cabinet  of  antiquities,  relics,  etc. : 
(2)  the  collection  anil  preserxation  of  historical 
manuscripts,  documents.  pa|>ers  ami  tracts:  (3) 
I  lie  encouragement  of  the  discovery  and  investi- 
gation of  aboriginal  remains  particularly  in  Illi- 
nois: (4)  the  collection  of  material  illustrating 
the  growth  and  settlement  of  Chicago.  By  1KT1 
the  Society  had  accumulated  much  valuable 
material,  but  the  entire  collection  was  destroyed 
in  the  gieat  Chicago  fire  of  that  year,  among  the 
manuscripts  consumed  lieing  the  original  draft 
.if  the  emancipation  proclamation  by  Abraham 
Lincoln.  The  nucleus  of  a  second  collection  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1x71.  Its  loss  in  this  second 

illagration  included  many  \aluable  iiianu- 

-cript-.  In  1s"  a  tcm|N>rarr  building  was 
erected,  which  was  torn  down  in  1X92  to  make 
room  for  the  erection,  on  the  same  lot.  of  a 
thoroughly  tire-proof  structure  of  granite, 
planned  after  the  most  approved  modern  systems. 
The  new  building  was  erected  and  dedicated 
under  the  direction  of  its  late  President,  Ed- 
ward C,.  Mason,  Esq.,  Dec.  12,  1X9«.'  The  Society's 
third  collection  now  embraces  about  twenty-five 
thousand  volumes  and  nearly  fifty  thonsaml 
pamphlets;  seventy-live  jiortraits  in  oils,  with 
other  works  of  art ;  a  valuable  collection  of 
inauuscript  documents,  and  a  large  museum  of 
local  and  miscellaneous  antiquities.  Mr.  Charles 
Evans  is  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

CHICAGO  HOMOEOPATHIC  MEDICAL  COL- 
I  I  1. 1  .  organized  in  1x70.  with  a  teaching  faculty 
of  nineteen  and  forty-live  matriculates  Its  first 
term  o|>enud  October  I.  of  that  year,  in  a  leased 
building.  Liy  1SS1  the  college  hail  outgrown  its 
first  quarters,  and  a  commodious,  well  apjMiinted 
structure  was  erected  by  the  trustees,  in  a  more 
desirable  location  The  institution  was  among 
I  he  first  to  introduce  a  graded  course  of  instruc- 
tion, extending  over  a  [period  of  eighteen  years. 
In  1M97,  the matrieulatingclassnumbcred over 2011. 

CHICAGO  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN  AMI 
CHILDREN. located  at  Chicago,  and  founded  in 


lsii.%  by  Dr.  Mary  Harris  Thompson.  Its  declared 
objects  are :  "Tit  afford  a  home  for  women  and 
children  among  the  respectable  poor  in  need  of 
medical  and  surgical  aid;  to  treat  the  same 
classes  at  home  by  an  assistant  'physician;  to 
afford  a  free  dispensary  for  the  same,  and  to 
train  conijieteiit  nurses."  At  the  outset  the 
hospital  was  fairly  well  sustained  through  pri- 
vate Item-factions,  and.  in  1S70,  largely  through 
Dr.  Thompson's  efforts,  a  college  was  organized 
for  the  medical  education  of  women  exclusively. 
(See  \tniti tn-stern  I'liirt-rxiti/  II "('/mm'*  .l/n//Va7 
Nrlinol. )  The  hospital  building  was  totally 
destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1*71.  but  temjHirarv 
accommodations  were  provided  in  another  section 
of  the  city.  The  following  year,  with  the  ai  1  of 
*->r>.(IO(l  appropriated  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and 
Aid  Society,  a  permanent  building  was  pur- 
chased, and,  in  IXX.l,  a  new.  commodious  and  well 
planned  building  was  erected  on  the  same  site,  at 
a  cost  of  about  §75,000. 

CHICAGO,  MADISON  ,v  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD, a  line  of  railway  231.3  miles  in  length.  140 
miles  of  which  lie  within  Illinois.  It  is  operated 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Kailroad  Company,  and  is 
known  as  its  "Freeport  Division.'  The  |>ar  value 
of  the  capital  stock  outstanding  is  >CiO,lKX>  and  of 
Umds  §2,.~>00.000,  while  the  floating  debt  is 
$3.fi2o,fi'jx.  making  a  total  capitalization  of 
$l!.  170.li9S.  or  $2(i.li'JS  |>er  mile.  (See  also  Illinois 
Ci'ntml  Hiiilruiul)  This  road  was  o[tened  from 
Chicago  to  Free-port  in  1XX8. 

CHICAGO  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.  (See  A'.wrfc- 
iresli'rii  I'liircrsitif  Mftlical  Cnllcfjp.) 

CHICAGO.  MILWAUKEE  ,v  ST.  PAl  L  RAIL- 
WAV,  one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  North- 
west, having  a  total  mileage  (1S9S)  of  fi,  153.83 
miles,  of  which  317.94  are  in  Illinois.  The  main 
line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Minnea|Kilis.  420 
miles,  although  it  has  connections  with  Kans:is 
City,  Omaha  Sioux  City  and  various  jHiiDts  in 
Wisconsin.  Io\va  and  the  Dakotas  The  Clmiigo, 
Milwaukee  >V  St  Paul  Railroad  < 'oinpany  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  lieing  the  owner  of  all  the  lines 
o|MT.ited  bv  il  though  it  operates  21.1  miles  of 
second  trai-k-  owned  jointly  with  other  lines. 
The  greater  part  of  its  track  i>  laid  with 
do.  7.">  and  s.Vlb.  steel  rails  The  total  capital 
invested  (ls!ISi  is  $22i».iKI.V«ol.  distributed  as 
follows:  capital  slock.  $77. M4.-|.IK*I ;  l-oiided  debt. 
S13.'i.2S.'i..VMI;  other  form-  of  indebtedness, 
85.575,401.  Its  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for 
isys  were  •'?r..20.ri.2-M,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures. S3.320.2IM.  The  total  number  of  em- 
ployes in  Illinois  for  isfls  was  2.293  receiving 


98 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


$1,746,827.70  in  aggregate  compensation.  Taxes 
paid  for  the  same  year  amounted  to  8 151,385. — 
(HISTORY).  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railway  was  organized  iu  1803  under  the  name 
of  the  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway.  The  Illi- 
nois portion  of  the  main  line  was  built  under  a 
charter  granted  to  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railway  Company,  and  the  Wisconsin  por- 
tion under  charter  to  the  Wisconsin  Union  Rail- 
road Company;  the  whole  built  and  opened  in 
1872  and  purchased  by  the  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railway  Company.  .  It  subsequently  acquired  by 
purchase  several  lines  in  Wisconsin,  the  whole 
receiving  the  present  name  of  the  line  by  act  of 
the  Wisconsin  Legislature,  passed,  Feb.  14,  1874. 
The  Chicago  &  Evanston  Railroad  was  cliartered, 
Feb.  16,  1861,  built  from  Chicago  to  Calvary  (10.8 
miles),  and  opened,  May  1,  1885;  was  consolidated 
with  the  Chicago  &  Lake  Superior  Railroad, 
under  the  title  of  the  Chicago,  Evanston  &  Lake 
Superior  Railroad  Company,  Dec.  22,  1885,  opened 
to  Evanston,  August  1,  1886,  and  purchased,  in 
June,  1887,  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railway  Company.  The  Road,  as  now 
organized,  is  made  up  of  twenty-two  divisions 
located  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
North  and  South  Dakota,  Missouri  and  Michigan. 

CHICAGO,  PADUCAH  &  MEMPHIS  RAIL- 
BOAD  (Projected),  a  road  chartered,  Dec.  19, 
1893,  to  run  between  Altamont  anil  Metropolis, 
111.,  152  miles,  with  a  branch  from  Johnston  City 
to  Carbondale,  20  miles— total  length,  172  miles. 
The  gauge  is  standard,  and  the  track  laid  with 
sixty-pound  steel  rails.  By  Feb.  1,  1895,  the  road 
from  Altamont  to  Marion  (100  miles)  was  com- 
pleted, and  work  on  the  remainder  of  the  line  lias 
been  in  progress.  It  is  intended  to  connect  with 
the  Wabash  and  the  St.  Louis  Southern  systems. 
Capital  stock  authorized  and  subscribed.  $2,500,- 
000;  bonds  issued,  $1,575,000.  Funded  debt, 
authorized,  $15,000  per  mile  in  five  per  cent  first 
mortgage  gold  bonds.  Cost  of  road  up  to  Feb.  1, 
1895,  $20,000  per  mile ;  estimated  cost  of  the  entire 
line,  $2,000,000.  In  December,  1896,  this  road 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern 
Illinois  Railroad  Company,  and  is  now  operated  to 
Marion,  in  Williamson  County.  (See  Chicago  <t 
Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO,  PEKIN  &  SOUTHWESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
road, chartered  as  the  Chicago  &  Plainfield 
Railroad,  in  1859;  opened  from  Pekin  to  Streator 
in  1873,  and  to  Mazon  Bridge  in  1876 ,  sold  under 
foreclosure  in  1879,  and  now  constitutes  a  part  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  system. 


CHICAGO,  PEORIA  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD 
COMPANY  (of  Illinois),  a  corporation  operating 
two  lines  of  railroad,  one  extending  from  Peoria 
to  Jacksonville,  and  the  other  from  Peoria  to 
Springfield,  with  a  connection  from  the  latter 
place  (in  1895),  over  a  leased  line,  with  St.  Louis. 
The  total  mileage,  as  officially  reported  in  1895, 
was  208.66  miles,  of  which  166  were  owned  by 
the  corporation.  (1)  The  original  of  the  Jackson- 
ville Division  of  this  line  was  the  Illinois  River 
Railroad,  opened  from  Pekin  to  Virginia  in  1859. 
In  October,  1863,  it  was  sold  under  foreclosure, 
and,  early  in  1864,  was  transferred  by  the  pur- 
chasers to  a  new  corporation  called  the  Peoria, 
Pekin  &  Jacksonville  Railroad  Company,  by 
whom  it  was  extended  the  same  year  to  Peoria, 
and,  in  1869,  to  Jacksonville.  Another  fore- 
closure, in  1879,  resulted  in  its  sale  to  the 
creditors,  followed  by  consolidation,  in  1881, 
with  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway. 
(2)  The  Springfield  Division  was  incorporated  in 
1869  as  the  Springfield  &  Northwestern  Railway ; 
construction  was  begun  in  1872,  and  road  opened 
from  Springfield  to  Havana  (45.20  miles)  in 
December,  1874,  and  from  Havana  to  Pekin  anil 
Peoria  over  the  track  of  the  Peoria,  Pekin  & 
Jacksonville  line.  The  same  year  the  road  was 
leased  to  the  Indianapolis,  Bloomington  &  West- 
ern Railroad  ComjKiny,  but  the  lease  was  for- 
feited, in  1875,  and  the  road  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  receiver.  In  1881,  together  with  the 
Jacksonville  Division,  it  was  transferred  to  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway,  and  by 
that  company  operated  as  the  Peoria  &  Spring- 
field Railroad.  The  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific 
having  defaulted  and  gone  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  both  the  Jacksonville  and  the  Spring- 
field Divisions  were  reorganized  in  February, 
1887,  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago,  Peoria  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  placed  under  control  of 
the  Jacksonville  .Southeastern  Railroad.  A 
reorganization  of  the  latter  took  place,  in  1890, 
under  the  name  of  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville  & 
St.  Louis  Railway,  and,  in  1893,  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  receivers,  and  was  severed  from  its 
allied  lines.  The  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis 
Railroad  remained  under  the  management  of  a 
separate  receiver  until  January,  1896,  when  a 
reorganization  was  effected  under  its  present 
name — "The  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Kail 
road  of  Illinois."  The  lease  of  the  Springfield 
&  St.  Louis  Division  having  expired  in  Decem- 
ber, 1895,  it  has  also  been  reorganized  as  an 
independent  corjx>rati<m  under  the  name  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Railway  (which  see) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHICAGO  RIVER,  a  sluggish  stream,  draining 
a  narrow  strip  of  land  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  the  Des  Plaines  River,  the  entire  watershed 
drained  amounting  to  some  470  square  miles.  It 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  "North"  and 
the  "South  Branch,"  which  unite  less  than  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the  main  stream. 
At  an  early  day  the  former  was  known  as  the 
••Guarie"  and  the  latter  as  "Portage  River."  The 
total  length  of  the  North  Branch  is  about  20  miles, 
only  a  small  fraction  of  which  is  navigable.  The 
South  Branch  is  shorter  but  offers  greater  facilities 
for  navigation,  being  lined  along  its  lower  por- 
tions with  grain-elevators,  lumber-yards  and 
manufactories.  The  Illinois  Indians  in  early  days 
found  an  easy  portage  between  it  and  the  Des 
Plaines  River.  The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches,  separates  Chicago  into  three  divisions, 
known,  respectively,  as  the  "North"  the  "South" 
and  the  "West  Divisions."  Drawbridges  have 
been  erected  at  the  principal  street  crossings 
over  the  river  and  both  branches,  and  four 
tunnels,  connecting  the  various  divisions  of  the 
city,  have  been  constructed  under  the  river  bed. 

CHICAGO,  ROCK  ISLAND  &  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
WAY, formed  by  the  consolidation  of  various 
lines  in  1880.  The  parent  corporation  (The 
Chicago  &  Rock  Island  Railroad)  was  chartered 
in  Illinois  in  1851,  and  the  road  opened  from  Chi- 
cago to  the  Mississippi  River  at  Rock  Island  (181 
miles),  July  10,  1854.  In  1852  a  company  was 
chartered  under  the  name  of  the  Mississippi  & 
Missouri  Railroad  for  the  extension  of  the  road 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Missouri  River.  The 
two  roads  were  consolidated  in  1866  as  the  Chi- 
cago, Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the 
extension  to  the  Missouri  River  and  a  junction 
with  the  Union  Pacific  completed  in  1869.  The 
Peoria  &  Bureau  Valley  Railroad  (an  important 
feeder  from  Peoria  to  Bureau  Junction  —  46.7 
miles)  was  incorporated  in  1853,  and  completed 
and  leased  in  perpetuity  to  the  Chicago  &  Rock 
Island  Railroad,  in  1854.  The  St.  Joseph  &  Iowa 
Railroad  was  purchased  in  1889,  and  the  Kansas 
City  &  Topeka  Railway  in  1891.  The  Company 
has  financial  and  traffic  agreements  with  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Texas  Railway,  extending 
from  Terral  Station,  Indian  Territory,  to  Fort 
Worth,  Texas.  The  road  also  has  connections 
from  Chicago  with  Peoria;  St.  Paul  and  Minne- 
apolis; Omaha  and  Lincoln  (Neb.);  Denver.  Colo- 
rado Springs  and  Pueblo  (Colo. ),  besides  various 
points  in  South  Dakota,  Iowa  and  Southwestern 
Kansas.  The  extent  of  the  lines  owned  and 
operated  by  the  Company  ( '  'Poor's  Manual, ' '  1898) , 


is  3,568.15  miles,  of  which  236.51  miles  are  in 
Illinois,  189.52  miles  being  owned  by  the  corpo- 
ration. All  of  the  Company's  owned  and 
leased  lines  are  laid  with  steel  rails.  The  total 
capitalization  reported  for  the  same  year  was 
$116,748,211,  of  which  §50,000,000  was  in  stock 
and  $58,830,000  in  bonds.  The  total  earnings  and 
income  of  the  line  in  Illinois,  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1898,  was  $5,851,875,  and  the  total 
expenses  $3,401,165,  of  which  $233,129  was  in  the 
form  of  taxes.  The  Company  has  received  under 
Congressional  grants  550, 194  acres  of  land,  exclu- 
sive of  State  grants,  of  which  there  had  been  sold, 
up  to  March  31,  1894,  548,609  acres. 

CHICAGO,  ST.  PAUL  &  FOND  DU  LAC  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  <t-  Northwestern  Railway. ) 

CHICAGO, ST.  PAUL  &  KANSAS  CITY  RAIL- 
WAY.  (See  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway.) 

CHICAGO,  ST.  LOUIS  &  PADUCAH  RAIL- 
WAY,  a  short  road,  of  standard  gauge,  laid  with 
steel  rails,  extending  from  Marion  to  Brooklyn, 
HI.,  53.64  miles.  It  was  chartered,  Feb.  7,  1887, 
and  opened  for  traffic,  Jan.  1,  1889.  The  St. 
Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company  is 
the  lessee,  having  guaranteed  principal  and  inter- 
est on  its  first  mortgage  bonds.  Its  capital  stock 
is  $1,000,000,  and  its  bonded  debt  $2,000,000, 
making  the  total  capitalization  about  $56,000  per 
mile.  The  cost  of  the  road  was  $2,950,000;  total 
incumbrance  (1895),  $3,016,715. 

CHICAGO  TERMINAL  TRANSFER  RAIL- 
ROAD, the  successor  to  the  Chicago  &  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad.  The  latter  was  organized  in 
November,  1889,  to  acquire  and  lease  facilities  to 
other  roads  and  transact  a  local  business.  The 
Road  under  its  new  name  was  chartered,  June  4, 
1897,  to  purchase  at  foreclosure  sale  the  property 
of  the  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific,  soon  after 
acquiring  the  property  of  the  Chicago  &  Calumet 
Terminal  Railway  also.  The  combination  gives 
it  the  control  of  84.53  miles  of  road,  of  which 
70.76  miles  are  in  Illinois.  The  line  is  used  for 
both  passenger  and  freight  terminal  purposes, 
and  also  a  belt  line  just  outside  the  city  limits. 
Its  principal  tenants  are  the  Chicago  Great  West- 
ern, the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  the  Wisconsin  Central 
Lines,  and  the  Chicago,  Hammond  &  Western 
Railroad  The  Company  also  has  control  of  the 
ground  on  which  the  Grand  Central  Depot  is 
located.  Its  total  capitalization  (1898)  was  $44,- 
553,044,  of  which  $30,000,000  was  capital  stock 
and  $13,394.000  in  the  form  of  bonds. 

CHICAGO  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY, organ- 
ized, Sept.  26,  1854,  by  a  convention  of  Congre- 
gational ministers  and  laymen  representing  seven 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Western  States,  among  which  was  Illinois.  A 
special  and  liberal  charter  was  granted,  Feb.  15, 
1855.  The  Seminary  has  always  been  under 
Congregational  control  and  supervision,  its 
twenty-four  trustees  being  elected  at  Triennial 
Conventions,  at  which  are  represented  all  the 
churches  of  that  denomination  west  of  the  Ohio 
and  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  institu 
tion  was  formally  opened  to  students,  Oct.  6. 
1858.  with  two  professors  and  twenty-nine 
matriculates.  Since  then  it  has  steadily  grown 
in  both  numbers  and  influence.  Preparatory  and 
linguistic  schools  have  been  added  and  the 
faculty  (1896)  includes  eight  professors  and  nine 
minor  instructors.  The  Seminary  is  liberally 
endowed,  its  productive  assets  being  nearly 
$1,000,000,  and  the  value  of  its  grounds,  build- 
ings, library,  etc.,  amounting  to  nearly  $500,00(1 
more.  No  charge  is  made  for  tuition  or  room 
rent,  and  there  are  forty -two  endowed  scholar- 
ships, the  income  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  aid 
of  needy  students.  The  buildings,  including  the 
library  and  dormitories,  are  four  in  number,  and 
are  well  constructed  and  arranged. 

CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD,  an  impor 
tant  railway  running  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
tion from  Chicago  to  St.  Louis,  with  numerous 
branches,  extending  into  Missouri.  Kansas  and 
Colorado.  The  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  proper 
was  constructed  under  two  charters— the  first 
granted  to  the  Alton  &  Sangamon  Railroad  Com- 
pany, in  1847,  and  the  second  to  the  Chicago  & 
Mississippi  Railroad  Company,  in  1852.  Con- 
struction of  the  former  was  begun  in  1852,  and 
the  line  opened  from  Alton  to  Springfield  in 
1853.  Under  the  second  corporation,  the  line  was 
opened  from  Springfield  to  Bloomington  in  1854. 
and  to  Joliet  in  1856.  In  1855  a  line  was  con- 
structed from  Chicago  to  Joliet  under  the  name 
<>f  the  Joliet  &  Chicago  Railroad,  and  leased  in 
jierpetuity  to  the  present  Company,  which  was 
reorganized  in  1857  under  the  name  of  the  St. 
Louis,  Alton  &  Chicago  Railroad  Company.  For 
some  time  connection  was  had  between  Alton 
and  St.  Louis  by  steam-packet  boats  running  in 
connection  with  the  railroad;  but  later  over  the 
line  of  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad— 
the  first  railway  line  connecting  the  two  cities— 
and,  finally,  by  the  Company's  own  line,  which 
was  constructed  in  1K64.  and  formally  opened 
Jan.  1,  1865.  In  1861,  a  company  with  the 
present  name  (Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  Com- 
pany) was  organized,  which,  in  1862,  purchased 
the  St.  Louis.  Alton  &  Chicago  Road  at  fore- 
closure sale.  Several  brancli  lines  have  since 


been  acquired  by  purchase  or  lease,  the  most 
important  in  the  State  being  the  line  from 
Bloomington  to  St.  Louis  by  way  of  Jacksonville. 
This  was  chartered  in  1851  under  the  name  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Jacksonville  &  Chicago  Railroad,  was 
opened  for  business  in  January,  1868,  and  having 
been  diverted  from  the  route  upon  which  it  was 
originally  projected,  was  completed  to  Blooming 
ton  and  leased  to  the  Chicago  &  Alton  in  1868. 
In  1884  this  branch  was  absorbed  by  the  main 
line.  Other  important  branches  are  the  Kansas 
City  Branch  from  Roodhouse,  crossing  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  Louisiana,  Mo. ;  the  Washington 
Branch  from  Dwight  to  Washington  and  Lacon, 
and  the  Chicago  &  Peoria,  by  which  entrance  is 
obtained  into  the  city  of  Peoria  over  the  tracks 
of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western.  The  whole 
number  of  miles  operated  (1898;  is  843.54,  of 
which  580.73  lie  in  Illinois.  Including  double 
tracks  and  sidings,  the  Company  has  a  total 
trackage  of  1,186  miles.  The  total  capitalization, 
in  1898,  was  $32,793,972,  of  which  $22, 230, 600  was 
in  stock,  and  $6,694,850  in  bonds.  The  total 
earnings  and  income  for  the  year,  in  Illinois,  were 
$5,022,315.  and  the  operating  and  other  expenses, 
$4,272,207.  This  road,  under  its  management  as 
it  existed  up  to  1898,  has  been  one  of  the  most  uni- 
formly successful  in  the  country.  Dividends 
have  been  paid  semiannually  from  1863  to  1884, 
and  quarterly  from  1884  to  1896.  For  a  number 
of  years  previous  to  1897.  the  dividends  had 
amounted  to  eight  per  cent  per  annum  on  both 
preferred  and  common  stock,  but  later  liad  been 
reduced  to  seven  per  cent  on  account  of  short 
crops  along  the  line.  The  taxes  paid  in  1898 
were  $341.040.  The  surplus.  June  30,  1895, 
exceeded  two  and  three-quarter  million  dollars. 
The  Chicago  &  Alton  was  the  first  line  in  the 
world  to  put  into  service  sleeping  and  dining  cars 
of  the  Pullman  model,  which  have  since  been  so 
widely  adopted,  as  well  as  the  first  to  run  free 
reclining  chair-cars  for  the  convenience  and 
comfort  of  its  passengers.  At  the  time  the 
matter  embraced  in  this  volume  is  undergoing 
final  revision  (1899),  negotiations  are  in  progress 
for  the  purcliase  of  this  historic  line  by  a  syndi- 
cate representing  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  Union  Pacific,  and  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  systems,  in  whose 
interest  it  will  hereafter  be  operated. 

CHICAGO  &  AURORA  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  EASTERN  ILLINOIS  RAIL- 
ROAD. This  company  operates  a  line  516.3  miles 
in  length,  of  which  278  miles  are  within  Illinois. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


101 


The  main  line  in  this  State  extends  southerly 
from  Dolton  Junction  (17  miles  south  of  Chicago) 
to  Danville.  Entrance  to  the  Polk  Street  Depot 
in  Chicago  is  secured  over  the  tracks  of  the 
Western  Indiana  Railroad.  The  company  owns 
several  important  branch  lines,  as  follows:  From 
Momence  Junction  to  the  Indiana  State  Line; 
from  Cissna  Junction  to  Cissna  Park;  from  Dan- 
ville Junction  to  Shelbyville,  and  from  Sidell  to 
Rossville.  The  system  in  Illinois  is  of  standard 
gauge,  about  108  miles  being  double  track.  The 
right  of  way  is  100  feet  wide  and  well  fenced. 
The  grades  are  light,  and  the  construction 
(including  rails,  ties,  ballast  and  bridges),  is 
generally  excellent.  The  capital  stock  outstand- 
ing (1895)  is  $13,594, 400;  funded  debt,  $18,018,000; 
floating  debt,  $916,381;  total  capital  invested, 
$32,570,781;  total  earnings  in  Illinois,  $2,592,072; 
expenditures  in  the  State,  $2,595,631.  The  com- 
pany paid  the  same  year  a  dividend  of  six  per 
cent  on  its  common  stock  ($286,914),  and  reported 
a  surplus  of  §1,484,762.  The  Chicago  &  Eastern 
Illinois  was  originally  chartered  in  1865  as  the 
Chicago,  Danville  &  Vincennes  Railroad,  its  main 
line  being  completed  in  1872.  In  1873,  it  defaulted 
on  interest,  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1877, 
and  reorganized  as  the  Chicago  &  Nashville,  but 
later  in  same  year  took  its  present  name.  In 
1894  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Chicago  & 
Indiana  Coal  Railway.  Two  spurs  (5.27  miles  in 
length)  were  added  to  the  line  in  1895.  Early  in 
1897  this  line  obtained  control  of  the  Chicago, 
Paducah  &  Memphis  Railroad,  which  is  now 
operated  to  Marion,  in  Williamson  County.  (See 
Chicago,  Paducah  &•  Memphis  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  GRAND  TRUNK  RAILWAY.  Of 
the  335.27  miles  of  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk 
Railroad,  only  30.65  are  in  Illinois,  and  of  the 
latter  9.7  miles  are  operated  under  lease.  That 
portion  of  the  line  within  the  State  extends  from 
Chicago  easterly  to  the  Indiana  State  line.  The 
Company  is  also  lessee  of  the  Grand  Junction 
Railroad,  four  miles  in  length.  The  Road  is 
capitalized  at  $6,600,000,  has  a  bonded  debt  of 
$12.000, 000  and  a  floating  debt  (1895)  of  $2,271,425, 
making  the  total  capital  invested,  $20,871,425. 
The  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for  1895  amounted 
to  $660,393;  disbursements  within  the  State  for 
the  same  period,  $345,233.  The  Chicago  &  Graml 
Trunk  Railway,  as  now  constituted,  is  a  consoli- 
dation of  various  lines  between  Port  Huron, 
Mich.,  and  Chicago,  operated  in  the  interest  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada.  The  Illi- 
nois section  was  built  under  a  charter  granted  in 
1878  to  the  Chicago  &  State  Line  Railway  Com- 


pany, to  form  a  connection  with  Valparaiso,  Ind. 
This  corporation  acquired  the  Chicago  &  South- 
ern Railroad  (from  Chicago  to  Dolton),  and  the 
Chicago  &  State  Line  Extension  in  Indiana,  all 
being  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  North- 
western Grand  Trunk  Railroad.  In  1880,  a  anal 
consolidation  of  these  lines  with  the  eastward 
connections  took  place  under  the  present  name — 
the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

CHICAGO  &  GREAT  EASTERN  RAILWAY. 
(See  Pittsbitrg,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  d-  St.  Lau.it 
Railway. ) 

CHICAGO  &  GREAT  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Pi'oria,  Decatur  &  Evansi-ille  Railway.) 

CHICAGO  &  ILLINOIS  SOUTHERN  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville  Rail- 
way. ) 

CHICAGO  &  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  <t  Alton  Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO  &  NASHYILLE  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  <t  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago  Terminal  Transfer  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN  RAILWAY, 
one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  country,  pene- 
trating the  States  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Michi- 
gan, Iowa,  Minnesota  and  North  and  South 
Dakota.  The  total  length  of  its  main  line, 
branches,  proprietary  and  operated  lines,  on  May 
1,  1899,  was  5,076.89  miles,  of  which  594  miles  are 
operated  in  Illinois,  all  owned  by  the  company. 
Second  and  side  tracks  increase  the  mileage 
to  a  total  of  7,217.91  miles.  The  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway  (proper)  is  operated  in 
nine  separate  divisions,  as  follows:  The  Wis- 
consin, Galena,  Iowa,  Northern  Iowa,  Madison, 
Peninsula,  Winona  and  St.  Peter,  Dakota  and 
Ashland  Divisions  The  principal  or  main  lines 
of  the  "Northwestern  System,"  in  its  entirety, 
are  those  which  have  Chicago,  Omaha,  St.  Paul 
and  Minneapolis  for  their  termini,  though  their 
branches  reach  numerous  important  points 
within  the  States  already  named,  from  the  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east  to  Wyoming  on  the 
west,  and  from  Kansas  on  the  south  to  Lake 
Superior  on  the  north. — (HISTORY.)  The  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railway  Company  was 
organized  in  1859  under  charters  granted  by  the 
Legislatures  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  during 
that  year,  under  which  the  new  company  came 
into  possession  of  the  rights  and  franchises  of  the 
Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad  Com- 
pany. The  latter  road  was  the  outgrowth  of 
various  railway  enterprises  which  had  been  pro- 


102 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


jected.  chartered  and  partly  constructed  in  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois,  between  1848  and  1855, 
including  the  Madison  &  Beloit  Railroad,  the 
Rock  River  Valley  Union  Railroad,  and  the  Illi- 
nois &  Wisconsin  Railroad — the  last  named  com- 
pany being  chartered  by  the  Illinois  Legislature 
in  1851,  and  authorized  to  build  a  railroad  from 
Chicago  to  the  Wisconsin  line.  The  Wisconsin 
Legislature  of  1855  authorized  the  consolidation 
of  the  Rock  River  Valley  Union  Railroad  with  the 
Illinois  enterprise,  and,  in  March,  1855,  the  con- 
solidation of  these  lines  was  perfected  under  the 
name  of  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac 
Railroad.  During  the  first  four  years  of  its  exist- 
ence this  company  built  176  miles  of  the  road,  of 
which  seventy  miles  were  between  Chicago  and 
the  Wisconsin  State  line,  with  the  sections  con- 
structed in  Wisconsin  completing  the  connection 
between  Chicago  and  Fond  du  Lac.  As  the  result 
of  the  financial  revulsion  of  1857,  the  corporation 
became  financially  embarrassed,  and  the  sale  of  its 
property  and  franchises  under  the  foreclosure  of 
1859,  already  alluded  to,  followed.  This  marked 
the  beginning  of  the  present  corporation,  and,  in 
the  next  few  years,  by  the  construction  of  new 
lines  and  the  purchase  of  others  in  Wisconsin  and 
Northern  Illinois,  it  added  largely  to  the  extent 
of  its  lines,  both  constructed  and  projected.  The 
most  important  of  these  was  the  union  effected 
with  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad, 
which  was  formally  consolidated  with  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  in  1864.  The  history  of 
the  Oalena  &  Chicago  Union  is  interesting  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  it  was  one  of  the  earliest 
railroads  incorporated  in  Illinois,  having  been 
chartered  by  special  act  of  the  Legislature  during 
the  "internal  improvement"  excitement  of  1836. 
Besides,  its  charter  was  the  only  one  of  that 
period  under  which  an  organization  was  effected, 
and  although  construction  was  not  begun  under 
it  until  1847  (eleven  years  afterward),  it  was  the 
second  railroad  constructed  in  the  State  and  the 
first  leading  from  the  city  of  Chicago.  In  the 
forty  years  of  its  history  the  growth  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  has  been  steady,  and  its 
success  almost  phenomenal.  In  that  time  it  has 
not  only  added  largely  to  its  mileage  by  the  con- 
struction of  new  lines,  but  has  absorbed  more 
lines  than  almost  any  other  road  in  the  country, 
until  it  now  reaches  almost  every  important  city 
in  the  Northwest.  Among  the  lines  in  Northern 
Illinois  now  constituting  a  part  of  it, were  several 
which  had  bejpme  a  part  of  the  Oalena  &  Chicago 
Union  before 'the  consolidation.  These  included 
a  line  from  Belvidere  to  Beloit,  Wis. ;  the  Fox 


River  Valley  Railroad,  and  the  St.  Charles  & 
Mississippi  Air  Line  Railroad — all  Illinois  enter- 
prises, and  more  or  less  closely  connected  with 
the  development  of  the  State.  The  total  capi- 
talization of  the  line,  on  June  30,  1898,  was 
$200,968,108,  of  which  $66,408,821  was  capi- 
tal stock  and  $101,603,000  in  the  form  of 
bonds.  The  earnings  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 
for  the  same  period,  aggregated  $4,374,923, 
and  the  expenditures  $3,712,593.  At  the  present 
time  (1899)  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  is  build- 
ing eight  or  ten  branch  lines  in  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  The  Northwestern 
System,  as  such,  comprises  nearly  3,000  miles  of 
road  not  included  in  the  preceding  statements  of 
mileage  and  financial  condition.  Although  owned 
by  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Company,  they 
are  managed  by  different  officers  and  under  other 
names.  The  mileage  of  the  whole  system  covers 
nearly  8,000  miles  of  main  line. 

CHICAGO  &  SPRINGFIELD  RAILROAD. 
(See  Illinois  Central  Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO  &  TEXAS  RAILROAD,  a  line 
seventy-three  miles  in  length,  extending  from 
Johnston  City  by  way  of  Carbondale  westerly  to 
the  Mississippi,  thence  southerly  to  Cape  Girar- 
deau.  The  line  was  originally  operated  by  two 
companies,  under  the  names  of  the  Grand  Tower 
&  Carbondale  and  the  Grand  Tower  &  Cape  Girar- 
deau  Railroad  Companies.  The  former  was 
chartered  in  1882,  and  the  road  built  in  1885;  the 
latter,  chartered  in  1889  and  the  line  opened  the 
same  year.  They  were  consolidated  in  1893,  and 
operated  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago  &  Texas 
Railroad  Company.  In  October,  1897,  the  last 
named  line  was  transferred,  under  a  twenty-five 
year  lease,  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany, by  whom  it  is  operated  as  its  St.  Louis  & 
Cape  Girardeau  division. 

CHICAGO  &  WESTERN  INDIANA  RAIL- 
ROAD. The  main  line  of  this  road  extends  from 
Chicago  to  Dolton,  111.  (17  miles),  and  affords  ter- 
minal facilities  for  all  lines  entering  the  Polk  St. 
Depot  at  Chicago.  It  has  branches  to  Hammond, 
Ind.  (10.28  miles);  to  Cragin  (15.9  miles;,  and  to 
South  Chicago  (5.41  miles) ;  making  the  direct 
mileage  of  its  branches  48.59  miles.  In  addition, 
its  second,  third  and  fourth  tracks  and  sidings 
increase  the  mileage  to  204. 79  miles.  The  com- 
pany was  organized  June  9,  1879 ;  the  road  opened 
in  1880,  and,  on  Jan.  26,  1882,  consolidated  with 
the  South  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana  Railroad 
Company,  and  the  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana 
Belt  Railway.  It  also  owns  some  850  acres  in  fee 
in  Chicago,  including  wharf  property  on  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


103 


Chicago  River,  right  of  way,  switch  and  transfer 
yards,  depots,  the  Indiana  grain  elevator,  etc. 
The  elevator  and  the  Belt  Division  are  leased  to 
the  Belt  Railway  Company  of  Chicago,  and  the 
rest  of  the  property  is  leased  conjointly  by  the 
Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois,  the  Chicago  &  Grand 
Trunk,  the  Chicago  &  Erie,  the  Louisville,  New 
Albany  &  Chicago,  and  the  Wabash  Railways 
(each  of  which  owns  $1,000,000  of  the  capital 
stock),  and  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe. 
These  companies  pay  the  expense  of  operation 
and  maintenance  on  a  mileage  basis. 

CHICAGO  &  WISCONSIN  RAILROAD.  (See 
Wisconsin  Central  Lines. ) 

CHILDS,  Robert  A.,  was  born  at  Malone, 
Franklin  County,  N.  Y.,  March  22,  1845,  the  son 
of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  who  settled 
near  Belvidere,  Boone  County,  111.,  in  1852.  Hid 
home  having  been  broken  up  by  the  death  of  his 
mother,  in  1854,  he  went  to  live  upon  a  farm.  In 
April,  1861,  at  the  age  of  16  years,  he  enlisted  in 
the  company  of  Captain  (afterwards  General) 
Stephen  A.  Hurlbut,  which  was  later  attached  to 
the  Fifteenth  Illinois  Volunteers.  After  being 
mustered  out  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  entered 
school,  and  graduated  from  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  University  in  1870.  For  the  following  three 
years  he  was  Principal  and  Superintendent  of 
public  schools  at  Amboy,  Lee  County,  meanwhile 
studying  law,  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1873,  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Chicago,  making  his  home  at  Hinsdale.  After 
filling  various  local  offices,  in  1884  he  was 
chosen  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  and,  in  1892.  was  elected  by  the  narrow 
majority  of  thirty-seven  votes  to  represent  the 
Eighth  Illinois  District  in  the  Fifty-third  Con- 
gress, as  a  Republican. 

CHILLICOTHE,  a  city  ip  Peoria  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Illinois  River,  at  the  head  of  Peoria 
I-ake;  is  19  miles  northwest  of  Peoria,  on  the 
Peoria  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railroad,  anil  the  freight  division  of  the 
Atkinson,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  It  is  an 
important  shipping-point  for  grain;  has  a  can- 
ning factory,  a  button  factor}-,  two  banks,  five 
churches,  a  high  school,  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  1,632;  (1900),  1,699. 

CHINIQUY,  (Rev.)  Charles,  clergyman  and 
reformer,  was  born  in  Canada,  July  30,  1809,  of 
mixed  French  and  Spanish  blood,  and  educated 
for  the  Romish  priesthood  at  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Nicholet,  where  he  remained  ten  years,  gaining  a 
reputation  among  his  fellow  students  for  extraor- 
dinary zeal  and  piety.  Having  been  ordained 


to  the  priesthood  in  1833,  he  labored  in  various 
churches  in  Canada  until  1851,  when  he  accepted 
an  invitation  to  Illinois  with  a  view  to  building 
up  the  church  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Locat- 
ing at  the  junction  of  the  Kankakee  and  Iroquois 
Rivers,  in  Kankakee  County,  he  was  the  means 
of  bringing  to  that  vicinity  a  colony  of  some 
5,000  French  Canadians,  followed  by  colonists 
from  France,  Belgium  and  other  European 
countries.  It  has  been  estimated  that  over 
50,000  of  this  class  of  emigrants  were  settled  in 
Illinois  within  a  few  years.  The  colony  em- 
braced a  territory  of  some  40  square  miles,  with 
the  village  of  St.  Ann's  as  the  center.  Here 
Father  Chiniquy  began  his  labors  by  erecting 
churches  and  schools  for  the  colonists.  He  soon 
became  dissatisfied  with  what  he  believed  to  be 
the  exercise  of  arbitrary  authority  by  the  ruling 
Bishop,  then  began  to  have  doubts  on  the  question 
of  papal  infallibility,  the  final  result  being  a 
determination  to  separate  himself  from  the 
Mother  Church.  In  this  step  he  appears  to  have 
been  followed  by  a  large  proportion  of  the  colo- 
nists who  had  accompanied  him  from  Canada,  but 
the  result  was  a  feeling  of  intense  bitterness 
between  the  opposing  factions,  leading  to  much 
litigation  and  many  criminal  prosecutions,  of 
which  Father  Chiniquy  was  the  subject,  though 
never  convicted.  In  one  of  these  suits,  in  which 
the  Father  was  accused  of  an  infamous  crime, 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  counsel  for  the  defense, 
the  charge  being  proveQ  to  be  the  outgrowth  of 
a  conspiracy.  Having  finally  determined  to 
espouse  the  cause  of  Protestantism,  Father 
Chiniquy  allied  himself  with  the  Canadian  Pres- 
bytery, and  for  many  years  of  his  active  clerical 
life,  divided  his  time  between  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  having  supervision  of  churches  in 
Montreal  and  Ottawa,  as  well  as  in  this  country. 
He  also  more  than  once  visited  Europe  by  special 
invitation  to  address  important  religious  bodies 
in  that  country.  He  died  at  Montreal,  Canada, 
Jan.  16,  1899,  in  the  90th  year  of  his  age. 

CHOCART,  Medard,  (known  also  as  Sieur  des 
Groseilliers),  an  early  French  explorer,  supposed 
to  have  been  born  at  Touraine,  France,  about 
1621.  Coming  to  New  France  in  early  youth,  he 
made  a  voyage  of  discovery  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Radisson,  westward  from  Quebec,  about 
1654-56,  these  two  being  believed  to  have  been 
the  first  white  men  to  reach  Lake  Superior. 
After  spending  the  winter  of  1658-59  at  La 
Pointe,  near  where  Ashland,  Wis.,  now  stands, 
they  are  believed  by  some  to  have  discovered  the 
Upper  Mississippi  and  to  have  descended  that 


104 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


stream  a  Long  distance  towards  its  mouth,  as 
they  claimed  to  have  readied  a  much  milder 
climate  and  heard  of  Spanish  ships  on  the  salt 
water  (Gulf  of  Mexico).  Some  antiquarians 
credit  them,  about  this  time  (1659),  with  having 
visited  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 
They  were  the  first  explorers  of  Northwestern 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  are  also  credited 
with  having  been  the  first  to  discover  an  inland 
route  to  Hudson's  Bay.  and  with  being  the 
founders  of  the  original  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
Groseillier's  later  history  is  unknown,  but  lie 
ranks  among  the  most  intrepid  explorers  of  the 
"New  World"  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
century. 

CHRISMAN,  a  city  of  Edgar  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  and  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  & 
Dayton  Railroads.  24  miles  south  of  Danville ;  has 
a  pipe-wrench  factory,  grain  elevators,  and 
storage  cribs.  Population  (1890),  820;  (1900),  905. 

CHRISTIAN  COUNTY,  a  rich  agricultural 
county,  lying  in  the  "central  belt,"  and  organized 
in  1839  from  parts  of  Macon,  Montgomery, 
Sangamon  and  Shelby  Counties.  The  name  first 
given  to  it  was  Dane,  in  honor  of  Nathan  Dane, 
one  of  the  framers  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  but 
a  political  prejudice  led  to  a  change.  A  pre- 
ponderance of  early  settlers  having  come  from 
Christian  County,  Ky.,  this  name  was  finally 
adopted.  The  surface  is  level  and  the  soil  fertile, 
the  northern  half  of  the  county  being  best 
adapted  to  corn  and  the  southern  to  wheat.  Its 
area  is  about  710  square  miles,  and  its  population 
(1900),  was  32, 790.  The  life  of  the  early  settlers 
was  exceedingly  primitive.  Game  was  abun- 
dant; wild  honey  was  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sugar;  wolves  were  troublesome;  prairie  fires 
were  frequent;  the  first  mill  (on  Bear  Creek) 
could  not  grind  more  than  ten  bushels  of  grain 
per  day,  by  horse-power.  The  people  hauled  their 
corn  to  St.  Louis  to  exchange  for  groceries.  The 
first  store  was  opened  at  Robertson's  Point,  but 
the  county-seat  was  established  at  Taylorville.  A 
great  change  was  wrought  in  local  conditions  by 
the  advent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  which 
passes  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 
Two  other  railroads  now  pass  centrally  through 
the  county — the  "Wabash"  and  the  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Southwestern.  The  principal  towns  are 
Taylorville  (a  railroad  center  and  thriving  town 
of  2,829  inhabitants),  Pana,  Morrisonville,  Edin- 
burg,  and  Assumption. 

CHURCH,  Lawrence  S.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Nunda,  N.  Y.,  in  1820;  passed  his 


youth  on  a  farm,  but  having  a  fondness  for  study, 
at  an  early  age  began  teaching  in  winter  with  a 
view  to  earning  means  to  prosecute  his  studies  in 
law.  In  1843  he  arrived  at  McHenry,  then  the 
county -seat  of  McHenry  County,  111.,  having 
walked  a  part  of  the  way  from  New  York,  paying 
a  portion  of  his  expenses  by  the  delivery  of  lec- 
tures. He  soon  after  visited  Springfield,  ami 
having  been  examined  before  Judge  S.  H.  Treat, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  On  the  removal  of  the 
county-seat  from  McHenry  to  Woodstock,  he 
removed  to  the  latter  place,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  to  the  end  of  his  life.  A  member  of  the 
Whig  party  up  to  1856,  he  was  that  year  elected 
as  a  Republican  Representative  in  the  Twentieth 
General  Assembly,  serving  by  re-election  in  the 
Twenty -first  and  Twenty -second ;  in  1860.  was 
supported  for  the  nomination  for  Congress  in  the 
Northwestern  District,  but  was  defeated  by  Hon. 
E.  B.  Washburne;  in  1862.  aided  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Ninety-fifth  Illinois  Volunteers,  and 
was  commissioned  its  Colonel,  but  was  compelled 
to  resign  before  reaching  the  field  on  account  of 
failing  health.  In  1866  he  was  elected  County 
Judge  of  McHenry  County,  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and, 
in  1869  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70. 
Died,  July  23,  1870.  Judge  Church  was  a  man  of 
high  principle  and  a  speaker  of  decided  ability. 

CHURCH,  Selden  Marvin,  capitalist,  was  born 
at  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  March  4,  1804;  taken  by 
his  father  to  Monroe  County,  X.  Y.,  in  boyhood, 
and  grew  up  on  a  farm  there,  but  at  the  age  of 
21,  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  engaged 
in  teaching,  being  one  of  the  earliest  teachers  in 
the  public  schools  of  that  city.  Then,  having 
spent  some  time  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  in  1835  he  removed  to  Illinois,  first 
locating  at  Geneva,  but  the  following  year 
removed  to  Rockford,  where  he  continued  to 
reside  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1841,  he 
was  appointed  Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Rock- 
ford  by  the  first  President  Harrison,  remaining 
in  office  three  years.  Other  offices  held  by  him 
were  those  of  County  Clerk  (1843-47),  Delegate  to 
the  Second  Constitutional  Convention  (1847). 
Judge  of  Probate  (1849-57),  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-third  General  Assembly  (1863-6.1). 
and  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Public  Charities 
by  appointment  of  Governor  Palmer,  in  1869, 
being  re-appointed  by  Governor  Beveridge,  in 
1873,  and,  for  a  part  of  the  time,  serving  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board.  He  also  served,  by  appoint- 
ment of  the  Secretary  of  War,  as  one  of  the 
Commissioners  to  assess  damages  for  the  Govern- 
ment improvements  at  Rock  Island  and  to  locate 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


It  15 


the  Government  bridge  Iwtween  Rock  Island  anil 
Davenport.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he 
was  President  for  some  time  of  the  Rockford 
Insurance  Company ;  was  also  one  of  the  origina- 
tors, and,  for  many  years,  Managing  Director  of 
the  Rockford  Water  Power  Company,  which  lias 
done  so  much  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  that 
city,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  one  of  the 
Directors  of  the  Winnebago  National  Bank.  Died 
at  Rockford,  June  23,  1892. 

CHURCHILL,  George,  early  printer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  at  Hubbardtown,  Rutland 
County,  Vt.,  Oct.  11.  1789;  received  a  good  edu- 
cation in  his  youth,  thus  imbibing  a  taste  for 
literature  which  led  to  his  learning  the  printer's 
trade.  In  1800  he  became  an  apprentice  in  the 
office  of  the  Albany  (N.  Y.)  "Sentinel,"  and, 
after  serving  his  time,  worked  as  a  journeyman 
printer,  thereby  accumulating  means  to  purchase 
a  half-interest  in  a  small  printing  office.  Selling 
this  out  at  a  loss,  a  year  or  two  later,  he  went  to 
New  York,  and,  after  working  at  the  case  some 
five  months,  started  for  the  West,  stopping  en 
route  at  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg  and  Louisville. 
In  the  latter  place  he  worked  for  a  time  in  the 
office  of  "The  Courier,"  and  still  later  in  that  of 
"The  Correspondent,"  then  owned  by  Col.  Elijah 
C.  Berry,  who  subsequently  came  to  Illinois  and 
served  .is  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts.  In  1817 
he  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  but,  attracted  by  the  fer- 
tile soil  of  Illinois,  determined  to  engage  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  finally  purchasing  land  some 
six  miles  southeast  of  Edwardsville.  in  Madison 
County,  where  he  continued  to  reside  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  In  order  to  raise  means  to 
improve  his  farm,  in  the  spring  of  1819  he 
worked  as  a  compositor  in  the  office  of  "The 
Missouri  Gazette" — the  predecessor  of  "The  St. 
Louis  Republic."  While  there  he  wrote  a  series 
of  articles  over  the  signature  of  "A  Farmer  of  St. 
Charles  County,"  advocating  the  admission  of 
the  State  of  Missouri  into  the  Union  without 
slavery,  which  caused  considerable  excitement 
among  the  friends  of  that  institution.  During 
the  same  year  he  aided  Hooper  Warren  in 
establishing  his  paper,  "The  Spectator,"  at 
Edwardsville,  and,  still  later,  became  a  frequent 
contributor  to  its  columns,  especially  during  the 
campaign  of  1822-24,  which  resulted,  in  the  latter 
year,  in  the  defeat  of  the  attempt  to  plant  slavery 
in  Illinois.  In  1822  he  was  elected  Represent- 
ative in  the  Third  General  Assembly,  serving  in 
that  body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1832. 
His  re-election  for  a  second  term,  in  1824,  demon- 
strated that  his  vote  at  the  preceding  session,  in 


opposition  to  the  scheme  for  a  State  Convention 
to  revise  the  State  Constitution  in  the  interest  of 
slavery,  was  approved  by  his  constituents'.  In 
1838,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  serving 
four  years,  and,  in  1844,  was  again  elected  to  the 
House — in  all  serving  a  period  in  both  Houses  of 
sixteen  years.  Mr.  Churchill  was  never  married 
He  was  an  industrious  and  systematic  collector  of 
historical  records,  and.  at  the  time  of  his  death  in 
the  summer  of  1872,  left  a  mass  of  documents  anil 
other  historical  material  of  great  value.  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  IMWS;  Warren,  Hooper,  ami 
Coles,  Edward.) 

CLARE  i.i'ii.  George  Rogers,  soldier,  was 
born  near  Monticello,  Albemarle  County.  Va. . 
Nov.  19,  1752.  In  his  younger  life  he  was  a 
farmer  and  surveyor  on  the  upper  Ohio.  His 
first'  experience  in  Indian  fighting  was  under 
Governor  Dunmore,  against  the  Shawnees  (1774). 
In  1775  he  went  as  a  surveyor  to  Kentucky,  and 
the  British  having  incited  the  Indians  against 
the  Americans  in  the  following  year,  he  was 
commissioned  a  Major  of  militia.  He  soon  rose 
to  a  Colonelcy,  and  attaint"!  marked  distinction. 
Later  he  was  commissioned  Brigadier-General, 
and  planned  an  expedition  against  the  British 
fort  at  Detroit,  which  was  not  successful.  In 
the  latter  part  of  1777,  in  consultation  with  Gov. 
Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia,  he  planned  an  expe- 
dition against  Illinois,  which  was  carried  out 
the  following  year.  On  July  4,  1778,  he  captured 
Kaskaskia  without  firing  a  gun,  and  other 
French  villages  surrendered  at  discretion.  The 
following  February  he  set  out  from  Kaskaskia  to 
cross  the  "Illinois  Country"  for  the  purpose  of 
recapturing  Vincennes,  which  had  been  taken  ami 
was  garrisoned  by  the  British  under  Hamilton. 
After  a  forced  march  cliaracterized  by  incredible 
suffering,  his  ragged  followers  effected  the  cap 
ture  of  the  post.  His  last  important  military 
service  was  against  the  savages  on  the  Big 
Miami,  whose  villages  and  fields  he  laid  waste. 
His  last  years  were  passed  in  sorrow  and  in  com- 
parative penury.  He  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.. 
Feb.  18,  1818,  and  his  remains,  after  reposing  in  a 
private  cemetery  near  that  city  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, were  exhumed  and  removed  to  Cave  Hill 
Cemetery  in  1869.  The  fullest  history  of  General 
Clark's  expedition  and  his  life  will  be  found  in 
the  "Conquest  of  the  Country  Northwest  of  tin- 
Ohio  River,  1774-1783,  and  Life  of  Gen.  George 
Rogers  Clark"  (2  volumes,  1896),  by  the  late 
William  H.  English,  of  Indianapolis. 

CLARK,  Horace  S.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  at  Huntsburg.  Ohio.  August  12,  1840.     At 


106 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP   ILLINOIS. 


the  age  of  15,  coming  to  Chicago,  he  found 
employment  in  a  livery  stable ;  later,  worked  oc 
a  farm  in  Kane  County,  attending  school  in  the 
winter.  After  a  year  spent  in  Iowa  City  attend- 
ing the  Iowa  State  University,  he  returned  to 
Kane  County  and  engaged  in  the  dairy  business, 
later  occupying  himself  with  various  occupations 
in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  but  finally  returning  to 
his  Ohio  home,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law 
at  Circleville.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  an  Ohio 
regiment,  rising  from  the  ranks  to  a  captaincy, 
but  was  finally  compelled  to  leave  the  service  in 
consequence  of  a  wound  received  at  Gettysburg. 
In  1865  he  settled  at  Mattoon,  III.,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868.  In  1870  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Legislature  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  but  was  elected  State  Senator 
in  1880,  serving  four  years  and  proving  himself 
one  of  the  ablest  speakers  on  the  floor.  In  1888 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate-at-large  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention,  and  has  long  been  a  con- 
spicuous figure  in  State  politics.  In  1896  he  was 
a  prominent  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomi- 
nation for  Governor. 

CLARK,  John  SI.,  civil  engineer  and  merchant, 
was  born  at  White  Pigeon,  Mich.,  August  1,  1836; 
came  to  Chicago  with  his  widowed  mother  in 
1847,  and,  after  five  years  in  the  Chicago  schools, 
served  for  a  time  (1852)  as  a  rodman  on  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad.  After  a  course  in  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy,  N.  Y., 
where  he  graduated  in  1856,  he  returned  to  the 
service  of  the  Illinois  Central.  In  1859  he  went  to 
Colorado,  where  he  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  city  of  Denver,  and  chief  engi- 
neer of  its  first  water  supply  company.  In  1862 
he  started  on  a  surveying  expedition  to  Arizona, 
but  was  in  Santa  IV  when  that  place  was  captured 
by  a  rebel  expedition  from  Texas;  was  also 
present  soon  after  at  the  battle  of  Apache  Canon, 
when  the  Confederates,  being  defeated,  were 
driven  out  of  the  Territory.  Returning  to  Chi- 
cago in  1864.  he  became  a  member  of  the  whole- 
sale leather  firm  of  Gray,  Clark  &  Co.  The 
official  positions  held  by  Mr.  Clark  include  those 
of  Alderman  (1879-81),  Member  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  Collector  of  Customs,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison,  in  1889, 
and  President  of  the  Chicago  Civil  Service  Board 
l>y  appointment  of  Mayor  Swift,  under  an  act 
l»issed  by  the  Legislature  of  1895,  retiring  in  1897. 
In  1881  he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  Mayor 
of  Chicago,  but  was  defeated  by  Carter  H.  Harri- 
non.  Mr.  Clark  is  one  of  the  Directors  of  the  Crerar 
Library,  named  in  the  will  of  Mr.  Crerar. 


CLARK  COUNTY,  one  of  the  eastern  counties 
of  the  State,  south  of  the  middle  line  and  front- 
ing upon  the  Wabash  River;  area,  510  square 
miles,  and  population  (1900),  34,033;  named  for 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark.  Its  organization  was 
effected  in  1819.  Among  the  earliest  pioneers 
were  John  Bartlett,  Abraham  Washburn,  James 
Whitlock,  James  B.  Anderson,  Stephen  Archer 
and  Uri  Manly.  The  county -seat  is  Marshall,  the 
site  of  which  was  purchased  from  the  Govern- 
ment in  1833  by  Gov.  Joseph  Duncan  and  CoL 
William  B.  Archer,  the  latter  becoming  sole  pro- 
prietor in  1835,  in  which  year  the  first  log  cabin 
was  built.  The  original  county -seat  was  Darwin, 
and  the  change  to  Marshall  (in  1849)  was  made 
only  after  a  hard  struggle.  The  soil  of  the 
county  is  rich,  and  its  agricultural  products 
varied,  embracing  corn  (the  chief  staple),  oats, 
potatoes,  winter  wheat,  butter,  sorghum,  honey, 
maple  sugar,  wool  and  pork.  Woolen,  flouring 
and  lumber  mills  exist,  but  the  manufacturing 
interests  are  not  extensive.  Among  the  promi- 
nent towns,  besides  Marshall  and  Darwin,  are 
Casey  (population  844),  Martinsville  (779),  West- 
field  (510),  and  York  (294). 

CLAY,  Porter,  clergyman  and  brother  of  the 
celebrated  Henry  Clay,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
March,  1779;  in  early  life  removed  to  Kentucky, 
studied  law,  and  was,  for  a  time,  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts  in  that  State;  in  1815,  was  con- 
verted and  gave  himself  to  the  Baptist  ministry, 
locating  at  Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he  spent 
most  of  his  life.  Died,  in  1S.V). 

CLAY  CITY,  a  village  of  Clay  County,  on  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad,  13 
miles  west  of  Olney ;  has  one  newspaper,  a  bank, 
and  is  in  a  grain  and  fruit-growing  region. 
Population  (1898),  612;  (1900),  907;  (1903),  1,020. 

CLAY  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southeastern 
quarter  of  the  State;  has  an  area  of  470  square 
miles  and  a  population  (1900)  of  19,553.  It  was 
named  for  Henry  Clay.  The  first  claim  in  the 
county  was  entered  by  a  Mr.  Elliot,  in  1818,  and 
soon  after  settlers  began  to  locate  homes  in  the 
county,  although  it  was  not  organized  until  1824. 
During  the  same  year  the  pioneer  settlement  of 
Maysville  was  made  the  county-seat,  but  immi- 
gration continued  inactive  until  1837,  when 
many  settlers  arrived,  headed  by  Judges  Apper- 
son  and  Hopkins  and  Messrs.  Stanford  and  Lee, 
who  were  soon  followed  by  the  families  of  Coch- 
ran,  McCullom  and  Tender.  The  Little  Wabash 
River  and  a  number  of  small  tributaries  drain 
the  county.  A  light-colored  sandy  loam  consti- 
tutes the  greater  part  of  the  soil,  although  "black 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


107 


prairie  loam"  appears  here  and  there.  Railroad 
facilities  are  limited,  but  sufficient  to  accommo- 
date the  county's  requirements.  Fruits, 
especially  apples,  are  successfully  cultivated. 
Educational  advantages  are  fair,  although  largely 
confined  to  district  schools  and  academies  in 
larger  towns.  Louisville  was  made  the  county- 
seat  in  1842,  and,  in  1890,  had  a  population  of 
637.  Xenia  and  Flora  are  the  most  important 
towns. 

CLAYTON,  a  town  in  Adams  County,  on  the 
Wabash  Railway,  28  miles  east-northeast  of 
Quincy.  A  branch  of  the  Wabash  Railway  ex- 
tends from  this  point  northwest  to  Carthage,  111., 
and  Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  another  branch  to 
Quincy,  I1L  The  industries  include  flour  and  feed 
mills,  machine  and  railroad  repair  shops,  grain 
elevator,  cigar  and  harness  factories.  It  has  a 
bank,  four  churches,  a  higli  school,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890),  1,088;  (1900),  996. 

CLEAVER,  William,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Lon- " 
don,  England,  in  1815:  came  to  Canada  with  his 
parents  in  1831,  and  to  Chicago  in  1834;  engaged 
in  business  as  a.  chandler,  later  going  into  the 
grocery  trade;  in  1849,  joined  the  gold-seekers  in 
California,  and,  six  years  afterwards,  established 
himself  in  the  southern  part  of  the  present  city 
of  Chicago,  then  called  Cleaverville,  where  he 
served  as  Postmaster  and  managed  a  general 
store.  He  was  the  owner  of  considerable  real 
estate  at  one  time  in  what  is  now  a  densely 
populated  part  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  Died  in 
Chicago,  Nov.  13,  1896. 

CLEMENTS,  Isaac,  ex-Congressman  and  Gov- 
ernor of  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Danville, 
111.,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ind.,  in  1837; 
graduated  from  Asbury  University,  at  Green- 
castle,  in  1859,  having  supported  himself  during 
his  college  course  by  teaching.  After  reading 
law  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Greencastle, 
he  removed  to  Carbondale,  111.,  where  he  again 
found  it  necessary  to  resort  to  teaching  in  order 
to  purchase  law-books.  In  July,  1861,  he  enlisted 
in  the  Ninth  Illinois  Infantry,  and  was  commis- 
sioned Second  Lieutenant  of  Company  G.  He 
was  in  the  service  for  three  years,  was  three 
times  wounded  and  twice  promoted  "for  meri- 
torious service."  lu  June,  1867,  he  was  ap- 
]*>inted  Register  in  Bankruptcy,  and  from  1873 
to  1875  was  a  Republican  Representative  in  the 
Forty-third  Congress  from  the  (then)  Eighteenth 
District.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention  of  1880.  In  1889,  lie 
became  Pension  Agent  for  the  District  of  Illinois, 
by  appointment  of  President  Harrison,  serving 


until  1893.  In  the  latter  part  of  1898,  he  was 
appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Soldiers' 
Orphans'  Home,  at  Normal,  but  served  only  a 
few  months,  when  he  accepted  the  position  of 
Governor  of  the  new  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home, 
at  Danville. 

CLEVELAND,  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO  &  ST. 
LOUIS  RAILWAY.  The  total  length  of  this  sys- 
tem (1898)  is  1,807.34  miles,  of  which  478.39  miles 
are  operated  in  Illinois.  That  portion  of  the  main 
line  lying  within  the  State  extends  from  East  St. 
Louis,  northeast  to  the  Indiana  State  line,  181 
miles.  The  Company  is  also  the  lessee  of  the 
Peoria  &  Eastern  Railroad  (132  miles),  and  oper- 
ates, in  addition,  other  lines,  as  follows:  The 
Cairo  Division,  extending  from  Tilton,  on  the 
line  of  the  Wabash,  3  miles  southwest  of  Dan- 
ville, to  Cairo  (259  miles)  •  the  Chicago  Division, 
extending  from  Kankakee  southeast  to  the 
Indiana  State  line  (34  miles) ;  the  Alton  Branch, 
from  Wann  Junction,  on  the  main  line,  to  Alton 
(4  miles).  Besides  these,  it  enjoys  with  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  joint  owner- 
ship of  the  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroad,  which 
it  operates.  The  system  is  uniformly  of  standard 
gauge,  and  about  380  miles  are  of  double  track. 
It  is  laid  with  heavy  steel  rails  (sixty-five,  sixty- 
seven  and  eighty  pounds),  laid  on  white  oak  ties, 
and  is  amply  ballasted  with  broken  stone  and 
gravel.  Extensive  repair  shops  are  located  at 
Mattoon.  The  total  capital  of  the  entire  system 
on  June  30,  1898 — including  capital  stock  and 
bonded  and  floating  debt— was  §97,149,361.  The 
total  earnings  in  Illinois  for  the  year  were 
$3,773, 193,  and  the  total  expenditures  in  the  State 
$3,611,437.  The  taxes  paid  the  same  year  were 
§124,196.  The  history  of  this  system,  so  far  as 
Illinois  is  concerned,  begins  with  the  consolida- 
tion, in  1889,  of  the  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  St. 
Louis  &  Chicago,  the  Cleveland,  Coltunttei  Cin- 
cinnati &  Indianapolis,  and  the  IndianaVCs  & 
St.  Louis  Railway  Companies.  In  1890,  Certain 
leased  lines  in  Illinois  (elsewhere  mentioned) 
were  merged  into  the  system.  (For  history  of 
the  several  divisions  of  this  system,  see  St.  Louis, 
Alton  &  Terre  Haute,  Peoria  &  Eastern,  Cairo 
d:  Vincennes,  and  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroads. ) 

CLIMATOLOGY.  Extending,  as  it  does,  through 
six  degrees  of  latitude,  Illinois  affords  a  great 
diversity  of  climate,  as  regards  not  only  the 
range  of  temperature,  but  also  the  amount  of 
rainfall.  In  both  particulars  it  exhibits  several 
points  of  contrast  to  States  lying  between  the 
same  parallels  of  latitude,  but  nearer  the  Atlan- 
tic. The  same  statement  applies,  as  well,  to  all 


108 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  North  Central  and  the  Western  States. 
Warm  winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  come  up 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  impart  to  vegetation 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  a  stimulat- 
ing influence  which  is  not  felt  upon  the  seaboard. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  great  barrier  to 
the  descent  of  the  Arctic  winds,  which,  in 
winter,  sweep  down  toward  the  Gulf,  depressing 
the  temperature  to  a  point  lower  than  is  custom- 
ary nearer  the  seaboard  on  the  same  latitude. 
Lake  Michigan  exerts  no  little  influence  upon  the 
climate  of  Chicago  and  other  adjacent  districts, 
mitigating  both  summer  heat  and  winter  cold. 
If  a  comparison  be  instituted  between  Ottawa 
and  Boston — the  latter  being  one  degree  farther 
north,  but  570  feet  nearer  the  sea-level — the 
springs  and  summers  are  found  to  be  about  five 
degrees  warmer,  and  the  winters  three  degrees 
colder,  at  the  former  point.  In  comparing  the 
East  and  West  in  respect  of  rainfall,  it  is  seen 
that,  in  the  former  section,  the  same  is  pretty 
equally  distributed  over  the  four  seasons,  while 
in  the  latter,  spring  and  summer  may  be  called 
the  wet  season,  and  autumn  and  winter  the  dry. 
In  the  extreme  West  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
yearly  precipitation  occurs  during  the  growing 
season.  This  is  a  climatic  condition  highly 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  grasses,  etc.,  but 
detrimental  to  the  growth  of  trees.  Hence  we 
find  luxuriant  forests  near  the  seaboard,  and,  in 
the  interior,  grassy  plains.  Illinois  occupies  a 
geographical  position  where  these  great  climatic 
changes  begin  to  manifest  themselves,  and  where 
the  distinctive  features  of  the  prairie  first  become 
fully  apparent.  The  annual  precipitation  of 
rain  is  greatest  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
but,  owing  to  the  higher  temperature  of  that 
section,  the  evaporation  is  also  more  rapid.  The 
distribution  of  the  rainfall  in  respect  of  seasons 
is  also  more  unequal  toward  the  south,  a  fact 
which  may  account,  in  part  at  least,  for  the 
increased  area  of  woodlands  in  that  region. 
While  Illinois  lies  within  the  zone  of  southwest 
winds,  their  flow  is  affected  by  conditions  some- 
what abnormal.  The  northeast  trades,  after 
entering  the  Gulf,  are  deflected  by  the  mountains 
of  Mexico,  becoming  inward  breezes  in  Texas, 
southerly  winds  in  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley, 
and  southwesterly  as  they  enter  the  Upper 
Valley.  It  is  to  this  aerial  current  that  the  hot, 
moist  summers  are  attributable.  The  north  and 
northwest  winds,  which  set  in  with  the  change 
of  the  season,  depress  the  temperature  to  a  point 
below  that  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  are 
attended  with  a  diminished  precipitation. 


CLINTON,  the  county-seat  of  De  Witt  County, 
situated  23  miles  south  of  Bloomington,  at  inter- 
section of  the  Springfield  and  the  Champaign- 
Havana  Divisions  with  the  main  line  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad ;  lies  in  a  productive  agricultural 
region;  has  machine  shops,  flour  and  planing 
mills,  brick  and  tile  works,  water  works,  electric 
lighting  plant,  piano-case  factory,  banks,  three 
newspapers,  six  churches,  and  two  public  schools. 
Population  (1890),  2,598;  (1900),  4,452. 

CLINTON  COUNTY,  organized  in  1824.  from 
portions  of  Washington,  Bond  and  Fayette  Coun- 
ties, and  named  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton.  It 
is  situated  directly  east  of  St.  Louis,  has  an  area 
of  494  square  miles,  and  a  population  (1900)  of 
19,824.  It  is  drained  by  the  Kaskaskis  River  and 
by  Shoal,  Crooked,  Sugar  and  Beaver  Creeks.  Its 
geological  formation  is  similar  to  that  of  other 
counties  in  the  same  section.  Thick  layers  of 
limestone  lie  near  the  surface,  with  coal  seams 
underlying  the  same  at  varying  depths.  The 
soil  is  varied,  being  at  some  points  black  and 
loamy  and  at  others  (under  timber)  decidedly 
clayey.  The  timber  has  been  mainly  cut  for  fuel 
because  of  the  inherent  difficulties  attending 
coal-mining.  Two  railroads  cross  the  county 
from  east  to  west,  but  its  trade  is  not  important. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation,  corn,  wheat 
and  oats  being  the  staple  products. 

CLOUD,  Newton,  clergyman  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1805,  and,  in  1827. 
settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Waverly,  Morgan 
County,  111.,  where  he  pursued  the  vocation  of  a 
farmer,  as  well  as  a  preacher  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  He  also  became  prominent  as  a  Demo- 
cratic politician,  and  served  in  no  less  than  nine 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  besides  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  President.  He  was  first  elected 
Representative  in  the  Seventh  Assembly  (1830), 
and  afterwards  served  in  the  House  during  the 
sessions  of  the  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Thir- 
teenth, Fifteenth  and  Twenty-seventh,  and  as 
Senator  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth.  He 
was  also  Clerk  of  the  House  in  1844-45,  and. 
having  been  elected  Representative  two  years 
later,  was  chosen  Speaker  at  the  succeeding  ses- 
sion. Although  not  noted  for  any  specially 
aggressive  qualities,  his  consistency  of  character 
won  for  him  general  respect,  while  his  frequent 
elections  to  the  Legislature  prove  him  to  have 
been  a  man  of  large  influence. 

CLOWRY,  Robert  C.,  Telegraph  Managar,  was 
born  in  1838;  entered  the  service  of  the  Illinois  & 
Mississippi  Telegraph  Company  as  a  messenger 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


109 


boy  at  Joliet  in  1852.  became  manager  of  the 
office  at  Lockport  six  months  later,  at  Springfield 
in  1853,  and  chief  operator  at  St.  Louis  in  1854. 
Between  1859  and  '63,  he  held  highly  responsible 
positions  on  various  Western  lines,  but  the  latter 
year  was  commissioned  by  President  Lincoln 
Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster,  and  placed 
in  charge  of  United  States  military  lines  with 
headquarters  at  Little  Rock,  Ark. ;  was  mustered 
out  in  May,  1866,  and  immediately  appointed 
District  Superintendent  of  Western  Union  lines 
in  the  Southwest.  From  that  time  his  promotion 
was  steady  and  rapid.  In  1875  he  became 
Assistant  General  Superintendent ;  in  1878,  Assist- 
ant General  Superintendent  of  the  Central  Divi- 
sion at  Chicago;  in  1880,  succeeded  General 
Stager  as  General  Superintendent,  and,  in  1885, 
was  elected  Director,  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  and  Vice-President,  his  terri- 
tory extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific. 

COAL  AND  COAL-MINING.  Illinois  contains 
much  the  larger  portion  of  what  is  known  as  the 
central  coal  field,  covering  an  area  of  about 
37,000  square  miles,  and  underlying  sixty  coun- 
ties, in  but  forty-five  of  which,  however,  opera- 
tions are  conducted  on  a  commercial  scale.  The 
Illinois  field  contains  fifteen  distinct  seams. 
Those  available  for  commercial  mining  generally 
lie  at  considerable  depth  and  are  reached  by 
shafts.  The  coals  are  all  bituminous,  and  furnish 
an  excellent  steam-making  fuel.  Coke  is  manu- 
factured to  a  limited  extent  in  La  Salle  and  some 
of  the  southern  counties,  but  elsewhere  in  the 
State  the  coal  does  not  yield  a  good  marketable 
coke.  Neither  is  it  in  any  degree  a  good  gas 
coal,  although  used  in  some  localities  for  that 
purpose,  rather  because  of  its  abundance  than  on 
account  of  its  adaptability.  It  is  thought  that, 
with  the  increase  of  cheap  transportation  facili- 
ties, Pittsburg  coal  will  be  brought  into  the  State 
in  such  quantities  as  eventually  to  exclude  local 
coal  from  the  manufacture  of  gas.  In  the  report 
of  the  Eleventh  United  States  Census,  the  total 
product  of  the  Illinois  coal  mines  was  given  as 
12,104,272  tons,  as  against  6,115,377  tons  reported 
by  the  Tenth  Census.  The  value  of  the  output 
was  estimated  at  $11,735,203,  or  $0.97  per  ton  at 
the  mines.  The  total  number  of  mines  was 
stated  to  be  1,072,  and  the  number  of  tons  mined 
wjjs  nearly  equal  to  the  combined  yield  of  the 
mines  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  The  mines  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  technically  known  as 
"regular"  and  "local."  Of  the  former,  there' 
were  358,  and  of  the  latter,  714:  These  358  regular 


mines  employed  33,934  men  and  boys,  of  whom 
21,350  worked  below  ground,  besides  an  office 
force  of  389,  and  paid,  in  wages,  $8,694,397.  The 
total  capital  invested  in  these  358  mines  was 
$17,630,351.  According  to  the  report  of  the  State 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  for  1898,  881  mines 
were  operated  during  the  year,  employing  35,026 
men  and  producing  18,599,299  tons  of  coal,  which 
was  1,473,459  tons  less  than  the  preceding  year— 
the  reduction  being  due  to  the  strike  of  1897. 
Five  counties  of  the  State  produced  more  tliaii 
1,000,000  tons  each,  standing  in  the  following 
order:  Sangamon,  1,763.863;  St.  Clair,  1,600.752: 
Vermilion,  1,520,G99;  Maooupin,  1.264,926;  La 
Salle,  1.165,490. 

COAL  CITY,  a  town  in  Grundy  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  29  miles 
by  rail  south-southwest  of  Joliet.  Large  coal 
mines  are  operated  here,  and  the  town  is  an  im- 
portant shipping  point  for  their  product.  It  lias  a 
bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  ami  live  churches. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,672 ;  (1900),  2.607 ;  (1903),  about  3,000. 

COBB,  Emery,  capitalist,  was  born  at  Dryden. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y..  August  20,  1831;  at  16, 
began  the  study  of  telegraphy  at  Ithaca,  later 
acted  as  operator  on  Western  New  York  lines, 
but,  in  1852,  became  manager  of  the  office  at 
Chicago,  continuing  until  1865,  the  various  com- 
panies having  meanwhile  been  consolidated  into 
the  Western  Union.  He  then  made  an  extensive 
tour  of  the  world,  and,  although  he  had  intro- 
duced the  system  of  transmitting  money  by 
telegraph,  he  declined  all  invitations  to  return  to 
the  key-board.  Having  made  large  investments 
in  lands  about  Kankakee,  where  he  now  resides, 
he  has  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  agriculture 
and  stock-raising;  was  also,  for  many  years,  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Short-Horn  Breeders'  Association, 
and,  for  twenty  years  (1873-93),  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 
He  lias  done  much  to  improve  the  city  of  his 
adoption  by  the  erection  of  buildings,  the  con- 
struction of  electric  street-car  lines  and  the 
promotion  of  manufactures. 

COBB,  Silas  B.,  pioneer  and  real-estate  opera- 
tor, was  born  at  Montpelier.  Vt.,  Jan.  23,  1812; 
came  to  Chicago  in  1833  on  a  schooner  from  Buf- 
falo, the  voyage  occupying  over  a  month.  Being 
without  means,  he  engaged  as  a  carpenter  upon  a 
building  which  James  Kinzie,  the  Indian  trader, 
was  erecting;  later  he  erected  a  building  of  his 
own  in  which  he  started  a  harness-shop,  which 
he  conducted  successfully  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  has  since  been  connected  with  a  number 


110 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  business  enterprises  of  a  public  character, 
including  banks,  street  and  steam  railways,  but 
his  largest  successes  have  been  achieved  in  the  line 
of  improved  real  estate,  of  which  he  is  an  exten- 
sive owner.  He  is  also  one  of  the  liberal  bene- 
factors of  the  University  of  Chicago,  "Cobb 
Lecture  Hall,'!  on  the  campus  of  that  institution, 
being  the  result  of  a  contribution  of  his  amount- 
ing to  $150,000.  Died  iu  Chicago,  April  5,  1900. 

COBDEN,  a  village  in  Union  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  north  of  Cairo 
and  15  miles  south  of  Carbondale.  Fruits  and 
vegetables  are  extensively  cultivated  and  shipped 
to  northern  markets.  This  region  is  well  tim- 
bered, and  Cobden  has  two  box  factories  employ- 
ing a  considerable  number  of  men;  also  has 
several  churches,  schools  and  two  weekly  papers. 
Population  (1890),  994;  (1900.)  1,034. 

COCHRAN,  William  Granville,  legislator  and 
jurist,  was  born  in  Ross  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  13. 
1844;  brought  to  Moultrie  County,  111.,  in  1849, 
and,  at  the  age  of  17,  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers, 
serving  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  three  years 
as  a  private.  Returning  home  from  the  war,  he 
resumed  life  as  a  farmer,  but  early  in  1873  began 
merchandising  at  Lovington,  continuing  this 
business  three  years,  when  he  began  the  study  of 
law;  in  1879,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  has 
since  been  in  active  practice.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly,  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
Senate  in  1890,  but  was  re-elected  to  the  House 
in  1894,  and  again  in  1896.  At  the  special  session 
of  1890,  he  was  chosen  Speaker,  and  was  similarly 
honored  in  1895.  He  is  an  excellent  parliamen- 
tarian, clear-headed  and  just  in  his  rulings,  and 
an  able  debater.  In  June,  1897,  he  was  elected 
for  a  six  years'  term  to  the  Circuit  bench.  He  is 
also  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home  at  Normal. 

IOIIDIM.,  Ichabod,  clergyman  and  anti- 
slavery  lecturer,  was  born  at  Bristol,  N.  Y.,  in 
1811;  at  the  age  of  17  he  was  a  popular  temper- 
ance lecturer;  while  a  student  at  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  began  to  lecture  in  opposition  to  slavery; 
after  leaving  college  served  five  years  as  agent 
and  lecturer  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society;  was 
often  exposed  to  mob  violence,  but  always  retain- 
ing his  self-control,  succeeded  in  escaping 
serious  injury.  In  1842  he  entered  the  Congrega- 
tional ministry  and  held  pastorates  at  Princeton, 
Lockport,  Joliet  and  elsewhere;  between  1854 
and  '58,  lectured  extensively  through  Illinois  on 
the  Kansas  Nebraska  issue,  and  was  a  power  in 


the  organization  of  the  Republican  party.  Died 
at  Baraboo.  Wis.,  June  17,  1866. 

CODY,  Hiram  Hitchcock,  lawyer  and  Judge; 
born  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  June  11,  1824;  was 
partially  educated  at  Hamilton  College,  and,  in 
1843,  came  with  his  father  to  Kendall  County, 
111.  In  1847,  he  removed  to  Naperville,  where 
for  six  years  he  served  as  Clerk  of  the  County 
Commissioners'  Court.  In  1851  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar:  in  1861,  was  elected  County  Judge 
with  practical  unanimity ,  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  and, 
in  1874,  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Twelfth  Judi- 
cial Circuit.  His  residence  (1896)  was  at  Pasa- 
dena, Cal. 

COLCHESTER,  a  city  of  McDonough  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad, 
midway  between  Galesburg  and  Quincy ;  is  the 
center  of  a  rich  farming  and  an  extensive  coal- 
mining region,  producing  more  than  100.000  tons 
of  coal  annually.  A  superior  quality  of  potter's 
clay  is  also  mined  and  shipped  extensively  to 
other  points.  The  city  has  brick  and  drain-tile 
works,  a  bank,  four  churches,  two  public  schools 
and  two  weekly  papers.  Population  (1890), 
1,643;  (1900),  1,635. 

COLES,  Edward,  the  second  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Va. , 
Dec.  15,  1786,  the  son  of  a  wealthy  planter,  who 
had  been  a  Colonel  in  the  Revolutionary  War; 
was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  and  William 
and  Mary  Colleges,  but  compelled  to  leave  before 
graduation  by  an  accident  which  interrupted  his 
studies;  in  1809,  became  the  private  secretary  of 
President  Madison,  remaining  six  years,  after 
which  he  made  a  trip  to  Russia  as  a  special  mes- 
senger by  appointment  of  the  President.  He 
early  manifested  an  interest  in  the  emancipation 
of  the  slaves  of  Virginia.  In  1815  he  made  his 
first  tour  tlirough  the  Northwest  Territory,  going 
as  far  west  as  St.  Louis,  returning  three  years 
later  and  visiting  Kaskaskia  while  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1818  was  in  session.  In 
April  of  the  following  year  he  set  out  from  his 
Virginia  home,  accompanied  by  his  slaves,  for 
Illinois,  traveling  by  wagons  to  Brownsville,  Pa., 
where,  taking  flat-boats,  he  descended  the  river 
with  his  goods  and  servants  to  a  point  below 
Louisville,  where  they  disembarked,  journeying 
overland  to  Edwardsville.  While  descending 
the  Ohio,  he  informed  his  slaves  that  they  were 
free,  and,  after  arriving  at  their'  destination, 
gave  to  each  head  of  a  family  160  acres  of  land. 
This  generous  act  was,  in  after  years,  made  the 
ground  for  bitter  persecution  by  his  enemies.  At 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Ill 


Edwardsville  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
Register  of  the  Land  Office,  to  which  he  had 
been  appointed  by  President  Monroe.  In  1822 
he  became  the  candidate  for  Governor  of  those 
opposed  to  removing  the  restriction  in  the  State 
Constitution  against  the  introduction  of  slavery, 
and,  although  a  majority  of  the  voters  then 
favored  the  measure,  he  was  elected  by  a  small 
plurality  over  his  highest  competitor  in  conse- 
quence of  a  division  of  the  opposition  vote 
between  three  candidates.  The  Legislature 
chosen  at  the  same  time  submitted  to  the  people 
a  proposition  for  a  State  Convention  to  revise  the 
Constitution,  which  was  rejected  at  the  election 
of  1824  by  a  majority  of  1,668  in  a  total  vote  of 
11,612.  While  Governor  Coles  had  the  efficient 
aid  in  opposition  to  the  measure  of  such  men  as 
Judge  Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Congressman  Daniel 
P.  Cook,  Morris  Birkbeck,  George  Forquer, 
Hooper  Warren,  George  Churchill  and  others,  he 
was  himself  a  most  influential  factor  in  protecting 
Illinois  from  the  blight  of  slavery,  contributing 
his  salary  for  his  entire  term  ($4,000)  to  that  end. 
In  1825  it  became  his  duty  to  welcome  La  Fay- 
ette  to  Illinois.  Retiring  from  office  in  1826,  he 
continued  to  reside  some  years  on  his  farm  near 
Edwardsville,  and,  in  1830,  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress,  but  being  a  known  opponent  of  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  was  defeated  by  Joseph  Duncan. 
Previous  to  1833,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  married  during  the  following  year,  and 
continued  to  reside  there  until  his  death,  July  7, 
1868,  having  lived  to  see  the  total  extinction  of 
slavery  in  the  United  States.  (See  Slavery  and 
Slave  Laws.) 

COLES  COUNTY,  originally  a  part  of  Crawford 
County,  but  organized  in  1831,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Gov.  Edward  Coles.— lies  central  to  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  State,  and  embraces  520 
square  miles,  with  a  population  (1900)  of  34,146. 
The  Kaskaskia  River  (sometimes  called  the 
Okaw)  runs  through  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
county,  but  the  principal  stream  is  the  Embarras 
(Embraw).  The  chief  resource  of  the  people  is 
agriculture,  although  the  county  lies  within  the 
limits  of  the  Illinois  coal-belt.  To  the  north  and 
west  are  prairies,  while  timber  abounds  in  the 
southeast.  The  largest  crop  is  of  corn,  although 
wheat,  dairy  products,  potatoes,  hay,  tobacco, 
sorghum,  wool,  etc.,  are  also  important  products. 
Broom-corn  is  extensively  cultivated.  Manufac- 
turing is  carried  on  to  a  fair  extent,  the  output 
embracing  sawed  lumber,  carriages  and  wagons, 
agricultural  implements,  tobacco  and  snuff,  boots 
and  shoes,  etc.  Charleston,  the  county-seat,  is 


centrally  located,  and  has  a  number  of  handsome 
public  buildings,  private  residences  and  business 
blocks.  It  was  laid  out  in  1831,  and  incorporated 
in  1865;  in  1900,  its  population  was  5,488. 
Mattoon  is  a  railroad  center,  situated  some  130 
miles  east  of  St.  Louis.  It  has  a  population  of 
9,622,  and  is  an  important  shipping  point  for 
grain  and  live-stock.  Other  principal  towns  are 
Ashmore.  Oakland  and  Lerna. 

COLFAX,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on  the 
Kankakee  and  Bloomington  branch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  23  miles  northeast  of  Blooming- 
ton.  Farming  and  stock-growing  are  the  leading 
industries;  has  two  banks,  one  newspaper,  three 
elevators,  and  a  coal  mine.  Pop.  (1900),  1,153. 

COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS, 
located  at  Chicago,  and  organized  in  1881.  Its 
first  term  opened  in  September,  1882,  in  a  build- 
ing erected  by  the  trustees  at  a  cost  of  $60,000, 
with  a  faculty  embracing  twenty-five  professors, 
with  a  sufficient  corps  of  demonstrators,  assist- 
ants, etc.  The  number  of  matriculates  was  152. 
The  institution  ranks  among  the  leading  medical 
colleges  of  the  West.  Its  standard  of  qualifica- 
tions, for  both  matriculates  and  graduates,  is 
equal  to  those  of  other  first-class  medical  schools 
throughout  the  country.  The  teaching  faculty, 
of  late  years,  has  consisted  of  some  twenty-five 
professors,  who  are  aided  by  an  adequate  corps  of 
assistants,  demonstrators,  etc, 

COLLEGES,  EARLY.  The  early  Legislatures  of 
Illinois  manifested  no  little  unfriendliness  toward 
colleges.  The  first  charters  for  institutions  of 
this  character  were  granted  in  1833,  and  were  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  "Union  College  of  Illi- 
nois," in  Randolph  County,  and  the  "Alton  Col- 
lege of  Illinois,"  at  Upper  Alton.  The  first 
named  was  to  be  under  the  care  of  the  Scotch 
Covenanters,  but  was  never  founded.  The 
second  was  in  the  interest  of  the  Baptists,  but 
the  charter  was  not  accepted.  Both  these  acts 
contained  jealous  and  unfriendly  restrictions, 
notably  one  to  the  effect  that  no  theological 
department  should  be  established  and  no  pro- 
fessor of  theology  employed  as  an  instructor,  nor 
should  any  religious  test  be  applied  in  the  selec- 
tion of  trustees  or  the  admission  of  pupils.  The 
friends  of  higher  education,  however,  made  com- 
mon cause,  and.  in  1835,  secured  the  passage  of 
an  "omnibus  bill"  incorporating  four  private 
colleges — the  Alton;  the  Illinois,  at  Jacksonville; 
the  McKendree,  at  Lebanon,  and  the  Jonesboro. 
Similar  restrictive  provisions  as  to  theological 
teaching  were  incorporated  in  these  charters,  and 
a  limitation  was  placed  upon  the  amount  of 


112 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


property  to  be  owned  by  any  institution,  but  in 
many  respects  the  law  was  more  liberal  than  its 
predecessors  of  two  years  previous.  Owing  to 
the  absence  of  suitable  preparatory  schools,  these 
institutions  were  compelled  to  maintain  prepara- 
tory departments  under  the  tuition  of  the  college 
professors.  The  college  last  named  above  (Jones- 
boro)  was  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Christian 
denomination,  but  was  never  organized.  The 
three  remaining  ones  stand,  in  the  order  of  their 
formation,  McKendree,  Illinois,  Alton  (afterward 
Shurtleff) ;  in  the  order  of  graduating  initial 
classes  —  Illinois,  McKendree,  Shurtleff.  Pre- 
paratory instruction  began  to  be  given  in  Illinois 
College  in  1829,  and  a  class  was  organized  in  the 
collegiate  department  in  1S31.  The  Legislature 
of  1835  also  incorporated  the  Jacksonville  Female 
Academy,  the  first  school  for  girls  chartered  in 
the  State.  From  this  time  forward  colleges  and 
academies  were  incorporated  in  rapid  succession, 
many  of  them  at  places  whose  names  have  long 
since  disappeared  from  the  map  of  the  State.  It 
was  at  this  time  that  there  developed  a  strong 
party  in  favor  of  founding  what  were  termed, 
rather  euphemistically,  "Manual  Labor  Col- 
leges." It  was  believed  that  the  time  which  a 
student  might  be  able  to  "redeem"  from  study, 
could  be  so  profitably  employed  at  farm  or  shop- 
work  as  to  enable  him  to  earn  his  own  livelihood. 
Acting  upon  this  theory,  the  Legislature  of  1835 
granted  charters  to  the  "Franklin  Manual  Labor 
College,"  to  be  located  in  either  Cook  or  La  Salle 
County;  to  the  "Burnt  Prairie  Manual  Labor 
Seminary,"  in  White  County,  and  the  "Chatham 
Manual  Labor  School,"  at  Lick  Prairie.  Sanga- 
mon  County.  University  powers  were  conferred 
upon  the  institution  last  named,  and  its  charter 
also  contained  the  somewhat  extraordinary  pro- 
vision that  any  sect  might  establish  a  professor- 
ship of  theology  therein.  In  1837  six  more 
colleges  were  incorporated,  only  one  of  which 
(Knox)  was  successfully  organized.  By  1840, 
better  and  broader  views  of  education  had 
developed,  and  the  Legislature  of  1841  repealed 
all  prohibition  of  the  establishing  of  theological 
departments,  as  well  as  the  restrictions  previously 
imposed  upon  the  amount  and  value  of  property 
to  be  owned  by  private  educational  institutions. 
The  whole  number  of  colleges  and  seminaries 
incorporated  under  the  State  law  (18%)  is  forty- 
three.  (See  also  Illiitoix  College,  Knox  College, 
Lake  Forest  University,  McKendree  College,  Mon- 
mouth  College,  Juvkxonrille  Female  Seminary, 
Monticello  Female  Seminary,  Northwestern  fni- 
rerrity,  Slmrtlrff  Cntlege. ) 


COLLIER,  Robert  Laird,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Salisbury,  Md.,  August  7,  1837;  graduated  at 
Boston  University,  1858;  soon  after  became  an 
itinerant  Methodist  minister,  but,  in  1866,  united 
with  the  Unitarian  Church  and  officiated  as 
pastor  of  churches  in  Chicago,  Boston  and  Kan- 
sas City,  besides  supplying  pulpits  in  various 
cities  in  England  (1880-85).  In  1885,  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Consul  at  Leipsic,  but 
later  served  as  a  special  commissioner  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  in  the  collection  of 
labor  statistics  in  Europe,  meanwhile  gaining  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  magazine 
writer.  His  published  works  include:  "Every- 
Day  Subjects  in  Sunday  Sermons"  (1869)  and 
"Meditations  on  the  Essence  of  Christianity" 
(1876).  Died  near  his  birthplace,  July  27,  1890. 

COLLINS,  Frederick,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Connecticut,  Feb.  24-,  1804.  He  was  the  young- 
est of  five  brothers  who  came  with  their  parents 
from  Litchtield,  Conn  ,  to  Illinois,  in  1822,  and 
settled  in  the  town  of  Unionville— now  Collins- 
ville  —  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Madison 
County.  They  were  enterprising  and  public- 
spirited  business  men,  who  engaged,  quite 
extensively  for  the  time,  in  various  branches  of 
manufacture,  including  flour  and  whisky.  This 
was  an  era  of  progress  and  development,  and 
becoming  convinced  of  the  injurious  character 
of  the  latter  branch  of  their  business,  it  was 
promptly  abandoned.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  later  associated  with  his  brother  Michael  in 
the  pork-packing  and  grain  business  at  Naples, 
tin-  early  Illinois  River  terminus  of  the  Sangamon 
&  Morgan  (now  Wabash)  Railroad,  but  finally 
located  at  Quincy  in  1851,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  manufacturing  business  for  many  years.  He 
was  a  man  of  high  business  probity  and  religious 
principle,  as  well  as  a  determined  opponent  of  the 
institution  of  slavery,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that 
he  was  once  subjected  by  his  neighbors  to  the 
intended  indignity  of  being  hung  in  effigy  for  the 
crime  of  assisting  a  fugitive  female  slave  on  the 
road  to  freedom.  In  a  speech  made  in  1834,  in 
commemoration  of  the  act  of  emancipation  in  the 
West  Indies,  he  gave  utterance  to  the  following 
prediction .  "Methinks  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  our  own  country  will  celebrate  a  day  of 
emancipation  within  her  own  borders,  and  con 
sistent  songs  of  freedom  shall  indeed  ring 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land." 
He  lived  to  see  this  prophecy  fulfilled,  dying  at 
Quincy,  in  1878.  Mr.  Collins  was  the  candidate  of 
the  Liberty  Men  of  Illinois  for  Lieutcnant-Oov- 
crnor  in  1842. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


113 


COLLINS,  James  H.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
liorn  in  Cambridge,  Washington  County,  N.  Y., 
Imt  taken  in  early  life  to  Vernon,  Oneida  County, 
where  he  grew  to  manhood.  After  spending  a 
couple  of  years  in  an  academy,  at  the  age  of  18 
lie  began  the  study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1834,  and  as  a  counsellor  and  solicitor  in 
1827,  coming  to  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1833,  mak- 
ing a  part  of  the  journey  by  the  first  stage-coach 
from  Detroit  to  the  present  Western  metropolis. 
After  arriving  in  Illinois,  he  spent  some  time  in 
exploration  of  the  surrounding  country,  but 
returning  to  Chicago  in  1834.  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  Judge  John  D.  Caton,  who  had 
been  his  preceptor  in  New  York,  still  later  being 
a  partner  of  Justin  Butterfield  under  the  firm 
name  of  Butterfield  &  Collins.  He  was  con- 
sidered an  eminent  authority  in  law  and  gained 
an  extensive  practice,  being  regarded  as  espe- 
cially strong  in  chancery  cases  as  well  as  an  able 
pleader.  Politically,  he  was  an  uncompromising 
anti-slavery  man,  and  often  aided  runaway 
slaves  in  securing  their  liberty  or  defended  others 
who  did  so.  He  was  also  one  <>f  the  original 
promoters  of  the  old  Galena  &  Chicago  Union 
Railroad  and  one  of  its  first  Board  of  Directors. 
Died,  suddenly  of  cholera,  while  attending  court 
at  Ottawa,  in  1854. 

COLLINS,  Loren  (  ..  jurist,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor. Conn.,  August  1,  1848;  at  the  age  of  1* 
accompanied  his  family  to  Illinois,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Northwestern  University.  He 
read  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon 
built  up  a  remunerative  practice.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1878,  and  through 
his  ability  as  a  debater  and  a  parliamentarian, 
.soon  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  party  on 
the  floor  of  the  lower  house.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1880  and  1882.  and,  in  1883,  was  chosen  Speaker 
of  the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly.  In 
December,  1884,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
created  by  the  resignation  of  Judge  Barnum,  was 
elgcted  to  succeed  himself  in  1885,  and  re-elected 
in  1891,  but  resigned  in  1894,  since  that  time 
devoting  his  attention  to  regular  practice  in  the 
city  of  Chicago. 

COLLINS,  William  H.,  retired  manufacturer, 
born  at  Collinsville.  111..  March  20,  1831;  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  am  I  at  Illinois 
College,  later  taking  a  course  in  literature, 
philosophy  and  theology  at  Yale  College;  served 
as  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at  La  Salle 
several  years;  in  1858,  became  editor  and  propri- 
etor of  "The  Jacksonville  Journal,"  which  he 


conducted  some  four  years.  The  Civil  War  hav- 
ing begun,  he  then  accepted  the  chaplaincy  of 
the  Tenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  but 
resigning  in  1863.  organized  a  company  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fourth  Volunteers,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  Captain,  participating  in  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain  and 
Missionary  Ridge.  Later  he  served  on  the  staff 
of  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  and  at  Fourteenth  Army 
Corps  headquarters,  until  after  the  fall  of 
Atlanta.  Then  resigning,  in  November,  1864,  he 
was  appointed  by  Secretary  Stanton  Provost- 
Marshal  for  the  Twelfth  District  of  Illinois,  con- 
tinuing in  this  service  until  the  close  of  1865. 
when  he  engaged  in  the  manufacturing  business 
as  head  of  the  Collins  Plow  Company  at  Quincy. 
This  business  he  conducted  successfully  some 
twenty-five  years,  when  he  retired.  Mr.  Collins 
has  served  as  Alderman  and  Mayor,  ad  interim. 
of  the  city  of  Quincy;  Representative  in  the 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  General  Assem- 
blies— during  the  latter  being  chosen  to  deliver 
the  eulogy  on  Gen.  John  A.  Logan ;  was  a  promi- 
nent candidate  for  the  nomination  for  Lieutenant 
Governor  in  1888,  and  the  same  year  Republican 
candidate  for  Congress  in  the  Quincy  District; 
in  1894.  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  State 
Senator  in  Adams  Count}',  and.  though  a  Repub- 
lican, has  been  twice  elected  Supervisor  in  a 
strongly  Democratic  city. 

COLLINSVILLE,  a  city  on  the  southern  border 
of  Madison  County,  13  miles  (by  rail)  east-north- 
east of  St.  Louis,  on  the  "Vandalia  Line"  (T.  H. 
&  I.  Kv.i.  about  11  miles  south  of  Edwardsville. 
The  place  was  originally  settled  in  1817  by  four 
brothers  named  Collins  from  Li  tch  field.  Conn., 
who  established  a  tan-yard  and  erected  an  ox-mill 
for  grinding  corn  and  wheat  and  sawing  lumber 
The  town  was  platted  by  surviving  members  of 
this  family  in  1836.  Coal-mining  is  the  principal 
industry,  and  one  or  two  mines  are  operated 
within  the  corporate  limits.  The  city  lias  zinc 
works,  as  well  as  flour  mills  and  brick  and  tile 
factories,  two  building  and  loan  associations,  a 
lead  smelter,  stock  bell  factory,  electric  street 
railways,  seven  churches,  two  banks,  a  high 
school,  and  a  newspaper  office.  Population 
(1890),  3,498;  (1900),  4.081;  (1903,  est.),  7,500. 

COLLTER,  Robert,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Keighly.  Yorkshire,  England,  Dec.  8,  1823:  left 
school  at  eight  years  of  age  to  earn  his  living  in 
a  factory ;  at  fourteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  black- 
smith and  learned  the  trade  of  a  hammer-maker. 
His  only  opportunity  of  acquiring  an  education 
during  this  period,  apart  from  private  study,  was 


114 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  a  night-school,  which  he  attended  two  winters. 
In  1849  he  became  a  local  Methodist  preacher, 
came  to  the  United  States  the  next  year,  settling 
in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  pursued  his  trade, 
preaching  on  Sundays.  His  views  on  the  atone- 
ment having  gradually  been  changed  towards 
Unitarianism,  his  license  to  preach  was  revoked 
by  the  conference,  and,  in  1859,  he  united  with 
the  Unitarian  Church,  having  already  won  a 
wide  reputation  as  an  eloquent  public  speaker. 
Coming  to  Chicago,  he  began  work  as  a  mission- 
ary, and,  in  1860,  organized  the  Unity  Church, 
beginning  with  seven  members,  though  it  has 
since  become  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  influ- 
ential churches  in  the  city.  In  1879  he  accepted 
a  call  to  a  church  in  New  York  City,  where  he 
still  remains.  Of  strong  anti-slavery  views  and 
a  zealous  Unionist,  he  served  during  a  part  of  the 
Civil  War  as  a  camp  inspector  for  the  Sanitary 
Commission.  Since  the  war  he  has  repeatedly 
visited  England,  and  has  exerted  a  wide  influence 
as  a  lecturer  and  pulpit  orator  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of 
volumes,  including  "Nature  and  Life"  (1866) ; 
"A  Man  in  Earnest:  Lifeof  A.  H.  Conant"  (1868); 
"A  History  of  the  Town  and  Parish  of  likely" 
(1886),  and  "Lectures  to  Young  Men  and  Women" 
(1886). 

COLTON,  Channcey  Sill,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Pa.,  Sept.  21,  1800;  taken  to  Massachu- 
setts in  childhood  and  educated  at  Monson  in  that 
State,  afterwards  residing  for  many  years,  dur- 
ing his  manhood,  at  Monson,  Maine.  He  came  to 
Illinois  in  1836,  locating  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Galesburg,  where  he  built  the  first  store 
and  dwelling  house;  continued  in  general  mer- 
chandise some  seventeen  or  eighteen  years,  mean- 
while associating  his  sons  with  him  in  business 
under  the  firm  name  of  C.  S.  Colton  &  Sons.  Mr. 
Colton  was  associated  with  the  construction  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  from 
the  beginning,  becoming  one  of  the  Directors  of 
the  Company;  was  also  a  Director  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Galesburg,  the  first  organizer 
and  first  President  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechan- 
ics' Bank  of  that  city,  and  one  of  the  Trustees  of 
Knox  College.  Died  in  Galesburg,  July  27,  1885. 
— Francis  (Colton),  son  of  the  preceding;  born 
at  Monson,  Maine,  May  24,  1834,  came  to  Gales- 
burg with  his  father's  family  in  1836,  and  was 
educated  at  Knox  College,  graduating  in  1855, 
and  receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1858.  After 
graduation,  he  was  in  partnership  with  his  father 
some  seven  years,  also  served  as  Vice-President 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Galesburg,  and,  in 


1866,  was  appointed  by  President  Johnson  United 
States  Consul  at  Venice,  remaining  there  until 
1869.  The  latter  year  he  became  the  General 
Passenger  Agent  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad, 
continuing  in  that  position  until  1871,  meantime 
visiting  China,  Japan  and  India,  and  establishing 
agencies  for  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
ways in  various  countries  of  Europe.  In  1872  he 
succeeded  his  father  as  President  of  the  Farmers' 
and  Mechanics'  Bank  of  Galesburg,  but  retired  in 
1884,  and  the  same  year  removed  to  Washington, 
D.  C.,  where  he  has  since  resided.  Mr.  Colton  is 
a  large  land  owner  in  some  of  the  Western  States, 
especially  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

COLUMBIA,  a  town  of  Monroe  County,  on 
Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad,  15  miles  south  of  St. 
Louis;  has  a  machine  shop,  large  flour  mill, 
brewery,  five  cigar  factories,  electric  light  plant, 
telephone  system,  stone  quarry,  five  churches, 
and  public  school.  Pop.  (1900),  1,197;  (1903),  1,205. 

COMPANY  OF  THE  WEST,  THE,  a  company 
formed  in  France,  in  August,  1717,  to  develop 
the  resources  of  "New  France,"  in  which  the 
"Illinois  Country"  was  at  that  time  included. 
At  the  head  of  the  company  was  the  celebrated 
John  Law,  and  to  him  and  his  associates  the 
French  monarch  granted  extraordinary  powers, 
both  governmental  and  commercial.  They  were 
given  the  exclusive  right  to  refine  the  precious 
metals,  as  well  as  a  monopoly  in  the  trade  in 
tobacco  and  slaves.  Later,  the  company  became 
known  as  the  Indies,  or  East  Indies,  Company, 
owing  to  the  king  having  granted  them  conces- 
sions to  trade  with  the  East  Indies  and  China. 
On  Sept.  27,  1717,  the  Royal  Council  of  France 
declared  that  the  Illinois  Country  should  form  a 
part  of  the  Province  of  Louisiana ;  and,  under  the 
shrewd  management  of  Law  and  his  associates, 
immigration  soon  increased,  as  many  as  800 
settlers  arriving  in  a  single  year.  The  directors 
of  the  company,  in  the  exercise  of  their  govern- 
mental powers,  appointed  Pierre  Duque  de  Bois- 
briant  Governor  of  the  Illinois  District.  He 
proceeded  to  Kaskaskia,  and,  within  a  few  miles 
of  that  settlement,  erected  Fort  Chartres.  (See 
Fort  Chartres. )  The  policy  of  the  Indies  Company 
was  energetic,  and,  in  the  main,  wise.  Grants  of 
commons  were  made  to  various  French  villages, 
and  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  steadily  grew  in  size 
and  population.  Permanent  settlers  were  given 
grants  of  land  and  agriculture  was  encouraged. 
These  grants  (which  were  allodial  in  their  char- 
acter) covered  nearly  all  the  lands  in  that  part  of 
the  American  Bottom,  lying  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Kaskaskia  Rivers.  Many  grantees 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


115 


held  their  lands  in  one  great  common  field,  each 
proprietor  contributing,  pro  rata,  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  surrounding  fence.  In  1721  the  Indies 
Company  divided  the  Province  of  Louisiana  into 
nine  civil  and  military  districts.  That  of  Illinois 
was  numerically  the  Seventh,  and  included  not 
only  the  southern  half  of  the  existing  State,  but 
also  an  immense  tract  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
extending  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  embrac- 
ing the  present  States  of  Missouri,  Kansas,  Iowa 
and  Nebraska,  besides  portions  of  Arkansas  and 
Colorado.  The  Commandant,  with  his  secretary 
and  the  Company's  Commissary,  formed  the 
District  Council,  the  civil  law  being  in  force.  In 
1 732,  the  Indies  Company  surrendered  its  charter, 
and  thereafter,  the  Governors  of  Illinois  were 
appointed  directly  by  the  French  crown. 

COJiCORWIA  SEMINARY,  an  institution  lo- 
cated at  Springfield,  founded  in  1879;  the  succes- 
M>r  of  an  earlier  institution  under  the  name  of 
Illinois  University.  Theological,  scientific  and 
preparatory  departments  are  maintained,  al- 
though there  is  no  classical  course.  The  insti- 
tution is  under  control  of  the  German  Lutherans. 
The  institution  reports  $123,000  worth  of  real 
property.  The  members  of  the  Faculty  (1898) 
are  five  in  number,  and  there  were  about  171 
students  in  attendance. 

CONDEE,  Leander  D.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Athens  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  26,  1847;  brought 
by  his  parents  to  Coles  County,  111.,  at  the  age  of 
seven  years,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  St.  Paul's  Academy,  Kan- 
kakee,  taking  a  special  course  in  Michigan  State 
University  and  graduating  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  latter  in  1868.  He  then  began  prac- 
tice at  Butler,  Bates  County,  Mo.,  where  he 
served  three  years  as  City  Attorney,  but,  in  1873, 
returned  to  Illinois,  locating  in  Hyde  Park  (now 
a  part  of  Chicago),  where  he  served  as  City 
Attorney  for  four  consecutive  terms  before  its 
annexation  to  Chicago.  In  1880,  he  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Senate  for  the 
Second  Senatorial  District,  serving  in  the  Thirty- 
second  and  the  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies. 
In  1892,  he  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  Judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  but  was 
defeated  with  the  National  and  the  State  tickets 
of  that  year,  since  when  he  has  given  his  atten- 
tion to  regular  practice,  maintaining  a  high  rank 
in  his  profession. 

CONGER,  Edwin  Hard,  lawyer  and  diploma- 
tist, was  born  in  Knox  County,  III.,  March  7, 1843; 
graduated  at  Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  in 
1862,  and  immediately  thereafter  enlisted  as  a 


private  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Second  Illinois 
Volunteers,  serving  through  the  war  and  attain- 
ing the  rank  of  Captain,  besides  being  brevetted 
Major  for  gallant  service.  Later,  he  graduated 
from  the  Albany  Law  School  and  practiced  for  a 
time  in  Galesburg,  but,  in  1868,  removed  to  Iowa, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming,  stock-raising  and 
banking;  was  twice  elected  County  Treasurer  of 
Dallas  County,  and,  in  1880,  State  Treasurer, 
being  re-elected  in  1882 .  in  1886,  was  elected  to 
Congress  from  the  Des  Moines  District,  and  twice 
re-elected  (1888  and  '90),  but  before  the  close  of 
his  last  term  was  appointed  by  President  Harri- 
son Minister  to  Brazil,  serving  until  1893.  In 
1896,  he  served  as  Presidential  Elector  for  the 
State-at-large,  and,  in  1897,  was  re-appointed 
Minister  to  Brazil,  but,  in  1898,  was  transferred 
to  China,  where  (1899)  he  now  is.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded at  Rio  Janeiro  by  Charles  Page  Bryan  of 
Illinois. 

COXGREtJATIONALISTS,  THE.  Two  Congre- 
gational ministers  —  Rev.  S.  J.  Mills  and  Rev. 
Daniel  Smith — visited  Illinois  in  1814,  and  spent 
some  time  at  Kaskaskia  and  Shawneetown,  but 
left  for  New  Orleans  without  organizing  any 
churches.  The  first  church  was  organized  at 
Mendon,  Adams  County,  in  1833.  followed  by 
others  during  the  same  year,  at  Naperville,  Jack- 
sonville and  Quincy.  By  1836,  the  number  had 
increased  to  ten.  Among  the  pioneer  ministers 
were  Jabez  Porter,  who  was  also  a  teacher  at 
Quincy,  in  1828,  and  Rev.  Asa  Turner,  in  1830. 
who  became  pastor  of  the  first  Quincy  church, 
followed  later  by  Revs.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant 
(afterwards  President  of  Illinois  College),  Tru- 
man M.  Post,  Edward  Beecher  and  Horatio  Foot. 
Other  Congregational  ministers  who  came  to  t'>e 
State  at  an  early  day  were  Rev.  Salmon  Gridley. 
who  finally  located  at  St.  Louis;  Rev.  John  M 
Ellis,  who  served  as  a  missionary  and  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  Illinois  College  and  the  Jack- 
sonville Female  Seminary  at  Jacksonville ;  Revs. 
Thomas  Lippincott,  Cyrus  L.  Watson,  Tkeron 
Baldwin,  Elisha  Jenney,  William  Kirby,  the  two 
Love  joys  (Owen  and  Elijah  P.),  and  many  more 
of  whom,  either  temporarily  or  permanently, 
became  associated  with  Presbyterian  churches. 
Although  Illinois  College  was  under  the  united 
patronage  of  Presbyterians  and  Congregational 
ists,  the  leading  spirits  in  its  original  establish  - 
ment  were  Congregationalists,  and  the  same  was 
true  of  Knox  College  at  Galesburg.  In  1835,  at 
Big  Grove,  in  an  unoccupied  log-cabin,  was 
convened  the  first  Congregational  Council,  known 
in  the  denominational  history  of  th/  State  as 


in; 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


that  of  Fox  River.  Since  then  some  twelve  to 
fifteen  separate  Associations  have  been  organized. 
By  1890,  the  development  of  the  denomination 
had  been  such  that  it  had  280  churches,  support- 
ing 312  ministers,  with  33, 126  members.  During 
that  year  the  disbursements  on  account  of  chari- 
ties and  home  extension,  by  the  Illinois  churches, 
v  were  nearly  $1,000, 000.  The  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  at  Chicago,  is  a  Congregational  school 
of  divinity,  its  property  holdings  being  worth 
nearly  §700,000.  "The  Advance"  (published  at 
Chicago)  is  the  chief  denominational  organ. 
(See  also  Religious  Denominations. ) 

CONGRESSIONAL  APPORTIONMENT.  (See 
Apportionment,  Congressional;  also  Represent- 
atives in  Congress.) 

CONKLING,  James  Cook,  lawyer,  wae  born  in 
New  York  City,  Oct.  13, 1816 ;  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton College  in  1835,  and,  after  studying  law  and 
being  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  in 
1838,  removed  to  Springfield,  111.  Here  his  first 
business  partner  was  Cyrus  Walker,  an  eminent 
and  widely  known  lawyer  of  his  time,  while  at  a 
later  period  he  was  associated  with  Gen.  James 
Shields,  afterwards  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War 
and  a  United  States  Senator,  at  different  times, 
from  three  different  States.  As  an  original 
Whig,  Mr.  Conkling  early  became  associated 
with  Abraham  Lincoln,  whose  intimate  and 
trusted  friend  he  was  through  life.  It  was  to 
him  that  Mr.  Lincoln  addressed  his  celebrated 
letter,  which,  by  his  special  request,  Mr.  Conk- 
ling  read  before  the  great  Union  mass-meeting  at 
Springfield,  held,  Sept.  3,  1863,  now  known  as  the 
"Lincoln-Conkling  Letter."  Mr.  Conkling  was 
chosen  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Springfield  in  1844, 
and  served  in  the  lower  branch  of  the  Seven- 
teenth and  the  Twenty-fifth  General  Assemblies 
( 1851  and  1867).  It  was  largely  due  to  his  tactful 
management  in  the  latter,  that  the  first  appropri- 
ation was  made  for  the  new  State  House,  which 
established  the  capital  |>ermanently  in  that  city. 
At  the  Bloomington  Convention  of  1856,  where 
the  Republican  party  in  Illinois  may  be  said  to 
have  been  formally  organized,  with  Mr.  Lincoln 
and  three  others,  he  represented  Sangamon 
C'ounty,  served  on  the  Committee  on  Resolutions. 
;ui(l  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  State  Central 
Committee  which  conducted  the  campaign  of 
that  year.  In  I860,  and  again  in  1864,  his  name 
was  on  the  Republican  State  ticket  for  Presiden- 
tial Elector,  and.  on  both  occasions,  it  became  his 
duty  to  cast  the  electoral  vote  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
own  District  for  him  for  President.  The  intimacy 
of  personal  friendship  existing  between  him  and 


Mr.  Lincoln  was  fittingly  illustrated  by  his  posi- 
tion for  over  thirty1  years  as  an  original  member 
of  the  Lincoln  Monument  Association.  Other 
public  positions  held  by  him  included  those  of 
State  Agent  during  the  Civil  War  by  appointment 
of  Governor  Yates,  Trustee  of  the  State  University 
at  Champaign,  and  of  Blackburn  University  at 
Carlinville,  as  also  that  of  Postmaster  of  the  city 
of  Springfield,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in  1890, 
continuing  in  office  four  years.  High-minded 
and  honorable,  of  pure  personal  character  and 
strong  religious  convictions,  public-spirited  and 
liberal,  probably  no  man  did  more  to  promote 
the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  city  of  Spring- 
field, during  the  sixty  years  of  his  residence  there, 
than  he.  His  death,  as  a  result  of  old  age, 
occurred  in  that  city,  March  1,  1899.— Clinton  L. 
(Conkling),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Springfield,  Oct.  16,  1843;  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1864,  studied  law  with  his  father,  and 
was  licensed  to  practice  in  the  Illinois  courts  in 
1866,  and  in  the  United  States  courts  in  1867. 
After  practicing  a  few  years,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  manufacturing,  but,  in  1877,  resumed 
practice  and  has  proved  successful.  He  has 
devoted  much  attention  of  late  years  to  real 
estate  business,  and  has  represented  large  land 
interests  in  this  and  other  States.  For  many 
years  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Lincoln  Monument 
Association,  and  has  served  on  the  Board  of 
County  Supervisors,  which  is  the  only  political 
office  he  has  held.  In  1897  he  was  the  Repub- 
lican nominee  for  Judge  of  the  Springfield  Cir- 
cuit, but,  although  confessedly  a  man  of  the 
highest  probity  and  ability,  was  defeated  in  a 
district  overwhelmingly  Democratic. 

CONNOLLY,  James  Austin,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Newark,  N.  J. ,  March  8, 
1843;  went  with  his  parents  to  Ohio  in  1850, 
where,  in  1858-59,  he  served  as  Assistant  Clerk  of 
the  State  Senate;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  that  State  in  1861,  and  soon  after 
removed  to  Illinois;  the  following  year  (1863)  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-third  Illinoix  Volunteers,  but  was 
successively  commissioned  as  Captain  and  Major, 
retiring  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  the  State  Legislature  from  Coles  County  and 
re-elected  in  1874;  was  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  the  Southern  District  of  Illinois 
from  1876  to  188.'5,  and  again  from  1889  to  1893 ; 
in  1886  was  appointed  and  confirmed  Solicitor  of 
the  Treasury,  but  declined  the  olfice;  the  same 
year  ran  as  the  Republican  r:indidate  for  Con- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


117 


gress  in  the  Springfield  (then  the  Thirteenth) 
District  in  opposition  to  Win.  M.  Springer,  and 
was  defeated  by  less  than  1,000  votes  in  a  district 
usually  Democratic  by  3,000  majority.  He 
declined  asecond  nomination  in  1888,  but,  in  1894, 
was  nominated  for  a  third  time  (this  time  for  the 
Seventeenth  District),  and  was  elected,  as  he  was 
for  a  second  term  in  1896.  He  declined  a  renomina- 
tion  in  1898,  returning  to  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Springfield  at  the  close  of  the  Fifty-fifth 
Congress. 

CONSTABLE,  Charles  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Chestertown,  lid., July  6,  1817;  educated  at  Belle 
Air  Academy  and  the  University  of  Virginia, 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1838.  Then,  having 
studied  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  came  to 
Illinois  early  in  1840,  locating  at  Mount  Carmel, 
Wabash  County,  and,  in  1844,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  for  the  district  composed  of  Wabash, 
Edwards  and  Wayne  Counties,  serving  until  1848. 
He  also  served  as  a  Delegate  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1847.  Originally  a  Whig,  on  the 
dissolution  of  that  party  in  1854,  he  became  a 
Democrat;  in  1856,  served  as  Presidential 
Elector-at-large  on  the  Buchanan  ticket  and, 
during  the  Civil  War,  was  a  pronounced  oppo- 
nent of  the  policy  of  the  Government  in  dealing 
with  secession.  Having  removed  to  Marshall, 
Clark  County,  in  1852,  he  continued  the  practice 
of  his  profession  there,  but  was  elected  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  in  1861,  serving  until  his  death, 
which  occurred,  Oct.  9,  1865.  While  holding 
court  at  Charleston,  in  March,  1863,  Judge  Con- 
stable was  arrested  because  of  his  release  of  four 
deserters  from  the  army,  and  the  holding  to  bail, 
(in  the  charge  of  kidnaping,  of  two  Union  officers 
who  had  arrested  them.  He  was  subsequently 
released  by  Judge  Treat  of  the  United  States 
District  Court  at  Springfield,  but  the  affair  cul- 
minated in  a  riot  at  Charleston,  on  March  22,  in 
which  four  soldiers  and  three  citizens  were  killed 
outright,  and  eight  persons  were  wounded. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTIONS.  Illinois 
lias  had  four  State  Conventions  called  for  the 
purpose  of  formulating  State  Constitutions.  Of 
these,  three— those  of  1818,  1847  and  1869-70— 
adopted  Constitutions  which  went  into  effect, 
while  the  instrument  framed  by  the  Convention 
of  1862  was  rejected  by  the  people.  A  synoptical 
history  of  eacli  will  be  found  talow: 

CONVENTION  OF  1818.— In  January.  1818,  the 
Territorial  Legislature  adopted  a  resolution 
instructing  the  Delegate  in  Congress  (Hon. 
Xathaniel  Pope)  to  present  a  petition  to  Congress 
requesting  the  passage  of  an  act  authorizing  the 


people  of  Illinois  Territory  to  organize  a  State 
Government.  A  bjll  to  this  effect  was  intro- 
duced, April  7,  and  became  a  law,  April  18,  follow- 
ing. It  authorized  the  people  to  frame  a 
Constitution  and  organize  a  State  Government — 
apportioning  the  Delegates  to  be  elected  from 
each  of  the  fifteen  counties  into  which  the  Ter- 
ritory was  then  divided,  naming  the  first  Monday 
of  July,  following,  as  the  day  of  election,  and  the 
first  Monday  of  August  as  the  time  for  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Convention.  The  act  was  conditioned 
upon  a  census  of  the  people  of  the  Territory  (to 
be  ordered  by  the  Legislature),  showing  a  popu- 
lation of  not  less  than  40,000.  The  census,  as 
taken,  showed  the  required  population,  but,  as 
finally  corrected,  this  was  reduced  to  34,620 — 
being  the  smallest  with  which  any  State  was  ever 
admitted  into  the  Union.  The  election  took 
place  on  July  6,  1818,  and  the  Convention  assem- 
bled at  Kaskaskia  on  August  3.  It  consisted  of 
thirty-three  members.  Of  these,  a  majority  were 
farmers  of  limited  education,  but  with  a  fair 
portion  of  hard  common-sense.  Five  of  the 
Delegates  were  lawyers,  and  these  undoubtedly 
wielded  a  controlling  influence.  Jesse  B. 
Thomas  (afterwards  one  of  the  first  United 
States  Senators)  presided,  and  Elias  Kent  Kane, 
also  a  later  Senator,  was  among  the  dominating 
spirits.  It  lias  been  asserted  that  to  the  latter 
should  be  ascribed  whatever  new  matter  was 
incorporated  in  the  instrument,  it  being  copied 
in  most  of  its  essential  provisions  from  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  Indiana.  The 
Convention  completed  its  labors  and  adjourned, 
August  26,  the  Constitution  was  submitted  to 
Congress  by  Delegate  John  McLean,  without  the 
formality  of  ratification  by  the  people,  and  Illi- 
nois was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State  by 
resolution  of  Congress,  adopted  Dec.  3,  1818. 

CONVENTION  OF  1847. — An  attempt  was  made  in 
1822  to  obtain  a  revision  of  the  Constitution  of 
1818,  the  object  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the 
movement  being  to  secure  the  incorporation  of  a 
provision  authorizing  the  admission  of  slavery 
into  Illinois.  The  passage  of  a  resolution,  by  the 
necessary  two-thirds  vote  of  both  Houses  of  the 
General  Assembly,  submitting  the  proposition  to 
it  vote  of  the  people,  was  secured  by  the  most 
questionable  methods,  at  the  session  of  1822,  but 
after  a  heated  campaign  of  nearly  two  years,  it 
was  rejected  at  the  election  of  1824.  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws;  also  Coles.  Edward.) 
At  the  session  of  1840-41.  another  resolution  on 
the  subject  was  submitted  to  the  people,  but  it 
was  rejected  by  the  narrow  margin  of  1.039 


118 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


votes.  Again,  in  1845,  the  question  was  submit- 
ted, and,  at  the  election  of  1840,  was  approved. 
The  election  of  delegates  occurred,  April  19,  1847, 
and  the  Convention  met  at  .Springfield,  June  19. 
following.  It  was  composed  of  162  members, 
ninety-two  of  whom  were  Democrats.  The  list 
of  Delegates  embraced  the  names  of  many  who 
afterwards  attained  high  distinction  in  public 
affairs,  and  the  body,  as  a  whole,  was  represent- 
ative in  character.  The  Bill  of  Rights  attached 
to  the  Constitution  of  1818  was  but  little  changed 
in  its  successor,  except  by  a  few  additions, 
among  which  was  a  section  disqualifying  any 
person  who  had  been  concerned  in  a  duel  from 
holding  office.  The  earlier  Constitution,  how- 
ever, was  carefully  revised  and  several  important 
changes  made.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
the  following:  Limiting  the  elective  franchise 
for  foreign-born  citizens  to  those  who  had 
become  naturalized ;  making  the  judiciary  elect- 
ive; requiring  that  all  State  officers  be  elected 
by  the  people .  changing  the  time  of  the  election 
of  the  Executive,  and  making  him  ineligible  for 
immediate  re-election;  various  curtailments  of 
the  power  of  the  Legislature;  imposing  a  two- 
mill  tax  for  payment  of  the  State  debt,  and  pro- 
viding for  the  establishment  of  a  sinking  fund. 
The  Constitution  framed  was  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, August  31.  1847;  ratified  by  popular  vote, 
March  8,  1848,  and  went  into  effect,  April  1.  1848. 
CONVENTION  OF  1862. — The  proposition  for 
holding  a  third  Constitutional  Convention  was 
submitted  to  rote  of  the  people  by  the  Legislature 
of  1859.  endorsed  at  the  election  of  1860,  and  the 
election  of  Delegates  held  in  November,  1861.  In 
the  excitement  attendant  upon  the  early  events 
of  the  war,  people  paid  comparatively  little 
attention  to  the  choice  of  its  members.  It  was 
composed  of  forty-five  Democrats,  twenty-one 
Republicans,  seven  "fusionists"  and  two  classed 
as  doubtful.  The  Convention  assembled  at 
Springfield  on  Jan.  7,  1862,  and  remained  in  ses- 
sion until  March  24,  following.  It  was  in  many 
respects  a  remarkable  body.  The  law  providing 
for  its  existence  prescribed  that  the  members, 
before  proceeding  to  business,  should  take  an 
oath  to  support  the  State  Constitution.  This  the 
majority  refused  to  do.  Their  conception  of 
their  powers  was  such  that  they  seriously  deliber- 
ated upon  electing  a  United  States  Senator, 
assumed  to  make  appropriations  from  the  State 
treasury,  claimed  the  right  to  interfere  with 
military  affairs,  and  called  upon  the  Governor 
for  information  concerning  claims  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  which  the  Executive  refused  to 


lay  before  them.  The  instrument  drafted  pro- 
posed numerous  important  changes  in  the  organic 
law,  and  was  generally  regarded  as  objectionable. 
It  was  rejected  at  an  election  held,  June  17.  lK6i, 
by  a  majority  of  over  10,000  votes.  , 

CONVENTION  OF  1869-70.— The  second  attempt 
to  revise  the  Constitution  of  1848  resulted  in 
submission  to  the  people,  by  the  Legislature  of 
1867,  of  a  proposition  for  a  Convention,  which  was 
approved  at  the  election  of  1868  by  a  bare  major- 
ity of  704  votes.  The  election  of  Delegates  was 
provided  for  at  the  next  session  (1869),  the  elec- 
tion held  in  November  and  the  Convention 
assembled  at  Springfield,  Dec.  13.  Charles 
Hitchcock  was  chosen  President,  John  Q.  Har- 
mon, Secretary,  and  Daniel  Shepard  and  A.  H. 
Swain,  First  and  Second  Assistants.  There  were 
eighty-five  members,  of  whom  forty-four  were 
Republicans  and  forty -one  Democrats,  although 
fifteen  had  been  elected  nominally  as  "Independ 
ents."  It  was  an  assemblage  of  some  of  the 
ablest  men  of  the  State,  including  representatives 
of  all  the  learned  professions  except  the  clerical. 
l» •sides  merchants,  farmers,  bankers  and  journal- 
ists. Its  work  was  completed  May  13,  1870,  anil 
in  the  main  good.  Some  of  the  principal  changes 
made  in  the  fundamental  law,  as  proposed  by  the 
Convention,  were  the  following:  The  prohibi- 
tion of  special  legislation  where  a  general  law 
may  be  made  to  cover  the  necessities  of  the  case, 
and  the  absolute  prohibition  of  such  legislation 
in  reference  to  divorces,  lotteries  and  a  score  of 
"I  her  matters;  prohibition  of  the  passage  of  any 
law  releasing  any  civil  division  (district,  county, 
city,  township  or  town)  from  the  payment  of  its 
just  proportion  of  any  State  tax;  recommenda 
tions  to  the  Legislature  to  enact  laws  ujioii 
certain  specified  subjects,  such  as  liberal  home 
stead  and  exemption  rights,  the  construction  of 
drains,  the  regulation  of  charges  on  railways 
(which  were  declared  to  be  public  highways), 
etc. ,  etc. ;  declaring  all  elevators  and  storehouses 
public  warehouses,  and  providing  for  their  lex>* 
lative  inspection  and  supervision.  The  mainte 
nance  of  an  "efficient  system  of  public  schools" 
was  made  obligatory  upon  the  Legislature,  am) 
the  appropriation  of  any  funds — State,  munioi|«l 
town  or  district  —  to  the  support  of  sectarian 
schools  was  prohibited.  The  principle  of  cuinii 
lative  voting,  or  "minority  representation."  in 
the  choice  of  membersof  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives was  provided  for,  and  additional  wife 
guards  thrown  around  the  passage  of  bills.  The 
ineligibility  of  the  Governor  to  re-election  for  • 
second  consecutive  term  was  set  aside,  ami  a 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


119 


two-thirds  vote  of  the  Legislature  made  necessary 
to  override,  an  executive  veto.  The  list  of  State 
officers  was  increased  by  the  creation  of  the 
offices  of  Attorney-General  and  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  these  having  been  previ- 
ously provided  for  only  by  statute.  The  Supreme 
Court  bench  was  increased  by  the  addition  of 
four  members,  making  the  whole  number  of 
Supreme  Court  judges  seven;  Appellate  Courts 
authorized  after  1874,  and  County  Courts  were 
made  courts  of  record.  The  compensation  of  all 
State  officers — executive,  judicial  and  legislative 
— was  left  discretionary  with  the  Legislature, 
and  no  limit  was  placed  upon  the  length  of  the 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly.  The  instru- 
ment drafted  by  the  Convention  was  ratified  at 
an  election  held,  July  6, 1870,  and  went  into  force. 
August  8,  following.  Occasional  amendments 
have  been  submitted  and  ratified  from  time  to 
time.  (See  Constitutions,  Elections  and  Repre- 
sentation; also  Minority  Representation. ) 

CONSTITUTIONS.  Illinois  has  had  three  con- 
stitutions—that of  1870  being  now  (1898)  in  force. 
The  earliest  instrument  was  that  approved  by 
Congress  in  1818,  and  the  first  revision  was  made 
in  1847 — the  Constitution  having  been  ratified  at 
an  election  held.  March  5,  1848,  and  going  into 
force,  April  1,  following.  The  term  of  State 
officers  has  been  uniformly  fixed  at  four  years, 
except  that  of  Treasurer,  which  is  two  years. 
Biennial  elections  and  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  are  provided  for.  Senators  holding  their 
seats  for  four  years,  and  Representatives  two 
years.  The  State  is  required  to  be  apportioned 
after  each  decennial  census  into  fifty-one  dis- 
tricts, each  of  which  elects  one  Senator  and  three 
Representatives.  The  principle  of  minority  rep- 
resentation has  been  incorporated  into  the 
organic  law,  each  elector  being  allowed  to  cast  as 
many  votes  for  one  legislative  candidate  as  there 
are  Representatives  to  be  chosen  in  his  district 
or  he  may  divide  his  vote  equally  among  all  the 
three  candidates  or  between  two  of  them,  as  he 
may  see  fit.  One  of  the  provisions  of  the  Consti 
tution  of  1870  is  the  inhibition  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  passing  private  laws.  Munici- 
palities are  classified,  and  legislation  is  for  all 
cities  of  a  class,  not  for  an  individual  cor|>ora- 
tion.  Individual  citizens  with  a  financial  griev- 
ance must  secure  payment  of  their  claims  under 
the  terms  of  some  general  appropriation.  The 
sessions  of  the  Legislature  are  not  limited  as  to 
time,  nor  is  there  any  restriction  upon  the  power 
of  the  Executive  to  summon  extra  sessions. 
(See  also  Conxtitiitinnal  Conrrntionx:  Elertionis; 


Governors   and    other    State    Officers;    Judicial 
System;  Suffrage,  Etc. ) 

COOK,  Burton  (.'.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  bom  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y.,  May  11,  1819; 
completed  his  academic  education  at  the  Collegi- 
ate Institute  in  Rochester,  and  after  studying 
law,  removed  to  Illinois  (1835),  locating  first  at 
Hennepin  and  later  at  Ottawa.  Here  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  and,  in  1846.  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  State's  Attorney  for 
the  Ninth  Judicial  District,  serving  two  years, 
when,  in  1848,  he  was  re-elected  by  the  people 
under  the  Constitution  of  that  year,  for  four 
years.  From  1833  to  1860,  he  was  State  Senator, 
taking  part  in  the  election  which  resulted  in 
making  Ly  man  Trumbull  United  States  Senator 
in  1855.  In  1861  he  served  as  one  of  the  Peace 
Commissioners  from  Illinois  in  the  Conference 
which  met  at  Washington.  He  may  be  called 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican  party  in 
this  State,  having  been  a  member  of  the  State 
Central  Committee  appointed  at  Bloomington  in 
1856,  and  Chairman  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1862.  In  1864,  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, and  re-elected  in  1866,  '68  and  '70,  but 
resigned  in  1871  to  accept  the  solicitorship  of  the 
Northwestern  Railroad,  which  he  resigned  in 
1886.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  serving  as  a  delegate  to  both  the  National 
Conventions  which  nominated  him  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  presenting  his  name  at  Baltimore  in 
1864.  His  death  occurred  at  Evanston,  August 
18,  1894. 

COOK,  Daniel  Pope,  early  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Scott  County,  Ky.,  in  1795,  removed  to 
Illinois  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Kaskas 
kia  in  1815.  Early  in  1816,  he  became  joint  owner 
and  editor  of  "The  Illinois  Intelligencer,'  and  at 
the  same  time  served  as  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts  by  appointment  of  Governor  Edwards : 
the  next  year  (1817)  was  sent  by  President  Mon- 
roe as  bearer  of  dispatches  to  John  Quincy  Adams, 
then  minister  to  London,  and,  on  liis  return,  was 
appointed  a  Circuit  Judge.  On  the  admission  of 
the  State  he  was  elected  the  first  Attorney - 
General,  but  almost  immediately  resigned  and, 
in  September,  1819,  was  elected  to  Congress,  serv- 
ing as  Representative  until  1827.  Having  married 
a  daughter  of  Governor  Edwards,  he  became  a 
resident  of  Edwardsville.  He  was  a  conspicuous 
opponent  of  the  proposition  to  make  Illinois  a 
slave  State  in  1823-24.  and  did  much  to  prevent 
the  success  of  that  scheme.  He  also  bore  a 
prominent  part  while  in  Congress  in  securing  the 
donation  of  lands  for  the  construction  of  the 


120 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  eloquence,  and  it  was  during  his  first 
Congressional  campaign  that  stump-speaking  was 
introduced  into  the  State.  Suffering  from 
consumption,  he  visited  Cuba,  and,  after  return- 
ing to  his  home  at  Edwardsville  and  failing  to 
improve,  he  went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  died, 
Oct.  16,  1827.— John  (Cook),  soldier,  born  at 
Edwardsville,  111.,  June  12,  1825,  the  son  of 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  the  second  Congressman  from 
Illinois,  and  grandson  of  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards, 
was  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Illinois 
College ;  in  1855  was  elected  Mayor  of  Springfield 
and  the  following  year  Sheriff  of  Sangamon 
County,  later  serving  as  Quartermaster  of  the 
State.  Raising  a  company  promptly  after  the 
firing  on  Fort  Sumter  in  1861,  he  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
— the  first  regiment  organized  in  Illinois  under 
the  first  call  for  troops  by  President  Lincoln ;  was 
promoted  Brigadier-General  for  gallantry  at  Fort 
Donelson  in  March,  18C2;  in  1864  commanded  the 
District  of  Illinois,  with  headquarters  at  Spring- 
field, being  mustered  out,  August,  1865,  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major-Geueral.  General  Cook  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly from  Sangamon  County,  in  1868.  During 
recent  years  his  home  has  been  in  Michigan. 

COOK  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State,  bordering  on  Lake  Michigan, 
and  being  the  most  easterly  of  the  second  tier  of 
counties  south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line.  It 
has  an  area  of  890  square  miles ;  population  (1890), 
1,191,922;  (1900),  1,838,735;  county-seat,  Chicago. 
The  county  was  organized  in  1831,  having  origi- 
nally embraced  the  counties  of  Du  Page,  Will, 
Lake,  McHenry  and  Iroquois,  in  addition  to  its 
present  territorial  limits.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Daniel  P.  Cook,  a  distinguished  Repre- 
sentative of  Illinois  in  Congress.  (See  Cook, 
Daniel  P. )  The  first  County  Commissioners  were 
Samuel  Miller,  Gholson  Kercheval  and  James 
Walker,  who  took  the  oath  of  office  before  Justice 
John  S.  C.  Hogan,  on  March  8,  1831.  William 
Lee  was  appointed  Clerk  and  Archibald  Cly  bourne 
Treasurer.  Jedediah  Wormley  was  first  County 
Surveyor,  and  three  election  districts  (Chicago, 
Du  Page  and  Hickory  Creek)  were  created.  A 
scow  ferry  was  established  across  the  South 
Branch,  with  Mark  Beaubien  as  ferryman.  Only 
non-residents  were  required  to  pay  toll.  Geolo- 
gists are  of  the  opinion  that,  previous  to  the 
glacial  epoch,  a  large  portion  of  the  county  lay 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  was 
connected  with  the  Mississippi  by  the  Des  Plaines 


River.  This  theory  is  borne  out  by  the  finding 
of  stratified  beds  of  coal  and  gravel  in  the  eastern 
and  southern  portions  of  the  county,  either  under- 
lying the  prairies  or  assuming  the  form  of  ridges. 
The  latter,  geologists  maintain,  indicate  the  exist- 
ence of  an  ancient  key,  and  they  conclude  that, 
at  one  time,  the  level  of  the  lake  was  nearly  forty 
feet  higher  than  at  present.  Glacial  action  is 
believed  to  have  been  very  effective  in  establish- 
ing surface  conditions  in  this  vicinity.  Lime- 
stone and  building  stone  are  quarried  in  tolerable 
abundance.  Athens  marble  (white  when  taken 
out,  but  growing  a  rich  yellow  through  exposure) 
is  found  in  the  southwest.  Isolated  beds  of  peat 
have  also  been  found.  The  general  surface  is 
level,  although  undulating  in  some  portions.  The 
soil  near  the  lake  is  sandy,  but  in  the  interior 
becomes  a  black  mold  from  one  to  four  feet  in 
depth.  Drainage  is  afforded  by  the  Des  Plaines, 
Chicago  and  Calumet  Rivers,  which  is  now  being 
improved  by  the  construction  of  the  Drainage 
Canal.  Manufactures  and  agriculture  are  the 
principal  industries  outside  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. (See  also  Chicago.) 

COOK  COUNTY  HOSPITAL,  located  in  Chi 
cago  and  under  control  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Cook  County.  It  was  originally  erected  by  the 
City  of  Chicago,  at  a  cost  of  $80,000,  and  was 
intended  to  be  used  as  a  hospital  for  patients 
suffering  from  infectious  diseases.  For  several 
years  the  building  was  unoccupied,  but,  in  1858, 
it  was  leased  by  an  association  of  physicians,  who 
opened  a  hospital,  with  the  further  purpose  of 
affording  facilities  for  clinical  instruction  to  the 
students  of  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1863  the 
building  was  taken  by  the  General  Government 
for  military  purposes,  being  used  as  an  eye  and 
ear  hospital  for  returning  soldiers.  In  1865  it 
reverted  to  the  City  of  Chicago,  and,  in  1866,  was 
purchased  by  Cook  County.  In  1874  the  County 
Commissioners  purchased  a  new  and  more  spa- 
cious site  at  acost  of  §145,000,  and  began  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings  thereon.  The  two  principal 
pavilions  were  completed  and  occupied  before  the 
close  of  1875;  the  clinical  amphitheater  and 
connecting  corridors  were  built  in  1876-77,  and  an 
administrative  building  and  two  additional 
pavilions  were  added  in  1882-84.  Up  to  that  date 
the  total  cost  of  the  buildings  had  been  $719,574, 
and  later  additions  and  improvements  have 
swelled  the  outlay  to  more  than  $1,000.000.  It 
accommodates  about  800  patients  and  constitutes 
a  part  of  the  county  machinery  for  the  care  of 
the  poor.  A  certain  number  of  beds  are  placed 
under  the  care  of  homeopathic  physicians.  The 


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K'O 


IIISTOlMt  AI.    KNrYrLOl'KDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS. 


-iV  Michigan  Canal,  lie  was  di-lingnished 
for  hi.-  eloquence,  and  it  was  during  his  lirst 
(  'ongrcssional  campaign  that  Stump-speaking  was 
mi  lodii.'.-d  into  UK-  Stall-.  Snll'ering  from 
consumption,  hi-  visited  Cuba,  ami  alter  return- 
ing to  his  IIOMIC  at  F.dward-ville  ami  failing  to 
improve,  lie  went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  died, 
Oct.  lli.  1*^7.—  John  (C.Nik  i.  soldier,  born  at 
F.dwardsville.  III.  June  I'.'.  I"--,1:.,  tin-  son  of 

Daniel    I'    Cook,    the  second   Congressman    fr 

Illinois.  and  grandson  of  (im  Ninian  F.dward-. 
was  educalcd  by  private  tutors  ami  at  Illinois 
College;  in  I  K.Vi  was  elected  Mayor  of  Springfield 
ami  the  following  year  Shcrilf  of  Sangamon 
County.  Inter  serving  as  i^uartermustcr  of  the 
State  liaising  a  <'oin|iany  promptly  after  the 
tiiinu'  OH  Fort  Stiniter  in  lstll.  he  \vas  commis- 
.sinneil  Colonel  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
— the  lirst  regiment  organi/cd  ill  Illinois  under 
thelirst  call  for  troops  hy  President  Lincoln,  was 
promoted  Urigudier-licncral  for  gallantry  at  Fort 
Donelson  in  March,  IxiW;  in  1*111  commanded  the 
Distri<'t  of  Illinois,  with  head.|iiarters  at  Spring- 
field, tetag BMMtOTeO  out.  .August.  Isfl'i.  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major-!  ieneral.  (ieneral  Cook  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  (ieneral  Asseni- 
lilv  from  Sangamon  (.'oiinty,  in  Isiis.  During 
recent  years  his  home  has  liecn  in  Michigan. 

i  iiuh    COUNTY,  situateil  in  astern 

seel  ion  of  the  Stall',  bordering  on  l*uke  Michigan, 
ami  being  the  most  easterly  of  the  second  tier  of 
counties  south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line  It 
has  an  area  of  siin-ipiarc  miles,  population  (IMMH 
l.l'Jl.'.rJ'J:  d'.MHi).  l.s:js.7a.");  county-seat.  Chicago. 
The  county  was  or^ani/ed  in  |s:j|.  having  origi- 
nally emhraccd  the  counties  of  Du  I'a^e.  Will, 
Lake,  Jlcllenry  ami  lroi|iioi-,.  in  addition  to  its 
present  territorial  limit.-.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Daniel  P.  Took,  a  distinguished  liepn- 
sentativu  of  Illinois  in  Congress.  (See  <',,<,!;. 
Jlaniil  1'.)  The  lirst  County  » 'oniiiiir-sioners  were 
Samuel  Miller.  Clml-on  Kerrlicval  and  James 
Walker,  who  took  the  oath  of  ollicc  hefon^  .Justice 
John  S.  C.  llo^an.  on  Mari'h  s,  |s:;i  \Villiam 
Lei'  wasap|Hiinted  ( 'lerk  and  . \rchiliald  t'lyl»>nrne 
Treasurer.  .ledf'diah  AVormley  was  tirst  County 
SurM'Vor.  and  lliree  election  districts  (Chicago. 
I)n  I'aj^e  ami  Iliekory  Creek)  were  created.  A 
scow  lurry  was  established  across  the  South 
Brunch,  with  Mark  Ucauhieii  as  ferryman.  Only 
non-residents  were  rei|iiired  to  pay  toll,  (ieolo- 
(;ists  are  of  the  opinion  thai,  previous  to  the 
glacial  e|Xich.  a  law  |»n -lion  of  the  county  lay 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  was 
counected  with  the  Mississippi  hy  the  L)es  1'laines 


Iliver.  Tliis  theory  is  iKirne  out  by  the  finding 
of  -iratilied  U-dsot  coal  and  gravel  in  the  eastern 
ami  soi it  hern  port  ions  of  the  county,  cither  under- 
lyin-;  the  prairies  or  assuming  the  form  of  ridges. 
The  latter,  ^eolo^i-ts  maintain,  indicale  Ihe  exist- 
ence- of  an  ancient  key.  and  they  conclude  that, 
at  one  time,  the  level  of  the  lake  was  nearly  forty 
fi-et  higher  than  at  present  (ilaciul  action  is 
liclicxcd  to  have  been  very  elfective  in  estahlish 
iiix'  surface  conditions  in  this  vicinity.  Lime- 
stone and  Imildinx  stone  are  quarried  in  tolerable 
abundance.  Athens  marble  (while  when  taken 
out.  but  growing  a  rich  yellow  through  exposure) 
is  found  in  the  southwest.  Isolated  U-ils  of  peat 
have  also  been  found.  The  general  surface  is 
level,  although  undulating  in  some  |mrtions.  The 
soil  near  the  lake  is  samly.  but  in  the  interior 
becomes  a  black  mold  from  one  to  four  feet  in 
depth.  Drainage  isalforded  by  the  Ues  I'laines 
Chicago ADii  Calumet  Kivers.  which  is  now  bein^ 
improved  by  thu  construction  of  the  Draina^i 
Canal.  Manufactures  ami  agriculture  ar«  the 
principal  industries  outside  of  the  cily  of  Chi- 
cago. (See  also  f  'liii'ttt/tt. ) 

COOK  COf.NTY  HOSPITAL,  locate.)  in  Chi 
ca^o  and  under  control  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Cook  Comity.  It  was  originally  erected  by  tin- 
City  of  Chicago,  at  a  cost  of  :-Mil,(loo,  and  was 
intended  to  l>e  used  as  a  hospital  for  patients 
sulferini;  from  infectious  diseases.  For  several 
years  the  building  was  unoccupied,  but.  in  ls"»s 
it  was  leased  by  an  association  of  physicians,  who 
opened  a  hospital,  with  the  further  purpose  of 
alVordini;  facilities  for  clinical  instrti.  lion  to  the 
students  of  l.'u-h  Medical  College.  In  IM;:;  ||,,. 
building  was  taken  liy  the  (ieneral  (Government 
for  military  |. urpo.es.  bein^  use. I  as  a:i  eye  and 
ear  hospital  for  returning  soldiers.  In  Isii.'i  it 
reverted  to  the  City  of  I  'liirago.  and.  in  iMiii.  wa- 
purchased  by  Cook  Ciuinly.  In  IS71  Ihe  County 
Coiiuni— ioiiers  purchased  a  new  and  more  spa- 
cion-  site  at  a  cost  of  >>1  I.'J.IKMI.  and  lie^an  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings  thereon.  The  two  principal 
|K;\  ilions were  completed  and  occupied  In-fore  the 
elo->e  of  Is^.'t;  the  clinical  amphitheater  and 
connecting  corridors  were  built  in  1*7(1-77,  and  an 
administrative  building  and  two  addilional 
pavilions  were  added  in  l*s->.s|.  t'p  to  that  date 
the  total  cost  of  the  buildings  had  licen  *71!l..'i74 
and  later  additions  and  improvements  have 
swelled  the  outlay  lo  more  ili.m  >i  .i.ni  o..o  It 
accommodales  aUnil  MM  I  palienls  and  constitutes 
a  part  of  the  county  machinery  for  the  care  of 
the  |»ior  A  certain  number  of  IH-.IS  are  placed 
under  the  care  ..I  homeupathic  physicians.  The 


T. 

*" 

7 

> 
v. 


ALONG  SHERIDAN    KOAI)  AND  ON  THE  BOULEVARDS. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


121 


present  (1896)  allopathic  medical  staff  consists  of 
fifteen  physicians,  fifteen  surgeons,  one  oculist 
and  aurist  and  one  pathologist;  the  homeopathic 
staff  comprises  five  physicians  and  five  surgeons. 
In  addition,  there  is  a  large  corps  of  internes,  or 
house  physicians  and  surgeons,  composed  of 
recent  grad.iates  from  the  several  medical  col- 
leges, who  gain  their  positions  through  competi- 
tive examination  and  hold  them  for  eighteen 
months. 

COOK  I:,  Edward  Dean,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, born  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  Oct.  17, 
1849;  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  and 
the  high  school  of  Dubuque;  studied  law  in  that 
city  and  at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  graduating  from  that  institution  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Washington  in  1873.  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago the  same  year,  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  which  he  pursued  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  State  Legislature  from 
Cook  County,  serving  one  term ;  was  elected  as  a 
Republican  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the 
Sixth  District  (Chicago),  in  1894,  and  re-elected  in 
1896.  His  death  occurred  suddenly  while  in 
attendance  on  the  extra  session  of  Congress  in 
Washington,  June  24,  1897. 

COOLBAUGH,  William  Findlay,  financier,  was 
born  in  Pike  County,  Pa.,  July  1,  1821;  at  the 
age  of  15  became  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store  in 
Philadelphia,  but,  in  1842,  opened  a  branch 
establishment  of  a  New  York  firm  at  Burlington, 
Iowa,  where  he  afterwards  engaged  in  the  bank-' 
ing  business,  also  serving  in  the  Iowa  State 
Constitutional  Convention,  and,  as  the  candidate 
of  his  party  for  United  States  Senator,  being 
defeated  by  Hon.  James  Harlan  by  one  vote.  In 
18G2  he  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  the  banking 
house  of  W.  F.  Coolbaugh  &  Co.,  which,  in  1865, 
became  the  Union  National  Bank  of  Chicago. 
Later  he  became  the  first  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago Clearing  House,  as  also  of  the  Bankers' 
Association  of  the  West  and  South,  a  Director  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  an  original  incorporator 
of  the  .Chamber  of  Commerce,  besides  being  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70.  His  death  by  suicide,  at  the  foot  of 
Douglas  Monument,  Nov.  14,  1877,  was  a  shock  to 
the  whole  city  of  Chicago. 

COOLEY,  Horace  S.,  Secretary  of  State,  was 
born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1806,  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years  in  early  life,  then  went  to  Ban- 
gor,  Maine,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law ;  in 
1840  he  came  to  Illinois,  locating  first  at  Rushville 


and  finally  in  the  city  of  Quincy ;  in  1842  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  campaign  which  resulted 
in  the  election  of  Thomas  Ford  as  Governor — also 
received  from  Governor  Carlin  an  appointment  as 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  State.  On  the 
accession  of  Governor  French  in  December,  1846, 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  and  elected 
to  the  same  office  under  the  Constitution  of  1848. 
dying  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  April  2. 
1850. 

GORBUS,  (Dr.)  J.  C.,  physician,  was  born  in 
Holmes  County,  Ohio,  in  1833,  received  his  pri 
mary  education  in  the  public  schools,  followed 
by  an  academic  course,  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  at  Millersburg,  finally  graduating  from 
the  Western  Reserve  Medical  College  at  Cleve- 
land. In  1855  he  began  practice  at  Orville,  Ohio, 
but  the  same  year  located  at  Mendota,  111.,  soon 
thereafter  removing  to  Lee  County,  where  he 
remained  until  1862.  The  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Seventy -fifth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  the  position  of  Surgeon,  though  com- 
pelled to  resign  the  following  year  on  account  of 
ill  health.  Returning  from  the  army,  he  located 
at  Mendota.  Dr.  Corbus  served  continuously  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Public  Charities 
from  1873  until  the  accession  of  Governor  Altgeld 
to  the  Governorship  in  1893,  when  he  resigned. 
He  was  also,  for  fifteen  years,  one  of  the  Medical 
Examiners  for  his  District  under  the  Pension 
Bureau,  and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  for  the 
Mendota  District.  In  1897  he  was  complimented 
by  Governor  Tanner  by  reappointment  to  the 
State  Board  of  Charities,  and  was  made  President 
of  the  Board.  Early  in  1899  he  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Kankakee,  as  successor  to  Dr.  William 
G.  Stearns. 

CORNELL,  Paul,  real-estate  operator  and  capi- 
talist, was  born  of  English  Quaker  ancestry  in 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  August  5,  1822:  at  9 
years  of  age  removed  with  his  step-father,  Dr. 
Barry,  to  Ohio,  and  five  years  later  to  Adams. 
County,  111.  Here  young  Cornell  lived  the  life  of 
a  farmer,  working  part  of  the  year  to  earn  money 
to  send  himself  to  school  the  remainder;  also 
taught  for  a  time,  then  entered  the  office  of  W.  A. 
Richardson,  at  Rushville,  Schuyler  County,  as  a 
law  student.  In  1845  he  came  to  Chicago,  but 
soon  after  became  a  student  in  the  law  office  of 
Wilson  &  Henderson  at  Joliet,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  that  city.  Removing  to  Chicago  in 
1847,  he  was  associated,  successively,  with  the  lat« 


M>  "\   TIIK   II"  >l   I.I  .\'AU  1 1 


Al.oNi,   MIK KlU \N 


ItlSTOItlCAL    K\(  Y(  LOPK1HA    ol'    H,LI\(U>. 


present  ( IK'.iii)  .ill,  i|i,-ii  In.-  m. "lie, il  slalf  consists  of 
lifteen  physicians,  lifteen  surgeons,  one-  oculist 
and  Biirist  and  one  pathologist;  the  homeopathic 
stalf  comprises  live  physicians  ami  live  surgeons. 
In  addition,  tlieiv  is  a  large  corps  of  internes,  or 
house  physicians  ami  surgeons,  composed  of 
recent  grad  iates  from  the  several  meilicul  col- 
leges, who  gain  their  positions  through  competi- 
tive examination  ami  hold  them  for  eighteen 
months 

COOKK,  Edward  I»can,  lawyer  ami  Congress- 
man, horn  in  Dubui|ue  County.  Iowa,  Oct.  17, 
|x|!l;  was  educated  ill  the  common  schools  and 
the  high  school  of  Duhuijm1:  studied  law  in  that 
city  and  at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
D.C..  graduating  from  that  institution  with  the. 
decree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  liar  in  Washington  in  1ST:!  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago the  same  year,  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  which  he  pursued  for  the, 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  I*1*','  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  State  Legislature  from 
Cook  County,  serving  one  term ;  was  elected  as  a 
Republican  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the 
Sixth  District  (Chicago),  in  1^114.  and  re-elected  in 
l*!»i.  His  death  occurred  suddenly  while,  in 

atlendan ni    I  he  extra  session  of  Congress  in 

Washington,  June  -Jl.  IS',17. 

(  OOl.l'.An.ll.  William  Kindlay,  finan<-ier.  was 
Imrn  in  Pike  County.  Pa..  July  1,  IS'.M;  at  lin- 
age of  |.~i  became  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store  in 
1'iiiladclphia.  hut.  in  1-1-  opc.ned  a  branch 
establishment  of  a  New  York  linn  at  Rurlington, 
Iowa,  where  he  afterwards  engaged  in  the  liank-' 
ing  business,  also  serving  in  the  Iowa  State 
Const  it  nl  i,  - 1:  'I  <  ''invention,  and.  as  the  candidate 
of  his  p.nly  lor  I'nitcd  Sl-ites  Senator,  being 
defeated  hv  II, ui.  James  Ilarlail  by  one  vote.  In 
IS.ii  he  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  the  banking 
house  of  W.  K.  Coolliaiigh  iV  Co.,  which,  in  lS(i.">. 
liccame  tins  Union  National  liank  of  Chicago 
loiter  he  iH'came  t!ie  first  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago Clearing  House,  as  also  of  the  Hankers' 
Association  of  the  West  and  South,  a  Director  of 
the  Hoard  of  Trade,  and  an  original  incur]  (orator 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  besides  Itcing  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  isr,'.t-7ll.  llis  death  by  suicide,  at  the  toot  of 
Douglas  Monument,  Nov.  11,  1*77,  was  a  shock  to 
the  whole  city  of  Chicago. 

COOI.KY,  Horace  S.,  Secretary  of  Stale,  was 
born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  INK!,  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years  in  early  life,  then  went  to  Han- 
gor.  Maine,  where  he  liegan  the  st  udv  of  law;  in 
1*40  h<' came  to  Illinois  locating  tirsl  at  Itushville 


ami   linally  in  the  city  of  Quincy  ;  in  1S40  tool;  a 

prominent    part  in  tl ainpai^n  which  resulted 

in  the  election  ot'  Thomas  I-'ord  as  t  Jovernor — als*- 
receive.!  from  <  iovernor  Carlin  an  ap|x)intmem  a- 
tJiiartermaster-(  ieiieral  ol  the  Stale  On  tin 
ai'cession  of  Governor  I-'rench  in  December,  l^li. 
he  was  ap|Miinted  Secretary  of  State  and  elected 
to  the  same  ollice  under  the  ( '.institution  of  IS|v 
<lyin^  before  tin- expiration  of  his  term,  April '.' 
1850. 

C'ORIU'S,  (llr.l  J.  ('.,  physi.-iaii,  was  horn  n 
Holmes  Comity.  Ohio,  in  I*:::;,  received  his  pri 
mary  education  in  the  public  schools,  followed 
by  an  academic  course,  and  licjsin  the  study  ol 
medicine  at  Millersbun;.  linally  ^ra<luatin^  from 
the  Western  Heserve  Medical  College  at  Cleve 
land.  In  1M.";.~>  he  liegan  pra«'tici'  at  Orville.  Ohio 
but  the  sunn*  year  located  at  Mendota.  111.,  soot. 
thereafter  removing  to  l>'e  County,  where  lie 
remained  until  I*!!'-'  The  latter  year  he  wa- 
apjHiinted  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Seventy  -fifth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  but  was  soon  pro- 
moted, to  the  |Hisition  of  Surgeon,  though  com 
pelleil  to  resign  the  following  year  on  account  of 
ill  health,  llcturning  from  the  army,  he  locale. I 
at  Mendota.  Dr.  Corbus  served  continuously  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Hoard  of  .Public  Charities 
from  is;:;  until  the  accession  ol  (Governor  Altgeld 
to  the  Governorship  in  IS'.i:!.  when  he  resigned 
He  was  also,  for  lil'teen  years,  one  of  the  Medical 
Examiners  for  his  District  under  the  PensTon 
Bureau,  anil  has  served  as  a  menilier  of  tut* 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  for  the 
Mendota  District.  In  ISD;  |,,.  was  complimented 
by  (iovcrnor  Tanner  l.\  reap|*»iMtMient  to  the 
Sta'e  HoarJ  of  Cli.tritie.s.  aad  was  n.adi-  President 
of  the  Hoard  l!ai-|y  in  IS'.HI  he  was  ap|Kiinteil 
Sii|)erintendcnt  of  tin1  Kasl.-rn  llospiial  for  the 
Insane  at  Kankaki'e.  as  sncci-.s,,i  to  Dr.  William 
<i.  Stearns. 

('(MiXKI.L,  I'.nil.  i-.-.il  I'stalc  operator  and  cap! 
talist.  was  liorn  of  Knglish  Ouaker  ancestry  in 
Washington  County.  N.  Y.,  August  .1.  1IS'.'-J;  at  !( 
years  of  age  removed  with  his  sU.p-faihcr.  Dr. 
Harry,  to  Ohio,  and  live  years  later  to  Adams 
County.  Ill  Here  yoiingCorncll  li\ed  the  life  of 
a  farmer,  working  part  of  the  year  to  earn  money 
to  send  himscll  t.i  school  tin'  remainder;  also 
taught  tor  a  time,  t hen  entered  theolliceol  W  A 
Richardson,  at  Knshville,  Schuyler  County,  as  a 
law  sliidonl.  In  1N4.">  he  came  I,  Chii-ago.  but 
soon  alter  licc.ime  a  student  ill  the  law  ollice  of 
Wilson  A'  Henderson  at  Joliet.  and  wasadmilteil 
to  practice  in  that  city.  Removing  to  Chicago  in 
!••  17  he  was  associated,  successively,  with  tin'  lat" 


m 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


I-  C.  P.  Freer,  Judge  James  H.  Collins  and 
Messrs.  Skinner  &  Hoyne ;  finally  entered  into  a 
contract  with  Judge  Skinner  to  perfect  the  title  to 
320  acres  of  land  held  under  tax-title  within  the 
present  limits  of  Hyde  Park,  which  he  succeeded 
in  doing  by  visiting  the  original  owners,  thereby 
securing  one-half  of  the  property  in  his  own 
name.  He  thus  became  the  founder  of  the  village 
of  Hyde  Park,  meanwhile  adding  to  his  posses- 
sions other  lands,  which  increased  vastly  in  value. 
He  also  established  a  watch  factory  at  Cornell 
(now  a  part  of  Chicago),  which  did  a  large  busi- 
ness until  removed  to  California.  Mr.  Cornell 
was  a  member  of  the  first  Park  Board,  and  there- 
fore has  the  credit  of  assisting  to  organize  Chi- 
cago's extensive  park  system. 

CORWIN,  Franklin,  Congressman,  was  born  at 
Lebanon,  Ohio,  Jan.  12,  1818,  and  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  the  age  of  21.  While  a  resident  of  Ohio  he 
served  in  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  and 
settled  in  Illinois  in  1857,  making  his  home  at 
Peru.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of 
the  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth  and  Twenty- 
sixth  General  Assemblies,  being  Speaker  in  186T. 
and  again  in  1869.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to 
Congress  as  a  Republican,  but,  in  1874,  was 
defeated  by  Alexander  Campbell,  who  made  the 
race  as  an  Independent.  Died,  at  Peru,  111..  June 
15.  1879. 

COUCH,  James,  pioneer  hotel-keeper,  was  born 
at  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  August  31,  1800;  removed 
to  Chautauqua  County,  in  the  same  State,  where 
he  remained  until  his  twentieth  year,  receiving  a 
fair  English  education.  After  engaging  succes- 
sively, but  with  indifferent  success,  as  hotel-clerk, 
stage-house  keeper,  lumber-dealer,  and  in  the  dis- 
tilling business,  in  1836,  in  company  with  his 
younger  brother,  Ira,  he  visited  Chicago.  They 
both  decided  to  go  into  business  there,  first  open- 
ing a  small  store,  and  later  entering  upon  their 
hotel  ventures  which  proved  so  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  gave  the  Tremont  House  of  Chicago 
.so  wide  and  enviable  a  reputation.  Mr.  Couch 
superintended  for  his  brother  Ira  the  erection,  at 
various  times,  of  many  large  business  blocks  in 
the  city.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother,  in  1857, 
he  was  made  one  of  the  trustees  of  his  estate,  and, 
with  other  trustees,  rebuilt  the  Tremont  House 
after  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871.  In  April,  1892. 
while  boarding  a  street  car  in  the  central  part  of 
the  city  of  Chicago,  he  was  run  over  by  a  truck, 
receiving  injuries  which  resulted  in  his  death 
the  same  day  at  the  Tremont  House,  in  the  92d 
year  of  his  age. — Ira  (Couch),  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  Ixirn  in  Saratoga  County, 


N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1808.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor,  and,  in  1826,  set  up 
in  business  on  his  own  account.  In  1836,  while 
visiting  Chicago  with  his  brother  James,  he 
determined  to  go  into  business  there.  With  a 
stock  of  furnishing  goods  and  tailors'  supplies, 
newly  bought  in  New  York,  a  small  store  was 
opened.  This  business  soon  disposed  of,  Mr. 
Couch,  with  his  brother,  obtained  a  lease  of  the 
old  Tremont  House,  then  a  low  frame  building 
kept  as  a  saloon  boarding  house.  Changed  and 
refurnished,  this  was  opened  as  a  hotel.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1839,  as  was  also  the  larger 
rebuilt  structure  in  1849.  A  second  time  rebuilt, 
and  on  a  much  larger  and  grander  scale  at  a  cost 
of  S75,000|  surpassing  anything  the  West  had  ever 
known  before,  the  Tremont  House  this  time  stood 
until  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871,  when  it  was  again 
destroyed.  Mr.  Couch  at  all  times  enjoyed  an 
immense  patronage,  and  was  able  to  accumulate 
(for  that  time)  a  large  fortune.  He  purchased 
and  improved  a  large  number  of  business  blocks, 
then  within  the  business  center  of  the  city.  In 
1853  he  retired  from  active  business,  and,  in  con- 
sequence of  impaired  health,  chose  for  the  rest  of 
his  life  to  seek  recreation  in  travel.  In  the 
winter  of  1857,  while  with  his  family  in 
Havana,  Cuba,  he  was  taken  with  a  fever  which 
soon  ended  his  life.  His  remains  now  rest  in  a 
mausoleum  of  masonry  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chi- 
cago. 

COT  I.TKR  V  II,I,K,  a  town  of  Randolph  County, 
at  the  crossing  of  the  Centralia  &  Chester  and 
the  St.  Louis  &  Paducah  branch  Illinois  Central 
Railways,  49  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  Farm- 
ing and  coal-mining  are  the  leading  industries. 
The  t6wn  has  two  banks,  two  creameries,  and  a 
newspaper.  Population  (1891)),  598;  (1900),  660. 
COUNTIES,  UNORGANIZED.  (See  Unorgan- 
ized Countien.) 

COWHEN.  ;i  village  of  Shelby  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwest- 
ern and  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  Rail- 
ways, 60  miles  southeast  of  Springfield.  Con- 
siderable coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity;  has  a 
bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1880), 
350;  (1890),  702;  (1900),  751. 

COWLES,  Alfred,  newspaper  manager,  was 
born  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  May  13,  1832,  grew 
up  on  a  farm  and,  after  spending  some  time  at 
Michigan  University,  entered  the  office  of  "The 
Cleveland  Leader"  as  a  clerk;  in  1855  accepted  a 
similar  position  on  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  which 
had  just  been  bought  by  Joseph  Medill  and 
others,  finally  becoming  a  stockholder  and  busi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


123 


ness  manager  of  the  paper,  so  remaining  until  his 
death  in  Chicago,  Dec.  20,  1889. 

COX,  Thomas,  pioneer,  Senator  in  the  First 
General  Assembly  of  Illinois  (1818-22)  from  Union 
County,  and  a  conspicuous  figure  in  early  State 
history ;  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  policy  of 
making  Illinois  a  slave  State;  became  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  and  founders  of  the  city  of 
Springfield,  and  was  appointed  the  first  Register 
of  the  Land  Office  there,  but  was  removed  under 
charges  of  misconduct ;  after  his  retirement  from 
the  Land  Office,  kept  a  hotel  at  Springfield.  In 
1836  he  removed  to  Iowa  (then  a  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin Territory),  became  a  member  of  the  first 
Territorial  Legislature  there,  was  twice  re-elected 
and  once  Speaker  of  the  House,  being  prominent 
in  1840  as  commander  of  the  "Regulators"  who 
drove  out  a  gang  of  murderers  and  desperadoes 
who  had  got  possession  at  Bellevue.  Iowa.  Died, 
at  Maquoketa,  Iowa.  1843. 

COT,  Irug,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Chenango 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  25,  1832;  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Central  College,  Cortland 
County,  N.  Y. ,  graduating  in  law  at  Albany  in 
1857.  Then,  having  removed  to  Illinois,  he 
located  in  Kendall  County  and  began  practice;  in 
1868  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  and,  in  1872,  served  as  Presidential 
Elector  on  the  Republican  ticket;  removed  to 
Chicago  in  1871,  later  serving  as  attorney  of  the 
Union  Stock  Yards  and  Transit  Company.  Died, 
in  Chicago,  Sept.  20,  1897. 

CRAFTS,  Clayton  E.,  legislator  and  politician, 
born  at  Auburn,  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  July  8, 
1848;  was  educated  at  Hiram  College  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Cleveland  Law  School  in  1868, 
coming  to  Chicago  in  1869.  Mr.  Crafts  served  in 
seven  consecutive  sessions  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly (1883-95,  inclusive)  as  Representative  from 
Cook  County,  and  was  elected  by  the  Democratic 
majority  as  Speaker,  in  1891,  and  again  in  '93. 

< 'R All;,  Alfred  H.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Edgar 
County,  111.,  Jan.  15,  1831,  graduated  from  Knox 
College  in  1853,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  following  year,  commencing  practice  at 
Knoxville.  He  held  the  offices  of  State's 
Attorney  and  County  Judge,  and  represented 
Knox  County  in  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70.  In  1873  he  was  elected  to  the  bench 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  successor  to  Justice 
C.  B.  Lawrence,  and  was  re-elected  in  '82  and 
'91 ;  his  present  term  expiring  with  the  century. 
He  is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  has  been 
three  times  elected  in  a  Republican  judicial 
district. 


CRAWFORD,  Charles  H.,  lawyer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Bennington,  Vt.,  but  reared  in 
Bureau  and  La  Salle  Counties,  111. ;  has  practiced 
law  for  twenty  years  in  Chicago,  and  been  three 
times  elected  to  the  State  Senate— 1884,  '88  and 
'94— and  is  author  of  the  Crawford  Primary  Elec- 
tion Law.  enacted  in  1885. 

CRAWFORD  COUNTY,  a  southeastern  county, 
bordering  on  the  Wabash,  190  miles  nearly  due 
south  of  Chicago— named  for  William  H.  Craw- 
ford, a  Secretary  of  War.  It  has  an  area  of  452 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  19,240.  The 
first  settlers  were  the  French,  but  later  came 
emigrants  from  New  England.  The  soil  is  rich 
and  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  corn  and 
wheat,  which  are  the  principal  crops.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1817,  Darwin  being 
the  first  county-seat.  The  present  county-seat 
is  Robinson,  with  a  population  (1890)  of  1,387: 
centrally  located  and  the  point  of  intersection  of 
two  railroads.  Other  towns  of  importance  are 
Palestine  (population,  734)  and  Hutsonville  (popu- 
lation, 582).  The  latter,  as  well  as  Robinson,  is 
a  grain-shipping  point.  The  Embarras  River 
crosses  the  southwest  portion  cf  the  county,  and 
receives  the  waters  of  Big  and  Honey  Creeks  and 
Bushy  Fork.  The  county  lias  no  mineral 
resources,  but  contains  some  valuable  woodland 
and  many  well  cultivated  farms.  Tobacco, 
potatoes,  sorghum  and  wool  are  among  the  lead, 
ing  products. 

CREAL  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Williamson 
County,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad ;  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  539;  (1900),  940. 

CREBS,  John  M.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born  in 
Middleburg,  Loudoun  County,  Va. .  April  7,  1830. 
When  he  was  but  7  years  old  his  parents  removed 
to  Illinois,  where  he  ever  after  resided.  At  the 
age  of  21  he  began  the  study  of  law,  and,  in  1852. 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  beginning  practice  in 
White  County.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the 
Eighty-seventh  Illinois  Volunteers,  receiving  a 
commission  as  Lieutenant-Colonel,  participating 
in  all  the  important  movements  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  including  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  and 
in  the  Arkansas  campaign,  a  part  of  the  time 
commanding  a  brigade.  Returning  home,  lie 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  186« 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  on  the 
Democratic  ticket.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
in  1868  and  re-elected  in  1870,  and,  in  1880,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  State  Convention. 
Died,  June  26,  1890. 


124 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CRE1GHTOX,  James  A.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
White  County,  111.,  March  7,  1846;  in  childhood 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Wayne  County,  and 
was  educated  in  the  schools  at  Fairfield  and  at 
the  Southern  Illinois  College,  Salem,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1868.  After  teaching  for  a 
time  while  studying  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  18TO,  and  opened  an  office  at  Fairfield,  but, 
in  1877,  removed  to  Springfield.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  a  Circuit  Judge  for  the  Springfield  Cir- 
cuit, was  re-elected  in  1891  and  again  in  1897. 

< 'K K K  A K,  John,  manufacturer  and  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  of  Scotch  ancestry  in  New  York 
City,  in  1827 ;  at  18  years  of  age  was  an  employe 
of  an  iron-importing  firm  in  that  city,  subse- 
quently accepting  a  position  with  Morris  K. 
Jessup  &  Co.,  in  the  same  line.  Coming  to 
Chicago  in  1862,  in  partnership  with  J.  McGregor 
Adams,  he  succeeded  to  the  business  of  Jessup  & 
Co.,  in  that  city,  also  becoming  a  partner  in  the 
Adams  &  Westlake  Company,  iron  manufactur- 
ers. He  also  became  interested  and  an  official  in 
various  other  business  organizations,  including 
the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company,  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad,  the  Illinois  Trust  and  Savings 
Bank,  and,  for  a  time,  was  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Joliet  Railroad,  besides  being  identified 
with  various  benevolent  institutions  and  associ- 
ations. After  the  fire  of  1871.  he  was  intrusted 
by  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  with 
the  custody  of  funds  sent  for  the  relief  of  suffer- 
ers by  that  calamity.  His  integrity  and  business 
sagacity  were  universally  recognized.  After  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Chicago,  Oct.  19, 
1889,  it  was  found  that,  after  making  munificent 
bequests  to  some  twenty  religious  and  benevolent 
associations  and  enterprises,  aggregating  nearly 
a  million  dollars,  besides  liberal  legacies  to 
relatives,  he  had  left  the  residue  of  his  estate, 
amounting  to  some  52,000,000,  for  the  purpose  of 
founding  a  public  library  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
naming  thirteen  of  his  most  intimate  friends  as 
the  first  Board  of  Trustees.  No  more  fitting  and 
lasting  monument  of  so  noble  and  public-spirited 
a  man  could  have  been  devised. 

CRETE,  a  village  of  Will  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  30  miles  south 
of  Chicago.  Population  (1890),  642;  (1900),  760. 

CROOK,  tieorge,  soldier,  was  born  near  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  Sept.  8,  1828;  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  in  1852,  and 
was  assigned  as  brevet  Second  Lieutenant  to  the 
Fourth  Infantry,  becoming  full  Second  Lieuten- 
ant in  1853.  In  1861  he  entered  the  volunteer 
service  as  Colonel  of  the  Thirty-sixth  Ohio  Infan- 


try ;  was  promoted  Brigadier-General  in  1862  and 
Major-General  in  1864,  being  mustered  out  of  the 
service,  January,  1866.  During  the  war  he 
participated  in  some  of  the  most  important 
battles  in  West  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  fought  at 
Chickamauga  and  Antietam,  and  commanded 
the  cavalry  in  the  advance  on  Richmond  in  the 
spring  of  1865.  On  being  mustered  out  of  the 
volunteer  service  he  returned  to  the  regular 
army,  was  appointed  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-third  Infantry,  and,  for  several  years,  was 
engaged  in  campaigns  against  the  hostile  Indians 
in  the  Northwest  and  in  Arizona.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  Major-General  and,  from  that  time 
to  his  death,  was  in  command  of  the  Military 
Division  of  the  Missouri,  with  headquarters  at 
Chicago,  where  he  died,  March  19,  1890. 

CROSIAR,  Simon,  pioneer,  was  born  near 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
century;  removed  to  Ohio  in  1815  and  to  Illinois 
in  1819,  settling  first  at  Cap  au  Gris,  a  French 
village  on  the  Mississippi  just  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois  in  what  is  now  Calhoun  County ; 
later  lived  at  Peoria  (1824),  at  Ottawa  (1826),  at 
Shippingport  near  the  present  city  of  La  Salle 
(1829),  and  at  Old  Utica  (1834) ;  in  the  mean- 
while built  one  or  two  mills  on  Cedar  Creek  in 
La  Salle  County,  kept  a  storage  and  commission 
house,  and,  for  a  time,  acted  as  Captain  of  a 
steamboat  plying  on  the  Illinois.  Died,  in  1846. 

CRYSTAL  LAKE,  a  village  in  McHenry 
County,  at  the  intersection  of  two  divisions  of 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  43  miles 
northwest  of  Chicago.  Population  (1880),  546; 
(1890),  781;  (1900),  930. 

CUBA,  a  town  in  Fulton  County,  distant  38 
miles  west-southwest  of  Peoria,  and  about  8  miles 
north  of  Lewistown.  The  entire  region  (includ- 
ing the  town)  is  underlaid  with  a  good  quality  of 
bituminous  coal,  of  which  the  late  State  Geologist 
Worthen  asserted  that,  in  seven  townships  of 
Fulton  County,  there  are  9,000,000  tons  to  the 
square  mile,  within  150  feet  of  the  surface.  Brick 
and  cigars  are  made  here,  and  the  town  has  two 
banks,  a  newspaper,  three  churches  and  good 
schools.  Population  (1890),  1,114;  (1900),  1,198; 
(1903,  school  census),  1,400. 

CULLEN,  William,  editor  and  Congressman, 
born  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  March  4,  1826;  while 
yet  a  child  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa. ,  where  he  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools.  At  the  age  of  20  he  removed  to 
La  Salle  County,  111,  and  began  life  as  a  farmer. 
Later  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Ottawa.  He 
has  served  as  Sheriff  of  La  Salle  County,  and  held 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


125 


other  local  offices,  and  was  for  many  years  a  part 
owner  and  senior  editor  of  "The  Ottawa  Repub- 
lican." From  1881  to  1885,  as  a  Republican,  he 
represented  the  Eighth  Illinois  District  in  Con- 
gress. 

CULLOM,  Richard  Northcraft,  farmer  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  the  State  of  Maryland, 
October  1,  1795,  but  early  removed  to  Wayne 
County,  Ky.,  where  he  was  Carried  to  Miss 
Elizabeth  Coffey,  a  native  of  North  Carolina.  In 
1830  he  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  near  Wash- 
ington, Tazewell  County,  where  he  continued  to 
reside  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Although 
a  farmer  by  vocation,  Mr.  Cullom  was  a  man  of 
prominence  and  a  recognized  leader  in  public 
affairs.  In  1836  he  was  elected  as  a  Whig  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Tenth  General  Assembly,  serving 
in  the  same  body  with  Abraham  Lincoln,  of 
whom  he  was  an  intimate  personal  and  political 
friend.  In  1840  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate,  serving  in  the  Twelfth  and  Thir- 
teenth General  Assemblies,  and,  in  1853,  was 
again  elected  to  the  House.  Mr.  Cullom's  death 
occurred  in  Tazewell  County,  Dec.  4,  1872,  his 
wife  having  died  Dec.  5,  1868.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cullom  were  the  parents  of  Hon.  Shelby. M. 
Cullom. 

CDLLOM,  Shelby  Moore,  United  States  Sena- 
tor, was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  22, 
1829.  His  parents  removed  to  Tazewell  County, 
111.,  in  1830,  where  his  father  became  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  and  attained  prominence  as  a 
public  man.  After  two  years  spent  in  Rock 
River  Seminary  at  Mount  Morris,  varied  by  some 
experience  as  a  teacher,  in  1853  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  went  to  Springfield  to  enter  upon  the 
study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Stuart  &  Edwards. 
Being  admitted  to  the  bar  two  years  afterward, 
he  was  almost  immediately  elected  City  Attor- 
ney, and,  in  1856,  was  a  candidate  on  the  Fill- 
more  ticket  for  Presidential  Elector,  at  the  same 
time  being  elected  to  the  Twentieth  General 
Assembly  for  Sangamon  County,  as  he  was  again, 
as  a  Republican,  in  1860,  being  supported  alike  by 
the  Fillmore  men  and  the  Free-Soilers.  At  the 
session  following  the  latter  election,  he  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  which  was  his  first 
important  political  recognition.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  a  member  of  the 
War  Claims  Commission  at  Cairo,  serving  in  this 
capacity  with  Governor  Boutwell  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Charles  A.  Dana  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a  candidate  for  the  State  Senate  the  same 
year,  but  then  sustained  his  only  defeat.  Two 
years  later  (1864)  he  was  a  candidate  for  Con- 


gress, defeating  his  former  preceptor,  Hon.  John 
T.  Stuart,  being  re-elected  in  1866,  and  again  in 
1868,  the  latter  year  over  B.  S.  Edwards.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention of  1872,  and,  as  Chairman  of  the  Illinois 
delegation,  placed  General  Grant  in  nomination 
for  the  Presidency,  holding  the  same  position 
again  in  1884  and  in  1892;  was  elected  to  the  Illi- 
nois House  of  Representatives  in  1872  and  in  1874, 
being  chosen  Speaker  a  second  time  in  1873,  as  he 
was  the  unanimous  choice  of  his  party  for 
Speaker  again  in  1875;  in  1876  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor, was  re-elected  in  1880,  and,  in  1883,  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  Hon. 
David  Davis.  Having  had  two  re-elections  since 
(1889  and  '95),  he  is  now  serving  his  third  term, 
which  will  expire  in  1901.  In  1898.  by  special 
appointment  of  President  McKinley,  Senator 
Cullom  served  upon  a  Commission  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and 
report  a  plan  of  government  for  this  new  division 
of  the  American  Republic.  Other  important 
measures  with  which  his  name  has  been  promi- 
nently identified  have  been  the  laws  for  the  sup- 
pression of  polygamy  in  Utah  and  for  the  creation 
of  the  Inter-State  Commerce  Commission.  At 
present  he  is  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Inter-State  Commerce  and  a  member  of  those 
on  Appropriations  and  Foreign  Affairs.  His 
career  has  been  conspicuous  for  his  long  public 
service,  the  large  number  of  important  offices 
which  he  has  held,  the  almost  unbroken  uniform- 
ity of  his  success  when  a  candidate,  and  his  com- 
plete exemption  from  scandals  of  every  sort.  No 
man  in  the  history  of  the  State  has  been  more 
frequently  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  only  three — Senators  Douglas,  Trumbull  and 
Logan — for  an  equal  number  of  terms;  though 
only  one  of  these  (Senator  Trumbull)  lived  to 
serve  out  the  full  period  for  which  he  was 
elected. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY,  situated  in  the 
southeast  quarter  of  the  State,  directly  south  of 
Coles  County,  from  which  it  was  cut  off  in  1842. 
Its  area  is  350  square  miles,  and  population  (1900), 
16,124.  The  county-seat  was  at  Greenup  until 
1855,  when  it  was  transferred  to  Prairie  City, 
which  was  laid  off  in  1854  and  incorporated  as  a 
town  in  1866.  The  present  county-seat  is  at 
Toledo  (population,  1890,  676).  The  Embarras 
River  crosses  the  county,  as  do  also  three  lines  of 
railroad.  Neoga,  a  mining  town,  has  a  popula- 
tion of  829.  The  county  received  its  name  from 
the  Cumberland  Road,  which,  as  originally  pro- 
jected, passed  through  it. 


126 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CUMMINS;  (Rev.)  DiTid,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  was 
born  near  Smyrna,  Del.,  Dec.  11,  1822;  gradu- 
ated at  Dickinson  College,  Pa.,  in  1841,  and 
became  a  licentiate  in  the  Methodist  ministry, 
but,  in  1846,  took  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
Church;  afterwards  held  rectorships  in  Balti- 
more, Norfolk,  Richmond  and  the  Trinity 
Episcopal  Church  of  Chicago,  in  1866  being  con- 
secrated Assistant  -Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of 
Kentucky.  As  a  recognized  leader  of  the  Low- 
Church  or  Evangelical  party,  he  early  took  issue 
with  the  ritualistic  tendencies  of  the  High-Church 
party,  and,  having  withdrawn  from  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  1873,  became  the  first  Bishop  of  the 
Reformed  Episcopal  organization.  He  was  zeal- 
ous, eloquent  and  conscientious,  but  overtaxed  his 
strength  in  his  new  field  of  labor,  dying  at  Luth- 
erville,  Mi  I.,  June  36.  1876.  A  memoir  of  Bishop 
Cummins,  by  his  wife,  was  publishedin  1878. 

CUMULATIVE  VOTE.  (See  Minority  Repre- 
sentation. ) 

CURTIS,  Harvey,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  In  Adams,  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y. ,  May  30, 
1806;  graduated  at  Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  in 
1831,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class;  after 
three  years  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Brandon.  Vt.,  in  1836.  In  1841  he 
accepted  an  appointment  as  agent  of  the  Home 
Missionary  Society  for  Ohio  and  Indiana,  between 
1843  and  1858  holding  pastorates  at  Madison, 
1 1 nl..  and  Chicago.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
chosen  President  of  Knox  College,  at  Galesburg, 
dying  there,  Sept.  18,  1862. 

CURTIS,  William  Elroy,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Akron,  Ohio.  Nov.  5,  1850 ;  graduated  at 
Western  Reserve  College  in  1851,  meanwhile 
learning  the  art  of  typesetting;  later  served  as  it 
reporter  on  "The  Cleveland  Leader"  and,  in  1872, 
took  a  subordinate  position  on  "The  Chicago 
Inter  Ocean,"  finally  rising  to  tliat  of  managing- 
editor.  While  on  "The  Inter  Ocean"  he  accom- 
panied General  Ouster  in  his  campaign  against 
the  Sioux,  spent  several  months  investigating 
the  "Ku-Klux"  and  "White  League"  organiza- 
tions in  the  South,  and,  for  some  years,  was  "The 
Inter  Ocean"  correspondent  in  Washington. 
Having  retired  from  "The  Inter  Ocean."  he 
became  Secretary  of  the  "Pan- American  Con- 
gress" in  Washington,  and  afterwards  made  the 
tour  of  the  United  States  with  the  South  and 
Central  American  representatives  in  that  Con- 
gress. During  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
in  Chicago  he  had  general  supervision  of  the 


Latin-American  historical  and  archaeological 
exhibits.  Mr.  Curtis  has  visited  nearly  every 
Central  and  South  American  country  and  has 
written  elaborately  on  these  subjects  for  the 
magazines  and  for  publication  in  book  form ;  has 
also  published  a  "Life  of  Zachariah  Chandler'' 
and  a  "Diplomatic  History  of  the  United  States 
and  Foreign  Powers."  For  some  time  he  was 
managing  editor  of  "The  Chicago  News"  and  is 
now  (1898)  the  Washington  Correspondent  of 
"The  Chicago  Record." 

CUSHMAN,  (Col.)  William  H.  W.,  financier 
and  manufacturer,  was  born  at  Freetown,  Mass., 
May  13,  1813;  educated  at  the  American  Literary, 
Scientific  and  Military  Academy,  Norwich,  Vt. ; 
at  18  began  a  mercantile  career  at  Middlebury, 
and,  in  1824,  removed  to  La  Salle  County,  111., 
where  he  opened  a  country  store,  also  built  a  mill 
at  Vermilionville;  later  was  identified  with  many 
large  financial  enterprises  which  generally 
proved  successful,  thereby  accumulating  a  for- 
tune at  one  time  estimated  at  $3,000,000.  He  was 
elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  Thirteenth  and 
Fourteenth  General  Assemblies  (1842  and  '44) 
and,  for  several  years,  held  a  commission  as 
Captain  of  the  Ottawa  Cavalry  (militia).  The 
Civil  War  coming  on,  he  assisted  in  organizing 
the  Fifty-third  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  was  com- 
missioned its  Colonel,  but  resigned  Sept.  3,  1862. 
He  organized  and  was  principal  owner  of  the 
Bank  of  Ottawa,  which,  in  1865,  became  the  First 
National  Bank  of  that  city;  was  the  leading 
spirit  in  the  Hydraulic  Company  and  the  Gas 
Company  at  Ottawa,  built  and  operated  the 
Ottawa  Machine  Shops  and  Foundry,  speculated 
largely  in  lands  in  La  Salle  and  Cook  Counties — 
his  operations  in  the  latter  being  especially  large 
about  Riverside,  as  well  as  in  Chicago;  was  a 
principal  stockholder  in  the  bank  of  Cush- 
man  &  Hardin  in  Chicago,  had  large  interests  in 
the  lumber  trade  in  Michigan,  and  was  one  of 
the  builders  of  the  Chicago,  Paducah  &  South- 
western Railroad.  The  Chicago  fire  of  1871, 
however,  brought  financial  disaster  upon  him. 
which  finally  dissipated  his  fortune  and  de- 
stroyed his  mental  and  physical  health.  His 
death  occurred  at  Ottawa,  Oct.  28,  1878. 

HALE,  Michael  <;.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  spent  his  childhood  and  youth  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  except  one  year 
in  West  Chester  Academy,  when  he  entered 
Pennsylvania  College  at  Gettysburg,  graduating 
there  in  1835.  He  then  began  the  study  of  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837:  coming  to 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


127 


Illinois  the  following  year,  he  was  retained  in  a 
suit  at  Greenville,  Bond  County,  which  led  to  his 
employment  in  others,  and  finally  to  opening  an 
office  there.  In  1839  he  was  elected  Probate 
Judge  of  Bond  County,  remaining  in  office  four- 
teen years,  meanwhile  being  commissioned  Major 
of  the  State  Militia  in  1844,  and  serving  as  mem- 
ber of  a  Military  Court  at  Alton  in  1847;  was  also 
the  Delegate  from  Bond  County  to  the  State  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1847.  In  1853  he  re- 
signed the  office  of  County  Judge  in  Bond  County 
to  accept  that  of  Register  of  the  Land  office  at 
Edwardsville,  where  he  continued  to  reside,  fill- 
ing the  office  of  County  Judge  in  Madison  County 
five  or  six  terms,  besides  occupying  some  subordi- 
nate positions.  Judge  Dale  married  a  daughter 
of  Hon.  William  L.  D.  Ewing.  Died  at  Edwards- 
ville,  April  1,  1895. 

DALLAS  CITY,  a  town  of  Hancock  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Rail- 
roads, 16  miles  south  of  Burlington.  It  has  man- 
ufactories of  lumber,  buttons,  carriages  and 
wagons,  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  829;  (1890),  747;  1900),  970. 

DANENHOWER,  John  Wilson,  Arctic  explorer, 
was  born  in  Chicago,  Sept.  30,  1849— the  son  of 
W.  W.  Danenhower,  a  journalist.  After  passing 
through  the  schools  of  Chicago  and  Washington, 
he  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy at  Annapolis  in  1870,  was  successively  com- 
missioned as  Ensign,  Master  and  Lieutenant,  and 
served  on  expeditions  in  the  North  Pacific  and  in 
t  In'  Mediterranean.  In  1878  he  joined  the  Arctic 
steamer  Jeannette  at  Havre,  France,  as  second  in 
command  under  Lieut.  George  W.-De  Long;  pro- 
ceeding to  San  Francisco  in  July,  1879,  the 
steamer  entered  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  way  of 
Behring  Straits.  Here,  having  been  caught  in  an 
ice-pack,  the  vessel  was  held  twenty-two  months, 
Lieutenant  Danenhower  meanwhile  being  dis- 
abled most  of  the  time  by  ophthalmia.  The  crew, 
as  last  compelled  to  abandon  the  steamer,  dragged 
their  boats  over  the  ice  for  ninety-five  days  until 
they  were  able  to  launch  them  in  open  water, 
but  were  soon  separated  by  a  gale.  The  boat 
commanded  by  Lieutenant  Danenhower  reached 
the  Lena  Delta,  on  the  north  coast  of  Siberia, 
where  the  crew  were  rescued  by  natives,  landing 
Sept.  17;  1881.  After  an  ineffectual  search  on 
the  delta  for  the  crews  of  the  other  two  boats, 
Lieutenant  Danenhower,  with  his  crew,  made 
the  journey  of  6,000  miles  to  Orenburg,  finally 
arriving  in  the  United  States  in  June,  1882.  He 
has  told  the  story  of  the  expedition  in  "The 


Narrative  of  the  Jeannette,"  published  in  1882. 
Died,  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  April  20,  1887. 

DANYERS,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway.  The  section  is  agricultural.  The  town 
lias  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Population  (1880), 
460;  (1890),  506;  (1900),  607. 

DANVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Vermilion 
County,  on  Vermilion  River  and  on  five  impor- 
tant lines  of  railroad;  in  rich  coal-mining 
district  and  near  large  deposits  of  shale  and 
soapstone,  which  are  utilized  in  manufacture  of 
sewer-pipe,  paving  and  fire-clay  brick.  The  city 
has  car-shops  and  numerous  factories,  water- 
works, electric  lights,  paved  streets,  several 
banks,  twenty-seven  churches,  five  graded  schools 
and  one  high  school,  and  six  newspapers,  three 
daily.  A  Soldiers'  Home  is  located  three  miles 
east  of  the  city.  Pop.  (1890),  11,491;  (1900),  16,354. 

DANVILLE,  OLNEY,  &  OHIO  RIVER  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago  <t  Ohio  River  Railroad.} 

DANVILLE,  URBANA,  BLOOMINtJTON  t 
PEKIN  RAILROAD.  (See  Pearia  &  Eastern 
Railroad.) 

D'ARTAIWUIETTE,  Pierre,  a  French  com 
mandant  of  Illinois  from  1734  to  1736,  having 
been  appointed  by  Bienville,  then  Governor  of 
Louisiana.  He  was  distinguished  for  gallantry 
and  courage.  He  defeated  the  Natchez  Indians, 
but,  in  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  the 
Chickasaws,  was  wounded,  captured  and  burned 
at  the  stake. 

DAVENPORT,  George,  soldier,  pioneer  and 
trader,  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1783. 
came  to  this  country  in  1804.  and  soon  aftei 
enlisted  in  the  United  States  army,  with  the  rank 
of  sergeant.  He  served  gallantly  on  various 
expeditions  in  the  West,  where  he  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  the  Indians  which  was  afterward 
of  great  value  to  him.  During  the  War  of  181i 
his  regiment  was  sent  East,  where  he  partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Fort  Erie  and  in  other 
enterprises.  In  1815,  his  term  of  enlistment  hav- 
ing expired  and  the  war  ended,  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  contract  commissar}'.  He  selected 
the  site  for  Fort  Armstrong  and  aided  in  planning 
and  supervising  its  construction.  He  cultivated 
friendly  relations  with  the  surrounding  tribes, 
and,  in  1818,  built  a  double  log  house,  married, 
and  engaged  in  business  as  a  fur -trader,  near  the 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Rock  Island.  He  had 
the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  savages,  was 
successful  and  his  trading  posts  were  soon  scat- 
tered through  Illinois.  Iowa  and  Wisconsin.  In 
1823  he  piloted  the  first  steamboat  through  the 


128 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


upper  Mississippi,  and,  in  1825,  was  appointed  the 
first  postmaster  at  Rock  Island,  being  the  only 
white  civilian  resident  there.  In  1836  he  united 
his  business  with  that  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, in  whose  service  he  remained.  Although 
he  employed  every  effort  to  induce  President 
Jackson  to  make  a  payment  to  Black  Hawk  and 
his  followers  to  induce  them  to  emigrate  across 
the  Mississippi  voluntarily,  when  that  Chief 
commenced  hostilities,  Mr.  Davenport  tendered 
his  services  to  Governor  Reynolds,  by  whom  he 
was  commissioned  Quartermaster-General  with 
the  rank  of  Colonel.  Immigration  increased 
rapidly  after  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War 
In  1835  a  company,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
founded  the  town  of  Davenport,  opposite  Rock 
Island,  which  was  named  in  his  honor.  In  1837 
and  '42  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  negoti- 
ating treaties  by  which  the  Indians  ceded  their 
lands  in  Iowa  to  the  United  States.  In  the 
latter  year  he  gave  up  the  business  of  fur-trading, 
having  accumulated  a  fortune  through  hard 
labor  and  scrupulous  integrity,  in  the  face  often 
i  >f  grave  perils.  He  had  large  business  interests  in 
nearly  every  town  in  his  vicinity,  to  all  of  which 
he  gave  more  or  less  personal  attention.  On  the 
night  of  July  4,  1843,  he  was  assassinated  at  his 
home  by  robbers.  Fora  long  time  the  crime  was 
shrouded  in  mystery,  but  its  perpetrators  were 
ultimately  detected  and  brought  to  punishment. 

DAVIS,  David,  jurist  and  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  March 
fl,  1815;  pursued  his  academic  studies  at  Kenyon 
College,  Ohio,  and  studied  law  at  Yale.  He  settled 
at  Bloomington,  111.,  in  1836,  and,  after  practicing 
law  there  until  1844,  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly.  After 
serving  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847, 
he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Eighth  Judicial 
Circuit  under  the  new  Constitution  in  1848,  being 
re-elected  in  1855  and  '61.  He  was  a  warm,  per- 
sonal friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  who,  in  1862, 
placed  him  upon  the  tench  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  He  resigned  his  high  judicial 
honors  to  become  United  States  Senator  in  1877 
:is  successor  to  Logan's  first  term.  On  Oct.  13, 
1881,  he  was  elected  President  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate,  serving  in  this  capacity  to  the  end  of  his 
term  in  1885.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Blooming- 
ton,  June  26,  1880. 

DAVIS,  George  R.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  at  Three  Rivers,  Mass.,  January  3,  1840; 
received  a  common  school  education,  and  a 
classical  course  at  Williston  Seminary,  Eusthamp- 
ton,  Mass.  From  1H(W  in  1NP>;>  he  served  in  the 


Union  army,  first  as  Captain  in  the  Eighth 
Massachusetts  Infantry,  and  later  as  Major  in  the 
Third  Rhode  Island  Cavalry.  After  the  war  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  still  resides.  By 
profession  he  is  a  lawyer.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  organization  of  the  Chicago  militia, 
was  elected  Colonel  of  the  First  Regiment, 
I.  N.  G.,  and  was  for  a  time  the  senior  Colonel  in 
the  State  service.  In  1876  he  was  an  unsuccessful 
Republican  candidate  for  Congress,  but  was 
elected  in  1878,  and  re-elected  in  1880  and  1882. 
From  1886  to  1890  he  was  Treasurer  of  Cook 
County.  He  took  an  active  and  influential  part 
in  securing  the  location  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Chicago,  and  was  Director-General 
of  the  Exposition  from  its  inception  to  its  close, 
by  his  executive  ability  demonstrating  the  wis- 
dom of  his  selection.  Died  Nov.  25,  1899. 

DAVIS,  Hasbrouck,  soldier  and  journalist,  was 
born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  23,  1827,  being 
the  son  of  John  Davis,  United  States  Senator  and 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  known  in  his  lifetime 
as  "Honest  John  Davis."  The  son  came  to  Chi- 
cago in  1855  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
law ;  in  1861  joined  Colonel  Voss  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Cavalry,  being  elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel  and,  on  the  retirement  of 
Colonel  Voss  in  1863,  succeeding  to  the  colonelcy. 
In  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, remaining  in  active  service  until  August, 
1865,  when  he  resigned.  After  the  war  lie  was, 
for  a  time,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Post," 
was  City  Attorney  of  the  City  of  Chicago  from 
1867  to  '69,  but  later  removed  to  Massachusetts 
Colonel  Davis  was  drowned  at  sea,  Oct.  19,  1870. 
by  the  loss  of  the  steamship  Cambria,  while  on  a 
voyage  to  Europe. 

DAVIS,  James  M.,  early  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Barren  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  9,  1793,  came  to  Illinois 
in  1817,  located  in  Bond  County  and  is  said  to 
have  taught  the  first  school  in  that  county.  He 
became  a  lawyer  and  a  prominent  leader  of  the 
Whig  party,  was  elected  to  the  Thirteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1842)  from  Bond  County,  and  to 
the  Twenty-first  from  Montgomery  in  1858,  hav- 
ing, in  the  meantime,  become  a  citizen  of 
Hillsboro ;  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1847.  Mr.  Davis  was  a 
man  of  striking  personal  api>earance,  being  over 
six  feet  in  height,  and  of  strong  individuality. 
After  the  dissolution  of  the  Whig  party  he  identi- 
fied himself  with  the  Democracy  and  was  an 
intensely  bitter  opponent  of  the  war  policy  of 
the  Government.  Died,  at  Hillsboro,  Sept.  17. 
I860. 


HISTOEICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


129 


DAVIS,  John  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Craw- 
ford County,  Pa.,  Oct.  25, 1823;  came  to  Stephen- 
son  County,  111.,  in  boyhood  and  served  as 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly  of  1857 
and  '59;  in  September,  1861,  enlisted  as  a  private, 
was  elected  Captain  and,  on  the  organization  of 
the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  at 
Camp  Butler,  was  commissioned  its  Colonel.  He 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh  was  desperately 
wounded  by  a  shot  through  the  lungs,  but 
recovered  in  time  to  join  his  regiment  before  the 
lattle  of  Corinth,  where,  on  Oct.  4,  1862,  he  fell 
mortally  wounded,  dying  a  few  days  after.  On 
receiving  a  request  from  some  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, a  few  days  before  his  death,  to  accept  a 
nomination  for  Congress  in  the  Freeport  District, 
Colonel  Davis  patriotically  replied :  "I  can  serve 
my  country  better  in  following  the  torn  banner 
of  my  regiment  in  the  battlefield." 

DAVIS,  LevI,  lawyer  and  State  Auditor,  was 
born  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  July  20,  1806;  gradu- 
ated at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1828,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Baltimore  in  1830.  The 
following  year  he  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  at 
Vandalia,  then  the  capital.  In  1835  Governor 
Duncan  appointed  him  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  by  the 
Legislature  in  1837,  and  again  in  1838.  In 
1846  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Alton.  He 
attained  prominence  at  the  bar  and  was,  for 
several  years,  attorney  for  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
and  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad 
Companies,  in  which  he  was  also  a  Director. 
Died,  at  Alton,  March  4,  1897. 

DAVIS,  Nathan  Smith,  M.I)..  I.1..K..  physi- 
cian, educator  and  editor,  was  born  in  Chenango 
Countys  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1817;  took  a  classical  and 
scientific  course  in  Cazenovia  Seminary ;  in  1837 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  winning  several  prizes  during  his 
course;  the  same  year  began  practice  at  Bing- 
hainton;  spent  two  years  (1847-49)  in  New  York 
City,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago  to  accept  the 
chair  of  Physiology  and  General  Pathology  in 
Rush  Medical  College.  In  1859  he  accepted  a 
similar  position  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College 
(now  the  medical  department  of  Northwestern 
University),  where  he  still  remains.  Dr.  Davis 
has  not  only  been  a  busy  practitioner,  but  a  volu- 
minous writer  on  general  and  special  topics  con- 
nected with  his  profession,  having  been  editor  at 
different  times  of  several  medical  periodicals, 
including  "The  Chicago  Medical  Journal,"  "The 
Medical  Journal  and  Examiner,"  and  "The 


Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association.'1 
He  lias  also  been  prominent  in  State,  National 
and  International  Medical  Congresses,  and  is  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  the  Illinois  State  Microscopi- 
cal Society  and  the  Union  College  of  Law,  besides 
other  scientific  and  benevolent  associations. 

DAVIS,  Oliver  L.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  Dec.  20,  1819;  after  being  in  the 
employ  of  the  American  Fur  Company  some 
seven  years,  came  to  Danville,  111.,  in  1841  and 
commenced  studying  law  the  next  year;  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Seventeenth 
and  Twentieth  General  Assemblies,  first  as  a 
Democrat  and  next  (1856)  as  a  Republican; 
served  on  the  Circuit  Bench  in  1861-66,  and  again 
in  1873-79,  being  assigned  in  1877  to  the  Appellate 
bench.  Died,  Jan.  12,  1892. 

DAWSON,  John,  early  legislator,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  in  1791;  came  to  Illinois  in  1827,  set- 
tling in  Sangamon  County ;  served  five  terms  in 
the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  ( 1830, 
'34,  '36,  '38  and  '46),  during  a  part  of  the  time 
being  the  colleague  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  He 
was  one  of  the  celebrated  "Long  Nine"  who  repre- 
sented Sangamon  County  at  the  time  of  the 
removal  of  the  State  capital  to  Springfield ;  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1847.  Died,  Nov.  13,  1850. 

DEAF  AND  DUMB,  ILLINOIS  INSTITU- 
TION FOR  EDUCATION  OF,  located  at  Jack- 
sonville, established  by  act  of  the  Legislature, 
Feb.  23,  1839,  and  the  oldest  of  the  State 
charitable  institutions.  Work  was  not  begun 
until  1842,  but  one  building  was  ready  for 
partial  occupancy  in  1846  and  was  completed 
in  1849.  (In  1871  this  building,  then  known 
as  the  south  wing,  was  declared  unsafe,  and 
was  razed  and  rebuilt.)  The  center  building 
was  completed  in  1852  and  the  north  wing  in 
1857.  Other  additions  and  new  buildings  have 
been  added  from  time  to  time,  such  as  new  dining 
halls,  workshops,  barns,  bakery,  refrigerator 
house,  kitchens,  a  gymnasium,  separate  cot- 
tages for  the  sexes,  etc.  At  present  (1895)  the 
institution  is  probably  the  largest,  as  it  is  un- 
questionably one  of  the  best  conducted,  of  its  class 
in  the  world.  The  number  of  pupils  in  1894  was 
716.  Among  its  employes  are  men  and  women  of 
ripe  culture  and  experience,  who  have  been  con- 
nected with  it  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century. 

DEARBORN,  Lather,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  March  24,  1820, 


130 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  educated  in  Plymouth  schools  and  at  New- 
Hampton  Academy ;  in  youth  removed  to  Dear- 
born County,  Ind.,  where  lie  taught  school  and 
served  as  deputy  Circuit  Clerk;  then  came  to 
Mason  County,  111.,  and,  in  1844,  to  Elgin.  Here 
he  was  elected  Sheriff  and,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term,  Circuit  Clerk,  later  engaging  in  the 
banking  business,  which  proving  disastrous  in 
1857,  he  returned  to  Mason  County  and  began  the 
practice  of  law.  He  then  spent  some  years  in 
Minnesota,  finally  returning  to  Illinois  a  second 
time,  resumed  practice  at  Havana,  served  one 
term  in  the  State  Senate  (1876-80);  in  1884 
became  member  of  a  law  firm  in  Chicago,  but 
retired  in  1887  to  accept  the  attorneyship  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  retaining  this  position 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  suddenly  at 
Springfield,  April  5,  1889.  For  the  last  two  years 
of  his  life  Mr.  Dearborn's  residence  was  at 
Aurora. 

DECATUR,  the  county-seat  of  Macon  County; 
39  miles  east  of  Springfield  and  one  mile  north 
of  the  Sangamon  River — also  an  important  rail- 
way center.  Three  coal  shafts  are  operated  out- 
side the  city.  It  is  a  center  for  the  grain  trade, 
having  five  elevators.  Extensive  car  and  repair 
shops  are  located  there,  and  several  important 
manufacturing  industries  flourish,  among  them 
three  flouring  mills.  Decatur  has  i>aved  streets, 
water-works,  electric  street  railways,  and  excel- 
lent public  schools,  including  one  of  the  best  and 
most  noted  high  schools  in  the  State.  Four 
newspapers  are  published  there,  each  issuing  a 
daily  edition.  Pop.,  (1890),  16,841;  (1900),  20.754. 

DECATUR  EDITORIAL  CONVENTION.  (See 
Anti-Nebraska  Editorial  Convention.) 

DECATUR  &  EASTERN  RAILWAY.  (See 
Indiana,  Decatur  &  Western  Railway.) 

DECATUR,  MATTOON  &  SOUTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Peoria,  Drcatur  <fr  Evanxritte 
Railway. ) 

DECATUR,  SULLIVAN  &  MATTOON  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Peoria,  Derutur  &  Erangville 
Railway. ) 

DEEP  SNOW,  THE,  an  event  occurring  in  the 
winter  of  1830-31  and  referred  to  by  old  settlers 
of  Illinois  as  constituting  an  epoch  in  State  his- 
tory. The  late  Dr.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  Presi- 
dent of  Illinois  College,  in  an  address  to  the  "Old 
Settlers"  of  Morgan  County,  a  few  years  before 
his  death,  gave  the  following  account  of  it:  "In 
the  interval  between  Christmas,  1830,  and  Janu- 
ary, 1831,  snow  fell  all  over  Central  Illinois  to  a 
depth  of  fully  three  feet  on  a  level.  Then  came 
a  rain  with  weather  so  cold  that  it  froze  as  it 


fell,  forming  a  crust  of  ice  over  this  three  feet  of 
snow,  nearly,  if  not  quite,  strong  enough  to  bear 
a  man,  and  finally  over  this  crust  there  were  :i 
few  inches  of  snow.  The  clouds  passed  away 
and  the  wind  came  down  upon  us  from  the  north- 
west with  extraordinary  ferocity.  For  weeks  — 
certainly  not  less  than  two  weeks — the  mercury 
in  the  thermometer  tube  was  not,  on  any  one 
morning,  higher  than  twelve  degrees  below  zero. 
This  snow-fall  produced  constant  sleighing  for 
nine  weeks."  Other  contemporaneous  accounts 
say  that  this  storm  caused  great  suffering  among 
both  men  and  beasts.  The  scattered  settlers,  un- 
able to  reach  the  mills  or  produce  stores,  were 
driven,  in  some  cases,  to  great  extremity  for 
supplies ;  mills  were  stopped  by  the  freezing  up 
of  streams,  while  deer  and  other  game,  sinking 
through  the  crust  of  snow,  were  easily  captured 
or  perished  for  lack  of  food.  Birds  and  domestic 
fowls  often  suffered  a  like  fate  for  want  of  sus- 
tenance or  from  the  severity  of  the  cold. 

DEERE,  John,  manufacturer,  was  born  at 
Middlebury,  Vt,  Feb.  7,  1804;  learned  the  black- 
smith trade,  which  he  followed  until  1838,  when 
he  came  west,  settling  at  Grand  Detour,  in  Ogle 
County ;  ten  years  later  removed  to  MoUne,  and 
there  founded  the  plow-works  which  bear  his 
name  and  of  which  he  was  President  from  1868 
until  his  death  in  188H.—  Charles  H.  (Deere),  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Hancock,  Addison 
County  Vt.,  March  28,  1837;  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Iowa  and  Knox  Acad- 
emies, and  Bell's  Commercial  College,  Chicago; 
became  assistant  and  head  book-keeper,  travel- 
ing and  purchasing  agent  of  the  Deere  Plow 
Company,  and,  on  its  incorporation,  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  General  Manager,  until  his  father's 
death,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  Presidency.  He 
is  also  the  founder  of  the  Deere  &  Mansur  Corn 
Planter  Works,  President  of  the  Moline  Water 
Power  Company,  besides  being  a  Director  in 
various  other  concerns  and  in  the  branch  houses 
of  Deere  &  Co.,  in  Kansas  City,  Des  Moines. 
Council  Bluffs  and  San  Francisco.  Notwith- 
standing his  immense  business  interests.  Mr. 
Deere  has  found  time  for  the  discliarge  of  public 
and  patriotic  duties,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  he 
was  for  years  a  member  and  Chairman  of  the 
State  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics;  a  Commissioner 
from  Illinois  to  the  Vienna  International  Exposi- 
tion of  1873 ;  one  of  the  State  Commissioners  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893;  a 
Presidential  Elector  for  the  State-at-large  in  1888, 
and  a  delegate  from  his  District  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention  at  St.  Louis,  in  189C. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


131 


DF.ERIM;,  William,  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Paris,  Oxford  County,  Maine,  April  26,  1826, 
completed  his  education  at  the  Readfield  high 
school,  in  1843,  engaged  actively  in  manufactur- 
ing, and  during  his  time  has  assisted  in  establish- 
ing several  large,  successful  business  enterprises, 
including  wholesale  and  commission  dry-goods 
houses  in  Portland,  Maine,  Boston  and  New  York. 
His  greatest  work  has  been  the  building  up  of  the 
Deering  Manufacturing  Company,  a  main  feature 
of  which,  for  thirty  years,  has  been  the  manu- 
facture of  Marsh  harvesters  and  other  agricultural 
implements  and  appliances.  This  concern  began 
operation  in  Chicago  about  1870,  at  the  present 
time  (1899)  occupying  eighty  acres  in  the  north 
part  of  the  city  and  employing  some  4,000  hands. 
It  is  said  to  turn  out  a  larger  amount  and  greater 
variety  of  articles  for  the  use  of  the  agriculturist 
than  any  other  establishment  in  the  country, 
receiving  its  raw  material  from  many  foreign 
countries,  including  the  Philippines,  and  distrib- 
uting its  products  all  over  the  globe.  Mr.  Deer- 
ing  continues  to  be  President  of  the  Company 
and  a  principal  factor  in  the  management  of  its 
immense  business.  He  is  liberal,  public-spirited 
and  benevolent,  and  his  business  career  has  been 
notable  for  the  absence  of  controversies  with  his 
employes.  He  has  been,  for  a  number  of  years, 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity at  Evanston,  and,  at  the  present  time,  is 
President  of  the  Board. 

DE  K  A  Lit.  a  city  in  De  Kalb  County,  58  miles 
west  of  Chicago.  Of  late  years  it  has  grown 
rapidly,  largely  because  of  the  introduction  of 
new  industrial  enterprises.  It  contains  a  large 
wire  drawing  plant,  barbed  wire  factories,  foun- 
dry, agricultural  implement  works,  machine 
shop,  shoe  factory  and  several  minor  manufac- 
turing establishments.  It  has  banks,  four  news- 
papers, electric  street  railway,  eight  miles  of 
paved  streets,  nine  churches  and  three  graded 
Bchools.  It  is  the  site  of  the  Northern  State  Nor- 
mal School,  located  in  1895.  Population  (1880), 
1,598;  (L890),  2,579;  (1900),  5,904;  (1903,  est.),  8,000. 

DE  KALB  COUNTY,  originally  a  portion  of 
La  Salle  County,  and  later  of  Kane ;  was  organized 
in  1837,  and  named  for  Baron  De  Kalb,  the 
Revolutionary  patriot.  Its  area  is  650  square 
miles  and  population  (in  1900),  31,756.  The  land 
is  elevated  and  well  drained,  lying  between  Fox 
and  Rock  Rivers.  Prior  to  1835  the  land  belonged 
to  the  Pottawatomie  Indians,  who  maintained 
several  villages  and  their  own  tribal  government. 
No  sooner  had  the  aborigines  been  removed  than 
white  settlers  appeared  in  large  numbers,  and, 


in  September,  1835,  a  convocation  was  held  on 
the  banks  of  the  Kishwaukee,  to  adopt  a  tempo- 
rary form  of  government.  The  public  lands  in  the 
county  were  sold  at  auction  in  Chicago  in  1843. 
Sycamore  (originally  called  Orange)  is  the 
county-seat,  and,  in  1890,  had  a  population  of 
2,987.  Brick  buildings  were  first  erected  at 
Sycamore  by  J.  S.  Waterman  and  the  brothers 
Mayo.  In  1854,  H.  A.  Hough  established  the 
first  newspaper,  "The  Republican  Sentinel." 
Other  prosperous  towns  are  De  Kalb  (population. 
2,579),  Cortland,  Malta  and  Somonauk.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  rolling,  upland  prairie,  with 
numerous  groves  and  wooded  tracts  along  the 
principal  streams.  Various  lines  of  railroad  trav- 
erse the  county,  which  embraces  one  of  the 
wealthiest  rural  districts  in  the  State. 

DE  KALB  &  GREAT  WESTERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway.) 

DELAVAN,a  thriving  city  in  Tazewell  County, 
on  the  line  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  at 
the  point  of  its  intersection  with  the  Peoria  and 
Pekin  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  34 
miles  west-southwest  of  Bloomington  and  24 
miles  south  of  Peoria.  Grain  is  extensively 
grown  in  the  adjacent  territory,  and  much 
shipped  from  Delavan.  The  place  supports  two 
banks,  tile  and  brick  factory,  creamery,  and  two 
weekly  papers.  It  also  has  five  churches  and  a 
graded  school.  Pop.  (1890),  1,176,  (1900),  1,304. 

DEMENT,  Henry  Dodge,  ex -Secretary  of  State, 
was  born  at  Galena,  111.,  in  1840 — the  son  of 
Colonel  John  Dement,  an  early  and  prominent 
citizen  of  the  State,  who  held  the  office  of  State 
Treasurer  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Conventions  of  1847  and  1870.  Colonel 
Dement  having  removed  to  Dixon  about  1845,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  educated  there  and  at 
Mount  Morris.  Having  enlisted  in  the  Thirteenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  in  1861,  he  was  elected 
a  Second  Lieutenant  and  scon  promoted  to  First 
Lieutenant — also  received  from  Governor  Yates  a 
complimentary  commission  as  Captain  for  gal- 
lantry at  Arkansas  Post  and  at  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  where  the  commander  of  his  regiment, 
Col.  J.  B.  Wyman,  was  killed.  Later  he  served 
with  General  Curtis  in  Mississippi  and  in  the 
Fifteenth  Army  Corps  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg. 
After  leaving  the  army  he  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facturing business  for  some  years  at  Dixon.  Cap- 
tain Dement  entered  the  State  Legislature  by 
election  as  Representative  from  Lee  County  in 
1872,  was  re-elected  in  1874  and,  in  1876.  was  pro- 
moted to  the  Senate,  serving  in  the  Thirtieth  and 
Thirty-first  General  Assemblies.  In  1880  he  was 


132 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


chosen  Secretary  of  State,  and  re-elected  in  1884, 
serving  eight  years.  The  last  public  position  held 
by  Captain  Dement  was  that  of  Warden  of  the 
State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet.  to  which  he  was 
appointed  in  1891.  serving  two  years.  His 
present  home  is  at  Oak  Park,  Cook  County. 

DEMENT,  John,  was  born  in  Sumner  County, 
Tenn.,  in  April,  1804.  When  13  years  old  he 
accompanied  his  parents  to  Illinois,  settling  in 
Franklin  County,  of  which  he  was  elected  Sheriff 
in  1826,  and  which  he  represented  in  the  General 
Assemblies  of  1828  and  '30.  He  served  with 
distinction  during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  having 
previously  had  experience  in  two  Indian  cam- 
paigns. In  1831  he  was  elected  State  Treasurer 
by  the  Legislature,  but,  in  1836,  resigned  this 
office  to  represent  Fayette  County  in  the  General 
Assembly  and  aid  in  the  fight  against  the  removal 
of  the  capital  to  Springfield.  His  efforts  failing 
of  success,  he  removed  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  finally  locating  at  Dixon,  where  he  became 
extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing  In  1837 
President  Van  Buren  appointed  him  Receiver  of 
Public  Moneys,  but  he  was  removed  by  President 
Harrison  in  1841 ;  was  reappointed  by  Polk  in 
1845,  only  to  be  again  removed  by  Taylor  in  184!» 
and  reappointed  by  Pierce  in  1853.  He  held  the 
office  from  that  date  until  it  was  abolished.  He 
was  a  Democratic  Presidential  Elector  in  1844; 
served  in  three  Constitutional  Conventions  (1847, 
'62,  and  '70),  being  Temporary  President  of  the 
two  bodies  last  named.  He  was  the  father  of 
Hon.  Denry  D.  Dement.  Secretary  of  State  of  Illi- 
nois from  1884  to  1888.  He  died  at  his  home  at 
Dixon,  Jan.  16,  1883. 

DENT,  Thomas,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Putnam 
County,  111.,  Nov.  14,  1831;  in  his  youth  was 
employed  in  the  Clerk's  office  of  Putnam  County, 
meanwhile  studying  law;  was  admitted  to  the 
liar  in  1854,  and,  in  1856.  opened  an  office  in  Chi- 
cago; is  still  in  practice  and  has  served  as 
President,  both  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute  and 
the  State  Bar  Association. 

DBS  PLAINES,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  and 
the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroads,  17  miles  north- 
west from  Chicago;  is  a  dairying  region.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  818;  (1890),  986;  (1900),  1,666. 

DES  PLAINES  RIVER,  a  branch  of  the  Illinois 
River,  which  rises  in  Racine  County,  Wis.,  and, 
after  passing  through  Kenosha  County,  in  that 
State,  and  Lake  County,  111.,  running  nearly 
parallel  to  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
through  Cook  County,  finally  unites  with  the 
Kankakee.  almut  13  miles  southwest  of  Joliet,  by 


its  confluence  with  the  latter  forming  the  Illinois 
River.  Its  length  is  about  150  miles.  The 
Chicago  Drainage  Canal  is  constructed  in  the 
valley  of  the  Des  Plaines  for  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  distance  between  Chicago  and  Joliet. 

DEWEY,  (Dr.)  Richard  S..  physician,  alienist, 
was  born  at  Forestville,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  6,  1845;  after 
receiving  his  primary  education  took  a  two  years' 
course  in  the  literary  and  a  three  years'  course  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  Michigan  Univer- 
sity at  Ann  Arbor,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1869.  He  then  began  practice  as  House  Physician 
and  Surgeon  in  the  City  Hospital  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  remaining  for  a  year,  after  which  he 
visited  Europe  inspecting  hospitals  and  sanitary 
methods,  meanwhile  spending  six  months  in  the 
Prussian  military  service  as  Surgeon  during  the 
Franco- Prussian  War.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  took  a  brief  course  in  the  University  of 
Berlin,  when,  returning  to  the  United  States,  he 
was  employed  for  seven  years  as  Assistant  Physi- 
cian in  the  Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Elgin.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  Medical  Super- 
intendent of  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
at  Kankakee,  remaining  until  the  accession  of 
John  P.  Altgeld  to  the  Governorship  in  1893. 
Dr.  Dewey's  reputation  as  a  specialist  in  the 
treatment  of  the  insane  has  stood  among  the 
highest  of  his  class. 

DE  WITT  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  central 
portion  of  the  State;  has  an  area  of  405  square 
milesand  a  population  (1900)  of  18,972.  The  land 
was  originally  owned  by  the  Kickapoos  and  Potta- 
watomies,  and  not  until  1820  did  the  first  perma- 
nent white  settlers  occupy  this  region.  The  first 
to  come  were  Felix  Jones,  Prettyman  Marvel, 
William  Cottrell,  Samuel  Glenn,  and  the  families 
of  Scott,  Lundy  and  Coaps.  Previously,  how- 
ever, the  first  cabin  had  been  built  on  the  site  of 
the  present  Farmer  City  by  Nathan  Clearwater. 
Zion  Shugest  erected  the  earliest  grist-mill  and 
Burrell  Post  the  first  saw-mill  in  the  county. 
Kentuckians  and  Tennesseeans  were  the  first  im- 
migrants, but  not  until  the  advent  of  settlers  from 
Ohio  did  permanent  improvements  begin  to  be 
made!  In  1835  a  school  house  and  Presbyterian 
church  were  built  at  Waynesville.  The  county 
was  organized  in  1839,  and — with  its  capital 
(Clinton) — was  named  after  one  of  New  York's 
most  distinguished  Governors.  It  lies  within  the 
great  "corn  belt,"  and  is  well  watered  by  Salt 
Creek  and  its  branches.  Most  of  the  surface  is 
rolling  prairie,  interspersed  with  woodland. 
Several  lines  of  railway  (among  them  the  Illinois 
Central)  cross  the  county.  Clinton  had  a  popu- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Ution  of  2,598  in  1890,  and  Farmer  City,  1,367. 
Both  are  railroad  centers  and  have  considerable 
trade. 

DE  WOLF,  Calvin,  pioneer  and  philanthropist, 
was  born  in  Luzerne  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  IK,  1815; 
taken  early  in  life  to  Vermont,  and,  at  19  years  of 
age,  commenced  teaching  at  Orwell,  in  that 
State;  spent  one  year  at  a  manual  labor  school 
in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  and,  in  1837,  came  to 
Chicago,  and  soon  after  began  teaching  in  Will 
County,  still  later  engaging  in  the  same  vocation 
in  Chicago.  In  1839  he  commenced  the  study  of 
law  with  Messrs.  Spring  &  Goodrich  and,  in  1843, 
was  admitted  to  practice.  In  1834  lie  was 
elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  retaining  the 
position  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  winning  for 
himself  the  reputation  of  a  sagacious  and  incor- 
ruptible public  officer.  Mr.  De  Wolf  was  an 
original  abolitionist  and  his  home  is  said  to  have 
been  one  of  the  stations  on  the  "underground 
railroad"  in  the  days  of  slavery.  Died  Nov.  28,  '99. 

DEXTER,  Wlrt,  lawyer,  born  at  Dexter.  Mich., 
Oct.  25,  1831;  was  educated  in  the  schools  (if  his 
native  State  and  at  Cazenovia  Seminary,  X.  Y. 
He  was  descended  from  a  family  of  lawyers,  his 
grandfather,  Samuel  Dexter,  having  been  Secre- 
tary of  War,  and  afterwards  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  in  the  cabinet  of  the  elder  Adams. 
Coming  to  Chicago  at  the  beginning  of  his  profes- 
sional career,  Mr.  Dexter  gave  considerable 
attention  at  first  to  his  father's  extensive  lumber 
trade.  He  was  a  zealous  and  eloquent  supporter 
of  the  Government  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Relief  and  Aid 
Society  after  the  tire  of  1871.  His  entire  profes- 
sional life  was  spent  in  Chicago,  for  several  years 
before  his  death  being  in  the  service  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  Company  as 
its  general  solicitor  and  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Board  of  Directors.  Died  in 
Chicago,  May  20.  1890. 

DICKEY,  Hugh  Thompson,  jurist,  was  born  in 
New  York  City.  May  30,  1811;  graduated  from 
Columbia  College,  read  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  visited  Chicago  in  1836,  and  four 
years  later  settled  there,  becoming  one  of  its 
most,  influential  citizens.  Upon  the  organization 
of  the  County  Court  of  Cook  .County  in  1845, 
Mr.  Dickey  was  appointed  its  Judge.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1848,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Seventh 
Judicial  Circuit,  practically  without  partisan 
opposition,  serving  until  the  expiration  of  his 
term  in  1853.  He  was  prominently  identified 
with  several  important  commercial  enterprises, 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Library 


Association,  and  one  of  the  first  Trustees  of  the 
Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the  Lakes,  now  Mercy 
Hospital.  In  1885  he  left  Chicago  to  take  up  his 
residence  in  his  native  city.  New  York,  where  he 
died,  June  2,  1892. 

DICKEY,  Theophilus  Lyle,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  12,  1812, 
the  grandson  of  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  gradu- 
ated at  the  Miami  (Ohio)  University,  and  re- 
moved to  Illinois  in  1834.  settling  at  Macomb, 
McDonough  County,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1835.  In  1836  he  moved  to  Rushville, 
where  he  resided  three  years,  a  part  of  the  time 
editing  a  Whig  newspaper.  Later  he  became  a 
resident  of  Ottawa,  and.  at  the  opening  of  the 
Mexican  War,  organized  a  company  of  volun- 
teers, of  which  he  was  chosen  Captain.  In  1861 
he  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  which  was 
mustered  into  service  as  the  Fourth  Illinois 
Cavalry,  and  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
Colonel,  taking  an  active  part  in  Grant's  cam- 
paigns in  the  West.  In  1865  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Ottawa.  In  1866  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congressman  for  the 
State-at-Iarge  in  opposition  to  John  A,  Logan, 
and.  in  1868,  was  tendered  and  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  Assistant  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States,  resigning  after  eighteen  months'  service. 
In  1873  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and.  in  1874,  was 
made  Corporation  Counsel.  In  December,  1875, 
he  was  elected  to  the  Supreme  Court,  vice  W.  K. 
McAllister,  deceased;  was  re-elected  in  1879,  and 
died  at  Atlantic  City,  July  22,  1885. 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST,  THE,  known  also  as 
the  Christian  Church  and  as  "Campbellites." 
having  been  founded  by  Alexander  Campbell. 
Many  members  settled  in  Illinois  in  the  early 
30's,  and,  in  the  central  portion  of  the  State,  the 
denomination  soon  began  to  flourish  greatly 
Any  one  was  admitted  to  membership  who  made 
what  is  termed  a  scriptural  confession  of  faith 
and  was  baptized  by  immersion.  Alexander 
Campbell  was  an  eloquent  preacher  and  a  man  of 
much  native  ability,  as  well  as  a  born  conver- 
sationalist. The  sect  has  steadily  grown  in 
numbers  and  influence  in  the  State.  The  United 
States  Census  of  1890  showed  641  churches  in  the 
State,  with  368  ministers  and  an  aggregate  mem- 
bership of  61,587,  having  550  Sunday  schools,  with 
50,000  pupils  in  attendance.  The  value  of  the 
real  property,  which  included  552  church  edifices 
(with  a  seating  capacity  of  155,000)  and  30  parson 
ages,  was  SI.  167,675.  The  denomination  supports 
Eureka  College,  with  an  attendance  of  between 


134 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


400  and  500  students,  while  its  assets  are  valued 
at  8150,000.  Total  membership  in  the  United 
States,  estimated  at  750,000. 

DIXON,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county-seat 
of  Lee  County.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  Rock 
River  and  is  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  and  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroads;  is  98  miles  west  of  Chicago.  Rock 
River  furnishes  abundant  water  power  and  the 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  city  are  very  ex- 
tensive, including  large  plow  works,  wire-cloth 
factory,  wagon  factory;  also  has  electric  light 
and  power  plant,  three  shoe  factories,  planing 
mills,  and  a  condensed  milk  factory.  There  are 
two  National  and  one  State  bank,  eleven 
churches,  a  hospital,  and  three  newspapers.  In 
schools  the  city  particularly  excels,  having  sev- 
eral graded  (grammar)  schools  and  two  colleges. 
The  Chautauqua  Assembly  holds  its  meeting  here 
annually.  Population  (1890),  5,161;  (1900).  7,917. 

DIXON,  John,  pioneer — the  first  white  settler 
in  Lee  County,  111.,  was  born  at  Rye,  West- 
chester  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  9,  1784;  at  21  removed 
to  New  York  City,  where  he  was  in  business  some 
fifteen  years.  In  1820  he  set  out  with  his  family 
for  the  West,  traveling  by  land  to  Pittsburg, 
and  thence  by  flat-boat  to  Shawneetown.  Having 
disembarked  his  horses  and  goods  here,  he  pushed 
out  towards  the  northwest,  passing  the  vicinity 
of  Springfield,  and  finally  locating  on  Fancy 
Creek,  some  nine  miles  north  of  the  present  site 
of  that  city.  Here  he  remained  some  five  years, 
in  1 1  Kit  time  serving  as  foreman  of  the  first  Sanga- 
intiii  County  Grand  Jury.  The  new  county  of 
Peoria  having  been  established  in  1825,  he  was 
offered  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  Circuit 
Clerk,  removing  to  Fort  Clark,  as  Peoria  was 
then  called.  Later  he  became  contractor  for 
carrying  the  mail  on  the  newly  established  route 
between  Peoria  and  Galena.  Compelled  to  pro- 
vide means  of  crossing  Rock  River,  he  induced  a 
French  and  Indian  half-breed,  named  Ogee,  to 
take  charge  of  a  ferry  at  a  point  afterwards 
known  as  Ogee's  Ferry.  The  tide  of  travel  to  the 
lead-mine  region  caused  both  the  mail-route  and 
the  ferry  to  prove  profitable,  and,  as  the  half- 
breed  ferryman  could  not  endure  prosperity,  Mr. 
Dixon  was  forced  to  buy  him  out,  removing  his 
family  to  this  point  in  April,  1830.  Here  he 
established  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians, 
and,  during  the  Black  Hawk  War  ,two  years  later, 
was  enabled  to  render  valuable  service  to  the 
State.  His  station  was  for  many  years  one  of 
the  most  important  points  in  Northern  Illinois, 
and  among  the  men  of  national  reputation  who 


were  entertained  at  different  times  at  his  honif 
may  be  named  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  Albert  Sid 
ney  Johnston,  Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  Jefferson 
Davis,  Col.  Robert  Anderson,  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Col.  E.  D.  Baker  and  many  more.  He  bought  the 
land  where  Dixon  now  stands  in  1835  and  laid  off 
the  town;  in  1838  was  elected  by  the  Legislature 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and,  in 
1840,  secured  the  removal  of  the  land  office  from 
Galena  to  Dixon.  Colonel  Dixon  was  a  delegate 
from  Lee  County  to  the  Republican  State  Con- 
vention at  Bloomington,  in  May,  1856,  and. 
although  then  considerably  over  70  years  of  age, 
spoke  from  the  same  stand  with  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, his  presence  producing'  much  enthusiasm. 
His  death  occurred,  July  6,  1876. 

DOANE,  John  Wesley,  merchant  and  banker, 
\vas  born  at  Thompson,  Windham  County,  Conn., 
March  23,  1833;  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools,  and,  at  22  years  of  age,  came  to  Chicago 
and  opened  a  small  grocery  store  which,  by  1870. 
had  become  one  of  the  most  extensive  concerns 
of  its  kind  in  the  Northwest.  It  was  swept  out 
of  existence  by  the  fire  of  1871,  but  was  re-estab- 
lished and,  in  1872,  transferred  to  other  parties, 
although  Mr.  Doane  continued  to  conduct  an 
importing  business  in  many  lines  of  goods  used  in 
the  grocery  trade.  Having  become  interested  in 
the  Merchants'  Loan  &  Trust  Company,  he  was 
elected  its  President  and  has  continued  to  act  in 
that  capacity.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  and  a 
Director  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company, 
the  Allen  Paper  Car  Wheel  Company  and  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  and  was  a  leading 
promoter  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of 
1893 — being  one  of  those  who  guaranteed  the 
$5,000,000  to  be  raised  by  the  citizens  of  Chicago 
to  assure  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 

DOLTON  STATION,  a  village  of  Cook  County, 
on  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois,  the  Chicago  & 
Western  Indiana,  and  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati. 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroads,  16  miles  south  of 
Chicago ;  has  a  carriage  factory,  a  weekly  paper, 
churches  and  a  graded  school.  Population  ( 1880) 
448;  (1890),  1,110;  (1900),  1,229. 

DOXGOLA,  a  village  in  Union  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  27  miles  north  of  Cairo. 
Population  (1880),  599;  (1890),  733;  (1900),  681. 

DOOLITTLE,  James  Rood,  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Hampton,  Washington 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan  3,  1815;  educated  at  Middle- 
bury  and  Geneva  (now  Hobart)  Colleges,  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1837  and  practiced  at  Rochester  and 
Warsaw,  N.  Y. ;  was  elected  District  Attorney  of 
Wyoming  County,  N.  Y..  in  1845.  and.  in  1851. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


135 


removed  to  Wisconsin;  two  years  later  was 
elected  Circuit  Judge,  but  resigned  in  1856,  and 
the  following  year  was  elected  as  a  Democratic- 
Repoblican  to  the  United  States  Senate,  being 
re-elected  as  a  Republican  in  18G3.  Retiring 
from  public  life  in  1869,  he  afterwards  resided 
chiefly  at  Racine,  Wis. ,  though  practicing  in  the 
courts  of  Chicago.  He  was  President  of  the 
National  Union  Convention  at  Philadelphia  in 
1866,  and  of  the  National  Democratic  Convention 
of  1873  in  Baltimore,  which  endorsed  Horace 
Greeley  for  President.  Died,  at  Edgewood,  R.  I. , 
July  27,  1897. 

DORE,  John  Clark,  first  Superintendent  of 
Chicago  City  Schools,  was  born  at  Ossipee,  N.  H. , 
March  22,  1822;  began  teaching  at  17  years  of  age 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1847; 
then  taught  several  years  and,  in  1854,  was 
offered  and  accepted  the  position  of  Superintend- 
ent of  City  Schools  of  Chicago,  but  resigned  two 
years  later.  Afterwards  engaging  in  business, 
he  served  as  Vice-President  and  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  President  of  the  Com- 
mercial Insurance  Company  and  of  the  State 
Savings  Institution ;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate,  1808-72,  and  has  been  identified  with 
various  benevolent  organizations  of  the  city  of 
Chicago.  Died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.,  14.  1900. 

DOUGHERTY,  John,  lawyer  and  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  May  6, 
1806;  brought  by  his  parents,  in  1808,  to  Cape 
Girardeau,  Mo.,  where  they  remained  until  after 
the  disastrous  earthquakes  in  that  region  in 
1811-12,  when,  his  father  having  died,  his  mother 
removed  to  Jonesboro,  111.  Here  he  finally  read 
law  with  Col.  A.  P.  Field,  afterwards  Secretary 
of  State,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831  and 
early  attaining  prominence  as  a  successful 
criminal  lawyer.  He  soon  became  a  recognized 
political  leader,  was  elected  as  a  member  of  the 
House  to  the  Eighth  General  Assembly  (1832) 
and  re-elected  in  1834,  '36  and  '40,  and  again  in 
1856,  and  to  the  Senate  in  1842,  serving  in  the 
latter  body  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
of  1848.  Originally  a  Democrat,  he  was,  in  l&r>8, 
the  Administration  (Buchanan)  candidate  for 
State  Treasurer,  as  op]>osed  to  the  Douglas  wing 
of  the  party,  but,  in  1861,  became  a  strong  sup- 
jxirter  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  He  served  as  Presi- 
dential Elector  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  1864 
and  in  1872  (the  former  year  for  the  State-  at- 
large),  in  1868  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor 
anil,  in  1877,  to  a  seat  on  the  criminal  bench, 
serving  until  June.  1879.  Died,  at  Jonesboro, 
Sept.  7,  1879. 


DOUGLAS,  John  M.,  lawyer  and  Railway 
President,  was  born  at  Plattsburg,  Clinton 
County,  N.  Y.,  August  22,  1819;  read  law  three 
years  in  his  native  city,  then  came  west  and 
settled  at  Galena,  111. ,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1841  and  began  practice.  In  1856  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and,  the  following  year, 
became  one  of  the  solicitors  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad,  with  which  he  had  been  associated  as 
an  attorney  at  Galena.  Between  1861  and  1876 
he  was  a  Director  of  the  Company  over  twelve 
years ;  from  1865  to  1871  its  President,  and  again 
for  eighteen  montlis  in  1875-76,  when  he  retired 
permanently.  Mr.  Douglas'  contemporaries  speak 
of  him  as  a  lawyer  of  great  ability,  as  well 
as  a  capable  executive  officer.  Died,  in  Chicago, 
March  25,  1891. 

DOUGLAS,  Stephen  Arnold,  statesman,  was 
bora  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  April  23,  1813.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  deatli  of  his  father  in  infancy, 
his  early  educational  advantages  were  limited. 
When  fifteen  he  applied  himself  to  the  cabinet- 
maker's trade,  and,  in  1830,  accompanied  his 
mother  and  step-father  to  Ontario  County,  N.  Y. 
In  1832  he  began  the  study  of  law,  but  started  for 
the  West  in  1833.  He  taught  school  at  Win- 
chester, 111.,  reading  law  at  night  and  practicing 
before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  on  Saturdays.  He 
was  soon  admitted  to  the  bar  and  took  a  deep 
interest  in  politics.  In  1835  he  was  elected  Prose- 
cuting Attorney  for  Morgan  County,  but  a  few 
months  later  resigned  this  office  to  enter  the 
lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  to  which  he  was 
elected  in  1836.  In  1838  he  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress,  but  was  defeated  by  John  T.  Stuart,  his 
Whig  opponent;  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  in  December,  1840,  and,  in  February,  1841, 
elected  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1842,  '44  and  '46,  and,  in 
the  latter  year,  was  chosen  United  States  Sena- 
tor, taking  his  seat  March  4,  1847,  and  being 
re-elected  in  1853  and  '59.  His  last  canvass  was 
rendered  memorable  through  his  joint  debate,  in 
1858,  before  the  people  of  the  State  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  whom  he  defeated  before  the  Legisla- 
ture. He  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidential 
nomination  before  the  Democratic  National 
Conventions  of  1S52  and  '56.  In  1860,  after  having 
failed  of  a  nomination  for  the  Presidency  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  through  the  operation  of  the 
"two  thirds  rule,"  he  received  the  nomination 
from  the  adjourned  convention  held  at  Baltimore 
six  weeks  later — though  not  until  the  delegates 
from  nearly  all  the  Southern  States  had  with- 
drawn, the  seceding  delegates  afterwards  nomi- 


136 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


nating  John  C.  Breckenridge.  Although  defeated 
for  the  Presidency  by  Lincoln,  his  old-time 
antagonist,  Douglas  yielded  a  cordial  support  to 
the  incoming  administration  in  its  attitude 
toward  the  seceded  States,  occupying  a  place  of 
honor  beside  Mr.  Lincoln  on  the  portico  of  the 
capitol  during  the  inauguration  ceremonies.  As 
politician,  orator  and  statesman,  Douglas  had 
few  superiors.  Quick  in  perception,  facile  in 
expedients,  ready  in  resources,  earnest  iind 
fearless  in  utterance,  he  was  a  born  "leader  of 
men."  His  shortness  of  stature,  considered  in 
relation  to  his  extraordinary  mental  acumen, 
gained  for  him  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Little 
Giant."  He  died  in  Chicago,  June  3,  1861. 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY,  lying  a  little  east  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  embracing  an  area  of  410 
square  miles  and  having  a  population  (1900)  of 
19,097.  The  earliest  land  entry  was  made  by 
Harrison  Gill,  of  Kentucky,  whose  patent  was 
signed  by  Andrew  Jackson.  Another  early 
settler  was  John  A.  Richman,  a  West  Virginian, 
who  erected  one  of  the  first  frame  houses  in 
the  county  in  1829.  The  Embarras  and  Kas- 
kaskia  Rivers  flow  through  the  county,  which  is 
also  crossed  by  the  Wabash  and  Illinois  Central 
Railways.  Douglas  County  was  organized  in 
1857  (being  set  off  from  Coles)  and  named  in 
honor  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  then  United  States 
Senator  from  Illinois.  After  a  sharp  struggle  Tus- 
cola  was  made  the  county-seat.  It  has  been 
visited  by  several  disastrous  conflagrations,  but 
is  a  thriving  town,  credited,  in  1890,  with  a 
population  of  1,897.  Other  important  towns  are 
Arcola  (population,  1,733),  and  Camargo,  which 
was  originally  known  as  New  Salem. 

DOWNERS  GROVE,  village,  Du  Page  County, 
on  < '  II  .V  ','  K.  K..  21  miles  south-southwest  from 
Chicago,  incorporated  1873 .  has  water- works,  elec- 
tric lights,  telephone  system,  good  schools,  bank 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890;,  960;  (1900),  2,103. 

DOWNING,  Finis  Eninp,  ex-Congressman  and 
lawyer,  was  born  at  Virginia,  111.,  August  24, 
1X46;  reared  on  a  farm  and  educated  in  the  public 
and  private  schools  of  his  native  town ;  from  1865 
was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  until  1880, 
when  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of  Cass  County,  serving  three  successive  terms; 
read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Decem- 
ber, IKHT.  In  August,  1891,  he  became  interested 
in  "The  Virginia  Enquirer"  (a  Democratic 
paper),  which  he  has  since  conducted;  was 
elected  Secretary  of  the  State  Senate  in  1893, 
and.  in  1894,  was  returned  as  elected  to  the  Fifty- 
fourth  Congress  from  the  Sixteenth  District  by  u 


plurality  of  forty  votes  over  Gen.  John  I.  Rinaker. 
the  Republican  nominee.  A  contest  and  recount 
of  the  ballots  resulted,  however,  in  awarding  the 
seat  to  General  Rinaker.  In  1896  Mr.  Downing 
was  the  nominee  of  his  party  for  Secretary  of 
State,  but  was  defeated  with  the  rest  of  his  ticket. 

DRAKE,  Francis  Marlon,  soldier  and  Governor, 
was  born  at  Rushville,  Schuyler  County,  111., 
Dec.  :!0,  1830;  early  taken  to  Drakesville,  Iowa, 
which  his  father  founded;  entered  mercantile 
life  at  1C  years  of  age;  crossed  the  plains  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1852,  liad  experience  in  Indian  warfare 
and,  in  1859,  established  himself  in  business  at 
Unionville,  Iowa;  served  through  the  Civil  War, 
becoming  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  retiring  in 
1865  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-Gener.il  by 
brevet.  He  re-entered  mercantile  life  after  the 
war,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  18C6,  subsequently 
engaged  in  railroad  building  and,  in  1881,  contrib- 
buted  the  bulk  of  the  funds  for  founding  Drake 
University;  was  elected  Governor  of  Iowa  in 
1895,  serving  until  January,  1898. 

DRAPER,  Andrew  Sloan.  I.L.I).,  lawyer  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Otsego  County,  N.  Y., 
June  21,  1848 — being  a  descendant,  in  the  eighth 
generation,  from  the  "Puritan,"  James  Draper, 
who  settled  in  Boston  in  1647.  In  1855  Mr. 
Draper's  parents  settled  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  attended  school,  winning  a  scholarship  in  the 
Albany  Academy  in  1863,  and  graduating  from 
that  institution  in  1866.  During  the  next  four 
years  he  was  employed  in  teaching,  part  of  the 
time  as  an  instructor  at  his  alma  mater;  but,  in 
1871,  graduated  from  the  Union  College  Law 
Department,  when  he  began  practice.  The  rank 
he  attained  in  the  profession  was  indicated  by 
his  appointment  by  President  Arthur,  in  1884, 
one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Alabama  Claims  Com- 
mission, upon  which  he  served  until  the  conclu- 
sion of  its  labors  in  1886.  He  liad  previously 
served  in  the  New  York  State  Senate  (1880)  and. 
in  1884,  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention,  also  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  the  same 
year.  After  liis  return  from  Europe  in  1886,  he 
served  as  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instmc 
tion  of  New  York  until  1892,  and,  in  1889,  and 
again  in  1890.  was  President  of  the  National 
Association  of  School  Superintendents.  Soon 
after  retiring  from  the  State  Superintendency  in 
New  York,  lie  was  chosen  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  for  the  city  of  Cleveland.  Ohio, 
remaining  in  that  position  until  1894,  when  In- 
was  elected  President  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
at  Champaign,  where  he  now  is.  •  His  adminis- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


137 


tration  has  been  characterized  by  enterprise  and 
sagacity,  and  has  tended  to  promote  the  popular- 
ity and  prosperity  of  the  institution. 

DRESSER,  Charles,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Pomfret,  Conn.,  Feb.  24,  1800;  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1823,  went  to  Virginia, 
where  he  studied  theology  and  was  ordained  a 
minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  In 
1838  he  removed  to  Springfield,  and  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church  there,  retiring  in 
1858.  On  Nov.  4,  1842,  Mr.  Dresser  performed  the 
ceremony  uniting  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Mary 
Todd  in  marriage.  He  died,  March  25,  1865. 

DRUMMOND,  Thomas,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Bristol  Mills,  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  Oct.  16, 
1809.  After  graduating  from  Bowdoin  College,  in 
1830,  he  studied  law  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1*53.  He  settled  at 
Galena.  111.,  in  1835,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  in  1840-41.  In  1850  he  was 
appointed  United  States  District  Judge  for  the 
District  of  Illinois  as  successor  to  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope,  and  four  years  later  removed  to  Chicago. 
Upon  the  division  of  the  State  into  two  judicial 
districts,  in  1853,  he  was  assigned  to  the  North- 
ern. In  1869  he  was  elevated  to  the  bench  of  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  and  presided  over 
the  Seventh  Circuit,  which  at  that  time  included 
the  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  In 
1884 — at  the  age  of  75 — he  resigned,  living  in 
retirement  until  his  death,  wliich  occurred  at 
VVheaton,  111.,  May  15,  1890. 

DUBOIS,  Jesse  Kllgore,  State  Auditor,  was 
born,  Jan.  14,  1811,  in  Lawrence  County,  111., 
near  Vincennes,  Ind.,  where  his  father,  Capt. 
Toussaint  Dubois,  had  settled  about  1780.  The 
latter  was  a  native  of  Canada,  of  French  descent, 
and,  after  settling  in  the  Northwest  Territory, 
liad  been  a  personal  friend  of  General  Harrison, 
under  whom  he  served  in  the  Indian  wars, 
including  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  The  son 
received  a  partial  collegiate  education  at  Bloom- 
ington,  Ind.,  but,  at  24  years  of  age  (1834),  was 
elected  to  the  General  Assembly,  serving  in  the 
same  House  with  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  being 
re-elected  in  1836,  '38,  and  '42.  In  1841  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Harrison  Register  of  the 
Land  Office  at  Palestine,  111.,  but  soon  resigned, 
giving  his  attention  to  mercantile  pursuits  until 
1849,  when  he  was  appointed  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  at  Palestine,  but  was  removed  by  Pierce 
in  1853.  He  was  a  Delegate  to  the  first  Repub- 
lican State  Convention,  at  Bloomington,  in  1856, 
and,  on  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  was 
nominated  for  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts, 


renominated  in  1860,  and  elected  both  times.  In 
1864  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  nomination  of 
his  party  for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  by 
General  Oglesby,  serving,  however,  on  the 
National  Executive  Committee  of  that  year,  and 
as  a  delegate  to  the  National  Convention  of  1868. 
Died,  at  his  home  near  Springfield,  Nov.  22.  1876. 
—Fred  T.  (Dubois),  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Crawford  County,  111.,  May  29,  1851; 
received  a  common-school  and  classical  educa- 
tion, graduating  from  Yale  College  in  1872 ;  was 
Secretary  of  the  Illinois  Railway  and  Warehouse 
Commission  in  1875-76 ;  went  to  Idaho  Territory 
and  engaged  in  business  in  1880,  was  appointed 
United  States  Marshal  there  in  1882,  serving  until 
1886;  elected  as  a  Republican  Delegate  to  the 
Fiftieth  and  Fifty-first  Congresses,  and,  on  the 
admission  of  Idaho  as  a  State  (1890),  became 
one  of  the  first  United  States  Senators,  his  term 
extending  to  1897.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
Idaho  delegation  in  the  National  Republican 
Convention  at  Minneapolis  in  1892,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Republican  Convention 
at  St.  Louis  in  1896,  but  seceded  from  that  body 
with  Senator  Teller  of  Colorado,  and  has  since 
cooperated  with  the  Populists  and  Free  Silver 
Democrats. 

DUCAT,  Arthur  Charles,  soldier  and  civil 
engineer,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Feb.  24. 
1830,  received  a  liberal  education  and  became  a 
civil  engineer.  He  settled  in  Chicago  in  1851, 
and  six  years  later  was  made  Secretary  and  Chief 
Surveyor  of  the  Board  of  Underwriters  of  that 
city.  While  acting  in  this  capacity,  he  virtually 
revised  the  schedule  system  of  rating  fire-risks. 
In  1861  he  raised  a  company  of  300  engineers, 
sappers  and  miners,  but  neither  the  State  nor 
Federal  authorities  would  accept  it.  Thereupon 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Twelfth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  but  his  ability  earned  him  rapid 
promotion.  He  rose  through  the  grades  of  Cap- 
tain, Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel,  to  that  of 
Colonel,  and  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  in 
February,  1864.  Compelled  by  sickness  to  leave  the 
army.  General  Ducat  returned  to  Chicago, 
re-entering  the  insurance  field  and  finally,  after 
holding  various  responsible  positions,  engaging 
in  general  business  in  that  line.  In  1875  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  task  of  reorganizing  the  State 
militia,  which  he  performed  with  signal  success. 
Died,  at  Downer's  Grove,  111.,  Jan.  29.  1896. 

DUELS  AND  ANTI-DUELING  LAWS.  Al- 
though a  majority  of  the  population  of  Illinois, 
in  Territorial  days,  came  from  Southern  States 
where  the  duel  was  widely  regarded  as  the  proper 


138 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


mode  for  settling  "difficulties"  of  a  personal 
character,  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  so  few  "affairs 
of  honor"  (so-called)  should  have  occurred  on 
Illinois  soil.  The  first  "affair"  of  this  sort  of 
which  either  history  or  tradition  has  handed 
down  any  account,  is  said  to  have  occurred 
between  an  English  and  a  French  officer  at  the 
time  of  the  surrender  of  Fort  Cl^artres  to  the 
British  in  1765,  and  in  connection  with  that 
event.  The  officers  are  said  to  have  fought  with 
small  swords  one  Sunday  morning  near  the  Fort, 
when  one  of  them  was  killed,  but  the  name  of 
neither  the  victor  nor  the  vanquished  has  come 
down  to  the  present  time.  Gov.  John  Reynolds, 
who  is  the  authority  for  the  story  in  his  "Pioneer 
History  of  Illinois,"  claimed  to  have  received  it 
in  his  boyhood  from  an  aged  Frenchman  who 
represented  that  he  liad  seen  the  combat. 

An  affair  of  less  doubtful  authenticity  lias  come 
down  to  us  in  the  history  of  the  Territorial 
period,  and,  although  it  was  at  first  bloodless,  it 
finally  ended  in  a  tragedy.  This  was  the  Jones- 
Bond  affair,  which  originated  at  Kaskaskia  in 
1808.  Rice  Jones  was  the  son  of  John  Rice  Jones, 
the  first  English-speaking  lawyer  in  the  "Illinois 
Country."  The  younger  Jones  is  described  as  an 
exceptionally  brilliant  young  nian  who,  having 
studied  law,  located  at  Kaskaskia  in  180(3.  Two 
years  later  he  became  a  candidate  for  Represent- 
ative from  Randolph  County  in  the  Legislature 
of  Indiana  Territory,  of  which  Illinois  was  a  part. 
In  the  course  of  the  canvass  which  resulted  in 
Jones'  election,  he  became  involved  in  a  quarrel 
with  Shadrach  Bond,  who  was  then  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Council  from  the  same  county, 
and  afterwards  became  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  Illinois  and  the  first  Governor  of  the  State. 
Bond  challenged  Jones  and  the  meeting  took 
place  on  an  Island  in  the  Mississippi  between 
Kaskaskia  and  St.  Genevieve.  Bond's  second 
was  a  Dr.  James  Dunlap  of  Kaskaskia.  who 
apiiears  also  to  have  l>een  a  bitter  enemy  of  Jones. 
The  discliarge  of  a  pistol  in  the  hand  of  Jones 
after  the  combatants  had  taken  their  places 
preliminary  to  the  order  to  "fire,"  raised  the 
question  whether  it  was  accidental  or  to  be 
regarded  as  Jones'  fire.  Dunlap  maintained  the 
latter,  but  Bond  accepted  the  explanation  of  his 
adversary  that  the  discharge  was  accidental,  and 
the  generosity  which  he  displayed  led  to  expla- 
nations that  averted  a  final  exchange  of  shots. 
The  feud  thus  started  between  Jones  and  Dunlap 
grew  until  it  involved  a  large  part  of  the  com- 
munity. On  Dec.  7,  1808,  Dunlap  shot  down 
Jones  in  cold  blood  and  without  warning  in 


the  streets  of  Kaskaskia,  killing  him  instantly. 
The  murderer  fled  to  Texas  and  was  never  heard 
of  about  Kaskaskia  afterwards.  This  incident 
furnishes  the  basis  of  the  most  graphic  chapter 
in  Mrs.  Catherwood's  story  of  "Old  Kaskaskia." 
Prompted  by  this  tragical  affair,  no  doubt,  the 
Governor  and  Territorial  Judges,  in  1810,  framed  a 
stringent  law  for  the  suppression  of  dueling,  in 
which,  in  case  of  a  fatal  result,  all  parties  con- 
nected with  the  affair,  as  principals  or  seconds, 
were  held  to  be  guilty  of  murder. 

Governor  Reynolds  furnishes  the  record  of  a 
duel  between  Thomas  Rector,  the  member  of  a 
noted  family  of  that  name  at  Kaskaskia,  and  one 
Joshua  Barton,  supposed  to  have  occurred  some- 
time during  the  War  of  1812,  though  no  exact 
dates  are  given.  This  affair  took  place  on  the 
favorite  dueling  ground  known  as  "Bloody 
Island,"  opposite  St.  Louis,  so  often  resorted  to 
at  a  later  day,  by  devotees  of  "the  code"  in  Mis- 
souri. Reynolds  says  that  "Barton  fell  in  the 
conflict." 

The  next  affair  of  which  history  makes  men- 
tion grew  out  of  a  drunken  carousel  at  Belleville, 
in  February,  1819,  which  ended  in  a  duel  between 
two  men  named  Alonzo  Stuart  and  William 
Bennett,  and  the  killing  of  Stuart  by  Bennett. 
The  managers  of  the  affair  for  the  principals  are 
said  to  liave  agreed  that  the  guns  should  be  loaded 
with  blank  cartridges,  and  Stuart  was  let  into  the 
secret  but  Bennett  was  not.  When  the  order  to 
fire  came,  Bennett's  gun  proved  to  liave  been 
loaded  with  ball.  Stuart  fell  mortally  wounded, 
expiring  almost  immediately.  One  report  says 
that  the  duel  was  intended  as  a  sham,  and  was  so 
understood  by  Bennett,  who  was  horrified  by  the 
result.  He  and  his  two  seconds  were  arrested  for 
murder,  but  Bennett  broke  jail  and  fled  to 
Arkansas.  The  seconds  were  tried,  Daniel  P. 
Cook  conducting  the  prosecution  and  Thomas  H. 
Benton  defending,  the  trial  resulting  in  their 
acquittal.  Two  years  later,  Bennett  was  appre- 
hended by  some  sort  of  artifice,  put  on  his  trial, 
convicted  and  executed — Judge  John  Reynolds 
(afterwards  Governor)  presiding  and  pronouncing 
sentence. 

In  a  footnote  to  "The  Edwards  Papers," 
edited  by  the  late  E.  B.  Washburne,  and  printed 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
Society,  a  few  years  ago,  Mr.  Washburne  relates 
an  incident  occurring  in  Galena  about  1838,  while 
"The  Northwestern  Gazette  and  Galena  Adver- 
tiser" was  under  the  charge  of  Sylvester  M. 
Bartlett,  who  was  afterwards  one  of  the  founders 
of  "The  Quincy  Whig."  The  story,  as  told  by 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


139 


Mr.  Washburne,  is  as  follows:  "David  G.  Bates 
(a  Galena  business  man  and  captain  of  a  packet 
plying  between  St.  Louis  and  Galena)  wrote  a 
short  communication  for  the  paper  reflecting  on 
the  character  of  John  Turney,  a  prominent  law- 
yer  who  had  been  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1828-30,  from  the  District 
composed  of  Pike,  Adams,  Fulton,  Schuyler, 
Peoria  and  Jo  Daviess  Counties.  Turney  de- 
manded the  name  of  the  author  and  Bartlett  gave 
up  the  name  of  Bates.  Turney  refused  to  take 
any  notice  of  Bates  and  then  challenged  Bartlett 
to  a  duel,  which  was  promptly  accepted  by  Bart- 
lett. The  second  of  Turney  was  the  Hon.  Joseph 
P.  Hoge,  afterward  a  member  of  Congress  from 
the  Galena  District.  Bartlett's  second  was 
William  A.  Warren,  now  of  Bellevue,  Iowa." 
(Warren  was  a  prominent  Union  officer  during 
the  Civil  War.)  "The  parties  went  out  to  the 
ground  selected  for  the  duel,  in  what  was  then 
Wisconsin  Territory,  seven  miles  north  of  Galena, 
and,  after  one  ineffectual  fire,  the  matter  was 
compromised.  Subsequently,  Bartlett  removed 
to  Quincy,  and  was  for  a  long  time  connected 
with  the  publication  of  'The  Quincy  Whig.'" 

During  the  session  of  the  Twelfth  General 
Assembly  (1841),  A.  R.  Dodge,  a  Democratic 
Representative  from  Peoria  County,  feeling  him- 
self aggrieved  by  some  reflections  indulged  by  Gen. 
John  J.  Hardin  (then  a  Whig  Representative 
from  Morgan  County)  upon  the  Democratic  party 
in  connection  with  the  partisan  reorganization 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  threatened  to  "call  out" 
Hurdin.  The  affair  was  referred  to  W.  L.  D. 
Ewing  and  W.  A.  Richardson  for  Dodge,  and 
J.  J.  Brown  and  E.  B.  Webb  for  Hardin,  with 
the  result  that  it  was  amicably  adjusted  "honor- 
ably to  both  parties." 

It  was  during  the  same  session  tliat  John  A. 
McClernand,  then  a  young  and  fiery  member 
from  Gallatin  County  —  who  had,  two  years 
l>efore,  been  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by 
Governor  Carlin,  but  had  been  debarred  from 
taking  the  office  by  an  adverse  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  —  indulged  in  a  violent  attack 
upon  the  Whig  members  of  the  Court  based  upon 
allegations  afterwards  shown  to  liave  been  fur- 
nished by  Theophilus  W.  Smith,  a  Democratic 
member  of  the  same  court.  Smith  having  joined 
his  associates  in  a  card  denying  the  truth  of  the 
charges,  McClernand  responded  with  the  publi- 
cation of  the  cards  of  persons  tracing  the  allega- 
tions directly  to  Smith  himself.  This  brought  a 
note  from  Smith  which  McClernand  construed  into 
a  challenge  and  answered  with  a  prompt  accept- 


ance. Attorney-General  Lamborn,  having  got 
wind  of  the  affair,  lodged  a  complaint  with  a 
Springfield  Justice  of  the  Peace,  wliich  resulted 
in  placing  the  pugnacious  jurist  under  bonds  to 
keep  the  peace,  when  he  took  his  departure  for 
Chicago,  and  the  "affair"  ended. 

An  incident  of  greater  historical  interest  than 
all  the  others  yet  mentioned,  was  the  affair  in 
which  James  Shields  and  Abraham  Lincoln — the 
former  the  State  Auditor  and  the  hitter  at  that 
time  a  young  attorney  at  Springfield — were  con- 
cerned. A  communication  in  doggerel  verse  liad 
appeared  in  "The  Springfield  Journal"  ridiculing 
the  Auditor.  Shields  made  demand  upon  the 
editor  (Mr.  Simeon  Francis)  for  the  name  of  the 
author,  and.  in  accordance  with  previous  under- 
standing, the  name  of  Lincoln  was  given.  (Evi- 
dence, later  coming  to  light,  showed  that  the  real 
authors  were  Miss  Mary  Todd — who,  a  few  months 
later,  became  Mrs.  Lincoln — and  Miss  Julia  Jayne, 
afterwards  the  wife  of  Senator  Trumbull.) 
Shields,  tlirough  John  D.  Whiteside.  a  former 
State  Treasurer,  demanded  a  retraction  of  the 
offensive  matter— the  demand  being  presented  to 
Lincoln  at  Tremont,  in  Tazewell  County,  where 
Lincoln  was  attending  court.  Without  attempt- 
ing to  follow  the  affair  through  all  its  complicated 
details — Shields  having  assumed  that  Lincoln  was 
the  author  without  further  investigation,  and 
Lincoln  refusing  to  make  any  explanation  unless 
the  first  demand  was  withdrawn — Lincoln  named 
Dr.  E.  H.  Merriman  as  his  second  and  accepted 
Shield's  challenge,  naming  cavalry  broadswords 
as  the  weapons  and  the  Missouri  shore,  within 
three  miles  of  the  city  of  Alton,  as  the  place. 
The  principals,  with  their  "friends,"  met  at  the 
appointed  time  and  place  (Sept.  22,  1842.  opposite 
the  city  of  Alton);  but,  in  the  meantime,  mutual 
friends,  liaving  been  apprised  of  what  was  going 
on,  also  appeared  on  the  ground  and  brought 
about  explanations  which  averted  an  actual  con- 
flict. Those  especially  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  this  result  were  Gen.  John  J.  Hardin  of 
Jacksonville,  and  Dr.  R.  W.  English  of  Greene 
County,  while  John  D.  Whiteside,  W.  L.  D. 
Ewing  anil  Dr.  T.  M.  Hope  acted  as  represent- 
atives of  Shields,  and  Dr.  E.  H.  Merriman, 
Dr.  A.  T.  Bledsoe  and  William  Butler  for  Lincoln. 

Out  of  this  affair,  within  the  next  few  days, 
followed  challenges  from  Shields  to  Butler  and 
Whiteside  to  Merriman ;  but,  although  these  were 
accepted,  yet  owing  to  some  objection  on  the  part 
of  the  challenging  party  to  the  conditions  named 
by  the  party  challenged,  thereby  resulting  in  de- 
lay, no  meeting  actually  took  place. 


* 


140 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Another  affair  which  bore  important  results 
without  ending  in  a  tragedy,  occurred  during  the 
session  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1847. 
The  parties  to  it  were  O.  C.  Pratt  and  Thompson 
Campbell  —  both  Delegates  from  Jo  Daviess 
County,  and  both  Democrats.  Some  sparring 
between  them  over  the  question  of  suffrage  for 
naturalized  foreigners  resulted  in  an  invitation 
from  Pratt  to  Campbell  to  meet  him  at  the 
Planters'  House  in  St.  Louis,  with  an  intimation 
that  this  was  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the 
preliminaries  of  a  duel.  Both  parties  were  on 
hand  before  the  appointed  time,  but  their  arrest 
by  the  St.  Louis  authorities  and  putting  them 
under  heavy  bonds  to  keep  the  peace,  gave  them 
an  excuse  for  returning  to  their  convention 
duties  without  coming  to  actual  hostilities — if 
they  had  such  intention.  This  was  promptly 
followed  by  the  adoption  in  Convention  of  the 
provision  of  the  Constitution  of  1848,  disqualify- 
ing any  person  engaged  in  a  dueling  affair,  either 
as  principal  or  second,  from  holding  any  office  of 
honor  or  profit  in  the  State. 

The  last  and  principal  affair  of  this  kind  of 
historic  significance,  in  which  a  citizen  of  Illinois 
was  engaged,  though  not  on  Illinois  soil,  was  that 
in  which  Congressman  William  H.  Bissell,  after- 
wards Governor  of  Illinois,  and  Jefferson  Davis 
were  concerned  in  February,  1850.  During  the 
debate  on  the  "Compromise  Measures"  of  that 
year,  Congressman  Seddon  of  Virginia  went  out 
of  his  way  to  indulge  in  implied  reflections  upon 
the  courage  of  Northern  soldiers  as  displayed  on 
the  battle-field  of  Buena  Vista,  and  to  claim  for 
the  Mississippi  regiment  commanded  by  Davis 
the  credit  of  saving  the  day.  Replying  to  these 
claims  Colonel  Bissell  took  occasion  to  correct  the 
Virginia  Congressman's  statements,  and  especi- 
ally to  vindicate  the  good  name  of  the  Illinois  and 
Kentucky  troops.  In  doing  so  he  declared  that, 
at  the  critical  moment  alluded  to  by  Seddon, 
when  the  Indiana  regiment  gave  -way,  Davis's 
regiment  was  not  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  the 
scene  of  action.  This  was  construed  by  Davis  as 
a  reflection  upon  his  troops,  and  led  to  a  challenge 
which  was  promptly  accepted  by  Bissell,  who 
named  the  soldier's  weapon  (the  common  army 
musket),  loaded  with  ball  ivnd  buckshot,  with 
forty  paces  as  the  distance,  with  liberty  to 
advance  up  to  ten — otherwise  leaving  the  pre- 
liminaries to  be  settled  by  his  friends.  The  evi- 
dence manifested  by  Bissell  that  he  was  not  to  be 
intimidated,  but  was  prepared  to  face  death 
itself  to  vindicate  his  own  honor  and  that  of  his 
comrades  in  the  field,  was  a  surprise  to  the  South- 


ern leaders,  and  they  soon  found  a  way  for  Davis 
to  withdraw  his  challenge  on  condition  that 
Bissell  should  add  to  his  letter  of  acceptance  a 
clause  awarding  credit  to  the  Mississippi  regi- 
ment for  what  they  actually  did,  but  without  dis- 
avowing or  retracting  a  single  word  he  had 
uttered  in  his  speech.  In  the  meantime,  it  is  said 
that  President  Taylor,  who  was  the  father-in-law 
of  Davis,  having  been  apprised  of  what  was  on 
foot,  had  taken  precautions  to  prevent  a  meeting 
by  instituting  legal  proceedings  the  night  before 
it  was  to  take  place,  though  this  was  rendered 
unnecessary  by  the  act  of  Davis  himself.  Thus, 
Colonel  Bissell's  position  was  virtually  (though 
indirectly)  justified  by  his  enemies.  It  is  true, 
he  was  violently  assailed  by  his  political  opponents 
for  alleged  violation  of  the  inhibition  in  the  State 
Constitution  against  dueling,  especially  when  he 
came  to  take  the  oatli  of  office  as  Governor  of 
Illinois,  seven  years  later;  but  his  course  in  "turn- 
ing the  tables"  against  his  fire-eating  opponents 
aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  North,  while  his 
friends  maintained  that  the  act  having  been 
performed  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State, 
he  was  technically  not  guilty  of  any  violation  of 
the  laws. 

While  the  provision  in  the  Constitution  of  184H. 
against  dueling,  was  not  re-incorporated  in  that 
of  1870,  the  laws  on  the  subject  are  very  strin- 
gent. Besides  imposing  a  penalty  of  not  less  than 
one  nor  more  than  five  years'  imprisonment,  or  a 
fine  not  exceeding  $3,000,  upon  any  one  who,  as 
principal  or  second,  participates  in  a  duel  with  a 
deadly  weapon,  whether  such  duel  proves  fatal 
or  not,  or  who  seniLs,  carries  or  accepts  a  chal- 
lenge: the  law  also  provides  that  any  one  con- 
victed of  such  offense  shall  he  disqualified  for 
holding  "any  office  of  profit,  trust  or  emolument, 
either  civil  or  military,  under  the  Constitution  or 
laws  of  this  State."  Any  person  leaving  the 
State  to  send  or  receive  a  challenge  is  subject  to 
the  same  penalties  as  if  the  offense  had  lieen 
committed  within  the  State;  and  any  person  who 
may  inflict  upon  his  antagonist  a  fatal  wound,  as  ' 
the  result  of  an  engagement  made  in  this  State  to 
fight  a  duel  beyond  its  jurisdiction — when  the 
person  so  wounded  dies  within  this  State — is  held 
to  be  guilty  of  murder  and  subject  to  punishment 
for  the  same.  The  publishing  of  any  person  as  a 
coward,  or  the  applying  to  him  of  opprobrious  or 
abusive  language,  for  refusing  to  accept  a  clial- 
lenge,  is  declared  to  be  a  crime  punishable  by 
fine  or  imprisonment. 

DUFF,   Andrew   D.,  lawyer  and  Judge,   was 
Iwrn  of    a  family  of  pioneer  settlers  in    Bond 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


141 


County,  111.,  Jan.  24,  1820;  was  educated  in  the 
country  schools,  and,  from  1842  to  1847,  spent  his 
time  in  teaching  and  as  a  fanner.  The  latter 
year  he  removed  to  Benton,  Franklin  County, 
where  he  began  reading  law,  but  suspended  his 
studies  to  enlist  in  the  Mexican  War,  serving  as  a 
private;  in  1849  was  elected  County  Judge  of 
Franklin  County,  and,  in  the  following  year,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
Judge  for  the  Twenty-sixth  Circuit  and  re- 
elected  in  1867,  serving  until  1873.  He  also 
served  as  a  Delegate  in  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1862  from  the  district  composed  of 
Franklin  and  Jackson  Counties,  and,  being  a 
zealous  Democrat,  was  one  of  the  leaders  in 
calling  the  mass  meeting  held  at  Peoria,  in 
August,  1864,  to  protest  against  the  jwlicy  of  the 
Government  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 
About  the  close  of  his  last  term  upon  the  bench 
(1873),  he  removed  to  Carbondale,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside.  In  his  later  years  he  be- 
came an  Independent  in  politics,  acting  for 
:.  time  in  cooperation  with  the  friends  of 
temperance.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  by  joint 
resolution  of  the  Legislature  on  a  commission  to 
revise  the  revenue  code  of  the  State.  Died,  at 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  June  25,  1889. 

DUNCAX,  Joseph,  Congressman  and  Gov- 
ernor, was  born  at  Paris,  Ky.,  Feb.  22,  1794; 
emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1818,  having  previously 
served  with  distinction  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
been  presented  with  a  sword,  by  vote  of  Congress, 
for  gallant  conduct  in  the  defense  of  Fort  Stephen- 
son.  He  was  commissioned  Major-General  of 
Illinois  militia  in  1823  and  elected  State  Senator 
from  Jackson  County  in  1824.  He  served  in  the 
lower  house  of  Congress  from  1827  to  1834,  when 
he  resigned  his  seat  to  occupy  'the  gubernatorial 
chair,  to  which  he  was  elected  the  latter  year.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  first  free-school  law, 
adopted  in  1825.  His  executive  policy  was  con- 
servative and  consistent,  and  his  administration 
successful.  He  erected  the  first  frame  building 
at  Jacksonville,  in  1834,  and  was  a  liberal  friend 
of  Illinois  College  at  that  place.  In  his  personal 
character  he  was  kindly,  genial  and  unassuming, 
although  fearless  in  the  expression  of  his  convic- 
tions. He  was  the  Whig  candidate  for  Governor 
in  1842,  when  he  met  with  his  first  political 
defeat.  Died,  at  Jacksonville,  Jan.  15,  1844, 
mourned  by  men  of  all  parties. 

DUNCAN,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born  in  Kas- 
kaskia.  III.,  April  14,  1809;  served  as  a  private  in 
the  Illinois  mounted  volunteers  during  the  Black 
Hawk  War  of  1832 ;  also  as  First  Lieutenant  of 


cavalry  in  the  regular  army  in  the  Mexican  War 
(1846),  and  as  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel 
during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  still  later  doing 
duty  upon  the  frontier  keeping  the  Indians  in 
check.  He  was  retired  from  active  service  in 
1873,  and  died  in  Washington,  Jan.  7,  1887. 

DUNDEE,  a  town  on  Fox  River,  in  Kane 
County.  5  miles  (by  rail)  north  of  Elgin  and  47 
miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago.  It  has  two 
distinct  corporations — East  and  West  Dundee — 
but  is  progressive  and  united  in  action.  Dairy 
farming  is  the  principal  industry  of  the  adjacent 
region,  and  the  town  has  two  large  milk-con- 
densing  plants,  a  cheese  factory,  etc.  It  lias  good 
water  power  and  there  are  flour  and  saw-mills, 
besides  brick  and  tile-works,  an.extensive  nursery, 
two  banks,  six  churches,  a  handsome  high  school 
building,  a  public  library  and  one  weekly  paper. 
Population  (1890),  2,023;  (1900),  2,765. 

DUNHAM,  John  High,  banker  and  Board  of 
Trade  operator,  was  born  in  Seneca  County, 
N.  Y.,  1817;  came  to  Chicago  in  1844,  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  grocery  trade,  and,  a  few  years 
later,  took  a  prominent  part  in  solving  the  ques- 
tion of  a  water  supply  for  the  city ;  was  elected  to 
the  Twentieth  General  Assembly  (1856)  and  the 
next  year  assisted  in  organizing  the  Merchants' 
Loan  &  Trust  Company,  of  which  he  became  the 
first  President,  retiring  five  years  later  and  re- 
engaging in  the  mercantile  business.  While 
Hon.  Hugh  McCullough  was  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  he  was  appointed  National  Bank 
Examiner  for  Illinois,  serving  until  1866.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  an  early  member 
of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Died,  April  28,  18113, 
leaving  a  large  estate. 

DUNHAM,  Ransom  W..  merchant  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  at  Savoy,  Mass.,  March  21. 
1838;  after  graduating  from  the  High  School  at 
Springfield.  Mass.,  in  1855.  was  connected  with 
the  Massachusetts  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany until  August,  1860.  In  1857  he  removed 
from  Springfield  to  Chicago,  and  at  the  termina- 
tion of  his  connection  with  the  Insurance  Com- 
pany, embarked  in  the  grain  and  provision 
commission  business  in  that  city,  and,  in*"1882, 
was  President  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 
From  1883  to  1889  he  represented  the  First  Illinois 
District  in  Congress,  after  the  expiration  of  his 
last  term  devoting  his  attention  to  his  large 
private  business.  His  death  took  place  suddenly 
at  Springfield,  Mass..  August  19,  1896. 

DUNLAP,  (icoruc  Lincoln,  civil  engineer  and 
Railway  Superintendent,  was  born  at  Brunswick, 


142 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Maine,  in  1828;  studied  mathematics  and  engineer- 
ing at  Gorham  Academy,  and,  after  several 
years'  experience  on  the  Boston  &  Maine  and  the 
New  York  &  Erie  Railways,  came  west  in  1855 
and  accepted  a  position  as  assistant  engineer  on 
what  is  now  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
road, finally  becoming  its  General  Superintend- 
ent, and,  in  fourteen  years  of  his  connection  with 
that  road,  vastly  extending  its  lines.  Between 
1872  and  '79  he  was  connected  with  the  Montreal 
&  Quebec  Railway,  but  the  latter  year  returned 
to  Illinois  and  was  actively  connected  with  the 
extension  of  the  Wabash  system  until  his  retire- 
ment a  few  years  ago. 

DUNLAP,  Henry  M.,  horticulturist  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  in  Cook  County,  111.,  Nov.  14, 
1853 — the  son  of  M.  L.  Dunlap  (the  well-known 
"Rural"),  who  became  a  prominent  horticulturist 
In  Champaign  County  and  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  State  Agricultural  Society.  The  family 
having  located  at  Savoy,  Champaign  County, 
about  1857,  the  younger  Dunlap  was  educated  in 
the  University  of  Illinois,  graduating  in  the 
scientific  department  in  1875.  Following  in  the 
footsteps  of  his  father,  he  engaged  extensively 
in  fruit-growing,  and  has  served  in  the  office  of 
both  President  and  Secretary  of  the  State  Horti 
cultural  Society,  besides  local  offices.  In  1892  he 
was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Senate 
for  the  Thirtieth  District,  was  re-elected  in  1896, 
anil  has  been  prominent  in  State  legislation. 

DUNLAP,  Mathias  Lane,  horticulturist,  was 
Iwrn  at  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14.  1814; 
I'oming  to  La  Salle  County,  111.,  in  1835,  he 
taught  school  the  following  winter;  then  secured 
a  clerkship  in  Chicago,  and  later  became  hook- 
keeper  for  a  firm  of  contractors  on  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  remaining  two  years.  Having 
entered  a  body  of  Government  land  in  the  western 
part  of  Cook  County,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
farming,  giving  a  portion  of  his  time  to  survey- 
ing. In  1845  he  became  interested  in  horticulture 
iind,  in  a  few  years,  built  up  one  of  the  most 
extensive  nurseries  in  the  West.  In  1854  he  was 
chosen  a  Representative  in  the  Nineteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  from  Cook  County,  and,  at  the 
following  session,  presided  over  the  caucus  which 
resulted  in  the  nomination  and  final  election  of 
Lyman  Trumbull  to  the  United  States  Senate  for 
the  first  time  Politically  an  anti-slavery  Demo- 
crat, he  espoused  the  cause  of  freedom  in  the 
Territories,  while  his  house  was  one  of  the  depots 
of  the  "underground  railroad."  In  1855  he  pur- 
chased a  half-section  of  land  near  Champaign, 
whither  he  removed,  two  years  later,  for  the 


prosecution  of  his  nursery  business.  He  was  an 
active  member,  for  many  years,  of  the  State  Agri- 
cultural Society  and  an  earnest  supporter  of  the 
scheme  for  the  establishment  of  an  "Industrial 
University,"  which  finally  took  form  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  at  Champaign.  From  1853  to 
his  death  he  was  the  agricultural  correspondent, 
first  of  "The  Chicago  Democratic  Press,"  and 
later  of  "The  Tribune,"  writing  over  the  nom  de 
plume  of  "Rural."  Died,  Feb.  14,  1875. 

DU  PAGE  COUNTY,  organized  in  1839,  named 
for  a  river  which  flows  through  it.  It  adjoins 
Cook  County  on  the  west  and  contains  340  square 
miles.  In  1900  its  population  was  28,196.  The 
county-seat  was  originally  at  Naperville,  which 
was  platted  in  1842  and  named  in  honor  of  Capt. 
Joseph  Naper,  who  settled  upon  the  site  in  1831. 
In  18G9  the  county  government  was  removed  to 
Wheaton,  the  location  of  Wheaton  College, 
where  it  yet  remains.  Besides  Captain  Naper, 
early  settlers  of  prominence  were  Bailey  Hobson 
(the  pioneer  in  the  township  of  Lisle),  and  Pierce 
Downer  (in  Downer's  Grove).  The  chief  towns 
are  Wheaton  (population,  1,622),  Naperville 
(2,216),  Hinsdale  (1,584),  Downer's  Grove  (960), 
and  Roselle  (450).  Hinsdale  and  Roselle  are 
largely  populated  by  persons  doing  business  in 
Chicago. 

DO  <{UOIX,  a  city  and  railway  junction  in 
Perry  County,  76  miles  north  of  Cairo;  has  a 
foundry,  machine  shops,  planing-mill,  flour  mills, 
salt  works,  ice  factory,  soda-water  factory, 
creamery,  coal  mines,  graded  school,  public 
library  and  four  newspapers.  Population  (1890), 
4.052;  (1900),  4,353;  (1903,  school  census),  5,207. 

DURBOROW,  Allan  Cathcart,  ex-Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  20,  1857. 
When  five  years  old  he  accompanied  his  parents 
to  Williamsport,  Ind.,  where  he  received  his 
early  education.  He  entered  the  preparatory 
department  of  Wabash  College  in  1872,  and 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Indiana,  at 
Bloomington,  in  1877.  After  two  years'  residence 
in  Indianapolis,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
engaged  in  business.  Always  active  in  local 
politics,  he  was  elected  by  the  Democrats  in  1890, 
and  again  in  1892,  Representative  in  Congress 
from  the  Second  District,  retiring  with  the  close 
of  the  Fifty-third  Congress.  Mr.  Durborow  is 
Treasurer  of  the  Chicago  Air-Line  Express  Com- 
pany. 

DUSTIN,  (Gen.)  Daniel,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Topsham,  Orange  County,  Vt.,  Oct.  5,  1820; 
received  a  common-school  and  academic  educa- 
tion, graduating  in  medicine  at  Dartmouth  Col- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


143 


lege  in  1846.  After  practicing  three  years  at 
Corinth,  Vt.,  he  went  to  California  in  1850  and 
engaged  in  mining,  but  three  years  later  resumed 
the  practice  of  his  profession  while  conducting  a 
mercantile  business.  He  was  subsequently  chosen 
to  the  California  Legislature  from  Nevada 
County,  but  coming  to  Illinois  in  1858,  he 
engaged  in  the  drug  business  at  Sycamore,  De 
Kalb  County,  in  connection  with  J.  E.  Elwood. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  in  1861,  he  sold 
out  his  drug  business  and  assisted  in  raising  the 
Eighth  Regiment  Illinois  Cavalry,  and  was  com- 
missioned Captain  of  Company  L.  The  regiment 
was  assigned  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and, 
in  January,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to  the  position 
of  Major,  afterwards  taking  part  in  the  battle  of 
Manassas,  and  the  great  "seven  days'  fight" 
before  Richmond.  In  September,  1862,  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fifth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteer 
Infantry  was  mustered  in  at  Dixon,  and  Major 
Dustin  was  commissioned  its  Colonel,  soon  after 
joining  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  After  the 
Atlanta  campaign  he  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  brigade  in  the  Third  Division  of  the 
Twelfth  Army  Corps,  remaining  in  this  position 
to  the  close  of  the  war,  meanwhile  having  been 
brevetted  Brigadier-General  for  bravery  displayed 
on  the  battle-field  at  Averysboro,  N.  C.  He  was 
mustered  out  at  Washington,  June  7,  1865,  and 
took  part  in  the  grand  review  of  the  armies  in 
that  city  which  marked  the  close  of  the  war. 
Returning  to  his  home  in  De  Kalb  County,  he 
was  elected  County  Clerk  in  the  following 
November,  remaining  in  office  four  years.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  chosen  Circuit  Clerk  and  ex- 
officio  Recorder,  and  was  twice  thereafter 
re-elected — in  1884  and  1888.  On  the  organization 
of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Quincy,  in 
1885,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Oglesby  one 
of  the  Trustees,  retaining  the  position  until  his 
death.  In  May,  1890,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Harrison  Assistant  United  States 
Treasurer  at  Chicago,  but  died  in  office  while  on 
a  visit  with  his  daughter  at  Carthage,  Mo.,  March 
30,  1892.  General  Dustin  was  a  Mason  of  high 
degree,  and,  in  18T2,  was  chosen  Right  Eminent 
Commander  of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  the 
State. 

IMVKillT,  a  prosperous  city  in  Livingston 
County,  74  miles,  by  rail,  south-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago, 52  miles  northeast  of  Bloomington,  and  22 
miles  east  of  Streator;  has  two  banks,  two  weekly 
papers,  sixschurches,  five  large  warehouses,  two 
electric  light  plants,  complete  water-works  sys- 
tem, and  four  hotels.  The  city  is  the  center  of  a 


rich  farming  and  stock-raising  district.  Dwight 
has  attained  celebrity  as  the  location  of  the  first 
of  "Keeley  Institutes,"  founded  for  the  cure  of 
the  drink  and  morphine  habit.  Population 
(1890),  1,354;  (1900),  2,015.  These  figures  do  not 
include  the  floating  population,  which  13 
augmented  by  patients  who  receive  treatment 
at  the  "Keeley  Institute." 

DYER,  Charles  Yolney,  M.It.,  pioneer  physi- 
cian, was  born  at  Clarendon,  Vt.,  June  12,  1808; 
graduated  in  medicine  at  Middlebury  College,  in 
1830:  began  practice  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1831, 
and  in  Chicago  in  1835.  He  was  an  uncomprom- 
ising opponent  of  slavery  and  an  avowed  sup- 
porter' of  the  "underground  railroad,"  and,  in 
1848,  received  the  support  of  the  Free-Soil  party 
of  Illinois  for  Governor.  Dr.  Dyer  was  also  one 
of  the  original  incorporators  of  the  North  Chicago 
Street  Railway  Company,  and  his  name  was 
prominently  identified  with  many  local  benevo- 
lent enterprises.  Died,  in  Lake  View  (then  a 
suburb  of  Chicago),  April  24,  1878. 

EARLVILLE,  a  city  and  railway  junction  in 
La  Salle  County,  52  miles  northeast  of  Princeton, 
at  the  intersecting  point  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  i^nd  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroads.  It  is  in  the  center  of  an  agricultural 
and  stock-raising  district,  and  is  an  important 
shipping-point.  It  has  seven  churches,  a  graded 
school,  one  bank,  two  weekly  newspapers  and 
manufactorTes  of  plows,  wagons  and  carriages. 
Population  (1980),  963;  (1890),  1,058;  (1900),  1,122. 

EARLY,  John,  legislator  and  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,  was  born  of  American  parentage  and  Irish 
ancestry  in  Essex  County,  Canada  West,  March 
17,  1828,  and  accompanied  liis  parents  to  Cale- 
donia, Boone  County,  111.,  in  1846.  His  boyhood 
was  passed  upon  his  father's  farm,  and  in  youth 
he  learned  the  trade  (his  father's)  of  carpenter 
and  joiner.  In  1852  he  removed  to  Rockford, 
Winnebago  County,  and,  in  1865,  became  State 
Agent  of  the  New  England  Mutual  Life  Insur- 
ance Company.  Between  1863  and  1866  he  held 
sundry  local  offices,  and,  in  18G9,  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Palmer  a  Trustee  of  the  State 
Reform  School.  In  1870  he  was  elected  State 
Senator  and  re-elected  in  1874,  serving  in  the 
Twenty-seventh,  Twenty  eighth.  Twenty-ninth 
and  Thirtieth  General  Assemblies.  In  1873  he 
was  elected  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate,  and, 
Lieut-Gov.  Beveridge  succeeding  to  the  executive 
chair,  he  became  ex-officio  Lieutenant-Governor. 
In  1875  he  was  again  the  Republican  nominee  for 
the  Presidency  of  the  Senate,  but  *as  defeated 


144 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


by  a  coalition  of  Democrats  and  Independents. 
He  died  while  a  member  of  the  Senate.  Sept.  2, 
1877. 

EARTHQUAKE    OF    1811.    A    series  of   the 
most  remarkable  earthquakes  in  the  history  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley   began  on   the   night  of 
November  16,  1811.  continuing  for  several  months 
and  finally  ending  with  the  destruction  of  Carac- 
cas,  Venezuela,  in  March  following.     While  the 
center  of  the  earlier  disturbance  appears  to  have 
been  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Madrid,  in  Southeast- 
ern Missouri,  its  minor  effects  were  felt  through 
a   wide    extent    of   country,   especially  in    the 
settled    portions   of    Illinois.     Contemporaneous 
history  states  that,  in  the  American  Bottom,  then 
the  most  densely  settled  portion  of  Illinois,  the 
results  were  very  perceptible.     The  walls  of   a 
brick  house   belonging  to  Mr.  Samuel   Judy,  a 
pioneer  settler  in  the  eastern  edge  of  the  bottom, 
near  Edwardsville.  Madison  County,  were  cracked 
by  the  convulsion,  the  effects  being  seen  for  more 
than  two  generations.     Gov.  John  Reynolds,  then 
a  young    man    of    23.   living  witli    his    father's 
family  in  what  was  called  the  "Goshen  Settle- 
ment," near  Edwardsville,  in  his  history  of  "My 
Own  Times,"  says  of  it:     "Our  family  were  all 
sleeping  in  a  log-cabin,  and  my  father  leaped  out 
of  bed,  crying  out,  'The  Indians  are  on  the  house. 
The   battle   of    Tippecanoe    had    been    recently 
fought,  and  it  was  supposed  the  Indians  would 
attack  the  settlements.     Not  one  in  the  family 
knew  at  that  time  it  was  an  earthquake.     The 
next  morning  another  shock  made  us  acquainted 
with  it.    ...    The   cattle  came   running    home 
bellowing  with  fear,  and  all  animals  were  terribly 
alarmed.     Our  house  cracked  and  quivered  so  we 
were  fearful  it  would  fall  to  the  ground.     In  the 
American  Bottom  many  chimneys  were  thrown 
down,   and    the    church     bell   at  Cahokia   was 
sounded  by  the  agitation  of  the  building.     It  is 
said  a  shock  of  an  earthquake  was  felt  in  Kaskas- 
kia  in  1804,  but  I  did  not  perceive  it."    Owing  to 
the  sparseness  of  the  population  in  Illinois  at  that 
time,  but  little  is  known  of  the  effect  of  the  con- 
vulsion of  1811  elsewhere,  but  there  are  numerous 
"sink-holes"  in    Union   and    adjacent  counties, 
between  the  forks  of  the  Ohio  and    Mississippi 
Rivers,  which  probably  owe  their  origin  to  this  or 
some  similar  disturbance.     "On  the    Kaskaskia 
River  below  Athens,"  says  Governor  Reynolds  in 
his  "Pioneer  History."  "the  water  and  white  sand 
were  thrown  up  through  a  fissure  of  the  earth." 
EAST  DUBUQUE,  an  incorporated  city  of  Jo 
Daviess  County,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, 17  miles  (by  rail)  northeast  of  Galena.     It 


is  connected  with  Dubuque,  Iowa,  by  a  railroad 
and  a  wagon  bridge  two  miles  in  length.  It  has 
a  grain  elevator,  a  box  factory,  a  planing  mill 
and  manufactories  of  cultivators  and  sand  drills. 
It  has  also  a  bank,  two  churches,  good  public 
schools  and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Population 
(1880).  1,037;  (1890).  1,069;  (1900),  1,146. 

EA8TON,  (Col.)  Knfiis.  pioneer,  founder  of  the 
city  of  Alton;  was  born  at  Litchfield.  Conn., 
May  4,  1774;  studied  law  and  practiced  two 
years  in  Oneida  County.  N.  V. ;  emigrated  to  St. 
Louis  in  1804.  and  was  commissioned  by  President 
Jefferson  Judge  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana, 
and  also  became  the  first  Postmaster  of  St.  Louis, 
in  1808.  From  1814  to  1818  he  served  as  Delegate 
in  Congress  from  Missouri  Territory,  and,  on  the 
organization  of  the  State  of  Missouri  (1821).  was 
appointed  Attorney -General  for  the  State,  serving 
until  1826.  His  death  occurred  at  St.  Charles, 
Mo..  July  5,  1834.  Colonel  Easton's  connection 
with  Illinois  history  is  based  chiefly  upon  the 
fact  that  he  was  the  founder  of  the  present  city 
of  Alton,  which  he  laid  out,  in  1817,  on  a  tract  of 
land  of  which  he  had  obtained  possession  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Little  Piasa  Creek,  naming  the 
town  for  his  son.  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott, 
prominently  identified  with  the  early  history  of 
that  portion  of  the  State,  kept  a  store  for  Easton 
at  Milton,  on  Wood  River,  about  two  miles  from 
Alton,  in  the  early  "  '20's." 

EAST  ST.  LOUIS,  a  flourishing  city  in  St.  Clair 
County,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  di- 
rectly opposite  St.  Louis;  is  the  terminus  of 
twenty-two  railroads  and  several  electric  lines, 
and  the  leading  commercial  and  manufacturing 
point  in  Southern  Illinois.  Its  industries  include 
rolling  mills,  steel,  brass,  malleable  iron  and 
glass  works,  grain  elevators  and  flour  mills, 
breweries,  stockyards  and  packing  houses.  The 
city  has  eleven  public  and  five  parochial  schools, 
one  high  school,  and  two  colleges;  is  well  sup- 
plied with  banks  and  has  one  daily  and  four 
weekly  papers.  Population  (1890),  15,169;  (1900), 
29,655;  (1903,  est).  40,000. 

EASTERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE. 
The  act  for  the  establishment  of  this  institution 
passed  the  General  Assembly  in  1877.  Many 
cities  offered  inducements,  by  way  of  donations, 
for  the  location  of  the  new  hospital,  but  the  site 
finally  selected  was  a  farm  of  250  acres  near  Kun- 
kakee,  and  this  was  subsequently  enlarged  by  the 
purchase  of  327  additional  acres  in  1881.  Work 
was  begun  in  1878  and  the  first  patients  received 
in  December,  1879.  The  plan  of  the  institution 
is.  in  many  respects,  unique.  It  comprises  a 


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144 


HISTORICAL    KNCYCLOI'KDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS. 


I iv  a  coalition  of   Demorrats  .UK!   Independents 
lie  died  wliili'  a   uiemlicr  of  the  Senate.  Sept.  •„'. 

1*77. 

KAKTHOJAKK  OK  Isll.  A  .cries  of  t|l(. 
un»t  remarkable  earthquakes,  in  I  lie  history  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  he^an  mi  the  nijjht  of 
Novembpf  Hi.  IMl  ci  ml  inning  for  several  months 
Mini  finally  endim.:'  ^ith  the'destruct  inn  of  Carac 
.•as  Venezuela,  in  M:in-h  f..ll,.w  i.,_-  While  the 
center  of  tht-  earlier  .list iir bailee  appears  to  have 
lieen  in  the  \  icinity  nl1  New  Madrid  in  Southeast 
ern  Missouri,  its  minor  etfeets  were  felt  through 
a  wide  c\ici,t  ..I  .•..until  es|iecially  in  the 
-<•ul.il  portions  of  Illinois  Contemporaneous 
history  states  that,  in  thf  American  Bottom  then 
the  most  densely  set  tlfil  portion  of  Illinois  the 
results  were  i  ery  |ieri-eptil>le  The  walls  of  a 
brick  limise  boloimin^  t«>  Mr  Samuel  .Imh  a 
pioneer  settler  in  I  he  eastern  eil^'e  of  the  Ixittom 
near  Kdwardsville.  Madison  Count  v .  were  cracked 
In'  t  he  eon\  nlsion.  the  etfects  beinji  seen  for  more 
than  I  wo  general  tons  ( lov  John  Ke\  nolds.  then 
a  youne;  man  of  •.':!  living  with  his  father's 
family  in  what  was  called  the  "(ioshen  Settle 
inent."  near  r'dwar<U\  ille  in  his  history  of  "M\ 
Own  Times'  says  of  it  "Our  family  were  all 
sleeping  in  a  loi;  cabin  ami  my  father  leapeil  out 
of  lieil.  rryinjr  out.  'The  Imliatis  are  on  t  he  house 

The    hattle    of     Tipperano..     hail     I n     rei-entli 

fought,  ami  it  was  supposeil  I  he  Imlians  woiiM 
attai-k  the  s|.|t|eiiients  Not  one  in  the  family 
knew  at  that  lime  it  was  an  eart  hipiake.  The 
next  mornnm  another  shock  m.-nle  n-  a<-i|iiainleil 
with  it  .  The  i-attle  i-anie  runnini,'  home 

liellowin^;  with  fear  ami  all  animals  «  ere  li-rrilih 
alarmeil  Our  house  craekeil  ami  ijuivereil  so  we 
were  fearful  it  woiilil  fall  to  the  ^'rouml  In  the 
American  Hottom  many  chimneys  were  ihmwn 
I. .\i  n  am)  the  church  hell  at  ('ahokia  was 

solUlileil    In    the    .iL'il.il  ion    of    the    lnlll.l  inu1         It   is 

saiil  a  shock  of  an  eart  In |i lake  was  felt  in  Kaskas 
kia  in  isdl.  l.ut  I  ilid  not  percchc  it  "  <  >\viiif;  t" 
the  |i.n  i-i,.-  ..t  the  population  in  Illinoisat  that 
time,  l.u!  little  is  known  of  the  effect  :  thcentl- 
i  ulsioii  of  1>-1 1  elsew -here,  hut  t  here  are  numerous 
"sinkholes"  in  Cnion  ami  ail.jacent  counties. 
Itetwei-u  the  forks  of  the  Ohio  ami  Mississippi 
lli\  crs.  which  prohahly  owe  t  heir  origin  to  t  his  i>r 
some  similar  ilisturhance  "On  the  Kaskaskia 
1,'iver  lielow  Athens  "  says  Governor  Ifeynolils  in 
his  "Pioneer  History."  "t  he  water  ami  w  hite  saml 
were  thrown  up  t  hrounh  a  fissure  of  the  earth" 
KAST  IU'IM'()l"E,an  incorporate,|  ,-ity  ..!'  .1,, 
llaviess  County  on  the  east  liank  of  the  Missis 
sippi  1?  miles  l,\  raid  northeast  of  lialena  It 


is  iMiuneoti'il  with  Duhuque.  Iowa,  by  a  railmttil 
ami  a  wa^on  hriil^e  two  miles  in  length  It  has 
a  ^'rain  elevator,  a  lio.\  faetory.  a  planini;  mill 
ami  manufactories  of  cultivators  ami  saml  ilrills 
It  has  also  a  liank.  two  churches  u,»,.l  pulilie 
SI'|KKI|S  ami  a  weekly  news|iaper.  Population 
,  issil).  t,u:!7:  dsiidi.  I.IMHI;  (I'.tildi,  1.140. 

I  VN|  u\.  i  ('ill. i  liiilns,  pioneer  foiimlerof  the 
city  of  Alton:  was  l.oii.  at  l.itchlielil.  Conn.. 
May  l.i  1771.  xtmlii'il  law  ami  practiceil  two 
years  in  Oneiila  County.  X.  V  ;  emigrated  to  St. 
Louis  in  |SI»4.  ami  was  ciimiuissioneil  hy  Presi-lent 
.letfei'son  .Inil^e  ot  the  Territory  of  Louisiana, 
ami  also  hecame  the  tirst  1'ost master  of  St.  Louis, 
in  ixns.  From  1*1  I  to  1*1*  he  served  as  Delegate 
in  Congress  from  Mis.soiivi  Territory  and.  on  the 
organization  of  the  State  of  Missouri  (!*•.'!  i  was 
appointed  \ttorney •(  ieneral  for  t  he  State,  serving 
until  Is-.'li  Mis  .leath  o,-curred  at  St.  Cliarles 
Mo  .Inly  •">.  |s:tl  Colonel  Kaston's  connei't ion 
with  Illinois  history  is  l.ased  chielly  upon  the 
fact  that  he  was  I  he  founder  of  the  present  city 
i.f  \lton  w  In.  -h  he  laid  out.  in  1*1  7.  on  a  t  ract  of 
land  of  which  he  had  ohtained  |iossession  at  the 
mouth  of  id..  Little  I'iasa  Creek,  naming  the 
lown  foi-  his  son.  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincotl. 
prominently  iilentilied  with  the  early  history  of 
that  [Kirtion  of  the  State  kept  a  store  for  Kastoii 
al  Milton,  on  Wood  River,  alioiit  two  miles  from 
Alton,  in  the  early  "  ''Jo's 

KAST  ST.  I.OI  IS.  a  nourishing  city  in  St.  Clair 
County,  on  the  east  hank  of  the  Mississippi  di- 
rectly opposite  St.  Louis;  is  the  terminus  of 
twenty-twi>  railroads  and  several  eleetrie  lines, 
and  the  leading  commercial  atid  niannfai  turin£ 
point  in  Southern  Illinois  Its  industries  include 
rolling  mills,  steel,  hrass.  malleahle  iron  and 
^•lass  works,  xrain  elevators  and  Hour  mills, 
hreweries.  stockyards  and  packing  houses.  The 
city  has  eleven  puhlic  and  live  parochial  schools, 
one  liiyli  school,  and  two  colleges:  is  well  sup- 
plieil  with  kinks  ami  has  ore  daily  and  four 
weekly  pajiers  Population  (I *!K>)  l."i.|ll!l;  (l'-MMI). 
',".t,li.Vi:  l!lli:i  es|.  i  III. 110(1 

EASTKKX    IIOSIMTA1.    KOI!    THE    INSANE. 

The  act  foi  the  estahlishment  of  tins  institutioti 
passed  the  (ieneral  Assembly  in  1*77.  Many 
cities  offered  inducements  hy  way  of  donations, 
for  the  location  of  the  new  hospital,  hut  the  site 
tinally  sj'leeted  was  a  farm  of  'J."iO  acres  near  Kan 
kakce  and  this  was  subsequently  enlarged  liv  the 
purehase  of  :«7  additional  a<-res  in  1**1  Work 
was  iK'^'un  in  l^x  ,tM,|  ()„.  f,rst  jiatients  reeeiveil 
in  UecemlK-r  |s7!i  The  plan  of  the  institution 
is  in  many  respects.  unii|iie  It  comprises  a 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


145 


general  building,  three  stories  high,  capable  of 
accommodating  300  to  400  patients,  and  a  number 
of  detached  buildings,  technically  termed  cot- 
tages, where  various  classes  of  insane  patients  may 
be  grouped  and  receive  the  particular  treatment 
best  adapted  to  ensure  their  recovery.  The  plans 
were  mainly  worked  out  from  suggestions  by 
Frederick  Howard  Wines,  LL.D.,  then  Secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Public  Charities,  and  have 
attracted  generally  favorable  comment  both  in 
this  country  and  abroad.  The  seventy-five  build- 
ings occupied  for  the  various  purposes  of  the 
institution,  cover  a  quarter-section  of  land  laid  off 
in  regular  streets,  beautified  with  trees,  plants 
and  flowers,  and  presenting  all  the  appearance  of 
a  flourishing  village  with  numerous  small  parks 
adorned  with  walks  and  drives.  The  counties 
from  which  patients  are  received  include  Cook. 
Champaign,  Coles,  Cumberland.  De  Witt,  Doug- 
las, Edgar,  Ford,  Grundy,  Iroquois,  Kankakee. 
La  Salle,  Livingston,  Macon,  McLean,  Moultriej 
Piatt,  Shelby,  Vermilion  and  Will.  •  The  whole 
number  of  patients  in  1M9H  was  2,200,  while  the 
employes  of  all  classes  numbered  .TOO. 

EASTERN  ILLINOIS  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  an 
institution  designed  to  qualify  teachers  for  giving 
instruction  in  the  public  schools,  located  at 
Charleston,  Coles  County,  under  an  act  of  the 
Legislature  passed  at  the  session  of  1895.  The 
act  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  erection  of  build- 
ings, to  which  additional  appropriations  were 
added  in  1897  and  1898,  of  §25,000  and  $50,000, 
respectively,  with  $56,216.72  contributed  by  the 
city  of  Charleston,  making  a  total  of  $181,216.72. 
The  building  was  begun  in  1896,  the  corner-stone 
being  laid  on  May  27  of  that  year.  There  was 
delay  in  the  progress  of  the  work  in  consequence 
of  the  failure  of  the  contractors  in  December, 
1896,  but  the  work  was  resumed  in  1897  and 
practically  completed  early  in  1899,  with  the 
expectation  that  the  institution  would  be  opened 
for  the  reception  of  students  in  September  fol- 
lowing. 

EASTMAN,  Zebina,  anti-slavery  journalist, 
was  born  at  North  Amherst,  Mass..  Sept.  8,  1815; 
became  a  printer's  apprentice  at  14.  but  later 
spent  a  short  time  in  an  academy  at  Hadley. 
Then,  after  a  brief  experience  as  an  employe  in 
the  office  of  "The  Hartford  Pearl,"  at  the  age  of 
18  he  invested  his  patrimony  of  some  82,000  in 
the  establishment  of  "The  Free  Press"  at  Fayette- 
ville,  Vt.  This  venture  proving  unsuccessful,  in 
1837  he  came  west,  stopping  a  year  or  two  at 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  In  1839  he  visited  Peoria  by 
way  of  Chicago,  working  for  a  time  on  "The 


Peoria  Register,"  but  soon  after  joined  Benjamin 
Lundy,  who  was  preparing  to  revive  his  paper. 
"The  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,"  at 
Lowell.  La  Salle  County.  This  scheme  was 
partially  defeated  by  Lundy 's  early  death,  but, 
after  a  few  months'  delay,  Eastman,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Hooper  Warren,  began  the  publication 
of  "The  Genius  of  Liberty"  as  the  successor  of 
Lundy 's  paper,  using  the  printing  press  which 
Warren  had  used  in  the  office  of  "The  Commer- 
cial Advertiser, "  in  Chicago,  a  year  or  so  before.  In 
1842,  at  the  invitation  of  prominent  Abolitionists, 
the  paper  was  removed  to  Chicago,  where  it  was 
issued  under  the  name  of  "The  Western  Citizen," 
in  1853  becoming  "The  Free  West,"  and  finally, 
in  1856,  being  merged  in  "The  Chicago  Tribune." 
After  the  suspension  of  "The  Free  West,"  Mr. 
Eastman  began  the  publication  of  "The  Chicago 
Magazine,"  a  literary  and  historical  monthly, 
but  it  reached  only  its  fifth  number,  when  it  was 
discontinued  for  want  of  financial  support.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
United  States  Consul  at  Bristol.  England,  where 
he  remained  eight  years.  On  his  return  from 
Europe,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Elgin,  later 
removing  to  Maywood,  a  suburb  of  Chicago, 
where  he  died,  June  14,  1883.  During  the  latter 
years  of  his  life  Mr.  Eastman  contributed  many 
articles  of  great  historical  interest  to  the  Chi- 
cago press.  (See  Ln-ndy.  Benjamin,  and  Warrett, 
Hooper.) 

EBERHART,  John  .Frederick,  educator  and 
real-estate  operator,  was  born  in  Mercer  County. 
Pa.,  Jan.  21,  1829:  commenced  teaching  at  16 
years  of  age,  and,  in  1853,  graduated  from  Alle- 
gheny College,  at  Meadville.  soon  after  becoming 
Principal  of  Albright  Seminary  at  Berlin,  in  the 
same  State ;  in  1855  came  west  by  way  of  .Chicago, 
locating  at  Dixon  and  engaging  in  editorial  work ; 
a  year  later  established  "The  Northwestern 
Home  and  School  Journal."  which  he  published 
three  years,  in  the  meantime  establishing  and 
conducting  teachers'  institutes  in  Illinois,  Iowa 
and  Wisconsin.  In  1859  he  was  elected  School 
Commissioner  of  Cook  County — a  position  which 
was  afterwards  changed  to  County  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools,  and  which  he  held  ten  years.  Mr. 
Eberhurt  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Cook  County  Normal  School. 
Since  retiring  from  office  he  lias  been  engaged  in 
the  real-estate  business  in  Chicago. 

ECKHART,  Bernard  A.,  manufacturer  and 
President  of  the  Chicago  Drainage  Board,  was 
born  in  Alsace.  France  (now  Germany),  brought 
to  America  in  infancy  and  reared  on  a  farm  in 


146 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Vernon  County,  Wis. ;  was  educated  at  Milwau- 
kee, and,  in  1868,  became  clerk  in  the  office  of  the 
Eagle  Milling  Company  of  that  city,  afterwards 
serving  as  its  Eastern  agent  in  various  seaboard 
cities.  He  finally  established  an  extensive  mill- 
ing business  in  Chicago,  in  which  lie  is  now 
engaged.  In  1884  he  served  as  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Waterway  Convention  at  St.  Paul  and, 
in  1886,  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  serving 
four  years  and  taking  a  prominent  part  in  draft- 
ing the  Sanitary  Drainage  Bill  passed  by  the 
Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly.  He  has  also  been 
prominent  in  connection  with  various  financial 
institutions,  and,  in  1891,  was  elected  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago,  was 
re-elected  in  1895  and  chosen  President  of  the 
Board  for  the  following  year,  and  re-elected  Pres- 
ident in  December,  1898. 

EDBROOKE,  Willonghby  J.,  Supervising 
Architect,  was  born  at  Deerfield,  Lake  County, 
111. ,  Sept.  3,  1843 ;  brought  up  to  the  architectural 
profession  by  his  father  and  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  Chicago  architects.  During  Mayor 
Roche's  administration  he  held  the  position  of 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  and,  in  April, 
1891,  was  appointed  Supervising  Architect  of  the 
Treasury  Department  at  Washington,  in  that 
capacity  supervising  the  construction  of  Govern- 
ment buildings  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion. Died,  in  Chicago,  March  26,  1896. 

EDDY,  Henry,  pioneer  lawyer  and  editor, 
was  born  in  Vermont,  in  1798,  reared  in  New 
York,  learned  the  printer's  trade  at  Pittsburg, 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  wounded  in 
the  battle  of  Black  Rock,  near  Buffalo ;  came  to 
Shawneetown,  111.,  in  1818,  where  he  edited  "The 
Illinois  Emigrant,"  the  earliest  paper  in  that 
part  of  the  State ;  was  a  Presidential  Elector  in 
1824,  a  Representative  in  the  Second  and  Fif- 
teenth General  Assemblies,  and  elected  a  Circuit 
Judge  in  1835,  but  resigned  a  few  weeks  later. 
He  was  a  Whig  in  politics.  Usher  F.  Linder,  in 
his  "Reminiscences  of ..  the  Early  Bench  and  Bar 
of  Illinois,"  says  of  Mr.  Eddy:  "When  he 
addressed  the  court,  he  elicited  the  most  profound 
attention.  He  was  a  sort  of  walking  law  library. 
He  never  forgot  anything  that  he  ever  knew, 
whether  law,  poetry  or  belles  lettres. "  Died, 
June  29,  1849. 

EDDY,  Thomas  Mears,  clergyman  and  author, 
was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  7, 
1823;  educated  at  Greensborough,  Ind.,  and,  from 
1842  to  1853,  was  a  Methodist  circuit  preacher 
in  that  State,  becoming  Agent  of  the  American 
Bible  Society  the  latter  year,  and  Presiding 


Elder  of  the  Indianapolis  district  until  1856,  when 
he  was  appointed  editor  of  "The  Northwestern 
Christian  Advocate,"  in  Chicago,  retiring  from 
that  position  in  1868.  Later,  he  held  pastorates 
in  Baltimore  and  Washington,  and  was  chosen 
one  of  the  Corresponding  Secretaries  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Society  by  the  General  Conference  of 
1872.  Dr.  Eddy  was  a  copious  writer  for  the 
press,  and,  besides  occasional  sermons,  published 
two  volumes  of  reminiscences  and  personal 
sketches  of  prominent  Illinoisans  in  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion  under  the  title  of  "Patriotism  of 
Illinois"  (1865).  Died,  in  New  York  City,  Oct. 
7.  1874. 

EDGAR,  John,  early  settler  at  Kaskaskia,  was 
born  in  Ireland  and,  during  the  American  Revo- 
lution, served  as  an  officer  in  the  British  navy, 
but  married  an  American  woman  of  great  force 
of  character  who  sympathized  strongly  with  the 
patriot  cause.  Having  become  involved  in  the 
desertion  of  three  British  soldiers  whom  his  wife 
had  promised  to  assist  in  reaching  the  American 
camp,  he  was  compelled  to  flee.  After  remaining 
for  a  while  in  the  American  army,  during  which 
he  became  the  friend  of  General  La  Fayette,  he 
sought  safety  by  coming  west,  arriving  at  Kas- 
kaskia in  1784.  His  property  was  confiscated,  but 
his  wife  succeeded  in  saving  some  $12,000  from 
the  wreck,  with  which  she  joined  him  two  years 
later.  He  engaged  in  business  and  became  an 
extensive  land-owner,  being  credited,  during 
Territorial  days,  with  the  ownership  of  nearly 
50,000  acres  situated  in  Randolph,  Monroe,  St. 
Clair,  Madison,  Clinton,  Washington,  Perry  and 
Jackson  Counties,  and  long  known  as  the  "Edgar 
lands."  He  also  purchased  and  rebuilt  a  mill 
near  Kaskaskia  which  had  belonged  to  a  French- 
man named  Paget,  and  became  a  large  shipper  of 
flour  at  an  early  day  to  the  Southern  markets. 
When  St.  Clair  County  was  organized,  in  1790,  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Common 
Pleas  Court,  and  so  appears  to  have  continued 
for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  On  the 
establishment  of  a  Territorial  Legislature  for  the 
Northwest  Territory,  he  was  chosen,  in  1799,  one 
of  the  members  for  St.  Clair  County — the  Legis- 
lature holding  its  session  at  Chillicothe,  in  the 
present  State  of  Ohio,  under  the  administration 
of  Governor  St.  Clair.  He  was  also  appointed  a 
Major  General  of  militia,  retaining  the  office  for 
many  years.  General  and  Mrs.  Edgar  were 
leaders  of  society  at  the  old  Territorial  capital, 
and,  on  the  visit  of  La  Fayette  to  Kaskaskia  in 
1825,  a  reception  was  given  at  their  hquse  to  the 
distinguished  Frenchman,  whose  acquaintance 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK   ILLINOIS. 


U7 


they  had  made  more  than  forty  years  before.  He 
died  at  Kaskaskia.  in  1832.  Edgar  County,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  was  named  in  honor  of 
General  Edgar.  He  was'  Worshipful  Master  of 
the  first  Lodge  of  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons  in  Illinois,  constituted  at  Kaskaskia  in 
1S06. 

KIM.  Ut  COUNTY,  one  of  the  middle  tier  of 
counties  from  north  to  south,  lying  on  the  east- 
ern bonier  of  the  State;  was  organized  in  1823, 
and  named  for  General  Edgar,  an  early  citizen  of 
Kaskaskia.  It  contains  630  square  miles,  with 
a  population  (1900)  of  28,273.  The  county  is 
nearly  square,  well  watered  and  wooded.  Most 
of  the  acreage  is  under  cultivation,  grain-growing 
and  stock-raising  being  the  principal  industries. 
Generally,  the  soil  is  black  to  a  considerable 
depth,  though  at  some  points — especially  adjoin- 
ing the  timber  lands  in  the  east — the  soft,  brown 
clay  of  the  subsoil  comes  to  the  surface.  Beds  of 
the  drift  period,  one  hundred  feet  deep,  are  found 
in  the  northern  portion,  and  some  twenty-five 
years  ago  a  nearly  perfect  skeleton  of  a  mastodon 
was  exhumed.  A  bed  of  limestone,  twenty-five 
feet  thick,  crops  out  near  Baldwinsville  and  runs 
along  Brouillet's  creek  to  the  State  line.  Paris,  the 
county -seat,  is  a  railroad  center,  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  over  6,000.  Vermilion  and  Dudley  are 
prominent  shipping  points,  while  Chrisman, 
which  was  an  unbroken  prairie  in  1872,  was 
credited  with  a  population  of  900  in  1900. 

KDIMtl  U(i,  a  village  of  Christian  County,  on 
the  Baltimore  it  Ohio  Southwestern  Railway,  18 
miles  southeast  of  Springfield;  has  two  banks 
and  one  newspaper.  The  region  is  agricultural, 
though  some  coal  is  mined  here.  Population 
(1880),  551;  (1890),  806;  (1900),  1,071. 

EDSALL,  James  Kirtlami,  former  Attorney 
General,  was  l>orn  at  Windham,  Greene  County. 
X.  Y.,  May  10.  1*31.  After  passing  through  the 
common-schools,  he  attended  an  academy  at 
Prattsville,  N.Y. ,  supporting  himself,  meanwhile, 
by  working  upon  a  farm.  He  read  law  at  Pratts- 
ville and  C'at skill,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Albany  in  1852.  The  next  two  years  he  spent  in 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and,  in  1854,  removed 
to  Leavenworth,  Kan.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature  of  tliat  State  in  1855,  being  a  member 
of  the  Topeka  (free-soil)  body  when  it  was  broken 
up  by  United  States  troops  in  1856.  In  August, 
1856,  he  settled  at  Dixon,  111.,  and  at  once 
engaged  in  practice.  In  1863  he  was  elected 
Mayor  of  that  city,  and,  in  1870,  was  chosen  State 
Senator,  serving  on  the  Committees  on  Munic- 
ipalities and  Judiciary  in  the  Twenty-seventh 


General  Assembly.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
Attorney -General  on  the  Republican  ticket  and 
re-elected  in  1876.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
second  term  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Chicago, 
where  he  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  until  his  death,  which 
occurred,  June  20,  1892. 

EDUCATION. 

The  first  step  in  the  direction  of  the  establish- 
ment of  a  system  of  free  schools  for  the  region 
now  comprised  within  the  State  of  Illinois  was 
taken  in  the  enactment  by  Congress,  on  May  20, 
1785,  of  "An  Ordinance  for  Ascertaining  the 
mode  of  disposing  of  lands  in  the  Western  Terri- 
tory." This  applied  specifically  to  the  region 
northwest  of  the  Ohio  River,  which  had  been 
acquired  through  the  conquest  of  the  "Illinois 
Country"  by  CoL  George  Rogers  Clark,  acting 
under  the  auspices  of  the  State  of  Virginia  and 
by  authority  received  from  its  Governor,  the 
patriotic  Patrick  Henry.  This  act  for  the  first 
time  established  the  present  system  of  township 
(or  as  it  was  then  called,  ''rectangular")  surveys, 
devised  by  Capt.  Thomas  Hutching,  who  became 
the  first  Surveyor-General  (or  "Geographer,"  as 
the  office  was  styled)  of  the  United  States  under 
the  same  act.  Its  important  feature,  in  this  con- 
nection, was  the  provision  "that  there  shall  1* 
reserved  the  lot  No.  16  of  every  township,  for  the 
maintenance  of  public  schools  within  the  town- 
ship. "  The  same  reservation  (the  term  "section" 
being  substituted  for  "lot"  in  the  act  of  May  18, 
1796)  was  made  in  all  sulisequent  acts  for  the  sale 
of  public  lands — the  acts  of  July  23,  1787,  and 
June  20,  1788,  declaring  that  "the  lot  No.  16  in 
each  township,  or  fractional  part  of  a  township," 
shall  be  "given  perpetually  for  the  purpose  con- 
tained in  said  ordinance"  (i.  e.,  the  act  of  1785). 
The  next  step  was  taken  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
(Art.  III.),  in  the  declaration  that,  "religion, 
morality  and  knowledge  being  necessary  for  the 
happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of 
education  shall  forever  be  encouraged."  The 
reservation  referred  to  in  the  act  of  1785  (and 
subsequent  acts)  was  reiterated  in  the  "enabling 
act"  passed  by  Congress.  April  18,  1818,  authoriz- 
ing the  people  of  Illinois  Territory  to  organize  a 
State  Government,  and  was  formally  accepted  by 
the  Convention  which  formed  the  first  Stat*- 
Constitution.  The  enabling  act  also  set  apart  one 
entire  township  (in  addition  to  one  previously 
donated  for  the  same  purpose  by  act  of  Congress 
in  1804)  for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning, 


148 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


together  with  three  per  cent  of  the  net  proceeds 
of  the  sales  of  public  lands  within  the  State,  "to 
be  appropriated  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  of  which  one- 
sixth  part"  (or  one-half  of  one  per  cent)  "shall 
be  exclusively  bestowed  on  a  college  or  univer- 
sity." Thus,  the  plan  for  the  establishment  of  a 
system  of  free  public  education  in  Illinois  had  its 
inception  in  the  first  steps  for  the  organization  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  was  recognized  in  the 
Ordinance  of  1787  which  reserved  that  Territory 
forever  to  freedom,  and  was  again  reiterated  in 
the  preliminary  steps  for  the  organization  of  the 
State  Government.  These  several  acts  became 
the  basis  of  that  permanent  provision  for  the 
encouragement  of  education  known  as  the  "town- 
ship," "seminary"  and  "college  or  university" 
funds. 

EARLY  SCHOOLS.  — Previous  to  this,  however,  a 
beginning  had  been  made  in  the  attempt  to  estab- 
lish schools  for  the  benefit  of  the  children  of  the 
pioneers.  One  John  Seeley  is  said  to  have  taught 
the  first  American  school  within  the  territory  of 
Illinois,  in  a  log-cabin  in  Monroe  County,  in  1783, 
followed  by  others  in  the  next  twenty  years  in 
Monroe,  Randolph,  St.  Clair  and  Madison  Coun- 
ties. Seeley 's  earliest  successor  was  Francis 
Clark,  who,  in  turn,  was  followed  by  a  man 
named  Halfpenny,  who  afterwards  built  a  mill 
near  the  present  town  of  Waterloo  in  Monroe 
County.  Among  the  teachers  of  a  still  later  period 
were  John  Boyle,  a  soldier  in  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark's  army,  who  taught  in  Randolph  County 
between  1790  and  1800;  John  Atwater,  near 
Edwardsville,  in  1H07,  and  John  Messinger,  a  sur- 
veyor, who  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1818  and  Speaker  of  the  first  House 
of  Representatives.  The  latter  taught  in  the 
vicinity  of  Shiloh  in  St.  Clair  County,  afterwards 
the  site  of  Rev.  John  M.  Peck's  Rock  Spring 
Seminary.  The  schools  which  existed  during 
this  period,  and  for  many  years  after  the  organi- 
zation of  the  State  Government,  were  necessarily 
few,  widely  scattered  and  of  a  very  primitive 
character,  receiving  their  sup]x>rt  entirely  by 
subscription  from  their  patrons. 

FIRST  FREE  SCHOOL  LAW  AND  SALES  OP 
SCHOOL  LANDS. — It  has  been  stated  that  the  first 
free  school  in  the  State  was  established  at  Upper 
Alton,  in  1821,  but  there  is  good  reason  for  believ- 
ing this  claim  was  based  upon  the  power  granted 
by  the  Legislature,  in  an  act  passed  that  year,  to 
establish  such  schools  there,  which  power  was 
never  carried  into  effect.  The  first  attempt  to 
establish  a  free-school  system  for  the  whole  State 


was  made  in  January,  1835,  in  the  passage  of  a 
bill  introduced  by  Joseph  Duncan,  afterwards  a 
Congressman  and  Governor  of  the  State.  It 
nominally  appropriated  two  dollars  out  of  each  one 
hundred  dollars  received  in  the  State  Treasury, 
to  be  distributed  to  those  who  had  paid  taxes  or 
subscriptions  for  the  support  of  schools.  So 
small  was  the  aggregate  revenue  of  the  State  at 
that  time  (only  a  little  over  $60,000),  that  the 
sum  realized  from  this  law  would  have  been  but 
little  more  than  $1,000  per  year.  It  remained 
practically  a  dead  letter  and  was  repealed  in  1829, 
when  the  State  inaugurated  the  policy  of  selling 
the  seminary  lands  and  borrowing  the  proceeds 
for  the  payment  of  current  expenses.  In  this 
way  43,200  acres  (or  all  but  four  and  a  half  sec- 
tions) of  the  seminary  lands  were  disposed  of, 
realizing  less  than  860,000.  The  first  sale  of 
township  school  lands  took  place  in  Greene 
County  in  1831,  and,  two  years  later,  the  greater 
part  of  the  school  section  in  the  heart  of  the 
present  city  of  Chicago  was  sold,  producing 
about  $39,000.  The  average  rate  at  which  these 
sales  were  made,  up  to  1882,  was  $3.78  per  acre, 
and  the  minimum,  70  cents  per  acre.  That 
these  lands  have,  in  very  few  instances,  produced 
the  results  expected  of  them,  was  not  so  much 
the  fault  of  the  system  as  of  those  selected  to 
administer  it — whose  bad  judgment  in  premature 
sales,  or  whose  complicity  with  the  schemes  of 
speculators,  were  the  means,  in  many  cases,  of 
squandering  what  might  otherwise  have  furnished 
a  liberal  provision  for  the  support  of  public 
schools  in  many  sections  of  the  State.  Mr.  W.  L. 
Pillsbury,  at  present  Secretary  of  the  University 
of  Illinois,  in  a  paper  printed  in  the  report  of  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for 
1885-86 — to  which  the  writer  is  indebted  for  many 
of  the  facts  presented  in  this  article — gives  to 
Chicago  the  credit  of  establishing  the  first  free 
schools  in  the  State  in  1834,  while  Alton  followed 
in  1837,  and  Springfield  and  Jacksonville  in  1840. 
EARLY  HIOHER  INSTITUTIONS.— A  movement 
looking  to  the  establishment  of  a  higher  institu- 
tion of  learning  in  Indiana  Territory  (of  which 
Illinois  then  formed  a  part),  was  inaugurated  by 
the  passage,  through  the  Territorial  Legislature  at 
Vincennes,  in  November,  1806,  of  an  act  incorpo- 
rating the  University  of  Indiana  Territory  to  be 
located  at  Vincennes.  One  provision  of  the  act 
authorized  the  raising  of  $20,000  for  the  institu- 
tion by  means  of  a  lottery.  A  Board  of  Trustees 
was  promptly  organized,  with  Gen.  William 
Henry  Harrison,  then  the  Territorial  Governor, 
at  its  head ;  but,  lieyond  the  erection  of  a  building, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


149 


little  progress  was  made.  Twenty-one  years 
later  (1837)  the  first  successful  attempt  to  found 
an  advanced  school  was  made  by  the  indomitable 
Rev.  John  M.  Peck,  resulting  in  the  establish- 
ment of  his  Theological  Seminary  and  High 
School  at  Rock  Springs,  St.  Clair  County,  which, 
in  1831,  became  the  nucleus  of  Shurtleff  College  at 
Upper  Alton.  In  like  manner,  Lebanon  Semi- 
nary, established  in  1828,  two  years  later 
expanded  into  McKendree  College,  while  instruc- 
tion began  to  be  given  at  Illinois  College,  Jack- 
sonville, in  December,  1829,  as  the  outcome  of  a 
movement  started  by  a  band  of  young  men  at 
Yale  College  in  1827 — these  several  institutions 
being  formally  incorporated  by  the  same  act  of 
the  Legislature,  passed  in  1835.  (See  sketches  of 
these  Institutions. ) 

EDUCATIONAL  CONVENTIONS. — In  1833  there 
was  held  at  Vandalia  (then  the  State  capital)  the 
first  of  a  series  of  educational  conventions,  which 
were  continued  somewhat  irregularly  for  twenty- 
years,  and  whose  history  is  remarkable  for  the 
number  of  those  participating  in  them  who  after- 
wards gained  distinction  in  State  and  National 
history.  At  first  these  conventions  were  held  at 
the  State  capital  during  the  sessions  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  when  the  chief  actors  in  them 
were  members  of  that  body  and  State  officers, 
with  a  few  other  friends  of  education  from  the 
ranks  of  professional  or  business  men.  At  the 
convention  of  1833,  we  find,  among  those  partici- 
pating, the  names  of  Sidney  Breese,  afterwards  a 
United  States  Senator  and  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court ;  Judge  S.  D.  Lock  wood,  then  of  the  Supreme 
Court;  W.  L.  D.  Ewing,  afterwards  acting  Gov- 
ernor and  United  States  Senator ;  O.  H.  Browning, 
afterwards  United  States  Senator  and  Secretary 
of  the  Interior;  James  Hall  and  John  Russell, 
the  most  notable  writers  in  the  State  in  their  day, 
besides  Dr.  J.  M.  Peck,  Archibald  Williams, 
Benjamin  Mills,  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Henry  Eddy 
and  others,  all  prominent  in  their  several  depart- 
ments. In  a  second  convention  at  the  same 
place,  nearly  two  years  later,  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  and  Col.  John  J.  Hardin 
were  participants.  At  Springfield,  in  1840,  pro- 
fessional and  literary  men  began  to  take  a  more 
prominent  part,  although  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  were  present  ia  considerable  force. 
A  convention  held  at  Peoria,  in  1844,  was  made 
up  largely  of  professional  teachers  and  school 
officers,  with  a  few  citizens  of  local  prominence; 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  those  held  at  Jack- 
sonville in  1845,  and  later  at  Chicago  and  other 
points.  Various  attempts  were  made  to  form 


permanent  educational  societies,  finally  result- 
ing, in  December,  1854,  in  the  organization  of  the 
"State  Teachers'  Institute,"  which,  three  years 
later,  took  the  name  of  the  "State  Teachers' 
Association" — though  an  association  of  the  same 
name  was  organized  in  1836  and  continued  in 
existence  several  years. 

STATE  SUPERINTENDENT  AND  SCHOOL  JOUR- 
NALS.— The  appointment  of  a  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction  began  to  be  agitated  as 
early  as  1837,  and  was  urged  from  time  to  time  in 
memorials  and  resolutions  by  educational  conven- 
tions, by  the  educational  press,  and  in  the  State 
Legislature ;  but  it  was  not  until  February,  1854, 
that  an  act  was  passed  creating  the  office,  when 
the  Hon.  Ninian  W.  Edwards  was  appointed  by 
Gov.  Joel  A.  Matteson,  continuing  in  office  until 
his  successor  was  elected  in  1856.  "The  Common 
School  Advocate"  was  published  for  a  year  at 
Jacksonville,  beginning  with  January,  1837;  in 
1841  "The  Illinois  Common  School  Advocate" 
began  publication  at  Springfield,  but  was  discon- 
tinued after  the  issue  of  a  few  numbers.  In  1855 
was  established  "The  Illinois  Teacher."  This 
was  merged,  in  1873,  in  "The  Illinois  School- 
master," which  l>ecame  the  organ  of  the  State 
Teachers'  Association,  so  remaining  several  years. 
The  State  'Teachers'  Association  has  no  official 
organ  now,  but  the  "Public  School  Journal"  is 
the  chief  educational  publication  of  the  State. 

INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION. — In  1851  was  insti- 
tuted a  movement  which,  although  obstructed  for 
some  time  by  partisan  opposition,  lias  been 
followed  by  more  far-reaching  results,  for  the 
country  at  large,  than  any  single  measure  in  the 
history  of  education  since  the  act  of  1785  setting 
apart  one  section  in  each  township  for  the  support 
of  public  schools.  This  was  the  scheme  formu- 
lated by  the  late  Prof.  Jonatlian  B.  Turner,  of 
Jacksonville,  for  a  system  of  practical  scientific 
education  for  the  agricultural,  mechanical  and 
other  industrial  classes,  at  a  Farmers'  Convention 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Buel  Institute  (an 
Agricultural  Society),  at  Granville,  Putnam 
County,  Nov.  18,  1851.  While  proposing  a  plan 
for  a  "State  University"  for  Illinois,  it  also  advo- 
cated, from  the  outset,  a  "University  for  the 
industrial  classes  in  each  of  the  States,"  by  way 
of  supplementing  the  work  which  a  "National 
Institute  of  Science,"  such  as  the  Smithsonian 
Institute  at  Washington,  was  expected  to  accom- 
plish. The  proposition  attracted  the  attention 
of  persons  interested  in  the  cause  of  industrial 
education  in  other  States,  especially  in  New 
York  and  some  of  the  New  England  States,  and 


150 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


received  their  hearty  endorsement  and  cooper- 
ation. The  Granville  meeting  was  followed  by  a 
series  of  similar  conventions  held  at  Springfield, 
June  8,  1852;  Chicago,  Nov.  24,  1852;  Springfield, 
Jan.  4,  1853,  and  Springfield,  Jan.  1,  1855,  at 
which  the  scheme  was  still  further  elaborated. 
At  the  Springfield  meeting  of  January,  1852,  an 
organization  was  formed  under  the  title  of  the 
"Industrial  League  of  the  State  of  Illinois,"  with 
a  view  to  disseminating  information,  securing 
more  thorough  organization  on  the  part  of  friends 
of  the  measure,  and  the  employment  of  lecturers 
to  address  the  people  of  the  State  on  the  subject. 
At  the  same  time,  it  was  resolved  that  "this  Con- 
vention memorialize  Congress  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  a  grant  of  public  lands  to  establish  and 
endow  industrial  institutions  in  each  and  every 
State  in  the  Union."  It  is  worthy  of  note  that 
this  resolution  contains  the  central  idea  of  the 
act  passed  by  Congress  nearly  ten  years  after- 
ward, making  appropriations  of  public  lands  for 
the  establishment  and  support  of  industrial 
colleges  in  the  several  States,  which  act  received 
the  approval  of  President  Lincoln,  July  2,  1862— 
a  similar  measure  having  been  vetoed  by  Presi- 
dent Buchanan  in  February,  1859.  The  State 
was  extensively  canvassed  by  Professor  Turner, 
Mr.  Bronson  Murray  (now  of  New  York),  the  late 
Dr.  R.  C.  Rutherford  and  others,  Sn  behalf  of  the 
objects  of  the  League,  and  the  Legislature,  at  its 
session  of  1853,  by  unanimous  vote  in  both  houses, 
adopted  the  resolutions  commending  the  measure 
and  instructing  the  United  States  Senators  from 
Illinois,  and  requesting  its  Representatives,  to 
give  it  their  support.  Though  not  specifically 
contemplated  at  the  outset  of  the  movement,  the 
Convention  at  Springfield,  in  January,  1855,  pro- 
posed, as  a  part  of  the  scheme,  the  establishment 
of  a  "Teachers'  Seminary  or  Normal  School 
Department,"  which  took  form  in  the  act  passed 
at  the  session  of  1857,  for  the  establishment  of 
the  State  Normal  School  at  Normal.  Although 
delayed,  as  already  stated,  the  advocates  of  indus- 
trial education  in  Illinois,  aided  by  those  of  other 
States,  finally  triumphed  in  1862.  The  lands 
received  by  the  State  as  the  result  of  this  act 
amounted  to  480,000  acres,  besides  subsequent  do- 
nations. (See  University  of  Illinois;  also  Turner, 
Jonathan  Baldirin.)  On  the  foundation  thus 
furnished  was  established,  by  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture in  1867,  the  "Illinois  Industrial  University'1 
— now  the  University  of  Illinois — at  Champaign, 
to  say  nothing  of  more  than  forty  similar  insti- 
tutions in  as  many  States  and  Territories,  based 
upon  the  same  general  act  of  Congress. 


FREE-SCHOOL  SYSTEM. — While  there  may  lie 
said  to  have  been  a  sort  of  free-school  system  in 
existence  in  Illinois  previous  to  1855,  it  was 
limited  to  a  few  fortunate  districts  possessing 
funds  derived  from  the  sale  of  school-lands  situ- 
ated within  their  respective  limits.  The  system 
of  free  schools,  as  it  now  exists,  based  upon 
general  taxation  for  the  creation  of  a  permanent 
school  fund,  had  its  origin  in  the  act  of  that 
year.  As  already  shown,  the  office  of  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  had  been 
iTeated  by  act  of  the  Legislature  in  February, 
1H54,  and  the  act  of  1855  was  but  a  natural  corol- 
lary of  the  previous  measure,  giving  to  the  ]>eople 
a  uniform  system,  as  the  earlier  one  had  provided 
an  official  for  its  administration.  Since  then 
there  have  been  many  amendments  of  the  school 
law,  but  these  have  been  generally  in  the  direc- 
tion of  securing  greater  efficiency,  but  with- 
out departure  from  the  principle  of  securing 
to  all  the  children  of  the  State  the  equal 
privileges  of  a  common-school  education.  The 
development  of  the  system  began  practically 
about  1857,  and,  in  the  next  quarter  of  a 
century,  the  laws  on  the  subject  had  grown 
into  a  considerable  volume,  while  the  number- 
less decisions,  emanating  from  the  office  of  the 
State  Superintendent  in  construction  of  these 
laws,  made  up  a  volume  of  still  larger  proportions. 

The  following  comparative  table  of  school 
statistics,  for  1860  and  1896,  compiled  from  the 
Reports  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  will  illustrate  the  growth  of  the 
system  in  some  of  its  more  important  features: 

18TO.  1896. 


Population 

No.  of  Persons  of  School  Aire  <  be- 
tween 6  and  21)  

So.  of  Pupils  enrolled 

School  Districts. 

Public  Schools 

Graded  ••  

Public  Hlsh  Schools  

Hcliool  Houses  built  duriiiK 

the  year 

W  hole  No.  or  School  Homes 

No.  or  Male  Teachers 

"  Female  Teachers 

Whole  No.  or  Teachers  In  Public 

Schools 

Highest  Monthly  Wages  paid  Male 

Teachers 

Highest  Monthly  Wages  paid 

Female  Teachers 

Lowest  Monthly  Wages  paid  Male 

Teachers 

Lowest  Monthly  Wages  paid 

Female  Teachers 

A  verage  Monthly  Wagon  paid  Male 

Teachers 

Average  Monthly  Wages  paid 

Female  Teachers 

No.  or  Private  Schools 

No.  of  Pupils  In  Private  Schools 

Interest  on  State  and  County  Funds 

received 

Amount  or  Income  from  Township 

Funds 


1 .7 II. 'J51     «St.)  4,250,00!J 
1.384.367 


•M9.B04 
•472.247 

«  ''.Vi 

V.IK: 

2M 


14,708 
1180.00 
75.00 
100 
4.00 
28.S2 

18  JO 

(00 

29,21/4 

ri.4S0.38 
322,152.00 


12.B23 

1,887 
272 


15  .4  IS 

I3UO.OO 


2.6IH 

1W.96S 


I6J.SU.63 

889.614.2li 


•  Only  white  children  were  Included  In   these  statistics  tor 
I860. 


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i.-.n  HIVI'i'liK  AL    KNCYCIiOPKDIA    <»F   ILLINOIS. 

received  their    hearty    endorsement   and  coojier-  r'uri:  Scum  .1.   SVSTIM  --While    there    may    U- 

ation.     The  liranville  meeting  was  followeil  by  a  said  to  have  lieen  a  sort  of  free-school  system  in 

scries  of  similar  conventions  hel. I  at  Spring-Held,  existence    in     Illinois   previous    to   IRW.    it    was 

June  S.  is:,?;  Chirapi.  Nov. -I.  l*">-:  Springfield,  limited   to  a    few    fortunate  districts    )K.ssessiii^ 

Jan.    4.    is.*,:!,   and    Spring-Held.    Jan.    1.    1H.">.    at  funds  derived    from  the  sale  of  school-lands  sit u- 

\vhii-h  the  scheme  was  still   further  elaborated  ated  within   tin-irrespective   limits.     The  system 

\t  I  he  Springfield    meeting  of  January.   |s.Yi,  an  of    free  schools,    as    it     now   exists,    based    upon 

.  ,rj_-ani/.ation  was  formed   under  the  title  ,.f  the       general  taxation   fort  I reation  of  a  (icrmaiicnt 

'  Industrial  League  of  the  Stale  of  Illinois  "  with  school   fund,    had    its  origin    in    the  act  of   that 

a   view   to    disscminat inej    information,   securing  \ear.      As    already    shown,    the    otlice    of    Slate 

more  thorough  orjpmi/at ion  on  the  part  of  friends  Superintendent    of   Public    Instruction   had    been 

of  the  measure,  and  the  employment  of  lecturers  created   by   act   of  the    Legislature   in  February, 

to  address  the  people  of  the  Stale  on  the  subject.  is.M,  and  the  act  of  is.v;  was  but  a  natural  enrol- 

\t  Ihe  same  time   it  wasresohed  that  "this  Con-  lary  of  the  previous  measure.  ^-i\  inn  to  the  |»-ople 

M-ntioii  memorialize  Congress  for  tin-  pur|msc  of  a  uniform  system,  as  the  earlier  one  had  provided 

ohtalninj;  a  Kraut  of  public  lands  to  establish  ami  an    otlicial    for    its   administration.     Since    then 

endow  industrial   institutions  in  each  and  every  there  have  U-cn  many  amendments  of  the  school 

State  in  the    I'nion."     It    is  worthy  of  note  that  law.  but  these  have  lieen  generally  in  the  din-c- 

tliis  resolution   contains  the  central  idea  of  tin-  tion   of    securing   greater    eHicieiicy.    hut    with 

act   (Kissed    by  Congress   nearly   ten   years  after-  out    dc|iartiire    from    the    principle   of    securing 

ward,  ni.il.ii.--  appropriations  of  public  lands  for  to    all     the    children    of    the    State    the    equal 

the    establishment     and    support    of      industrial       privileges  of  a   common  set 1  education       The 

colleges  in  the  several  States    which  act  rccei veil  development    of    the    system     hepin    practically 

the  approval  of  President  Lincoln.  July  -V   1*1!'.' —  aliotit     ls.-,7,  and,     in     the     next     quarter    of     a 

a  similar  measure  having  been  vetoed   by  Presi-  century,    the    laws    on    the   subject    had    irnnvn 

dent    Buchanan    in     February.    Is.V.I.     The    State  into  a  considerable   volume,    while  the  number 

was  extensively  canvassed   by    Professor  Turner  less  decisions,  emanating  from  the  otlice  of  t  he 

Mr.  Bronson  Murray  (now  of  New  York  i    the  late  State  Superintendent    in   construction    of    these 

llr.  ]!.  C.  Hutherford  and  others,  in  In-half  of  the  laws,  made  up  a  volume  of  still  larger  proportions 

objects  of  the  League    and  the  Legislature,  at  its  The     following    comparative    table    of    school 

session  of  Is.-,:),  hy  unanimous  vole  in  Inith  house.,  statistics,   for   infill  and    Is'.lli.  compiled   from  the 

adopted  the  resolul  ions  commendine;  t  In- measure  Iteports  of  the  State  Superintendent  of    Public 

and  instructing  the  I   niled  Stales  Senators  f  mm  Instruction,    will    illustrate   the    growth    of    the 

Illinois,   and    reiiucstinn   its     Ilepresentatives.   t,,  -vstem  in  some  of  its  more  important  features 

Hive   it    their  sii|>|N>rt.     Though    not    speciiically  l-ai                 i-» 

conleniplated  at  tin- outset  of  t  he  movement    the  x.T'iIf'fSiiuiiil'ii'iwil.j  \k"    i.-         l"li-'JSI    ""'  •*--"'•'»•• 

Conventional  Sprin^lield.  in  January,  IH.VI.  pro-  '"'" '"."""['  •{     ,    ,                             I,'-''""?             '    ",' ; 

|M,sed.  as  a  part  of  tbe  scheme,  the  establishment  s--ini.il  iii^Trn-ts                                -,',.v.                 n.u . 

of    a     "Teachers'    Seminary    or    Normal    School  iirn-i.il                                                .-y*                  T!--7 

Department."  which  took  form  in  Ihe  act  [Kissed  .  \,':>.',\  11^,1,.--.  V.iVia  .iuoi,« 

at   the  session  of   1N.",7.  for  the  establishment   of  w'l,',',',;^",  ,,r's,TM,,;L H,;,',,,.,'                     ,'-i                i-.:';^ 

the  State  Normal  School  at    Normal.      Although  N"."f  ^i;|',]^::;";,.^.r, 

delayed,  as  already  staled,  the  advocates  of  indus-  U'ipii.-  N.I.  nr  Ti-.n-m-ni  m  i-nh.p- 

I  rial  education  in  Illinois,  aideil  by  those  of  other  llhthnu  Miiniiily  Wmicim  iiiuii  Mai* 

Slates,    finally    triumphed     in     IHC,-,'      The    lands  iii«1»''s'!'nM,.i.thiy  "\V«K.-I  "imi.i 

received   by  the  Stale  as   the   result    of  this  act  tinrSTMoiolSy  W«i«iiiiM">l»ifi 

amounted  to -4SII.IIIHI  acres   besides  subsequent  do  f  'wmi'""Miiii'ihiv    '«««,•»      .«i,i                                      "'" 

nations     (See  I  'nii'i  rsitti  t>f  llliitnis ;  also  Tiirm'r.          fvmm\9Twtnien 4. mi  i"uu 

Av-rw.-  Miiiillily  WHL-<->  IUIM!  Mill" 

JiiHllthlut     ISnlilii-iii  I      On    the   foundation    thus  T«U-IMT«  . . .                                              ;-.«                  57  71, 

furnished  was  established,  by  act  of  the  l^-^isla-       '  Ft-nula T«»C|HT» "  i«»i  .VIM 

turein  IwiT.  the  "Illinois  Industrial   University"       x!|  ,','f  i'"^"^'.'.^^'/"^.-  s.  i ,  Hfui  iwliii-i 

-now  the  University  ..f  Illinois— at  Champaii;n  ii^r.-si  •msi»i.-:ii,,ic.,i,1,ij  Fnn.1.       |TJUO>           ,,;-,  ^JM 

to  siiy   nothing;  of  more  I han   forty  similar  insti-  Aramnioi Income ft»mT««-nrtip       .,.., ,,, ,„           ,,-i«i4i- 
tut  ions  in  as  many  States  and  Territories    bused 

.  •Only   whilP  cliil-lr.-n   w^r--   Mi.-iii.l.-.l    In    11.^-..    i-mtisn,^   f..r 

iijmn  the  Siiiue  general  act  of  i  undress  ,„;., 


• 

3 


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— 

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z 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


151 


I860.  1896. 

Amount  received  from  suitpTm  (690,0(10.00       |  1AOO.000.UU 
"              "          "       Special  Dis- 

trict  Tales 1,265. 137.00           13,U3,ao961 

Amount  received  from  Bonds  dur- 

Ingtheyear 517,960.93 

Total  Amount  received  during  the 

vear  by  School  District* 2,193.45i.ui         15.607,172.60 

Amount  paid  Male  Teacher! 2.772,829.32 

"•       "     Female    ••         7.186. 106.67 

Whole  amount  paid  Teachers  ....  1.M2.2U.OU          »,95S,934.9ii 
Amount    paid     for     new     School 

House* 348.728.00             1,873,757.25 

Amount  paid  for  repairs  and  Im- 
provement*    1,070,755.09 

Amount  paid  for  School  Furniture.  24337.00              154.836.64 
ApparatUK  »,563.UI               164,29692 
"          "       "    Books     for    Dis- 
trict Libraries   ...  80.124  OU                  13,664.97 

Total  Expenditures 2.'.'68,868.0ll           14,614.627.31 

Climated  value  of  School  Property  13.304.8S2.00         42,7»0.2ti7.uil 

"              "    Libraries..  877319.00 

"              "    Apparatus  607,389.00 

The  sums  annually  disbursed  for  incidental 
expenses  on  account  of  superintendence  and  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  higher  institutions  estab- 
lished, and  partially  or  wholly  supported  by  the 
State,  increase  the  total  expenditures  by  some 
$600,000  per  annum.  These  higher  institutions 
include  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University  at 
Normal,  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal  at  Carbou- 
ilale  and  the  University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana;  to 
which  were  added  by  the  Legislature,  at  its  ses- 
sion of  1895,  the  Eastern  Illinois  Normal  School, 
afterwards  established  at  Charleston,  and  the 
Northern  Illinois  Normal  at  De  Kalb.  These 
institutions,  although  under  supervision  of  the 
State,  are  partly  supported  by  tuition  fees.  (See 
description  of  these  institutions  under  their 
several  titles.)  The  normal  schools — as  their 
names  indicate — are  primarily  designed  for  the 
training  of  teachers,  although  other  classes  of 
pupils  are  admitted  under  certain  conditions, 
including  the  payment  of  tuition.  At  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  instruction  is  given  in  the  clas- 
sics, the  sciences,  agriculture  and  the  meclianio 
arts.  In  addition  to  these  the  State  supports  four 
other  institutions  of  an  educational  rather  than  ;t 
custodial  character — viz. :  the  Institution  for  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind,  at  Jacksonville;  the  Asylum 
for  the  Feeble-Minded  at  Lincoln,  and  the  Sol- 
diers' Orphans'  Home  at  Normal.  The  estimated 
value  of  the  property  connected  with  these 
several  institutions,  in  addition  to  the  value  of 
school  property  given  in  the  preceding  table,  will 
increase  the  total  (exclusive  of  permanent  funds) 
to  $47,155,374.95,  of  which  $4,375,107.95  repre- 
sents property  belonging  to  the  institutions  above 
mentioned. 

POWERS  AND  DUTIES  OF  SUPERINTENDENTS 
AND  OTHER  SCHOOL  OFFICERS. — Each  county 
elects  a  County  Superintendent  of  Schools,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  visit  schools,  conduct  teachers'  insti- 
tutes, advise  with  teachers  and  school  officers  and 


instruct  them  in  their  respective  duties,  conduct 
examinations  of  persons  desiring  to  become 
teachers,  and  exercise  general  supervision  over 
school  affairs  within  his  county.  The  subordi- 
nate officers  are  Township  Trustees,  a  Township 
Treasurer,  and  a  Board  of  District  Directors  or — 
in  place  of  the  latter  in  cities  and  villages — Boards 
of  Education.  The  two  last  named  Boards  have 
power  to  employ  teachers  and,  generally,  to  super- 
vise the  management  of  schools  in  districts.  The 
State  Superintendent  is  entrusted  with  general 
supervision  of  the  common-school  system  of  the 
State,  and  it  is  his  duty  to  advise  and  assist 
County  Superintendents,  to  visit  State  Cliaritable 
institutions,  to  issue  official  circulars  to  teachers, 
school  officers  and  others  in  regard  to  their  rights 
and  duties  under  the  general  school  code;  to 
decide  controverted  questions  of  school  law,  com- 
ing to  him  by  appeal  from  County  Superintend- 
ents and  others,  and  to  make  full  and  detailed 
reports  of  the  operations  of  his  office  to  the 
( iovernor,  biennially.  He  is  also  made  ex-officio 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  and  of  the  several  Normal  Schools, 
and  is  empowered  to  grant  certificates  of  two 
different  grades  to  teachers — the  higher  grade  to 
lie  valid  during  the  lifetime  of  the  holder,  and 
the  lower  for  two  years.  Certificates  granted  by 
County  Superintendents  are  also  of  two  grades 
and  have  a  tenure  of  one  and  two  years,  respec 
lively,  in  the  county  where  given.  The  conditions 
for  securing  a  certificate  of  the  first  (or  two- 
years'  )  grade,  require  that  the  candidate  shall  be 
of  good  moral  character  and  qualified  to  teach 
orthography,  reading  in  English,  penmanship, 
arithmetic,  modem  geography,  English  grammar, 
the  elements  of  the  natural  sciences,  the  history 
of  the  United  States,  physiology  and  the  laws  of 
health.  The  second  grade  (or  one-year)  certifi- 
cate calls  for  examination  in  the  branches  just 
enumerated,  except  the  natural  sciences,  physi- 
ology and  laws  of  health;  but  teachers  employed 
exclusively  in  giving  instruction  in  music,  draw- 
ing, penmanship  or  other  special  branches,  may 
take  examinations  in  these  branches  alone,  but 
are  restricted,  in  teaching,  to  those  in  which  they 
have  been  examined.  —  County  Boards  are 
empowered  to  establish  County  Normal  Schools 
for  the  education  of  teachers  for  the  common 
schools  and  the  management  of  such  normal 
schools  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  County  Board 
of  Education,  to  consist  of  not  less  than  five  nor 
more  than  eight  persons,  of  whom  the  Chairman 
of  the  County  Board  and  the  County  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools  shall  !*•  ex  officio  members. 


HISTORICAL    KN<  Yt  LOI'KIMA    Ol'    ILUNoIs  1.11 


Isrti.                 !««.. 
Amount  received  from  M;it«-  'l'a\  -     $   i;yt».uiiu.u<'       f  1  .IIOM.HHI."" 

••                        "                  "             S|M*4-ial   I*!*- 

trirtTaXfs  l.'.iv,.l::7.««j          IX,1KJNV-*1 

ins'lruct   them  in  their   res|>ective  duties,  conduct 
examinations    of     fiersons    desiring    to     liwome 

Amount  nreivtii  rr.iru   (tomls  ilm  - 
ing  tln-yar  .                                         517,  %".!'.: 
r..t.il    Yin  it  reifivetl  ilurinti   Hit- 
tnirlivsrhuol  ]>i»lni'ts.                .       ZMWUH.""          IJ.«"7.IT:.Sii 
Aliioiim  paul  Mai?  T.'iK-liTa  ..  .      .                                         ZJiSJ&tX 
••      Feiilnlr     "            .                                                   7.l«B.lcnr.7 
Win  ilc  uniiHint  imitl  Ti'jn-lien    .            l.:>4-.-_'ll  •«•           n».u-U.yn 
Amount      ntiifl      r..r      n.    \      MHiuul 
H..MS.-S  :H».7->IN.             1  .^7:1.757  -.•.'. 
Aniiiinii    paiil   r.ir   r«-|.:»irs  ami  tin* 
|>ri>v>.|in-nt!1  1  ,1170.75.".."'  ' 
Aiiniuiit  paid  f..r  S.-h..i.l  Fiirniniri'            :4X17  .«. 

si-liiMil  alfairs  within    his  county      The  suUirdi 
nate  ollicers  are  Tow  nship  Trustees,  a  Township 
Treasurer,  and  a  Hoard  of  District   Directors  or— 
in  place  of  the  latter  in  cities  and  villages  —  Hoards 
of   Education      The  two  last  named   ISojirds  have 

vis«*  the  management  of  schiwils  in  distrii'ts.      Tin- 
State   Sii|«'rintendent    is  entrusted   with   general 

B"..k*     t"r     !>!!•• 
tri.-l  I.ihrarln  .                                              *'  '-•  '»                 i:i.ia;4."7 
I'olHl   l:v|..-i..li[im-s  .                                  -  V.W.-..-  ""          M.iiM.i>-J7-M 

•       Lilirnrl.-.'                                          :t77.»l!'.iHi 
••     Anpuruni-                                         »I7.:M."U 

Tin-   MINIS   aniuially    ili>lmrsci|     lor   incidental 

State,    and    it    is   bis  duty    t"  advise    and    assist 
*  'oiint  \  Sujierint  en  dents,  to  visit  State  Charitable 

i'0-.t  (it  inaintaiiiiiiK  I  lie  higher  iiistitutimis  i~ital' 
lisht-il.  mid  partially  cir  wlmlly  sup|x>rti-d   by   tin- 

school  otlicersand  others  in  regard  to  their  rights 

slim  I.IK  id  |,,.|-  aiitiiiin      TlicM-  hi^lier   iiistitiitinn^ 
iiicliuli-  the  Illinois  Siat<'  Normal   l~nivcn.it>  at 
Normal,  t  In-  Southern  Illinois  Normal  at  (  ':irl«ni 
'laic  and  the  l~nivcri«ily  of   Illinois  at  I'rUma     !•• 
wliich  were  added   by  tin-  Lc^islattirc.  at    its  ses- 
sion of   IS'.Ci.  the   Kastern  Illinois  Normal   School 
afterwards    established    .-it    Charleston,    ami     I  In- 
Northern     Illinois     Normal    at      1  >••    Kail.       These 
institutions,  although   ui.  i.  i    SH|HT%  ision  of    tin- 
State,  are  |«irtly  sn|i|iorti-.|  by  tuition  fees       (See 

description      of      1  hese      ills!  it  lit  ions      under       their 

several     lith's  i      The     ii"imal     selnHtls  —  as    their 

iiiu't"  him    !>\   :i|>|«-:i!   from   <  'ounly  Su|HTinteinl- 
ents   and   others,  and   to   make   full   and  detailed 
re|M>rts    of    the   ojierations    of    his   oHicc    to   the 
iio\ernor.  biennially       He  is  also  made  c.\-otl]cio 
a  nifinUT  of  tin'  Hoard  of  Trusti-esof  the  I'niver 
sin  of  Illinois  and  of  the  si-veral  Normal  SchiKils 
and    i-   eni|>owercil   to   ^ranl    certilicati-s  of   two 

be   \alid   during  tin-   lifetime  of  tin-   holder,  and 
the  lower  l".i  two  \ears      Certiticales  granted   by 
I'-Mintx    Sii|«.|interidents   are  also  of   two  grades 
ami   Iiavi-  a  tenure  of  one  and   two  years.  res|(ti- 

training  of   leaebei-s.    although    oilier  classes  of 

for   securing  a   certilicate   of    the   tirst    tor   t  wo- 

including the   pa\mcnl   of   tuition       At  the    I'ni 
\  ei  sit  \  of  Illinois  inst  (  1  1,  -t  ii  .n  i:.  ^i\  en  in  1  he  cla* 
-i«-^    the  sciences,  a^i  ii-ii  It  nrc  and   1  he  mechann- 
arts       In  addil  ion  to  ;  In-se  t  he  Slate  supports  four 
other  institutions  of  an  e.  im-atioiial  rather  t  ban  a 
•  •listodial   character      \  i/       1  he  Inst  ii  lit  ion  lorlln 
Killli-atioll    of   tin-   1  leaf  ami    Dunibalnl    tln-lnsti 
Int  l..  n  for  the  Hlind    at  .lacLsonx  ille     tile  .\sylum 

ol'   iroo.l    moral   charai'ler  and   ipi.-ditied    t"  teai-b 
..rlho^raphv      readin-.     in     Kn-_'ljsli     pi-nmanship 
aritbmelic   nioilern  -_'e,  i^niphy  .  Knirlish  irrammar 
the  eleiiifiits  of   the   natural  si-ii'llces    the  history 
of  Hie  1   nited  Stall's    physiolo^v  and   iln-lawsof 
dealt  b       The  secon.l   irrade   101-  ..in-  yean   ccrtili 
•  •iite   '-;Uls    fi.r  e\aminat  i<  .11    inltn-    branches   jnst 
enumi-nf  ed     .-xccpt    the    naliiral    sciences    pbysi 

•  liers'  Orphans'  Home  at  Normal      The  est  iiii:ii>'<i 
value    of    the     propert\     connected     with     these 
several   institutions    in   addition   to  the   \ali  f 
sclnMiI  proper!  \  ^i\  eii  in  tin-  preceiliii-^r  talile.  will 
increase  the  total  ie.\eliisi\  c  of  |H-rnianeiit  funds 
t..  .<!?.  l~>~i.:!TI.!i.'i.   of    uhich    s).:;?.'VliiT.!i.'i  i-epn- 
-enls  |.i..|.,  •!  i  \  iH'lonv'iiii;  to  tin*  institutions  nlntve 
tin-lit  ioned 
!'»«  i  i:s      vsi)     |)i  -in.  s    n|.'    Sfi-r.iMNTi  M.I;N  i- 
>\h    UTiiri:     S.ii.  ...i      IM  MI  i:i:s      -Kai-h     ci.unn 
•  •lects  a  County  Sii|H-riiitendent  of  Schools    wliosi- 
duty  it  is  to  \  isit  sehooK    conduct  teachers'  insti 
lines  advise  with  teachers  and  s,.|,,,,,|  otlio-rs  ai..| 

e\i-bisi\  .-h    in  ^i\  in^  instniellol'i  in  miisie.  .|niw  - 
:i.'^    |ii-niiiaiish^ji  or  other  s|M'cial   branches    mav 
lake  examinations   in   tln-se   branches  alone    but 
are  rest  rid  ed.  ill  teaching    Ii  .  1  hose  in  w  hied  t  de\ 
have      been     examined           Count  \      Hoards     are 
cm|Hiweretl    to  establish   County  Normal   Schools 
for    tin-    education    of    teachers    l..i    th  minion 
schools     anQ    the    maiia^enn'iii    of   siidi    normal 
scl  Is    i-  pi.  1   in  Iho  hands  ,,l    a  County   liourd 
of   r.ilucation.  t"  eoiisisi  i.l   m.l   less  t  ban  live  nor 
nil  •!••  1  ban  ei^ht   |..'i-..n^    of   whom  the  Chairman 
..;    tin-    I'onnlx     I'^iard    and    l  In-   Coiinlv    Siijtcrin 

lelldenl      of     Scl  1-     s!i;,H      U      .'X    i'llici.1     luemb'-r- 

152 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OE   ILLINOIS. 


Boards  of  Education  and  Directors  may  establish 
kindergartens  (when  authorized  to  do  so  by  vote 
of  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  their  districts),  for 
children  between  the  ages  of  four  and  six  years, 
but  the  cost  of  supporting  the  same  must  be 
defrayed  by  a  special  tax. — A  compulsory  pro- 
vision'of  the  School  Law  requires  that  each  child, 
between  the  ages  of  seven  and  fourteen  years, 
shall  be  sent  to  school  at  least  sixteen  weeks  of 
each  year,  unless  otherwise  instructed  in  the 
elementary  branches,  or  disqualified  by  physical 
or  mental  disability. — Under  the  provisions  of  an 
act,  passed  in  1891,  women  are  made  eligible  to 
any  office  created  by  the  general  or  special  school 
laws  of  the  State,  when  twenty-one  years  of  age 
or  upwards,  and  otherwise  possessing  the  same 
qualifications  for  the  office  as  are  prescribed  for 
men.  (For  list  of  incumbents  in  the  office  of 
State  Superintendent,  see  Superintendents  of 
Public  Instruction. ) 

EDWARDS,  Arthur,  D.D.,  clergyman,  soldier 
and  editor,  was  born  at  Norwalk,  Ohio,  Nov.  23, 
1834;  educated  at  Albion,  Mich.,  and  the  Wes- 
leyan  University  of  Ohio,  graduating  from  the 
latter  in  1858 ;  entered  the  Detroit  Conference  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  the  same  year, 
was  ordained  in  1860  and,  from  1861  until  after 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  served  as  Chaplain  of 
the  First  Michigan  Cavalry,  when  he  resigned  to 
accept  the  colonelcy  of  a  cavalry  regiment.  In 
1864,  he  was  elected  assistant  editor  of  "The 
Northwestern  Christian  Advocate"  at  Chicago, 
and,  on  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Eddy  in  1872, 
became  Editor-in-chief,  being  re-elected  every 
four  years  thereafter  to  the  present  time.  He 
has  also  been  a  member  of  each  General  Confer- 
ence since  1872,  was  a  member  of  the  Ecumenical 
Conference  at  London  in  1881,  and  has  held  other 
positions  of  prominence  within  the  church. 

EDWARDS,  Cyrus,  pioneer  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Montgomery  County,  Md.,  Jan.  17,  1793;  at  the 
age  of  seven  accompanied  his  parents  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  received  his  primary  education, 
and  studied  law;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  111.,  in  1815,  Ninian  Edwards  (of  whom  he 
was  the  youngest  brother)  being  then  Territorial 
Governor.  During  the  next  fourteen  years  he 
resided  alternately  in  Missouri  and  Kentucky, 
and,  in  1829,  took  up  his  residence  at  Edwards- 
ville.  Owing  to  impaired  health  he  decided  to 
abandon  his  profession  and  engage  in  general 
business,  later  becoming  a  resident  of  Upper 
Alton.  In  1832  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  Legislature  as  a  Whig,  and  again,  in  1840 
and  '60,  the  last  time  as  a  Republican ;  was  State 


Senator  from  1835  to  '39,  and  was  also  the  Whig 
candidate  for  Governor,  in  1838,  in  opposition  to 
Thomas  Carlin  (Democrat),  who  was  elected.  He 
served  in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  was  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  and  espe- 
cially interested  in  education  and  in  public  chari- 
ties, being,  for  thirty-five  years,  a  Trustee  of 
Shurtleff  College,  to  which  he  was  a  most 
munificent  benefactor,  and  which  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1852.  Died  at  Upper 
Alton,  September,  1877. 

EDWARDS,  Ninian,  Territorial  Governor  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Md.,  March  17,  1775;  fora  time  had  the 
celebrated  William  Wirt  as  a  tutor,  completing 
his  course  at  Dickinson  College.  At  the  age  of  19 
he  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  where,  after  squander- 
ing considerable  money,  he  studied  law  and,  step 
by  step,  rose  to  be  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals.  In  1809  President  Madison  appointed 
him  the  first  Territorial  Governor  of  Illinois. 
This  office  he  held  until  the  admission  of  Illinois 
as  a  State  in  1818,  when  he  was  elected  United 
Sates  Senator  and  re-elected  on  the  completion  of 
his  first  (the  short)  term.  In  1828  he  was  elected 
Governor  of  the  State,  his  successful  administra- 
tion terminating  in  1830.  In  1832  he  became  a 
candidate  for  Congress,  but  was  defeated  by 
Charles  Slade.  He  was  able,  magnanimous  and 
incorruptible,  although  charged  with  aristocratic 
tendencies  which  were  largely  hereditary.  Died, 
at  his  home  at  Belleville,  on  July  20,  1833,  of 
cholera,  the  disease  having  been  contracted 
through  self-sacrificing  efforts  to  assist  sufferers 
from  the  epidemic.  His  demise  cast  a  gloom 
over  the  entire  State.  Two  valuable  volumes 
bearing  upon  State  history,  comprising  his  cor- 
respondence with  many  public  men  of  his  time, 
have  been  published;  the  first  under  the  title  of 
"History  of  Illinois  and  Life  of  Ninian  Edwards," 
by  his  son,  the  late  Ninian  Wirt  Edwards,  and 
the  other  "The  Edwards  Papers,"  edited  by  the 
late  Elihu  B.  Washburne,  and  printed  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society. — 
Ninian  Wirt  (Edwards),  son  of  Gov.  Ninian 
Edwards,  was  born  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  April  15, 
1809,  the  year  his  father  became  Territoriat 
Governor  of  Illinois;  spent  his  boyhood  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  Edwardsville  and  Belleville,  and  was 
educated-  at  Transylvania  University,  graduating 
in  1833.  He  married  Elizabeth  P.  Todd,  a  sister 
of  Mrs.  Abraham  Lincoln,  was  appointed  Attor- 
ney-General in  1834,  but  resigned  in  1835,  when 
he  removed  to  Springfield.  In  1830  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  from  Sangamon 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


153 


County,  as  the  colleague  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
being  one  of  the  celebrated  "Long  Nine,"  and 
was  influential  in  securing  the  removal  of  the 
State  capital  to  Springfield.  He  was  re-elected 
to  the  House  in  1838,  to  the  State  Senate  in  1844, 
and  again  to  the  House  in  1843 ;  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847. 
Again,  in  1850,  he  was  elected  to  the  House,  but 
resigned  on  account  of  his  change  of  politics 
from  Whig  to  Democratic,  and,  in  the  election  to 
fill  the  vacancy,  was  defeated  by  James  C.  Conk- 
ling.  He  served  as  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  by  appointment  of  Governor  Matte- 
son,  1854-57,  and,  in  1861,  was  appointed  by 
President  Lincoln,  Captain  Commissary  of  Sub- 
sistence, which  position  he  filled  until  June,  1865, 
since  which  time  he  remained  in  private  life.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  "Life  and  Times  of  Ninian 
Edwards"  (1870),  which  was  prepared  at  the 
request  of  the  State  Historical  Society.  Died,  at 
Springfield,  Sept.  2,  1889.— Benjamin  Stevenson 
(Edwards),  lawyer  and  jurist,  another  son  of  Gov. 
Ninian  Edwards,  was  born  at  Edwardsville,  111., 
June  3,  1818,  graduated  from  Yale  College  in 
1838,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  following 
year.  Originally  a  Whig,  he  subsequently 
became  a  Democrat,  was  a  Delegate  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1862,  and,  in  1868,  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  in  opposi- 
tion to  Shelby  M.  Cullom.  In  1869  he  was  elected 
Circuit  Judge  of  the  Springfield  Circuit,  but 
within  eighteen  months  resigned  the  position, 
preferring  the  excitement  and  emoluments  of 
private  practice  to  the  dignity  and  scanty  salary 
attaching  to  the  bench.  As  a  lawyer  and  as  a 
citizen  he  was  universally  respected.  Died,  at 
his  home  in  Springfield,  Feb.  4,  1886,  at  the  time 
of  his  decease  being  President  of  the  Illinois 
State  Bar  Association. 

EDWARDS,  Richard,  educator,  ex  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  was  born  in  Cardi- 
ganshire, Wales,  Dec.  23,  1822;  emigrated  with 
his  parents  to  Portage  County,  Ohio,  and  began 
life  on  a  farm;  later  graduated  at  the  State 
Normal  School,  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  and  from 
the  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  receiv- 
ing the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Science  and  Civil 
Engineer;  served  for  a  time  as  a  civil  engineer 
on  the  Boston  water  works,  then  beginning  a 
career  as  a  teacher  which  continued  almost  unin- 
terruptedly for  thirty-five  years.  During  this 
period  he  was  connected  with  the  Normal  School 
at  Bridgewater;  a  Boys'  High  School  at  Salem, 
and  the  State  Normal  at  the  same  place,  coming 
west  in  1857  to  establish  the  Normal  School  at  St. 


Louis,  Mo.,  still  later  becoming  Principal  of  the 
St.  Louis  High  School,  and,  in  1862,  accepting  the 
Presidency  of  the  State  Normal  University,  at 
Normal,  111.  It  was  here  where  Dr.  Edwards, 
remaining  fourteen  years,  accomplished  his 
greatest  work  and  left  his  deepest  impress  upon 
the  educational  system  of  the  State  by  personal 
contact  with  its  teachers.  The  next  nine  3~ears 
were  spent  as  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational 
church  at  Princeton,  when,  after  eighteen 
months  in  the  service  of  Knox  College  as  Finan- 
cial Agent,  he  was  again  called,  in  1886,  to  a 
closer  connection  with  the  educational  field  by 
his  election  to  the  office  of  State  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  serving  until  1891,  when, 
having  failed  of  a  re-election,  he  soon  after 
assumed  the  Presidency  of  Blackburn  University 
at  Carlinville.  Failing  health,  however,  com- 
pelled his  retirement  a  year  later,  when  he 
removed  to  Bloomington,  which  is  now  (1898) 
his  place  of  residence. 

EDWARDS  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  between  Richland  and 
White  on  the  north  and  south,  and  Wabash  and 
Wayne  on  -the  east  and  west,  and  touching  the 
Ohio  River  on  its  southeastern  border.  It  was 
separated  from  Gallatin  County  in  1814,  during 
the  Territorial  period.  Its  territory  was  dimin- 
ished in  1824  by  the  carving  out  of  Wabash 
County.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairie 
and  timber,  the  soil  fertile  and  well  adapted  to 
the  raising  of  both  wheat  and  corn.  The  princi- 
pal streams,  besides  the  Ohio,  are  Bonpas  Creek, 
on  the  east,  and  the  Little  Wabash  River  on  the 
west.  Palmyra  (a  place  no  longer  on  the  map) 
was  the  seat  for  holding  the  first  county  court, 
in  1815,  John  Mclntosh,  Seth  Gard  and  William 
Barney  being  the  Judges.  Albion,  the  present 
county-seat  (population,  937),  was  laid  out  by 
Morris  Birkbeck  and  George  Flower  (emigrants 
from  England),  in  1819,  and  settled  largely  by 
their  countrymen,  but  not  incorporated  until 
1860.  The  area  of  the  county  is  220  square 
miles,  and  population,  in  1900,  10,345.  Grayville, 
with  a  population  of  2,000  in  1890,  is  partly  in 
this  county,  though  mostly  in  White.  Edwards 
County  was  named  in  honor  of  Ninian  Edwards, 
the  Territorial  Governor  of  Illinois. 

EDWARDSVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Madison 
County,  settled  in  1812  and  named  in  honor  of 
Territorial  Governor  Ninian  Edwards ;  is  on  four 
lines  of  railway  and  contiguous  to  two  others,  18 
miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis.  Edwardsville  was 
the  home  of  some  of  the  most  prominent  men  in 
the  history  of  the  State,  including  Governors  Ed- 


1M 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


wards.  Coles,  and  others.  It  has  pressed  and 
shale  brickyards,  coal  mines,  flour  mills,  machine 
shops,  banks,  electric  street  railway,  water- works, 
schools,  and  churches.  In  a  suburb  of  the.city 
(LeClaire)  is  a  coo|»?rntive  manufactory  of  sani- 
tary supplies,  using  large  shops  and  doing  a  large 
Business.  Edwardsville  has  three  newspapers, 
one  issued  semi-weekly.  Population  (1890).  3,561 ; 
(IfMH)),  4.157;  with  suburb  (estimated),  5,000. 

EFFINGHAM,an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
scat  of  Effingham  County,  ti  miles  northeast  from 
•St.  Louis  and  HIM  south  west  of  Chicago;  has  four 
papers,  creamery,  milk  condensory,  and  ice  fac- 
tory. Population  (1890),  :!.2BO;  (11)00).  3.774. 

EFFIJTGHAM  COUNTY,  cut  off  from  Fayette 
(and  separately  organized)  in  1831 — named  for 
Gen.  Edward  Effingham.  It  is  situated  in  the 
central  portion  of  the  State,  62  miles  northeast  of 
St.  Louis ;  has  an  area  of  4HO  square  miles  and  a 
population  (1900)  of  20.465.  T.  M.  Short,  I.  Fanchon 
and  William  I.  Hawkins  were  the  first  County 
Commissioners.  Effingham.  the  county-seat,  was 
platted  by  Messrs.  Alexander  and  Little  in  1854. 
Messrs.  Gillemvater,  Hawkins  and  Brown  were 
among  the  earliest  settlers.  Several  lines  of  rail- 
way cross  the  county.  Agriculture  and  sheep- 
raising  are  leading  industries,  wool  being  one  of 
the  principal  products. 

E6AN,  William  Bradshan,  M.D.,  pioneer  phy- 
sican,  was  born  in  Ireland,  Sept.  28,  1808;  spent 
.some  time  during  his  youth  in  the  study  of  sur- 
gery in  England,  later  attending  lectures  at  Dub- 
lin. About  1828  he  went  to  Canada,  taught  for 
a  time  in  the  schools  of  Quebec  and  Montreal 
and,  in  1830,  was  licensed  by  the  Medical  Board 
of  New  Jersey  and  began  practice  at  Newark  in 
that  State,  later  practicing  in  New  York.  In 
1833  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  was  early  recog- 
nized as  a  prominent  physician ;  on  July  4,  1836, 
delivered  the  address  at  the  breaking  of  ground 
for  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  During  the 
early  years  of  his  residence  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Egan 
was  owner  of  the  block  on  which  the  Tremont 
House  stands,  and  erected  a  number  of  houses 
t  here.  He  was  a  zealous  Democrat  and  a  delegate 
to  the  first  Convention  of  that  party,  held  at. 
Joliet  in  1843:  was  elected  County  Recorder  in 
1844  and  Representative  in  the  Eighteenth  Oen- 
eral  Assembly  (1853-54).  Died.  Oct.  27.  1860. 

ELBURN,  a  village  of  Kane  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  8  miles  west 
r.f  Geneva.  It  has  banks  and  a  weekly  news- 
paper Population  (1890),  584;  (1900),  606 

ELDORADO,  a  town  in  Saline  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  &  St.  Louis,  the 


Louisville  &  Nashville,  and  the  St.  Louis,  Alton 
&  IV IT.-  Haute  Railroads;  has  a  bank  and  one 
newspaper;  district  argicultural.  Population, 
(1900),  1,445. 

KI.I1K I  »(,  K.  Hamilton  >.,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
was  born  at  South  Williamstown.  Mass.,  August. 
1837;  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  the  class 
with  President  Garfield,  in  1856,  and  at  Albany 
Law  School,  in  1857;  soon  afterward  came  to 
Chicago  and  began  practice;  in  1862  assisted  in 
organizing  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty -seventh 
Illinois  Volunteers,  of  which  lie  was  elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  before  the  end  of  the  year 
being  promoted  to  the  position  of  Colonel;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Arkansas  Post.  Chicka- 
mauga  and  in  the  battles  before  Vicksburg. 
winning  the  rank  of  Brevet  Brigadier-General, 
but,  after  two  years'  service,  was  compelled  to 
retire  on  account  of  disability,  being  carried  east 
on  a  stretcher.  Subsequently  he  recovered  suffi- 
ciently to  resume  his  profession,  but  died  in 
Chicago,  Dec.  1,  1882,  much  regretted  by  a  large 
circle  of  friends,  with  whom  he  was  exceedingly 
popular. 

ELECTIONS.  The  elections  of  public  officers 
in  Illinois  are  of  two  general  classes:  (I)  those 
conducted  in  accordance  with  United  States 
laws,  and  (II)  those  conducted  exclusively  under 
State  laws. 

I.  To  the  first  class  belong:  (1)  the  election  of 
United  States  Senators;  (2)  Presidential  Elect- 
ors, and  (3  )  Representatives  in  Congress.  1. 
(UNITED  STATES  SENATORS).  The  election  of 
United  States  Senators,  while  an  art  of  the  State 
Legislature,  is  conducted  solely  under  forms  pre 
scribed  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States.  These 
make  it  the  duty  of  the  Legislature,  on  the  seconil 
Tuesday  after  convening  at  the  session  next  pre- 
ceding the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  any 
Senator  may  have  been  chosen,  to  proceed  to 
elect  his  successor  in  the  following  manner: 
Each  House  is  required,  on  the  day  designated,  in 
open  session  and  by  the  viva  voce  vote  of  each 
member  present,  to  name  some  person  for  United 
States  Senator,  the  result  of  the  balloting  to  be 
entered  on  the  journals  of  the  respective  Houses. 
At  twelve  o'clock  (M. )  dn  the  day  following  the 
day  of  election,  the  members  of  the  two  Houses 
meet  in  joint  assembly,  when  the  journals  of  both 
Houses  are  read.  If  it  appears  that  the  same 
person  has  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  in 
each  House,  he  is  declared  elected  Senator.  If, 
however,  no  one  has  received  such  majority,  or 
if  either  House  has  failed  to  take  proceedings  .is 
required  on  the  preceding  day.  then  the  members 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


155 


of  the  two  Houses,  in  joint  assembly,  proceed  to 
ballot  for  Senator  by  viva  vooe  vote  of  members 
present.  The  person  receiving  a  majority  of  all 
the  votes  cast— a  majority  of  the  members  of 
l>oth  Houses  being  present  and  voting — is  declared 
elected;  otherwise  the  joint  assembly  is  renewed 
at  noon  each  legislative  day  of  the  session,  and  at 
least  one  ballot  taken  until  a  Senator  is  chosen. 
When  a  vacancy  exists  in  the  Senate  at  the  time 
of  the  assembling  of  the  legislature,  the  same 
rule  prevails  as  to  the  time  of  holding  an  election 
to  fill  it;  and,  if  a  vacancy  occurs  during  the 
session,  the  Legislature  is  required  to  proceed  to 
an  election  on  the  second  Tuesday  after  having 
received  official  notice  of  such  vacancy.  The 
tenure  of  a  United  States  Senator  for  a  full  term 
is  six  years — the  regular  term  beginning  with  a 
new  Congress — the  two  Senators  from  each  State 
lielonging  to  different  "classes,"  so  that  their 
terms  expire  alternately  at  periods  of  two  anil 
four  years  from  each  other. — 2.  (PRESIDENTIAL 
ELECTORS).  The  choice  of  Electors  of  President 
and  Vice-President  is  made  by  popular  vote 
taken  quadrennially  on  the  Tuesday  after  the 
first  Monday  in  November.  The  date  of  such 
election  is  fixed  by  act  of  Congress,  being  the 
same  as  that  for  Congressman,  although  the  State 
legislature  prescribes  the  manner  of  conducting 
it  and  making  returns  of  the  same.  The  number 
of  Electors  chosen  equals  the  number  of  Senators 
and  Representatives  taken  together  (in  1899  it 
was  twenty-four),  and  they  are  elected  on  a  gen- 
eral ticket,  a  plurality  of  votes  being  sufficient  to 
elect.  Electors  meet  at  the  State  capital  on  the 
second  Monday  of  January  after  their  election 
(Act  of  Congress,  1H87),  to  cast  the  vote  of  the 
State. — 3.  (MEMBERS  OF  CONGRESS).  The  elec- 
tion of  Representatives  in  Congress  is  also  held 
under  United  States  law,  occurring  biennially 
«>n  the  even  years)  simultaneously  with  the  gen- 
eral State  election  in  November.  Should  Congress 
select  a  different  date  for  such  election,  it  would 
lie  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  recognize  it  by 
a  corresponding  change  in  the  State  law  relating 
to  the  election  of  Congressmen.  The  tenure  of  a 
Congressman  is  two  years,  the  election  being  by 
Districts  instead  of  a  general  ticket,  as  in  the 
case  of  Presidential  Electors — the  term  of  each 
Representative  for  a  full  term  l>eginning  with  a 
new  Congress,  on  the  Uh  of  March  of  the  odd 
years  following  a  general  election.  (See  Co" 
ijri'ssional  Apportion meiit. ) 

II.  All  officers  under  the  State  Government — 
except  Boards  of  Trustees  of  charitable  and  penal 
institutions  or  the  heads  of  certain  departments, 


which  are  made  appointive  by  the  Governor — are 
elected  by  popular  vote.  Apart  from  county 
officers  they  consist  of  three  classes:  (1)  Legisla 
tive;  (2)  Executive;  (3)  Judicial  —  which  are 
chosen  at  different  times  and  for  different  periods. 
1.  (LEGISLATURE).  Legislative  officers  consist  of 
Senators  and  Representatives,  chosen  at  elections 
held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  of 
November,  biennially.  The  regular  term  of  a 
Senator  (of  whom  there  are  fifty -one  under  the 
present  Constitution)  is  four  years;  twenty-five 
(those  in  Districts  bearing  even  numbers)  being 
chosen  on  the  years  in  which  a  President  ami 
Governor  are  elected,  and  the  other  twenty -six  at 
the  intermediate  period  two  years  later.  Thus, 
one-half  of  each  State  Senate  is  composed  of  what 
are  called  "hold-over"  Senators.  Representatives 
are  elected  biennially  at  the  November  election, 
and  hold  office  two  years.  The  qualifications  as 
to  eligibility  for  a  seat  in  the  State  Senate  require 
that  the  incumbent  shall  be  25  years  of  age, 
while  21  years  renders  one  eligible  to  a  seat  in 
the  House — the  Constitution  requiring  that  each 
shall  have  been  a  resident  of  the  State  for  five 
years,  and  of  the  District  for  which  he  is  chosen, 
two  years  next  preceding  his  election.  (See 
Legislative  Apportionment  and  Minority  Repre- 
sentation.) —  2.  (EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS).  The 
officers  constituting  the  Executive  Department 
include  the  Governor.  Lieutenant-Governor. 
Secretary  of  State,  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts, 
Treasurer,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
and  Attorney-General.  Each  of  these,  except  the 
State  Treasurer,  holds  office  four  years  and — with 
the  exception  of  the  Treasurer  and  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction — are  elected  at  the 
general  election  at  which  Presidential  Electors 
are  chosen.  The  election  of  State  Superintendent 
occurs  on  the  intermediate  (even)  years,  and  that 
of  State  Treasurer  every  two  years  coincidently 
with  the  election  of  Governor  and  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  respectively.  (See  Execu- 
tive Officers.)  In  addition  to  the  State  officer- 
already  named,  three  Trustees  of  the  Universitv 
of  Illinois  are  elected  biennially  at  the  general 
election  in .  November,  each  holding  office  fo>- 
six  years.  These  trustees  (nine  in  number), 
with  the  Governor,  President  of  the  State  Board 
"f  Agriculture  and  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  constitute  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  University'of  Illinois. — 3.  (JcmciARY).  The 
Judicial  Department  embraces  Judges  of  the 
Supreme.  Circuit  and  County  Courts,  and  such 
other  subordinate  officials  as  may  be  connected 
with  the  ailministr.it ion  of  justice.  For  the 


156 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


election  of  members  of  the  Supreme  Court  the 
State  is  divided  into  seven  Districts,  each  of 
which  elects  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  for 
a  term  of  nine  years.  The  elections  in  five  of 
these  —  the  First,  Second,  Third,  Sixth  and 
Seventh— occur  on  the  first  Monday  in  June  every 
ninth  year  from  1879,  the  last  election  having 
occurred  in  June,  1897.  The  elections  in  the 
other  t  vo  Districts  occur  at  similar  periods  of  nine 
years  from  1876  and  1873,  respectively — the  last 
election  in  the  Fourth  District  having  occurred 
in  June,  1893,  and  that  in  the  Fifth  in  1891.— 
Circuit  Judges  are  chosen  on  the  first  Monday  in 
June  every  six  years,  counting  from  1873.  Judges 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County  are  elected 
every  six  years  at  the  November  election. — Clerks 
of  the  Supreme  and  Appellate  Courts  are  elected 
at  the  November  election  for  six  years,  the  last 
election  having  occurred  in  1896.  Under  the  act 
of  April  2,  1897,  consolidating  the  Supreme 
Court  into  one  Grand  Division,  the  number  of 
Supreme  Court  Clerks  is  reduced  to  one,  although 
the  Clerks  elected  in  1896  remain  in  office  and  have 
charge  of  the  records  of  their  several  Divisions 
until  the  expiration  of  their  terms  in  1902.  The 
Supreme  Court  holds  five  terms  annually  at  Spring- 
field, beginning,  respectively,  on  the  first  Tuesday 
of  October,  December,  February,  April  and  June. 

(OTHER  OFFICERS),  (a)  Members  of  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization  (one  for  every  Congres- 
sional District)  are  elective  every  four  years  at 
the  same  time  as  Congressmen,  (b)  County 
officers  (except  County  Commissioners  not  under 
township  organization )  hold  office  for  four  years 
and  are  chosen  at  the  November  election  as 
follows:  (1)  At  the  general  election  at  which 
the  Governor  is  chosen  —  Clerk  of  the  Circuit 
Court,  State's  Attorney,  Recorder  of  Deeds  (in 
counties  having  a  population  of  00,000  or  over), 
Coroner  and  County  Surveyor.  (2)  On  inter- 
mediate years — Sheriff,  County  Judge,  Probate 
Judge  (in  counties  having  a. population  of  70,000 
and  over),  County  Clerk,  Treasurer,  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools,  and  Clerk  of  Criminal  Court  of 
Cook  County,  (c)  In  counties  not  under  town- 
ship organization  a  Board  of  County  Commission- 
ers is  elected,  one  being  chosen  in  November  of 
each  year,  and  each  holding  office  three  years, 
(d)  Under  the  general  law  the  polls  open  at  8 
a.  m.,  and  close  at  7  p.  m.  In  cities  acrepting  an 
Act  of  the  Legislature  passed  in  1885,  the  hour  of 
opening  the  polls  is  6  a.  m.,  and  of  closing  4  p.  m. 
(See  also  Australian  Ballot. ) 

ELECTORS,  QUALIFICATIONS  OF.  (See 
Suffrage. ) 


ELGIN,  an  important  city  of  Northern  Illinois, 
in  Kane  County,  on  Fox  River  and  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  and  Chicago  &  Northwest- 
ern Railroads,  besides  two  rural  electric  lines,  36 
miles  northwest  of  Chicago;  has  valuable  water- 
power  and  over  fifty  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, including  the  National  Watch  Factory  and 
the  Cook  Publishing  Company,  both  among  the 
most  extensive  of  their  kind-in  the  world;  is  also 
a  great  dairy  center  with  extensive  creameries 
and  milk-condensing  works.  The  quotations  of 
its  Butter  and  Cheese  Exchange  are  telegraphed 
to  all  the  great  commercial  centers  and  regulate 
the  prices  of  these  commodities  throughout  the 
country.  Elgin  is  the  seat  of  the  Northern  (Illi- 
nois) Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  has  a  handsome 
Government  (postoffice)  building,  fine  public 
library  and  many  liandsome  residences.  It  has 
had  a  rapid  growth  in  the  past  twenty  years. 
Population  (1890),  17,823;  (1900),  22,433. 

ELGIN,  JOLIET&  EASTERN  RAILWAY.  The 
main  line  of  this  road  extends  west  from  Dyer  on 
the  Indiana  State  line  to  Joliet,  thence  northeast 
to  Waukegan.  The  total  length  of  the  line  (1898) 
is  192.72  miles,  of  which  159.93  miles  are  in  Illi- 
nois. The  entire  capital  of  the  company,  includ- 
ing stock  and  indebtedness,  amounted  (1898),  to 
$13,799,630— more  than  $71,000  per  mile.  Its  total 
earnings  in  Illinois  for  the  same  year  were  $1,212,- 
026,  and  its  entire  expenditure  in  the  State, 
$1,156,146.  The  company  paid  in  taxes,  the  same 
year,  £48,876.  Branch  lines  extend  southerly 
from  Walker  Junction  to  Coster,  where  connec- 
tion is  made  with  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  northwesterly 
from  Normantown,  on  the  main  line,  to  Aurora. 
—(HISTORY).  The  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Rail- 
way was  chartered  in  1887  and  absorbed  the 
Joliet,  Aurora  &  Northern  Railway,  from  Joliet  to 
Aurora  (21  miles),  which  had  been  commenced  in 
1886  and  was  completed  in  1888,  with  extensions 
from  Joliet  to  Spuulding,  111. ,  and  from  Joliet  to 
McCool,  Ind.  In  January,  1891,  the  Company 
purchased  all  the  properties  and  franchises  of  the 
Gardner,  Coal  City  &  Normantown  and  the 
Waukegan  &  Southwestern  Railway  Companies 
(formerly  operated  under  lease).  The  former  of 
these  two  roads  was  chartered  in  1889  and  opened 
in  1890.  The  system  forms  a  belt  line  around 
Chicago,  intersecting  all  railroads  entering  that 
city  from  every  direction.  Its  traffic  is  chiefly 
in  the  transportation  of  freight. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  the  county-seat  of  Hardin 
County.  It  stands  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio 
River,  44  miles  above  Paducah,  Ky.,  and  about 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


157 


135  miles  southeast  of  Belleville;  has  a  brick  and 
tile  factory,  large  tie  trade,  two  churches,  two 
flouring  mills,  a  bank,  and  one  newspaper.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  652;  (1900),  668.  . 

ELK  HART,  a  town  of  Logan  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  18  miles  northeast  of 
Springfield ;  is  a  rich  farming  section ;  has  a  coal 
shaft.  Population  (1890),  414;  (1900),  553. 

ELKIN,  William  F.,  pioneer  and  early  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Clark  County,  Ky.,  April  13, 
1793;  after  spending  several  years  in  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  came  to  Sangamon  County,  111. ,  in  1825 . 
was  elected  to  the  Sixth,  Tenth  and  Eleventh 
General  Assemblies,  being  one  of  the  "Long 
Nine"  from  Sangamon  County  and,  in  1861,  was 
appointed  by  his  former  colleague  (Abraham 
Lincoln)  Register  of  the  Land  Office  at  Spring- 
field, resigning  in  1872.  Died,  in  1878. 

ELLIS,  Edward  F.  W.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Wilton,  Maine,  April  15,  1819;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Ohio ;  spent  three  years 
(1849-52)  in  California,  serving  in  the  Legislature 
of  that  State  in  1851, -and  proving  himself  an 
earnest  opponent  of  slavery ;  returned  to  Ohio  the 
next  year,  and,  in  1854,  removed  to  Rockford,  111., 
where  he  embarked  in  the  banking  business. 
Soon  after  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter,  he  organ- 
ized the  Ellis  Rifles,  which  having  been  attached 
to  the  Fifteenth  Illinois,  he  was  elected  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of  the  regiment ;  was  in  command  at 
the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6,  1862,  and  was  killed 
while  bravely  leading  on  his  men. 

ELLIS,  (Rev.)  John  Millot,  early  home  mis- 
sionary, was  born  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  July  14,  1793; 
came  to  Illinois  as  a  home  missionary  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  at  an  early  day,  and  served 
for  a  time  as  pastor  of  churches  at  Kaskaskia  and 
Jacksonville,  and  was  one  of  the  influential 
factors  in  securing  the  location  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege at  the  latter  place.  His  wife  also  conducted, 
for  some  years,  a  private  school  for  young  ladies 
at  Jacksonville,  which  developed  into  the  Jack- 
sonville Female  Academy  in  1833,  and  is  still 
maintained  after  a  history  of  over  sixty  years. 
Mr.  Ellis  was  later  associated  with  the  establish- 
ment of  Wabash  College,  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind., 
finally  returning  to  New  Hampshire,  where,  in 
1840,  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  at  East  Hanover. 
In  1844  he  again  entered  the  service  of  the  Soci- 
ety for  Promoting  Collegiate  and  Theological 
Education  in  the  West.  Died,  August  6,  1855. 

ELLSWORTH,  Ephraim  Elmer,  soldier,  first 
victim  of  the  Civil  War,  was  born  at  Mechanics- 
ville,  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  April  23,  1837.  He 
oame  to  Chicago  at  an  early  age,  studied  law, 


and  became  a  patent  solicitor.  In  1860  he  raised 
a  regiment  of  Zouaves  in  Chicago,  which  became 
famous  for  the  perfection  of  its  discipline  and 
drill,  and  of  which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel. 
In  1861  he  accompanied  President  Lincoln  to 
Washington,  going  from  there  to  New  York, 
where  he  recruited  and  organized  a  Zouave 
regiment  composed  of  firemen.  He  became  its 
Colonel  and  the  regiment  was  ordered  to  Alexan- 
dria, Va.  While  stationed  there  Colonel  Ells- 
worth observed  that  a  Confederate  flag  was 
flying  above  a  hotel  owned  by  one  Jackson. 
Rushing  to  the  roof,  he  tore  it  down,  but  before 
he  reached  the  street  was  shot  and  killed  by 
Jackson,  who  was  in  turn  shot  by  Frank  H. 
Brownell,  one  of  Ellsworth's  men.  He  was  the 
first  Union  soldier  killed  in  the  war.  Died,  May 
24,  1861. 

ELMHITRST  (formerly  Cottage  Hill),  a  village 
of  Du  Page  County,  on  the  Chicago  Great  Western 
and  III.  Cent.  Railroads,  15  miles  west  of  Chicago; 
is  the  seat  of  the  Evangelical  Seminary ;  has  elec- 
tric interurban  line,  two  papers,  stone  quarry, 
electric  light,  water  and  sewerage  systems,  high 
school,  and  churches.  Pop.  (1900).  1,728. 

ELM  WOOD,  a  town  of  Peoria  County,  on  the 
Galesburg  and  Peoria  and  Buda  and  Rushville 
branches  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  26  miles  west-northwest  of  Peoria;  the 
principal  industries  are  coal-mining  and  corn  and 
tomato  canning ;  has  a  bank  and  one  newspaper. 
Population  (1890),  1,548;  (1900),  1,582. 

EL  PASO,  a  city  in  Woodford  County,  17  miles 
north  of  Bloomington,  33  miles  east  of  Peoria,  at 
the  crossing  Illinois  Central  and  Toledo,  Peoria  & 
Western  Railroads ;  in  agricultural  district ;  has 
two  national  banks,  three  grain  elevators,  two 
high  schools,  two  newspapers,  nine  churches. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,353;  (1900),  1,441:  (1903,  est.),  1,600. 
EMBARRAS  RIVER,  rises  in  Champaign 
County  and  runs  south  ward  through  the  counties 
of  Douglas,  Coles  and  Cumberland,  to  Newton,  in 
Jasper  County,  where  it  turns  to  the  southeast, 
passing  through  Lawrence  County,  and  entering 
the  Wabash  River  about  seven  miles  below  Vin- 
cennes.  It  is  nearly  150  miles  long. 

EMMERSON,  Charles,  jurist,  was  bom  at  North 
Haverhill,  Grafton  County,  N.  H.,  April  15,  1811; 
came  to  Illinois  in  183:J,  first  settling  at  Jackson- 
ville, where  he  spent  one  term  in  Illinois  College, 
then  studied  law  c,t  Springfield,  and,  having  been 
admitted  to  the  bar,  began  practice  at  Decatur, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  except 
three  years  (1847-50)  during  which  he  resided  at 
Paris,  Edgar  County.  In  1850  he  was  elected  to 


15* 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Legislature,  and,  iii  1853,  to  the  Circuit  bench, 
serving  on  the  latter  by  re-election  till  1867.  The- 
Utter  year  he  was  a  candidate  for  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  but  was  defeated  by  the  late 
Judge  Pinkney  H.  Walker.  In  1869  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention. 
l>ut  died  in  April.  INTO,  while  the  Convention  was 
still  in  session. 

KNFIEUt,  a  town  of  White  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  with 
the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railway,  10 
miles  west  of  Carmi ;  is  the  seat  of  Southern  Illi- 
nois College.  Tin-  town  also  has  a  bank  and  one 
newspaper.  Population  (1880),  717;  (1*90),  H70; 
(1900),  971;  (1903,  est.),  1,000. 

ENGLISH,  Joseph  (>.,  hunker,  was  born  at 
Rising  Sun,  Ind..  Dec.  17,  1H20;  lived  fora  time 
at  Perrysvilleand  l>a  Fayette  in  that  State,  finally 
engaging  in  merchandising  in  the  former;  in 
1853  removed  to  Danville,  111.,  where  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  John  L.  Tincher  in  mercantile 
business;  later  conducted  a  private  banking  busi- 
ness and,  in  1863,  established  the  First  National 
Bank,  of  which  he  has  l>een  President  over  twenty 
years.  He  served  two  terms  as  Mayor  of  Dan- 
ville, in  1872  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization,  and.  for  more  tlian  twenty 
years,  has  been  one  of  the  Directors  of  the  Chicago 
&  Eastern  Railroad.  At  the  present  time  Mr. 
English,  having  practically  retired  from  busi- 
ness, is  spending  most  of  his  time  in  the  West. 

ENOS,  Pascal  Paoli,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Windsor,  Conn.,  in  1770;  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
College  in  1794,  studied  law,  and.  after  spending 
some  years  in  Vermont,  where  he  served  as  High 
Sheriff  of  Windsor  County,  in  September,  1815, 
removed  West,  stopping  first  at  Cincinnati.  A 
year  later  he  descended  the  Ohio  by  flat-boat  to 
Shawneetown,  111.,  crossed  the  State  by  land, 
finally  locating  at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  and  later  nt 
St.  Louis.  Then,  having  purchased  a  tract  of  land 
in  Madison  County.  III.,  he  remained  there  alx>ut 
two  years,  when,  in  1823,  having  receiver!  from 
President  Monroe  the  appointment  of  Receiver  of 
the  newly  established  Land  Office  at  Springfield, 
he  removed  thither,  making  it  his  permanent 
home.  He  was  one  of  the  original  purchasers  of 
the  land  on  which  the  city  of  Springfield  now 
stands,  and  joined  with  Maj.  Elijah  lies.  John 
Taylor  and  Thomas  Cox,  the  other  patentees,  in 
laying  out  the  town,  to  which  they  first  gave  tin- 
name  of  Calhoun.  Mr  Enos  remained  in  office 
through  the  administration  of  President  John 
yuincy  Adams,  but  was  removed  hv  President 
Jackson  for  political  reasons,  in  1H'>1».  Died,  at 


Springfield,  April,  1832.— Pascal  P.  (Enos),  Jr., 
eldest  son  of  Mr.  Enos.  was  born  in  St.  Charles, 
Mo.,  Nov.  28,  1816;  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  General  Assembly  from  Sangamon  County  in 
1852,  and  served  by  appointment  of  Justice 
McLean  of  the  Supreme  Court  as  Clerk  of  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  being  reappointed 
by  Judge  David  Davis,  dying  in  office,  Feb.  17, 
1867.—  Zlmrl  A.  (Enos),  another  son,  was  born 
Sept.  29,  1821,  is  a  citizen  of  Springfield  —  has 
served  as  County  Surveyor  and  Alderman  of  the 
city. — Julia  15.,  a  daughter,  was  born  in  Spring 
field,  Dec.  20,  1882,  is  the  widow  of  the  late  O.  M. 
Hatch,  Secretary  of  State(  1857-65). 

EPLER,  Cyrus,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
at  Charleston,  Clark  County,  Ind.,  Nov.  12, 
1825;  graduated  at  Illinois  College,  Jackson- 
ville, studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1852,  being  elected  State's  Attorney 
the  same  year;  also  served  as  a  member 
of  the  General  Assembly  two  terms  (1857-61) 
and  as  Master  in  Chancery  for  Morgan  County. 
1867-73.  In  1873  he  was  elected  Circuit  Judge 
for  the  Seventh  Circuit  and  was  re-elected 
successively  in  1879,  '85  and  '91,  serving  four 
terms,  and  retiring  in  1897.  During  his  entire 
professional  and  official  career  his  home  has  been 
in  Jacksonville. 

EQUALITY,  a  village  of  Gallatin  County,  on 
the  Shawneetown  Division  of  the  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railroad,  11  miles  west-northwest  of 
Shawneetown.  It  was  for  a  time,  in  early  days,  the 
county  seat  of  Gallatin  County  and  market  for 
the  salt  manufactured  in  that  vicinity.  Some 
coal  is  mined  in  the  neighborhood.  One  weekl} 
|«vper  is  published  here.  Population  (1880),  500; 
(1890),  622;  (1900).  898. 

ERIE,  a  village  of  Whiteside  County,  on  the 
Rock  Island  and  Sterling  Division  of  the  Chicago. 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  30  miles  north- 
east of  Rock  Island.  Population  (1880),  537; 
(1890),  r,:\:,,  (1900),  768. 

EUREKA ,  the  county-seat  of  Woodford  County, 
incorporated  in  1856,  situated  19  miles  east  of 
Peoria;  is  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  stock-raising  and 
agricultural  district.  The  principal  mechanical 
industry  is  a  large  canning  factory.  Besides 
having  good  grammar  and  high  schools,  it  is  also 
the  seat  of  Eureka  College,  under  the  control  of 
the  Christian  denomination,  in  connection  with 
which  are  a  Normal  School  and  a  Biblical  Insti- 
tute. The  town  has  a  handsome  courthouse  and 
a  jail,  two  weekly  and  one  monthly  paper. 
Eureka  became  the  county-seat  of  Woodford 
County  in  1H96.  the  change  from  Metamora  being 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


1.VO 


due  to  the  central  location  and  more  convenient 
accessibility  of  the  former  from  all  parts  of  the 
county.  Population  (1880),  1,185;  (1890),  1,481; 
(1900),  1,661. 

EUREKA  COLLEGE,  located  at  Eureka,  Wood- 
ford  County,  and  chartered  in  1855,  distinctively 
under  the  care  and  supervision  of  the  "Christian" 
or  "Campbellite"  denomination.  The  primary 
aim  of  its  founders  was  to  prejrare  young  men  for 
the  ministry,  while  at  the  same  time  affording 
facilities  for  liberal  culture.  It  was  chartered  in 
1855,  and  its  growth,  while  gradual,  has  been 
steady.  Besides  a  preparatory  department  and  a 
business  school,  the  college  maintains  a  collegiate 
department  (with  classical  and  scientific  courses) 
and  a  theological  school,  the  latter  being  designed 
to  lit  young  men  for  the  ministry  of  the  denomi- 
nation. Both  male  and  female  matriculates  are 
received.  In  1896  there  was  a  faculty  of  eighteen 
professors  and  assistants,  and  an  attendance  of 
some  325  students,  nearly  one-third  of  whom 
were  females.  The  total  value  of  the  institution's 
property  is  §144,000,  which  includes  an  endow- 
ment of  $45,000  and  real  estate  valued  at  §85,000. 
EUSTACE,  John  V.,  lawyer  and  judge,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia.  Sept.  9,  1821;  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1839,  and. 
in  1842,  at  the  age  of  21,  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
removing  the  same  year  to  Dixon,  111.,  where  lie 
resided  until  his  death.  In  185C  he  was  elected 
to  the  General  Assembly  and,  in  185T,  became 
Circuit  Judge,  serving  one  term;  was  chosen 
Presidential  Elector  in  1864.  and.  hi  March,  1878, 
was  again  elevated  to  the  Circuit  Bench,  vice 
Judge  Heaton,  deceased.  He  was  elected  to  the 
same  position  in  1879,  and  re-elected  in  1885.  but 
died  in  1888,  three  years  before  the  expiration  of 
his  term. 

EVANGELICAL  SEMINARY,  an  institution 
under  the  direction  of  the  Lutheran  denomina- 
tion, incorporated  in  1865  and  located  at  Elm- 
hurst,  Du  Page  County.  Instruction  is  given  in 
the  classics,  theology,  oratory  and  preparatory 
studies,  by  a  faculty  of  eight  teachers.  The 
number  of  pupils  during  the  school  year  (1895-90) 
was  133 — all  young  men.  It  has  property  valued 
at  $59,305. 

EVANS,  Henry  H.,  legislator,  was  born  in 
Toronto,  Can.,  March  9,  1836;  bronght  by  his 
father  (who  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania)  to 
Aurora,  111.,  where  the  latter  finaUy_Decame  fore- 
man of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  ma- 
chine shops  at  that  place.  In  1862  young  Evans 
enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-fourth 
Illinois  Volunteers,  serving  until  the  close  of  the 


war.  Since  the  war  he  lias  Iwcome  most  widely 
known  as  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  hav- 
ing been  elected  first  to  the  House,  in  1876,  and 
subsequently  to  the  Senate  every  four  years  from 
1880  to  the  year  1898,  giving  him  over  twenty 
years  of  almost  continuous  service.  He  is  a  large 
owner  of  real  estate  and  lias  been  prominently 
connected  with  financial  and  other  business 
enterprises  at  Aurora,  including  the  Aurora  Gas 
and  Street  Railway  Companies;  also  served  with 
the  rank  of  Colonel  on  the  staffs  of  Governors 
Cullom.  Hamilton,  Fifer  and  Oglesby. 

EVANS,  (Rev.)  Jervice  «.,  educator  and  re- 
former, was  born  in  Marshall  County,  111.,  Dec. 
19,  1833;  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  in  1854,  and,  in  1872,  accepted 
the  presidency  of  Hedding  College  at  Abingdon, 
which  he  filled  for  six  years.  He  then  became 
President  of  Chaddock  College  at  Quincy,  but  the 
fallowing  year  returned  to  pastoral  work.  In 
1889  he  again  became  President  of  Hedding  Col- 
lege, where  (1898)  he  still  remains.  Dr.  Evans  is 
a  member  of  the  Central  Illinois  (M.  E.)  Confer- 
ence and  a  leader  in  the  prohibition  movement ; 
has  also  produced  a  number  of  volumes  on  reli- 
gious and  moral  questions. 

EVANS,  John,  M.D.,  physician  and  Governor, 
was  born  at  Waynesville,  Ohio,  of  Quaker  ances- 
try, March  9,  1814;  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Cincinnati  and  began  practice  at  Ottawa,  111., 
but  soon  returned  to  Ohio,  finally  locating  at 
Attica,  Ind.  Here  he  became  prominent  in  the 
establishment  of  the  first  insane  hospital  in  In- 
diana, at  Indianapolis,  about  1841-42,  becoming  a 
resident  of  that  city  in  1845.  Three  years  later, 
having  accepted  a  chair  in  Rush  Medical  College, 
in  Chicago,  he  removed  thither,  also  serving  for 
a  time  as  editor  of  "The  Northwestern  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal."  He  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Chicago  City  Council,  l>ecame  a  successful 
operator  in  real  estate  and  in  the  promotion  of 
various  railroad  enterprises,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Northwestern  University,  at 
'Evanston,  serving  as  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  over  forty  years.  Dr.  Evans  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Republican  party  in  Illinois, 
and  a  strong  personal  friend  of  President  Lincoln, 
from  whom,  in  1862,  he  received  the  appointment 
of  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado,  con 
tinning  in  office  until  displaced  by  Andrew  John- 
son in  1865.  In  Colorado  he  became  a  leading 
factor  in  the  construction  of  some  of  the  most 
important  railroad  lines  in  that  section,  including 
the  Denver,  Texas  &  Gulf  Road,  of  which  he  was 
for  many  years  the  President.  He  was  also 


160 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


prominent  in  connection  with  educational  and 
church  enterprises  at  Denver,  which  was  his  home 
after  leaving  Illinois.  Died,  in  Denver,  July  3, 1897. 
EVANSTOJf,  a  city  of  Cook  County,  situated  12 
miles  north  of  Chicago,  on  the  Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee &  St.  Paul  and  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroads.  The  original  town  was  incorporated 
Dec.  29,  1863,  and,  in  March,  1869,  a  special  act 
was  passed  by  the  Legislature  incorporating  it  as 
a  city,  but  rejected  by  vote  of  the  people.  On 
Oct.  19,  1872,  the  voters  of  the  corporate  town 
adopted  village  organizations  under  the  General 
Village  and  City  Incorporation  Act  of  the  same 
year.  Since  then  annexations  of  adjacent  terri- 
tory to  the  village  of  Evanston  have  taken  place 
as  follows:  In  January,  1873,  two  small  districts 
by  petition ;  in  April,  1874,  the  village  of  North 
Evanston  was  annexed  by  a  majority  vote  of  the 
electors  of  both  corporations;  in  April.  1886, 
there  was  another  annexation  of  a  small  out-lying- 
district  by  petition ;  in  February,  1892,  the  ques- 
tion of  the  annexation  of  South  Evanston  was 
submitted  to  the  voters  of  both  corporations  and 
adopted.  On  March  29,  1892,  the  question  of 
organization  under  a  city  government  was  sub- 
mitted to  popular  vote  of  the  consolidated  corpo- 
ration and  decided  in  the  affirmative,  the  first 
city  election  taking  place  April  19,  following. 
The  population  of  the  original  corporation  of 
Evanston,  according  to  the  census  of  189(1,  was 
12,072,  and  of  South  Evanston,  3,205,  making  the 
total  population  of  the  new  city  15,967.  Judged 
by  the  census  returns'  of  1900,  the  consolidated 
city  has  had  a  healthy  growth  in  the  past 
ten  years,  giving  it,  at  the  end  •  of  the 
century,  a  population  of  19,259.  Evanston  is 
one  of  the  most  attractive  residence  cities  in 
Northern  Illinois  and  famed  for  its  educational 
advantages.  Besides  having  an  admirable  system 
of  graded  and  high  schools,  it  is  the  seat  of  the 
academic  and  theological  departments  of  the 
Northwestern  University,  the  latter  being  known 
as  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute.  The  city  has 
well  paved  streets,  is  lighted  by  both  gas  and 
electricity,  and  maintains  its  own  system  of 
water  works.  Prohibition  is  strictly  enforced 
within  the  corporate  limits  under  stringent 
municipal  ordinances,  and  the  charter  of  the 
Northwestern  University  forbidding  the  sale  of 
intoxicants  within  four  miles  of  that  institution. 
As  a  consequence,  it  is  certain  to  attract  the 
most  desirable  class  of  people,  whether  consisting 
of  those  seeking  permanent  homes  or  simply 
contemplating  temporary  residence  for  the  sake 
f.f  educational  advantages. 


EWING,  William  Lee  Davidson,  early  lawyer 
and  politician,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1795,  and 
came  to  Illinois  at  an  early  day,  first  settling  at 
Shawneetown.  As  early  as  1820  he  appears  from 
a  letter  of  Governor  Edwards  to  President  Mon- 
roe, to  have  been  holding  some  Federal  appoint- 
ment, presumably  that  of  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  in  the  Land  Office  at  Vandalia,  as  con- 
temporary history  shows  that,  in  1822,  he  lost  a 
deposit  of  §1,000  by  the  robbery  of  the  bank  there. 
He  was  also  Brigadier-General  of  the  State  militia 
at  an  early  day,  Colonel  of  the  "Spy  Battalion" 
during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and,  as  Indian 
Agent,  superintended  the  removal  of  the  Sacs 
and  Foxes  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Other  posi- 
tions held  by  him  included  Clerk  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  two  sessions  (1826-27  and  1828-29) ; 
Representative  from  the  counties  composing  the 
Vandalia  District  in  the  Seventh  General  Assem- 
bly (1830-31),  when  healso  became  Speakerof  the 
House;  Senator  from  the  same  District  in  the 
Eighth  and  Ninth  General  Assemblies,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  President  pro  tempore.  While 
sen-ing  in  this  capacity  he  became  ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor  in  consequence  of  the  resig- 
nation of  Lieut. -Gov.  Zadoc  Casey  to  accept  a 
seat  in  Congress,  in  March,  1833,  and,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1834,  assumed  the  Governorship  as  successor 
to  Governor  Reynolds,  who  had  been  elected  to 
Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy.  He  served  only  fifteen 
days  as  Governor,  when  he  gave  place  to  Gov. 
Joseph  Duncan,  who  liad  been  elected  in  due 
course  at  the  previous  election.  A  year  later 
(December,  1835)  he  was  chosen  United  States 
Senator  to  succeed  Elias  Kent  Kane,  who  had 
died  in  office.  Failing  of  a  re-election  to  the 
Senatorship  in  1837,  he  was  returned  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  from  his  old  district  in  1838, 
as  he  was  again  in  1840,  at  each  session  being 
chosen  Speaker  over  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was 
the  Whig  candidate.  Dropping  out  of  the  Legis- 
lature at  the  close  of  his  term,  we  find  him  at  the 
beginning  of  the  next  session  (December,  1842)  in 
•  his  old  place  as  Clerk  of  the  House,  but,  before 
the  close  of  the  session  (in  March,  1843),  appointed 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  as  successor  to  James 
Shields,  who  had  resigned.  While  occupying  the 
office  of  Auditor,  Mr.  Ewing  died,  March  25,  1846. 
His  public  career  was  as  unique  as  it  was  remark- 
able, in  the  number  and  character  of  the  official 
positions  held  by  him  within  a  period  of  twenty- 
five  years. 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS.  (See  State  officers 
under  heads  of  "Governor,"  "Lieutenant -Gov- 
ernor." etc.) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


161 


EYE  AND  EAR  INFIRMARY,  ILLINOIS 
CHARITABLE.  This  institution  is  an  outgrowth 
of  a  private  charity  founded  at  Chicago,  in  1858, 
by  Dr.  Edward  L.  Holmes,  a  distinguished  Chi- 
cago oculist.  In  1871  the  property  of  the  institu- 
tion was  transferred  to  and  accepted  by  the  State, 
the  title  was  changed,  by  the  substitution  of  the 
word  "Illinois"  for  "Chicago,"  and  the  Infirmary 
became  a  State  institution.  The  fire  of  1871 
destroyed  the  building,  and,  in  1873-74,  the  State 
erected  another  of  brick,  four  stories  in  height, 
at  the  corner  of  West  Adams  and  Peoria  Streets, 
Chicago.  The  institution  receives  patients  from 
all  the  counties  of  the  State,  the  same  receiving 
board,  lodging,  and  medical  aid,  and  (when  neces- 
sary) surgical  treatment,  free  of  charge.  The 
number  of  patients  on  Dec.  1.  1897,  was  160.  In 
1877  a  free  eye  and  ear  dispensary  was  opened 
under  legislative  authority,  which  is  under  charge 
of  some  eminent  Chicago  specialists. 

FAIRBCRY,  an  incorporated  city  of  Livings- 
ton County,  situated  ten  miles  southeast  of  Pon- 
tiac,  in  a  fertile  and  thickly -settled  region.  Coal, 
sandstone,  limestone,  tire-clay  and  a  micaceous 
quartz  are  found  in  the  neighborhood.  The 
town  has  banks,  grain  elevators,  flouring  mills 
and  two  weekly  newspa|>ers.  Population  (1880), 
4.140;  (1*90).  2,32-t;  (1900).  2,187. 

FAIRFIELD,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Wayne  County  and  a  railway  junction, 
108  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  The  town  has 
an  extensive  woolen  factory  and  large  flouring 
and  saw  mills.  It  also  has  four  weekly  papers 
and  is  an  important  fruit  and  grain-shipping 
point.  Population  (1880).  1,391:  (1890).  1.881; 
(1900).  2.338. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  village  of  Vermilion  County, 
on  the  Wabash  Railway,  13  miles  west-southwest 
frorti  Danville;  industrial  interests  chiefly  agri- 
cultural ;  has  brick  and  tile  factory,  a  coal  mine, 
stone  quarry,  three  rural  mail  routes  and  one 
weekly  paper.  Population  (1890).  649 ;  (1900),  928. 

FALLOWS,  (Rt.  Rev.)  Samuel,  Bishop  of  Re- 
formed Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  was  born  at 
Pendleton,  near  Manchester,  England,  Dec.  13, 
1835 ;  removed  with  his  parents  to  Wisconsin  in 
1848,  and  graduated  from  the  State,  University 
there  in  1859,  during  a  part  of  his  university 
course  serving  as  pastor  of  a  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  at  Madison;  was  next  Vice-President  of 
Gainesville  University  till  1861,  when  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Methodist  ministry  and  became 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Oshkosh.  The  following 
year  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  of  the  Thirty- 


second  Wisconsin  Volunteers,  but  later  assisted 
in  organizing  the  Fortieth  Wisconsin,  of  which 
he  became  Colonel,  in  1865  being  brevetted  Briga- 
dier-General. On  his  return  to  civil  life  he 
became  a  pastor  in  Milwaukee;  was  appointed 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for 
Wisconsin  to  fill  a  vacancy,  in  1871,  and  was  twice 
re-elected.  In  1874  he  was  elected  President  of 
the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  at  Bloomington, 
111.,  remaining  two  years;  in  1875  united  with  the 
Reformed  Episcopal  Church,  soon  after  became 
Rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church  in  Chicago,  and  was 
elected  a  Bishop  in  1876,  also  assuming  the 
editorship  of  "The  Appeal,"  the  organ  of  the 
church.  He  served  as  Regent  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  (1864-74),  and  for  several  years  has 
been  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State 
Reform  School  at  Pontiac.  He  is  the  author  of 
two  or  three  volumes,  one  of  them  being  a  "Sup- 
plementary Dictionary,"  published  in  1884. 
Bishop  Fallows  lias  had  supervision  of  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church  work  in  the  West  and  North- 
west for  several  years ;  has  also  served  as  Chaplain 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  for  the 
Department  of  Illinois  and  of  the  Loyal  Legion, 
and  was  Chairman  of  the  General  Committee  of 
the  Educational  Congress  during  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  of  1893. 

FARIXA,  a  town  of  Fayette  County,  on  the 
Chicago  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad, 
2!)  miles  northeast  of  Centralia.  Agriculture  and 
fruit-growing  constitute  the  chief  business  of  the 
section ;  the  town  has  one  newspaper.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  018;  (1900).  693;  (1903,  est.).  800. 

FARMER  CITY,  a  city  of  De  Witt  County,  25 
miles  southeast  of  Bloomington,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Springfield  division  of  the  Illinois  Central 
and  the  Peoria  division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railways.  It  is  a 
trading  center  for  a  rich  agricultural  and  stock- 
raising  district,  especially  noted  for  rearing  finely 
bred  horses.  The  cits'  lias  banks,  two  news- 
papers, churches  of  four  denominations  and  good 
schools,  including  a  high  school.  Population 
(1880).  1,289;  (1890),  1.367:  (1900).  1,664- 

FARMERS'  INSTITUTE,  an  organization 
created  by  an  act,  approved  June  24,  1895,  de- 
signed to  encourage  practical  education  among 
farmers,  and  to  assist  in  developing  the  agricul- 
tural resources  of  the  State.  Its  membership 
consists  of  three  delegates  from  each  county  in 
the  State,  elected  annually  by  the  Farmers' 
Institute  in  such  county.  Its  affairs  are  managed 
by  a  Board  of  Directors  constituted  as  follows: 
The  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  the 


162 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Professor  of  Agriculture  in  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, and  the  Presidents  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  Dairymen's  Association  and  Horti- 
cultural Society,  ex-officio,  with  one  member  from 
each  Congressional  District,  chosen  by  the  dele- 
gates from  the  district  at  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  organization.  Annual  meetings  (between 
Oct.  1  and  March  1)  are  required  to  be  held, 
which  shall  continue  in  session  for  not  less  than 
three  days.  The  topics  for  discussion  are  the 
cultivation  of  crops,  the  care  and  breeding  of 
domestic  animals,  dairy  husbandry,  horticulture, 
farm  drainage,  improvement  of  highways  and 
general  farm  management.  The  reports  of  the 
annual  meetings  are  printed  by  the  State  to  the 
number  of  10,000,  one-half  of  the  edition  being 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Institute.  Suitable 
quarters  for  the  officers  of  the  organization  are 
provided  in  the  State  capitol. 

FARMINGTON,  a  city  and  railroad  center  in 
Fulton  County.  13  miles  nortli  of  Canton  and  22 
miles  WH^t  of  Peoria.  Coal  is  extensively  mined 
here;  there  are  also  brick  nml  tile  factories,  a 
foundry,  one  steam  flour  mill,  and  two  cigar 
manufactories.  It  is  a  large  shipping-point  for 
grain  and  live-stock.  The  town  has  two  banks 
and  two  newspajivrs.  five  churches  and  a  graded 
school.  Population (18!»0).  1,375;  (1903.  est),  2.103. 

FARNSWORTH,  F,lon  John,  soldier,  was  Iwrn 
at  Green  Oak,  Livingston  County,  Mich.,  in  1837. 
After  completing  a  course  in  the  public  schools, 
he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan,  but  left 
college  at  the  end  of  his  freshman  year  (1858)  to 
serve  in  the  Quartermaster's  department  of  the 
army  in  the  Utah  expedition.  At  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  service  he  became  a  buffalo  hunter 
and  a  carrier  of  mails  between  the  haunts  of 
civilization  and  the  then  newly-discovered  mines 
at  Pike's  Peak.  Returning  to  Illinois,  he  was 
commissioned  (1861)  Assistant  Quartermaster  of 
the  Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry,  of  which  his  uncle 
was  Colonel.  (See  Farnnwortli,  John  Franklin.) 
He  soon  rose  to  a  captaincy,  distinguishing  him- 
self in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula.  In  May, 
1863,  he  was  appointed  aid-de-camp  to  General 
Pleasanton,  and,  on  June  29,  1863,  was  made  a 
Brigadier-General.  Four  days  later  he  was  killed, 
while  gallantly  leading  a  charge  at  Gettysburg. 

FARNSWORTH,  John  Franklin,  soldier  and 
former  Congressman,  was  born  at  Eaton.  Canada 
East,  March  27,  1820;  removed  to  Michigan  in 
1834,  and  later  to  Illinois,  settling  in  Kane 
County,  where  he  practiced  law  for  many  years, 
making  his  home  at  St.  Charles.  He  was  elected 
to  Congress  in  1856,  and  re-elected  in  1858.  In 


September  of  1861.  he  was  commissioned  Colonel 
of  the  Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry  Volunteers,  and 
was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  in  November. 
1862,  but  resigned,  Marcli  4.  1863,  to  take  his  seat 
in  Congress  to  which  he  had  been  elected  the 
November  previous,  by  successive  re-elections 
serving  from  1863  to  1873.  The  latter  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  Washington,  where  he  died, 
July  14,  1897. 

FARWFLL,  Charles  Benjamin,  merchant  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  at  Painted  Post. 
X.  Y..  July  1,  1823;  removed  to  Illinois  in  183*. 
and,  for  six  years,  was  employed  in  surveying 
and  farming.  In  1844  he  engaged  in  the  real 
estate  business  and  in  banking,  at  Chicago.  He 
was  elected  County  Clerk  in  1853,  and  re-elected 
in  1857.  Later  he  entered  into  commerce,  becom- 
ing a  partner  with  his  brother,  John  Villiers.  in 
the  firm  of  J.  V.  Farwell  &  Co.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Equalization  in  1867 ; 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  Cook 
County  in  1868;  and  National  Bank  Examiner  in 
1869.  In  1870  he  wsts  elected  to  Congress  as  a 
Republican,  was  re  elected  in  1872,  but  was 
defeated  in  1874.  after  u  contest  for  the  seat  which 
was  carried  into  the  House  .it  Washington. 
Again,  in  1880,  he  was  returned  to  Congress, 
making  three  full  terms  in  that  body.  He  also 
served  for  several  years  as  Chairman  of  th»- 
Republican  State  Central  Committee.  After  the 
deatli  of  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  he  was  (1887  > 
elected  United  States  Senator,  his  term  expiring 
March  3,  1891.  Mr.  Farwell  has  since  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  immense  mercantile  busi- 
ness of  J.  V.  Farwell  &  Co. 

FARWELL,  John  Villiers.  merchant,  was  born 
at  Campbelltown.  Steulten  County,  N.  Y.,  July 
29,  1825,  the  son  of  a  farmer;  received  a  common 
school  education  and.  in  1838,  removed  with  his 
father's  family  to  Ogle  County,  111.  Here  he 
attended  Mount  Morris  Seminary  for  a  time,  but, 
in  1845,  came  to  Chicago  without  capital  anil 
secured  employment  in  the  City  Clerk's  office, 
then  became  a  book-kee|>er  in  the  dry-goods 
establishment  of  Hamilton  &  White,  and,  still 
later,  with  Hamilton  &  Day.  Having  thus 
received  his  bent  towards  a  mercantile  career,  he 
soon  after  entered  the  concern  of  Wadsworth  & 
Phelps  as  a  clerk,  at  a  salary  of  §600  a  year,  but 
was  admitted  to  a  partnership  in  1850,  the  title  of 
the  firm  becoming  Cooley,  Farwell  &  Co.,  in  1860. 
About  this  time  Marshall  Field  and  Levi  Z.  Leiter 
became  associated  with  the  concern  and  received 
their  mercantile  training  under  the  supervision 
of  Mr.  Farwell.  In  1865  the  title  of  the  tirm 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


163 


became  J.  V.  Farwell  &  Co.,  but,  in  1891,  the  firm 
was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  The  J.  V. 
Farwell  Company,  his  brother,  Charles  B.  Far- 
well,  being  a  member.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
has  long  been  a  prominent  factor  in  religious 
circles,  a  leading  spirit  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  and  served  as  President  of 
the  Chicago  Branch  of  the  United  States 
Christian  Commission  during  the  Civil  War. 
Politically  he  is  a  Republican  and  served  as  Presi- 
dential Elector  at  the  time  of  President  Lincoln's 
second  election  in  1864 ;  also  served  by  appoint- 
ment of  President  Grant,  in  1869,  on  the  Board  of 
Indian  Commissioners.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
syndicate  which  erected  the  Texas  State  Capitol, 
at  Austin,  in  that  State ;  has  been,  for  a  number 
of  years,  Vice-President  and  Treasurer  of  the 
J.  V.  Farwell  Company,  and  President  of  the 
Colorado  Consolidated  Land  and  Water  Company. 
He  was  also  prominent  in  the  organization  of  the 
Chicago  Public  Library,  and  a  member  of  the 
Union  League,  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
and  the  Art  Institute. 

FARWELL,  William  Washington,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Morrisville,  Madison  County,  N.  Y. ,  Jan. 
5,  1817,  of  old  Puritan  ancestry ;  graduated  from 
Hamilton  College  in  1837,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1841.  In  1848  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  but  the  following  year  went 
to  California,  returning  to  his  birthplace  in  1850. 
In  1854  he  again  settled  at  Chicago  and  soon 
secured  a  prominent  position  at  the  bar.  In  1871 
he  was  elected  Circuit  Court  Judge  for  Cook 
County,  and,  in  1873,  re-elected  for  a  term  of  six 
years.  During  this  period  he  sat  chiefly  upon 
the  chancery  side  of  the  court,  and,  for  a  time, 
presided  as  Chief  Justice.  At  the  close  of  his 
second  term  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election  as 
a  Republican,  but  was  defeated  with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  ticket.  In  1880  he  was  chosen 
Professor  of  Equity  Jurisprudence  in  the  Union 
College  of  Law  (now  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Law  School) ,  serving  until  June,  1893,  when 
he  resigned.  Died,  in  Chicago,  April  30,  1894. 

KAVKTTE  COUNTY,  situated  about  60  miles 
south  of  the  geographical  center  of  the  State; 
was  organized  in  1821,  and  named  for  the  French 
General  La  Fayette.  It  has  an  area  of  720  square 
miles;  population  (1900),  28,065.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  a  rich  vein  of  bituminous  coal  underlies 
the  county.  Agriculture,  fruit-growing  and 
mining  are  the  chief  industries.  The  old,  historic 
"Cumberland  Road,"  the  trail  for  all  west-bound 
emigrants,  crossed  the  county  at  an  early  date. 
Perryville  was  the  first  county-seat,  but  this  town 


is  now  extinct.  Vandalia,  the  present  seat  of 
county  government  (population,  2,144),  stands 
upon  a  succession  of  hills  upon  the  west  bank  of 
the  Kaskaskia.  From  1830  to  1839  it  was  the 
State  Capital.  Besides  Vandalia  the  chief  towns 
are  Ramsey,  noted  for  its  railroad  ties  and  tim- 
ber, and  St.  Ellin i. 

FEEBLE-MINDED  CHILDREN,  ASYLUM 
FOR.  This  institution,  originally  established  as 
a  sort  of  appendage  to  the  Illinois  Institution  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  was  started  at  Jacksonville, 
in  1865,  as  an  "experimental  school,  for  the 
instruction  of  idiots  and  feeble-minded  children. ' ' 
Its  success  having  been  assured,  the  school  was 
placed  upon  an  independent  basis  in  1871,  and. 
in  1875,  a  site  at  Lincoln,  Logan  County,  covering 
forty  acres,  was  donated,  and  the  erection  of 
buildings  begun.  The  original  plan  provided  for 
a  center  building,  with  wings  and  a  rear  exten- 
sion, to  cost  $124,775.  Besides  a  main  or  adminis- 
tration building,  the  institution  embraces  a 
school  building  and  custodial  hall,  a  hospital  and 
industrial  workshop,  and,  during  the  past  year,  a 
chapel  has  been  added.  It  has  control  of  890 
acres,  of  which  400  are  leased  for  farming  pur- 
poses, the  rental  going  to  the  benefit  of  the  insti- 
tution. The  remainder  is  used  for  the  purposes 
of  the  institution  as  farm  land,  gardens  or  pas- 
ture, about  ninety  acres  being  occupied  by  the 
institution  buildings.  The  capacity  of  the  insti- 
tution is  about  700  inmates,  with  many  applica- 
tions constantly  on  file  for  the  admission  of 
others  for  whom  there  is  no  room. 

FEEHAN,  Patrick  A.,  D.D.,  Archbishop  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  archdiocese  of  Chicago,  and 
Metropolitan  of  Illinois,  was  born  at  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  in  1829,  and  educated  at  Mavnooth 
College.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1852,  settling  at  St.  Louis,  and  was  at  once 
appointed  President  of  the  Seminary  of  Caronde- 
let.  Later  he  was  made  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception  at  St.  Louis,  where 
he  achieved  marked  distinction.  In  1865  he  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Nashville,  managing  the 
affairs  of  the  diocese  with  great  ability.  In  1880 
Chicago  was  raised  to  an  archiepiscopal  see,  with 
Suffragan  Bishops  at  Alton  and  Peoria,  and 
Bishop  Feehan  was  consecrated  its  first  Arch- 
bishop. His  administration  has  been  conserva- 
tive, yet  efficient,  and  the  archdiocese  has  greatly 
prospered  under  his  rule. 

FELL,  Jesse  W.,  lawyer  and  real-estate  opera- 
tor, was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pa.,  about  1808; 
started  west  on  foot  in  1828,  and,  after  spending 
some  years  at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  came  to  Dela- 


164 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


van,  111.,  in  1832,  and  the  next  year  located  at 
Bloomington,  being  the  first  lawyer  in  that  new- 
town.  Later  he  became  agent  for  school  lands 
and  the  State  Bank,  but  failed  financially  in 
1837,  and  returned  to  practice:  resided  several 
years  at  Payson.  Adams  County,  but  returning 
to  Bloomington  in  1855.  was  instrumental  in 
securing  the  location  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railroad  through  that  town,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  towns  of  Clinton,  Pontiac,  Lex- 
ington and  El  Paso.  He  was  an  intimate  personal 
and  political  friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  it 
was  to  him  Mr.  Lincoln  addressed  his  celebrated 
personal  biography ;  in  the  campaign  of  I860  he 
served  as  Secretary-  of  the  Republican  State  Cen- 
tral Committee,  and,  in  1862,  was  appointed  by 
Mr.  Lincoln  a  Paymaster  in  the  regular  army, 
serving  some  two  years.  Mr.  Fell  was  also  a  zeal- 
ous friend  of  the  cause  of  industrial  education, 
and  bore  an  ini|K>rtant  part  in  securing  the 
location  of  the  State  Normal  University  at  Nor- 
mal, of  which  city  he  was  the  founder.  Died,  at 
Bloomington,  Jan.  25,  18H7. 

FERGUS,  Robert,  early  printer,  was  born  in 
Glasgow,  Scotland.  August  4,  1815:  learned  the 
printer's  trade  in  his  native  city,  assisting  in  his 
youth  in  putting  in  type  some  of  Walter  Scott's 
productions  and  other  works  which  now  rank 
among  English  classics.  In  1834  he  came  to 
America,  finally  Iwating  in  Chicago,  where, 
with  various  partners,  he  pursued  the  business  of 
a  job  printer  continuously  some  fifty  years — 
being  the  veteran  printer  of  Chicago.  He  was 
killed  by  being  run  over  by  a  railroad  train  at. 
Evanston,  July  23.  1897.  The  establishment  of 
which  he  was  so  long  the  head  is  continued  liy 
his  sons. 

FERNWOOD,  a  suburban  station  on  the  Chi- 
cago &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  12  south  of  ter- 
minal station;  annexed  to  City  of  Chicago,  1891. 

FERRY,  KINIm  Peyre,  politician,  born  in 
Monroe,  Mich.,  August  9.  1825:  was  educated  in 
his  native  town  and  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Fort 
Wayne,  Ind.,  in  1845,  removed  to  Waukegan, 
III. .  the  following  year,  served  as  Postmaster  and, 
in  1856,  was  candidate  on  the  Republican  ticket 
for  Presidential  Elector;  was  elected  Mayor  of 
Waukegan  in  1859,  a  member  of  the  State  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1862,  State  Bank  Com- 
missioner in  1861  -63.  Assistant  Adjutant-General 
on  the  staff  of  Governor  Yates  during  the  war, 
and  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention of  1864.  After  the  war  he  served  as 
direct-tax  Commissioner  for  Tennessee;  in  1869 
was  appointed  Surveyor-General  of  Washington 


Territory-and,  in  1872  and  "76,  Territorial  GOT- 
ernor.  On  the  admission  of  Washington  as  a 
State,  in  1889,  he  was  elected  the  first  Governor. 
Died,  at  Seattle,  Wash.,  Oct.  14.  1895. 

FEVRE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  which  rises  in 
Southern  Wisconsin  and  enters  the  Mississippi  in 
Jo  Daviess  County,  six  miles  below  Galena,  whicli 
stands  upon  its  banks.  It  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats between  Galena  and  its  mouth.  The  name 
originally  given  to  it  by  early  French  explorers 
was  "Feve"  (the  French  name  for  "Bean"), 
which  has  since  been  corrupted  into  its  present 
form. 

I'M1  K  I.I  \ .  Orlando  B.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Kentucky.  Dec.  16,  1808,  and 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Mount  Carmel,  Wabash 
County.  III.,  in  March,  1830.  In  1834  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Ninth  General 
Assembly.  After  serving  a  term  as  State's 
Attorney  for  Wabash  County,  in  1837  he  removed 
to  Charleston,  Coles  County,  where,  in  1838,  and 
again  in  '42,  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  as 
he  was  for  the  last  time  in  1878.  He  was  four 
times  elected  to  Congress,  serving  from  1843  to 
"49.  and  from  1851  to  '53;  was  Presidential  Elector 
in  1856.  and  candidate  for  the  same  position  on 
the  Democratic  ticket  for  the  State-at-large  in 
1884;  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic 
National  Conventions  of  1856  and  '60.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1H62.  Died,  at  Cliarleston,  May  5.  1886.' 

FIELD,  Alexander  Pope,  early  legislator  and 
Secretary  of  State,  came  to  Illinois  about  the 
time  of  its  admission  into  the  Union,  locating  in 
Union  County,  which  he  represented  in  the  Third, 
Fifth  and  Sixth  General  Assemblies.  In  the 
first  of  these  he  was  a  prominent  factor  In  the 
ejection  of  Representative  Hansen  of  Pike  County 
and  the  seating  of  Shaw  in  his  place,  which 
enabled  the  advocates  of  slavery  to  secure  the 
passage  of  a  resolution  submitting  to  the  people 
the  question  of  calling  a  State  Constitutional 
Convention.  In  1828  he  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  State  by  Governor  Edwards,  remaining  in 
office  under  Governors  Reynolds  and  Dun- 
can and  through  half  the  term  of  Governor 
Carlin,  though  the  latter  attempted  to  secure 
his  removal  in  1838  by  the  appointment  of 
John  A.  McClernand  —  the  courts,  however, 
declaring  against  the  latter.  In  November,  1840, 
the  Governor's  act  was  made  effective  by  the 
confirmation,  by  the  Senate,  of  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las as  Secretary  in  place  of  Field.  Douglas 
held  the  office  only  to  the  following  February, 
when  he  resigned  to  take  a  place  on  the  Supreme 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OK   ILLINOIS. 


165 


liencli  and  Lyman  Trumbull  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him.  Field  (who  had  become  a  Whig) 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison,  in  1841, 
Secretary  of  Wisconsin  Territory,  later  removed, 
to  St.  Louis  and  finally  to  New  Orleans,  where  he 
was  at  the  beginning  of  the  late  war.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1863,  he  presented  himself  as  a  member  of 
the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  for  Louisiana,  but 
was  refused  his  seat,  though  claiming  in  an  elo- 
quent speech  to  have  been  a  loyal  man.  Died,  in 
New  Orleans,  in  1877.  Mr.  Field  was  a  nephew 
of  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,  for  over  thirty  years  on 
the  bench  of  the  United  States  District  Court. 

FIELD,  Engrene,  journalist,  humorist  and  poet, 
was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  2.  1850.  Left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age,  he  was  reared  by  a  rela- 
tive at  Amherst,  Mass.,  and  received  a  portion  of 
his  literary  training  at  Monson  and  Williamstown 
in  that  State,  completing  his  course  at  the  State 
University  of  Missouri.  After  an  extended  tour 
through  Europe  in  1872-73,  he  began  his  journal- 
istic career  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  as  a  reporter  on 
"The  Evening  Journal,"  later  becoming  its  city 
editor.  During  the  next  ten  years  lie  was  succes- 
sively connected  with  newspapers  at  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  and  at  Denver,  Colo., 
at  the  last  named  city  being  managing  editor  of 
"The  Tribune."  In  1883  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
becoming  a  special  writer  for  "The  Chicago 
News,"  his  particular  department  for  several 
years  being  a  pungent,  witty  column  with  the 
caption,  "Sharps  and  Flats.''  He  wrote  con- 
siderable prose  fiction  and  much  jioetry,  among 
the  latter  being  successful  translations  of  several 
of  Horace's  Odes.  As  a  poet, -however,  he  was 
best  known  through  his  short  poems  relating  to 
childhood  and  home,  which  strongly  appealed  to 
the  popular-  heart.  Died,  in  Chicago,  deeply 
mourned  by  a  large  circle  of  admirers,  Nov.  4, 
1895. 

FIELD,  Marshall,  merchant  and  capitalist,  was 
born  in  Conway.  Mass.,  in  1835.  and  grew  upon 
a  farm,  receiving  a  common  school  and  academic 
education.  At  the  age  of  17  he  entered  upon  a 
mercantile  career  as  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store  at 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  but,  in  1856,  came  to  Chicago 
and  secured  employment  with  Messrs.  Cooley, 
Wadsworth  &  Co. ;  in  1860  was  admitted  into 
partnership,  the  firm  becoming  Cooley,  Farwell 
&  Co.,  and  still  later,  Farwell,  Field  &  Co.  The 
last  named  firm  was  dissolved  and  that  of  Field, 
Palmer  &  Leiter  organized  in  1865.  Mr.  Palmer 
having  retired  in  1867,  the  firm  was  continued 
under  the  name  of  Field,  Leiter  &  Co..  until  1881, 
when  Mr.  Leiter  retired,  the  concern  being  since 


known  as  Marshall  Field  &  Co.  The  growth  of 
the  business  of  this  great  establishment  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that,  whereas  its  sales  amounted 
before  the  fire  to  some  812,000,000  annually,  in 
1895  they  aggregated  S40.000.000.  Mr.  Field's 
business  career  has  been  remarkable  for  its  suc- 
cess in  a  city  famous  for  its  successful  business 
men  and  the  vast  ness  of  their  commercial  oper- 
ations. He  has  been  a  generous  and  discrimi- 
nating patron  of  important  public  enterprises, 
some  of  his  more  conspicuous  donations  being  the 
gift  of  a  tract  of  land  valued  at  $300,000  and 
$100.000  in  cash,  to  the  Chicago  University,  and 
$1,000.000  to  the  endowment  of  the  Field  Colum- 
bian Museum,  as  a  sequel  to  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition.  The  latter,  chiefly  through  the 
munificence  of  Mr.  Field,  promises  to  become  one 
of  the  leading  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the 
United  States.  Besides  his  mercantile  interests. 
Mr.  Field  lias  extensive  interests  in  various  finan- 
cial and  manufacturing  enterprises,  including 
the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  and  the  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  Railroad,  in  each  of  which  he  is 
a  Director. 

FIFER,  Joseph  W.,  born  at  Stanton,  Va.,  Oct. 
28,  1840;  in  1857  he  accompanied  his  father  (who 
was  a  stone-mason)  to  McLean  County,  111.,  and 
worked  at  the  manufacture  and  laying  of  brick. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  Thirty-third  Illinois  Infantry,  and 
was  dangerously  wounded  at  the  assault  on  Jack- 
son, Miss.,  in  1863.  On  the  healing  of  his  wound, 
disregarding  the  advice  of  family  and  friends,  he 
rejoined  his  regiment.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
when  about  25  years  of  age.  he  entered  the  Wes- 
leyan  University  at  Bloomington,  where,  by  dint 
of  liard  work  and  frugality,  while  supporting 
himself  in  part  by  manual  labor,  he  secured  a 
diploma  in  1868.  He  at  once  began  the  study  of 
law,  and,  soon  after  his  admission,  entered  upon  a 
practice  which  subsequently  proved  both  success- 
ful and  lucrative.  He  was  elected  Corporation 
Counsel  of  Bloomington  in  1871  and  State's  Attor- 
ney for  McLean  County  in  1N72.  holding  the  latter 
office,  through  re-election,  until  1880,  when  he 
was  chosen  State  Senator,  serving  in  the  Thirty- 
second  and  Thirty:third  General  Assemblies.  In 
1888  he  was  nominated  and  elected  Governor  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  but,  in  1892,  was  defeated 
by  John  P.  Altgeld,  the  Democratic  nominee, 
though  running  in  advance  of  the  national  and 
the  rest  of  the  State  ticket. 

FIXERTY,  John  F..  ex-Congressman  and 
journalist,  was  born  in  Galway,  Ireland,  Sept. 
10.  1846.  His  studies  were  mainly  prosecuted 


166 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


under  private  tutors.  At  the  age  of  16  he  entered 
the  profession  of  journalism,  and,  in  1864,  coming 
to  America,  soon  after  enlisted,  serving  for  100 
days  during  the  Civil  War,  in  the  Ninety-ninth 
New  York  Volunteers.  Subsequently,  having 
removed  to  Chicago,  he  was  connected  with  "The 
Chicago  Times"  as  a  special  correspondent  from 
1876  to  1881,  and,  in  1882,  established  "The  Citi- 
zen," a  weekly  newspaper  devoted  to  the  Irish- 
American  interest,  which  he  continues  to  pub- 
lish. In  1883  he  was  elected,  as  an  Independ- 
ent Democrat,  to  represent  the  Second  Illinois 
District  in  the  Forty-eighth  Congress,  but,  run- 
ning as  an  Independent  Republican  for  re-election 
in  1884,  was  defeated  by  Frank  Lawler,  Democrat. 
In  1887  he  was  appointed  Oil  Inspector  of  Chi- 
cago, and,  since  1889,  has  held  no  public  office, 
giving  his  attention  to  editorial  work  on  his 
paper. 

FISHER,  (Dr.)  George,  pioneer  physician  and 
legislator,  was  probably  a  native  of  Virginia, 
from  which  State  he  appears  to  have  come  to 
Kaskaskia  previous  to  1800.  He  became  very 
prominent  during  the  Territorial  period;  was 
appointed  by  William  Henry  Harrison,  then 
Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  the  first  Sheriff  of 
Randolph  County  after  its  organization  in  1801 ; 
was  elected  from  that  county  to  the  Indiana 
Territorial  House  of  Representatives  in  1805,  and 
afterwards  promoted  to  the  Territorial  Council ; 
was  also  Representative  in  the  First  and  Third 
Legislatures  of  Illinois  Territory  (1812  and  '16), 
serving  as  Speaker  of  each.  He  was  a  Dele- 
gate to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1818,  but 
died  [on  his  farm  near  Kaskaskia  in  1820.  Dr. 
Fisher  participated  in  the  organization  of  the 
first  Lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  in  Illi- 
nois at  Kaskaskia,  in  1806,  and  was  elected  one 
of  its  officers. 

FISHERIES.  The  fisheries  of  Illinois  center 
chiefly  at  Chicago,  the  catch  being  taken  from 
Lake  Michigan,  and  including  salmon  trout, 
white  fish  (the  latter  species  including  a  lake 
herring),  wall-eyed  pike,  three  kinds  of  bass, 
three  varieties  of  sucker,  carp  and  sturgeon.  The 
"fishing  fleet"  of  Lake  Michigan,  properly  so 
called,  (according  to  the  census  of  1890)  con- 
sisted of  forty-seven  steamers  and  one  schooner, 
of  which  only  one — a  steamer  of  twenty-six  tons 
burthen — was  credited  to  Illinois.  The  same 
report  showed  a  capital  of  $36,105  invested  in 
land,  buildings,  wharves,  vessels,  boats  and 
apparatus.  In  addition  to  the  "fishing  fleet" 
mentioned,  nearly  1,100  sail-boats  and  other  vari- 
eties of  craft  are  employed  in  the  industry, 


sailing  from  ports  between  Chicago  and  Macki 
nac,  of  which,  in  1890,  Illinois  furnished  94,  or 
about  nine  .per  cent.  All  sorts  of  apparatus  are 
used,  but  the  principal  are  gill,  fyke  and  pound 
•nets,  and  seines.  The  total  value  of  these  minor 
Illinois  craft,  with  their  equipment,  for  1890,  was 
nearly  $18,000,  the  catch  aggregating  723.830 
pounds,  valued  at  between  $34,000  and  $25,000. 
Of  this  draught,  the  entire  quantity  was  either 
sold  fresh  in  Chicago  and  adjacent  markets.  or 
shipped,  either  in  ice  or  frozen.  The  Mississippi 
and  its  tributaries  yield  wall-eyed  pike,  pike 
perch,  buffalo  fish,  sturgeon,  paddle  fish,  and 
other  species  available  for  food. 

FITHIAN,  George  »'.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  on  a  farm  near  Willow  Hill,  111.,  July  4, 1854. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  common 
schools,  and  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer  at 
Mount  CarmeL  While  employed  at  the  case  he 
found  time  to  study  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1875.  In  1876  he  was  elected  State's 
Attorney  for  Jasper  County,  and  re-elected  in 
1880.  He  was  prominent  in  Democratic  politics, 
and,  in  1888,  was  elected  on  the  ticket  of  that 
party  to  represent  the  Sixteenth  Illinois  District 
in  Congress.  He  was  re-elected  in  1890  and 
again  in  1892,  but,  in  1894,  was  defeated  by  his 
Republican  opponent. 

UTIII AN,  (Dr.)  William,  pioneer  physician, 
was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1800;  built  the 
first  houses  in  Springfield  and  Urbana  in  that 
State;  in  1822  began  the  study  of  medicine  at 
Urbana ;  later  practiced  two  years  at  Mechanics- 
burgh,  and  four  years  at  Urbana,  as  partner  of 
his  preceptor;  in  1830  came  west,  locating  at 
Danville,  Vermilion  County,  where  he  became  a 
large  land -owner;  in  1832  served  with  the  Ver- 
milion County  militia  in  the  Black  Hawk  War, 
and,  in  1834,  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
Ninth  General  Assembly,  the  first  of  which 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  a  member;  afterwards 
served  two  terms  in  the  State  Senate  from  the 
Danville  District  (1838-46).  Dr.  Fithian  was 
active  in  promoting  the  railroad  interests  of 
Danville,  giving  the  right  of  way  for  railroad 
purposes  through  a  large  body  of  land  belonging 
to  him,  in  Vermilion  County.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  various  medical  associations,  and, 
during  his  later  years,  was  the  oldest  practicing 
physician  in  the  State.  Died,  in  Danville,  111., 
April  5,  1890. 

FLA<;<>,  Gershom,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Vt.,  in  1792,  came  west  in  1816,  settling  in 
Madison  County,  111.,  in  1818,  where  he  was 
known  as  an  enterprising  farmer  and  a  prominent 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


167 


and  influential  citizen.  Originally  a  Whig,  he 
became  a  zealous  Republican  on  the  organization 
of  that  party,  dying  in  1857.— Wlllartl  Catting 
(Flagg),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Madi- 
son County,  111.,  Sept  16, 1829,  spent  his  early  life 
on  his  father's  farm  and  in  the  common  schools; 
from  1844  to  '50  was  a  pupil  in  the  celebrated 
high  school  of  Edward  Wyman  in  St.  Louis, 
finally  graduating  with  honors  at  Yale  College, 
in  1854.  During  his  college  course  he  took  a 
number  of  literary  prizes,  and,  in  his  senior  year, 
served  as  one  of  the  editors  of  "The  Yale  Literary 
Magazine."  Returning  to  Illinois  after  gradu- 
ation, he  took  charge  of  his  father's  farm,  engaged 
extensively  in  fruit-culture  and  stock-raising, 
being  the  first  to  introduce  the  Devon  breed  of 
cattle  in  Madison  County  in  1859.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Republican  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1860;  in  1862,  by  appointment  of  Gov. 
Yates,  became  Enrolling  Officer  for  Madison 
County ;  served  as  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue 
for  the  Twelfth  District,  1864-69,  and.  in  1868, 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  for  a  term  of  four 
years,  and,  during  the  last  session  of  his  term 
(1872),  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  revision  of 
the  school  law ;  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
first  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Industrial  Univer- 
sity (now  the  University  of  Illinois)  at  Cham- 
paign, and  reappointed  in  1875.  Mr.  Flagg  was 
also  prominent  in  agricultural  and  horticultural 
organizations,  serving  as  Secretary  of  the  State 
Horticultural  Society  from  1861  to  '69,  when  he 
became  its  President.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nators of  the  "farmers'  movement,"  served  for 
some  time  as  President  of  "The  State  Farmers' 
Association,"  wrote  voluminously,  and  delivered 
addresses  in  various  States  on  agricultural  and 
horticultural  topics,  and,  in  1875,  was  elected 
President  of  the  National  Agricultural  Congress. 
In  his  later  years  he  was  a  recognized  leader  in 
the  Granger  movement.  Died,  at  Mora,  Madison 
County,  111.,  April.'),  1878. 

FLEMIM»,  Robert  K.,  pioneer  printer,  was 
lx>rn  in  Erie  County,  Pa.,  learned  the  printers' 
trade  in  Pittsburg,  and,  coining  west  while  quite 
young,  worked  at  his  trade  in  St.  Louis,  finally 
removing  to  Kaskaskia,  where  he  was  placed  in 
control  of  the  office  of  "The  Republican  Advo- 
cate," which  had  been  established  in  1823,  by 
Elias  Kent  Kane.  The  publication  of  "The 
Advocate"  having  lieen  suspended,  he  revived  it 
in  May,  1825,  under  the  name  of  "The  Kaskaskia 
Recorder,"  but  soon  removed  it  to  Vandalia  (then 
the  State  capital),  and,  in  1827,  began  the  publi- 
cation of  "The  Illinois  Corrector, "  at  Edwards- 


ville.  Two  years  later  lie  returned  to  Kaskaskia 
and  resumed  the  publication  of  "The  Recorder," 
but,  in  1833,  was  induced  to  remove  his  office  to 
Belleville,  where  he  commenced  the  publication 
of  "The  St.  Clair  Gazette,"  followed  by  "The  St. 
Clair  Mercury,"  both  of  which  had  a  brief  exist- 
ence. About  1843  he  returned  to  the  newspaper 
business  as  publisher  of  "The  Belleville  Advo- 
cate," which  he  continued  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  died,  at  Belleville,  in  1874,  leaving  two  sons 
who  have  been  prominently  identified  with  the 
history  of  journalism  in  Southern  Illinois,  at 
Belleville  and  elsewhere. 

FLETCHER,  Job,  pioneer  and  early  legislator, 
was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1793,  removed  to  Sanga- 
mon  County,  111.,  in  1819;  was  elected  Represent- 
ative in  1826,  and,  in  1834,  to  the  State  Senate, 
serving  in  the  latter  body  six  years.  He  was  one 
of  the  famous  "Long  Nine"  which  represented 
Sangamon  County  in  the  Tenth  General  Assem- 
bly. Mr.  Fletcher  was  again  a  member  of  the 
House  in  1844-45.  Died,  in  Sangamon  County, 
in  1872. 

FLORA,  a  city  in  Harter  Township,  Clay 
County,  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern 
Railroad,  95  miles  east  of  St.  Louis,  and  108  miles 
south-southeast  of  Springfield;  has  barrel  factory, 
flouring  mills,  cold  storage  and  ice  plant,  three 
fruit-working  factories,  two  banks,  six  churches 
and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1890), 
1,695;  (19(10),  2.311  ;  (1903.  est.).  3,000. 

FLOWER,  George,  early  English  colonist,  was 
born  in  Hertfordshire,  England,  about  1780; 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1817,  and  was  associ- 
ated with  Morris  Birkbeck  in  founding  the 
"English  Settlement" '  at  Albion,  Edwards 
County,  111.  Being  in  affluent  circumstances,  he 
built  an  elegant  mansion  and  stocked  an  exten- 
sive farm  with  blooded  animals  from  England 
and  other  parts  of  Europe,  but  met  with  reverses 
which  dissipated  his  wealth.  In  common  with 
Mr.  Birkbeck,  he  was  one  of  the  determined 
opponents  of  the  attempt  to  establish  slavery  in 
Illinois  in  1824,  and  did  much  to  defeat  tliat 
measure.  He  and  his  wife  died  on  the  same  day 
(Jan.  15,  1862),  while  on  a  visit  to  a  daughter  at 
Grayville,  III.  A  book  written  by  him — "History 
of  the  English  Settlement  in  Edwards  County, 
111." — and  published  in  1882,  is  a  valuable  contri- 
bution to  the  early  history  of  that  portion  of  the 
State — Edward  Fordhams  (Flower),  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  England,  Jan.  31,  1805, 
but  came  with  his  father  to  Illinois  in  early  life : 
later  he  returned  to  England  and  spent  nearly 
half  a  century  at  Stratford-on-Avon.  where  he 


108 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


was  four  times  chosen  Mayor  of  that  borough 
and  entertained  many  visitors  from  the  United 
States  to  Shakespeare's  birthplace.  Died,  March 
26.  1883. 

FOBES,  Philena,  educator,  born  in  Onondaga 
County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  10,  1811;  was  educated  at 
Albany  and  at  Cortland  Seminary,  Rochester, 
N.  Y. ;  in  1838  became  a  teacher  in  Monticello 
Female  Seminary,  then  newly  established  at 
Godfrey,  111.,  under  Rev.  Theron  Baldwin,  Prin- 
cipal. On  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Baldwin  in  1843, 
Miss  Fobes  succeeded  to  the  principalship, 
remaining  until  1866,  when  she  retired.  For 
some  years  she  resided  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  but.  in  1886,  she  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  where  she  afterwards  made  her 
home,  notwithstanding  her  advanced  age,  main- 
taining a  lively  interest  in  educational  and 
benevolent  enterprises.  Miss  Fobes  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  8,  1898,  and  was  buried  at  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

TOLEY,  Thomas,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop,  born 
in  Baltimore.  Md.,  in  1823;  was  ordained  a  priest 
in  1846,  and,  two  years  later,  was  appointed  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Diocese,  being  made  Vicar-General 
in  1867.  He  was  nominated  Coadjutor  Bishop  of 
the  Chicago  Diocese  in  1869  (Bishop  Duggan  hav- 
ing become  insane),  and,  in  1870,  was  consecrated 
Bishop.  His  administration  of  diocesan  work  was 
prudent  and  eminently  successful.  As  a  man 
and  citizen  he  won  the  respect  of  all  creeds  and 
classes  alike,  the  State  Legislature  adopting 
resolutions  of  respect  and  regret  upon  learning 
of  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Baltimore,  in 
1879. 

FORBES,  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  pioneer 
teacher,  was  born  at  Windliam,  Vt. ,  July  2<i.  1797 ; 
in  his  youth  acquired  a  knowledge  of  surveying, 
and,  having  removed  to  Newburg  (now  South 
Cleveland),  Ohio,  began  teaching.  In  1829  he 
rame  west  to  Chicago,  and  having  joined  a  sur- 
veying party,  went  to  Louisiana,  returning  in 
the  following  year  to  Chicago,  which  then  con- 
tained only  three  white  families  outside  of  Fort 
Dearborn.  Having  been  joined  by  his  wife,  he 
took  up  his  abode  in  what  was  called  the  "sut- 
ler's house"  connected  with  Fort  Dearborn;  was 
appointed  one  of  the  first  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
and  opened  the  first  school  ever  taught  in  Chi- 
cago, all  but  three  of  his  pupils  being  either 
half-breeds  or  Indians.  In  1832  he  was  elected,  as 
a  Whig,  the  first  Sheriff  of  Cook  County ;  later 
preempted  160  acres  of  land  where  Riverside 
now  stands,  subsequently  becoming  owner  of 
some  1,800  acres,  much  of  which  he  sold,  about 


1853,  to  Dr.  W.  B.  Egan  at  $20  per  acre.  In 
1849,  having  been  seized  with  the  "gold  fever," 
Mr.  Forbes  joined  in  the  overland  migration  to 
California,  but,  not  being  successful,  returned 
two  years  later  by  way  of  the  Isthmus,  and,  liav- 
ing  sold  his  possessions  in  Cook  County,  took  up 
his  abode  at  Newburg,  Ohio,  and  resumed  his 
occupation  as  a  surveyor.  About  1878  he  again 
returned  to  Chicago,  but  survived  only  a  short 
time,  dying  Feb.  17,  1879. 

FORD,  Thomas,  early  lawyer,  jurist  and  Gov- 
ernor, was  born  in  Uniontown,  Pa.,  and,  in  boy- 
hood, accompanied  his  mother  (then  a  widow)  to 
Missouri,  in  1804.  The  family  soon  after  located 
in  Monroe  County,  111.  Largely  through  the 
efforts  and  aid  of  his  half-brother,  George 
Forquer,  lie  obtained  a  professional  education, 
became  a  successful  lawyer,  and,  early  in  life, 
entered  the  field  of  politics.  He  served  as  a 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  for  the  northern  part 
of  the  State  from  1835  to  1837,  and  was  again 
commissioned  a  Circuit  Judge  for  the  Galena 
circuit  in  1839;  in  1841  was  elevated  to  the  bench 
of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  but  resigned  the 
following  year  to  accept  the  nomination  of  his 
party  (the  Democratic)  for  Governor.  He  was 
regarded  as  upright  in  his  general  policy,  but  he 
had  a  number  of  embarrassing  questions  to  deal 
with  during  his  administration,  one  of  these 
being  the  Mormon  troubles,  in  which  he  failed  to 
receive  the  support  of  his  own  party.  He  was 
author  of  a  valuable  "History  of  Illinois,"  (pub- 
lished posthumously).  He  died,  at  Peoria.  in 
greatly  reduced  circumstances,  Nov.  3,  1850.  The 
State  Legislature  of  1895  took  steps  to  erect  a 
monument  over  his  grave. 

FORD  COUNTY,  lies  northeast  of  Springfield, 
was  organized  in  1859,  being  cut  off  from  Vermil- 
ion. It  is  shaped  like  an  inverted  "T,"  and  has 
an  area  of  490  square  miles;  population  (1900), 
18,359.  The  first  County  Judge  was  David  Pat- 
ton,  and  David  Davis  (afterwards  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court)  presided  over  the  first 
Circuit  Court.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  level 
and  the  soil  fertile,  consisting  of  a  loam  from  one 
to  five  feet  in  depth.  There  is  little  timber,  nor 
is  there  any  out-cropping  of  stone.  The  county 
is  named  in  honor  of  Governor  Ford.  The  county- 
seat  is  Paxton,  which  had  a  population,  in  1890.  of 
2,187.  Gibson  City  is  a  railroad  center,  and  has  a 
population  of  1,800. 

FORMAN,  (Col.)  Ferris,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
was  born  in  Tioga  County.  N.  Y..  August  25. 
1811 ;  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1832,  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  York  in 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


1835,  and  in  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in 
1836;  the  latter  year  came  west  and  settled  at 
Vandalia,  111.,  where  he  began  practice;  in  1844 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  for  the  district 
composed  of  Fayette,  Effiugham,  Clay  and  Rich- 
land  Counties,  serving  two  years;  before  the 
expiration  of  his  term  (1846)  enlisted  for  the 
Mexican  War,  and  was  commissioned  Colonel  of 
the  Third  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  and, 
after  participating  in  a  number  of  the  most 
important  engagements  of  the  campaign,  was 
mustered  out  at  New  Orleans,  in  May,  1847.  Re- 
turning from  the  Mexican  War,  he  brought  with 
him  and  presented  to  the  State  of  Illinois  a 
six-pound  cannon,  which  had  been  captured  by 
Illinois  troops  on  the  battlefield  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
and  is  now  in  the  State  Arsenal  at  Springfield. 
In  1848  Colonel  Forman  was  chosen  Presidential 
Elector  for  the  State-at-large  on  the  Democratic 
ticket;  in  1849  went  to  California,  where  he  prac- 
ticed liis  profession  until  1853,  meanwhile  serving 
tut  Postmaster  of  Sacramento  City  by  appointment 
of  President  Pierce,  and  later  as  Secretary  of 
State  during  the  administration  of  Gov.  John  B. 
Weller  (1858-60);  in  18C1  officiated,  by  appoint- 
ment of  the  California  Legislature,  as  Commis- 
sioner on  the  part  of  the  State  in  fixing  the 
boundary  between  California  and  the  Territory 
of  Utah.  After  the  discharge  of  this  duty,  he 
was  offered  the  colonelcy  of  the  Fourth  California 
Volunteer  Infantry,  which  he  accepted,  serving 
about  twenty  months,  when  he  resigned.  In 
1866  he  resumed  his  residence  at  Vandalia,  and 
served  as  a  Delegate  for  Fayette  and  Effingham 
Counties  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1869-70,  also  for  several  years  thereafter  held  the 
office  of  State's  Attorney  for  Fayette  County. 
Later  he  returned  to  California,  and,  at  the 
latest  date,  was  a  resident  of  Stockton,  in  that 
State. 

PORM AX,  William  S.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  Jan.  20,  1847.  When  he 
was  four  years  old,  his  father's  family  removed  to 
Illinois,  settling  in  Washington  County,  where 
he  has  lived  ever  since.  By  profession  he  is  a 
lawyer,  and  he  takes  a  deep  interest  in  politics, 
local.  State  and  National.  He  represented  his 
Senatorial  District  in  the  State  Senate  in  the 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  General  Assem- 
blies, and,  in  1888,  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to 
represent  the  Eighteenth  Illinois  District  in  the 
Fifty-first  Congress,  being  re-elected  in  1890,  and 
again  in  '92,  but  was  defeated  in  1894  for  renomi- 
nation  by  John  J.  Higgins,  who  was  defeated  at 
the  election  of  the  same  year  by  Everett  J.  Mur- 


phy. In  1896  Mr.  Forman  was  candidate  of  the 
"Gold  Democracy"  for  Governor  of  Illinois, 
receiving  8,100  votes. 

FORQ.UER,  tieorge,  early  State  officer,  was 
born  near  Brownsville,  Pa. ,  in  1794 — was  the  sou 
of  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  and  older  half-brother 
of  Gov.  Thomas  Ford.  He  settled,  with  his 
mother  (then  a  widow),  at  New  Design,  111.,  in 
1804.  After  learning,  and,  for  several  years, 
following  the  carpenter's  trade  at  St.  Louis,  he 
returned  to  Illinois  and  purchased  the  tract 
whereon  Waterloo  now  stands.  Subsequently  he 
projected  the  town  of  Bridgewater,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. For  a  time  he  was  a  partner  in  trade  of 
Daniel  P.  Cook.  Being  unsuccessful  in  business, 
he  took  up  the  study  of  law.  in  which  he  attained 
marked  success.  In  1824  he  was  elected  to  repre 
sent  Monroe  County  in  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives, but  resigned  in  January  of  the  following 
year  to  accept  the  position  of  Secretary  of  State, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Coles, 
as  successor  to  Morris  Birkbeck,  whom  the 
Senate  had  refused  to  confirm.  One  ground  for 
the  friendship  between  him  and  Coles,  no  doubt, 
was  the  fact  that  they  had  been  united  in  their 
opposition  to  the  scheme  to  make  Illinois  a  slave 
State.  In  1828  he  was  a  candidate  for  Congress, 
but  was  defeated  by  Joseph  Duncan,  afterwards 
Governor.  At  the  close  of  the  year  he  resigned 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  but,  a  few  weeks 
later  (January,  1829),  he  was  elected  by  the 
Legislature  Attorney-General.  This  position  he 
held  until  January,  1833,  when  he  resigned,  hav- 
ing, as  it  appears,  at  the  previous  election,  been 
chosen  State  Senator  from  Sangamon  County, 
serving  in  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  General  Assem- 
blies. Before  the  close  of  his  term  as  Senator 
(1835),  he  received  the  appointment  of  Register 
of  the  Land  Office  at  Springfield,  which  appears 
to  have  been  the  last  office  held  by  him,  as  he 
died,  at  Cincinnati,  in  1837.  Mr.  Forquer  was  a 
man  of  recognized  ability  and  influence,  an  elo- 
quent orator  and  capable  writer,  but,  in  common 
with  some  of  the  ablest  lawyers  of  that  time, 
seems  to  have  been  much  embarrassed  by  the 
smallness  of  his  income,  in  spite  of  his  ability 
and  the  fact  tliat  he  was  almost  continually  in 
office. 

FORREST,  a  village  in  Livingston  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western 
and  the  Wabash  Railways,  75  miles  east  of  Peoria 
and  16  miles  southeast  of  Pontiac.  Considerable 
grain  is  shipped  from  this  point  to  the  Chicago 
market.  The  village  lias  several  churches  and  a 
graded  school.  Population  (1880),  375;  (1900),  952. 


170 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


FORREST,  Joseph  K.  <'.,  journalist,  was  born 
in  Cork,  Ireland,  Nov.  26,  1820;  came  to  Chicago 
in  1840,  soon  after  securing  employment  as  a 
writer  on  "The  Evening  Journal,"  and,  later  on, 
"The  Gem  of  the  Prairies,"  the  predecessor  of 
"The  Tribune,"  being  associated  with  the  latter 
at  the  date  of  its  establishment,  in  June,  1847. 
During  the  early  years  of  his  residence  in  Chi- 
cago, Mr.  Forrest  spent  some  time  as  a  teacher. 
On  retiring  from  "The  Tribune,"  he  became  the 
associate  of  John  Wentworth  in  the  management 
of  "The  Chicago  Democrat,"  a  relation  which 
was  broken  up  by  the  consolidation  of  the  latter 
with  "The  Tribune,"  in  1861.  He  then  became 
the  Springfield  correspondent  of  "The  Tribune, " 
also  holding  a-  position  on  the  staff  of  Governor 
Yates,  and  still  later  represented  "The  St.  Louis 
Democrat"  and  "Chicago  Times,"  as  Washington 
correspondent;  assisted  in  founding  "The  Chicago 
Republican"  (now  "Inter  Ocean"),  in  1865,  and, 
some  years  later,  became  a  leading  writer  upon 
the  same.  He  served  one  term  as  Clerk  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  but,  in  his  later  years,  and  up  to 
the  period  of  his  death,  was  a  leading  contributor 
to  the  columns  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  News" 
over  the  signatures  of  "An  Old  Timer"  and  "Now 
or  Never."  Died,  in  Chicago.  June  23,  1890. 

FORRESTOX,  a  village  in  Ogle  County,  the 
terminus  of  the  Chicago  and  Iowa  branch  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  and 
point  of  intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railways;  107 
m<les  west  by  north  from  Chicago,  and  12  miles 
south  of  Freeport;  founded  in  1854.  incorporated 
I >y  special  cliarter  in  1808,  and,  under  the  general 
law,  in  1888.  Farming  and  stock-raising  are  the 
principal  industries.  The  village  has  a  bank, 
water-works,  electric  light  plant,  creamery,  vil- 
lage hall,  seven  churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a 
newspaper.  Population (1890),  1,118;  (1900),  1,047. 

FORSYTHE,  Albert  P.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  New  Richmond,  Ohio.  May  24,  1830; 
received  his  early  education  in  the  common 
schools,  and  at  Asbury  University.  He  was 
reared  upon  a  farm  and  followed  farming  as  his 
life-work.  During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  he 
served  in  the  Union  army  as  Lieutenant.  In 
politics  he  early  became  an  ardent  Nationalist, 
and  was  chosen  President  of  the  Illinois  State 
Grange  of  the  Patrons  of  Industry,  in  December, 
1875,  and  again  in  January,  1878.  In  1878  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  as  a  Nationalist,  but,  in  1880, 
though  receiving  the  nominations  of  the  com- 
bined Republican  and  Greenback  parties,  was 
defeated  by  Samuel  W.  Moulton,  Democrat. 


FORT,  Greenbnry  I,.,  soldier  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Ohio,  Oct.  17,  1825,  and,  in  1834, 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois.  In  1850  he 
was  elected  Sheriff  of  Putnam  County ;  in  1852, 
Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and,  having  mean- 
while been  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lacon,  became 
County  Judge  in  1857,  serving  until  1861.  In 
April  of  the  latter  year  he  enlisted  under  the  first 
call  for  troops,  by  re-enlistments  serving  till 
March  24,  1866.  Beginning  as  Quartermaster  of 
his  regiment,  he  served  as  Chief  Quartermaster  of 
the  Fifteenth  Army  Corps  on  the  "March  to  the 
Sea,"  and  was  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel  and  Brevet  Brigadier-General.  On  his 
return  from  the  field,  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  serving  in  the  Twenty-fifth  and  Twenty- 
sixth  General  Assemblies,  and,  from  1873  to  1881, 
as  Representative  in  Congress.  He  died,  at 
Lacon.  June  13,  1M83. 

FORT  <  HAKTKKS,  a  strong  fortification 
erected  by  the  French  in  1718,  on  the  American 
Bottom,  16  miles  northwest  from  Kaskaskia. 
The  soil  on  which  it  stood  was  alluvial,  and  the 
limestone  of  which  its  walls  were  built  was 
quarried  from  an  adjacent  bluff.  In  form  it  was 
an  irregular  quadrangle,  surrounded  on  three 
sides  by  a  wall  two  feet  two  inches  thick,  and  on 
the  fourth  by  a  ravine,  which,  during  the  spring- 
time, was  full  of  water.  During  the  period  of 
French  ascendency  in  Illinois,  Fort  Chartres  was 
the  seat  of  government.  About  four  miles  east 
soon  sprang  up  the  village  of  Prairie  du  Rocher 
(or  Rock  Prairie).  (See  Prairie  du  Rocher. )  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  French  and  Indian  War 
(1756),  the  original  fortification  was  repaired  and 
virtually  rebuilt.  Its  cost  at  that  time  is  esti- 
mated to  have  amounted  to  1,000,000  French 
crowns.  After  the  occupation  of  Illinois  by  the 
British,  Fort  Chartres  still  remained  the  seat  of 
government  until  1772,  when  one  side  of  the 
fortification  was  washed  away  by  a  freshet,  and 
headquarters  were  transferred  to  Kaskaskia. 
The  first  common  law  court  ever  held  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  was  established  here,  in  1768,  by 
the  order  of  Colonel  Wilkins  of  the  English 
army.  The  ruins  of  the  old  fort,  situated  in  the 
northwest  corner  of  Randolph  County,  once  con- 
stituted an  object  of  no  little  interest  to  anti- 
quarians, but  the  site  has  disappeared  during  the 
past  generation  by  the  encroachments  of  the 
Mississippi. 

FORT  DEARBORN,  the  name  of  a  United 
States  military  post,  established  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Chicago  River  in  1803  or  1804,  on  a  tract  of 
land  six  miles  square  conveyed  by  the  Indians  in 


EARLY   HISTORIC  SCENES,  CHICAGO. 


17" 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   IUJNOIS. 


FOKItFST.  Joseph  K.  ('..  journalist,  xvas  Ixirn 
in  Cork.  Ireland,  Xov  -Mi,  is:.1!);  came  tn  Chicago 
in  t*.lo,  soon  after  Recurinjg  employment  as  a 
writer  on  "Tl»j  Kvening  -lonrnal."  and.  later  on, 
•'The  (Jem  of  tin-  I'rairii-s. "  the  predecessor  "f 
"The  Tribune."  being  associated  witli  tin-  latter 
.it  the  ilate  of  its  establishment,  in  .lime.  1*17. 
Muring  the  earl \  years  of  liis  resilience  in  ('hi 
cago.  Mr.  Forrest  spent  some  time  as  a  teacher 
On  retiring  from  "The  Tribune,"  he  became  the 
associate  of  John  Wentxvorth  in  the  management 
•  if  "The  Chicago  Demoi'rat."  a  relation  which 

was  broken  up  by  tin nsolidation  of  the  latter 

with  "The  Tribune."  in  INfil  He  then  liecame 
the  Springfield  corresjiondent  of  "The  Tribune." 
also  holdin,;  a  position  on  the  staff  of  ( iovcrnor 
Sates,  anil  still  later  represented  "The  St.  Louis 
Democrat"  ami  "(liirajjo  Times,"  as  Washington 
corrcs|>oiident  :  assisted  in  founding  "The  Chicago 

Republican"    xv    "Inter  <  >ccan"i.  in  |sT>.~i.  and. 

some  years  later,  liecame  a  leading  writer  II|K.II 
the  same  He  served  one  term  as  ( 'lerk  of  the 
city  of  <  'hicago  but.  in  his  later  years,  and  up  to 
t  h<-  period  ol  lii-  death,  was  a  leading  contributor 

to  Ih Ilium-  •.!    "Tin1  I  'hicago   Kvcning  News" 

oxer  the  signal  nres  of  "An  I  Hi  I  Tinier"  and  "Now 
or  Never,"  Di.-d  in  I  'hioago.  .June  1'3,  Is'.lii 

FOIMtKSTOV.  a  village  in  <  >_1e  County,  the 
termini!"  of  the  Chicago  and  Iowa  branch  of  the 
'  hicagn.  liiirlington  ,v  'iHiincy  Railroad,  and 
point  of  intersect  ion  of  the  Illinois  Central  and 
the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  ,v  St.  I'aul  Railways:  I'lT 
nrles  west  bv  north  from  Chicago,  and  I-  miles 
south  of  l-'n-eport  .  founded  in  I*". I.  incorporated 
by  special  c-harter  in  l^ils  and.  under  the  general 
law.  ill  l"<ss  I'nrmiiu  and  stock-raisin:;  are  the 
principal  industi'ie-.  The  village  has  a  bank. 
\\ater- works,  *'lectric  li^ht  plant,  creamery.  \  il- 
la-^e  hall.  se\en  churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a 
ncu. paper  ''opuliitiun  '  IS'.MI)  1. 1  !•<:  (I'.MMi).  1.IH7. 

KOIiSVTIIK.   Albert    I'.,  ex  Con-rpssman.    was 

iN.rn    at     New     Kiel nd.    Ohio.    May    -M.    |s:;n. 

received  his  early  education  in  the  common 
schools,  ami  at  Asbury  I'niversily  He  was 
rcarcd  II|KIII  a  farm  and  followed  farmintc  as  his 
hie  work  During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  lie 
ser\ei|  in  the  I'nion  army  as  Lieutenant  In 
(Hihtics  h«-  early  U-came  an  ardent  Nationalist. 
and  was  chosen  ('resident  of  the  Illinois  State 
<  iraic.'c  of  the  I'al  roiis  of  Industry,  in  Hccembcr. 
!*;".  and  a-.'ain  in  .laninry.  I^TS.  In  |s7s  he  was 
elected  to  <  'oni_'re>s  a-  a  Nationalist,  but.  in  lssn. 
though  receiving  the  nominations  of  the  com- 
bined Republican  and  (ircpnhack  parties,  was 
. I. -I.  ale  I  by  Samuel  \V  Moult»n.  Democrat 


KOKT.  (ireenbury  I...  soldier  and  Contiress- 
maii.  was  born  in  Ohio.  Oct.  IT.  ls-.>5,  and,  in  |s:j4. 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois.  In  1S-VI  he 
was  elected  Sheriff  of  Pntn.im  t'ollllty;  ill  l^.V.', 
Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and.  having  mean- 
while U-en  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lacon.  liecame 
County  .lud^e  in  IViT.  s«-rving  until  ls'il.  In 
\pril  ..f  the  latter  year  he  enlisted  under  the  lirst 


all     fo 


op 


b 


nlistments  serving  till 
March  •,'!.  lsi;ii  Ifa-giiiiiing  as  (Quartermaster  of 
his  regiment  .  he  served  as  <  'hief  '.Quartermaster  of 
the  Fifteenth  Army  Corps  on  the  "March  to  tin 
Sea."  and  was  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of 
<  'olonel  and  Hrevet  Hrii;adier-(  ieneral.  On  his 
return  from  the  Held,  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  serving  in  t  he  Twenty-lifth  and  Twenty- 
sixth  I  ieneral  Assemblies,  and.  from  1*7:!  to  l**l. 
as  Itepresentat  ive  in  t  'oligress.  He  died,  at 
Lacon  .1  ......  i:i.  |ss:; 

I'OKT  CIIAKTItKS.  a  strong  f,,rtilication 
erected  by  the  Freni-h  in  17|s.  on  the  Americai 
Itottom,  I'i  miles  northwest  from  Kaskaskia. 
The  soil  on  which  it  stood  was  alluvial,  and  the 
limestone  of  which  its  walls  were  built  was 
«piarried  from  an  adjacent  blulF.  In  form  it  was 
an  irregular  ipiadrangle.  surrounded  on  three 
sides  by  a  wall  t  \\  o  feet  two  inches  thick,  and  on 
the  fourth  by  a  rax  ine,  which,  during  the  spring- 
time. was  full  of  water.  During  the  |icriod  of 
I-'  rencli  ascendency  in  Illinois.  Fort  Chart  res  xvas 
the  seat  of  government.  Almut  four  miles  east 
soon  sprang  up  the  village  of  I'rairie  dii  Koclier 
(or  Rock  1'rairiei  (See  I'rtiirit-  tin  Ittirltrr.)  At 
tl  .....  uthrcak  of  the  French  and  Indian  War 
(IT'il'ii.  the  original  fortilication  was  repaired  and 
virtually  rebuilt  Its  cost  at  that  time  is  esti 
mated  to  have  amounted  to  l.niHI.nlHI  French 
eroxvns  After  tl  .....  ccupation  of  Illinois  by  the 
British,  Fort  Chartres  still  remained  the  seat  of 
government  until  177'.?,  when  one  side  of  the 
fortilication  xvas  washed  away  by  a  freshet,  and 
headquarters  were  transferred  to  Kaskaskia. 
The'lirst  common  law  court  ever  held  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  was  established  here,  in  I7U*.  by 
the  order  of  Colonel  Wilkins  of  the  English 
army  The  ruins  of  the  old  fort,  situated  ill  the 
northwest  corner  of  Randolph  County,  once  con 
stitntcd  an  object  of  i-.o  little  interest  to  anti- 
ipiarians,  but  the  site  has  disappeared  during  the, 
past  generation  by  Hie  encroachments  of  the 
Mississippi. 

HUM'  III  \l:i:oi;\.  -.  name  of  a  I'nited 
States  military  post,  established  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Chicago  Kiver  in  !•«>:(  or  l^ii-t.  on  a  tract  of 
land  six  miles  sipiar  ......  nveyed  by  the  Indians  in 


i  . \ki.v  ins-mule  si  KM:S.  cni(.,\<;<t. 


EARLY  HISTORIC  SCENES.  CHICAGO. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


171 


the  treaty  of  Greenville,  concluded  by  General 
Wayne  in  '1795.  It  originally  consisted  of  two 
block  houses  located  at  opposite  angles  (north 
west  and  southeast)  of  a  strong  wooden  stockade. 
with  the  Commandant's  quarters  on  the  east  side 
of  the  quadrangle,  soldiers'  barracks  on  the  south, 
officers'  barracks  on  the  west,  and  magazine, 
contractor's  (sutler's)  store  and  general  store- 
house on  the  north — all  the  buildings  being  con- 
structed of  logs,  and  all,  except  the  block-houses, 
being  entirely  within  the  enclosure.  Its  arma- 
ment consisted  of  three  light  pieces  of  artillery. 
Its  builder  and  first  commander  was  Capt.  John 
Whistler,  a  native  of  Ireland  who  had  surrendered 
with  Burgoyne,  at  Saratoga,,  N.  Y.,  and  who 
subsequently  became  an  American  citizen,  and 
served  with  distinction  throughout  the  War  of 
1812.  He  was  succeeded,  in  1810,  by  Capt. 
Nathan  Heald.  As  early  as  1806  the  Indians 
around  the  fort  manifested  signs  of  disquietude, 
Tecumseh,  a  few  years  later,  heading  an  open 
armed  revolt.  In  1810  a  council  of  Pottawato- 
mies,  Ottawas  and  Chippewas  was  held  at  St. 
Joseph,  Mich.,  at  which  it  was  decided  not  to 
join  the  confederacy  proposed  by  Chief  Tecumseh. 
In  1811  hostilities  were  precipitated  by  an  attack 
upon  the  United  States  troops  under  Gen. 
William  Henry  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe.  In 
April,  1812,  hostile  bands  of  Winnebagos  appeared 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Dearborn,  terrifying  the 
settlers  by  their  atrocities.  Many  of  the  whites 
sought  refuge  within  the  stockade.  Within  two 
months  after  the  declaration  of  war  against 
England,  in  1812,  orders  were  issued  for  the 
evacuation  of  Fort  Dearborn  and  the  transfer  of 
the  garrison  to  Detroit.  The  garrison  at  that 
time  numbered  about  70,  including  officers,  a 
large  number  of  the  troops  being  ill.  Almost 
simultaneously  with  the  order  for  evacuation 
appeared  bands  of  Indians  clamoring  for  a  dis- 
tribution of  the  goods,  to  which  they  claimed 
they  were  entitled  under  treaty  stipulations. 
Knowing  that  he  had  but  about  forty  men  able 
to  fight  and  that  his  march  would  be  sadly 
hindered  by  the  care  of  about  a  dozen  women  and 
twenty  children,  the  commandant  hesitated. 
The  Pottawatomies,  through  whose  country  he 
would  have  to  pass,  had  always  been  friendly,  and 
he  waited.  Within  six  days  a  force  of  500  or  600 
savage  warriors  had  assembled  around  the  fort. 
Among  the  leaders  were  the  Pottawatomie  chiefs, 
Black  Partridge,  Winnemeg  and  Topenebe.  Of 
these,  Winnemeg  was  friendly.  It  was  he  who 
had  brought  General  Hull's  orders  to  evacuate, 
and,  as  the  crisis  grew  more  and  more  dangerous, 


he  offered  sound  advice.  He  urged  instantaneous 
departure  before  the  Indians  had  time  to  agree 
upon  a  line  of  action.  But  Captain  Heald 
decided  to  distribute  the  .stores  among  the  sav- 
ages, and  thereby  secure  from  them  a  friendly 
escort  to  Fort  Wayne.  To  this  the  aborigines 
readily  assented,  believing  that  thereby  all  the 
whisky  and  ammunition  which  they  knew  to  be 
within  the  enclosure,  would  fall  into  their  hands. 
Meanwhile  Capt.  William  Wells,  Indian  Agent  at 
Fort  Wayne,  had  arrived  at  Fort  Dearborn  with 
a  friendly  force  of  Miamis  to  act  as  an  escort. 
He  convinced  Captain  Heald  that  it  would  be  the 
height  of  folly  to  give  the  Indians  liquor  and  gun- 
powder. Accordingly  the  commandant  emptied 
the  former  into  the  lake  and  destroyed  the  latter. 
This  was  the  signal  for  war.  Black  Partridge 
claimed  he  could  no  longer  restrain  his  young 
braves,  and  at  a  council  of  the  aborigines  it  was 
resolved  to  massacre  the  garrison  and  settlers. 
On  the  fifteenth  of  August  the  gates  of  the  fort 
were  opened  and  the  evacuation  began.  A  band 
of  Pottawatomies  accompanied  the  whites  under 
the  guise  of  a  friendly  escort.  They  soon  deserted 
and,  within  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  fort, 
began  the  sickening  scene  of  carnage  known  as 
the  "Fort  Dearborn  Massacre."  Nearly  500 
Indians  participated,  their  loss  being  less  than 
twenty.  The  Miami  escort  fled  at  the  first 
exchange  of  shots.  With  but  four  exceptions 
the  wounded  white  prisoners  were  dispatched 
with  savage  ferocity  and  promptitude.  Those 
not  wounded  were  scattered  among  various  tribes. 
The  next  day  the  fort  with  its  stockade  was 
burned.  In  1816  (after  the  treaty  of  St.  Louis) 
the  fort  was  rebuilt  upon  a  more  elaborate  scale. 
The  second  Fort  Dearborn  contained,  besides  bar- 
racks and  officers'  quarters,  a  magazine  and 
provision-store,  was  enclosed  by  a  square  stock- 
ade, and  protected  by  bastions  at  two  of  its 
angles.  It  was  again  evacuated  in  1823  and 
re-garrisoned  in  1828.  The  troops  were  once 
more  withdrawn  in  1831.  to  return  the  following 
year  during  the  Black  Hawk  War.  The  final 
evacuation  occurred  in  1836. 

FORT  UAtiE,  situated  on  the  eastern  bluffs  of 
the  Kaskaskia  River,  opposite  the  village  of  Kas- 
kaskia.  It  was  erected  and  occupied  by  the 
British  in  1772.  It  was  built  of  heavy,  square 
timbers  and  oblong  in  shape,  its  dimensions  being 
290x251  feet.  On  the  night  of  July  4,  1778,  it  was 
captured  by  a  detachment  of  American  troops 
commanded  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  who 
held  a  commission  from  Virginia.  The  soldiers, 
with  Simon  Kenton  at  their  head,  were  secretly 


I 

11  t 

~r— — •==,.,.*- 
:-•  ;i  M  ih'  i  . 

'xjjti&UHIisJt 
t»  "^f*^ 


I.Akl.V   IIISTokIC'  SCKST.S,  (  IIICAC.d. 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    (>K    ILLINOIS. 


171 


tin-  treaty  of  Greenville,  oonrluded  liy  (iem-nil 
Wayne  in  17'jr».  It  originally  consisted  of  two 
Mock  houses  located  :vt  opjmsite  angles  (nortli 
we.st  ami  southeast)  of  a  strong  wooden  stockade 
with  the  Commandant's  quarters  on  the  east  side 
of  the  quadrangle,  soldiers'  kin-arks  on  the  south. 
oflicers'  harrac'ks  on  the  west,  and  maga/ine. 
contractor's  (sutler's)  store  and  general  store 
house  on  the  north — all  the  huildings  lieing  con- 
structed of  logs,  and  all.  except  the  lilock  houses. 
U'ing  entirely  within  the  enclosure  Its  annu- 
m-Mil consisted  of  three  light  pieces  of  artillery 
It-  (milder  and  lirst  commander  was  ( 'apt  John 
Whistler,  'i  native  of  Ireland  who  had  surrendered 
with  Hurgoyne,  at  Saratoga..  N.  V..  and  who 
suhM'tjueut  ly  liecame  an  American  citizen,  and 
served  with  distinction  throughout  the  War  of 

IM'J.      Hi-    was     SHIM led,     in     1*111.     I iy    < 'apt 

N.-itlian  Heal- 1.  As  early  as  |soii  the  Indians 
ar.Hin.l  the  fort  manifested  stuns  of  disquietude. 
Teeiuuseh.  a  few  yeai's  later,  heading  an  OJKMI 

an I   rev-ill       In    |s|n  a   council  of   I'nttawato 

inies    ottawas  and   Chipjw-was   was   held   at    S| 
Joseph.    Mi.-h..  at    which    it    was  decided    not    to 
!•  -hi  I  heootlt'cdcracy  proposed  hy  (  'hicf  Tecuniseli 
In  I'M!  hostilities  were  precipitated  liy  an  attack 

Upon       the       I'llited      States     tri-ops     under     Gen 

William  Henry  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe  In 
April.  1S!'J.  hostile  hands  of  Winnehagos  appeared 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Dearliorn.  terrifying  the 
settlers  liy  their  atrocities  Many  of  the  whites 
-. -light  refuge  within  the  stockade  Within  two 
months  after  the  declaral  ion  of  war  against 
F.ngland.  in  1*1'.'.  orders  were  issued  for  the 
evacuation  of  Fort  liearliorn  and  the  transfer  of 
tin-  garrison  I..  Detroit  The  garrison  at  that 
time,  numliered  ahout  7o.  including  oilicers.  a 
large  numlier  of  the  troops  hcing  ill.  \hn-ist 

simultaneously    with   II rder    for    evacuation 

ij.pc.ircd  hands  of  Indians  clamoring'  for  a  dis 
frihution  of  the  goods,  to  which  they  claimed 
t'i--\  were  entitled  under  treaty  stipulations 
Knowing  that  he  had  hut  almut  forty  men  ahle 
t'-  light  and  that  his  march  would  lie  sadly 
hindered  liy  the  care  of  ahoui  a  do/en  women  and 
twenty  children,  the  commandant  hesitated. 
The  I'oltawatomies.  through  whose  countrv  he 
would  havetopass  had  always  liecn  friendly,  and 
In-  wailed  Within  six  days  a  force  of  .~>INI  or  <!i»l 
savage  warriors  had  assemliled  around  the  fort 
A  tilling  1 1"'  leaders  were  the  rollawatomie  cliiefs 
Hlack  Partridge.  Winneme^-  and  To|M-nelie  of 
th.-se.  \Vilini-llH-K  was  friendly  It  was  he  who 
had  hroiiirht  (ieneral  Hull's  orders  to  evacuale 
and  as  the  crisis  irrew  more  and  more  daic_'ei-ous. 


he  otTered  sound  advice  lleurc<vl  instantaneous 
departure  licfore  the  Indians  hail  time  to  a^ree 
n|K)ii  a  line  of  action  But  Captain  lieald 
decided  to  distribute  the  stores  aiiKin^  the  sav- 
ages, and  therehy  secure  from  them  a  friendly 
escort  to  Fort  Wayne  To  this  the  ahori>;ines 
readily  assented.  iH-Iicvin*;  tliat  therehy  all  the 
whisky  and  ammunition  which  they  knew  to  In- 
within  the  enclosure,  would  fall  into  their  hands 
Meanwhile  Capt  William  Wells.  Indian  A«ent  at 
Fort  Wayne,  had  arrived  at  Fort  Dearliorn  with 
a  friendly  force  of  Miamis  fi  act  as  an  escort 
Heconvinced  Captain  lieald  that  it  would  lie  the 
height  of  folly  to  ^ive  the  Indians  liquor  and  nun 
powder.  Accordingly  the  commandant  emptied 
the  former  into  the  lake  and  destroyed  the  latter 
This  was  the  signal  for  war  Hlack  Partridge 
claimed  he  could  no  longer  restrain  his  yonii); 
hraves.  and  at  a  council  of  the  alniri^ines  it  was 
resolved  to  massacre  tin-  garrison  and  settlers. 
On  the  fifteenth  of  August  the  ^ates  of  the  fort 
were  opened  anil  the  evacuation  lie^'an  A  IKUH! 
of  rottawatoniies  accomidinied  the  whites  under 
thej;uiscof  a  friendly  escort  They  soon  deserted 
and.  within  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  fort, 
itetfin  the  sickening  scene  of  carnage  known  a- 
the  "Fort  Dearhorn  Massacre"  Nearly  a' MI 
Indians  |i.-irticipated.  their  loss  IHMIIK  less  than 
twenty  The  Miami  escort  lied  at  the  first 
exchaiifri"  of  shots  With  hut  four-  exceptions 
the  wounded  white  prisoners  were  dis|iatched 
with  savage  ferocity  and  promptitude  Those 
not  wounded  were  scattered  amon^  various  trilies 
The  next  day  the  fort  with  its  stockade  was 
hurned.  In  1*1(1  (alter  the  treaty  of  St.  l^iuis) 
the  fort  was  rchuilt  U|mn  a  more  elaliorate  HCale- 
The  second  Fort  Dcarhi-rn  contained.  U-sides  har 
racks  and  otlicers'  .{Uartcrs.  a  maj^a/.ine  and 
pro\  isiou-store.  was  enclose,!  hv  a  stftiare  stock 
ade.  and  protecled  hv  liasliuns  at  two  of  its 
angles  It  was  aji.iin  evacuated  in  !*•.':•  anil 
r-- ^'arrisoiie-l  in  Is'**  The  troops  were  once 
more  withdrawn  in  !*:!!  I.,  rcinru  the  following 
year  ilurin-  the  Hlack  Hawk  War.  The  final 
evacuation  occurred  in  l*:!''i 

r'OUT  (iACi:,  situated  on  tl astern   li'mlls  of 

the  Kaskaskia  Iliver.  op|»isite  the  \  illa^i- of  Kas 
kaskia.  Il  was  creeled  anil  in-eii|ii<-il  hv  tin- 
Itritish  in  I??'.'  It  wa-  hiiilt  of  heavy,  square 
tiniU-rs  and  olilon^  in  shape,  its  dimensions  Ix-inn 
'.".Hlxi.ll  feet  On  the  ni^ht  ot  .Inly  I.  177*.  it  was 
captured  hy  a  detachment  of  American  troops 

imandeii    hv    Col     (Jeor-e    Ifo-el's  Clark,    win- 

held  a  commission   from  Virginia      The  sold icrs 
\\ithSimon   Kenton  ai  their  h.-ad    \\ere  s»-ereilv 


172 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


admitted  to  the  fort  by  a  Pennsylvania!!  who 
happened  to  be  within,  and  the  commandant, 
Rocheblave,  was  surprised  in  bed,  while  sleeping 
with  his  wife  by  his  side. 

FORT  JEFFERSON.  I.  A  fort  erected  by  Col. 
George  Rogers  Clark,  under  instructions  from 
the  Governor  of  Virginia,  at  the  Iron  Banks  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  River.  He  promised  lands  to  all 
adult,  able-bodied  white  males  who  would  emi- 
grate thither  and  settle,  either  with  or  without 
their  families.  Many  accepted  the  offer,  and 
a  considerable  colony  was  established  there. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  Vir- 
ginia being  unable  longer  to  sustain  the  garrison, 
the  colony  was  scattered,  many  families  going  to 
Kaskaskia.  II.  A  fort  in  the  Miami  valley, 
erected  by  Governor  St.  Clair  and  General  Butler, 
in  October,  1791.  Within  thirty  miles  of  the 
post  St.  Glair's  army,  which  had  been  badly 
weakened  through  desertions,  was  cut  to  piece* 
by  the  enemy,  and  the  fortification  was  aban- 
doned. 

FORT  MASSAC,  an  early  French  fortification, 
erected  about  1711  on  the  Ohio  River,  40  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  what  is  now  Massac  County. 
It  was  the  first  fortification  (except  Fort  St. 
Louis)  in  the  "Illinois  Country,"  antedating 
Fort  Chartres  by  several  years.  The  origin  of 
the  name  is  uncertain.  The  best  authorities  are 
of  the  opinion  that  it  was  so  called  in  honor  of 
the  engineer  who  superintended  its  construction ; 
by  others  it  has  been  traced  to  the  name  of  the 
French  Minister  of  Marine ;  others  assert  that  it 
is  a  corruption  of  the  word  "Massacre."  a  name 
given  to  the  locality  because  of  the  massacre 
there  of  a  large  number  of  French  soldiers  by  the 
Indians.  The  Virginians  sometimes  spoke  of  it 
as  the  "Cherokee  fort."  It  was  garrisoned  by 
the  French  until  after  the  evacuation  of  the 
country  under  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris. 
It  later  became  a  sort  of  depot  for  American 
settlers,  a  few  families  constantly  residing  within 
and  around  the  fortification.  At  a  very  early 
day  a  military  road  was  laid  out  from  the  fort  to 
Kaskaskia,  the  trees  alongside  being  utilized  as 
milestones,  the  number  of  miles  being  cut  with 
irons  and  painted  red.  After  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment strengthened  and  garrisoned  the  fort  by 
way  of  defense  against  inroads  by  the  S]>aiiiards. 
With  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States,  in  1803,  the  fort  was  evacuated  and  never 
re-garrisoned.  According  to  the  "American 
State  Papers,"  during  the  period  of  the  French 


occupation,    it    was    both    a    Jesuit    missionary 
station  and  a  trading  post. 

FORT  KACKVILLE,  a  British  fortification, 
erected  in  1769,  on  the  Wabasli  River  a  short 
distance  below  Vincennes.  It  was  a  stockade, 
with  bastions  and  a  few  pieces  of  cannon.  In 
1778  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans,  and 
was  for  a  time  commanded  by  Captain  Helm, 
with  a  garrison  of  a  few  Americans  and  Illinois 
French.  In  December,  1778,  Helm  and  oifc 
private  alone  occupied  the  fort  and  surrendered 
to  Hamilton,  British  Governor  of  Detroit,  who 
led  a  force  into  the  country  around  Vincennes. 

FOKT  SHERIDAN,  United  States  Military 
Post,  in  Lake  County,  on  the  Milwaukee  Division 
of  the  Chicago  <fc  Northwestern  Railway,  24  miles 
north  of  Chicago.  (Highwood  village  adjacent 
onthesouth.)  Population  (1*90).  451:  (1900),  1,575. 

FORT  ST.  1.0!  IS.  a  French  fortification  on  a 
rock  (widely  known  as  "Starved  Rock"),  which 
consists  of  an  isolated  cliff  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Illinois  River  nearly  opposite  Utica,  in  La 
Salle  County.  Its  height  is  between  130  and  140 
feet,  and  its  nearly  round  summit  contains  an 
area  of  alxmt  three-fourths  of  an  acre.  The  side 
facing  the  river  is  nearly  perjiendicular  and,  in 
natural  advantages,  it  is  well-nigh  impregnable. 
Here,  in  the  fall  of  1682.  I*  Salle  and  Tonty 
began  the  erection  of  a  fort,  consisting  of  earth- 
works, palisades,  store- houses  and  a  block  house, 
which  also  served  as  a  dwelling  and  trading  post. 
A  windlass  drew  water  from  the  river,  and  two 
small  brass  cannon,  mounted  on  a  parapet,  com- 
prised the  armament.  It  was  solemnly  dedicated 
by  Father  Membre,  and  soon  became  a  gathering 
place  for  the  surrounding  tribes,  especially  the 
Illinois.  But  Frontenac  having  been  succeeded 
as  Governor  of  New  France  by  De  la  Barre,  who 
was  unfriendly  to  La  Salle,  the  latter  was  dis- 
placed as  Commandant  at  Fort  St.  Louis,  while 
plots  were  laid  to  secure  his  downfall  by  cutting 
off  his  supplies  and  inciting  the  Iroquois  to  attack 
him.  La  Salle  left  the  fort  in  1083,  to  return  to 
France,  and,  in  1702,  it  was  abandoned  as  a 
military  post,  though  it  continued  to  be  a  trad- 
ing post  until  1718,  when  it  was  raided  by  the 
Indians  and  burned.  (See  Lit  fialle. ) 

FORT  WAYNE  &  CHICAGO  RAILROAD. 
(See  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Oticago  Railway. ) 

FORT  WAYNE  &  ILLINOIS  RAILROAD.  (See 
\'ew  York,  Chicago  <fc  St.  Louis  Railway.') 

FORTIFICATIONS,  PREHISTORIC.  Closely 
related  in  interest  to  the  works  of  the  mound- 
builders  in  Illinois — though,  probably,  owingtheir 
origin  to  another  era  and  an  entirely  different 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


173 


race — are  those  works  which  bear  evidence  of 
having  been  constructed  for  purposes  of  defense 
at  some  period  anterior  to  the  arrival  of  white 
men  in  the  country.  While  there  are  no  works 
in  Illinois  so  elaborate  in  construction  as  those  to 
which  have  been  given  the  names  of  "Fort 
Ancient"  on  the  Maumee  in  Ohio,  "Fort  Azatlan" 
on  the  Wabash  in  Indiana,  and  "Fort  Aztalan" 
on  Rock  River  in  Southern  Wisconsin,  there  are 
a  number  whose  form  of  construction  shows  that 
they  must  have  been  intended  for  warlike  pur- 
poses, and  that  they  were  formidable  of  their 
kind  and  for  the  period  in  which  they  were  con- 
structed. It  is  a  somewhat  curious  fact  that, 
while  La  Salle  County  is  the  seat  of  the  first 
fortification  constructed  by  the  French  in  Illinois 
that  can  be  said  to  have  liad  a  sort  of  permanent 
character  (  see  Fort  St.  Louis  and  Starred  Rock), 
it  is  also  the  site  of  a  larger  number  of  prehistoric 
fortifications,  whose  remains  are  in  such  a  state 
of  preservation  as  to  be  clearly  discernible,  than 
any  other  section  of  the  State  of  equal  area.  One 
of  the  most  formidable  of  these  fortifications  is 
on  the  east  side  of  Fox  River,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Indian  Creek  and  some  six  miles  northeast  of 
Ottawa.  This  occupies  a  position  of  decided 
natural  strength,  and  is  surrounded  by  three  lines 
of  circumvallation,  showing  evidence  of  consider- 
able engineering  skill.  From  the  size  of  the  trees 
within  this  work  and  other  evidences,  its  age  has 
been  estimated  at  not  less  than  1,200  years.  On 
the  present  site  of  the  town  of  Marseilles,  at  the 
rapids  of  the  Illinois,  seven  miles  east  of  Ottawa, 
another  work  of  considerable  strength  existed. 
It  is  also  said  that  the  American  Fur  Company 
had  an  earthwork  here  for  the  protection  of  its 
trading  station,  erected  about  1816  or  '18.  and 
consequently  belonging  to  the  present  century. 
Besides  Fort  St.  Louis  on  Starved  Rock,  the  out- 
line of  another  fort,  or  outwork,  whose  era  has 
not  been  positively  determined,  about  half  a  mile 
south  of  the  former,  has  been  traced  in  recent 
times.  De  Baugis,  sent  by  Governor  La  Barre,  of 
Canada,  to  succeed  Tonty  at  Fort  St.  Louis,  is  said 
to  have  erected  a  fort  on  Buffalo  Rock,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  from  Fort  St.  Louis, 
which  belonged  practically  to  the  same  era  as  the 
latter. — There  are  two  points  in  Southern  Illinois 
where  the  aborigines  had  constructed  fortifica- 
tions to  which  the  name  "Stone  Fort"  has  been 
given.  One  of  these  is  a  hill  overlooking  the 
Saline  River  in  the  southern  part  of  Saline 
County,  where  there  is  a  wall  or  breastwork  five 
feet  in  height  enclosing  an  area  of  less  than  an 
acre  in  extent.  The  other  is  on  the  west  side  of 


Lusk's  Creek,  in  Pope  County,  where  a  breast 
work  lias  been  constructed  by  loosely  piling  up 
the  stones  across  a  ridge,  or  tongue  of  land,  with 
vertical  sides  and  surrounded  by  a  bend  of  the 
creek.  Water  is  easily  obtainable  from  the  creek 
below  the  fortified  ridge. — The  remains  of  an  old 
Indian  fortification  were  found  by  early  settlers 
of  McLean  County,  at  a  point  called  "Old  Town 
Timber,"  about  1822  to  1835.  It  was  believed 
then  that  it  had  been  occupied  by  the  Indians 
during  the  War  of  1812.  The  story  of  the  Indians 
was,  that  it  was  burned  by  General  Harrison  in 
1812;  though  this  is  improbable  in  view  of  the 
absence  of  any  historical  mention  of  the  fact. 
Judge  H.  W.  Beckwith,  who  examined  its  site  in 
1880,  is  of  the  opinion  that  its  history  goes  back 
as  far  as  1752,  and  that  it  was  erected  by  the 
Indians  as  a  defense  against  the  French  at  Kas- 
kaskia.  There  was  also  a  tradition  that  there 
had  been  a  French  mission  at  this  point. — One  of 
the  most  interesting  stories  of  early  fortifications 
in  the  State,  is  that  of  Dr.  V.  A.  Boyer,  an  old 
citizen  of  Chicago,  in  a  pag>er  contributed  to  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society.  Although  the  work 
alluded  to  by  him  was  evidently  constructed  after 
the  arrival  of  the  French  in  the  country,  the 
exact  period  to  which  it  l>elougs  is  in  doubt. 
According  to  Dr.  Boyer,  it  was  on  an  elevated 
ridge  of  timber  land  in  Palos  Township,  in  the 
western  part  of  Cook  County.  He  says:  "I  first 
saw  it  in  1833,  and  since  then  have  visited  it  in 
company  with  other  persons,  some  of  whom  are 
still  living.  I  feel  sure  that  it  was  not  built  dur- 
ing the  Sac  War  from  its  appearance.  ...  It 
seems  probable  that  it  was  the  work  of  French 
traders  or  explorers,  as  there  were  trees  a  century 
old  growing  in  its  environs.  It  was  evidently 
the  work  of  an  enlightened  people,  skilled  in  the 
science  of  warfare.  ...  As  a  strategic  point  it 
most  completely  commanded  the  surrounding 
country  and  the  crossing  of  the  swamp  or  'Sag'. " 
Is  it  improbable  that  this  was  the  fort  occupied 
by  Colonel  Durantye  in  1695?  The  remains  of  a 
small  fort,  supposed  to  have  been  a  French  trad- 
ing post,  were  found  by  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Lake  County,  where  the  present  city  of  Waukegan 
stands,  giving  to  that  place  its  first  name  of 
"Little  Fort."  This  structure  was  seen  in  1825 
by  Col.  William  S.  Hamilton  (a  son  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  first  Secretary  of  the  Treasury),  who 
liad  served  in  the  session  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  that  year  as  a  Representative  from  Sangamon 
County,  and  was  then  on  his  way  to  Green  Bay, 
and  the  remains  of  the  pickets  or  palisades  were 
visible  as  late  as  1835.  While  the  date  of  its 


174 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


erection  is  unknown,  it  probably  belonged  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  There  is 
also  a  tradition  that  a  fort  or  trading  post,  erected 
by  a  Frenchman  named  Oaray  (or  Guarie)  stood 
on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  prior 
to  the  erection  of  the  first  Fort  Dearborn  in  1803. 

F08S,  (irnrirr  Edmund,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Vt.,  July  2, 
1863;  graduated  from  Harvard  University,  in 
1885;  attended  the  Columbia  Law  School  and 
School  of  Political  Science  in  New  York  City, 
finally  graduating  from  the  Union  College  of  Law 
in  Chicago,  in  1889,  when  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  practice.  He  never  held  any 
political  office  until  elected  as  a  Republican  to 
the  Fifty  fourth  Congress  (1894).  from  the 
Seventh  Illinois  District,  receiving  a  majority  of 
more  than  8,000  votes  over  his  Democratic  and 
Populist  competitors.  In  1896  he  was  again  the 
candidate  of  his  party,  and  was  re-elected  by  a 
majority  of  over  20,000,  as  he  was  a  third  time, 
in  1898,  by  more  than  12,000  majority.  In  the 
Fifty-fifth  Congress  Mr.  Foss  was  a  member  of  the 
Committees  on  Naval  Affairs  and  Expenditures  in 
the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

FOSTER,  (Dr.)  John  Herbert,  physician  and 
educator,  was  born  of  Quaker  ancestry  at  Hills- 
borough,  N.  H.,  March  8,  1796.  His  early  years 
were  spent  on  his  father's  farm,  but  at  the  age 
of  16  he  entered  an  academy  at  Meriden,  N.  H., 
and,  three  years  later,  began  teaching  with  an 
older  brother  at  Schoharie,  N.  Y.  Having  spent 
some  sixteen  years  teaching  and  practicing 
medicine  at  various  places  in  his  native  State,  in 
1832  he  came  west,  first  locating  in  Morgan 
County.  111.  While  there  he  took  part  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  serving  as  a  Surgeon.  Before 
the  close  of  the  year  he  was  compelled  to  come  to 
Chicago  to  look  after  the  estate  of  a  brother  who 
was  an  officer  in  the  army  and  had  been  killed  by 
an  insubordinate  soldier  at  Green  Bay.  Having 
thus  fallen  heir  to  a  considerable  amount  of  real 
estate,  which,  in  subsequent  years,  largely 
appreciated  in  value,  he  became  identified  with 
early  Chicago  and  ultimately  one  of  the  largest 
real-estate  owners  of  his  time  in  the  city.  He 
'A.I-  an  active  promoter  of  education  during  this 
period,  serving  on  both  City  and  State  Boards. 
His  death  occurred,  May  18,  1874,  in  consequence 
of  injuries  sustained  by  being  thrown  from  a 
vehicle  in  which  he  was  riding  nine  days  previous. 

FOSTER,  John  Wells,  author  and  scientist. 
was  born  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  in  1815,  and  edu- 
cated at  Wesleyan  University,  Conn ;  later  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Ohio,  but 


soon  turned  his  attention  to  scientific  pursuits, 
being  employed  for  several  years  in  the  geological 
survey  of  Ohio,  during  which  he  investigated  the 
coal-beds  of  the  State.  Having  incidentally 
devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  study  of 
metallurgy,  he  was  employed  about  1844  by 
mining  capitalists  to  make  the  first  systematic 
survey  of  the  Lake  Superior  copper  region,  upon 
which,  in  conjunction  with  J.  D.  Whitney,  he 
made  a  report  which  was  published  in  two  vol- 
umes in  1850-51.  Returning  to  Massachusetts,  he 
participated  in  the  organization  of  the  "American 
Party"  there,  though  we  find  him  soon  after 
breaking  with  it  on  the  slavery  question.  In 
1855  he  was  a  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
Springfield  (Mass.)  District,  but  was  beaten  by  a 
small  majority.  In  1858  he  removed  to  Chicago 
and,  for  some  time,  was  Land  Commissioner  of 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  The  latter  years  of 
his  life  were  devoted  chiefly  to  archaeological 
researches  and  writings,  also  serving  for  some 
years  as  Professor  of  Natural  History  in  the  (old) 
University  of  Chicago.  His  works  include  "The 
Mississippi  Valley ;  its  Physical  Geography,  Min- 
eral Resources,'-'  etc.  (Chicago,  1869) ;  "Mineral 
Wealth  and  Railroad  Development,"  (New  York, 
1872) ;  "Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United  States," 
(Chicago,  1873),  besides  contributions  to  numer- 
ous scientific  periodicals.  He  was  a  member  of 
several  scientific  associations  and,  in  1809,  Presi- 
dent of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science.  He  died  in  Hyde  Park, 
now  a  part  of  Chicago,  June  29,  1873. 

FOl'KE,  Philip  B.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  at  Kaskaskia.  111.,  Jan.  23,  1818;  was 
chiefly  self-educated  and  began  his  career  as  a 
clerk,  afterwards  acting  as  a  civil  engineer ;  about 
1841-42  was  associated  with  the  publication  of 
"The  Belleville  Advocate,"  later  studied  law, 
and,  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar.  served  as 
Prosecuting  Attorney,  being  re-elected  to  that 
office  in  18~>6.  Previous  to  this,  however,  he  had 
been  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Seven- 
teenth General  Assembly  (1850),  and,  in  1858, 
was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  Thirty-sixth 
Congress  and  re-elected  two  years  later.  While 
still  in  Congress  he  assisted  in  organizing  the 
Thirtieth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  of  which 
he  was  commissioned  Colonel,  but  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health  soon  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 
After  leaving  the  army  he  removed  to  New 
Orleans,  where  he  was  appointed  Public  Adminis- 
trator and  practiced  law  for  some  time.  He  then 
took  up  the  prosecution  of  the  cotton-claims 
against  the  Mexican  Government,  in  which  he 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


175 


was  engaged  some  seven  years,  finally  removing 
to  Washington  City  and  making  several  trips  to 
Europe  in  the  interest  of  these  suits.  He  won 
his  cases,  but  died  soon  after  a  decision  in  his 
favor,  largely  in  consequence  of  overtaxing  his 
brain  in  their  prosecution.  His  death  occurred 
in  Washington,  Oct.  3,  1876,  when  he  was  buried 
in  the  Congressional  Cemetery,  President  Grant 
and  a  number  of  Senators  and  Congressmen  acting 
as  pall-bearers  at  his  funeral. 

FOWLER,  Charles  Henry,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  born  in  Burford,  Conn.,  August  11,  1837;  > 
was  partially  educated  at  Rock  River  Seminary, 
Mount  Morris,  finally  graduating  at  Genesee 
College,  N.  Y.,  in  1859.  He  then  began  the  study 
of  law  in  Chicago,  but,  changing  his  purpose, 
entered  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  at  Evanston, 
graduating  in  1861.  Having  been  admitted  to 
the  Rock  River  Methodist  Episcopal  Conference 
he  was  appointed  successively  to  Chicago  churches 
till  1872;  then  became  President  of  the  North- 
western University,  holding  this  office  four  years, 
when  he  was  elected  to  the  editorship  of  "The 
Christian  Advocate"  of  New  York.  In  1884  he 
was  elected  and  ordained  Bishop.  His  residence 
is  in  San  Francisco,  his  labors  as  Bishop  being 
devoted  largely  to  the  Pacific  States. 

FOX  RIVER  (of  Illinois)— called  Pishtaka  by 
the  Indians — rises  in  Waukesha  County,  Wis., 
and,  after  running  southward  through  Kenosha 
and  Racine  Counties  in  that  State,  passes  into 
Illinois.  It  intersects  McHeury  and  Kane  Coun- 
ties and  runs  southward  to  the  city  of  Aurora, 
below  which  point  it  flows  south  west  ward,  until 
it  empties  into  the  Illinois  River  at  Ottawa.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  220  miles.  The  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Elgin,  Aurora  and  Ottawa. 
It  affords  abundant  water  power. 

FOXES,  an  Indian  tribe.  (See  Sacs  and 
Foxes.) 

FRANCIS,  Simeon,  pioneer  journalist,  was 
born  at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  May  14,  1796, 
learned  the  printer's  trade  at  New  Haven,  and,  in 
connection  with  a  partner,  published  a  paper  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  In  consequence  ot  the  excitement 
growing  out  of  the  abduction  of  Morgan  in  1828, 
(being  a  Mason)  he  was  compelled  to  suspend, 
and,  coming  to  Illinois  in  the  fall  of  1831,  com- 
menced the  publication  of  "The  Sangamo"  (now 
"The  Illinois  State")  "Journal"  at  Springfield, 
continuing  his  connection  therewith  until  1855, 
when  he  sold  out  to  Messrs.  Bailhache  &  Baker. 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  his  close  friend  and  often 
wrote  editorials  for  his  paper.  Mr.  Francis  was 
active  in  the  organization  of  the  State  Agricul- 


tural Society  (1853),  serving  as  its  Recording 
Secretary  for  several  years.  In  1859  he  moved  to 
Portland,  Ore.,  where  he  published  "The  Oregon 
Farmer,"  and  served  as  President  of  the  Oregon 
State  Agricultural  Society;  in  1861  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Lincoln,  Paymaster  in  the 
regular  army,  serving  until  1870,  when  he  retired 
on  half-pay.  Died,  at  Portland,  Ore.,  Oct.  25, 
1872.— Allen  (Francis),  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Wethersfield.  Conn.,  April  14,  1815; 
in  1834,  joined  his  brother  at  Springfield,  111.,  and 
became  a  partner  in  the  publication  of  "The 
Journal"  until  its  sale,  in  1855.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Consul  at  Victoria,  B.  C., 
serving  until  1871,  when  he  engaged  in  the  fur 
trade.  Later  he  was  United  States  Consul  at 
Port  Stanley,  Can.,  dying  there,  about  1887.— 
Josiah  (Francis),  cousin  of  the  preceding,  born 
at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  Jan.  17,  1804;  was  early 
connected  with  "The  Springfield  Journal";  in 
1836  engaged  in  merchandising  at  Athens,  Menard 
County;  returning  to  Springfield,  was  elected  to 
the  Legislature  in  1840,  and  served  one  term  as 
Mayor  of  Springfield.  Died  in  1867. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Morgan  County,  on 
the  Jacksonville  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  12  miles 
southeast  of  Jacksonville.  The  place  has  a  news- 
paper and  two  banks;  the  surrounding  country 
is  agricultural.  Population  (1880),  316;  (1890), 
578;  (1900),  687. 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY,  located  in  the  south- 
central  part  of  the  State;  was  organized  in  1818. 
and  has  an  area  of  430  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  19,675.  The  county  is  well  timbered  and 
is  drained  by  the  Big  Muddy  River.  The  soil  is 
fertile  and  the  products  include  cereals,  potatoes, 
sorghum,  wool,  pork  and  fruit.  The  county -seat 
is  Benton,  with  a  population  (1890)  of  939.  The 
county  contains  no  large  towns,  although  large, 
well-cultivated  farms  are  numerous.  The  earli- 
est white  settlers  came  from  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, and  the  hereditary  traditions  of  generous, 
southwestern  hospitality  are  preserved  among 
the  residents  of  to-day. 

FRANKLIN  GROTE,  a  town  of  Lee  County,  on 
Council  Bluffs  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway,  88  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
Grain,  poultry,  and  live-stock  are  shipped  from 
here.  It  has  banks,  water-works,  high  school, 
and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1890),  736; 
(1900),  681. 

FRAZIER,  Robert,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  who 
came  to  Southern  Illinois  at  an  early  day  and 
served  as  State  Senator  from  Edwards  County,  in 
the  Second  and  Third  General  Assemblies,  in  the 


176 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


latter  being  an  opponent  of  the  scheme  to  make 
Illinois  a  slave  State.  He  was  a  farmer  by  occu- 
p.it  ion  and,  at  the  time  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  resided  in  what  afterwards  became 
Wabash  County.  Subsequently  he  removed  to 
Edwards  County,  near  Albion,  where  he  died. 
"Frazier's  Prairie."  in  Edwards  County,  was 
named  for  him. 

FREEBURG,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County,  on 
the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad,  8 
miles  southeast  of  Belleville.  Population  (1880). 
1,038;  (1890).  848;  (1900),  1,214. 

FREEMAN,  Norman  L.,  lawyer  and  Supreme 
Court  Reporter,  was  born  in  Caledonia,  Living- 
ston County,  N.  Y..  May  9,  1823;  in  1831  accom- 
panied his  widowed  mother  to  Ann  Arbor.  Mich., 
removing  six  years  afterward  to  Detroit ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Cleveland  and  Ohio  University,  taught 
school  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  while  studying  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846;  removed  to 
Sliawneetown,  111.,  in  1851.  was  admitted  to  the 
Illinois  bar  and  practiced  some  eight  years.  He 
then  began  farming  in  Marion  Cnunty.  Mo.,  but. 
in  1862,  returned  to  Shawneetown  and,  in  1863, 
was  appointed  Re|>orter  of  Decisions  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  serving  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  at  Springfield  near  the 
beginning  of  his  sixth  term  in  office,  August  23, 
1894. 

FREE  MASONS,  the  oldest  secret  fraternity  in 
the  State— known  as  the  "Ancient  Order  of  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons" — the  first  Ixxlge  being 
instituted  at  Kaskaskia,  June,  3,  1806,  with  Gen. 
John  Edgar,  Worshipful  Master;  Michael  Jones. 
Senior  Warden;  James  Ualbraith.  Junior  War- 
den ;  William  Arundel,  Secretary ;  Robert  Robin- 
son, Senior  Deacon.  These  are  names  of  persons 
who  were,  without  exception,  prominent  in  the 
early  history  of  Illinois.  A  Grand  Lodge  was 
organized  at  Vamlalia  in  1822,  with  Gov.  Shad- 
rach  Bond  as  first  Grand  Master,  but  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Grand  Ix>dge,  as  it  now  exists,  took 
place  at  Jacksonville  in  1840.  The  number  of 
Lodges  constituting  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Illinois 
in  1840  was  six.  with  157  memliers;  the  number 
of  Lodges  within  the  same  jurisdiction  in  1895 
was  713,  with  a  membership  of  50,727,  of  which 
47,335  resided  in  Illinois.  The  dues  for  1895 
were  $37,834.50;  the  contributions  to  members, 
their  widows  and  orphans,  $25,038.41 ;  to  non- 
Hiembers,  $6,306.3H.  and  to  the  Illinois  Masonic 
Orphans'  Home.  SI, 315.80. —Apollo  Commandery 
No.  1  of  Knights  Templar — the  pioneer  organi- 
zation of  its  kind  in  this  or  any  neighboring 
State — was  organized  in  Chicago,  May  20,  1845, 


and  the  Grand  Commandery  of  the  order  in  Illi- 
nois in  1857,  with  James  V.  Z.  Blaney,  Grand 
Commander.  In  1895  it  was  made  up  of  sixty  - 
five  subordinate  commanderies,  with  a  total 
membership  of  9,355,  and  dues  amounting  to 
$7,754.75.  The  principal  officers  in  1895-96  were 
Henry  Hunter  Montgomery.  Grand  Commander; 
John  Henry  Witbeck,  Grand  Treasurer,  and  Gil- 
bert W.  Barnard,  Grand  Recorder.— The  Spring- 
field Chapter  of  Royal  Arch-Masons  was  organized 
in  Springfield,  Sept.  17,  1841.  and  the  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  of  the  State  at  Jacksonville.  April  9, 
1850,  the  nine  existing  Chapters  being  formally 
chartered  Oct.  14.  of  the  same  year.  The  number 
of  subordinate  Chapters,  in  1895,  was  186,  with  a 
total  membership  of  16,414. — The  Grand  Council 
of  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  in  1894.  embraced  32 
subordinate  Councils,  with  a  membership  of 
2,318. 

FREEPORT,  a  city  and  railway  center,  the 
county-seat  of  Stephenson  County,  121  miles  west 
of  Chicago ;  lias  good  water-power  from  the  Peca- 
tonica  River,  with  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments, the  output  including  carriages, 
wagon -wheels,-  wind-mills,  coffee-mills,  organs, 
piano-stools,  leather,  mineral  paint,  foundry  pro- 
ducts, chicken  incubators  and  vinegar.  The  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  has  shops  here  and  the  city 
has  a  Government  postofh'ce  building.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  10,189;  (1900),  13,258. 

FREEPORT  COLLEGE,  an  institution  at  Free 
port.  111.,  incorporated  in  1895;  is  co-educational ; 
had  a  faculty  of  six  instructors  in  1896,  with  116 
pupils. 

FREER,  Lemuel  Cm  ell  Paine,  early  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Dutcliess  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18, 
1815;  came  to  Chicago  in  1836,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840;  was  a  zealous 
anti-slavery  man  and  an  active  supporter  of  the 
Government  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion ; 
for  many  years  was  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College.  Died,  in 
Chicago,  April  14,  1892. 

FRENCH,  Augustus  (  .,  ninth  Governor  of 
Illinois  (1846-52),  was  born  in  New  Hampshire. 
August  2,  1808.  After  coming  to  Illinois,  he 
became  a  resident  of  Crawford  County,  and  a 
lawyer  by  profession.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  General  Assemblies,  and 
Receiver,  for  a  time,  of  the  Land  Office  at  Pales- 
tine. He  served  as  Presidential  Elector  in  1844, 
was  elected  to  the  office  of  ( iovernor  as  a  Demo- 
crat in  1846  by  a  majority  of  nearly  17,000  over 
two  competitors,  and  was  the  unanimous  choice  of 
his  |mrty  for  a  second  term  in  1848.  His  adminis- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


177 


t  ration  was  free  from  scandals.  He  was  appointed 
Bank  Commissioner  by  Governor  Matteson,  and 
later  accepted  the  chair  of  Law  in  McKendree 
College  at  Lebanon.  In  1858  he  was  the  nominee 
of  the  Douglas  wing  of  the  Democratic  party  for 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 
ex-Gov.  John  Reynolds  being  the  candidate  of 
the  Buchanan  branch  of  the  party.  Both  were 
defeated.  His  last  public  service  was  as  a  mem- 
ber from  St.  Clair  County  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1862.  Died,  at  Lebanon,  Sept.  4. 
1864. 

FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  The  first 
premonition  of  this  struggle  in  the  West  was 
given  in  1698,  when  two  English  vessels  entered 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  to  take  possession 
of  the  French  Territory  of  Louisiana,  which  then 
included  what  afterward  became  the  State  of 
Illinois.  This  expedition,  however,  returned 
without  result.  Great  Britain  was  anxious  to 
have  a  colorable  pretext  for  attempting  to  evict 
the  French,  and  began  negotiation  of  treaties 
with  the  Indian  tribes  as  early  as  1724,  expecting 
thereby  to  fortify  her  original  claim,  which  was 
based  on  the  right  of  prior  discovery.  The 
numerous  shiftings  of  the  political  kaleidoscope  in 
Europe  prevented  any  further  steps  in  this  direc- 
tion on  the  part  of  England  until  1748-49.  when 
the  Ohio  Land  Company  received  a  royal  grant 
of  500,000  acres  along  the  Ohio  River,  with  exclu- 
sive trading  privileges.  The  Company  proceeded 
to  explore  and  survey  ami,  alxmt  1752,  established 
a  trading  post  on  Loramie  Creek.  47  miles  north 
of  Dayton.  The  French  foresaw  that  hostilities 
were  probable,  ami  advanced  their  posts  as  far 
east  as  the  Allegheny  River.  Complaints  by  the 
Ohio  Company  induced  an  ineffectual  remon- 
strance on  the  part  of  Virginia.  Among  the 
ambassadors  sent  to  the  French  by  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  was  George  Washington,  who  thus, 
in  early  manhood.  !>ecante  identified  with  Illinois 
history.  His  report  was  of  such  a  nature  as  to 
induce  the  erection  of  counter  fortifications  by 
the  British,  one  of  which  (at  the  junction  of  the 
Allegheny  and  Monongahela  Rivers)  was  seized 
and  occupied  by  the  French  before  its  completion. 
Then  ensued  a  series  of  engagements  which, 
while  not  involving  large  forces  of  men,  were 
fraught  with  grave  consequences,  and  in  which 
the  French  were  generally  successful.  In  1755 
occurred  "Braddock's  defeat"  in  an  expedition  to 
recover  Fort  Duquesne  (where  Pittsburg  now 
stands),  which  had  been  captured  by  the  French 
the  previous  year,  and  the  Government  of  Great 
Britain  determined  to  redouble  its  efforts.  The 


final  result  was  the  termination  of  French  domi- 
nation in  the  Ohio  Valley.  Later  came  the  down- 
fall of  French  ascendency  in  Canada  as  the  result 
of  the  battle  of  Quebec :  but  the  vanquished  yet 
hoped  to  be  able  to  retain  Louisiana  and  Illinois 
But  France  was  forced  to  indemnify  Spain  for  the 
loss  of  Florida,  which  it  did  by  the  cession  of  all 
of  Louisiana  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  (includ- 
ing the  city  of  New  Orleans),  and  this  virtually 
ended  French  hopes  in  Illinois.  The  last  military 
post  in  North  America  to  be  garrisoned  by  French 
troops  was  Fort  Chartres.  in  Illinois  Territory, 
where  St.  Ange  remained  in  command  until  its 
evacuation  was  demanded  by  the  English. 

FRENCH  GOVERNORS  OF  ILLINOIS.  French 
Governors  began  to  be  appointed  by  the  Company 
of  the  Indies  (which  see)  in  1733,  the  "Illinois 
Country"  having  previously  been  treated  as  a 
dependency  of  Canada.  The  first  Governor  (  or 
"commandant'')  was  Pierre  Duque  de  Boisbriant. 
who  was  commandant  for  only  three  years,  when 
he  was  summoned  to  New  Orleans  (1725)  to  suc- 
ceed de  Bienville  as  Governor  of  Louisiana.  Capt. 
du  Tisne  was  in  command  for  a  short  time  after 
his  departure,  but  was  succeeded  by  another 
Captain  in  the  royal  army,  whose  name  is  vari- 
ously spelled  de  Liette.  de  Lielte.  De  Siette  and 
Delietto.  He  was  followed  in  turn  by  St.  Ange 
(the  father  of  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive),  who  died  in 
1742.  In  1732  the  Company  of  the  Indies  surren- 
dered its  charter  to  the  crown,  and  the  Governors 
of  the  Illinois  Country  were  thereafter  appointed 
directly  by  royal  authority.  Under  the  earlier 
Governors  justice  had  been  administered  under 
the  civil  law :  with  the  change  in  the  method  of 
appointment  the  code  known  as  the  "Common 
Law  of  Paris"  came  into  effect,  although  not 
rigidly  enforced  because  found  in  many  particu- 
lars to  be  ill-suited  to  the  needs  of  a  new  country. 
The  first  of  the  Royal  Governors  was  Pierre 
d'  Artaguiette.  who  was  appointed  in  1734,  but  was 
captured  while  engaged  in  an  expedition  against 
the  Chirkasaws.  in  1730.  and  burned  at  the  stake. 
(See  D' Artaguiette.)  He  was  followed  by 
Alphouse  de  la  Buissoniere.  who  was  succeeded, 
in  1740.  by  Capt.  Benoist  de  St.  Claire.  In  1742 
he  gave  way  to  the  Chevalier  Bertel  or  Berthet. 
but  was  reinstated  about  1748.  The  last  of  the 
French  Governors  of  the  "Illinois  Country"  was 
Louis  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive.  who  retired  to  St. 
Louis,  after  turning  over  the  command  to  Cap- 
tain Stirling,  the  English  officer  sent  to  supersede 
him.  in  1765.  (St.  Ange  de  Bellerive  died,  Deo. 
27.  1774.)  The  administration  of  the  French 
commandants,  while  firm,  was  usuallv  conserva- 


178 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


tive  and  benevolent.  Local  self-government  was 
encouraged  as  far  as  practicable,  and,  while  the 
Governors'  power  over  commerce  was  virtually 
unrestricted,  they  interfered  but  little  with  the 
ordinary  life  of  the  people. 

FREW,  Calvin  Hamill,  lawyer  and  State  Sena- 
tor, was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  educated  at 
Finley  (Ohio)  High  School,  Beaver  (Pa.)  Academy 
and  Vermilion  Institute  at  Hayesville,  Ohio. ;  in 
1863  was  Principal  of  the  High  School  at  Kalida, 
Ohio,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law,  which  he 
continued  the  next  two  years  with  Messrs.  Strain 
&  Kidder,  at  Monmouth,  111.,  meanwhile  acting 
as  Principal  of  a  high  school  at  Young  America ; 
in  1865  removed  to  Paxton,  Ford  County,  which 
has  since  been  his  home,  and  the  same  year  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illi- 
nois. Mr.  Frew  served  as  Assistant  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  for  Ford  County  (1865-68) ;  in  1868 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  Twenty-sixth 
General  Assembly,  re-elected  in  1870,  and  again 
in  '78.  While  practicing  law  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  some  of  the  most  important  cases 
before  the  courts  in  that  section  of  the  State,  and 
his  fidelity  and  skill  in  their  management  are 
testified  by  members  of  the  bar,  as  well  as 
Judges  upon  the  bench.  Of  late  years  he  has 
devoted  his  attention  to  breeding  trotting  horses, 
with  a  view  to  the  improvement  of  his  health 
but  not  with  the  intention  of  permanently 
abandoning  his  profession. 

FRY,  Jacob,  pioneer  and  soldier,  was  born  in 
Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Sept.  20,  1799;  learned  the 
trade  of  a  carpenter  and  came  to  Illinois  in  1819, 
working  first  at  Alton,  but,  in  1820,  took  up  his 
residence  near  the  present  town  of  Carrollton,  in 
which  he  built  the  first  house.  Greene  County 
was  not  organized  until  two  years  later,  and  this 
border  settlement  was,  at  that  time,  the  extreme 
northern  white  settlement  in  Illinois.  He  served 
as  Constable  and  Deputy  Sheriff  (simultaneously) 
for  six  years,  and  was  then  elected  Sheriff,  being 
five  times  re-elected.  He  served  through  the 
Black  Hawk  War  (first  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  and 
afterwards  as  Colonel),  having  in  his  regiment 
Abraham  Lincoln,  O.  H.  Browning,  John  Wood 
(afterwards  Governor)  and  Robert  Anderson,  of 
Fort  Sumter  fame.  In  1837  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal, 
and  re-appointed  in  1839  and  '41,  later  becoming 
Acting  Commissioner,  with  authority  to  settle  up 
the  business  of  the  former  commission,  which 
was  that  year  legislated  out  of  office.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  Canal  Trustee  by  Governor 
Ford,  and,  in  1847,  retired  from  connection  with 


canal  management.  In  1850  he  went  to  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  engaged  in  mining  and  trade 
for  three  years,  meanwhile  serving  one  term  in 
the  State  Senate.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  Col- 
lector of  the  Port  at  Chicago  by  President  Buch- 
anan, but  was  removed  in  1859  because  of  his 
friendship  for  Senator  Douglas.  In  1860  he 
returned  to  Greene  County ;  in  1861,  in  spite  of  his 
advanced  age,  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the 
Sixty-first  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  later  partici- 
pated in  numerous  engagements  (among  them  the 
battle  of  Shiloh),  was  captured  by  Forrest,  and 
ultimately  compelled  to  resign  because  of  im- 
paired health  and  failing  eyesight,  finally  becom- 
ing totally  blind.  He  died,  June  27,  1881,  and 
was  buried  in  Oak  Ridge  Cemetery,  near  Spring- 
field. Two  of  Colonel  Fry's  sons  achieved  dis- 
tinction during  the  Civil  War. — James  Barnet 
(Fry),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Car- 
rollton, 111.,  Feb.  22,  1827;  graduated  at  West 
Point  Military  Academy,  in  1847,  and  was 
assigned  to  artillery  service ;  after  a  short  experi- 
ence as  Assistant  Instructor,  joined  his  regiment, 
the  Third  United  States  Artillery,  in  Mexico, 
remaining  there  through  1847-48.  Later,  he  was 
employed  on  frontier  and  garrison  duty,  and 
again  as  Instructor  in  1853-54,  and  as  Adjutant  of 
the  Academy  during  1854-59;  became  Assistant 
Adjutant-General,  March  16,  1861,  then  served  as 
Chief  of  Staff  to  General  McDowell  and  General 
Buell  (1861-62),  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Bull 
Run,  Shiloh  and  Corinth,  and  in  the  campaign  in 
Kentucky;  was  made  Provost-Marshal-General 
of  the  United  States,  in  March,  1863,  and  con- 
ducted the  drafts  of  that  year,  receiving  the  rank 
of  Brigadier-General,  April  21,  1864.  He  con- 
tinued in  this  office  until  August  30,  1866,  during 
which  time  he  put  in  the  army  1,120,621  men, 
arrested  76,562  deserters,  collected  $26,366,316.78 
and  made  an  exact  enrollment  of  the  National 
forces.  After  the  war  he  served  as  Adjutant- 
General  with  the  rank  of  Colonel,  till  June  1, 
1881,  when  he  was  retired  at  his  own  request. 
Besides  his  various  official  reports,  he  published  a 
"Sketch  of  the  Adjutant-General's  Department, 
United  States  Army,  from  1775  to  1875, "  and  "His- 
tory and  Legal  Effects  of  Brevets  in  the  Armies  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  from  their 
origin  in  1692  to  the  Present  Time, "  (1877).  Died, 
in  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  11,  1894.— William  M. 
(Fry),  another  son,  was  Provost  Marshal  of  the 
North  Illinois  District  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
rendered  valuable  service  to  the  Government. 

FULLER,  Allen  Curtis,  lawyer,    jurist   and 
Adjutant-General,    was    born    in    Farmington, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


179 


Conn.,  Sept.  24,  1822;  studied  law  at  Warsaw, 
N.  Y. ,  was  admitted  to  practice,  in  1846  came  to 
Belvidere,  Boone  County,  111.,  and,  after  practic- 
ing there  some  years,  was  elected  Circuit  Judge 
in  1861.  A  few  months  afterward  he  was  induced 
to  accept  the  office  of  Adjutant-General  l>y 
appointment  of  Governor  Yates,  entering  upon 
the  duties  of  the  office  in  November,  1861.  At 
first  it  was  understood  that  his  acceptance  was 
only  temporary,  so  that  he  did  not  formally 
resign  his  place  upon  the  bench  until  July.  1862. 
•  He  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  Adjutant- 
General  until  January,  1865,  when,  having  been 
elected  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly, 
he  was  succeeded  in  the  Adjutant-General's  office 
by  General  Isham  N.  Haynie.  He  served  as 
Speaker  of  the  House  during  the  following  ses- 
sion, and  as  State  Senator  from  1867  to  1873— 
in  the  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth  and  Twenty- 
seventh  General  Assemblies.  He  was  also  elected 
a  Republican  Presidential  Elector  in  1860,  and 
again  in  1876.  Since  retiring  from  office,  General 
Fuller  has  devoted  his  attention  to  the  practice  of 
his  profession  and  looking  after  a  large  private 
business  at  Belvidere. 

FULLER,  Charles  E.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Flora,  Boone  County,  111.,  March  31, 
1849;  attended  the  district  school  until  12  years 
of  age,  and,  between  1861  and  '67,  served  as  clerk 
in  stores  at  Belvidere  and  Cherry  Valley.  He 
then  spent  a  couple  of  years  in  the  book  business 
in  Iowa,  when  (1869)  he  began  the  study  of  law 
with  Hon.  Jesse  S.  Hildrup,  at  Belvidere,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870.  Since  then 
Mr.  Fuller  lias  practiced  his  profession  at  Belvi- 
dere, was  Corporation  Attorney  for  that  city  in 
1875-76,  the  latter  year  being  elected  State's 
Attorney  for  Boone  County.  From  1879  to  1891 
he  served  continuously  in  the  Legislature,  first 
as  State  Senator  in  the  Thirty-first  and  Thirty - 
second  General  Assemblies,  then  as  a  member  of 
the  House  for  three  sessions,  in  1888  being 
returned  to  the  Senate,  where  he  served  the 
next  two  sessions.  Mr.  Fuller  established  a  liigh 
reputation  in  the  Legislature  as  a  debater,  and 
was  the  candidate  of  his  party  (the  Republican) 
for  Speaker  of  the  House  in  1885.  He  was  also  a 
delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Convention 
of  1884.  Mr.  Fuller  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  for  the  Seventeenth  Circuit  at  the 
judicial  election  of  June,  1897. 

FULLER,  Melville  Weston,  eighth  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  was 
born  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Feb.  11,  1833,  graduated 
from  Bowdoin  College  in  1853,  was  admitted  to 


the  bar  in  1855,  and  became  City  Attorney  of  his 
native  city,  but  resigned  and  removed  to  Chicago 
the  following  year.  Through  his  mother's 
family  he  traces  his  descent  back  to  the  Pilgrims 
of  the  Mayflower.  His  literary  and  legal  attain- 
ments are  of  a  high  order.  In  politics  he  has 
always  been  a  strong  Democrat.  He  served  as  a 
Delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1862  and  as  a  member  of  the  Legislature  in  1863, 
after  tliat  time  devoting  his  attention  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Chicago.  In  1888 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  since  which  time  he  has 
resided  at  Washington,  although  still  claiming  a 
residence  in  Chicago,  where  he  lias  considerable 
property  interests. 

FULLERTOX,  Alexander  >'.,  pioneer  settler 
and  lawyer,  born  in  Chester.  Vt.,  in  1804.  was 
educated  at  Middlebury  College  and  Litchfield 
Law  School,  and.  coming  to  Chicago  in  1833. 
finally  engaged  in  real-estate  and  mercantile 
business,  in  which  he  was  very  successful.  His 
name  lias  been  given  to  one  of  the  avenues  of 
Chicago,  as  well  as  associated  with  one  of  the 
prominent  business  blocks.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  of  tliat  city.  Died,  Sept.  29,  1880. 

Ft'LTOX,  a  city  and  railway  center  in  White- 
side  County,  135  miles  west  of  Chicago,  located 
on  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern,  the  Chicago,  Burlington  <fe 
Quincy,  and  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railways.  It  was  formerly  the  terminus  of  a 
line  of  steamers  which  annually  brought  millions 
of  bushels  of  grain  down  the  Mississippi  from 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  returning 
with  merchandise,  agricultural  implements,  etc., 
but  this  river  trade  gradually  died  out,  having 
been  usurped  by  the  various  railroads.  Fulton 
has  extensive  factories  for  the  making  of  stoves, 
besides  some  important  lumber  industries.  The 
Northern  Illinois  College  is  located  here.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  2,099;  (1900).  2.685. 

FULTOX  COUNTY,  situated  west  of  and  bor- 
dering on  the  Illinois  River ;  was  originally  a  part 
of  Pike  County,  but  separately  organized  in  1823 
— named  for  Robert  Fulton.  It  lias  an  area  of  870 
square  miles  with  a  population  (1900)  of  46.201. 
The  soil  is  rich,  well  watered  and  wooded.  Drain- 
age is  effected  by  the  Illinois  and  Spoon  Rivers 
(the  former  constituting  its  eastern  boundary) 
and  by  Copperas  Creek.  Lewistown  became  the 
county-seat  immediately  after  county  organ i 
zation,  and  so  remains  to  the  present  time  (1899). 
The  surface  of  the  county  at  a  distance  from  the 


180 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


river  is  generally  flat,  although  along  the  Illinois 
there  are  bluffs  rising  to  the  height  of  125  feet. 
The  soil  is  rich,  and  underlying  it  are  rich,  work- 
,i  i .It-  seams  of  coal.  A  thin  seam  of  cannel  coal 
lias  been  mined  near  Avon,  with  a  contiguous 
vein  of  fire-clay.  Some  of  the  earliest  settlers  were 
Messrs.  Craig  and  Savage,  who,  in  1818,  built  a 
saw  mill  on  Otter  Creek;  Ossian  M.  Ross  and 
Stephen  Dewey.  who  laid  off  Lewistown  on  his 
own  land  in  1822.  The  first  hotel  in  the  entire 
military  tract  was  opened  at  Lewistown  by  Tru- 
man Phelps,  in  1827.  A  flat-boat  ferry  across  the 
Illinois  was  established  at  Havana,  in  1823.  The 
principal  towns  are  Canton(pop. 6,564), Lewistown 
(2,166),  Farming-toil  (1,375),  and  Vermont  (1,158). 

PULTON  COUNTY  NARROW-GAUGE  RAIL- 
WAT,  a  line  extending  from  the  west  bank  of  the 
Illinois  River,  opposite  Havana,  to  Galesburg. 
01  miles.  It  is  a  single-track,  narrow-gauge 
(3- foot)  road,  although  the  excavations  and 
embankments  are  being  widened  to  accommodate 
a  track  of  standard  gauge.  The  grades  are  few, 
and,  as  a  rule,  are  light,  although,  in  one  instance, 
the  gradient  is  eighty-four  feet  to  the '  mile. 
There  are  more  than  19  miles  of  curves,  the  maxi- 
mum being  sixteen  degrees.  The  rails  are  of 
iron,  thirty-five  pounds  to  the  yard,  road  not 
ballasted.  Capital  stock  outstanding  (1895), 
$636.794;  bonded  debt,  $484,000:  miscellaneous 
obligations,  $462,362;  total  capitalization.  $1,583,- 
156.  The  line  from  Havana  to  Fairview  (31  miles) 
was  chartered  in  1 878  and  opened  in  1880  and  the 
extension  from  Fairview  to  Galesburg  chartered 
in  1881  and  opened  in  1882. 

FUNK,  Isaac,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Clark 
County,  Ky.,  Nov.  17,  1797;  grew  up  with  meager 
educational  advantages  and,  in  1823,  came  to  Illi- 
nois, finally  settling  at  what  afterwards  became 
known  as  Funk's  Grove  in  McLean  County. 
Here,  with  no  other  capital  than  industry,  per- 
severance, and  integrity,  Mr.  Funk  began  laying 
the  foundation  of  one  of  the  most  ample  fortunes 
ever  acquired  in  Illinois  outside  the  domain  of 
trade  or  speculation.  By  agriculture  and  dealing 
in  live-stock,  he  became  the  possessor  of  a  large 
area  of  the  finest  farming  lands  in  the  State, 
which  he  brought  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation, 
leaving  an  estate  valued  at  his  death  at  not  less 
than  82,000,000.  Mr.  Funk  served  three  sessions 
in  the  General  Assembly,  first  as  Representative 
in  the  Twelfth  (1840-42),  and  as  Senator  in  the 
Twenty-third  and  Twenty  fourth  (1862-66),  dying 
before  the  close  of  his  last  term.  Jan.  29.  1865. 
Originally  a  Whig  in  politics,  he  became  a  Repub- 
lican on  the  organization  of  that  party,  and  gave 


a  liberal  and  patriotic  support  to  the  Government 
during  the  war  for  the  preservation  of  the  Union. 
During  the  session  of  the  Twenty-third  General 
Assembly,  in  February,  1863,  he  delivered  a 
speech  in  the  Senate  in  indignant  condemnation 
of  the  policy  of  the  anti-war  factionists,  which, 
although  couched  in  homely  language,  aroused 
the  enthusiasm  of  the  friends  of  the  Government 
throughout  the  State  and  won  for  its  author  a 
prominent  place  in  State  history. — Benjamin  F. 
(Funk),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Funk's 
Grove  Township,  McLean  County,  111.,  Oct.  17, 
1838.  After  leaving  the  district  schools,  he 
entered  the  Wesleyan  University  at  Blooming- 
ton,  but  suspended  his  studies  to  enter  the  army 
in  1862,  enlisting  as  a  private  in  the  Sixty-eighth 
Illinois  Volunteers.  After  five  months'  service 
he  was  honorably  discharged,  and  re  entered  the 
University,  completing  a  three-years'  course. 
For  three  years  after  graduation  he  followed 
farming  as  an  avocation,  and,  in  1869,  took  up 
his  residence  at  Bloomington.  In  1871  he  was 
chosen  Mayor,  and  served  seven  consecutive 
terms.  He  'was  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention  of  1888,  and  was  the  suc- 
cessful candidate  of  that  party,  in  1892,  for  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  the  Fourteenth  Illinois 
District. — Lafayette  (Funk),  another  son  of  Isaac 
Funk,  was  a  Representative  from  McLean  County 
in  the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  and  Sena- 
tor in  the  Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth.  Other 
sons  who  have  occupied  seats  in  the  same  body 
include  George  W. ,  Representative  in  the  Twenty- 
seventh,  and  Duncan  M.,  Representative  in  the 
Fortieth  and  Forty-first  Assemblies  The  Funk 
family  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  affairs  of 
McLean  County  for  a  generation,  and  its  mem- 
bers have  occupied  many  other  positions  of  im- 
portance ,i  M.  I  influence,  besides  those  named,  under 
the  State,  County  and  municipal  governments. 

GAGE,  Lyman  .1.,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
was  born  in  De  Ruyter.  Madison  County,  N.  Y.. 
June  28,  1836;  received  a  common  school  educa- 
tion in  his  native  county,  and,  on  the  removal  of 
his  parents,  in  1848,  to  Rome,  N.  Y.,  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  instruction  in  an  academy.  At 
the  age  of  17  he  entered  the  employment  of  the 
Oneida  Central  Bank  as  office-boy  and  general 
utility  clerk,  but,  two  years  afterwards,  came  to 
Chicago,  first  securing  employment  in  a  planing 
mill,  and,  in  1858,  obtaining  a  position  as  book- 
keeper of  the  Merchants'  Loan  and  Trust  Com- 
pany, at  a  salary  of  $500  a  year.  By  1861  he  had 
been  advanced  to  the  position  of  cashier  of  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


181 


concern,  but,  in  1868,  be  accepted  the  cashiership 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Chicago,  of  which 
he  became  the  Vice-President  in  1881  and,  in 
1891,  the  President.  Mr.  Gage  was  also  one  of  the 
prominent  factors  in  securing  the  location  of  the 
World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  becoming  one  of  the 
guarantors  of  the  $10,000,000  promised  to  be  raised 
by  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  being  finally  chosen 
the  first  President  of  the  Exposition  Company. 
He  also  presided  over  the  bankers'  section  of  the 
World's  Congress  Auxiliary  in  1893,  and,  for  a 
number  of  years,  was  President  of  the  Civic  Feder- 
ation of  Chicago.  On  the  assumption  of  the 
Presidency  by  President  McKinley,  in  March, 
1897,  Mr.  Gage  was  selected  for  the  position  of 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  which  he  has  con- 
tinued to  occupy  up  to  the  present  time  (1899). 

GALATIA,  a  village  of  Saline  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  40  miles  southeast  of 
Duquoin;  lias  a  bank;  leading  industry  is  coal- 
mining. Population  (1890),  519;  (1900),  642. 

(.All!,  George  Washington,  D.D.,  I  I  .!».. 
clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  3,  1789.  Left  an  orphan  at 
eight  years  of  age,  he  fell  to  the  care  of  older 
sisters  who  inherited  the  vigorous  character  of 
their  father,  which  they  instilled  into  the  son. 
He  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1814,  and,  hav- 
ing taken  a  course  in  the  Theological  Seminary 
at  Princeton,  in  1816  was  licensed  by  the  Hudson 
Presbytery  and  assumed  the  charge  of  building 
up  new  churches  in  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y., 
serving  also  for  six  years  as  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian church  at  Adams.  Here  his  labors  were 
attended  by  a  revival  in  which  Charles  G.  Fin- 
ney,  the  eloquent  evangelist,  and  other  eminent 
men  were  converts.  Having  resigned  his  charge 
at  Adams  on  account  of  illness,  he  spent  the 
winter  of  1823-24  in  Virginia,  where  his  views 
were  enlarged  by  contact  with  a  new  class  of 
people.  Later,  removing  to  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y. ,  by  his  marriage  with  Harriet  Selden  he 
acquired  a  considerable  property,  insuring  an 
income  which  enabled  him  to  extend  the  field  of 
his  labors.  The  result  was  the  establishment  of 
the  Oneida  Institute,  a  manual  labor  school,  at 
Whitesboro,  with  which  he  remained  from  1827 
to  1834,  and  out  of  which  grew  Lane  Seminary 
and  Oberlin  and  Knox  Colleges.  In  1835  he  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  establishing  a  colony  and  an 
institution  of  learning  in  the  West,  and  a  com- 
mittee representing  a  party  of  proposed  colonists 
was  appointed  to  make  a  selection  of  a  site,  which 
resulted,  in  the  following  year,  in  the  choice  of 
a  location  in  Knnx  County.  Ill .  including  the 


site  of  the  present  city  of  Galesburg,  which  was 
named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Gale,  as  the  head  of  the 
enterprise.  Here,  in  1837,  were  taken  the  first 
practical  steps  in  carrying  out  plans  which  had 
been  previously  matured  in  New  York,  for  the 
establishment  of  an  institution  which  first 
received  the  name  of  Knox  Manual  Labor  Col- 
lege. The  manual  labor  feature  having  been 
finally  discarded,  the  institution  took  the  name 
of  Knox  College  in  1857.  Mr.  Gale  was  the  lead- 
ing promoter  of  the  enterprise,  by  a  liberal  dona- 
tion of  lands  contributing  to  its  first  endowment, 
and,  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  being 
intimately  identified  with  its  history.  From 
1840  to  '42  he  served  in  the  capacity  of  acting 
Professor  of  Ancient  Languages,  and,  for  fifteen 
years  thereafter,  as  Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy 
and  Rhetoric.  Died,  at  Galesburg,  Sept.  31,  1861. 
— William  Selden  (Gale),  oldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
15,  1822,  came  with  his  father  to  Galesburg,  111., 
in  1836,  and  was  educated  there.  Having  read 
law  with  the  Hon.  James  Knox,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1845,  but  practiced  only  a  few  years, 
as  he  began  to  turn  his  attention  to  measures  for 
the  development  of  the  country.  One  of  these 
was  the  Central  Military  Tract  Railroad  (now  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy),  of  which  he  was 
the  most  active  promoter  and  a  Director.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of 
Knox  County,  from  the  adoption  of  township 
organization  in  1853  to  1895,  with  the  exception 
of  four  years,  and,  during  the  long  controversy 
which  resulted  in  the  location  of  the  county-seat 
at  Galesburg,  was  the  leader  of  the  Galesburg 
party,  and  subsequently  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  erection  of  public  buildings  there.  Other 
positions  held  by  him  include  the  office  of  Post- 
master of  the  city  of  Galesburg.  1849-53;  member 
of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862, 
and  Representative  in  the  Twenty-sixth  General 
Assembly  (1870-72);  Presidential  Elector  in  1873; 
Delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Convention 
of  1880;  City  Alderman,  1872-82  and  1891-95; 
member  of  the  Commission  ap]x>inted  by  Gov- 
ernor Oglesby  in  1885  to  revise  the  State  Revenue 
Laws;  by  appointment  of  President  Harrison, 
Superintendent  of  the  Galesburg  Government 
Building,  and  a  long  term  Trustee  of  the  Illinois 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Rock  Island,  by 
appointment  of  Governor  Altgeld.  He  has  also 
been  a  frequent  representative  of  his  party 
(the  Republican)  in  State  and  District  Conven- 
tions, and,  since  1861,  has  been  an  active  and 
leading  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 


182 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Knox  College.  Mr.  Gale  was  married,  Oct.  6, 
1  H45,  to  Miss  Caroline  Ferris,  granddaughter  of 
the  financial  representative  of  the  Galesburg 
Colony  of  1836,  and  has  had  eight  children,  of 
whom  four  are  living.  Died  Sep.  I,  1900. 

(i  ALEJi  A,'the  county-seat  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
a  city  and  port  of  entry,  150  miles  in  a  direct  line 
west  by  northwest  of  Chicago;  is  located  on 
Galena  Uiver,  about  4'^  miles  above  its  junction 
witli  the  Mississippi,  and  is  an  intersecting  point 
for  the  Chicago,  Burlington  it  Quincy,  the  North- 
western, and  the  Illinois  Central  Kailroads,  with 
connections  by  stub  with  the  Chicago  Great 
Western.  It  is  built  partially  in  a  valley  and 
partially  on  the  bluffs  which  overlook  the  river, 
the  Galena  River  being  made  navigable  for  ves- 
M'|S  of  deep  draught  by  a  system  of  lockage.  The 
vicinity  abounds  in  rich  mines  of  sulphide  of  lead 
(galena),  from  which  the  city  takes  its  name. 
Galena  is  adorned  by  handsome  public  and  priv- 
ate buildings  and  a  beautiful  park,  in  which 
stands  a  fine  bronze  statue  of  General  Grant,  and 
a  symmetrical  monument  dedicated  to  the  sol- 
diers and  sailors  of  Jo  Daviess  County  who  lost 
their  lives  during  the  Civil  War.  Its  industries 
include  a  furniture  factory,  a  table  factory,  two 
foundries,  a  tub  factory  and  a  carriage  factory. 
Zinc  ore  is  now  being  produced  in  and  near  the 
city  in  large  quantities,  and  its  mining  interests 
will  become  vast  at  no  distant  day.  It  owns  an 
electric  light  plant,  and  water  is  furnished  from 
an  artesian  well  1,700  feet  deep.  Galena  was  one 
of  the  earliest  towns  in  Northern  Illinois  to  be 
settled,  its  mines  having  been  worked  in  the  bit- 
ter part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Many  men 
of  distinction  in  State  and  National  affairs  came 
from  Galena,  among  whom  were  Gen.  U.  S. 
Grant,  Gen.  John  A.  Rawlins,  Gen.  John  E. 
Smith.  Gen.  John  C.  Smith.  Gen.  A.  L.  Cbetlain, 
Gen.  John  O.  Duer,  (Jen.  W.  R.  Rowley.  Gen.  E. 
D.  Baker,  Hon.  E.  R.  Washburne,  Secretary  of 
State  under  Grant,  Hon.  Thompson  Campbell, 
Secretary  of  State  of  Illinois,  and  Judge  Drum- 
inond.  Population  (1890).  5,635;  (1900).  5,005. 

(JALENA  &  CHICAGO  I'NIOM  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago  tfr  Xurthtrcxtern  Rtiilu'tti/.) 

(.  U.KSItl  l«;,thr  county-seat  of  Knox  County 
and  an  important  educational  center.  The  lirst 
settlers  were  emigrants  from  the  East,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  them  l>eing  members  of  a  colony  organ- 
ized by  Rev.  George  W.  Gale,  of  Whitesboro, 
N.  Y.,  in  whose  honor  the  original  village  was 
named.  It  is  situated  in  the  heart  of  a  rich 
agricultural  district  ">3  miles  northwest  of  Peoria, 
99  miles  northeast  of  Quincy  and  103  miles  south- 


west of  Chicago;  is  an  important  railway  center, 
being  at  the  junction  of  the  main  line  with  two 
branch  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy, 
and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroads. 
It  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1841,  and  as  a 
city  by  special  charter  in  1857.  There  are  beauti- 
ful parks  and  the  residence  streets  are  well 
shaded,  while  25  miles  of  street  are  paved  with 
vitrified  brick.  The  city  owns  a  system  of  water- 
works receiving  its  supply  from  artesian  wells 
and  artificial  lakes,  has  an  efficient  and  well- 
equipped  paid  fire-department,  an  electric  street 
car  system  with  three  suburban  lines,  gas  and 
electric  lighting  systems,  steam-heating  plant, 
etc.  It  also  has  a  number  of  flourishing  mechan- 
ical industries,  including  two  iron  foundries,  agri- 
cultural implement  works,  flouring  mills,  carriage 
and  wagon  works  and  a  broom  factory,  besides 
other  industrial  enterprises  of  minor  importance. 
The  manufacture  of  vitrified  paving  brick  is  quite 
extensively  carried  on  at  plants  near  the  city 
limits,  the  city  itself  being  the  shipping-point 
as  well  as  the  point  of  administrative  control. 
The  Chicago,  Burlington  .v  Quincy  Railroad 
Company  has  shops  and  stockyards  here,  while 
considerable  coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  The 
public  buildings  include  a  courthouse,  Govern- 
ment postoffice  building,  an  opera  house,  nine- 
teen churches,  ten  public  schools  with  a  high 
school  and  free  kindergarten,  and  a  handsome 
public  library  building  erected  at  a  cost  of  SlOO,- 
000,  of  which  one-half  was  contributed  by  Mr. 
Carnegie.  Galesburg  enjoys  its  (thief  distinction 
as  the  seat  of  a  large  number  of  high  class  liter- 
ary institutions,  including  Knox  College  (non- 
sectarian),  Lombard  University  (Universalist), 
and  Corpus  Christ!  Lyceum  and  University,  and 
St.  Joseph's  Academy  (both  Roman  Catholic)- 
Three  interurban  electric  railroad  lines  connect 
Galesburg  with  neighboring  towns.  Pop.  (1*00), 
15,264;  (1900),  18.607. 

UALLATIN  COUNTY,  one  of  three  counties 
organized  in  Illinois  Territory  in  1812 — the  others 
being  Madison  and  Johnson.  Previous  to  that 
date  the  Territory  had  consisted  of  only  two  coun- 
ties, St.  Clair  and  Randolph.  The  new  county 
was  named  in  honor  of  Albert  Gallatin,  then 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers,  in  the  extreme  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  and  has  an  area  of  349 
square  miles;  population  (l'.K)ll).  15.X36.  The  first 
cabin  erected  by  an  American  settler  was  the 
home  of  Michael  Sprinkle,  who  settled  at  Shaw- 
neetown  in  1800.  The  place  early  became  an 
important  trading  post  anil  distributing  iioiiit. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


183 


A  ferry  across  the  Wabash  was  established  in 
.1803,  by  Alexander  Wilson,  whose  descendants 
conducted  it  for  more  than  seventy-five  years. 
Although  Stephen  Rector  made  a  Government 
survey  as  early  as  1807,  the  public  lands  were  not 
placed  on  the  market  until  1818.  Shawneetown, 
the  county-seat,  is  the  most  important  town, 
having  a  population  of  some  2,200.  Bituminous 
coal  is  found  in  large  quantities,  and  mining  is 
an  important  industry.  The  prosperity  of  the 
county  has  been  much  retarded  by  floods,  particu- 
larly at  Shawneetown  and  Equality.  At  the 
former  point  the  difference  between  high  and 
low  water  mark  in  the  Ohio  River  has  been  as 
much  as  fifty-two  feet. 

GALLOWAY,  Andrew  Jackson,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  of  Scotch  ancestry  in  Butler  County. 
Pa.,  Dec.  21,  1814;  came  with  his  father  to  Cory- 
ilon,  Ind. .  in  1820.  took  a  course  in  Hanover  Col- 
lege, graduating  as  a  civil  engineer  in  1837 ;  then 
came  to  Mount  Carmel.  White  County,  111.,  with 
a  view  to  employment  on  projected  Illinois  rail- 
roads, but  engaged  in  teaching  for  a  year,  liaving 
among  his  pupils  a  number  who  have  since  been 
prominent  in  State  affairs.  Later,  lie  obtained 
f  mployment  as  an  assistant  engineer,  serving  for 
a  time  under  William  Gooding,  Chief  Engineer  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal ;  was  also  Assistant 
Enrolling  and  Engrossing  Clerk  of  the  State 
Senate  in  1840-41,  and  held  the  same  position  in 
the  House  in  1846-47,  and  again  in  184H-49,  in  the 
meantime  having  located  a  farm  in  La  Salic 
County,  where  the  present  city  of  Streator  stands. 
In  1849  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Canal 
Trustees,  and.  in  1851,  became  assistant  engineer 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  Utter  superin- 
tending its  construction,  and  finally  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  land  department,  but  retiring  in 
1855  to  engage  in  real-estate  business  in  Chicago, 
dealing  largely  in  railroad  lands.  Mr.  Galloway 
was  elected  a  County  Commissioner  for  Cook 
County,  and  has  since  been  connected  with  many 
measures  of  local  inii>ortance. 

GALYA,  a  town  in  Henry  County.  45  miles 
southeast  of  Rock  Island  and  48  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Peoria ;  the  point  of  intersection  of 
the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  and  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railways.  It  stands  at  the 
summit  of  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Illinois  Rivers,  and  is  a  manufac- 
turing and  coal-mining  town.  It  has  eight 
churches,  three  banks,  good  schools,  and  two 
weekly  newspapers.  The  surrounding  country 
is  agricultural  and  wealthy,  and  is  rich  in  coal. 
Population  (1890),  2.40D;  (1!KX>).  2,682. 


GARDNER,  a  village  in  Garfield  Township. 
Grundy  County,  on  the  Chicago  <fc  Alton  Rail- 
road, 65  miles  south-southwest  of  Chicago  and  26 
miles  north-northeast  of  Pontiac;  on  the  Kanka- 
kee  and  Seneca  branch  of  the  "Big  Four,"  ami 
the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  R.  R.  Coal-mining 
is  the  principal  industry.  Gardner  has  two 
banks,  four  churches,  a  high  school,  and  a  weekly 
paper.  Population  (1890),  1.094;  (1900),  1.036. 

GARDNER,  COAL  CITY  &  NORMANTOWN 
RAILWAY.  (See  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Kail 
way. ) 

GARY,  Joseph  Easton,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  of  Puritan  ancestry,  at  Potsdam,  St.  Law- 
rence County,  N.  Y..  July  9.  1821.  His  early 
educational  advantages  were  sucli  as  were  fur- 
nished by  district  schools  and  a  village  academy, 
and,  until  he  was  22  years  old,  he  worked  at  the 
carpenter's  bench.  In  1843  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  where  he  studied  law.  After  admis- 
sion to  the  bar,  he  practiced  for  five  years  in 
Southwest  Missouri,  thence  going  to  Las  Vegas, 
N.  M.,  in  1849,  and  to  San  Francisco,  Cal  .  in 
1853.  In  1856  he  settled  in  Chicago,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  After  seven  years  of  active 
practice  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  where  he  lias  sat 
for  thirty  years,  being  four  times  nominated  by 
both  political  parties,  and  his  last  re-election — for 
a  term  of  six  years,  occurring  in  1893.  He  pre- 
sided at  the  trial  of  the  Chicago  anarchists  in 
1886 — one  of  the  causes  eelebres  of  Illinois.  Some 
of  his  rulings  therein  were  sharply  criticised,  but' 
he  was  upheld  by  the  courts  of  appellate  jurisdic- 
tion, and  his  connection  with  the  case  has  given 
him  world-wide  fame.  In  November.  1888,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  transferred  him  to  the 
bench  of  the  Appellate  Court,  of  which  tribunal 
he  has  been  three  times  Chief  Justice. 

GASSETTE,  Norman  Theodore,  real-estate 
operator,  wasbornatTownsend.Vt.,  April21, 1839. 
came  to  Chicago  at  ten  years-  of  age,  and.  after 
spending  a  year  at  Shurtleff  College,  took  a  prejtar- 
atory  collegiate  course  at  the  Atwater  Institute, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  In  June,  1861,  he  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  the  Nineteenth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers,  rising  in  the  second  year  to  the  rank 
of  First  Lieutenant,  and.  at  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  by  gallantry  displayed  while  serving  as 
an  Aid-de-Camp,  winning  a  recommendation 
for  a  brevet  Lieutenant-Colonelcy.  The  war 
over,  he  served  one  term  as  Clerk  of  the  Circuit 
Court  and  Recorder,  but  later  engaged  in  the  real- 
estate  and  loan  business  as  the  head  of  the  exten- 
sive firm  of  Norman  T.  Cassette  &  Co.  He  was  j. 


184 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Republican  in  politics,  active  in  Grand  Army 
circles  and  prominent  as  a  Mason,  holding  the 
position  of  Eminent  Grand  Commander  of 
Knights  Templar  of  Illinois  on  occasion  of  the 
Triennial  Conclave  in  Washington  in  1889.  He 
also  had  charge,  as  President  of  the  Masonic 
Fraternity  Temple  Association  of  Chicago,  for 
some  time  prior  to  his  decease,  of  the  erection  of 
the  Masonic  Temple  of  Chicago.  Died,  in  Chi- 
cago, March  26,  1891. 

I. A  mv 00 It,  William  Jefferson,  early  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Warren  County,  Ky.,  came  to 
Franklin  County,  111.,  in  boyhood,  removed  to 
Shawneetown  in  1823,  where  he  taught  school 
two  or  three  years  while  studying  law;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828,  and  served  in  five 
General  Assemblies — as  Representative  in  1830-32. 
and  as  Senator,  1834-42.  He  is  described  as  a  man 
of  fine  education  and  brilliant  talents.  Died, 
Jan.  8,  1843. 

6AULT,  John  ('.,  railway  manager,  was  born 
at  Hooksett,  N.  H.,  May  1,  1829;  in  1850  entered 
the  local  freight  office  of  the  Manchester  &  Law- 
rence Railroad,  later  becoming  General  Freight 
Agent  of  the  Vermont  Central.  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago in  1859,  he  successively  filled  the  positions 
of  Superintendent  of  Transportation  on  the 
Galena  &  Chicago  Union,  and  (after  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  latter  with  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western), that  of  Division  Superintendent, 
General  Freight  Agent  and  Assistant  General 
Manager;  Assistant  General  Manager  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul;  General  Mana- 
ger of  the  Wabash  (1879-83) ;  Arbitrator  for  the 
trunk  lines  (1883-85),  and  General  Manager  of 
the  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  &  Texas  Pacific 
(1885-90),  when  he  retired.  Died,  in  Chicago. 
August  29,  1891. 

GENERAL  ASSEMBLIES.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  General  Assemblies  which  have  met 
since  the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State  up  to 
1898 — from  the  First  to  the  Fortieth  inclusive — 
with  the  more  important  acts  passed  by  each  and 
the  duration  of  their  respective  sessions: 

FIRST  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  held  two  sessions, 
the  first  convening  at  Kaskaskia,  the  State  Capi- 
tal, Oct.  5,  and  adjourning  Oct.  13,  1818.  The 
second  met,  Jan.  4,  1819,  continuing  to  March  31. 
Lieut-Gov.  Pierre  Menard  presided  over  the  Sen- 
ate, consisting  of  thirteen  members,  while  John 
Messinger  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House, 
containing  twenty-seven  members.  The  most 
important  business  transacted  at  the  first  session 
wag  the  election  of  two  United  States  Senators— 
Ninian  Edwards  and  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Sr.— and 


the  filling  of  minor  State  and  judicial  offices.  At 
the  second  session  a  code  of  laws  was  enacted, 
copied  chiefly  from  the  Virginia  and  Kentucky 
statutes,  including  the  law  concerning  "negroes 
and  i  n  11  hit  toes."  which  long  remained  on  the 
statute  book.  An  act  was  also  passed  appointing 
Commissioners  to  select  a  site  for  a  new  State 
Capital,  which  resulted  in  its  location  at  Van- 
dalia.  The  sessions  were  held  in  a  stone  building 
with  gambrel-roof  pierced  by  dormer-windows, 
tho  Senate  occupying  the  lower  floor  and  the 
House  the  upper.  The  length  of  the  first  session 
was  nine  days,  and  of  the  second  eighty-seven — 
total,  ninety-six  days. 

SECOND  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened  at  Van- 
dalia,  Dec.  4,  1820.  It  consisted  of  fourteen 
Senators  and  twenty-nine  Representatives.  John 
McLean,  of  Gallatin  County,  was  chosen  Speaker 
of  the  House.  A  leading  topic  of  discussion  was 
the  incorporation  of  a  State  Bank.  Money  was 
scarce  and  there  was  a  strong  popular  demand 
for  an  increase  of  circulating  medium.  To 
appease  this  clamor,  no  less  than  to  relieve  traders 
and  agriculturists,  this  General  Assembly  estab- 
lished a  State  Bank  (see  State  Bank),  despite 
the  earnest  protest  of  McLean  and  the  executive 
veto.  A  stay -law  was  also  enacted  at  this  session 
for  the  benefit  of  the  debtor  class.  The  number 
of  members  of  the  next  Legislature  was  fixed  at 
eighteen  Senators  and  thirty-six  Representatives 
— this  provision  remaining  in  force  until  1831. 
The  session  ended  Feb.  15,  having  lasted  seventy- 
four  days. 

THIRD  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened,  Dec.  2, 

1822.  Lieutenant-Governor  Hubbard  presided  in 
the  Senate,   while  in  the  organization   of   the 
lower  house,  William  M.  Alexander  was  chosen 
Speaker.     Governor    Coles,    in    his    inaugural, 
called  attention  to  the  existence  of  slavery  in 
Illinois  despite  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  and  urged 
the    adoption    of    repressive    measures.     Both 
branches  of  the  Legislature  being  pro-slavery  in 
sympathy,    the    Governor's    address    provoked 
bitter  and   determined   opposition.    On  Jan.  9, 

1823,  Jesse    B.  Thomas  was    re-elected  United 
States  Senator,  defeating  John  Reynolds,  Leonard 
White  and  Samuel  D.  Lockwood.     After  electing 
Mr.    Thomas   and    choosing    State    officers,   the 
General  Assembly  proceeded  to  discuss  the  major- 
ity and  minority  reports  of  the  committee  to 
which  had  been  referred  the  Governor's  address. 
The  minority  report  recommended  the  abolition 
of  slavery,  while  that  of  the  majority  favored 
the  adoption  of  a  resolution  calling  a  convention 
to  amend  the  Constitution,  the  avowed  object 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP   ILLINOIS. 


185 


being  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  The  latter 
report  was  adopted,  but  the  pro-slavery  party  in 
the  House  lacked  one  vote  of  the  number  neces- 
sary to  carry  the  resolution  by  the  constitutional 
two-thirds  majority.  What  followed  has  always 
been  regarded  as  a  blot  upon  the  record  of  the 
Third  General  Assembly.  Nicholas  Hansen,  who 
had  been  awarded  the  seat  from  Pike  County 
at  the  beginning  of  the  session  after  a  contest 
brought  by  his  opponent,  John  Shaw,  was  un- 
seated after  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  to 
reconsider  the  vote  by  which  he  had  been  several 
weeks  before  declared  elected.  Shaw  having 
thus  been  seated,  the  resolution  was  carried  by 
the  necessary  twenty-four  votes.  Mr.  Hansen, 
although  previously  regarded  as  a  pro-slavery 
man,  had  voted  with  the  minority  when  the 
resolution  was  first  put  upon  its  passage.  Hence 
followed  his  deprivation  of  his  seat  The  triumph 
of  the  friends  of  the  convention  was  celebrated 
by  what  Gov.  John  Reynolds  (himself  a  conven- 
tionist)  characterized  as  "a  wild  and  indecorous 
procession  by  torchlight  and  liquor."  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws.)  The  session  adjourned 
Feb.  18,  having  continued  seventy-nine  days. 

FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This  body  held 
two  sessions,  the  first  being  convened,  Nov.  15, 
1824,  by  proclamation  of  the  Executive,  some 
three  weeks  before  the  date  for  the  regular 
session,  in  order  to  correct  a  defect  in  the  law 
relative  to  counting  the  returns  for  Presidential 
Electors.  Thomas  Mather  was  elected  Speaker 
of  the  House,  while  Lieutenant-Governor  Hub- 
bard  presided  in  the  Senate.  Having  amended 
the  law  concerning  the  election  returns  for  Presi- 
dential Electors,  the  Assembly  proceeded  to  the 
election  of  two  United  States  Senators — one  to 
fill  the  unexpired  term  of  ex-Senator  Edwards 
(resigned)  and  the  other  for  the  full  term  begin- 
ning March  4,  1825.  John  McLean  was  chosen 
for  the  first  and  Elias  Kent  Kane  for  the  second. 
Five  circuit  judgeships  were  created,  and  it  was 
provided  that  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
should  consist  of  four  Judges,  and  that  semi- 
annual sessions  of  that  tribunal  should  be  held  at 
the  State  capital.  (See  Judicial  Department.) 
The  regular  session  came  to  an  end,  Jan.  18,  1825, 
but  at  its  own  request,  the  Lieutenant-Governor 
and  acting  Governor  Hubbard  re-convened  the 
body  in  special  session  on  Jan.  2,  1826,  to  enact  a 
new  apportionment  law  under  the  census  of  1825. 
A  sine  die  adjournment  was  taken,  Jan.  28,  1826. 
One  of  the  important  acts  of  the  regular  session 
of  1825  was  the  adoption  of  the  first  free-school 
law  in  Illinois,  the  measure  having  been  intro- 


duced by  Joseph  Duncan,  afterwards  Governor  of 
the  State.  This  Legislature  was  in  session  a  total 
of  ninety-two  days,  of  which  sixty-five  were 
during  the  first  session  and  twenty-seven  during 
the  second. 

FIFTH  GENERAL,  ASSEMBLY  convened,  Dec.  4, 
1826,  Lieutenant-Governor  Kinney  presiding  in 
the  Senate  and  John  McLean  in  the  House.  At 
the  request  of  the  Governor  an  investigation  into 
the  management  of  the  bank  at  Edwardsville  was 
had,  resulting,  however,  in  the  exoneration  of  its 
officers.  The  circuit  judgeships  created  by  the 
preceding  Legislature  were  abrogated  and  their 
incumbents  legislated  out  of  office.  The  State 
was  divided  into  four  circuits,  one  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  being  assigned  to  each.  (See 
Judicial  Department.)  This  General  Assembly 
also  elected  a  State  Treasurer  to  succeed  Abner 
Field,  James  Hall  being  chosen  on  the  ninth 
ballot.  The  Supreme  Court  Judges,  as  directed 
by  the  preceding  Legislature,  presented  a  well 
digested  report  on  the  revision  of  the  laws,  which 
was  adopted  without  material  alteration.  One  of 
the  important  measures  enacted  at  this  session 
was  an  act  establishing  a  State  penitentiary,  the 
funds  for  its  erection  being  obtained  by  the 
sale  of  saline  lands  in  Gallatin  County.  (See 
Alton  Penitentiary;  also  Salt  Manufacture.) 
The  session  ended  Feb.  19  —  having  continued 
seventy-eight  days. 

SIXTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened,  Dec.  1, 
1828.  The  Jackson  Democrats  had  a  large  major- 
ity in  both  houses.  John  McLean  was,  for  the 
third  time,  elected  Speaker  of  the  House,  and, 
later  in  the  session,  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  by  a  unanimous  vote.  A  Secretary  of 
State,  Treasurer  and  Attorney-General  were  also 
appointed  or  elected.  The  most  important  legis- 
lation of  the  session  was  as  follows :  Authorizing 
the  sale  of  school  lands  and  the  borrowing  of  the 
proceeds  from  the  school  fund  for  the  ordinary 
governmental  expenses;  providing  for  a  return 
to  the  viva  voce  method  of  voting;  creating  a 
fifth  judicial  circuit  and  appointing  a  Judge 
therefor ;  providing  for  the  appointment  of  Com- 
missioners to  determine  upon  the  route  of  the 
Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  to  sell  lands  and  com- 
mence its  construction.  The  Assembly  adjourned, 
Jan.  23, 1829,  having  been  in  session  fifty-four  days. 
SEVENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  met,  Dec.  6, 1830. 
The  newly-elected  Lieutenant-Governor,  Zadoc 
Casey,  and  William  L.  D.  Ewing  presided 
over  the  two  houses,  respectively.  John  Rey- 
nolds was  Governor,  and,  the  majority  of  the 
Senate  being  made  up  of  his  political  adversaries, 


186 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


experienced  no  little  difficulty  in  securing  the 
confirmation  of  his  nominees.  Two  United 
States  Senators  were  elected:  Elias  K.  Kane 
being  chosen  to  succeed  himself  and  John  M. 
Robinson  to  serve  the  unexpired  term  of  John 
McLean,  deceased.  The  United  States  census  of 
1830  gave  Illinois  three  Representatives  in  Con- 
gress instead  of  one.  and  this  General  Assembly 
passed  a  re-apportionment  law  accordingly.  The 
number  of  State  Senators  was  increased  to 
twenty-six,  and  of  members  of  the  lower  house 
to  fifty-five.  The  criminal  code  was  amended  by 
the  substitution  of  imprisonment  in  the  peni- 
tentiary as  a  penalty  in  lieu  of  the  stocks  and 
public  flogging.  This  Legislature  also  authorized 
the  borrowing  of  $100,000  to  redeem  the  notes  of 
the  State  Bank  which  were  to  mature  the  follow- 
ing year.  The  Assembly  adjourned,  Feb.  16,  1831, 
the  session  having  lasted  seventy-three  days. 

EIGHTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  The  session 
began  Dec.  3,  1832,  and  ended  March  2,  1833. 
William  L.  D.  Ewing  was  chosen  President  pro 
tempore  of  'the  Senate,  and  succeeded  Zadoc 
Casey  as  Lieutenant-Governor,  the  latter  having 
been  elected  a  Representative  in  Congress. 
Alexander  M.  Jenkins  presided  over  the  House  as 
Speaker.  This  Legislature  enacted  the  first  gen- 
eral incorporation  laws  of  Illinois,  their  provisions 
being  applicable  to  towns  and  public  libraries. 
It  also  incorporated  several  railroad  companies, 
— one  line  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River  (projected  as  a  substitute  for  the  canal), 
one  from  Peru  to  Cairo,  and  another  to  cross  the 
State,  running  through  Springfield.  Other  char- 
ters were  granted  for  shorter  lines,  but  the  incor- 
porators  generally  failed  to  organize  under  them. 
A  notable  inci  dent  in  connection  with  this  session 
was  the  attempt  to  impeach  Theophilus  W.  Smith, 
a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  This  was  the  first 
and  last  trial  of  this  character  in  the  State's  his- 
tory, between  1818  and  1899.  Failing  to  secure  a 
conviction  in  the  Senate  (where  the  vote  stood 
twelve  for  conviction  and  ten  for  acquittal,  with 
four  Senators  excused  from  voting),  the  House 
attempted  to  remove  him  by  address,  but  in  this 
the  Senate  refused  to  concur.  The  first  mechan- 
ics' lien  law  was  enacted  by  this  Legislature, 
as  also  a  law  relating  to  the  "right  of  way"  for 
"public  roads,  canals,  or  other  public  works.' 
The  length  of  the  session  was  ninety  days. 

NINTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This  Legislature 
held  two  sessions.  The  first  began  Dec.  1,  1834. 
and  lasted  to  Feb.  13,  1835.  Lieutenant-Governor 
Jenkins  presided  in  the  Senate  and  James  Semple 
was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  without  oppo- 


sition. On  Dec.  20,  John  M.  Robinson  was  re- 
elected  United  States  Senator  Abraham  Lincoln 
was  among  the  new  members,  but  took  no  con- 
spicuous part  in  the  discussions  of  the  body.  The 
principal  public  laws  passed  at  this  session  were: 
Providing  for  the  borrowing  of  $500,000  to  be 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  &  Michi- 
gan Canal  and  the  appointment  of  a  Board  of 
Commissioners  to  supervise  its  expenditure; 
incorporating  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  Illinois; 
and  authorizing  a  loan  of  $12,000  by  Cook  County, 
at  10  per  cent  interest  per  annum  from  the 
county  school  fund,  for  the  erection  of  a  court 
house  in  that  county.  The  second  session  of  this 
Assembly  convened,  Dec.  7.  1835,  adjourning,  Jan. 
18,  1836.  A  new  canal  act  was  passed,  enlarging 
the  Commissioners'  powers  and  pledging  the  faith 
of  the  State  for  the  repayment  of  money  bor- 
rowed to  aid  in  its  construction.  A  new  appor- 
tionment law  was  also  passed  providing  for  the 
election  of  forty-one  Senators  and  ninety-one 
Representatives,  and  W.  L.  D.  Ewing  was  elected 
United  States  Senator,  to  succeed  Elias  K.  Kane, 
deceased.  The  length  of  the  first  session  was 
seventy-five  days,  and  of  the  second  forty -three 
days— total,  118. 

TENTH  GENEEAL  ASSEMBLY,  like  its  predeces- 
sor, held  two  sessions.  The  first  convened  Dec.  5, 
1836,  and  adjourned  March  6,  1837.  The  Whigs 
controlled  the  Senate  by  a  large  majority,  and 
elected  William  H.  Davidson,  of  White  County, 
President,  to  succeed  Alexander  M.  Jenkins,  who 
had  resigned  the  Lieutenant-Governorship.  (See 
Jenkins.  Alexander  M.)  James  Semple  was 
re-elected  Speaker  of  the  House,  which  was 
fully  two-thirds  Democratic.  This  Legislature 
was  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its  members 
who  afterwards  attained  National  prominence. 
Lincoln  and  Douglas  sat  in  the  lower  house,  both 
voting  for  the  same  candidate  for  Speaker — New- 
ton Cloud,  an  independent  Democrat.  Besides 
these,  the  rolls  of  this  Assembly  included  the 
names  of  a  future  Governor,  six  future  United 
States  Senators,  eight  Congressmen,  three  Illinois 
Supreme  Court  Judges,  seven  State  officers,  and 
a  Cabinet  officer.  The  two  absorbing  topics  for 
legislative  discussion  and  action  were  the  system 
of  internal  improvements  and  the  removal  of  the 
State  capital.  (See  Internal  Improvement  Policy 
and  State  Capitals. )  The  friends  of  Springfield 
finally  effected  such  a  combination  that  that  city 
was  selected  as  the  seat  of  the  State  government, 
while  the  Internal  Improvement  Act  was  passed 
over  the  veto  of  Governor  Duncan.  A  second 
session  of  this  Legislature  met  on  the  call  of  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


187 


Governor,  July  10,  1837,  and  adjourned  July  22. 
An  act  legalizing  the  suspension  of  State  banks 
was  adopted,  but  the  recommendation  of  the  Gov- 
ernor for  the  repeal  of  the  internal  improvement 
legislation  was  ignored.  The  length  of  the  first 
session  was  ninety-two  days  and  of  the  second 
thirteen— total  105. 

ELEVENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This  body 
held  both  a  regular  and  a  special  session.  The 
former  met  Dec.  3,  1838,  and  adjourned  March  4. 
1839.  The  Whigs  were  in  a  majority  in  both 
houses,  and  controlled  the  organization  of  the 
Senate.  In  the  House,  however,  their  candidate 
for  Speaker — Abraham  Lincoln — failing  to  secure 
his  full  party  vote,  was  defeated  by  W.  L.  D. 
Ewing.  At  this  session  $800,000  more  was  appro- 
priated for  the  "improvement  of  water-ways  and 
the  construction  of  railroads, "  all  efforts  to  put  an 
end  to,  or  even  curtail,  further  expenditures  on 
account  of  internal  improvements  meeting  with 
defeat.  An  appropriation  (the  first)  was  made 
for  a  library  for  the  Supreme  Court :  the  Illinois 
Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  was  established,  and  the  further  issuance 
of  bank  notes  of  a  smaller  denomination  than  $5 
was  prohibited.  By  this  time  the  State  debt  had 
increased  to  over  813,000. 000.  and  both  the  people 
and  the  Governor  were  becoming  apprehensive  as 
to  ultimate  results  of  this  prodigal  outlay.  A 
crisis  appeared  imminent,  and  the  Governor,  on 
Dec.  9,  1839,  convened  the  Legislature  in  special 
session  to  consider  the  situation.  (This  was  the 
first  session  ever  held  at  Springfield ;  and.  the  new 
State  House  not  being  completed,  the  Senate,  the 
House  and  the  Supreme  Court  found  accommo- 
dation in  three  of  the  principal  church  edifices.) 
The  struggle  for  a  change  of  State  policy  at  this 
session  was  long  and  hard  fought,  no  heed  being 
given  to  party  lines.  The  outcome  was  the  vir- 
tual abrogation  of  the  entire  internal  improve- 
ment system.  Provision-  was  made  for  the  calling 
in  and  destruction  of  all  unsold  bonds  and  the 
speedy  adjustment  of  all  unsettled  accounts  of 
the  old  Board  of  Public  Works,  which  was  legis- 
lated out  of  office.  The  special  session  adjourned 
Feb.  3,  1840.  Length  of  regular  session  ninety- 
two  days,  of  the  special,  fifty-seven — total,  149. 

TWELFTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This  Legisla- 
ture was  strongly.  Democratic  in  both  branches. 
It  first  convened,  by  executive  proclamation. 
Nov.  23,  1840,  the  object  being  to  provide  for  pay- 
ment of  interest  on  the  public  debt.  In  reference 
to  this  matter  the  following  enactments  were 
innde:  Authorizing  the  hypothecation  of  $300.000 
internal  improvement  bonds,  to  meet  the  interest 


due  Jan.  1,  1841 ;  directing  the  issue  of  bonds  to 
be  sold  in  the  open  market  and  the  proceeds 
applied  toward  discharging  all  amounts  due  on 
interest  account  for  which  no  other  provision  was 
made ;  levying  a  special  tax  of  ten  cents  on  the 
$100  to  meet  the  interest  on  the  last  mentioned 
class  of  bonds,  as  it  matured.  For  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Northern  Cross  Railroad  (from  Spring- 
field to  Jacksonville)  another  appropriation  of 
$100,000  was  made.  The  called  session  adjourned, 
sine  die.  on  Dec.  5,  and  the  regular  session  began 
two  days  later.  The  Senate  was  presided  over  by 
the  Lieutenant-Governor  (Stinson  H.  Anderson), 
and  William  L.  D.  Ewing  was  chosen  Speaker  of 
the  House.  The  most  vital  issue  was  the  propri- 
ety of  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  charter  of 
the  State  Bank,  with  its  branches,  and  here 
party  lines  were  drawn.  The  Whigs  finally 
succeeded  in  averting  the  closing  of  the  institu- 
tions which  had  suspended  specie  payments,  and 
in  securing  for  those  institutions  the  privilege  of 
issuing  small  bills.  A  law  reorganizing  the  judi- 
ciary was  passed  by  the  majority  over  the  execu- 
tive veto,  and  in  face  of  the  defection  of  some  of 
its  members.  On  a  partisan  issue  all  the  Circuit 
Judges  were  legislated  out  of  office  and  five  Jus- 
tices added  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  session  was  stormy,  and  the  Assembly  ad- 
journed March  1,  1841.  This  Legislature  was  in 
session  ninety-eight  days— thirteen  during  the 
special  session  and  eighty-five  during  the  regular. 
THIRTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  consisted  of 
forty-one  Senators  and  121  Representatives;  con- 
vened, Dec.  5,  1842.  The  Senate  and  House  were 
Democratic  by  two-thirds  majority  in  each. 
Lieut.-Gov.  John  Moore  was  presiding  officer  of 
the  Senate  and  Samuel  Hackelton  Speaker  of  the 
House,  with  W.  L.  D.  Ewing,  who  had  been 
acting  Governor  and  United  States  Senator,  as 
Clerk  of  the  latter.  Richard  Yates,  Isaac  N. 
Arnold,  Stephen  T.  Logan  and  Gustavus  Koerner. 
were  among  the  new  members.  The  existing 
situation  seemed  fraught  with  peril.  The  State 
debt  was  nearly  $14.000.000:  immigration  had 
been  checked:  the  State  and  Shawneetown  banks 
had  gone  down  and  their  currency  was  not  worth 
fifty  cents  on  the  dollar;  Auditor's  warrants  were 
worth  no  more,  and  Illinois  State  bonds  were 
quoted  at  fourteen  cents.  On  Dec.  18,  Judge 
Sidney  Breese  was  elected  United  States  Senator, 
having  defeated  Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  the 
Democratic  caucus  nomination,  on  the  nineteenth 
ballot,  by  a  majority  of  one  vote.  The  State 
Bank  (in  which  the  State  had  l>een  a  large  share- 
holder) was  permitted  to  go  into  liquidation  upon 


188 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  surrender  of  State  bonds  in  exchange  for  a 
like  amount  of  bank  stock  owned  by  the  State. 
The  same  conditional  release  was  granted  to  the 
bank  at  Shawneetown.  The  net  result  was  a 
reduction  of  the  State  debt  by  about  $3,000,000. 
The  Governor  was  authorized  to  negotiate  a 
loan  of  $1,600,000  on  the  credit  of  the  State,  for 
the  purpose  of  prosecuting  the  work  on  the  canal 
and  meeting  the  indebtedness  already  incurred. 
The  Executive  was  also  made  sole  "Fund  Com- 
missioner" and,  in  that  capacity,  was  empowered 
(in  connection  with  the  Auditor)  to  sell  the 
railroads,  etc.,  belonging  to  the  State  at  public 
auction.  Provision  was  also  made  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  the  bonds  hypothecated  with  Macalister 
and  Stebbins.  (See  Macalister  and  Stebbins 
Bonds.)  The  Congressional  distribution  of  the 
moneys  arising  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  was 
acquiesced  in,  and  the  revenues  and  resources  of 
the  State  were  pledged  to  the  redemption  "of 
every  debt  contracted  by  an  authorized  agent  for  a 
good  and  valuable  consideration."  To  establish 
a  sinking  fund  to  meet  such  obligation,  a  tax  of 
twenty  cents  on  every  $100,  payable  in  coin,  was 
levied.  This  Legislature  also  made  a  re-appor- 
tionment of  the  State  into  Seven  Congressional 
Districts.  The  Legislature  adjourned,  March  6, 
1843,  after  a  session  of  ninety-two  days. 
'  FOURTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Dec.  2,  1844,  and  ad journed  March  3,  1845,  the  ses- 
sion lasting  ninety-two  days.  The  Senate  was 
composed  of  twenty-six  Democrats  and  fifteen 
Whigs;  the  House  of  eighty  Democrats  and 
thirty-nine  Whigs.  David  Davis  was  among  the 
new  members.  William  A.  Richardson  defeated 
Stephen  T.  Logan  for  the  Speakership,  and  James 
Semple  was  elected  United  States  Senator  to  suc- 
ceed Samuel  McRoberts.  deceased.  The  canal 
law  was  amended  by  the  passage  of  a  supple- 
mental act,  transferring  the  property  to  Trustees 
and  empowering  the  Governor  to  complete  the 
negotiations  for  the  borrowing  of  $1,600,000  for 
its  construction.  The  State  revenue  being  in- 
sufficient to  meet  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the 
government,  to  say  nothing  of  the  arrears  of 
interest  on  the  State  debt,  a  tax  of  three  mills  on 
each  dollar's  worth  of  property  was  imposed  for 
1845  and  of  three  and  one-half  mills  thereafter. 
Of  the  revenue  thus  raised  in  1845,  one  mill  was 
set  apart  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  State  debt 
and  one  and  one-half  mills  for  the  same  purpose 
from  the  taxes  collected  in  1846  "and  forever 
thereafter." 

FIFTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened  Dec. 
7,  1846.    The  farewell  message  of  Governor  Ford 


and  the  inaugural  of  Governor  French  were  lead- 
ing incidents.  The  Democrats  had  a  two-thirds 
majority  in  each  house.  Lieut.  -Gov.  Joseph  B. 
Wells  presided  in  the  Senate,  and  Newton  Cloud 
was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House,  the  compli- 
mentary vote  of  the  Whigs  being  given  to  Stephen 
T.  Logan.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  elected 
United  States  Senator,  the  whigs  voting  for  Cyrus 
Edwards.  State  officers  were  elected  as  follows: 
Auditor,  Thomas  H.  Campbell;  State  Treasurer, 
Milton  Carpenter — both  by  acclamation;  and 
Horace  S  Cooley  was  nominated  and  confirmed 
Secretary  of  State.  A  new  school  law  was 
enacted ;  the  sale  of  the  Gallat in  County  salines 
was  authorized ;  the  University  of  Chicago  was 
incorporated,  and  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Jacksonville  established;  the  sale  of  the  North- 
ern Cross  Railroad  was  authorized;  District 
Courts  were  established ;  and  provision  was  made 
for  refunding  the  State  debt.  The  Assembly 
adjourned,  March  1,  1847,  after  a  session  of 
eighty -five  days. 

SIXTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This  was  the 
first  Legislature  to  convene  under  the  Constitu- 
tion of  1847.  There  were  twenty-five  members 
in  the  Senate  and  seventy-five  in  the  House. 
The  body  assembled  on  Jan.  1,  1849,  continu- 
ing in  session  until  Feb.  12 — the  session  being 
limited  by  the  Constitution  to  six  weeks.  Zadoc 
Casey  was  chosen  Speaker,  defeating  Richard 
Yates  by  a  vote  of  forty-six  to  nineteen.  After 
endorsing  the  policy  of  the  administration  in 
reference  to  the  Mexican  War  and  thanking  the 
soldiers,  the  Assembly  proceeded  to  the  election 
of  United  States  Senator  to  succeed  Sidney 
Breese.  The  choice  fell  upon  Gen.  James  Shields, 
the  other  caucus  candidates  being  Breese  and 
McClemand,  while  Gen.  William  F.  Thornton  led 
the  forlorn  hope  for  the  Whigs.  The  principle  of 
the  Wilmot  proviso  was  endorsed.  The  Governor 
convened  the  Legislature  in  special  session  on 
Oct.  22.  A  question  as  to  the  eligibility  of  Gen. 
Shields  having  arisen  (growing  out  of  his  nativity 
and  naturalization),  and  the  legal  obstacles  hav- 
ing been  removed  by  the  lapse  of  time,  he  was 
re-elected  Senator  at  the  special  session.  Outside 
of  the  passage  of  a  general  law  authorizing  the 
incorporation  of  railroads,  little  general  legisla- 
tion was  enacted.  The  special  session  adjourned 
Nov.  7.  Length  of  regular  session  forty-three 
days;  special,  seventeen — total  sixty. 

SEVENTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  6,  1851,  adjourned  Feb.  17  —  length  of 
session  forty-three  days.  Sidney  Breese  (ex- 
Senator)  was  chosen  Speaker.  The  session  was 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


189 


characterized  by  a  vast  amount  of  legislation,  not 
all  of  which  was  well  considered.  By  joint  reso- 
lution of  both  houses  the  endorsement  of  the 
Wilmot  proviso  at  the  previous  session  was 
rescinded.  The  first  homestead  exemption  act 
was  passed,  and  a  stringent  liquor  law  adopted, 
the  sale  of  liquor  in  quantities  less  than  one  quart 
being  prohibited.  Township  organization  was 
authorized  and  what  was  virtually  free-banking 
was  sanctioned.  The  latter  law  was  ratified  by 
popular  vote  in  November,  1851.  An  act  incorpo- 
rating the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  was  also 
passed  at  this  session,  the  measure  being  drafted 
by  James  L.  D.  Morrison.  A  special  session  of 
this  Assembly  was  held  in  1852  under  a  call  by 
the  Governor,  lasting  from  June  7  to  the  23d — 
seventeen  days.  The  most  important  general 
legislation  of  the  special  session  was  the  reappor- 
tionment  of  the  State  into  nine  Congressional 
Districts.  This  Legislature  was  in  session  a  total 
of  sixty  days. 

EIGHTEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  The  first 
(or  regular)  session  convened  Jan.  3,  1853,  and 
adjourned  Feb.  14.  The  Senate  was  composed  of 
twenty  Democrats  and  five  Whigs ;  the  House,  of 
fifty-nine  Democrats,  sixteen  Whigs  and  one 
"Free-Soiler. "  Lieutenant-Governor  Koerner 
presided  in  the  upper,  and  ex-Gov.  John  Reynolds 
in  the  lower  house.  Governor  Matteson  was 
inaugurated  on  the  16th ;  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was 
re-elected  United  States  Senator,  Jan.  5,  the 
Whigs  casting  a  complimentary  vote  for  Joseph 
Gillespie.  More  than  450  laws  were  enacted,  the 
majority  being  "private  acts."  The  prohibitory 
temperance  legislation  of  the  preceding  General 
Assembly  was  repealed  and  the  license  system 
re-enacted.  This  body  also  passed  the  famous 
"black  laws' '  designed  to  prevent  the  immigration 
of  free  negroes  into  the  State.  The  sum  of 
$18,000  was  appropriated  for  the  erection  and 
furnishing  of  an  executive  mansion;  the  State 
Agricultural  Society  was  incorporated;  the  re- 
mainder of  the  State  lands  was  ordered  sold,  and 
any  surplus  funds  in  the  treasury  appropriated 
toward  reducing  the  State  debt.  A  special  session 
was  convened  on  Feb.  9,  1854,  and  adjourned 
March  4.  The  most  important  measures  adopted 
were :  a  legislative  re-apportionment,  an  act  pro- 
viding for  the  election  of  a  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  and  a  charter  for  the  Missis- 
sippi &  Atlantic  Railroad.  The  regular  session 
lasted  forty-three  days,  the  special  twenty-four 
— total,  sixty-seven. 

NINETEENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  met  Jan.  1, 
1855,  and  adjourned  Feb.  15— the  session  lasting 


forty-six  days.  Thomas  J.  Turner  was  elected 
Speaker  of  the  House.  The  political  complexion 
of  the  Legislature  was  much  mixed,  among  the 
members  being  old-line  Whigs,  Abolitionists. 
Free-Soilers,  Know-Nothings,  Pro-slavery  Demo- 
crats and  Anti-Nebraska  Democrats.  The 
Nebraska  question  was  the  leading  issue,  and  in 
reference  thereto  the  Senate  stood  fourteen 
Nebraska  members  and  eleven  anti-Nebraska ;  the 
House,  thirty-four  straight-out  Democrats,  while 
the  entire  strength  of  the  opposition  was  forty- 
one.  A  United  States  Senator  was  to  be  chosen 
to  succeed  Gen.  James  Shields,  and  the  friends  of 
free-soil  had  a  clear  majority  of  four  on  joint 
ballot.  Abraham  Lincoln  was  the  caucus  nomi- 
nee of  the  Whigs,  and  General  Shields  of  the  Demo- 
crats. The  two  houses  met  in  joint  session  Feb.  8. 
The  result  of  the  first  ballot  was,  Lincoln,  forty- 
five;  Shields,  forty-one;  scattering,  thirteen; 
present,  but  not  voting,  one.  Mr.  Lincoln's 
strength  steadily  waned,  then  rallied  slightly  on 
the  sixth  and  seventh  ballots,  but  again  declined. 
Shields'  forty-one  votes  rising  on  the  fifth  ballot 
to  forty-two,  but  having  dropped  on  the  next 
ballot  to  forty-one,  his  name  was  withdrawn  and 
that  of  Gov.  Joel  A.  Matteson  substituted.  Mat- 
teson gained  until  he  received  forty -seven  votes, 
which  was  the  limit  of  his  strength.  On  the 
ninth  ballot,  Loncom's  vote  having  dropped  to 
fifteen,  his  name  was  withdrawn  at  his  own 
request,  his  support  going,  on  the  next  ballot,  to 
Lyman  Trumbull.  an  anti-Nebraska  Democrat, 
who  received  fifty-one  votes  to  forty-seven  for 
Matteson  and  one  for  Archibald  Williams— one 
member  not  voting.  Trumbull,  having  received 
a  majority,  was  elected.  Five  members  had 
voted  for  him  from  the  start.  These  were  Sena- 
tors John  M.  Palmer.  Norman  B.  Judd  and  Burton 
C.  Cook,  and  Representatives  Henry  S.  Baker  and 
George  T.  Allen.  It  had  been  hoped  that  they 
would,  in  time,  come  to  the  support  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, but  they  explained  that  they  had  been 
instructed  by  their  constituents  to  vote  only  for 
an  anti-Nebraska  Democrat.  They  were  all  sub 
sequently  prominent  leaders  in  the  Republican 
party.  Having  inaugurated  its  work  by  accom- 
plishing a  political  revolution,  this  Legislature 
proceeded  to  adopt  several  measures  more  or  less 
radical  in  their  tendency.  One  of  these  was  the 
Maine  liquor  law,  with  the  condition  that  it  be 
submitted  to  popular  vote.  It  failed  of  ratifica- 
tion by  vote  of  the  people  at  an  election  held  in 
the  following  June.  A  new  common  school  law 
was  enacted,  and  railroads  were  required  to  fence 
their  tracks.  The  Assembly  also  adopted  a  reso- 


190 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


lution  calling  for  a  Convention  to  amend  the  Con- 
stitution, but  this  was  defeated  at  the  polls. 

TWENTIETH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened  Jan. 
5,  1857,  and  adjourned,  sine  die.  Feb.  19.  A 
Republican  State  administration,  with  Governor 
Bissell  at  its  head,  had  just  been  elected,  but  the 
Legislature  was  Democratic  in  Ixith  branches. 
Lieut.-Gov.  John  Wood  presided  over  the  Senate, 
and  Samuel  Holmes,  of  Adams  County,  defeated 
Isaac  N.  Arnold,  of  Cook,  for  the  Speakership  of 
the  House.  Among  the  prominent  members  were 
Norman  B.  Judd.  of  Cook;  A.  J.  Kuykendall,  of 
Johnson;  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  of  Sangamon;  John 
A.  Logan,  of  Jackson;  William  R.  Morrison,  of 
Monroe;  Isaac  N.  Arnold,  of  Cook :  Joseph  Oilles- 
pie,  of  Madison,  and  S.  W.  Moulton,  of  Shelby. 
Among  the  important  measures  enacted  by  this 
General  Assembly  were  the  following:  Acts 
establishing  and  maintaining  free  schools;  estab- 
lishing a  Normal  University  at  Normal ;  amending 
the  banking  law ,  providing  for  the  general  incor- 
poration of  railroads;  providing  for  the  building 
of  a  new  penitentiary  ;  and  funding  the  accrued 
arrears  of  interest  on  the  public  debt.  Length  of 
session,  forty-six  days. 

TWENTY-FIRST    GENERAL  ASSEMBLY    convened 

Jan.  3,  1859.  and  was  in  session  for  fifty-three 
days,  adjourning  Feb.  24.  The  Senate  consisted 
of  twenty-five,  and  the  House  of  seventy-five 
members.  The  presiding  officers  were: — of  the 
Senate,  Lieut.-Gov.  Wood;  of  the  House,  W.  R. 
Morrison,  of  Monroe  County,  who  defeated  his 
Republican  opponent,  Vital  Jarrot,  of  St.  Clair, 
on  a  viva  voce  vote.  The  Governor's  message 
showed  a  reduction  of  Sl.HMi.s77  in  the  State  debt 
during  two  years  preceding,  leaving  a  balance  of 
principal  and  arrears  of  interest  amounting  to 
*iri38,454.  On  Jan.  0,  !«.-,!),  the  Assembly,  in 
joint  session,  elected  Stephen  A.  Douglas  to  suc- 
ceed himself  as  United  States  Senator,  by  a  vote 
of  fifty-four  to  forty  six  for  Abraham  Lincoln. 
The  Legislature  was  thrown  into  great  disorder 
in  consequence  of  an  attempt  to  prevent  the 
receipt  from  the  Governor  of  a  veto  of  a  legisla- 
tive apportionment  bill  which  had  been  passed  by 
the  Democratic  majority  in  the  face  of  bitter 
opposition  on  the  part  of  the  Republicans,  who 
denounced  it  as  partisan  and  unjust. 

TWENTY-SECDND  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
in  regular  session  on  Jan.  7,  1861,  consisting  of 
twenty-five  Senators  and  seventy-five  Represent- 
atives. For  the  first  time  in  the  State's  history, 
the  Democrats  failed  to  control  the  organization 
of  either  house.  Lieut.-Gov. Francis  A.  Hoffman 
presided  over  the  Senate,  and  S.  M.  Cullom,  of 


Sangamon.  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  the 
Democratic  candidate  being  James  W.  Singleton. 
Thomas  A.  Marshall,  of  Coles  County,  was  elected 
President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate  over  A.  J.  Kuy- 
kendall, of  Johnson.     The  message  of  the  retiring 
Governor  (John  Wood)  reported  a  reduction  of 
the  State  debt,  during  four  years  of  Republican 
administration,  of    S2.860.402,  and    showed    the 
number  of  lanks  to  be  110,  whose  aggregate  cir- 
culation was  S12.320.964.     Lyman  Trumbull  was 
re-elected  United  States  Senator  on  January  10. 
receiving  fifty-four  votes,  to   forty-six  cast  for 
Samuel  S.  Marsliall.     Governor  Yates  was  inau- 
gurated, Jan.  14.   The  most  important  legislation 
of  this  session  related  to  the  following  subjects: 
the  separate  property  rights  of  married  women ; 
the  encouragement  of  mining  and  the  support  of 
public  schools;  the  payment  of  certain  evidences 
of  State  indebtedness ;  protection  of  the  purity  of 
the  ballot-box,  and  a  resolution  submitting  to  the 
people  the  question  of  the  calling  of  a  Convention 
to  amend  the  Constitution.   Joint  resolutions  were 
passed  relative  to  the  death  of  Governor  Bissell : 
to  the  appointment  of  Commissioners  to  attend  a 
Peace  Conference  in  Washington,  and  referring 
to     federal     relations.     The     latter     deprecated 
amendments  to  the  United  States  Constitution,  but 
expressed  a  willingness  to  unite  with  any  States 
which   might    consider    themselves    aggrieved, 
in    petitioning   Congress  to  call   a   convention 
for  the  consideration  of  such  amendments,  at  the 
same  time  pledging  the  entire  resources  of  Illi- 
nois to  the  National  Government  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  Union  and  the  enforcement  of  the 
laws.     The  regular  session  ended  Feb.  22,  having 
lasted  forty -seven  days. — Immediately  following 
President  Lincoln's  first  call    for  volunteers   to 
suppress  the  rebellion,   Governor  Yates   recon- 
vened the  General  Assembly  in  special  session  to 
consider  and  adopt  methods  to  aid  and  support 
the  Federal  authority  in  preserving  the  Union  and 
protecting  the  rights  and  property  of  the  people. 
The  two  houses  assembled  on  April  23.     On  April 
25  Senator  Douglas  addressed  the  members  on  the 
issues  of  the  day,  in  response  to  an  invitation  con- 
veyed in  a  joint  resolution.     The  special  session 
closed  May  3,  1861,  and  not  a  few  of  the  legislator* 
promptly    volunteered    in    the     Union     army. 
Length  of  the  regular  session,  forty-seven  days; 
of  the  special,  eleven — total  fifty-eight. 

TWENTY-THIRD  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  was  com- 
posed of  twenty-five  Senators  and  eighty-eight 
Representatives.  It  convened  Jan.  5,  1863,  and 
was  Democratic  in  both  branches.  The  presiding 
officer  of  the  Senate  was  Lieutenant-Governor 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


191 


Hoffman;  Samuel  A.  Buckmaster  was  elected 
Speaker  of  the  House  by  a  vote  of  fifty-three  to 
twenty-five.  On  Jan.  12,  William  A.  Richardson 
was  elected  United  States  Senator  to  succeed 
8.  A.  Douglas,  deceased,  the  Republican  nominee 
being  Governor  Yates,  who  received  thirty-eight 
votes  out  of  a  total  of  103  cast.  Much  of  the  time 
of  the  session  was  devoted  to  angry  discussion  of 
the  policy  of  the  National  Government  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  war.  The  views  of  the  oppos- 
ing parties  were  expressed  in  majority  and  minor- 
ity reports  from  the  Committee  on  Federal 
Relations — the  former  condemning  and  the  latter 
upholding  the  Federal  administration.  The 
majority  report  was  adopted  in  the  House  on 
Feb.  12,  by  a  vote  of  fifty-two  to  twenty-eight, 
and  the  resolutions  which  it  embodied  were  at 
once  sent  to  the  Senate  for  concurrence.  Before 
they  could  be  acted  upon  in  that  body  a  Demo- 
cratic Senator — J.  M.  Rodgers,  of  Clinton  Count}- 
— died.  This  left  the  Senate  politically  tied,  a 
Republican  presiding  officer  having  the  deciding 
vote.  Consequently  no  action  was  taken  at  the 
time,  and,  on  Feb.  14,  the  Legislature  adjourned 
till  June  2.  Immediately  upon  re-assembling, 
joint  resolutions  relating  to  a  sine  die  adjourn- 
ment were  introduced  in  both  houses.  A  disagree- 
ment regarding  the  date  of  such  adjournment 
ensued,  when  Governor  Yates,  exercising  the 
power  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Constitution  in 
such  cases,  sent  in  a  message  (June  10,  1863) 
proroguing  the  General  Assembly  until  "the 
Saturday  next  preceding  the  first  Monday  in 
January,  1865.°'  The  members  of  the  Republican 
minority  at  once  left  the  hall.  The  members  of 
the  majority  convened  and  adjourned  from  day 
to  day  until  June  24,  when,  having  adopted  an 
address  to  the  people  setting  forth  their  grievance 
and  denouncing  the  State  executive,  they  took  a 
recess  until  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  of 
January,  1864.  The  action  of  the  Governor,  hav- 
ing been  submitted  to  the  Supreme  Court,  was 
sustained,  and  no  further  session  of  this  General 
Assembly  was  held.  Owing  to  the  prominence 
of  political  issues,  no  important  legislation  was 
effected  at  this  session,  even  the  ordinary  appro- 
priations for  the  State  institutions  failing.  This 
caused  much  embarrassment  to  the  State  Govern- 
ment in  meeting  current  expenses,  but  banks  and 
capitalists  came  to  its  aid,  and  no  important 
interest  was  permitted  to  suffer.  The  total 
length  of  the  session  was  fifty  days — forty -one 
days  before  the  recess  and  nine  days  after. 

TWENTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.   2,  1865,  and  remained  in  session  forty-six 


days.  It  consisted  of  twenty-live  Senators  and 
eighty-five  Representatives.  The  Republicans 
had  a  majority  in  both  houses.  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor  Bross  presided  over  the  Senate,  and  Allen 
C.  Fuller,  of  Boone  County,  was  chosen  Sneaker 
of  the  House,  over  Ambrose  M.  Miller.  Democrat, 
the  vote  standing  48  to  23.  Governor  Yates.  in 
his  valedictory  message,  reported  tliat,  notwith- 
standing the  heavy  expenditure  attendant  upon 
the  enlistment  and  maintenance  of  troops,  etc., 
the  State  debt  had  been  reduced  8987,786  in  four 
years.  On  Jan.  4,  1865,  Governor  Yates  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  receiving 
sixty-four  votes  to  forty  three  cast  for  James  C. 
Robinson.  Governor  Oglesby  was  inaugurated  Jan. 
16.  The  Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  United 
States  Constitution  was  ratified  by  this  Legisla- 
ture, and  sundry  special  appropriations  made. 
Among  the  latter  was  one  of  $3,000  toward  the 
State's  proportion  for  the  establishment  of  a 
National  Cemetery  at  Gettysburg;  $25,000  for 
the  purchase  of  the  land  on  which  is  the  tomb 
of  the  deceased  Senator  Douglas;  besides  sums 
for  establishing  a  home  for  Soldiers'  Orphans  and 
an  experimental  school  for  the  training  of  idiots 
and  feeble-minded  children.  The  first  act  for 
the  registry  of  legal  voters  was  passed  at  this 
session. 

TWENTY-FIFTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This 
body  held  one  regular  and  two  special  sessions. 
It  first  convened  and  organized  on  Jan.  7,  1867. 
Lieutenant-Governor  Bross  presided  over  the 
upper,  and  Franklin  Corwin,  of  La  Salle  County, 
over  the  lower  house.  The  Governor  (Oglesby ), 
in  his  message,  reported  a  reduction  of  $2,607,95B 
in  the  State  debt  during  the  two  years  preceding, 
and  recommended  various  appropriations  for  pub- 
lic purposes.  He  also  urged  the  calling  of  a  Con- 
vention to  amend  the  Constitution.  On  Jan.  15, 
Lyman  Trumbull  was  chosen  United  States  Sena- 
tor, the  complimentary  Democratic  vote  being 
given  to  T.  Lyle  Dickey,  who  received  thirty- 
three  votes  out  of  109.  The  regular  session  lasted 
fifty -three  days,  adjourning  Feb.  28.  The  Four- 
teenth Amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitu- 
tion was  ratified  and  important  legislation  enacted 
relative  to  State  taxation  and  the  regulation  of 
public  warehouses;  a  State  Board  of  Equalization 
of  Assessments  was  established,  and  the  office  of 
Attorney-General  created.  (Under  this  law 
Robert  G.  Ingersoll  was  the  first  appointee. ) 
Provision  was  made  for  the  erection  of  a  new 
State  House,  to  establish  a  Reform  School  for 
Juvenile  Offenders,  and  for  the  support  of  other 
State  institutions.  The  first  special  session  con* 


192 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


vened  on  June  11,  1867,  having  been  summoned 
to  consider  questions  relating  to  internal  revenue. 
The  lessee  of  the  penitentiary  having  surrendered 
his  lease  without  notice,  the  Governor  found  it 
necessary  to  make  immediate  provision  for  the 
management  of  that  institution.  Not  having 
included  this  matter  in  his  original  call,  no  ne- 
cessity then  existing,  he  at  once  summoned  a 
.second  special  session,  before  the  adjournment 
of  the  first.  This  convened  on  June  14,  remained 
in  session  until  June  28,  and  adopted  what  is 
substantially  the  present  penitentiary  law  of  the 
State.  This  General  Assembly  was  in  session 
seventy-one  days — fifty-three  at  the  regular, 
three  at  the  first  special  session  and  fifteen  at  the 
second. 

TWENTY-SIXTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  4,  1869.  The  Republicans  had  a  majority  in 
each  house.  The  newly  elected  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,  John  Dougherty,  presided  in  the  Senate, 
and  Franklin  Corwin.  of  Peru,  was  again  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House.  Governor  Oglesby  sub- 
mitted his  final  message  at  the  opening  of  the 
session,  showing  a  total  reduction  in  the  State 
debt  during  his  term  of  $4,743,821.  Governor 
John  M.  Palmer  was  inaugurated  Jan.  11.  The 
most  important  acts  passed  by  this  Legislature 
were  the  following:  Calling  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1869;  ratifying  the  Fifteenth 
Amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitution ; 
granting  well  behaved  convicts  a  reduction  in 
their  terms  of  imprisonment;  for  the  prevention 
of  cruelty  to  animals ;  providing  for  the  regula- 
tion of  freights  and  fares  on  railroads;  estab- 
lishing the  Southern  Normal  University;  pro- 
viding for  the  erection  of  the  Northern  Insane 
Hospital;  and  establishing  a  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  Public  Charities.  The  celebrated 
"Lake  Front  Bill,"  especially  affecting  the 
interests  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  occupied  a 
great  deal  of  time  during  this  session,  and 
though  finally  passed  over  the  Governor's  veto, 
was  repealed  in  1873.  This  session  was  inter- 
rupted by  a  recess  which  extended  from  March 
12  to  April  13.-  The  Legislature  re-assem- 
liled  April  14,  and  adjourned,  sine  die,  April  20, 
liiiving  been  in  actual  session  seventy-four  days. 

TWENTY-SEVENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  had 
four  sessions,  one  regular,  two  special  and  one 
adjourned.  The  first  convened  Jan.  4,  1871,  and 
adjourned  on  April  17.  having  lusted  104  days, 
when  a  recess  was  taken  to  Nov.  15  following. 
The  body  was  made  up  of  fifty  Senators  and  177 
Representatives.  The  Republicans  again  con- 
trolled both  houses,  electing  William  M.  Smith, 


Speaker  (over  William  R.  Morrison,  Democrat), 
while  Lieutenant-Governor  Dougherty  presided  in 
the  Senate.  The  latter  occupied  the  Hall  of  Rep- 
resentatives in  the  old  State  Capitol,  while  the 
House  held  its  sessions  in  a  new  church  edifice 
erected  by  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 
John  A.  Logan  was  elected  United  States  Sena- 
tor, defeating  Thomas  J.  Turner  (Democrat)  by  a 
vote,  on  joint  ballot,  of  131  to  89.  This  was  the 
first  Illinois  Legislature  to  meet  after  the  adoption 
of  the  Constitution  of  1870,  and  its  time  was 
mainly  devoted  to  framing,  discussing  and  pass- 
ing laws  required  by  the  changes  in  the  organic 
law  of  the  State.  The  first  special  session  opened 
on  May  24  and  closed  on  June  22,  1871,  continu- 
ing thirty  days.  It  was  convened  by  Governor 
Palmer  to  make  additional  appropriations  for  the 
necessary  expenses  of  the  State  Government  and 
for  the  continuance  of  work  on  the  new  State 
House.  The  purpose  of  the  Governor  in  sum- 
moning the  second  special  session  was  to  provide 
financial  relief  for  the  city  of  Chicago  after  the 
great  fire  of  Oct.  9-11,  1871.  Members  were  sum 
moned  by  special  telegrams  and  were  in  their 
seats  Oct.  13,  continuing  in  session  to  Oct.  24 
— twelve  days.  Governor  Palmer  had  already 
suggested  a  plan  by  which  the  State  might 
aid  the  stricken  city  without  doing  violence 
to  either  the  spirit  or  letter  of  the  new  Con- 
stitution, which  expressly  prohibited  special 
legislation.  Chicago  had  advanced  $2,500,000 
toward  the  completion  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  under  the  pledge  of  the  State  that  this 
outlay  should  be  made  good.  The  Legislature 
voted  an  appropriation  sufficient  to  pay  both 
principal  and  interest  of  this  loan,  amounting,  in 
round  numbers,  to  about  $3,000,000.  The  ad- 
journed session  opened  on  Nov.  15,  1871,  and  came 
to  an  end  on  April  9,  1872 — having  continued  147 
days.  It  was  entirely  devoted  to  considering  and 
adopting  legislation  germane  to  the  new  Consti- 
tution. The  total  length  of  all  sessions  of  this 
General  Assembly  was  293  days. 

TWENTY-EIGHTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  8,  1873.  It  was  composed  of  fifty -one  Sena- 
tors and  153  Representatives;  the  upper  house 
standing  thirty-three  Republicans  to  eighteen 
Democrats,  and  the  lower,  eighty-six  Republicans 
to  sixty-seven  Democrats.  The  Senate  chose 
John  Early,  of  Winnebago,  President  pro  tempore, 
and  Shelby  M.  Cullom  was  elected  Speaker  of  the 
House.  Governor  Oglesby  was  inaugurated  Jan. 
13,  but,  eight  days  later,  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  being  succeeded  in  the  Governor- 
ship by  Lieut.  -Gov.  John  L.  Beveridge.  An 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


193 


appropriation  of  $1,000,000  was  made  for  carrying 
on  the  work  on  the  new  capitol  and  various  other 
acts  of  a  public  character  passed,  the  most  impor- 
tant being  an  amendment  of  the  railroad  law  of 
the  previous  session.  On  May  6,  the  Legislature 
adjourned  until  Jan.  8,  1874.  The  purpose  of  the 
recess  was  to  enable  a  Commission  on  the  Revision 
of  the  Laws  to  complete  a  report.  The  work  was 
duly  completed  and  nearly  all  the  titles  reported 
by  the  Commissioners  were  adopted  at  the 
adjourned  session.  An  adjournment,  sine  die, 
was  taken  March  31,  1874 — the  two  sessions 
having  lasted,  respectively,  119  and  83  days — 
total  202. 

TWENTY-NINTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan  6,  1875.  While  the  Republicans  had  a  plu- 
rality in  both  houses,  they  were  defeated  in  an 
effort  to  secure  their  organization  through  a 
fusion  of  Democrats  and  Independents.  A.  A. 
Glenn  (Democrat)  was  elected  President  pro  tern- 
pore  of  the  Senate  (becoming  acting  Lieutenant- 
Governor),  and  Elijah  M.  Haines  was  chosen 
presiding  officer  of  the  lower  house.  The  leaders 
on  both  sides  of  the  Chamber  were  aggressive, 
and  the  session,  as  a  whole,  was  one  of  the  most 
turbulent  and  disorderly  in  the  history  of  the 
State.  Little  legislation  of  vital  importance 
(outside  of  regular  appropriation  bills)  was 
enacted.  This  Legislature  adjourned.  April  15, 
liaving  been  in  session  100  days. 

THIRTIETH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened  Jan. 
3 ;  1877.  and  adjourned,  sine  die.  on  May  24.  The 
Democrats  and  Independents  in  the  Senate  united 
in  securing  control  of  that  body,  although  the 
House  was  Republican.  Fawcett  Plumb,  of  La 
Salle  County,  was  chosen  President  pro  tempore 
<>f  the  upper,  and  James  Shaw  Speaker  of  the 
lower,  house.  The  inauguration  of  State  officers 
took  place  Jan.  8.  Shelby  M.  Cullom  becoming 
Governor  and  Andrew  Sliuman,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor.  This  was  one  of  the  most  exciting  years 
in  American  political  history  Both  of  the  domi- 
nant parties  claimed  to  have  elected  the  President, 
and  the  respective  votes  in  the  Electoral  College 
were  so  close  as  to  excite  grave  apprehension  in 
many  minds.  It  was  also  the  year  for  the  choice 
of  a  Senator  by  the  Illinois  Legislature,  and  the 
attention  of  the  entire  country  was  directed 
toward  this  State.  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  was 
the  nominee  of  the  Democratic  caucus  and  John 
A.  Logan  of  the  Republicans.  On  the  twenty- 
fourth  ballot  the  name  of  General  Logan  was 
withdrawn,  most  of  the  Republican  vote  going 
to  Charles  B.  Lawrence,  and  the  Democrats  going 
over  to  David  Davis,  who,  although  an  original 


Republican  and  friend  of  Lincoln,  and  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  by  appointment  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, had  become  an  Independent  Democrat.  On 
the  fortieth  ballot  (taken  Jan.  25).  Judge  Davis 
received  101  votes,  to  94  for  Judge  Lawrenx 
(Republican)  and  five  scattering,  thus  securing 
Davis'  election.  Not  many  acts  of  vital  impor- 
tance were  passed  by  this  Legislature.  Appellate 
Courts  were  established  and  new  judicial  districts 
created;  the  original  jurisdiction  of  county 
courts  was  enlarged:  better  safeguards  were 
thrown  about  miners;  measures  looking  at  once 
to  the  supervision  and  protection  of  railroads  were 
passed,  as  well  as  various  laws  relating  chiefly  to 
the  police  administration  of  the  State  and  of 
municipalities.  The  length  of  the  session  was 
142  days. 

THIRTY-FIRST  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  8,  1879,  with  a  Republican  majority  in  each 
house.  Andrew  Shuman,  the  newly  elected  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor,  presided  in  the  Senate,  and 
William  A.  James  of  Lake  County  was  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House.  John  M.  Hamilton  of 
McLean  County  (afterwards  Governor),  was 
chosen  President  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate. 
John  A.  Logan  was  elected  United  States  Senator 
on  Jan.  21,  the  complimentary  Democratic  vote 
being  given  to  Gen.  John  C.  Black.  Various 
laws  of  public  importance  were  enacted  by  this 
Legislature,  among  them  being  one  creating  the 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics ;  the  first  oleomargar- 
ine law;  a  drainage  and  levee  act;  a  law  for  the 
reorganization  of  the  militia;  an  act  for  the 
regulation  of  pawnbrokers;  a  law  limiting  the 
pardoning  power,  and  various  laws  looking 
toward  the  supervision  and  control  of  railways. 
The  session  lasted  144  days,  anil  the  Assembly 
adjourned,  sine  die,  May  31,  1879. 

THIRTY  SECOND  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  5,  1881,  the  Republicans  having  a  majority 
in  both  branches.  Lieutenant-Governor  Hamil- 
ton presided  in  the  Senate,  William  J.  Campbell 
of  Cook  County  being  elected  President  pro  tem- 
pore. Horace  H.  Thomas,  also  of  Cook,  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House.  Besides  the  rou- 
tine legislation,  the  most  important  measures 
enacted  by  this  Assembly  were  laws  to  prevent 
the  spread  of  pleuro-pneumonia  among  cattle: 
regulating  the  sale  of  firearms;  providing  more 
stringent  penalties  for  the  adulteration  of  food, 
drink  or  medicine;  regulating  the  practice  of 
pharmacy  and  dentistry ;  amending  the  revenue 
and  school  laws;  and  requiring  annual  statements 
from  official  custodians  of  public  moneys.  The 
Legislature  adjourned  May  80,  after  having  been 


194 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  .-.'-MI  .11  146  days,  but  was  called  together  again 
in  special  session  by  the  Governor  on  March  23, 
1882,  to  pass  new  Legislative  and  Congressional 
Apportionment  Laws,  and  for  the  consideration 
of  other  subjects.  The  special  session  lasted 
forty-four  days,  adjourning  May  5 — both  sessions 
occupying  a  total  of  190  days. 

THIRTY-THIRD  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  2,  1883,  with  the  Republicans  again  in  the 
majority  in  both  houses.  William  J.  Campbell 
was  re-elected  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate,  but  not  until  the  sixty-first  ballot,  six 
Republicans  refusing  to  be  bound  by  the  nomina- 
tion of  a  caucus  held  prior  to  their  arrival  at 
Springfield.  Loren  C.  Collins,  also  of  Cook,  was 
elected  Speaker  of  the  House.'  The  compliment- 
ary Democratic  vote  was  given  to  Thomas  M.  Shaw 
in  the  Senate,  and  to  Austin  O.  Sexton  in  the 
House.  Governor  Cullom,  the  Republican  caucus 
nominee,  was  elected  United  States  Senator,  Jan. 
16,  receiving  a  majority  in  each  branch  of  the 
General  Assembly.  The  celebrated  "Harper 
High-License  Bill,"  and  the  first  "Compulsory 
School  Law"  were  passed  at  this  session,  the 
other  acts  being  of  ordinary  character.  The 
Legislature  adjourned  June  18,  having  been  in 
session  168  days. 

THIRTY-FOURTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  7,  1885.  The  Senate  was  Republican  by  a 
majority  of  one,  there  being  twenty-six  members 
of  that  party,  twenty-four  Democrats  and  one 
greenback  Democrat.  William  J.  Campbell,  of 
Cook  County,  was  for  the  third  time  chosen 
President  pro  tempore.  The  House  stood  seventy- 
six  Republicans  and  seventy-six  Democrats,  with 
one  member — Elijah  M.  Haines  of  Lake  County — 
calling  himself  an  "Independent. "  The  contest 
for  the  Speakership  continued  until  Jan.  29, 
when,  neither  party  being  able  to  elect  its  nomi- 
nee, the  Democrats  took  up  Haines  as  a  candidate 
and  placed  him  in  the  chair,  with  Haines'  assist- 
ance, filling  the  minor  offices  with  their  own 
men.  After  the  inauguration  of  Governor 
Oglesby,  Jan.  30,  the  first  business  was  the  elec- 
tion of  a  United  States  Senator.  The  balloting 
proceeded  until  May  18,  when  John  A.  Logan  re- 
ceived 103  votes  to  ninety -six  for  Lambert  Tree  and 
five  scattering.  Three  members — one  Republican 
and  two  Democrats — had  died  since  the  opening 
of  the  session ;  and  it  was  through  the  election  of 
a  Republican  in  place  of  one  of  the  deceased 
Democrats,  that  the  Republicans  succeeded  in 
electing  their  candidate.  The  session  was  a 
stormy  one  throughout,  the  Speaker  being,  much 
of  the  time,  at  odds  with  the  House,  and  an 


unsuccessful  effort  was  made  to  depose  him. 
Charges  of  bribery  against  certain  members  were 
preferred  and  investigated,  but  no  definite  result 
was  reached.  Among  the  important  measures 
l>assed  by  this  Legislature  were  the  following:  A 
joint  resolution  providing  for  submission  of  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  prohibiting  con- 
tract labor  in  penal  institutions;  providing  by 
resolution  for  the  appointment  of  a  non-partisan 
Commission  of  twelve  to  draft  a  new  revenue 
code;  the  Crawford  primary  election  law;  an  act 
amending  the  code  of  criminal  procedure ;  estab- 
lishing a  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  subse- 
quently located  at  Quincy ;  creating  a  Live-Stock 
Commission  and  appropriating  §531,712  for  the 
completion  of  the  State  House.  The  Assembly 
adjourned,  sine  die,  June  26,  1885,  after  a  session 
of  171  days. 

THIRTY-FIFTH  GENERAL,  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  5,  1887.  The  Republicans  had  a  majority  of 
twelve  in  the  Senate  and  three  in  the  House. 
For  President  pro. tempore  of  the  Senate,  August 
W.  Berggren  was  chosen;  for  Speaker  of  the 
House,  Dr.  William  F.  Calhoun,  of  De  Witt 
County.  The  death  of  General  Logan,  which 
had  occurred  Dec.  26.  1886,  was  officially  an- 
nounced by  Governor  Oglesbyi  and.  on  Jan.  18, 
Charles  B.  Farwell  was  elected  to  succeed  him  as 
United  States  Senator.  William  R.  Morrison  and 
Benjamin  W.  Goodhue  were  the  candidates  of 
the  Democratic  and  Labor  parties,  respectively. 
Some  of  the  most  important  laws  passed  by  this 
General  Assembly  were  the  following:  Amend- 
ing the  law  relating  to  the  spread  of  contagious 
diseases  among  cattle,  etc. ;  the  Chase  bill  to 
prohibit  book-making  and  pool -selling ;  regulat- 
ing trust  companies;  making  the  Trustees  of 
the  University  of  Illinois  elective;  inhibiting 
aliens  from  holding  real  estate,  and  forbidding 
the  marriage  of  first  cousins.  An  act  virtually 
creating  a  new  State  banking  system  was  also 
passed,  subject  to  ratification  by  popular  vote. 
Other  acts,  having  more  particular  reference  to 
Chicago  and  Cook  County,  were:  a  law  making 
cities  and  counties  responsible  for  three -fourtlis 
of  the  damage  resulting  from  mobs  and  riots ;  the 
Merritt  conspiracy  law ;  the  Gibbs  Jury  Commis- 
sion law.  and  an  act  for  the  suppression  of 
bucket-shop  gambling.  The  session  ended  June 
15,  1887.  having  continued  162  days. 

THIRTY-SIXTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  7.  1889,  in  its  first  (or  regular)  session,  the 
Republicans  being  largely  in  the  majority.  The 
Senate  elected  Theodore  S.  Chapman  of  Jersey 
County,  President  pro  tempore,  and  the  House 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


195 


Asa  C.  Matthews  of  Pike  County,  Speaker.  Mr. 
Matthews  was  appointed  First  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury  by  President  Harrison,  on  May  9  (see 
Matthews,  Asa  C. ),  and  resigned  the  Speakership 
on  the  following  day.  He  was  succeeded  by 
James  H.  Miller  of  Stark  County.  Shelby  M. 
Cullom  was  re-elected  to  the  United  States  Senate 
on  January  22,  the  Democrats  again  voting  for 
ex-Gov.  John  M.  Palmer.  The  "Sanitary  Drain- 
age District  Law,"  designed  for  the  benefit  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  was  enacted  at  this  session ;  an 
asylum  for  insane  criminals  was  established  at 
Chester ;  the  annexation  of  cities,  towns,  villages, 
etc.,  under  certain  conditions,  was  authorized; 
more  stringent  legislation  was  enacted  relative  to 
the  circulation  of  obscene  literature;  a  new  com- 
pulsory education  law  was  passed,  and  the  em- 
ployment on  public  works  of  aliens  who  had  not 
declared  their  intention  of  becoming  citizens  was 
prohibited.  This  session  ended,  May  28.  A 
special  session  was  convened  by  Governor  Fifer 
on  July  24,  1890,  to  frame  and  adopt  legislation 
rendered  necessary  by  the  Act  of  Congress  locat- 
ing the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago. 
Mr.  Miller  having  died  in  the  interim,  William  G. 
Cochran,  of  Moultrie  County,  was  chosen  Speaker 
of  the  House.  The  special  session  concluded 
Aug.  1,  1890,  having  enacted  the  following  meas- 
ures ;  An  Act  granting  the  use  of  all  State  lands, 
(submerged  or  other)  in  or  adjacent  to  Chicago,  to 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  for  a  period  to 
extend  one  year  after  the  closing  of  the  Exposi- 
tion; authorizing  the  Chicago  Boards  of  Park 
Commissioners  to  grant  the  use  of  the  public 
parks,  or  any  part  thereof,  to  promote  the  objects 
of  such  Exposition ;  a  joint  resolution  providing 
for  the  submission  to  the  people  of  a  Constitu- 
tional Amendment  granting  to  the  city  of  Chicago 
the  power  (provided  a  majority  of  the  qualified 
voters  desired  it)  to  issue  bonds  to  an  amount  not 
exceeding  $3,000,000,  the  same  to  bear  interest 
and  the  proceeds  of  their  sale  to  be  turned  over 
to  the  Exposition  Managers  to  be  devoted  to  the 
use  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  Exposition.  (See 
also  World's  Columbian  Exposition. )  The  total 
length  of  the  two  sessions  was  150  days. 

THIRTY-SEVENTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  convened 
Jan.  7,  1891,  and  adjourned  June  12  following. 
Lieut. -Gov.  Ray  presided  in  the  Senate,  Milton 
W.-  Matthews  (Republican),  of  Urbana,  being 
elected  President  pro  tern.  The  Democrats  had 
c:ontrol  in  the  House  and  elected  Clayton  E. 
Crafts,  of  Cook  County,  Speaker.  The  most 
exciting  feature  of  the  session  was  the  election  of 
a  United  States  Senator  to  succeed  Charles  B. 


Farwell.  Neither  of  the  two  leading  parties  had 
a  majority  on  joint  ballot,  the  balance  of  power 
being  held  by  three  "Independent"  members  of 
the  House,  who  had  been  elected  as  represent- 
atives of  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Benevolent  Alli- 
ance. Richard  J.  Oglesby  was  the  caucus 
nominee  of  the  Republicans  and  John  M.  Palmer 
of  the  Democrats.  For  a  time  the  Independents 
stood  as  a  unit  for  A.  J.  Streeter,  but  later  two  of 
the  three  voted  for  ex-Governor  Palmer,  finally, 
on  March  11,  securing  his  election  on  the  154th 
ballot  in  joint  session.  Meanwhile,  the  Repub- 
licans had  cast  tentative  ballots  for  Alson  J. 
Streeter  and  Cicero  J.  Lindley,  in  hope  of  draw- 
ing the  Independents  to  their  support,  but  without 
effective  result.  The  final  ballot  stood — Palmer. 
103 ;  Lindley,  101,  Streeter  1.  Of  1,296  bills  intro- 
duced in  both  Houses  at  this  session,  only  151 
became  laws,  the  most  important  being:  The 
Australian  ballot  law,  and  acts  regulating  build 
ing  and  loan  associations :  prohibiting  the  employ- 
ment of  children  under  thirteen  at  manual  labor 
fixing  the  legal  rate  of  interest  at  seven  per  cent ; 
prohibiting  the  "truck  system"  of  paying  em- 
ployes, and  granting  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
women  in  the  election  of  school  officers.  An 
amendment  of  the  State  Constitution  permitting 
the  submission  of  two  Constitutional  Amend- 
ments to  the  people  at  the  same  time,  was  sub- 
mitted by  this  Legislature  and  ratified  at  the 
election  of  1892.  The  session  covered  a  period  of 
157  days. 

THIRTY-EIGHTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This 
body  convened  Jan.  4, 1893.  The  Democrats  were 
in  the  ascendency  in  both  houses,  having  a 
majority  of  seven  in  the  Senate  and  of  three  in 
the  lower  house.  Joseph  R.  Gill,  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  was  ex-officio  President  of  the  Senate, 
and  John  W.  Coppinger,  of  Alton,  was  chosen 
President  pro  tern.  Clayton  E.  Crafts  of  Cook 
County  was  again  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House. 
The  inauguration  of  the  new  State  officers  took 
place  on  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday,  Jan.  10.  This 
Legislature  was  in  session  164  days,  adjourning 
June  16,  1893.  Not  very  much  legislation  of  a 
general  character  was  enacted.  New  Congres- 
sional and  Legislative  apportionments  were 
passed,  the  former  dividing  the  State  into  twenty- 
two  districts;  an  Insurance  Department  was 
created;  a  naval  militia  was  established;  the 
scope  of  the  juvenile  reformatory  was  enlarged 
and  the  compulsory  education  law  was  amended. 

THIRTY-NFNTH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  This 
Legislature  held  two  sessions — a  regular  and  a 
special.  The  former  opened  Jan.  9.  1895.  and 


190 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


closed  June  14,  following.  The  political  com- 
plexion of  the  Senate  was — Republicans,  thirty- 
three;  Democrats,  eighteen;  of  the  House, 
ninety-two  Republicans  and  sixty -one  Democrats. 
John  Meyer,  of  Cook  County,  was  elected  Speaker 
of  the  House,  and  Charles  Bogardus  of  Piatt 
County,  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate.  Acts 
were  passed  making  appropriations  for  improve- 
ment of  the  State  Fair  Grounds  at  Springfield ; 
authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  Western  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane  ($100,000);  appropriating 
$100,000  for  a  Western  Hospital  for  the  Insane; 
165,000  for  an  Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane ;  $50,- 
000,  each,  for  two  additional  Normal  Schools — one 
in  Northern  and  the  other  in  Eastern  Illinois; 
$35,000  for  a  Soldiers'  Widows'  Home— all  being 
new  institutions — besides  $15,000  for  a  State 
exhibition  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition ;  $65,000  to 
mark,  by  monuments,  the  position  of  Illinois 
troops  on  the  battlefields  of  Chickamauga,  Look- 
out Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge.  Other  acts 
passed  fixed  the  salaries  of  members  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  at  $1,000  each  for  each  regular 
session;  accepted  the  custody  of  the  Lincoln 
monument  at  Springfield,  authorized  provision 
for  the  retirement  and  pensioning  of  teachers  in 
public  schools,  and  authorized  the  adoption  of 
civil  service  rules  for  cities.  The  special  session 
convened,  pursuant  to  a  call  by  the  Governor,  on 
June  25,  1895,  took  a  recess.  June  28  to  July  9. 
re-assembled  on  the  latter  date,  and  adjourned, 
sine  die,  August  2.  Outside  of  routine  legisla- 
tion, no  laws  were  passed  except  one  providing 
additional  necessary  revenue  for  State  purposes 
and  one  creating  a  State  Board  of  Arbitration. 
The  regular  session  continued  157  days  and  the 
.special  twenty-nine — total  186. 

FORTIETH  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  met  in  regular 
session  at  Springfield,  Jan.  6.  1897,  and  ad  journed, 
sine  die,  June  4.  The  Republicans  had  a  major- 
ity in  both  branches,  the  House  standing  eighty- 
eight  Republicans  to  sixty-three  Democrats  and 
two  Populists,  and  the  Senate,  thirty-nine  Repub- 
licans to  eleven  Democrats  and  one  Populist, 
giving  the  Republicans  a  majority  on  joint  ballot 
of  fifty  votes.  Both  houses  were  promptly  organ- 
ized by  the  election  of  Republican  officers,  Edward 
C.  Curtis  of  Kankakee  County  being  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House,  and  Hendrick  V.  Fisher, 
of  Henry  County,  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Sen- 
ate. Governor  Tanner  and  the  other  Republican 
State  officers  were  formally  inaugurated  on 
Jan.  11,  and,  on  Jan.  20,  William  E.  Mason 
(Republican)  was  chosen  United  States  Senator 
to  succeed  John  M.  Palmer,  receiving  in  joint 


session  125  votes  to  seventy-seven  for  John  P. 
Altgeld  (Democrat).  Among  the  principal  laws 
enacted  at  this  session  were  the  following:  An 
act  concerning  aliens  and  to  regulate  the  right  to 
hold  real  estate,  and  prescribing  the  terms  and 
conditions  for  the  conveyance  of  the  same; 
empowering  the  Commissioners  who  were  ap- 
pointed at  the  previous  session  to  ascertain  and 
mark  the  positions  occupied  by  Illinois  Volunteers 
in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  Missionary  Ridge,  to  expend  the  remain- 
ing appropriations  in  their  hands  for  the  erection 
of  monuments  on  the  battle-grounds;  authorizing 
the  appointment  of  a  similar  Commission  to 
ascertain  and  mark  the  positions  held  by  Illinois 
troops  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh ;  to  reimburse  the 
University  of  Illinois  for  the  loss  of  funds  result- 
ing from  the  Spaulding  defalcation  and  affirming 
the  liability  of  the  State  for  "the  endowment 
fund  of  the  University,  amounting  to  $456,712.91, 
and  for  so  much  in  addition  as  may  be  received 
in  future  from  the  sale  of  lands";  authorizing 
the  adoption  of  the  "Torrens  land-title  system"  in 
the  conveyance  and  registration  of  land  titles  by 
vote  of  the  people  in  any  county :  the  consolida- 
tion of  the  three  Supreme  Court  Districts  of  the 
State  into  one  and  locating  the  Court  at  Spring- 
field; creating  a  State  Board  of  Pardons,  and 
prescribing  the  manner  of  applying  for  pardons 
and  commutations.  An  act  of  this  session,  which 
produced  much  agitation  and  led  to  a  great  deal 
of  discussion  in  the  press  and  elsewhere,  was  the 
street  railroad  law  empowering  the  City  Council, 
or  other  corporate  authority  of  any  city,  to  grant 
franchises  to  street  railway  companies  extending 
to  fifty  years.  This  act  was  repealed  by  the 
General  Assembly  of  1899  before  any  street  rail- 
way corporation  had  secured  a  franchise  under  it. 
A  special  session  was  called  by  Governor  Tanner 
to  meet  Dec.  7,  1897,  the  proclamation  naming 
five  topics  for  legislative  action.  The  session 
continued  to  Feb.  24,  1898,  only  two  of  the  meas- 
ures named  by  the  Governor  in  his  call  being 
affirmatively  acted  upon.  These  included:  (1)  an 
elaborate  act  prescribing  the  manner  of  conduct- 
ing primary  elections  of  delegates  to  nominating 
conventions,  and  (2)  a  new  revenue  law  regulat- 
ing the  manner  of  assessing  and  collecting  taxes. 
One  provision  of  the  latter  law  limits  the  valuation 
of  property  for  assessment  purposes  to  one-fifth 
its  cash  value.  The  length  of  the  regular  session 
was  150  days,  and  that  of  the  special  session 
eighty  days — total,  230  days. 

6ENESEO,  a  city  in  Henry  County,  about  two 
miles  south  of  the  Green  River.     It  is  on  the  Chi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


197 


cago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  23  miles 
east  of  Rock  Island  and  75  miles  west  of  Ottawa. 
It  is  in  the  heart  of  a  grain-growing  region,  and 
has  two  large  grain  elevators.  Manufacturing  is 
also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  here, 
furniture,  wagons  and  farming  implements  con- 
stituting the  chief  output.  Geneseo  has  eleven 
churches,  a  graded  and  a  high  school,  a  col- 
legiate institute,  two  banks,  and  two  newspapers, 
one  issuing  a  daily  edition.  Population  (1890),  ' 
3,182;  (1900),  3,356. 

GENEVA,  a  city  and  railway  junction  on  Fox 
River,  and  the  county -seat  of  Kane  County ;  35 
miles  west  of  Chicago.  It  has  a  fine  courthouse, 
completed  in  1892  at  a  cost  of  $350,000.  and 
numerous  handsome  churches  and  school  build- 
ings. A  State  Reformatory  for  juvenile  female 
offenders  has  been  located  here.  There  is  an  ex- 
cellent water-power,  operating  six  manufac- 
tories, including  extensive  glucose  works.  The 
town  has  a  bank,  creamery,  water-works,  gas 
and  electric  light  plant,  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. The  surrounding  country  is  devoted  to 
agriculture  and  dairy  farming.  Population 
(1880),  1,239;  (1890),  1,692;  (1900),  2,446. 

GENOA,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  County,  on 
Omaha  Division  of  the  Chi.,  Mil.  &  St.  Paul,  the 
111.  Cent,  and  Chi.  &  N.  W.  Railroads,  59  miles  west 
of  Chicago.  Dairying  is  a  leading  industry ;  has 
two  banks,  shoe  and  telephone  factories,  and  two 
newspapers.  Population  (1890).  634;  (1900),  1,140. 

GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS.  The  geological 
structure  of  Illinois  embraces  a  representation, 
more  or  less  complete,  of  the  whole  paleonic 
series  of  formations,  from  the  calciferous  group 
of  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  top  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures. In  addition  to  these  older  rocks  there  is  a 
limited  area  in  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the 
State  covered  with  Tertiary  deposits.  Over- 
spreading these  formations  are  beds  of  more 
recent  age,  comprising  sands,  clays  and  gravel, 
varying  in  thickness  from  ten  to  more  than  two 
hundred  feet.  These  superficial  deposits  may  be 
divided  into  Alluvium,  Loess  and  Drift,  and  con- 
stitute the  Quaternary  system  of  modern  geolo- 
gists. 

LOWER  SILURIAN  SYSTEM.— Under  this  heading 
may  be  noted  three  distinct  groups :  the  Calcifer- 
ous, the  Trenton  and  the  Cincinnati.  The  first 
mentioned  group  comprises  the  St.  Peter's  Sand- 
stone and  the  Lower  Magnesian  Limestone.  The 
former  outcrops  only  at  a  single  locality,  in  La 
Salle  County,  extending  about  two  miles  along 
the  valley  of  the  Illinois  River  in  the  vicinity  of 
Utica.  The  thickness  of  the  strata  appearing 


above  the  surface  is  about  80  feet,  thin  bands  of 
Magnesian  limestone  alternating  with  layers  of 
Calciferous  sandstone.  Many  of  the  layers  con- 
tain good  hydraulic  rock,  which  is  utilized  in  the 
manufacture  of  cement.  The  entire  thickness  of 
the  rock  below  the  surface  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained, but  is  estimated  at  about  400  feet.  The 
St.  Peter's  Sandstone  outcrops  in  the  valley  of 
the  Illinois,  constituting  the  main  portion  of  the 
bluffs  from  Utica  to  a  point  beyond  Ottawa,  and 
forms  the  "bed  rock"  in  most  of  the  northern 
townships  of  La  Salle  County.  It  also  outcrops 
on  the  Rock  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Oregon  City, 
and  forms  a  conspicuous  bluff  on  the  Mississippi 
in  Calhoun  County.  Its  maximum  thickness  in 
the  State  may  be  estimated  at  about  200  feet.  It 
is  too  incoherent  in  its  texture  to  be  valuable  as 
a  building  stone,  though  some  of  the  upper  strata 
in  Lee  County  have  been  utilized  for  caps  and 
sills.  It  affords,  however,  a  fine  quality  of  sand 
for  the  manufacture  of  glass.  The  Trenton 
group,  which  immediately  overlies  the  St.  Peter's 
Sandstone,  consists  of  three  divisions.  The  low- 
est is  a  brown  Magnesian  Limestone,  or  Dolomite, 
usually  found  in  regular  beds,  or  strata,  varying 
from  four  inches  to  two  feet  in  thickness.  The 
aggregate  thickness  varies  from  twenty  feet,  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  to  sixty  or 
seventy  feet  at  the  bluff  in  Calhoun  County.  At 
the  quarries  in  La  Salle  County,  it  abounds  in 
fossils,  including  a  large  Lituites  and  several 
specimens  of  Orthoceras,  Maclurea,  etc.  The 
middle  division  of  the  Trenton  group  consists  of 
light  gray,  compact  limestones  in  the  southern 
and  western  parts  of  the  State,  and  of  light  blue, 
thin-bedded,  shaly  limestone  in  the  northern  por- 
tions. The  upper  division  is  the  well-known 
Galena  limestone,  the  lead-bearing  rock  of  the 
Northwest.  It  is  a  buff  colored,  porous  Dolomite, 
sometimes  arenaceous  and  unevenly  textured, 
giving  origin  to  a  ferruginous,  sandy  clay  when 
decomposed.  The  lead  ores  occur  in  crevioee. 
caverns  and  horizontal  seams.  These  crevices  were 
probably  formed  by  shrinkage  of  the  strata  from 
crystallization  or  by  some  disturbing  force  from 
beneath,  and  have  been  enlarged  by  decomposi- 
tion of  the  exposed  surface.  Fossils  belonging  to 
a  lower  order  of  marine  animal  than  the  coral  are 
found  in  this  rock,  a*  are  also  marine  sheila, 
corals  and  crustaceans.  Although  this  limestone 
crops  out  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Rock  River, 
the  productive  lead  mines  are  chiefly  confined  to 
Jo  Daviess  and  Stephenson  Counties.  All  the 
divisions  of  the  Trenton  group  afford  good  build- 


198 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ing  material,  some  of  the  rock  being  susceptible 
of  a  high  polish  and  making  a  handsome,  durable 
marble.  About  seventy  feet  are  exposed  near 
Thebes,  in  Alexander  County.  All  through  the 
Southwest  this  stone  is  known  as  Cape  Girardeau 
marble,  from  its  being  extensively  quarried  at 
Cape  Girardeau.  Mo.  The  Cincinnati  group 
immediately  succeeds  the  Trenton  in  the  ascend- 
ing scale,  and  forms  the  uppermost  member  of 
the  Lower  Silurian  system.  It  usually  consists  of 
argillaceous  and  sandy  shales,  although,  in  the 
northwest  portion  of  the  State,  Magnesian  lime- 
stone is  found  with  the  shales.  The  prevailing 
colors  of  the  beds  are  light  blue  and  drab, 
weathering  to  a  light  ashen  gray.  This  group  is 
found  well  exposed  in  the  vicinity  of  Thebes, 
Alexander  County,  furnishing  a  durable  building 
stone  extensively  used  for  foundation  walls. 
Fossils  are  found  in  profusion  in  all  the  beds, 
many  fine  specimens,  in  a  perfect  state  of  preser- 
vation, having  been  exhumed. 

UPPER  SILURIAN  SYSTEM. — The  Niagara  group 
in  Northern  Illinois  consists  of  brown,  gray  and 
buff  magnesian  limestones,  sometimes  evenly 
bedded,  as  at  Juliet  and  Athens,  and  sometimes 
concretionary  and  brecciated,  as  at  Bridgeport  and 
Port  Byron.  Near  Chicago  the  cells  and  pockets 
of  this  rock  are  filled  with  petroleum,  but  it  has 
been  ascertained  that  only  the  thirty  upper  feet 
of  the  rock  contain  bituminous  matter.  The 
quarries  in  Will  and  Jersey  Counties  furnish  fine 
building  and  flagging  stone.  The  rock  is  of  a 
light  gray  color,  changing  to  buff  on  exposure. 
In  Pike  and  Calhoun  Counties,  also,  there  are  out  - 
croppings  of  this  rock  and  quarries  are  numerous. 
It  is  usually  evenly  bedded,  the  strata  varying  in 
thickness  from  two  inches  to  two  feet,  and  break- 
ing evenly.  Its  aggregate  thickness  in  Western 
and  Northern  Illinois  ranges  from  fifty  to  150 
feet.  In  Union  and  Alexander  Counties,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  the  Upper  Silurian 
series  consists  chiefly  of  thin  bedded  gray  or 
buff-colored  limestone,  silicious  and  cherty,  flinty 
material  largely  preponderating  over  the  lime- 
stone. Fossils  are  not  abundant  in  this  formation, 
although  the  quarries  at  Bridgeport,  in  Cook 
County,  have  afforded  casts  of  nearly  100  species 
of  marine  organisms,  the  calcareous  portion  hav- 
ing been  washed  away. 

DEVONIAN  SYSTEM.— This  system  is  represented 
in  Illinois  by  three  well  marked  divisions,  cor- 
responding to  the  Oriskany  sandstone,  the  Onon- 
daga  limestone  and  the  Hamilton  and  Corniferoua 
beds  of  New  York.  To  these  the  late  Professor 
Worthen  for  many  years  State  Geologist,  added, 


although  with  some  hesitancy,  the  black  shale 
formation  of  Illinois.  Although  these  comprise 
an  aggregate  thickness  of  over  500  feet,  their 
exposure  is  limited  to  a  few  isolated  outcroppings 
along  the  bluffs  of  the  Illinois,  Mississippi  and 
Rock  Rivers.  The  lower  division,  called  "Clear 
Creek  Limestone,"  is  about  250  feet  thick,  and  is 
only  found  in  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the 
State.  It  consists  of  chert,  or  impure  flint,  and 
thin-bedded  silico-magnesian  limestones,  rather 
compact  in  texture,  and  of  buff  or  light  gray 
to  nearly  white  colors.  When  decomposed  by 
atmospheric  influences,  it  forms  a  fine  white  clay, 
resembling  common  chalk  in  appearance.  Some 
of  the  cherty  beds  resemble  burr  stones  in  poros- 
ity, and  good  mill-stones  are  made  therefrom  in 
Union  County.  Some  of  the  stone  is  bluish-gray, 
or  mottled  and  crystalline,  capable  of  receiving 
a  high  polish,  and  making  an  elegant  and  durable 
building  stone.  The  Onondaga  group  comprises 
some  sixty  feet  of  quartzose  sandstone  and 
striped  silicious  shales.  The  structure  of  the 
rock  is  almost  identical  with  that  of  St.  Peter's 
Sandstone.  In  the  vicinity  of  its  outcrop  in 
Union  County  are  found  fine  beds  of  potter's  clay, 
also  variegated  in  color.  The  rock  strata  are 
about  twenty  feet  thick,  evenly  bedded  and  of  a 
coarse,  granular  structure,  which  renders  the 
stone  valuable  for  heavy  masonry.  The  group 
has  not  been  found  north  of  Jackson  County. 
Large  quantities  of  characteristic  fossils  abound. 
The  rocks  composing  the  Hamilton  group  are  the 
most  valuable  of  all  the  divisions  of  the  Devonian 
system,  and  the  outcrops  can  be  identified  only  by 
their  fossils.  In  Union  and  Jackson  Counties  it  is 
found  from  eighty  to  100  feet  in  thickness,  two 
beds  of  bluish  gray,  fetid  limestone  being  sepa- 
rated by  about  twenty  feet  of  calcareous  shales. 
The  limestones  are  highly  bituminous.  In  Jersey 
and  Calhoun  Counties  the  group  is  only  six  to 
ten  feet  thick,  and  consists  of  a  hard,  silicious 
limestone,  passing  at  some  points  into  a  quartzose 
sandstone,  and  at  others  becoming  argillaceous, 
as  at  Graf  ton.  The  most  northern  outcrop  is  in 
Rock  Island  County,  where  the  rock  is  concretion- 
ary in  structure  and  is  utilized  for  building  pur- 
poses and  in  the  manufacture  of  quicklime. 
Fossils  are  numerous,  among  them  being  a  few 
fragments  of  fishes,  which  are  the  oldest  remains 
of  vertebrate  animals  yet  found  in  the  State. 
The  black  shale  probably  attains  its  maximum 
development  in  Union  County,  where  it  ranges 
from  fifty  to  seventy-five  feet  in  thickness.  Its 
lower  portion  is  a  fine,  black,  laminated  slate, 
sometimes  closely  resembling  the  bituminous 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


199 


shales  associated  with  the  coal  seams,  which  cir- 
cumstance has  led  to  the  fruitless  expenditure  of 
much  time  and  money.  The  bituminous  portion 
of  the  mass,  on  distillation,  yields  an  oil  closely 
resembling  petroleum.  Crystals  of  iron  pyrites 
are  abundant  in  the  argillaceous  portion  of  the 
group,  which  does  noi  extend  north  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Calhoun,  Jersey  and  Pike. 

LOWER  CARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM.  —  This  is  di- 
visible into  five  groups,  as  follows :  The  Kinder- 
hook  group,  the  Burlington  limestone,  and  the 
Keokuk,  St.  Louis  and  Chester  groups.  Its 
greatest  development  is  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  State,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of  1,400  or 
1,500  feet.  It  thins  out  to  the  northward  so  rapidly 
that,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Lower  Rapids  on  the 
Mississippi,  it  is  only  300  feet  thick,  while  it 
wholly  disappears  below  Rock  Island.  The  Kinder- 
hook  group  is  variable  in  its  lithological  charac- 
ter, consisting  of  argillaceous  and  sandy  shales, 
with  thin  beds  of  compact  and  oolitic  limestone, 
passing  locally  into  calcareous  shales  or  impure 
limestone.  The  entire  formation  is  mainly  a 
mechanical  sediment,  with  but  a  very  small  por- 
tion of  organic  matter.  The  Burlington  lime- 
stone, on  the  other  hand,  is  composed  almost 
entirely  of  the  fossilized  remains  of  organic 
beings,  with  barely  enough  sedimentary  material 
to  act  as  a  cement.  Its  maximum  thickness 
scarcely  exceeds  200  feet,  and  its  principal  out- 
crops are  in  the  counties  of  Jersey,  Greene,  Scott, 
Calhoun,  Pike,  Adams,  Warren  and  Henderson. 
The  rock  is  usually  a  light  gray,  buff  or  brown 
limestone,  either  coarsely  granular  or  crystalline 
in  structure.  The  Keokuk  group  immediately 
succeeds  the  Burlington  in  the  ascending  order, 
with  no  well  defined  line  of  demarcation,  the 
chief  points  of  difference  between  the  two  being 
in  color  and  in  the  character  of  fossils  found.  At 
the  upper  part  of  this  group  is  found  a  bed  of 
nalcareo-argillaceous  shale,  containing  a  great 
variety  of  geodes,  which  furnish  beautiful  cabinet 
specimens  of  crystallized  quartz,  chalcedony, 
dolomite  and  iron  pyrites.  In  Jersey  and  Monroe 
Counties  a  bed  of  hydraulic  limestone,  adapted  to 
the  manufacture  of  cement,  is  found  at  the  top  of 
this  formation.  The  St.  Louis  group  is  partly 
a  fine-grained  or  semi-crystallized  bluish-gray 
limestone,  and  partly  concretionary,  as  around 
Alton.  In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State 
the  rock  is  highly  bituminous  and  susceptible  of 
receiving  a  high  polish,  being  used  as  a  black 
marble.  Beds  of  magnesian  limestone  are  found 
here  and  there,  which  furnish  a  good  stone  for 
foundation  walls.  In  Hardin  County,  the  rock 


is  traversed  by  veins  of  fluor  spar,  carrying 
galena  and  zinc  blonde.  The  Chester  group  is 
only  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
thinning  out  from  a  thickness  of  eight  hundred 
feet  in  Jackson  and  Randolph  Counties,  to  about 
twenty  feet  at  Alton.  It  consists  of  hard,  gray, 
crystalline,  argillaceous  limestones,  alternating 
with  sandy  and  argillaceous  shales  and  sandstones, 
which  locally  replace  each  other.  A  few  species 
of  true  carboniferous  flora  are  found  in  the  are- 
naceous shales  and  sandstones  of  this  group,  the 
earliest  traces  of  pre-historic  land  plants  found  in 
the  State.  Outcrops  extend  in  a  narrow  belt 
from  the  southern  part  of  Hardin  County  to  the 
southern  line  of  St.  Clair  County,  passing  around 
the  southwest  border  of  the  coal  field. 

UPPER  CARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM. — This  includes 
the  Conglomerate,  or  "Mill  Stone  Grit"  of  Euro- 
pean authors,  and  the  true  coal  measures.  In  the 
southern  portion  of  the  State  its  greatest  thick- 
ness is  about  1,200  feet.  It  becomes  thinner 
toward  the  north,  scarcely  exceeding  400  or  500 
feet  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Salle.  The  word  "con- 
glomerate" designates  a  thick  bed  of  sandstone 
that  lies  at  the  base  of  the  coal  measures,  and 
appears  to  have  resulted  from  the  culmination  of 
the  arenaceous  sedimentary  accumulations.  It 
consists  of  massive  quartzose  sandstone,  some- 
times nearly  white,  but  more  frequently  stained 
red  or  brown  by  the  ferruginous  matter  which 
it  contains,  and  is  frequently  composed  in 
part  of  rounded  quartz  pebbles,  from  the  size 
of  a  pea  to  several  inches  in  diameter.  When 
highly  ferruginous,  the  oxide  of  iron  cements 
the  sand  into  a  hard  crust  on  the  surface 
of  the  rock,  which  successfully  resists  the  de- 
nuding influence  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the 
rock  forms  towering  cliffs  on  the  banks  of  the 
stream  along  which  are  its  outcrops.  Its  thickness 
varies  from  200  feet  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  to  twenty-five  feet  in  the  northern.  It  lias 
afforded  a  few  species  of  fossil  plants,  but  no 
animal  remains.  The  coal  measures  of  Illinois 
are  at  least  1,000  feet  thick  and  cover  nearly 
three-fourths  of  its  entire  area.  The  strata  are 
horizontal,  the  dip  rarely  exceeding  six  to  ten 
feet  to  the  mile.  The  formation  is  made  up  of 
sandstone,  shales,  thin  beds  of  limestone,  coal, 
and  its  associated  fire  clays.  The  thickness  of 
the  workable  beds  is  from  six  to  twenty-four 
inches  in  the  upper  measures,  and  from  two  to 
five  feet  in  the  lower  measures.  The  fire  clays, 
on  which  the  coal  seams  usually  rest,  probably 
represent  the  ancient  soil  on  which  grew  the 
trees  and  plants  from  which  the  coal  is  formed. 


200 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


When  pure,  these  clays  are  valuable  for  the 
manufacture  of  fire  brick,  tile  and  common 
pottery.  Illinois  coal  is  wholly  of  the  bitumi- 
nous variety,  the  metamorphic  conditions  which 
resulted  in  the  production  of  anthracite  coal  in 
Pennsylvania  not  having  extended  to  this  State. 
Fossils,  both  vegetable  and  animal,  abound  in 
the  coal  measures. 

TERTIARY  SYSTEM. — This  system  is  represented 
only  in  the  southern  end  of  the  State,  where  cer- 
tain deposits  of  stratified  sands,  shales  and  con- 
glomerate are  found,  which  appear  to  mark  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  great  Tertiary  forma- 
tion of  the  Gulf  States.  Potter's  clay,  lignite  and 
silicious  woods  are  found  in  the  formation. 

QUATERNARY  SYSTEM.— This  system  embraces 
all  the  superficial  material,  including  sands,  clay, 
gravel  and.  soil  which  overspreads  the  older  for- 
mations in  all  portions  of  the  State.  It  gives 
origin  to  the  soil  from  which  the  agricultural 
wealth  of  Illinois  is  derived.  It  may  be  properly 
separated  into  four  divisions:  Post-tertiary 
sands,  Drift,  Loess  and  Alluvium.  The  first- 
named  occupies  the  lowest  position  in  the  series, 
and  consists  of  stratified  beds  of  yellow  sand  and 
blue  clay,  of  variable  thickness,  overlaid  by  a 
black  or  deep  brown,  loamy  soil,  in  which  are 
found  leaves,  branches  and  trunks  of  trees  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation.  Next  above  lie  the 
drift  deposits,  consisting  of  blue,  yellow  and 
brown  clays,  containing  gravel  and  boulders  of 
various  sizes,  the  latter  the  water-worn  frag- 
ments of  rocks,  many  of  which  have  been  washed 
down  from  the  northern  shores  of  the  great 
lakes.  This  drift  formation  varies  in  thickness 
from  twenty  to  120  feet,  and  its  accumulations 
are  probably  due  to  the  combined  influence  of 
water  currents  and  moving  ice.  The  subsoil 
over  a  large  part  of  the  northern  and  central 
portions  of  the  State  is  composed  of  fine  brown 
olay.  Prof.  Desquereux  (Illinois  Geological  Sur- 
vey, Vol.  I.)  accounts  for  the  origin  of  thus  clay 
and  of  the  black  prairie  soil  above  it,  by  attribut- 
ing it  to  the  growth  and  decomposition  of  a 
peculiar  vegetation.  The  Loess  is  a  fine  mechan- 
ical sediment  that  appears  to  have  accumulated  in 
some  body  of  fresh  water.  It  consists  of  marly 
sands  and  clays,  of  a  thickness  varying  from  five  to 
sixty  feet.  Its  greatest  development  is  along  the 
bluffs  of  the  principal  rivers.  The  fossils  found 
in  this  formation  consist  chiefly  of  the  bones  and 
teeth  of  extinct  mammalia,  such  as  the  mam- 
moth, mastodon,  etc.  Stone  implements  of 
primeval  man  are  also  discovered.  The  term 
alluvium  is  usually  restricted  to  the  deposits 


forming  the  bottom  lands  of  the  rivers  and 
smaller  streams.  They  consist  of  irregularly 
stratified  sand,  clay  and  loam,  which  are  fre- 
quently found  in  alternate  layers,  and  contain 
more  or  less  organic  matter  from  decomposed 
animal  and  vegetable  substances.  When  suffi- 
ciently elevated,  they  constitute  the  richest  and 
most  productive  farming  lands  in  the  State. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Vermilion  County, 
on  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway,  10  miles  south  of  Danville.  It  has  a 
bank,  telegraph  and  express  office  and  a  news- 
paper. Population  (1890),  662;  (1900),  98S. 

GERMAN  EVANGELICAL  SCHOOL,  located  at 
Addison,  Du  Page  County;  incorporated  in  1852; 
has  a  faculty  of  three  instructors  and  reports  1X7 
pupils  for  1897-98,  with  a  property  valuation  of 
$9,600. 

GERMA  Jf  TOWN,  a  village  of  Vermilion  County, 
and  suburb  of  Danville;  is  the  center  of  a  coal- 
mining district.'  Population  (1880),  540;  (1890), 
1,178;  (1900),  1,782. 

GEST,  William  H.,  lawyer  and  ex-Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Jacksonville,  111.,  Jan.  7,  1838. 
When  but  four  years  old  his  parents  removed  to 
Rock  Island,  where  he  has  since  resided.  He 
graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1860,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1862,  and  has  always  been 
actively  engaged  in  practice.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  by  the  Republicans  of  the 
Eleventh  Illinois  District,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1888,  but  in  1890  was  defeated  by  Benjamin  T. 
Cable,  Democrat. 

GIBAL'LT,  Pierre,  a  French  priest,  supposed  to 
have  been  born  at  New  Madrid  in  what  is  now 
Southeastern  Missouri,  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century;  was  Vicar-General  at  Kaskaskia,  with 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  over  the  churches  at 
Cahokia,  St.  Genevieve  and  adjacent  points,  at 
the  time  of  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia  by  Col. 
George  Rogers  Clark  in  1778,  and  rendered  Clark 
important  aid  in  conciliating  the  French  citizens 
of  Illinois.  He  also  made  a  visit  to  Vincennes  and 
induced  the  people  there  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance to  the  new  government.  He  even  advanced 
means  to  aid  Clark's  destitute  troops,  but  beyond 
a  formal  vote  of  thanks  by  the  Virginia  Legisla- 
ture, he  does  not  appear  to  have  received  any 
recompense.  Governor  St.  Clair,  in  a  report  to 
Thomas  Jefferson,  then  Secretary  of  State,  dwelt 
impressively  upon  the  value  of  Father  Gibault's 
services  and  sacrifices,  and  Judge  Law  said  of 
him,  "Next  to  Clark  and  (Francis)  Vigo,  the 
United  States  are  indebted  more  to  Father 
Gibault  for  the  accession  of  the  States  comprised 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


201 


in  what  was  the  original  Northwest  Territory 
than  to  any  other  man. "  The  date  and  place  of 
his  death  are  unknown. 

GIBSON  CITY,  a  town  in  Ford  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Railroad.  34 
miles  east  of  Bloomington.  and  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  Wabash  Railroad  and  the  Springfield 
Division  of  the  Illinois  Central.  The  principal 
mechanical  [industries  are  iron  works,  canning 
works,  a  shoe  factory,  and  a  tile  factory.  It  has 
two  banks,  two  newspapers,  nine  churches  and 
an  academy.  A  college  is  projected.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,803;  (1900),  2,054;  (1903,  est.),  3,165. 

(ill,!,,  Joseph  It.,  Lieutenant-Governor  (1893- 
97),  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Marion,  Williamson 
County,  111.,  Feb.  17,  1862.  In  1868  his  father 
settled  at  Murphysboro,  where  Mr.  Gill  still 
makes  his  home.  His  academic  education  was 
received  at  the  school  of  the  Christian  Brothers, 
in  St.  Louis,  and  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal 
University,  Carbondale.  In  1886  he  graduated 
from  the  Law  Department  of  the  Michigan  State 
University,  at  Ann  Arbor.  Returning  home  he 
purchased  an  interest  in  "The  Murphysboro  Inde- 
pendent," which  paper  he  conducted  and  edited 
up  to  January,  1893.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature  and  re-elected 
in  1890.  As  a  legislator  he  was  prominent  as  a 
champion  of  the  labor  interest.  In  1892  he  was 
nominated  and  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  on 
the  Democratic  ticket,  serving  from  January, 
1893,  to  '97. 

GILLESPIE,  a  village  of  Macoupin  County,  on 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway,  10  miles  southwest  of  Litchfield.  This 
is  an  agricultural,  coal-mining  and  stock-raising 
region ;  the  town  has  a  bank  and  a  newspaper. 
Population  (1890),  948;  (1900),  873. 

GILLESPIE,  Joseph,  lawyer  and  Judge,  was 
born  in  New  York  City,  August  22,  1809,  of  Irish 
parents,  who  removed  to  Illinois  in  1819,  settling 
on  a  farm  near  Edwardsville.  After  coming  to 
Illinois,  at  10  years,  he  did  not  attend  school  over 
two  months.  In  1827  he  went  to  the  lead  mines 
at  Galena,  remaining  until  1829.  In  1831,  at  the 
invitation  of  Cyrus  Edwards,  he  began  the  study 
of  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837, 
having  been  elected  Probate  Judge  in  1836.  He 
also  served  during  two  campaigns  (1831  and  '32) 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  He  was  a  Whig  in 
politics  and  a  warm  personal  friend  of  Abraham 
Lincoln.  In  1840  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature,  serving  one  term,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  from  1847  to 
1859.  In  1853  he  received  the  few  votes  of  the 


Whig  members  of  the  Legislature  for  United  States 
Senator,  in  opposition  to  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
and,  in  1860,  presided  over  the  second  Republican 
State  Convention  at  Decatur,  at  which  elements 
were  set  in  motion  which  resulted  in  the  nomi- 
nation of  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency 
for  the  first  time,  a  week  later.  In  1861  he  was 
elected  Judge  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  re-elected  in  1867  for  a  second  term, 
serving  until  1873.  Died,  at  his  home  at  Edwards- 
ville, Jan.  7,  1885. 

GILLETT,  John  Dean,  agriculturist  and  stock- 
man, was  born  in  Connecticut,  April  28,  1819; 
spent  several  years  of  his  youth  in  Georgia,  but, 
in  1838,  came  to  Illinois  by  way  of  St.  Louis, 
finally  reaching  "Bald  Knob,"  in  Logan  County, 
where  an  uncle  of  the  same  name  resided.  Here 
he  went  to  work,  and,  by  frugality  and  judicious 
investments,  finally  acquired  a  large  body  of 
choice  lands,  adding  to  his  agricultural  operations 
the  rearing  and  feeding  of  stock  for  the  Chicago 
and  foreign  markets.  In  this  he  was  remarkably 
successful.  In  his  later  years  he  was  President 
of  a  National  Bank  at  Lincoln.  At  the  time  of 
his  death,  August  27,  1888,  he  was  the  owner  .  • 
16,500  acres  of  improved  lands  in  the  vicinity  of 
Elkhart,  Logan  County,  besides  large  herds  of 
fine  stock,  both  cattle  and  horses.  He  left  a  large 
family,  one  of  his  daughters  being  the  wife  of 
the  late  Senator  Richard  J.  Oglesby. 

GILLETT,  Philip  Goode,  specialist  and  edu- 
cator, born  in  Madison,  Ind.,  March  24,  1833;  was 
educated  at  Asbury  University,  Greencastle,  Ind. . 
graduating  in  1852,  and  the  same  year  became  an 
instructor  in  the  Institution  for  the  Education  of 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  that  State.  In  1856  lit 
became  Principal  of  the  Illinois  Institution  for 
the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jackson- 
ville, remaining  there  until  1893,  when  lie 
resigned.  Thereafter,  for  some  years,  he  was 
President  of  the  Association  for  the  Promotion  uf 
Speech  by  the  Deaf,  with  headquarters  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  but  later  returned  to  Jacksonville, 
where  he  lias  since  been  living  in  retirement. 

GILLHAM,  Daniel  It.,  agriculturist  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  at  a  place  now  called  Wanda,  in 
Madison  County,  111.,  April  29,  1826— his  father 
being  a  farmer  and  itinerant  Methodist  preacher, 
who  belonged  to  one  of  the  pioneer  families  in 
the  American  Bottom  at  an  early  day.  The  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  McKendreu  College,  but  did  not 
graduate  from  the  latter.  In  his  early  life  he 
followed  the  vocation  of  a  farmer  and  stock  - 
grower  in  one  of  the  most  prosperous  and  highly 


202 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


cultivated  portions. of  the  American  Bottom,  a 
few  miles  below  Alton,  but,  in  1872,  removed  to 
Alton,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Agri- 
'  culture  in  1866,  serving  eight  years  as  Superin- 
tendent and  later  as  its  President;  was  also  a 
Trustee  of  Shurtleff  College  some  twenty-five 
years,  and  for  a  time  President  of  the  Board.  In 
1870  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the 
Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly,  and  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1882,  serving  a  term  of  four  years 
in  the  latter.  On  the  night  of  March  17,  1890,  he 
was  assaulted  by  a  burglar  in  his  house,  receiving 
a  wound  from  a  pistol-shot  in  consequence  of 
which  he  died,  April  6,  following.  The  identity 
of  his  assailant  was  never  discovered,  and  the 
crime  consequently  went  unpunished. 

GILMAN,  a  city  in"  Iroquois  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  To- 
ledo, Peoria  &  Western  Railways,  81  miles  south 
by  west  from  Chicago  and  208  miles  northeast 
of  St.  Louis.  It  is  in  the  heart  of  one  of  the 
richest  corn  districts  of  the  State  and  has  large 
stock-raising  and  fruit-growing  interests.  It  has 
an  opera  house,  a  public  library,  an  extensive 
nursery,  brick  and  tile  works,  a  linseed  oil  mill, 
two  banks  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  Arte- 
sian well  water  is  obtained  by  boring  from  90  to 
,'00  feet  Population  (1890),  1,112;  (1900),  1,441. 

GILMAN,  Arthur,  was  born  at  Alton,  111.,  June 
22,  1837,  the  son  of  Winthrop  S.  Gilman,  of  the 
firm  of  Gilman  &  Godfrey,  in  whose  warehouse 
the  printing  press  of  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  was 
stored  at  the  time  of  its  destruction  by  a  mob  in 
1837 ;  was  educated  in  St.  Louis  and  New  York, 
began  business  as  a  banker  in  1857,  but,  in  1870, 
removed  to  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  connected 
himself  with  "The  Riverside  Press."  Mr.  Gilman 
was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  what  is  known  as 
"The  Harvard  Annex"  in  the  interest  of  equal 
collegiate  advantages  for  women,  and  has  written 
much  for  the  periodical  press,  besides  publishing 
a  number  of  volumes  in  the  line  of  history  and 
English  literature. 

GILMAN,  CLINTON  &  SPRINGFIELD  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

GIRARD,  a  city  in  Macoupin  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  25  miles  south  by  west 
from  Springfield  and  13  miles  north-northeast  of 
Carlinville.  Coal-mining  is  carried  on  extensively 
here.  The  city  also  has  a  bank,  five  churches 
and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1880), 
1,024;  (1890),  1,524;  (1900),  1,601. 

GLEXCOE,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on  the 
Milwaukee  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwest- 


ern  Railway,  19  miles  north  of  Chicago.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  387;  (1890),  569;  (1900),  1,020. 

GLENN,  Archibald  A.,  ex-Lieutenant-Governor, 
was  born  in  Nicholas  County,  Ky . ,  Jan.  30,  1819. 
In  1828  his  father's  family  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  first  in  Vermilion,  and  later  in  Schuyler 
County.  At  the  age  of  13,  being  forced  to 
abandon  school,  for  six  years  he  worked  upon  the 
farm  of  his  widowed  mother,  and,  at  19,  entered 
a  printing  office  at  Rushville,  where  he  learned 
the  trade  of  compositor.  In  1844  he  published  a 
Whig  campaign  paper,  which  was  discontinued 
after  the  defeat  of  Henry  Clay.  For  eleven 
years  he  was  Circuit  Clerk  of  Brown  County, 
during  which  period  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
o"'  1862,  and  of  the  State  Board  of  Equalization 
from  1868  to  1872.  The  latter  year  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate  for  four  years,  and,  in  1875, 
chosen  its  President,  thus  becoming  ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor.  He  early  abandoned  legal 
practice  to  engage  in  banking  and  in  mercan- 
tile investment.  After  the  expiration  of  his  term 
in  the  Senate,  he  removed  to  Kansas,  where,  at 
latest  advices,  he  still  resided. 

GLENN,  John  .1.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
in  Ashland  County,  Ohio,  March  2,  1831 ;  gradu- 
ated from  Miami  University  in  1858  and,  in  1858, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
Removing  to  Illinois  in  1860,  he  settled  in  Mercer 
County,  a  year  later  removing  to  Monmouth  in 
Warren  County,  where  he  still  resides.  In  1877 
he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Tenth  Judicial  Cir- 
cuit and  re-elected  in  1879,  '85,  '91,  and  '97. 
After  his  last  election  he  served  for  some  time, 
by  appointment  of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Appellate  Court  for  the  Springfield 
District,  but  ultimately  resigned  and  returned  to 
Circuit  Court  duty.  His  reputation  as  a  cool- 
headed,  impartial  Judge  stands  very  high,  and  his 
name  has  been  favorably  regarded  for  a  place  on 
the  Supreme  Bench. 

GLOVER,  Joseph  Otis,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Cayuga  County,  N.  Y..  April  13,  1810,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  high-school  at  Aurora  in  that  State. 
In  1835  he  came  west  to  attend  to  a  land  case  at 
Galena  for  his  father,  and,  although  not  then  a 
lawyer,  he  managed  the  case  so  successfully  that 
he  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  two  others.  This 
determined  the  bent  of  his  mind  towards  the  law, 
to  the  study  of  which  he  turned  his  attention 
under  the  preceptorship  of  the  late  Judge  The- 
ophilus  L.  Dickey,  then  of  Ottawa.  Soon  after 
l>eing  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  the  late  Burton  C.  Cook,  whioh 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


203 


lasted  over  thirty  years.  In  1846  he  was  elected 
as  a  Democrat  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Fif- 
teenth General  Assembly,  but,  on  the  repeal  of 
the  Missouri  Compromise,  he  became  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Republican  party  and  a  close 
friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  whom  he  entertained, 
at  the  time  of  his  (Lincoln's)  debate  with  Senator 
Douglas,  at  Ottawa,  in  1858.  In  1868  he  served 
as  Presidential  Elector  at  the  time  of  General 
Grant's  first  election  to  the  Presidency,  and  the 
following  year  was  appointed  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for  the  Northern  District,  serving 
until  1875.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Cullom  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Railway 
and  Canal  Commissioners,  of  which  he  afterwards 
became  President,  serving  six  years.  Died,  in 
Chicago,  Dec.  10,  1892. 

UODFRET,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  5  miles  north  of  Alton. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Monticello  Female  Seminary,  and 
named  for  Capt.  Benjamin  Godfrey,  an  early 
settler  who  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  founding 
that  institution.  Population  (1890),  228. 

GODFREY,  (Capt.)  Benjamin,  sea  captain  and 
philanthropist,  was  born  at  Chatham,  Mass. ,  Dec. 
4,  1794:  at  nine  years  of  age  he  ran  away  from 
home  and  went  to  sea,  his  first  voyage  being  to 
Ireland,  where  he  spent  nine  years.  The  War  of 
1812  coming  on,  he  returned  home,  spending  a 
part  of  the  next  three  years  in  the  naval  service, 
also  gaining  a  knowledge  of  the  science  of  navi- 
gation. Later,  he  became  master  of  a  merchant- 
vessel  making  voyages  to  Italy,  Spain,  the  West 
Indies  and  other  countries,  finally,  by  shipwreck 
in  Cuban  waters,  losing  the  bulk  of  his  fortune. 
In  1824  he  engaged  in  mercantile  business  at 
Matamoras,  Mex.,  where  he  accumulated  a  hand- 
some fortune ;  but,  in  transferring  it  (amounting 
to  some  $200,000  in  silver)  across  the  country  on 
pack-animals,  he  was  attacked  and  robbed  by 
brigands,  with  which  that  country  was  then 
infested.  Resuming  business  at  New  Orleans,  he 
was  again  successful,  and,  in  1833,  came  north, 
locating  near  Alton,  111.,  the  next  year  engaging 
in  the  warehouse  and  commission  business  as  the 
partner  of  Winthrop  S.  Gilman,  under  the  name 
of  Godfrey  &  Gilman.  It  was  in  the  warehouse 
of  this  firm  at  Alton  that  the  printing-press  of 
Elijah  P.  Love  joy  was  stored  when  it  was  seized 
and  destroyed  by  a  mob.  and  Lovejoy  was  killed, 
in  October,  1837.  (See  iMi-ejoy,  Elijah  P.)  Soon 
after  establishing  himself  at  Alton,  Captain  God- 
frey made  a  donation  of  land  and  money  for  the 
erection  of  a  young  ladies'  seminary  at  the  village 
of  Godfrey,  four  miles  from  Alton.  (See  Monti- 


cello  Female  Seminary.)  The  first  cost  of  the 
erection  of  buildings,  borne  by  him,  was  $53,000. 
The  institution  was  opened,  April  11,  1838,  and 
Captain  Godfrey  continued  to  be  one  of  its  Trustees 
as  long  as  he  lived.  He  was  also  one  of  the  lead- 
ing spirits  in  the  construction  of  the  Alton  & 
Springfield  Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the  Chicago 
&  Alton),  in  which  he  invested  heavily  and  un- 
profitably.  Died,  at  Godfrey,  April  13,  1862. 

60LCONDA,  a  village  and  county-seat  of  Pope 
County,  on  the  Ohio  River,  80  miles  northeast 
of  Cairo;  located  in  agricultural  and  mining  dis- 
trict ;  zinc,  lead  and  kaolin  mined  in  the  vicinity ; 
has  a  courthouse,  eight  churches,  schools,  one 
bank,  a  newspaper,  a  box  factory,  flour  and  saw 
mills,  and  a  fluor-spar  factory.  It  is  the  termi- 
nus of  a  branch  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
Population  (1890),  1.174:  (1900),  1,140. 

GOLDZIER,  Julius,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Vienna,  Austria,  Jan.  20,  1854,  and 
emigrated  to  New  York  in  1866.  In  1872  he 
settled  in  Chicago,  where  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1877,  and  where  he  has  practiced 
law  ever  since.  From  1890  to  1892  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  City  Council,  and,  in 
1892,  was  the  successful  Democratic  candidate 
in  the  Fourth  District,  for  Congress,  but  was 
defeated  in  1894  by  Edward  D.  Cooke.  At  the 
Chicago  city  election  of  1899  he  was  again  re- 
turned to  the  Council  as  Alderman  for  the  Thirty- 
second  Ward. 

GOODIXfi,  James,  pioneer,  was  born  about 
1767,  and,  in  1832,  was  residing  at  Bristol,  Ontario 
County,  N.  Y.,  when  he  removed  to  Cook  County, 
111.,  settling  in  what  was  later  called  "Gooding's 
Grove,"  now  a  part  of  Will  County.  The  Grove 
was  also  called  the  "Yankee  Settlement,"  from 
the  Eastern  origin  of  the  principal  settlers.  Mr. 
Gooding  was  accompanied,  or  soon  after  joined,  by 
three  sons — James,  Jr.,  William  and  Jasper — and 
a  nephew,  Charles  Gooding,  all  of  whom  became 
prominent  citizens.  The  senior  Gooding  died  in 
1849,  at  the  age  of  82  years.— William  (Gooding), 
civil  engineer,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Bristol.  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.,  April  1,  1803; 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  by  private 
tuition,  after  which  he  divided  his  time  chiefly 
between  teaching  and  working  on  the  farm  of 
his  father,  James  Gooding.  Having  devoted 
considerable  attention  to  surveying  and  civil 
engineering,  he  obtained  employment  in  1826  on 
the  Welland  Canal,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
He  then  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  at  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y. ,  but  sold  out  at  the  end  of  the  first 
year  and  went  to  Ohio  to  engage  in  his  profession. 


204 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Being  unsuccessful  in  this,  he  accepted  employ- 
ment for  a  time  as  a  rodman,  but  later  secured  a 
position  as  Assistant  Engineer  on  the  Ohio  Canal. 
After  a  brief  visit  to  his  father's  in  1832,  he 
returned  to  Ohio  and  engaged  in  business  there 
for  a  short  time,  but  the  following  year  joined 
his  father,  who  had  previously  settled  in  a  portion 
of  what  is  now  Will  County,  but  then  Cook,  mak- 
ing the  trip  by  the  first  mail  steamer  around  the 
lakes.  He  at  first  settled  at  "Gooding's  Grove" 
and  engaged  in  farming.  In  1836  he  was  ap- 
pointed Assistant  Engineer  on  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  but,  in  1842,  became  Chief  Engi- 
neer, continuing  in  that  position  until  the  com- 
pletion of  the  canal  in  1848,  when  he  became 
Secretary  of  the  Canal  Board.  Died,  at  Ix>ckport, 
Will  County,  in  May,  1878. 

GOODRICH,  Grant,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Milton,  Saratoga,  County,  N.  Y.,  August 
7,  1811 ;  grew  up  in  Western  New  York,  studied 
law  and  came  to  Chicago  in  1834,  becoming  one 
of  the  most  prominent  and  reputable  members  of 
his  profession,  as  well  as  a  leader  in  many  of  the 
movements  for  the  educational,  moral  and  reli- 
gious advancement  of  the  commttnity.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  of  Chicago,  an  active  member  of 
the  Union  Defense  Committee  during  the  war,  an 
incorporator  and  life-long  Trustee  of  the  North- 
western University,  and  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  besides 
being  identified  with  many  organizations  of  a 
strictly  benevolent  character.  In  1839  Judge 
Goodrich  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  newly  organ- 
ized Superior  Court,  but,  at  the  end  of  his  term, 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Died, 
March  15,  1889. 

6ORE,  David,  ex-State  Auditor,  was  born  in 
Trigg  County,  Ky.,  Aprils,  1827;  came  with  his 
parents  to  Madison  County,  III. ,  in  1834,  and  served 
in  the  Mexican  War  as  a  Quartermaster,  afterwards 
locating  in  Macoupin  County,  where  he  lias  been 
extensively  engaged  in  farming.  In  1874  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  Greenback-Labor  candidate  for 
State  Treasurer,  in  1884  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  from  the  MacoUpin-Morgan  District,  and, 
in  1892,  nominated  and  elected,  as  a  Democrat, 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  serving  until  1897. 
For  some  sixteen  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  the  last  two  years  of 
that  period  being  its  President.  His  home  is  at 
Carlinville. 

GOUDY,  Calvin,  early  printer  and  physician, 
was  born  in  Ohio,  June  2,  1814;  removed  with 
his  parents,  in  childhood,  to  Indianapolis,  and 


in  1832 to  Vandalia,  111.,  where  he  worked  in  the 
State  printing  office  and  bindery.  In  the  fall  of 
1833  the  family  removed  to  Jacksonville,  and  the 
following  year  he  entered  Illinois  College,  being 
for  a  time  a  college-mate  of  Richard  Yates,  after- 
wards Governor.  Here  he  continued  his  vocation 
as  a  printer,  working  for  a  time  on  "Peck's 
Gazetteer  of  Illinois"  and  "Goudy's  Almanac." 
of  which  his  father  was  publisher.  In  association 
with  a  brother  while  in  Jacksonville,  he  began 
the  publication  of  "The  Common  School  Advo- 
cate," the  pioneer  publication  of  its  kind  in  the 
Northwest,  which  was  continued  for  about  a 
year.  Later  he  studied  medicine  with  Drs.  Henry 
and  Merriman  in  Springfield,  finally  graduating 
at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and,  in  1844 
began  practice  at  Taylorville ;  in  1847  was  elected 
Probate  Judge  of  Christian  County  for  a  term  of 
four  years;  in  1851  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness, which  he  continued  nineteen  years.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  and,  in  the  session  of  the  following; 
year,  was  a  leading  supporter  of  the  act  estab- 
lishing the  State  Normal  School  at  Normal,  still 
later  serving  for  some  sixteen  years  on  the  State 
Board  of  Education.  Died,  at  Taylorville,  in 
1877.  Dr.  Goudy  was  an  older  brother  of  the  late 
William  C.  Goudy  of  Chicago. 

GOCDY,  William  C.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Indiana,  May  15,  1824 ;  came  to  Illinois,  with  his 
father,  first  to  Vandalia  and  afterwards  to  Jack- 
sonville, previous  to  1833,  where  the  latter  began 
the  publication  of  "The  Farmer's  Almanac" — a 
well-known  publication  of  that  time.  At  Jack- 
sonville young  Goudy  entered  Illinois  College, 
graduating  in  1845,  when  he  began  the  study  of 
law  with  Judge  Stephen  T.  Logan,  of  Springfield ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1847,  and  the  next  year 
began  practice  at  Lewistown,  Fulton  County; 
served  as  State's  Attorney  (1852-55)  and  as  State 
Senator  (1856-60);  at  the  close  of  his  term  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  where  he  became  prominent 
as  a  corporation  and  railroad  lawyer,  in  1886  be- 
coming General  Solicitor  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railroad.  During  President  Cleveland's 
first  term,  Mr.  Goudy  was  believed  to  exert  a 
large  influence  with  the  administration,  and  was 
credited  with  having  been  largely  instrumental 
in  securing  the  appointment  of  his  partner,  Mel- 
ville W.  Fuller,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  Died,  April  27,  1893. 

GBAFF,  Joseph  V.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  July  1,  1854;  after 
graduating  from  the  Terre  Haute  high-school, 
spent  one  year  in  Wabash  College  at  Crawfords- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


205 


ville.  but  did  not  graduate ;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Delavan,  111.,  in  1879;  in 
1892  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Minneapolis,  but,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  President  of  the  Board  of  Education, 
never  held  any  public  office  until  elected  to  Con- 
gress from  the  Fourteenth  Illinois  District,  as  a 
Republican,  in  November,  1894.  Mr.  Graff  was  a 
successful  candidate  for  re-election  in  1896,  and 
again  in  '98. 

GRAFTON,  a  town  in  Jersey  County,  situated 
on  the  Mississippi  one  and  a  half  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois  River.  The  bluffs  are  high 
and  fine  river  views  are  obtainable.  A  fine 
quality  of  fossiliferous  limestone  is  quarried  here 
and  exported  by  the  river.  The  town  has  a 
bank,  three  churches  and  a  graded  school.  Pop- 
ulation (1880),  807,  (1890),  927;  (1900),  988. 

GRAIN  INSPECTION,  a  mode  of  regulating 
the  grain-trade  in  accordance  with  State  law,  and 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  Railroad  and 
Warehouse  Commission.  The  principal  exec- 
utive officer  of  the  department  is  the  Chief 
Inspector  of  Grain,  the  expenses  of  whose  adminis- 
tration are  borne  by  fees.  The  chief  business  of 
the  inspection  department  is  transacted  in  Chi- 
cago, where  the  principal  offices  are  located.  (See 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commission. ) 

GRAMMAR,  John,  pioneer  and  early  legislator, 
came  to  Southern  Illinois  at  a  very  early  date  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Third  Territorial 
Council  for  Johnson  County  (1816-18);  was  a 
citizen  of  Union  County  when  it  was  organized 
in  1818,  and  served  as  State  Senator  from  that 
county  in  the  Third  and  Fourth  General  Assem- 
blies (1822-26),  and  again  in  the  Seventh  and 
Eighth  General  Assemblies  (1830-34),  for  the  Dis- 
trict composed  of  Union,  Johnson  and  Alexander 
Counties.  He  is  described  as  having  been  very 
illiterate,  but  a  man  of  much  shrewdness  and 
considerable  influence. 

GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC,  a  fra- 
ternal, charitable  and  patriotic  association, 
limited  to  men  who  served  in  the  Union  army  or 
navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and  received  hon- 
orable discharge.  Its  founder  was  Dr.  B.  F. 
Stephenson,  who  served  as  Surgeon  of  the  Four- 
teenth Illinois  Infantry.  In  this  task  he  had 
the  cooperation  of  Rev.  William  J.  Rutledge, 
Chaplain  of  the  same  regiment.  Col.  Jolm  M. 
Snyder,  Dr.  James  Hamilton,  Maj.  Robert  M. 
Woods,  Maj.  Robert  Allen,  Col.  Martin  Flood, 
Col.  Daniel  Grass,  Col.  Edward  Prince,  Capt. 
John  S.  Phelps,  Capt.  John  A.  Lightfoot,  Col. 
B.  F.  Smith,  Maj.  A.  A.  North,  Capt.  Henry  E. 


Howe,  and  Col.  B.  F.  Hawkes.  all  Illinois  veter- 
ans. Numerous  conferences  were  held  at  Spring- 
field, in  this  State,  a  ritual  was  prepared,  and  the 
first  post  was  chartered  at  Decatur,  111.,  April  (>. 
1866.  The  charter  members  were  Col.  I.  C.  Pugli. 
George  R.  Steele,  J.  W.  Routh,  Joseph  Prior. 
J.  H.  Nale,  J.  T.  Bishop,  G  H.  Dunning,  B  F. 
Sibley,  M.  F.  Kanau,  C.  Reibsame,  I.  N.  Coltrin. 
and  Aquila  Toland.  All  but  one  of  these  had 
served  in  Illinois  regiments.  At  first,  the  work 
of  organization  proceeded  slowly,  the  ex-soldiers 
generally  being  somewhat  doubtful  of  the  result 
of  the  project;  but,  before  July  12,  1866,  the  date 
fixed  for  the  assembling  of  a  State  Convention  to 
form  the  Department  of  Illinois,  thirty-nine  posts 
had  been  chartered,  and,  by  1869,  there  were  330 
reported  in  Illinois.  By  October,  1866,  Depart- 
ments had  been  formed  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  posts  established 
in  Ohio,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Arkansas,  Massa- 
chussetts,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  the  first  National 
Encampment  was  held  at  Indianapolis,  November 
20  of  that  year.  In  1894  there  were  7,500  posts, 
located  in  every  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union, 
with  a  membership  of  450,000.  The  scheme  of 
organization  provides  for  precinct,  State  and 
National  bodies.  The  first  are  known  as  posts, 
each  having  a  number,  to  which  the  name  of 
some  battle  or  locality,  or  of  some  deceased  soldier 
may  be  prefixed;  the  second  (State  organizations) 
are  known  as  Departments;  and  the  supreme 
power  of  the  Order  is  vested  in  the  National  En- 
campment, which  meets  annually.  As  has  l>een 
said,  the  G.  A.  R.  had  its  inception  in  Illinois. 
The  aim  and  dream  of  Dr.  Stephenson  and  his 
associates  was  to  create  a  grand  organization  of 
veterans  which,  through  its  cohesion,  no  less  than 
its  incisiveness,  should  constitute  a  potential  fac- 
tor in  the  inculcation  and  development  of  patriot- 
ism as  well  as  mutual  support.  While  he  died 
sorrowing  that  he  had  not  seen  the  fruition  of 
his  hopes,  the  present  lias  witnessed  the  fullest 
realization  of  his  dream.  (See  Steplienson,  B.  F. ) 
The  constitution  of  the  order  expressly  prohibits 
any  attempt  to  use  the  organization  for  partisan 
purposes,  or  even  the  discussion,  at  any  meeting, 
of  partisan  questions.  Its  aims  are  to  foster  and 
strengthen  fraternal  feelings  among  members ;  to 
assist  comrades  needing  help  or  protection  and 
aid  comrades'  widows  and  orphans,  and  to  incul- 
cate unswerving  loyalty.  The  "Woman's  Relief 
Corps"  is  an  auxiliary  organization,  originating 
at  Portland,  Maine,  in  1869.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  Illinois  Department  Commanders,  chronolog- 


206 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ioally  arranged:  B.  F.  Stephenson  (Provisional, 
1866),  John  M.  Palmer  (1866-68),  Thomas  O. 
Osborne  (1869-70),  Charles  E.  Lippincott  (1871), 
Hubert  Dilger  (1872),  Guy  T.  Gould  (1873),  Hiram 
Hilliard  (1874-76),  Joseph  S.  Reynolds  (1877), 
T.  B.  Coulter  (1878),  Edgar  D.  Swain  (1879-80), 
J.  W.  Burst  (1881),  Thomas  G.  Lawler  (1882), 
S.  A.  Harper  (1883).  L.  T.  Dickason  (1884), 
William  W.  Berry  (1885),  Philip  Sidney  Post 
(1886),  A.  C.  Sweetser  (1887),  James  A.  Sexton 
(1888),  James  S.  Martin  (1889),  William  I.  Distin 
(1890),  Horace  S.  Clark  (1891),  Edwin  Harlan 
(1892),  Edward  A.  Blodgett  (1893),  H.  H. 
McDowell  (1894),  W.  H.  Powell  (1895),  William 
G.  Cochran  (1896),  A.  L.  Schimpff  (1897),  John 
C.  Black  (1898),  John  B.  Inman  (1899).  The  fol- 
lowing Illinoisans  have  held  the  position  of  Com- 
mander-in-Chief :  S.  A.  Hurlbut,  (two  terms) 
1866-67;  John  A.  Logan,  (three  terms)  1868-70; 
Thomas  G.  Lawler,  1894;  James  A.  Sexton,  1898. 

GRAND  PRAIRIE  SEMINARY,  a  co-educa- 
tional institution  at  Onarga,  Iroquois  County,  in- 
corporated in  1863;.  had  a  faculty  of  eleven  teach- 
ers in  1897-98,  with  285  pupils— 145  male  and  140 
female.  It  reports  an  endowment  of  $10,000  and 
property  valued  at  $55,000.  Besides  the  usual 
classical  and  scientific  departments,  instruction 
is  given  in  music,  oratory,  fine  arts  and  prepara- 
tory studies. 

GRAND  TOWER,  a  town  in  Jackson  County, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  27  miles  south- 
west of  Carbondale ;  the  western  terminus  of  the 
Grand  Tower  &  Carbondale  Railroad.  It  received 
its  name  from  a  high,  rocky  island,  lying  in  the 
river  opposite  the  village.  It  has  four  churches, 
a  weekly  newspaper,  and  two  blast  furnaces  for 
iron.  Population  (1890),  624;  (1900),  881. 

GRAND  TOTTER  &  CAPE  GIRARDEAD 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago  dt  Texas  Railroad.) 

GRAND  TOWER  &  CARBONDALE  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago  <t-  Texas  Railroad. ) 

GRANGER,  Flavel  K.,  lawyer,  farmer  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  N.  Y., 
May  16,  1833,  educated  in  public  schools  at  Sod  us 
in  the  same  State,  and  settled  at  Waukegan,  111., 
in  1853.  Here,  having  studied  law,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1855,  removing  to  McIIenry 
County  the  same  year,  and  soon  after  engaging  in 
the  live-stock  and  wool  business.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  as  a  Republican  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  being  succes- 
sively re-elected  to  the  Twenty-ninth,  Thirtieth 
and  Thirty-first,  and  being  chosen  Temporary 
Speaker  of  the  Twenty-nintli  and  Thirtieth.  He 
is  now  a  ineiiilier  of  the  State  Senate  for  the 


Eighth  District,  having  been  elected  in  1896.  His 
home  is  at  West  McHenry. 

GRANT,  Alexander  Fraeser,  early  lawyer  and 
jurist,  was  born  at  Inverness,  Scotland,  in  1804 ; 
came  to  Illinois  at  an  early  day  and  located  at 
Shawneetown,  where  he  studied  law  with  Henry 
Eddy,  the  pioneer  lawyer  and  editor  of  that  place. 
Mr.  Grant  is  described  as  a  man  of  marked  ability, 
as  were  many  of  the  early  settlers  of  that  region. 
In  February,  1835,  he  was  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  Judge  for  the  Third  Circuit,  as  succes- 
sor to  his  preceptor,  Mr.  Eddy,  but  served  only  a 
few  months,  dying  at  Vandalia  the  same  year. 

GRANT,  Ulysses  Simpson,  (originally  Hiram 
Ulysses) ,  Lieutenant  -  General  and  President, 
was  born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Clermont  County, 
Ohio,  April  27,  1822  ;  graduated  from  West 
Point  Military  Academy,  in  1843,  and  served 
through  the  Mexican  War.  After  a  short  resi- 
dence at  St.  Louis,  he  became  a  resident  of  Galena 
in  1860.  His  war-record  is  a  glorious  part  of  the 
Nation's  history.  Entering  the  service  of  the 
State  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster- 
General  at  Springfield,  soon  after  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  in  1861,  and  still  later  serving  as  a 
drill-master  at  Camp  Yates,  in  June  following  he 
was  commissioned  by  Governor  Yates  Colonel  of 
the  Twenty-first  Illinois  Volunteers,  which  he 
immediately  led  into  the  field  in  the  State  of 
Missouri ;  was  soon  after  promoted  to  a  Brigadier- 
Generalship  and  became  a  full  Major-General  of 
Volunteers  on  the  fall  of  Forts  Donelson  and 
Henry,  in  February  following.  His  successes  at 
Fort  Gibson,  Raymond,  Champion  Hill,  and  Big 
Black  River,  ending  with  the  capture  of  Vicks- 
burg,  were  the  leading  victories  of  the  Union 
armies  in  1863.  His  successful  defense  of  Chat- 
tanooga was  also  one  of  his  victories  in  the  West 
in  the  same  year.  Commissioned  a  Major-General 
of  the  Regular  Army  after  the  fall  of  Vicksburg, 
he  became  Lieutenant-General  in  1864,  and,  in 
March  of  that  year,  assumed  command  of  all  the 
Northern  armies.  Taking  personal  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  he  directed  the  cam- 
paign against  Richmond,  which  resulted  in  the 
final  evacuation  and  downfall  of  the  Confederate 
capital  and  the  surrender  of  General  Lee  at 
Appomattox  on  April  8,  1865.  In  July,  1866,  he 
was  made  General — the  office  being  created  for 
him.  He  also  served  as  Secretary  of  War,  ad 
interim,  under  President  Johnson,  from  Au- 
gust, 1867,  to  January,  1868.  In  1868  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  and  re- 
elected  in  1872.  His  administration  may  not 
have  been  free  from  mistakes,  but  it  was  charac- 


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IIISTolUC.U.    KNCYCLOPKD1A    <)K    ILLINOIS. 


(••ally  arranged  H  I'.  Stephenson  ( Provisional 
1806;.  .|..i,ii  M  Palmer  <!*«»!  r,*>.  Thomas  I) 
OslK>rm>  a*«V.)-70i.  Charles  K.  Lippinoott  ( 1H71 ). 
HulH-rt  Dilger  <l*72v  CuyT  (iould  (1*7:1).  Hiram 
Hilliard  (1*71  7<i)  Joseph  S.  Reynolds  (1H77). 
T  !!.  Coulter  <1*T*).  F.d'.'ar  I),  Swain  (l*7!l-*ih 
.1  W  Burst  (1**1>.  Thomas  (i  Lawlcr  (I**-.1). 
S.  A.  Har|»*r  (!**:!>.  I..  T  Dic-kason  (l**4i. 
\Villiuni  W  Merry  i  !**:.>.  Philip  Sidney  post 
il**ti),  A  ('.  Sweet-er  (1**7).  James  A  Sexton 
HHNS.),  .lain.-s  S.  Martin  (is*<n.  William  L.  ]>istin 
(IS!X»),  HoraccS  Clark  (1*!U),  Kdwin  Harlan 
(1  *!»:>),  F.dward  A  Hlodgett  (!*'.•:!).  II  II 
McDowell  {1*!I4).  W  H.  Powell  (l*!»r>).  William 
<!  C'oclinn  il*yf>),  A.  L.  Schimpff  (l*H7i.  John 
('.  Black  (!*!•*),  .John  B.  Imnan  (Isfl'.li.  The  fol- 
lowing Illinoisans  have  held  the  position  of  ( 'om- 
rii:iinli>r-iii-(  'hief  S.  A  Hiirlhnt.  (two  terms) 
l*ti(!-i;7;  John  A.  Logan,  (three  terms)  l«l>*-7n; 
Thomas  (!.  Lawlrr,  1*!>4:  James  A.  Sexton.  1«W. 

(;RAM»  PRAIRIK  SKMINART,  u  i-.,...,iui-a- 

tional  institution  at  Onar^'a,  Iroquois  County,  in 
cor|«>rate'l  in  !*'•;';  had  a  faculty  of  eleven  teach- 
ers in  lwf>7  '.i*  with  'Jxr,  pupils— It")  male  and  HO 
female.  It  reports  an  endowment  of  $10.01)0  ami 
property  valued  at  S.Vi.ooO.  Besides  the  usual 
i'la,ssical  ;ind  seientitie  departments,  instruction 
is  j^iven  in  musie.  oratory,  line  arts  and  prepara- 
tory studies. 

(•RAM)  TOWFR,  a  town  in  Jackson  County, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  Hiver.  27  miles  south- 
west of  CarlMmdale ;  the  western  terminus  of  the 
I  i  rind  Tower  A  Carhondalp  Kailroad.  It  received 
its  name  from  a  hi^li.  rocky  island,  lyin^  in  the 
river  opposite  the  village.  It  has  four  churches, 
a  weekly  newspaper,  and  two  blastfurnaces  for 
iron.  Population  (IWOi.  li'.'l.  d'.iooi.  ssi. 

<;UAM>     TIMVKR     A:     CAI'E      i.lKUMH   M 
RAILROAD.     (S,.,-  rVii'.vir/f.  ,{•  7'...v(.s   Hnilr,«i<l  > 

l.liVMi  TOWER  \  <  M;l!i»M»\l  I  RAIL- 
ROAU.  (S,.H  fhifiitja  <{•  Tf.r<in  Kiiilrutid.) 

l.i:  XM.I'i:,  Kla\cl  h'.,  lawyer  farmer  and 
legislator,  was  horn  in  Wayne  County,  X.  Y.. 
May  I".  1W-,  eilucated  in  pulilic  schools  at  Sodus 
in  the  same  State,  and  settle. 1  at  Wankeu'an.  III., 
in  lS."il(  Here,  having  stud  led  law  lie  was 
admitted  totheharin  1  >*"•.">.  removing  to  McHenry 
t  Viimty  tli"  -aim-  year  and  soon  after  enj.'auiiiK  in 
th"  live  -toi-k  ami  wool  Imsiness.  In  |H7','  lie  was 
•  •Ifct'-d  -is  i  I.1.  |.iilihc:i!i  Itepn-eniativf  in  the 
Twt-':i  v-i  i^hth  (i'-ncral  Ass.-rnlilv.  hcin-'  xicccs 
-i\,  !v  re-e!e.-ti-.|  |,,  |!ie  Tweiitv-iiinlli.  Tliirlii-tli 
and  Tiiiriy  lir»l.  an  I  l»'i'i_:  chosen  Tcnipor:iry 
SjM'ak.T  c.f  th.'Twenit  ninih  ;nid  Thirli.'th  He 

i--    ive.v    :•         .-Mill.-!-    ol'    ||:e    Sl-ili-    Senate    for     t  lie 


Ki_rhth  District,  having  heel:  e|,-.-t.'d  in  Ix'JIi.      Hi1 
homo  is  at  West  Mcllenry. 

(iRA>T,  Ale\aniler  Krurser,  early  lawyer  and 
jurist,  was  horn  at  Imernc-s.  Scotland,  in  l^u.| 
came  to  Illinois  at  an  early  day  and  located  at 
Sliawneetiiwn.  where  he  studied  law  with  Henry 
I'.ddy  tlie  pioneer  lawyer  ami  editor  of  that  place. 
Mr.  <  Irani  i-  dc-ci  ihed  a-  a  man  of  marked  ability , 
as  were  many  of  the  early  settlers  of  that  region. 
l:i  February.  !*!(•">.  he  was  »-lei-ted  by  tin.*  I  ieneral 
Assembly  Jud;,'e  f<ir  the  Third  Circuit,  as  surces- 
-or  to  his  preceptor,  Mr.  Kddy,  but  served  only  a 
few  months,  dyin^at  Vandalia  the  same  year. 

(•RAM,  riysscs  Sini|isiin,  (originally  Hiram 
I'lysses).  Lieutenant -(ieneral  and  President, 
was  Inirn  at  Point  Pleasant.  Clermont  County. 
Ohio.  April  -'7.  IH^-'  ;  graduated  from  West 
Point  Military  Academy,  in  1*4:!.  and  served 
through  the  Mexican  War  After  a  short  resi- 
dence at  St.  Louis.  In*  becamea  resident  of  (lalena 
in  1*1111.  His  war  record  is  a  glorious  part  of  the 
Nation's  history.  Kntering  the  service  of  the 
State  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  i^uartermaster- 
( ieneral  at  Springlield.  soon  after  the  break  ing  out 
of  the  war  in  1*(>1.  and  still  later  serving  as  a 
drill  master  at  Camp  Yates.  in  June  following  he 
was  commissioned  by  Governor  Yates  Colonel  of 
the  Twenty  first  Illinois  Volunteers,  which  he 
immediately  led  into  the  field  in  the  State  of 
Missouri  was  soon  after  promoted  to  a  Brigadier 
(ieneralship  and  became  a  full  Major  ( ieneral  of 
Volunteers  on  the  fall  of  Forts  Uouelson  and 
Henry,  in  February  following  His  successes  at 
Fort  (iibson.  Raymond.  Champion  Hill.  and.  Big 
Black  River,  ending  with  the  capture  of  Vicks- 
burg  were  the  leading  victories  of  the  I'nion 
armies  in  IMiKI.  His  successful  defense  of  Chat- 
tanooga was  also  01 f  his  victories  in  tin*  West 

•n  t  he  same  year.  Commissioned  a  Ma  jor-l  ieneral 
of  the  Regular  Army  after  the  fall  of  Vickslmrg 
he  became  Lieutenant-!  ieneral  in  1*114.  and.  in 
March  of  that  year,  assumed  command  of  all  the 
Northern  armies.  Taking  personal  command  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac',  lie  directed  the  cam- 
paign against  Richmond,  which  resulted  in  the 
final  evacuation  and  downfall  of  the  ( 'onfedcrate 
capital  and  tli"  surrender  of  (leneral  Lee  at 
\piiomatto\  on  April  *  l*i;r>  In  July  1*tlti,  he 
was  made  (ieneral — the  ollice  being  created  for 
him.  He  al-o  served  as  Secretary  of  War.  ad 
interim,  under  President  Johnson,  from  \u 
gust.  |sr,7.  to  January.  t*'l*.  In  l*iM  he  was 

elected    President    of    the    I'nited    States    and    re 

elected    in    I*;-;       Hi^    administrati'iii     may    not 
have  U'eii  fiec  fn*m  mi-takes,  but  it  was  ciiarae- 


T: 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


207 


terized  by  patriotism  and  integrity  of  purpose. 
During  1877-79  he  made  a  tour  of  the  world,  being 
received  everywhere  with  the  highest  honors.  In 
1880  his  friends  made  an  unsuccessful  effort  to 
secure  his  renomination  as  a  Presidential  candi- 
date on  the  Republican  ticket.  Died,  at  Mount 
McGregor.  N.  Y.,  July  23,  1885.  His  chief  literary 
work  was  his  "Memoirs"  (two  volumes,  1885-86), 
which  was  very  extensively  sold. 

GRAPE  CREEK,  a  surburban  mining  village  in 
Vermilion  County,  on  the  Big  Vermilion  River 
and  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  six 
miles  south  of  Danville.  The  chief  industry  is 
coal  mining,  which  is  extensively  carried  on. 
Population  (1890),  778;  (1900),  610 

6RATIOT,  Charles,  of  Huguenot  parentage, 
born  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  in  1752.  After 
receiving  a  mercantile  training  in  the  counting 
house  of  an  uncle  in  London,  he  emigrated  to 
Canada,  entering  the  employ  of  another  uncle  at 
Montreal  He  first  came  to  the  "Illinois  Coun- 
try"- in  1775,  as  an  Indian  trader,  remaining  one 
year.  In  1777  he  returned  and  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  David  McRae  and  John  Kay,  two  young 
Scotchmen  from  Montreal.  He  established  depots 
at  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia.  Upon  the  arrival  of 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  in  1778,  he  rendered 
that  commander  material  financial  assistance, 
becoming  personally  responsible  for  the  supplies 
needed  by  the  penniless  American  army.  When 
the  transfer  of  sovereignty  took  place  at  St. 
Louis,  on  March  10,  1804,  and  Louisiana  Territory 
became  a  part  of  the  United  States,  it  was  from 
the  balcony  of  his  house  that  the  first  American 
flag  was  unfurled  in  Upper  Louisiana.  In  recom- 
pense for  his  liberal  expenditure,  he  was  promised 
30,000  acres  of  land  near  the  present  site  of 
Louisville,  but  this  he  never  received.  Died,  at 
St.  Louis,  April  21,  1817. 

GRAYIER,  Father  Jacques,  a  Jesuit  mission- 
ary, born  in  France,  but  at  what  date  cannot  be 
stated  with  certainty.  After  some  years  spent  in 
Canada  he  was  sent  by  his  ecclesiastical  superiors 
to  the  Illinois  Mission  (1688),  succeeding  Allouez 
as  Superior  two  years  later,  and  being  made 
Vicar-General  in  1691.  He  labored  among  the 
Miamis,  Peorias  and  Kaskaskias — his  most  numer- 
ous conversions  being  among  the  latter  tribe — as 
also  among  the  Cahokias,  Osages,  Tamaroas  and 
Missouris.  It  is  said  to  have  been  largely  through 
his  influence  that  the  Illinois  were  induced  to 
settle  at  Kaskaskia  instead  of  going  south.  In 
1705  he  received  a  severe  wound  during  an  attack 
by  the  Illinois  Indians,  incited,  if  not  actually 
led,  by  one  of  their  medicine  men.  It  is  said 


that  he  visited  Paris  for  treatment,  but  failed 
to  find  a  cure.  Accounts  of  his  death  vary  as 
to  time  and  place,  but  all  agree  that  it  resulted 
from  the  wound  above  mentioned.  Some  of  his 
biographers  assert  that  he  died  at  sea;  others 
that  he  returned  from  France,  yet  suffering  from 
the  Indian  poison,  to  Louisiana  in  February, 
1708,  and  died  near  Mobile,  Ala.,  the  same  year. 

GRAY,  Elisha,  electrician  and  inventor,  was 
born  at  Barnes vi lie,  Ohio,  August  2,  1835;  after 
serving  as  an  apprentice  at  various  trades,  took  a 
course  at  Oberlin  College,  devoting  especial 
attention  to  the  physical  sciences,  meanwhile 
supporting  himself  by  manual  labor.  In  1865  he 
began  his  career  as  an  electrician  and,  in  1867, 
received  his  first  patent;  devised  a  method  of 
transmitting  telephone  signals,  and,  in  1875,  suc- 
ceeded in  transmitting  four  messages  simultane- 
ously on  one  wire  to  New  York  and  Boston,  a 
year  later  accomplishing  the  same  with  eight 
messages  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Pro- 
fessor Gray  has  invented  a  telegraph  switch,  a 
repeater,  enunciator  and  type-writing  telegraph. 
From  1869  to  '73  he  was  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  telegraph  apparatus  at  Cleveland  and 
Chicago,  but  has  since  been  electrician  of  the 
Western  Electric  Company  of  Chicago.  His  latest 
invention,  the  "telautograph" — for  reproducing 
by  telegraph  the  handwriting  of  the  sender 
of  a  telegram — attracted  great  interest  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.  He  is 
author  of  "Telegraphy  and  Telephony"  and 
"Experimental  Researches  in  Electro-Harmonic 
Telegraphy  and  Telephony." 

GRAY,  William  ('.,  Ph.D.,  editor,  was  born  in 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  in  1830;  graduated  from 
the  Farmers'  (now  Belmont)  College  in  1850. 
read  law  and  began  secular  editorial  work  in 
1852,  being  connected,  in  the  next  fourteen  years, 
with  "The  Tiffin  Tribune,"  "Cleveland  Herald" 
and  "Newark  American."  Then,  after  several 
years  spent  in  general  publishing  business  in 
Cincinnati,  after  the  great  fire  of  1871  he  came  to 
Chicago,  to  take  charge  of  "The  Interior,"  the 
organ  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  he  has 
since  conducted.  The  success  of  the  paper  under 
his  management  affords  the  best  evidence  of  his 
practical  good  sense.  He  holds  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.,  received  from  Wooster  University  in  1881. 

GRAYYILLE,  a  city  situated  on  the  border  of 
White  and  Edwards  Counties,  lying  chiefly  in 
the  former,  on  the  Wabash  River,  35  miles  north- 
west of  Evansville,  Ind.,  16  miles  northeast  of 
Carmi,  and  forty  miles  southwest  of  Vinoennes. 
It  is  located  in  the  heart  of  a  heavily  timbered 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>l-' 


807 


terized  by  patriotism  ami  integrity  of  purpose. 
During  1*77-79  lie  made  a  tour  of  the  world,  being 
received  everywhere  with  the  highest  honors  In 
18(50  his  friends  made  an  unsuccessful  elTort  to 
secure  his  renomination  as  a  Presidential  candi- 
date on  the  Republican  ticket.  Died,  at  Mount 
McCregor,  X.  Y.,  July  i3,  1885.  His  chief  literary 
work  was  his  "Memoirs"  (two  volumes,  ISs.VNi), 
which  was  very  extensively  sold. 

(iRAl'K  rKEEK,asurlmrban  mining  village  iu 
Vermilion  County,  on  the  Big  Vermilion  Kiver 
and  tlie  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  six 
miles  south  of  Danville  The  chief  industry  is 
coal  mining,  which  is  extensively  carried  on. 
Population  (1*90).  778;  (ItXXIi.  lilO 

I.UA  I  I"  I ,  Charles,  of  Huguenot  parentage, 
born  at  Lausanne.  Switzerland,  in  17.~>2.  After 
receiving  a  mercantile  training  in  the  counting 
house  of  an  uncle  in  Ix>mlnn,  he  emigrated  to 
Canada,  entering  the  employ  of  another  uncle  at 
Montreal.  He  lirst  came  to  the  "Illinois  Coun- 
try" in  177.1,  as  an  Indian  trader,  remaining  one 
year.  In  1777  he  returned  and  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  David  McRae  and  John  Kay.  two  young 
Scotchmen  from  Montreal.  He  established  depots 
at  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia.  Upon  the  arrival  of 
Col.  (Jeorge  Rogers  Clark,  in  1778,  lie  rendered 
that  commander  material  financial  assistance. 
upcoming  |iersunally  responsible  for  tin-  supplies 
needed  by  the  penniless  American  army.  When 
the  transfer  of  sovereignty  took  place  at  St 
Louis,  on  March  Id.  1x114  and  Louisiana  Territory 
became  a  part  of  the  Tinted  States,  it  was  from 
tin;  balcony  of  his  house  that  the  first  American 
llag  was  unfurled  in  L?pj>er  Louisiana.  In  recom- 
pense for  his  liberal  expenditure,  he  was  promised 
8(I,(KHI  acres  of  land  near  the  present  site  of 
Louisville  but  this  he  never  received.  Died,  at 
St.  Louis.  April  21,  1817. 

<;U  \VIi:i!.  Father  Jacques,  a  Jesuit  mission- 
ary, born  in  France  but  at  what  date  cannot  lie 
stated  with  certainty.  After  some years  s|>cnt  iu 
Canada  he  was  sent  by  his  ecclesiastical  sii|>criors 
to  the  Illinois  Mission  (108*).  succeeding  Allou.-/. 
its  Superior  two  years  later,  and  lieing  made 
Vicar-(iencral  in  llilM.  He  laltored  among  the 
Miamis.  IVoriasand  K.iskaskias — his  most  numer- 
ous conversions  lieing  among  the  latter  triU- — as 
also  among  the  Cahokias.  Osages.  Tamaroas  and 
Missmiris.  It  is  said  to  have  licen  largely  through 
his  inlluence  that  the  Illinois  were  induced  to 
settle  at  Kaskaskia  instead  of  going  south.  In 
17115  he  received  a  severe  wound  during  an  attack 
by  the  Illinois  Indians,  incited,  if  not  actually 
led,  by  one  of  their  medicine  men.  It  is  said 


that  he  visited  Paris  for  treatment,  but  failed 
to  find  a  cure.  Accounts  of  his  dealii  vary  a- 
to  time  and  place,  but  all  agree  that  il  resulted 
from  the  wound  aUive  mentioned.  Some  of  hi~ 
biographers  assert  that  he  died  at  sea:  other- 
that  he  returned  from  France,  yet  suffering  from 
the  Indian  poison,  to  Louisiana  in  February, 
17(18,  and  died  near  Mobile.  Ala.,  the  same  year 

GRAY,  Kli-lui,  electrician  and  inventor,  was 
born  at  Baruesville,  Ohio.  August  2,  1835;  after 
serving  as  an  apprentice  at  various  trades,  took  a 
course  at  Ol>erlin  College,  devoting  especial 
attention  to  the  physical  sciences,  mcanwhili 
supporting  himself  by  manual  labor.  In  18415  he 
began  his  career  as  an  electrician  and,  in  1867 
received  his  tirst  patent ;  devised  a  method  of 
transmitting  telephone  signals,  ami.  in  1S75.  suc- 
ceeded in  transmitting  four  messages  simultane- 
ously on  one  wire  to  New  York  and  Ihiston,  a 
year  later  accomplishing  the  same  with  eight 
messages  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Pro 
fessor  Gray  lias  invented  a  telegraph  switch.  A 
repeater,  enunciator  ami  type-writing  telegraph 
From  1WI9  to  '78  he  was  employed  in  the  man u- 
facture  of  telegraph  apparatus  at  Cleveland  and 
Chicago,  but  has  since  U-en  electrician  of  the 
Western  Klectric  Company  of  Chicago.  His  latest 
invention,  the  ••telautograph" — for  reproducing 
by  telegraph  the  handwriting  of  the,  sender 
of  a  telegram— attracted  great  interest  at  tin- 
World's  Columbian  Kxjiositioii  of  is«i:!  He  i^ 
author  of  "Telegraphy  and  Telephony"  and 
"Kxperimental  Researches  in  Klcctro-Ilarnionir 
Telegraphy  and  Telephony 

GRAY.  William  ('..  rii.li..  editor,  was  born  in 
Butler  County.  Ohio,  in  is:!0;  graduated  from 
the  Farmers'  (now  Itclmont)  College  in  ls."ii> 
read  law  and  began  secular  editorial  work  ii 
1S.V,'  lieing  connected,  in  the  next  fourteen  years, 
with  "The  Tillin  Tribune."  ' •Cleveland  HcraM" 
and  "Newark  American."  Then,  after  several 
years  sjient  in  general  publishing  biisim-ss  in 
Cincinnati,  after  the  great  lire  of  1N71  In-  came  t.. 
Chicago,  to  take  charge  of  "The  Interior."  thu 
organ  of  the  Preshytt-rian  Church,  which  he  ha^ 
since  conducted.  The  success  of  the  paper  under 
his  management  alfords  theltest  evidence  of  his 
practical  good  sense.  Hi-  holds  the  degree  <>f 
Ph. I).,  received  from  Wooster  L'niversity  in  1SS1 

(iRAYYII.I.K,  a  city  situated  on  the  border  of 
NVhile  and  F.d wards  dimities,  lying  chiefly  in 
the  former,  on  the  Wahash  River.  :r>  miles  north 
west  of  Kvansville,  Ind.,  It!  miles  northeast  of 
Carmi.  and  forty  miles  southwest  of  Vincennes 
It  is  located  in  the  heart  of  a  heavily  timbered 


208 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


region  and  is  an  important  hard-wood  market. 
Valuable  coal  deposits  exist.  The  industries  in- 
clude flour,  saw  and  planing  mills,  stave  factories 
and  creamery.  The  city  has  an  electric  light 
and  water  plant,  two  banks,  eight  churches,  and 
two  weekly  papers.  Population  <  i:mo ;,  1,948. 

6RAYYLLLE  &  MATTOON  RAILROAD.  (See 
Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville  Railway. ) 

GBEATHOl'SE,  Lnclen,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Carlinville,  111.,  in  1343;  graduated  at  Illinois 
Wesleyan  University,  Bloomington,  and  studied 
law ;  enlisted  as  a  private  at  the  beginning  of  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
Colonel  of  the  Forty-eighth  Illinois  Volunteers; 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  movements  of  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee;  was  killed  in  battle  near 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  June  31,  1864. 

GREAT  WESTERN  RAILROAD  (of  1843  and 
'49).  (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

GREAT  WESTERN  RAILROAD  (2).  (See 
Wabash  Railway.) 

GREEN  RIYER,  rises  in  Lee  County,  and, 
after  draining  part  of  Bureau  County,  flows  west- 
ward through  Henry  County,  and  enters  Rock 
River  about  10  miles  east  by  south  from  Rock 
Island.  It  is  nearly  120  miles  long. 

GREEN,  William  II .,  State  Senator  and  Judge, 
was  bom  at  Danville,  Ky.,  Dec.  8,  1830.  In  1847 
he  accompanied  his  father's  family  to  Illinois, 
and,  for  three  years  following,  taught  school,  at 
the  same  time  reading  law.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1852  and  be^an  practice  at  Mount 
Vernon,  removing  to  Metropolis  the  next  year, 
and  to  Cairo  in  1863.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly,  was 
re-elected  in  1860  and,  two  years  later,  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate  for  four  'years.  In 
December,  1865,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Third  Judicial  Circuit,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Judge  Mulkey,  retiring  with  the  expiration  of 
bis  term  in  1867.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Democratic  Conventions  of  1860,  '64, 
•68,  '80,  '84  and  '88,  besides  being  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  State  Central  Committee  of  that 
party,  and  also,  for  four  terms,  a  member  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education,  of  which  he  has  been 
for  several  years  the  President.  He  is  at  present 
( 1899)  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Cairo. 

GREENE,  Hriiri  SacheTeral,  attorney,  was 
born  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  July,  1833,  brought 
to  Canada  at  five  years  of  age,  and  from  nine  com- 
pelled to  support  himself,  sometimes  as  a  clerk 
and  at  others  setting  type  in  a  printing  office. 
After  spending  some  time  in  Western  New  York, 


in  1853  he  commenced  the  study  of  law  at  Dan- 
ville, Ind. .  with  Hugh  Crea,  now  of  Decatur,  III. ; 
four  years  later  settled  at  Clinton,  DeWitt 
County,  where  he  taught  and  studied  law  with 
Lawrence  Weldon,  now  of  the  Court  of  Claims, 
Washington.  In  1859  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
ut  Springfield,  on  the  motion  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, and  was  associated  in  practice,  for  a  time, 
with  Hon.  Clifton  H.  Moore  of  Clinton;  later 
served  as  Prosecuting  Attorney  and  one  term 
(1867-69)  as  Representative  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly. At  the  close  of  his  term  in  the  Legislature 
he  removed  to  Springfield,  forming  a  law  partner- 
ship with  Milton  Hay  and  David  T.  Littler,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Hay,  Greene  &  Littler,  still  later 
becoming  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Greene  & 
Humphrey.  From  the  date  of  his  removal  to 
Springfield,  for  some  thirty  years  his  chief  employ- 
ment was  as  a  corporation  lawyer,  for  the  most 
part  in  the  service  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and 
the  Wabash  Railways.  H  is  death  occurred  at  his 
home  in  Springfield,  after  a  protracted  illness, 
Feb.  25,  1899.  Of  recognized  ability,  thoroughly 
devoted  to  his  profession,  high  minded  and  honor- 
able in  all  his  dealings,  he  commanded  respect 
wherever  he  was  known. 

GREENE,  William  G.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Tennessee  in  1812 ;  came  to  Illinois  in  1822  with 
his  father  (Bowling  Greene),  who  settled  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  Salem,  now  in  Menard  County. 
The  younger  Greene  was  an  intimate  friend  and 
fellow-student,  at  Illinois  College,  of  Richard 
Yates  (afterwards  Governor),  and  also  an  early 
friend  and  admirer  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  under 
whom  he  held  an  appointment  in  Utah  for  some 
years.  He  died  at  Tallula,  Menard  County,  in 
1894. 

GREENFIELD,  a  city  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Greene  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  and  the  Quincy,  Carrollton  &  St.  Louis 
Railways,  12  miles  east  of  Carrollton  and  55  miles 
north  of  St.  Louis ;  is  an  agricultural,  coal-mining 
and  stock-raising  region.  The  city  has  several 
churches,  public  schools,  a  seminary,  electric 
light  plant,  steam  flouring  mill,  and  one  weekly 
paper.  It  is  an  important  shipping  point  for 
cattle,  horses,  swine,  corn,  grain  and  produce. 
Population  (1890).  1,131 ;  (1900),  1,0*5. 

GREENE  COUNTY,  cut  off  from  Madison  and 
separately  organized  in  1821 .  has  an  area  of  544 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  23,402;  named 
for  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier. The  soil  and  climate  are  varied  and  adapted 
to  a  diversity  of  products,  wheat  and  fruit  being 
among  the  principal.  Building  stone  and  clay 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


209 


are  abundant.  Probably  the  first  English-speak- 
ing settlers  were  David  Stockton  and  James 
Whiteside,  who  located  south  of  Macoupin  Creek 
in  June,  1817.  Samuel  Thomas  and  others 
(among  them  Gen.  Jacob  Fry)  followed  soon 
afterward.  The  Indians  were  numerous  and 
aggressive,  and  had  destroyed  not  a  few  of  the 
monuments  of  the  Government  surveys,  erected 
some  years  before.  Immigration  of  the  whites, 
however,  was  rapid,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
the  nucleus  of  a  village  was  established  at  Car- 
rollton,  where  General  Fry  erected  the  first  house 
and  made  the  first  coffin  needed  in  the  settle- 
ment. This  town,  the  county-seat  and  most 
important  place  in  the  county,  was  laid  off  by 
Thomas  Carlin  in  1821.  Other  flourishing  towns 
are  Whitehall  (population.  1,961).  and  Roodhouse 
(an  important  railroad  center)  with  a  population 
of  2,360. 

GREENF.  P,  village  of  Cumberland  County,  at 
intersection  of  the  Vandalia  Line  and  Evansville 
branch  111.  Cent.  By. ;  in  farming  and  fruit- 
growing region;  has  powder  mill,  bank,  broom 
factory,  five  churches,  public  library  and  good 
schools.  Population  (1890),  858;  (1900),  1,085. 

6REENVIEW,  a  village  in  Menard  County,  on 
the  Jacksonville  branch  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railroad,  22  miles  north-northwest  of  Springfield 
and  36  miles  northeast  of  Jacksonville.  It  has  a 
coal  mine,  bank,  two  weekly  papers,  seven 
churches,  and  a  graded  and  high  school.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,108;  (1900),  1,019;  (1903),  1.245. 

GREENVILLE,  an  incorporated  city,  the 
county-seat  of  Bond  County,  on  the  East  Fork  of 
Big  Shoal  Creek  and  the  St.  Louis,  Vandalia  & 
Terre  Haute  Railroad,  50  miles  east-northeast  of 
St.  Louis;  is  in  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal-min- 
ing region.  Corn  and  wheat  are  raised  exten- 
sively in  the  surrounding  country,  and  there  are 
extensive  coal  mines  adjacent  to  the  city.  The 
leading  manufacturing  product  is  in  the  line  of 
wagons.  It  is  the  seat  of  Greenville  College  (a 
coeducational  institution) ;  has  several  banks  and 
three  weekly  newspapers.  Population  (1890), 
1,868;  (1900).  2,504. 

GREENY1LLE,  TREATY  OF,  a  treaty  negoti- 
ated by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  with  a  number  of 
Indian  tribes  (see  Indian  Treaties),  at  Green- 
ville, after  his  victory  over  the  savages  at  the 
battle  of  Maumee  Rapids,  in  August,  1795.  This 
was  the  first  treaty  relating  to  Illinois  lands  in 
which  a  number  of  tribes  united.  The  lands  con- 
veyed within  the  present  limits  of  the  State 
of  Illinois  were  as  follows:  A  tract  six  miles 
square  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River; 


another,  twelve  miles  square,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Illinois  River;  another,  six  miles  square, 
around  the  old  fort  at  Peoria ;  the  post  of  Fort 
Massac;  the  150,000  acres  set  apart  as  bounty 
lands  for  the  army  of  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark, 
and  "the  lands  at  all  other  places  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Freud i  people  and  other  white  set 
tiers  among  them,  the  Indian  title  to  which  has 
been  thus  extinguished. ' '  On  the  other  hand,  the 
United  States  relinquished  all  claim  to  all  other 
Indian  lands  north  of  the  Ohio,  east  of  the  Mis 
sissippi  and  south  of  the  great  lakes.  The  cash 
consideration  paid  by  the  Government  was 
$210,000. 

GREGG,  David  L.,  lawyer  and  Secretary  of 
State,  emigrated  from  Albany,  N.  Y  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Joliet,  111.,  where,  in  1839, 
he  also  edited  "The  Juliet  Courier,"  the  first 
paper  established  in  Will  County.  From  1842  to 
1846,  he  represented  Will,  Du  Page  and  Iroquois 
Counties  in  the  Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth  Gen- 
eral Assemblies;  later  removed  to  Chicago,  after 
which  he  served  for  a  time  as  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorney;  in  1847  was  chosen  one  of  the 
Delegates  from  Cook  County  to  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  that  year,  and  served  as 
Secretary  of  State  from  1850  to  1853.  as  successor 
to  Horace  S.  Cooley,  who  died  in  office  the  former 
year.  In  the  Democratic  State  Convention  of 
1852,  Mr.  Gregg  was  a  leading  candidate  for  the 
nomination  for  Governor,  though  finally  defeated 
by  Joel  A.  Matteson;  served  as  Presidential 
Elector  for  that  year,  and,  in  1853,  was  appointed 
by  President  Pierce  Commissioner  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  still  later  for  a  time  acting  as  the  minis- 
ter or  adviser  of  King  Kamehamaha  IV,  who  died 
in  1863.  Returning  to  California  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Lincoln  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  at  Carson  City,  Nev. ,  where  he  died,  Dec 
23,  1868. 

GREGORY,  John  Milton,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Sand  Lake,  Rensselaer  Co., 
N.  Y..  July  6,  1822;  graduated  from  Union  Col- 
lege in  1846  and,  after  devoting  two  years  to  the 
study  of  law,  studied  theology  and  entered  the 
Baptist  ministry.  After  a  brief  pastorate  in  the 
East  he  came  West,  becoming  Principal  of  a 
classical  school  at  Detroit.  His  ability  as  an 
educator  was  soon  recognized,  and,  in  1858,  he 
was  elected  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  in  Michigan,  but  declined  a  re-elec- 
tion in  1863.  In  1854.  he  assisted  in  founding 
"The  Michigan  Journal  of  Education,"  of  which 
he  was  editor-in-chief.  In  1863  he  accepted  the 
Presidency  of  Kalamazoo  College,  and  four  years 


210 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


later  was  called  to  that  of  the  newly  founded 
University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign,  where  he 
remained  until  1880.  He  was  United  States 
Commissioner  to  the  Vienna  Exposition  in  1873, 
Illinois  State  Commissioner  to  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion of  1878,  also  serving  as  one  of  the  judges  in 
the  educational  department  of  the  Philadelphia 
Centennial  of  1876.  From  1882  to  '85  he  was  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Madison  University  (Hamilton. 
N  Y.)  in  1866.  While  State  Superintendent  he 
published  a  "Compend  of  School  Laws"  of  Michi- 
gan, besides  numerous  addresses  on  educational 
subjects.  Other  works  of  his  are  "Handbook  of 
History"  and  "Map  of  Time"  (Chicago,  1866) ;  "A. 
New  Political  Economy"  (Cincinnati,  1882);  and 
"Seven  Laws  of  Teaching"  (Chicago,  1883). 
While  holding  a  chair  as  Professor  Emeritus  of 
Political  Economy  in  the  University  of  Illinois 
during  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  he  resided  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  where  he  died,  Oct.  20,  1898. 
By  his  special  request  he  was  buried  on  the 
grounds  of  the  University  at  Champaign. 

<i  RES  HAM,  Walter  (Juinton,  soldier,  jurist 
and  statesman,  was  born  near  Lanesville,  Harri- 
son County,  Ind.,  March  17,  1832.  Two  years  at 
a  seminary  at  Corydon,  followed  by  one  year  at 
Bloommgton  University,  completed  his  early 
education,  which  was  commenced  at  the  common 
schools.  He  read  law  at  Corydon,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  In  1860  he  was 
elected  to  the  Indiana  Legislature,  but  resigned 
to  become  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Thirty- 
eighth  Indiana  Volunteers,  and  was  almost 
immediately  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Fifty- . 
third  Regiment.  After  the  fall  of  Vicksburg  he 
was  promoted  to  a  Brigadier-Generalship,  and  was 
I. revetted  Major-General  on  March  13,  1865.  At 
Atlanta  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  disabled 
from  service  for  a  year.  After  the  war  he  re- 
sumed practice  at  New  Albany,  Ind.  His  polit- 
ical career  began  in  1856,  when  he  stumped  his 
county  for  Fremont.  From  that  time  until  1892 
he  was  always  prominently  identified  with  the 
Republican  party.  In  1866  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful Republican  candidate  for  Congress,  and,  in 
1867-68,  was  the  financial  agent  of  his  State 
(Indiana)  in  New  York.  In  1869  President  Grant 
appointed  him  Judge  of  the  United  States  Dis- 
trict Court  for  Indiana.  In  1883  he  resigned  this 
position  to  accept  the  portfolio  of  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral in  the  Cabinet  of  President  Arthur.  In  July, 
1884,  upon  the  death  of  Secretary  Folger,  he  was 
made  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  In  Oct.  1884, 


he  was  appointed  United  States  Judge  of  the 
Seventh  Judicial  Circuit,  and  thereafter  made 
his  home  in  Chicago.  He  was  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  the  renomination  of  Grant  in  that  year, 
but  subsequently  took  no  active  personal  part  in 
politics.  In  1888  he  was  the  substantially  unani- 
mous choice  of  Illinois  Republicans  for  the  Presi- 
dency, but  was  defeated  in  convention.  In  1892 
he  was  tendered  the  Populist  nomination  for 
President,  but  declined.  In  1893  President  Cleve- 
land offered  him  the  portfolio  of  Secretary  of 
State,  which  he  accepted,  dying  in  office  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  May  28,  1895. 

<;  KKl'SEL,  Nicholas,  soldier,  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, July  4,  1817,  the  son  of  a  soldier  of  Murat ; 
came  to  New  York  in  1833  and  to  Detroit,  Mich., 
in  1835;  served  as  a  Captain  of  the  First  Michigan 
Volunteers  in  the  Mexican  War;  in  1857,  came  to 
Chicago  and  was  employed  on  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railroad,  until  the  firing  oil 
Fort  Sumler,  when  he  promptly  enrolled  himself 
as  a  private  in  a  company  organized  at  Aurora, 
of  which  he  was  elected  Captain  and  attached  to 
the  Seventh  Illinois  (three-months'  men),  later 
being  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Major.  Re-enlisting 
for  three  years,  he  was  commissioned  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  but,  in  August  following,  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  Thirty -sixth  Illinois;  took 
part  in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge  and  Perryville 
and  the  campaign  against  Corinth ;  compelled  to 
resign  on  account  of  failing  health,  in  February. 
1863,  he  removed  to  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa, 
whence  be  returned  to  Aurora  in  1893.  Died  at 
Aurora,  April  25,  1896. 

GRIDLEY,  Asahel,  lawyer  and  banker,  was 
born  at  Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  April  21,  1810;  was 
educated  at  Pompey  Academy  and,  at  the  age  of 
21,  came  to  Illinois,  locating  at  Bloomington  and 
engaging  in  the  mercantile  business,  which  be 
carried  on  quite  extensively  some  eight  years. 
He  served  as  First  Lieutenant  of  a  cavalry  com- 
pany during  the  Black  Hawk  War  of  1832,  and 
soon  after  was  elected  a  Brigadier-General  of 
militia,  thereby  acquiring  the  title  of  "General." 
In  1840  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the 
Twelfth  General  Assembly,  and  soon  after  began 
to  turn  his  attention  to  the  study  of  law,  subse- 
quently forming  a  partnership  with  Col.  J.  H. 
Wickizer,  which  continued  for  a  number  of  years. 
Having  been  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1850, 
he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  two  succeeding 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  in  securing  the 
location  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroads  by  way  of  Bloomington;  was 
also,  at  a  later  period,  a  leading  promoter  of  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


211 


Indiana,  Bloomington  &  Western  and  other  lines. 
In  1868  he  joined  J.  Y.  Scammon  and  J.  11.  Burch 
of  Chicago,  in  the  establishment  of  the  McLean 
County  Bank  at  Bloomington,  of  which  he  became 
President  and  ultimately  sole  proprietor ;  also  be- 
came proprietor,  in  1857,  of  the  Bloomington  Gas- 
Light  &  Coke  Company,  which  he  managed  some 
twenty -five  years.  Originally  a  "Whig,  he  identi- 
fied himself  with  the  Republican  cause  in  1856, 
•erring  upon  the  State  Central  Committee  during 
the  campaign  of  that  year,  but,  in  1872,  took 
part  in  the  Liberal  Republican  movement,  serv- 
ing as  a  delegate  to  the  Cincinnati  Convention, 
where  he  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  David  Davis 
for  the  Presidency.  Died,  at  Bloomington,  Jan. 
20,  1881. 

GRIER,  (Col.)  David  Perkins,  soldier  and  mer- 
chant, was  born  near  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  in  1837; 
received  a  common  school  education  and,  in 
1852,  came  to  Peoria,  111.,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  grain  business,  subsequently,  in  partnership 
with  his  brother,  erecting  the  first  grain-elevator 
in  Peoria.  with  three  or  four  at  other  points. 
Early  in  the  war  he  recruited  a  company  of  which 
he  was  elected  Captain,  but,  as  the  State  quota 
was  already  full,  it  was  not  accepted  in  Illinois, 
but  was  mustered  in,  in  June,  as  a  part  of  the 
Eighth  Missouri  Volunteers.  With  this  organi- 
zation he  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Forts  Henry 
and  Douelson,  the  battle  of  Shiloh  and  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Corinth.  In  August,  1862,  he  was 
ordered  to  report  to  Governor  Yates  at  Spring- 
field, and,  on  his  arrival,  was  presented  with  a 
commission  as  Colonel  of  the  Seventy-seventh 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  which  he  retained 
command  up  to  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  During 
that  siege  he  commanded  a  brigade  and,  in  sub- 
sequent operations  in  Louisiana,  was  in  command 
of  the  Second  Brigade,  Fourth  Division  of  the 
Thirteenth  Army  Corps.  Later  he  had  command 
of  all  the  troops  on  Dauphin  Island,  and  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Morgan 
and  Mobile,  as  well  as  other  operations  in  Ala- 
bama. He  subsequently  had  command  of  a 
division  until  his  muster-out,  July  10,  1865,  with 
the  rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-General.  After  the 
war,  General  Grier  resumed  his  business  as  a 
grain  merchant  at  Peoria,  but,  in  1879,  removed  to 
East  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  charge  of  the  erection 
and  management  of  the  Union  Elevator  there — 
was  also  Vice-President  and  Director  of  the  St. 
Louis  Merchants'  Exchange.  Died,  April  22, 
1891. 

GRIERSON,  Benjamin  H.,  soldier,  was  bom  in 
'Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July  8,  1826;  removed  in  boyhood 


to  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  and,  about  1850,  to 
Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he  was  engaged  for  a 
time  in  teaching  music,  later  embarking  in  the 
grain  and  produce  business  at  Meredosia.  He 
enlisted  promptly  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  becoming  Aid-de-camp  to  General  Prentiss 
at  Cairo  during  the  three-months'  service,  later 
being  commissioned  Major  of  the  Sixth  Illinois 
Cavalry.  From  this  time  his  promotion  was 
rapid.  He  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  same 
regiment  in  March,  1862,  and  was  commander  of  a 
brigade  in  December  following.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  nearly  all  the  cavalry  skirmishes  between 
Memphis  and  the  Tennessee  river,  and,  in  April 
and  May,  1863,  led  the  famous  raid  from  La 
Grange,  Tenn.,  through  the  States  of  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana  to  Baton  Rouge  in  the  latter— for 
the  first  time  penetrating  the  heart  of  the  Con- 
federacy and  causing  consternation  among  the 
rebel  leaders,  while  materially  aiding  General 
Grant's  movement  against  Vicksburg.  This  dem- 
onstration was  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  events  of  the  war,  and  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  whole  country.  In  recog- 
nition of  this  service  he  was,  on  June  3,  1863. 
made  a  Brigadier-General,  and  May  27,  1865,  a 
full  Major-General  of  Volunteers.  Soon  after  the 
close  of  the  war  he  entered  the  regular  army  it- 
Colonel  of  the  Tenth  United  States  Cavalry  and 
was  successively  brevetted  Brigadier-  and  Major 
General  for  bravery  shown  in  a  raid  in  Arkansas 
during  December,  1864.  His  subsequent  service 
was  in  the  West  and  Southwest  conducting  cam- 
paigns against  the  Indians,  in  the  meanwhile 
being  in  command  at  Santa  Fe,  San  Antonio  and 
elsewhere.  On  the  promotion  of  General  Miles 
to  a  Major-Generalship  following  the  death  of 
Maj.-Gen.  George  Crook  in  Chicago,  March  19, 
1890,  General  Grierson,  who  had  been  the  senior 
Colonel  for  some  years,  was  promoted  Brigadier- 
General  and  retired  with  that  rank  in  July  fol- 
lowing. His  home  is  at  Jacksonville. 

GRIGGS,  Samnel  Chapman,  publisher,  was 
born  in  Tolland,  Conn.,  July  20,  1819;  began 
business  as  a  bookseller  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  but 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  established  the 
largest  bookselling  trade  in  the  Northwest.  Mr. 
Origgs  was  a  heavy  loser  by  the  fire  of  1871,  and 
the  following  year,  having  sold  out  to  his  part- 
ners, established  himself  in  the  publishing  busi- 
ness, which  he  conducted  until  1896,  when  he 
retired.  The  class  of  books  published  by  him 
include  many  educational  and  classical,  with 
others  of  a  high  order  of  merit.  Died  in  Chi- 
cago, April  5,  1897. 


212 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


6BI6OSTILLE,  a  city  in  Pike  County,  on  the 
Wabash  Railroad,  4  miles  west  of  the  Illinois 
River,  and  60  miles  east  of  Quincy.  Flour,  camp 
stoves,  and  brooms  are  manufactured  here.  The 
city  baa  churches,  graded  schools,  a  public 
library,  fair  grounds,  opera  house,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890),  1,400;  (1900), 
1,404. 

GEIMSHAW,  Jackson,  lawyer  and  politician, 
was  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  22,  1830,  of  Anglo- 
Irish  and  Revolutionary  ancestry.  He  was  par- 
tially educated  at  Bristol  College,  Pa.,  and  began 
the  study  of  law  with  his  father,  who  waa  a  lawyer 
and  an  author  of  repute.  His  professional  studies 
were  interrupted  for  a  few  years,  during  which  he 
was  employed  at  surveying  and  civil  engineering, 
but  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Harrisburg,  in 
1843.  The  same  year  he  settled  at  PittsBeld,  III , 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother, 
William  A.  Grimshaw.  In  1857  he  removed  to 
Quinor,  where  he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  Republican 
Convention,  at  Bloomington,  in  1856,  and  was 
twice  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress 
(1856  and  '68)  in  a  strongly  Democratic  District. 
He  was  a  warm  personal  friend  and  trusted  coun- 
sellor of  Governor  Yates,  on  whose  staff  he  served 
as  Colonel.  During  1861  the  latter  sent  Mr. 
Grimshaw  to  Washington  with  dispatches  an- 
nouncing the  capture  of  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo. 
On  arriving  at  Annapolis,  learning  that  the  rail- 
roads had  been  torn  up  by  rebel  sympathizers,  he 
walked  from  that  city  to  the  capital,  and  was 
summoned  into  the  presence  of  the  President  and 
General  Scott  with  his  feet  protruding  from  his 
boots.  In  1865  Mr.  Lincoln  appointed  him  Col- 
lector of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Quincy  Dis- 
trict, which  office  he  held  until  1869.  Died,  at 
Quincy,  Dec.  13,  1875. 

GBIMSHAW,  William  A.,  early  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  and  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  his  native  city  at  the  age  of  19 ;  in  1833  came 
to  Pike  County,  111. ,  where  he  continued  to  prac- 
tice until  his  death.  He  served  in  the  State  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1847,  and  had  the  credit 
of  preparing  the  article  in  the  second  Constitution 
prohibiting  dueling.  In  1864  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Convention  which 
nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  President  a  second 
time;  also  served  as  Presidential  Elector  in  1880. 
He  was,  for  a  time,  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jackson- 
ville, and,  from  1877  to  1882,  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Public  Charities,  being  for  a  time  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board.  Died,  at  Pittsfield,  Jan. 7,  1895. 


GRINNELL,  Julias  S.,  lawyer  and  ex-Judge, 
was  born  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y. ,  in  1842, 
of  New  England  parents,  who  were  of  French 
descent.  He  graduated  from  Middlebury  College 
in  1866,  and,  two  years  later,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.  In  1870  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  he  soon  attained  a  prominent 
position  at  the  bar;  was  elected  City  Attorney  in 
1879,  and  re-elected  in  1881  and  1883.  In  1884  he 
was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  Cook  County,  in 
which  capacity  he  successfully  conducted  some 
of  the  most  celebrated  criminal  prosecutions  in 
the  history  of  Illinois.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  the  cases  against  Joseph  T.  Mackin 
and  William  J.  Gallagher,  growing  out  of  an 
election  conspiracy  in  Chicago  in  1884;  the 
conviction  of  a  number  of  Cook  County  Commis- 
sioners for  accepting  bribes  in  1885,  and  the  con- 
viction of  seven  anarchistic  leaders  charged  with 
complicity  in  the  Haymarket  riot  and  massacre 
in  Chicago,  in  May,  1886 — the  latter  trial  being 
held  in  1887.  The  same  year  (1887)  he  was 
elected  to  the  Circuit  bench  of  Cook  County,  but 
resigned  his  seat  in  1890  to  become  counsel  for 
the  Chicago  City  Railway.  Died,  in  Chicago, 
June  8,  1898. 

GROSS,  Jacob,  ex-State  Treasurer  and  banker, 
was  born  in  Germany,  Feb.  11,  1840;  having  lost 
his  father  by  death  at  13,  came  to  the  United 
States  two  years  later,  spent  a  year  in  Chicago 
schools,  learned  the  trade  of  a  tinsmith  and 
clerked  in  a  store  until  August,  1862,  when  he 
enlisted  in  the  Eighty-Second  Illinois  Volunteers 
(the  second  "Hecker  Regiment");  afterwards  par- 
ticipated in  some  of  the  most  important  battles 
of  the  war,  including  Chancellorsville,  Gettys- 
burg, Lookout  Mountain,  Resaca  and  others.  At 
Dallas,  Ga. ,  he  had  his  right  leg  badly  shattered 
by  a  bullet-wound  above  the  knee,  four  successive 
amputations  being  found  necessary  in  order  to 
save  his  life.  Having  been  discharged  from  the 
service  in  February,  1865,  he  took  a  course  in  a 
commercial  college,  became  deputy  clerk  of  the 
Police  Court,  served  three  terms  as  Collector  of 
the  West  Town  of  Chicago,  and  an  equal  number 
of  terms  (12  years)  as  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of  Cook  County,  and,  in  1884,  was  elected  State 
Treasurer.  Since  retiring  from  the  latter  office, 
Mr.  Gross  has  been  engaged  in  the  banking  busi- 
ness, being  President,  for  several  years,  of  the 
Commercial  Bank  of  Chicago. 

GROSS,  William  I,,,  lawyer,  was  bom  in  Her- 
kimer  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  21,  1839,  came  with 
his  father  to  Illinois  in  1844,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Springfield  in  1862,  but  almost  immediately 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


r. 


entered  the  service  of  the  Government,  and,  a 
year  later,  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster,  and,  under 
command  of  General  Stager,  assigned  to  the 
Department  of  the  Ohio  as  Military  Superintend- 
ent of  Telegraphs.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  the  Gulf, 
taking  control  of  military  telegraphs  in  that 
Department  with  headquarters  at  New  Orleans, 
remaining  until  August,  1866,  meanwhile  being 
brevetted  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel.  For 
the  next  two  years  he  occupied  various  positions 
in  the  civil  telegraph  service,  but,  in  1868,  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  at  Springfield,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother  (Eugene  L.)  issuing  the  first 
volume  of  "Gross1  Statutes  of  Illinois,"  followed 
in  subsequent  years  by  two  additional  volumes, 
besides  an  Index  to  all  the  Laws  of  the  State.  In 
1878  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the  General 
Assembly  from  Sangamon  County,  and,  in  1884, 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Hamilton  Circuit 
Judge  to  succeed  Judge  C.  S.  Zane,  who  had  been 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  Utah.  Upon  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Association,  Judge 
Gross  became  its  first  Secretary,  serving  until 
1883,  when  he  was  elected  President,  again  serv- 
ing as  Secretary  and  Treasurer  in  1893-94. 

GROSSCUP,  Peter  Stenger,  jurist,  born  in 
Ashland,  Ohio,  Feb.  15,  1853 ;  was  educated  in  the 
local  schools  and  Wittenberg  College,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1872 ;  read  law  in  Boston,  Mass. , 
and  settled  down  to  practice  in  his  native  town, 
in  1874.  He  was  a  candidate  for  Congress  in  a 
Democratic  District  before  he  was  25  years  old, 
but,  being  a  Republican,  was  defeated.  Two 
years  later,  being  thrown  by  a  reapportionment 
into  the  same  district  with  William  McKinley, 
he  put  that  gentleman  in  nomination  for  the  seat 
in  Congress  to  which  he  was  elected.  He  re- 
moved to  Chicago  in  1883,  and,  for  several  years, 
was  the  partner  of  the  late  Leonard  Swett;  in 
December,  1892,  was  appointed  by  President 
Harrison  Judge  of  the  United  States  District 
Court  for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois  as  suc- 
cessor to  Judge  Henry  W.  Blodgett.  On  the 
death  of  Judge  Showalter,  in  December,  1898, 
Judge  Grosscup  was  appointed  his  successor  as 
Judge  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  for  the 
Seventh  Judicial  District.  Although  one  of  the 
youngest  incumbents  upon  the  bench  of  the 
United  States  Court,  Judge  Grosscup  has  given 
ample  evidence  of  his  ability  as  a  jurist,  besides 
proving  himself  in  harmony  with  the  progressive 
spirit  of  the  time  on  questions  of  national  and 
international  interest. 


GRUNDY  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  northeast- 
ern quarter  of  the  State,  having  an  area  of  440 
square  miles  and  a  population  (1900)  of  24,136. 
The  surface  is  mainly  rolling  prairie,  beneath 
which  is  a  continuous  coal  seam,  three  feet  thick. 
Building  stone  is  abundant  (particularly  near 
Morris),  and  there  are  considerable  beds  of  pot- 
ter's clay.  The  county  is  crossed  by  the  Illinois 
River  and  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  also  by  the 
Rock  Island  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railways. 
The  chief  occupation  of  the  people  is  agriculture, 
although  there  are  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. The  first  white  settler  of  whom  any 
record  has  been  preserved,  was  William  Marquis, 
who  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mazon  in  a 
"prairie  schooner"  in  1828.  Other  pioneers 
were  Colonel  Sayers,  W.  A.  Holloway,  Alex- 
ander K.  Owen,  John  Taylor,  James  McCartney 
and  Joab  Chappell.  The  first  public  land  sale 
was  made  in  1835,  and,  in  1841,  the  county  was 
organized  out  of  a  part  of  La  Salle,  and  named 
after  Felix  Grundy,  the  eminent  Tennesseean. 
The  first  pollbook  showed  148  voters.  Morris 
was  chosen  the  county-seat  and  has  so  re- 
mained. Its  present  population  is  3,653.  Another 
prosperous  town  is  Gardner,  with  1,100  inhab- 
itants. 

GULLIYER,  John  Putnam,  D.D.,  LL.l)., 
clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  12,  1819;  graduated  at  Yale  College, 
in  1840,  and  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1845,  meanwhile  serving  two  years  as  Principal 
of  Randolph  Academy.  From  1845  to  1865  he 
was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  in 
1865-68,  of  the  New  England  Church,  of  Chicago, 
and,  1868-72,  President  of  Knox  College  at  Gales- 
burg,  111.  The  latter  year  he  became  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Binghamton, 
N.  Y.,  remaining  until  1878,  when  he  was  elected 
Professor  of  the  "Relations  of  Christianity  and 
Secular  Science"  at  Andover,  holding  this  posi- 
tion actively  until  1891,  and  then,  as  Professor 
Emeritus,  until  his  death,  Jan.  25,  1894.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Corporation  of  Yale  College 
and  had  been  honored  with  the  degrees  of  D.D. 
and  LL.D. 

GURLEY,  William  F.  E.,  State  Geologist,  was 
born  at  Oswego,  N.  Y. ,  June  5,  1854 ;  brought  by 
his  parents  to  Danville,  111.,  in  1864,  and  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  that  city  and  Cornell 
University,  N.  Y. ;  served  as  city  engineer  of 
Danville  in  1885-87,  and  again  in  1891-93.  In 
July  of  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Altgeld  State  Geologist  as  successor  to  Prof. 
Joshua  Lindahl. 


214 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


HACKER,  John  S.,  pioneer  and  soldier  of  the 
Mexican  War,  was  born  at  Owensburg,  Ky., 
November,  1797;  in  early  life  removed  to  Mis- 
souri, where  he  was  employed  in  the  stock  and 
produce  trade  with  New  Orleans.  Having  married 
in  1817,  he  settled  at  Jonesboro,  Union  County, 
III,  where  he  kept  a  tavern  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  was  also  engaged  some  thirty  years  in 
mercantile  business.  It  is  said  that  he  was 
unable  to  read  until  taught  after  marriage  by  his 
wife,  who  appears  to  have  been  a  woman  of 
intelligence  and  many  graces.  In  1834  he  was 
elected  Representative  in  the  Fourth  General 
Assembly  and,  in  1834,  to  the  State  Senate,  serv- 
ing by  re-election  in  1838  until  1842,  and  being  a 
supporter  of  the  internal  improvement  scheme. 
In  1837  he  voted  for  the  removal  of  the  State 
capital  from  Vandalia  to  Springfield,  and,  though 
differing  from  Abraham  Lincoln  politically,  was 
one  of  his  warm  personal  friends.  He  served  in 
the  War  of  1812  as  a  private  in  the  Missouri 
militia,  and,  in  the  Mexican  War,  as  Captain  of  a 
company  in  the  Second  Regiment,  Illinois  Volun- 
teers— Col.  W.  II.  Bissell's.  By  service  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Duncan,  he  had  already  obtained 
the  title  of  Colonel.  He  received  the  nomination 
for  Lieutenant-Governor  from  the  first  formal 
State  Convention  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
December,  1837,  but  the  head  of  the  ticket  (Col. 
J.  W.  Stephenson)  having  withdrawn  on  account 
of  charges  connected  with  his  administration  of 
the  Land  Office  at  Dixon,  Colonel  Hacker  also 
declined,  and  a  new  ticket  was  put  in  the  field 
headed  by  Col.  Thomas  L.  Carlin,  which  was 
elected  in  1838.  In  1849  Colonel  Hacker  made 
the  overland  journey  to  California,  but  returning 
with  impaired  health  in  1852,  located  in  Cairo, 
where  he  held  the  position  of  Surveyor  of  the 
Port  for  three  years,  when  he  was  removed  by 
President  Buchanan  on  account  of  his  friendship 
for  Senator  Douglas.  He  also  served,  from  1854 
to  '56,  as  Secretary  of  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Territories  under  the  Chairmanship  of  Senator 
Douglas,  and,  in  1856,  as  Assistant  Doorkeeper  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  Washington.  In 
1857  he  returned  to  Jonesboro  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  practical  retirement, 
dying  at  the  home  of  his  daughter,  in  Anna,  May 
18,  1878. 

HADLEY,  William  F.  L.,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  near  Collinsville,  111.,  June 
15,  1847;  grew  up  on  a  farm,  receiving  his  educa- 
tion in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKendree 
College,  where  he  graduated  in  1867.  In  1871  he 
graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of  the 


University  of  Michigan,  and  established  him 
self  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Edwardsville.  He  was  elected  to  the  State  Sen- 
ate from  Madison  County  in  1886,  serving  four 
years,  and  was  nominated  for  a  second  term,  but 
declined;  was  a  delegate-at-large  to  the  Repub- 
lican National  Convention  of  1888,  and,  in  1895. 
was  nominated  and  elected,  in  the  Eighteenth 
District,  as  a  Republican,  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Con 
grass  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Hon.  Frederick  Remann,  who  had  been  elected 
in  1894,  but  died  before  taking  his  seat.  Mr. 
Hadley  was  a  candidate  for  re-election  in  1896, 
but  was  prevented  by  protracted  illness  from 
making  a  canvass,  and  suffered  a  defeat.  He 
is  a  son-in-law  of  the  late  Edward  M.  West, 
long  a  prominent  business  man  of  Edwards- 
ville, and  since  his  retirement  from  Congress,  has 
devoted  his  attention  to  his  profession  and  the 
banking  business. 

HAHNEMANN  HOSPITAL,  a  homeopathic  bos 
pital  located  in  Chicago.  It  was  first  opened  with 
twenty  beds,  in  November,  1870,  in  a  block  of 
wooden  buildings,  the  use  of  which  was  given 
rent  free  by  Mr.  J.  Young  Scammon,  and  was 
known  as  the  Scammon  Hospital.  After  the  fire 
of  October,  1871,  Mr.  Scammon  deeded  the  prop- 
erty to  the  Trustees  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College,  and  the  hospital  was  placed  on  the  list 
of  public  charities.  It  also  received  a  donation 
of  $10,000  from  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society, 
besides  numerous  private  benefactions.  In 
April,  1873,  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Scammon. 
the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  the 
Hahnemann  Hospital,  by  j which  designation  it 
has  since  been  known.  In  1893  the  corner-stone 
of  a  new  hospital  was  laid  and  the  building  com 
pleted  in  1894.  It  is  seven  stories  in  height,  with 
a  capacity  for  225  beds,  and  is  equipped  with  all 
the  improved  appliances  and  facilities  for  the 
care  and  protection  of  the  sick.  It  has  also  about 
sixty  private  rooms  for  paying  patients. 

HAHNEMANJf  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  located 
in  Chicago,  chartered  in  1834-35,  but  not  organ- 
ized until  1860,  when  temporary  quarters  were 
secured  over  a  drug-store,  and  the  first  collegf 
term  opened,  with  a  teaching  faculty  numbering 
nine  professors,  besides  clinical  lecturers,  demon- 
strators, etc.  In  1866-67  the  institution  move<l 
into  larger  quarters  and,  in  1870,  the  corner-stone 
of  a  new  college  building  was  laid.  The  six  suc- 
ceeding years  were  marked  by  internal  dissen- 
sion, ten  of  the  professors  withdrawing  to 
establish  a  rival  school.  The  faculty  was  cur- 
tailed in  numbers  and  re-organized.  In  August, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


215 


1892,  the  corner-stone  of  a  second  building  was 
laid  with  appropriate  Masonic  ceremonies,  the 
new  structure  occupying  the  site  of  the  old,  but 
being  larger,  better  arranged  and  better  equipped. 
Women  were  admitted  as  students  in  1870-71  and 
co-education  of  the  sexes  has  ever  since  continued 
an  established  feature  of  the  institution.  For 
more  than  thirty-five  years  a  free  dispensary  has 
been  in  operation  in  connection  with  the  college. 
HUNKS,  John  Charles,  Mayor  of  Chicago  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.. 
May  26,  1818;  came  to  Chicago  in  1835,  and,  for 
the  next  eleven  years,  was  employed  in  various 
pursuits;  served  three  terms  (1848-54)  in  the  City 
Council;  was  twice  elected  Water  Commissioner 
(1853  and  '56),  and,  in  1858,  was  chosen  Mayor, 
serving  two  terms.  He  also  served  as  Delegate 
from  Cook  County  in  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1869-70,  and,  in  1874,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  from  the  First  District,  serving  in 
the  Twenty-ninth  and  Thirtieth  General  Assem- 
blies. At  the  session  of  1877  he  received  sixty- 
nine  votes  for  the  seat  in  the  United  States 
Senate  to  which  Judge  David  Davis  was  after- 
wards elected.  Mr.  Haines  was  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society,  was  interested  in  the 
old  Chicago  West  Division  Railway  and  President 
of  the  Savings  Institute.  During  his  later  years 
he  was  a  resident  of  Waukegan,  dying  there. 
July  4,  1896  —  Elijah  Mlddlebrook  (Haines), 
brother  of  the  preceding,  lawyer,  politician 
and  legislator,  was  born  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y. . 
April  21,  1822 ;  came  to  Illinois  in  boyhood,  locat- 
ing first  at  Chicago,  but,  a  year  later,  went  to 
Lake  County,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 
His  education,  rudimentary,  classical  and  profes- 
sional, was  self-acquired.  He  began  to  occupy 
and  cultivate  a  farm  for  himself  before  attaining 
his  majority;  studied  law,  and,  in  1851,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  beginning  practice  at  Wau- 
kegan ;  in  1860  opened  an  office  in  Chicago,  still, 
however,  making  his  home  at  Waukegan.  In 
1855  he  published  a  compilation  of  the  Illinois 
township  laws,  followed  by  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Powers  and  Duties  of  Justices  of  the  Peace. "  He 
made  similar  compilations  of  the  township  laws 
of  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin  and  Missouri. 
By  nature  Mr.  Haines  was  an  agitator,  and  his 
career  as  a  politician  both  checkered  and  unique. 
Originally  a  Democrat,  he  abandoned  that  or- 
ganization upon  the  formation  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  was  elected  by  the  latter  to  the  Legis- 
lature from  Lake  County  in  1858,  '60  and  '62.  In 
1867  he  came  into  prominence  as  an  anti-monopo- 
list, and  on  this  issue  was  elected  to  the  Consti- 


tutional Convention  of  1869-70.  In  1870  he  was 
again  chosen  to  the  Legislature  as  an  "independ- 
ent, ' '  and,  as  such,  re-elected  in  '74,  '82,  '84,  '86  and 
'88,  receiving  the  support,  however,  of  the  Demo- 
crats in  a  District  normally  Republican.  He 
served  as  Speaker  during  the  sessions  of  1875  and 
'85,  the  party  strength  in  each  of  these  Assemblies 
being  so  equally  divided  that  he  either  held,  or 
was  able  to  control,  the  balance  of  power.  He 
was  an  adroit  parliamentarian,  but  his  decisions 
were  the  cause  of  much  severe  criticism,  being 
regarded  by  both  Democrats  and  Republicans  as 
often  arbitrary  and  unjust.  The  two  sessions 
over  which  he  presided  were  among  the  stormiest 
in  the  State's  history.  Died,  at  Waukegan.  April 
25,  1889. 

HALE,  Albert,  pioneer  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  Nov.  29,  1799;  after  some 
years  spent  as  a  clerk  in  a  country  store  at 
Wethersfield,  completed  a  course  in  the  theolog 
ical  department  of  Yale  College,  later  serving  as  a 
home  missionary,  in  Georgia ;  came  to  Illinois  in 
1831,  doing  home  missionary  work  in  Bond 
County,  and.  in  1833,  was  sent  to  Chicago,  where 
his  open  candor,  benignity  and  blameless  conduct 
enabled  him  to  exert  a  powerful  influence  over 
the  drunken  aborigines  who  constituted  a  large 
and  menacing  class  of  the  population  of  what 
was  then  a  frontier  town.  In  1839  he  assumed 
the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Springfield,  continuing  that  connection  until 
1865.  From  that  time  until  his  death,  his  life 
was  largely  devoted  to  missionary  work  among 
the  extremely  poor  and  the  pariahs  of  society. 
Among  these  he  wielded  a  large  influence  and 
always  commanded  genuine  respect  from  all 
denominations.  His  forte  was  love  rather  than 
argument,  and  in  this  lay  the  secret  of  his  suc- 
cess. Died,  in  Springfield,  Jan.  30.  1891. 

HALE,  (Dr.)  Edwin  M.,  physician,  was  born 
in  Newport,  N.  H.,  in  1829,  commenced  the  study 
of  medicine  in  1848  and,  in  1850,  entered  the 
Cleveland  Homeopathic  College,  at  the  end  of  the 
session  locating  at  Jonesville,  Mich.  From  1855 
he  labored  in  the  interest  of  a  representation  of 
homeopathy  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
When  this  was  finally  accomplished,  he  was 
offered  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics, but  was  compelled  to  decline  in  conse 
quence  of  having  been  elected  to  the  same  position 
in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago. 
In  1876  he  made  a  visit  to  Europe,  and,  on  big 
return,  severed  his  connection  with  the  Hahne- 
mann and  accepted  a  similar  position  in  the  Chi- 
cago Homeopathic  College,  where  he  remained 


216 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


five  years,  when  he  retired  with  the  rank  of  Pro- 
fessor Emeritus.  Dr.  Hale  was»  the  author  of 
several  volumes  held  in  high  esteem  by  members 
of  the  profession,  and  maintained  a  high  reputa- 
tion for  professional  skill  and  benevolence  of 
character.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  an  honorary  member  of 
various  home  and  foreign  associations.  Died,  in 
Chicago,  Jan.  18,  1899. 

HALL,  (Col.)  Cyras,  soldier,  was  born  in  Fay- 
ette  County,  111.,  August  29,  1822— the  son  of  a 
pioneer  who -came  to  Illinois  about  the  time  of 
its  admission  as  a  State.  He  served  as  Second 
Lieutenant  in  the  Third  Illinois  Volunteers  (Col. 
Foreman's  regiment),  during  the  Mexican  War, 
and,  in  1860,  removed  to  Shelbyville  to  engage  in 
hotel-keeping.  The  Civil  War  coming  on,  he 
raised  the  first  company  for  the  war  in  Shelby 
County,  which  was  attached  to  the  Fourteenth 
Illinois  (CoL  John  M.  Palmer's  regiment);  was 
promptly  promoted  from  Captain  to  Major  and 
finally  to  Lieutenant-Colonel,  on  the  promotion 
of  Palmer  to  Brigadier-General,  succeeding  to 
command  of  the  regiment.  The  Fourteenth 
Regiment  having  been  finally  consolidated  with 
the  Fifteenth,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Hall  was 
transferred,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel,  to  the 
command  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Forty-fourth 
Illinois,  which  he  resigned  in  March,  1864,  was 
brevetted  Brigadier-General  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  service  in  the  field,  in  March,  1865, 
and  mustered  out  Sept.  16,  1865.  Returning  to 
Shelbyville,  he  engaged  in  the  furniture  trade, 
later  was  appointed  Postmaster,  serving  some  ten 
years  and  until  his  death,  Sept.  6.  1878. 

HALL,  James,  legislator,  jurist.  State  Treasurer 
and  author,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  August 
19,  1793;  after  serving  in  the  War  of  1812  and 
spending  some  time  with  Com.  Stephen  Decatur 
in  the  Mediterranean,  in  1815,  he  studied  law, 
beginning  practice  at  Shawneetown.  in  1820. 
He  at  once  assumed  prominence  as  a  citizen,  was 
appointed  State's  Attorney  in  1821,  and  elevated 
to  the  bench  of  the  Circuit  Court  in  1825.  He 
was  legislated  out  of  office  two  years  later  and 
resumed  private  practice,  making  his  home  at 
Vandalia,  where  he  was  associated  with  Robert 
Blackwell  in  the  publication  of  "The  Illinois 
Intelligencer."  The  same  year  (1827)  he  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  State  Treasurer,  con- 
tinuing in  office  four  years.  Later  he  removed  to 
Cincinnati,  where  he  died,  July  5,  1868.  He  con- 
ducted "The  Western  Monthly  Magazine,"  the 
first  periodical  published  in  Illinois.  Among  his 
published  volumes  may  be  mentioned  "Tales  of 


the  Border,"  "Notes  on  the  Western  States." 
"Sketches  of  the  West,"  "Romance  of  Western 
History,"  and  "History  of  the  Indian  Tribes." 

HAMER,  Thomas,  soldier  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  Union  County,  Pa.,  June  1,  1818;  came 
to  Illinois  in  1846  and  began  business  as  a  mer- 
chant at  Vermont,  Fulton  County;  in  1862 
assisted  in  recruiting  the  Eighty-fourth  Illinois 
Volunteers  and  was  elected  Lieutenant-Colonel; 
was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  re- 
turned to  duty  after  partial  recovery,  but  was 
finally  compelled  to  retire  on  account  of  disabil- 
ity. Returning  home  he  resumed  business,  but 
retired  in  1878;  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  in  1886  and  to  the  Senate  in 
1888,  and  re-elected  to  the  latter  in  1892,  making 
ten  years  of  continuous  service. 

HAMILTON,  a  city  in  Hancock  County,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  opposite  Keokuk,  Iowa;  at  junc- 
tion of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  and  Keokuk 
branch  of  the  Wabash  Railway.  Its  position  at 
the  foot  of  the  lower  rapids  insures  abundant 
water  power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  An 
iron  railroad  and  wagon  bridge  connects  the  Illi- 
nois city  with  Keokuk.  It  has  two  banks,  elec- 
tric lights,  one  newspaper,  six  churches,  a  high 
school,  and  an  apiary.  The  surrounding  country 
is  a  farming  and  fruit  district.  A  sanitarium 
is  located  here.  Population  (1890),  1,801;  (1900), 
1,844. 

HAMILTON,  John  It.,  M.D,  LL.D.,  surgeon, 
was  born  of  a  pioneer  family  in  Jersey  County, 
111.,  Dec.  1,  1847,  his  grandfather.  Thomas  M. 
Hamilton,  having  removed  from  Ohio  in  1818  to 
Monroe  County,  111.,  where  the  father  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  born.  The  latter  (Elder 
Benjamin  B.  Hamilton)  was  for  fifty  years  a 
Baptist  preacher,  chiefly  in  Greene  County,  and, 
from  1862  to  '65,  Chaplain  of  the  Sixty-first  Illi- 
nois Volunteers.  Young  Hamilton,  having  re- 
ceived his  literary  education  at  home  and  with  a 
classical  teacher  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1863 
began  the  study  of  medicine,  and  the  following 
year  attempted  to  enlist  as  a  soldier,  but  was 
rejected  on  account  of  being  a  minor.  In  1869  he 
graduated  from  Rush  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
and,  for  the  next  five  years,  was  engaged  in  gen- 
eral practice.  Then,  having  passed  an  examina- 
tion before  an  Army  Examining  Board,  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  in  the  regular  army 
with  the  rank  of  "First  Lieutenant,  serving  suc- 
cessively at  Jefferson  Barracks,  St.  Louis;  Fort 
Colville,  Washington,  and  in  the  Marine  Hospital 
at  Boston ;  in  1879  became  Supervising  Surgeon- 
General  as  successor  to  Gen.  John  M.  Woodworth 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


217 


and,  during  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  in  the 
South,  a  few  years  later,  rendered  efficient  service 
in  checking  the  spread  of  the  disease  by  taking 
charge  of  the  camp  of  refugees  from  Jacksonville 
and  other  stricken  points.  Resigning  the  position 
of  Surgeon-General  in  1891,  he  took  charge  of  the 
Marine  Hospital  at  Chicago  and  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  in  Rush  Medical  College,  besides 
holding  other  allied  positions;  was  also  editor  of 
"The  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Associ- 
ation." In  1896  he  resigned  his  position  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  United  States  Army, 
in  1897  was  appointed  Superintendent  for  the 
Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Elgin,  but 
died,  Dec.  24,  1898. 

HAMILTON,  John  L.,  farmer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Newry,  Ireland,  Nov.  9,  1829;  emi- 
grated to  Jersey  County,  111.,  in  1851,  where  he 
began  life  working  on  a  farm.  Later,  he  followed 
the  occupation  of  a  farmer  in  Mason  and  Macou- 
pin  Counties,  finally  locating,  in  1864,  in  Iroquois 
County,  which  has  since  been  his  home.  After 
filling  various  local  offices,  in  1875  he  was  elected 
County  Treasurer  of  Iroquois  County  as  a  Repub- 
lican, and  twice  re-elected  (1877  and  '79),  also,  in 
1880,  being  Chairman  of  the  Republican  County 
Central  Committee.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to 
the  House  of  Representatives,  being  one  of  the 
"103"  who  stood  by  General  Logan  in  the  mem- 
orable Senatorial  contest  of  1885;  was  re-elected 
in  1886,  and  again  returned  to  the  same  body  in 
1890  and  '98. 

HAMILTON,  John  Marshall,  lawyer  and  ex- 
Governor,  was  born  in  Union  County,  Ohio,  May 
38,  1847;  when  7  years  of  age,  was  brought  to 
Illinois  by  his  father,  who  settled  on  a  farm  in 
Marshall  County.  In  1864  (at  the  age  of  17;  he 
enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Forty-first  Illi- 
nois Volunteers  —  a  100-day  regiment.  After 
being  mustered  out,  he  matriculated  at  the  Wes- 
leyan  (Ohio)  University,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  1868.  For  a  year  he  taught  school  at 
Henry,  and  later  became  Professor  of  Languages 
at  the  Wesleyan  (111.)  University  at  Blooming- 
ton.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870,  and  has 
been  a  successful  practitioner  at  the  bar.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  State  Senator  from  McLean 
County,  and,  in  1880,  Lieutenant-Governor  on  the 
ticket  with  Gov.  Shelby  M.  Cullom.  On  Feb.  8, 
1883,  he  was  inaugurated  Governor,  to  succeed 
Governor  Cullom,  who  had  been  chosen  United 
States  Senator.  In  1884  he  was  a  candidate  for 
the  gubernatorial  nomination  before  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention  at  Peoria,  but  that  body 
selected  ex-Gov.  and  ex-Senator  Richard  J. 


Oglesby  to  head  the  State  ticket.  Since  then 
Governor  Hamilton  has  been  a  prominent  practi- 
tioner at  the  Chicago  bar. 

HAMILTON,  Richard  Jones,  pioneer  lawyer, 
was  born  near  Danville,  Ky.,  August  21,  1799; 
studied  law  and,  about  1820,  came  to  Jonesboro, 
Union  County,  111. ,  in  company  with  Abner  Field, 
afterwards  State  Treasurer  -.  in  1821  was  appointed 
cashier  of  the  newly  established  Branch  State 
Bank  at  Brownsville,  Jackson  County,  but,  in 
1831,  removed  to  Chicago,  Governor  Reynolds 
having  appointed  him  the  first  Probate  Judge  of 
Cook  County.  At  the  same  time  he  also  held  the 
offices  of  Circuit  and  County  Clerk,  Recorder  and 
Commissioner  of  School  lands — the  sale  of  the 
Chicago  school  section  being  made  under  his 
administration.  He  was  a  Colonel  of  State  militia 
and,  in  1832,  took  an  active  part  in  raising  volun 
ters  for  defense  during  the  Black  Hawk  War; 
also  was  a  candidate  for  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Fifth  Regiment  for  the  Mexican  War  (1847), 
but  was  defeated  by  Colonel  Newby.  In  1856 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Lieu 
tenant-Governor  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  Died, 
Dec.  26,  1860. 

HAMILTON,  William  Stephen,  pioneer— son 
of  Alexander  Hamilton,  first  United  States  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury — was  born  in  New  York 
City,  August  4,  1797;  spent  three  yean  (1814-17). 
at  West  Point ;  came  west  and  located  at  an  early 
day  at  Springfield,  111. ;  was  a  deputy  surveyor  of 
public  lands,  elected  Representative  from  Sanga 
raon  County,  in  the  Fourth  General  Assembly 
(1824-26);  in  1827  removed  to  the  Lead  Mine 
region  and  engaged  in  mining  at  "Hamilton's 
Diggings"  (now  Wiota)  in  southwest  Wisconsin, 
and  occasionally  practiced  law  at  Galena;  was  a 
member  of  the  Wisconsin  Territorial  Legislature 
of  1842-43,  emigrated  to  California  in  1849,  and 
died  in  Sacramento,  Oct.  9,  1850,  where,  some 
twenty  years  later,  a  monument  was  erected  to 
his  memory.  Colonel  Hamilton  was  an  aid-de- 
camp of  Governor  Coles,  who  sent  him  forward 
to  meet  General  La  Fayette  on  his  way  from  New 
Orleans,  on  occasion  of  La  Fayette's  visit  to  Illi- 
nois in  1825. 

HAMILTON  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State;  has  an  area  of  440 
square  miles,  and  population  (1900)  of  20,197 — 
named  for  Alexander  Hamilton.  It  was  organ- 
ized in  1821,  with  McLeansboro  as  the  county- 
seat.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  rolling  and 
the  fertile  soil  well  watered  and  drained  by 
numerous  creeks,  flowing  east  and  south  into  the 
Wabash.  which  constitutes  its  southeastern 


218 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


boundary.  Coal  crops  out  at  various  points  in 
the  southwestern  portion.  Originally  Hamilton 
( 'i  Hi  MI  y  was  a  dense  forest,  and  timber  is  still 
abundant  and  saw-mills  numerous.  Among  the 
hard  woods  found  are  black  and  white  oak,  black 
walnut,  ash  and  hickory.  The  softer  woods  are 
in  unusual  variety.  Com  and  tobacco  are  the 
principal  crops,  although  considerable  fruit  is 
•  •ultivated,  besides  oats,  winter  wheat  and  pota- 
toes. Sorghum  is  also  extensively  produced. 
Among  the  pioneer  settlers  was  a  Mr.  Auxier  (for 
whom  a  water  course  was  named),  in  1815;  Adam 
( 'rouch,  the  Biggerstaffs  and  T.  Stelle.  in  1818. 
and  W.  T.  Golson  and  Louis  Baxter,  in  1821. 
The  most  important  town  is  McLeansboro,  whose 
population  in  1890  was  1,355. 

HAMMOND,  Charles  Goodrich,  Railway  Mana- 
ger, was  born  at  Bolton,  Conn..  June  4,  1804, 
spent  his  youth  in  Chenango  County,  N.  Y. . 
where  he  became  Principal  of  the  Whitesboro 
Seminary  (in  which  he  was  partially  educated), 
and  entered  mercantile  life  at  Canandaigua: 
in  1834  removed  to  Michigan,  where  he  held 
various  offices,  including  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  Auditor;  in  1852  completed  the  con 
struction  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  (the 
tirst  line  from  the  East)  to  Chicago,  and  took  up 
his  residence  in  that  city.  In  1855  he  became 
Superintendent  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  but  soon  resigned  to  take  a 
trip  to  Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his  health. 
Returning  from  Europe  in  1869,  he  accepted  the 
Superintendency  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad, 
but  was  compelled  to  resign  by  failing  health,  later 
becoming  Vice- President  of  the  Pullman  Palace 
Car  Company.  He  was  Treasurer  of  the  Chicago 
Relief  &  Aid  Society  after  the  fire  of  1871,  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary  (Congregational);  also  President,  for 
several  years,  of  the  Chicago  Home  for  the  Friend 
less.  Died,  April  15,  1884. 

HAMPSHIRE,  a  village  of  Kane  County,  on 
the  Omaha  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&  St.  Paul  Railway,  51  miles  west-northwest  from 
Chicago.  There  are  brick  and  tile  works,  a  large 
canning  factory,  pickle  factory,  and  machine 
shop ;  dairy  and  stock  interests  are  large.  The 
place  has  a  bank,  electric  lights  and  water-works, 
and  a  weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1890),  696;  (1900),  760. 

HANCOCK  COUNTY,  on  the  western  border  of 
the  State,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi 
River ;  was  organized  in  1825  and  named  for  John 
Hancock ;  has  an  area  of  769  square  miles ;  popu- 
lation (1900).  32,215.  Its  early  settlers  were 
chiefly  from  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 


among  them  being  I.  J.  Waggen,  for  nearly  sixty 
years  a  resident  of  Montebello  Township.  Black 
Hawk,  the  famous  Indian  Chief,  is  reputed  to 
have  been  born  within  the  limits  of  Camp  Creek 
Township,  in  this  county.  Fort  Edwards  was 
erected  on  the  present  site  of  Warsaw,  soon  after 
the  War  of  1812,  but  was  shortly  afterwards  evac- 
uated Abraham  Lincoln,  a  cousin  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  that  name,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers. 
Among  the  earliest  were  John  Day,  Abraliam 
Brewer,  Jacob  Compton,  D.  F.  Parker,  the  Dixons, 
MendenlialLs,  Logans,  and  Luther  Whitney. 
James  White,  George  Y.  Cutler  and  Henry  Nich- 
ols were  the  first  Commissioners.  In  1839  the 
Mormons  crossed  the  Mississippi,  after  being 
expelled  from  Missouri,  and  founded  the  city  of 
Nauvoo  in  this  county.  (See  Mormons,  Kauvoo. ) 
Carthage  and  Appanoose  were  surveyed  and  laid 
out  in  1835  and  1836.  A  ferry  across  the  Missis- 
sippi was  established  at  Montebello  (near  the 
present  site  of  Hamilton)  in  1829,  and  another, 
two  years  later,  near  the  site  of  old  Fort  Edwards. 
The  county  is  crossed  by  six  lines  of  railway,  has 
a  fine  public  school  system,  numerous  thriving 
towns,  and  is  among  the  wealthy  counties  of  the 
State. 

HANDY,  Moses  Purnell,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Warsaw,  Mo.,  April  14,  1847;  before  he  was 
one  year  old  was  taken  back  to  Maryland,  his 
parents'  native  State.  He  was  educated  at  Ports- 
mouth, Va.,  and  was  a  student  at  the  Virginia 
Collegiate  Institute  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  he  joined  the  Confederate  army 
at  the  age  of  seventeen.  When  the  war  ended 
Handy  found  himself  penniless.  He  was  school- 
teacher and  book-canvasser  by  turns,  meantime 
writing  some  for  a  New  York  paper.  Later  he 
became  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  "The  Christian 
Observer"  in  Richmond.  In  1867,  by  some  clever 
reporting  for  "The  Richmond  Dispatch,"  he  was 
able  to  secure  a  regular  position  on  the  local  staff 
of  that  paper,  quickly  gaining  a  reputation  as  a 
successful  reporter,  and,  in  1869,  becoming  city 
editor.  From  this  time  until  1887  his  promotion 
was  rapid,  being  employed  at  different  times  upon 
many  of  the  most  prominent  and  influential 
papers  in  the  East,  including  "The  New  York 
Tribune,"  "Richmond  Enquirer,"  and,  in  Phila- 
delphia, upon  "The  Times,"  "The  Press"  and 
"Daily  News."  In  1893,  at  the  request  of  Director- 
General  Davis  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, Mr.  Handy  accepted  the  position  of  Chief  of 
the  Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion,  pre- 
ferring this  to  the  Consul-Generalship  to  Egypt, 
tendered  him  about  the  same  time  bv  President 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


319 


Harrison  Later,  as  a  member  of  the  National 
Commission  to  Europe,  he  did  much  to  arouse  the 
interest  of  foreign  countries  in  the  Exposition. 
For  some  time  after  the  World's  Fair,  he  was 
associate  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Times-Herald." 
In  1897,  having  been  appointed  by  President 
McKinley  United  States  Commissioner  to  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  he  visited  Paris.  Upon 
his  return  to  this  country  he  found  himself  in 
very  poor  health,  and  went  South  in  a  vain 
attempt  to  regain  his  lost  strength  and  vigor,  but 
died,  at  Augusta,  Oa.,  Jan.  8,  1898. 

HANKS,  Dennis,  pioneer,  born  in  Hardin 
County,  Ky.,  May  15,  1799;  was  a  cousin  of  the 
mother  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and,  although  ten 
rears  the  senior  of  the  latter,  was  his  intimate 
friend  in  boyhood.  Being  of  a  sportive  disposi- 
•  tion,  he  often  led  the  future  President  in  boyish 
pranks.  About  1818,  he  joined  the  Lincoln  house- 
hold in  Spencer  County,  Ind. ,  and  finally  married 
Sarah  Johnston,  the  step-sister  of  Mr.  Lincoln, 
the  families  removing  to  Macon  County,  111., 
together,  in  1830.  A  year  or  so  later,  Mr.  Hanks 
removed  to  Coles  County,  where  he  remained 
until  some  three  years  before  his  death,  when  he 
went  to  reside  with  a  daughter  at  Paris,  Edgar 
County.  It  has  been  claimed  that  he  first  taught 
the  youthful  Abraham  to  read  and  write,  and 
this  has  secured  for  him  the  title  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
teacher.  He  has  also  been  credited  with  having 
once  saved  Lincoln  from  death  by  drowning  while 
crossing  a  swollen  stream.  Austin  Oollaher,  a 
school-  and  play -mate  of  Lincoln's,  has  also  made 
the  same  claim  for  himself — the  two  stories  pre- 
sumably referring  to  the  same  event  After  the 
riot  at  Charleston,  111.,  in  March,  1863,  in  which 
several  persons  were  killed,. Hanks  made  a  visit 
to  President  Lincoln  in  Washington  in  the  inter- 
est of  some  of  the  arrested  rioters,  and,  although 
they  were  not  immediately  released,  the  fact  that 
they  were  ordered  returned  to  Charleston  for 
trial  and  finally  escaped  punishment,  has  been 
attributed  to  Hanks'  influence  with  the  President. 
He  died  at  Paris,  Edgar  County,  Oct.  31.  1893,  in 
the  94th  year  of  his  age,  as  the  result  of  injuries 
received  from  being  run  over  by  a  buggy  while 
returning  from  an  Emancipation-Day  celebra- 
tion, near  that  city,  on  the  22d  day  of  September 
previous. 

HANKS,  John,  pioneer,  a  cousin  of  the  mother 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  was  born  near  Bardstown, 
Ky.,  Feb.  9,  1802;  joined  the  Lincolns  in  Spencer 
County,  Ind.,  in  1823,  and  made  his  home  with 
them  two  years ;  engaged  in  flat-boating,  making 
numerous  trips  to  New  Orleans,  in  one  of  them 


being  accompanied  by  Abraham  Lincoln,  then 
about  19  years  of  age,  who  then  had  his  feelings 
aroused  against  slavery  by  his  first  sight  of  a 
slave-mart.  In  1828  Mr.  Hanks  removed  to 
Macon  County,  111.,  locating  about  four  miles 
west  of  Decatur,  and  it  was  partly  through  his 
influence  that  the  Lincolns  were  induced  to  emi- 
grate to  the  same  locality  in  1830.  Hanks  had 
cut  enough  logs  to  build  the  Lincolns  a  house 
when  they  arrived,  and  these  were  hauled  by 
Abraham  Lincoln  to  the  site  of  the  house,  which 
was  erected  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Sangamon 
River,  near  the  present  site  of  Harristown.  Dur- 
ing the  following  summer  he  and  Abraham  Lin- 
coln worked  together  splitting  rails  to  fence  a 
portion  of  the  land  taken  up  by  the  elder  Lincoln 
— some  of  these  rails  being  the  ones  displayed 
during  the  campaign  of  1860.  In  1831  Hanks  and 
Lincoln  worked  together  in  the  construction  of  a 
flat-boat  on  the  Sangamon  River,  near  Spring- 
field, for  a  man  named  Off  utt,  which  Lincoln  took 
to  New  Orleans — Hanks  only  going  as  far  as 
St.  Louis,  when  he  returned  home.  In  1832. 
Hanks  served  as  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War  in 
the  company  commanded  by  Capt.  I.  C.  Pugh, 
afterwards  Colonel  of  the  Forty-first  Illinois 
Volunteer  Infantry  during  the  Civil  War.  He 
followed  the  occupation  of  a  farmer  until  1850, 
when  he  went  to  California,  where  he  spent  three 
years,  returning  in  1853.  In  1861  he  enlisted  as 
a  soldier  in  the  Twenty -first  Illinois  Volunteer 
Infantry  (afterwards  commanded  by  General 
Grant),  but  being  already  59  years  of  age,  was 
placed  by  Grant  in  charge  of  the  baggage-train, 
in  which  capacity  he  remained  two  years,  serving 
in  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Kentucky, 
Alabama  and  Mississippi.  While  Grant  was  with 
the  regiment,  Hanks  had  charge  of  the  staff  team. 
Being  disabled  by  rheumatism,  he  was  finally 
discharged  at  Winchester,  Tenn.  He  made 
three  trips  to  California  after  the  war.  Died, 
July  1.  1891. 

HANNI1IAL  &  NAPLES  RAILROAD.  (See 
\\~abash  Railroad.) 

HANON,  Martin,  pioneer,  was  born  near  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  April,  1799;  came  with  his  father  to 
Gallatin  County,  Illinois  Territory,  in  1812,  and, 
in  1818,  to  what  is  now  a  portion  of  Christian 
County,  being  the  first  white  settler  in  that 
region.  Died,  near  Sharpsburg,  Christian  County, 
April  5,  1879. 

HANOVER,  a  village  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  on 
Apple  River,  14  miles  south-southeast  of  Galena. 
It  has  a  woolen  factory,  besides  five  churches  and 
a  graded  school.  The  Township  (also  called  Han- 


220 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


over)  extends  to  the  Mississippi,  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  about  1,700.  Population  of  the  village 
(1890),  743;  (1900),  786. 

HABDIN,  the  county-seat  of  .Calhoun  County, 
situated  in  Hardin  Township,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Illinois  River,  some  30  miles  northwest  of 
Alton.  It  has  two  churches,  a  graded  school  and 
two  newspaper  offices.  Population  (1880),  500; 
(1890),  311;  (1900),  494. 

HARDIN,  John  J.,  lawyer,  Congressman  and 
soldier,  was  born  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Jan.  6,  1810. 
After  graduating  from  Transylvania  University 
and  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  began  practice 
at  Jacksonville,  111.,  in  1830;  for  several  years  he 
was  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Morgan  County, 
later  being  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the 
Legislature,  where  he  served  from  1836  to  '42. 
The  latter  year  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  his 
term  expiring  in  1845.  During  the  later  period 
of  his  professional  career  at  Jacksonville  he  was 
the  partner  of  David  A.  Smith,  a  prominent  law- 
yer of  that  city,  and  had  Richard  Yates  for  a 
pupil.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  War  he 
was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  First  Illinois 
Volunteers  (June  30,  1846)  and  was  killed  on  the 
second  day  of  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (Feb.  27, 
1847)  while  leading  the  final  charge.  His  remains 
were  brought  to  Jacksonville  and  buried  with 
distinguished  honors  in  the  cemetery  there,  his 
former  pupil,  Richard  Yates,  delivering  the  fu- 
neral oration. — Gen.  Martin  D.  (Hardin),  soldier, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Jacksonville,  111. , 
June  26,  1837;  graduated  at  West  Point  Military 
Academy,  in  1859,  and  entered  the  service  as 
brevet  Second  Lieutenant  of  the  Third  Artillery, 
a  few  months  later  becoming  full  Second  Lieu- 
tenant, and,  in  May,  1861,  First  Lieutenant. 
Being  assigned  to  the  command  of  volunteer 
troops,  he  passed  through  various  grades  until 
May,  1864,  when  he  was  brevetted  Colonel  of 
Volunteers  for  meritorious  conduct  at  North 
River,  Va. ,  became  Brigadier-General  of  Volun- 
teers, July  2,  1864,  was  brevetted  Brigadier- 
General  of  the  regular  army  in  March,  1865, 
for  service  during  the  war,  and  was  finally  mus- 
tered out  of  the  volunteer  service  in  January, 
1866.  He  continued  in  the  regular  service,  how- 
ever, until  December  15,  1870,  when  he  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General. 
General  Hardin  lost  an  arm  and  suffered  other 
wounds  during  the  war.  His  home  is  in  Chicago. 
—Ellen  Hardin  (Walworth),  author,  daughter  of 
Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  was  born  in  Jacksonville, 
111.,  Oct.  20,  1882,  and  educated  at  the  Female 
Seminary  in  that  place;  was  married  about  1854 


to  Mansfield  Tracy  Walworth  (son  of  Chancellor 
R.  H.  Walworth  of  New  York).  Her  husband 
became  an  author  of  considerable  repute,  chiefly  in 
the  line  of  fiction,  but  was  assassinated  in  1873  by 
a  son  who  was  acquitted  of  the  charge  of  murder 
on  the  ground  of  insanity.  Mrs.  Walworth  is  a 
leader  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  and 
has  given  much  attention,  of  late  years,  to  literary 
pursuits.  Among  her  works  are  accounts  of  the 
Burgoyne  Campaign  and  of  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista — the  latter  contributed  to  "The  Magazine 
of  American  History";  a  "Life  of  CoL  John  J. 
Hardin  and  History  of  the  Hardin  Family," 
besides  a  number  of  patriotic  and  miscellaneous 
poems  and  essays.  She  served  for  several  years 
as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  was 
for  six  years  principal  of  a  young  ladies'  school 
at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y. 

HABDIN  COUNTT,  situated  on  the  southeast 
border  of  the  State,  and  bounded  on  the  east  and 
south  by  the  Ohio  River.  It  has  an  area  of  194 
square  miles,  and  was  named  for  a  county  in 
Kentucky.  The  surface  is  broken  by  ridges  and 
deep  gorges,  or  ravines,  and  well  timbered  with 
oak,  hickory,  elm,  maple,  locust  and  cotton- 
wood.  Corn,  wheat  and  oats  are  the  staple 
agricultural  products.  The  minerals  found  are 
iron,  coal  and  lead,  besides  carboniferous  lime- 
stone of  the  Keokuk  group.  Elizabethtown  is 
the  county-seat.  Population  (1880),  6.024;  (1890), 
7,234;  (1900),  7.448. 

HARDING,  Abner  Clark,  soldier  and  Member 
of  Congress,  bom  in  East  Hampton,  Middlesex 
County,  Conn.,  Feb.  10, 1807;  was  educated  chiefly 
at  Hamilton  Academy,  N.  Y. ,  and,  after  practic- 
ing law  for  a  time,  in  Oneida  County,  removed  to 
Illinois,  resuming  practice  and  managing  several 
farms  for  twenty-five  years.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1847  from  Warren  County,  and  of  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Sixteenth  General  Assembly 
(1848-50).  Between  1850  and  1860  he  was  engaged 
in  railroad  enterprises.  In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  Eighty-third  Illinois  Volunteer 
Infantry,  was  commissioned  Colonel  and,  in  less 
than  a  year,  was  promoted  to  Brigadier-General. 
In  1864  he  was  elected  to  Congress  and  re-elected 
in  1866.  He  did  much  for  the  development  of  the 
western  part  of  the  State  in  the  construction  of 
railroads,  the  Peoria  &  Oquawka  (now  a  part  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy)  being  one  of 
the  lines  constructed  by  him.  He  left  a  fortune 
of  about  $2,000,000,  and,  before  his  death,  en- 
dowed a  professorship  in  Monmouth  College. 
Died,  July  19,  1874. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


221 


HARGRAVE,  Willis,  pioneer,  came  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Illinois  in  1816,  settling  near  Carmi  in 
White  County;  served  in  the  Third  Territorial 
Legislature  (1817-18;  and  in  the  First  General 
Assembly  of  the  State  (1818-20).  His  business- 
life  in  Illinois  was  devoted  to  farming  and  salt- 
manufacture. 

HARLAN,  James,  statesman,  was  born  in  Clark 
County,  111. ,  August  25, 1820 ;  graduated  at  Asbury 
University,  Ind. ;  was  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  in  Iowa-  (1847),  President  of 
Iowa  Wesleyan  University  (1853),  United  States 
Senator  (1855-65),  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
(1865-66),  but  re-elected  to  the  Senate  the  latter 
year,  and,  in  1869,  chosen  President  of  Iowa  Uni- 
versity. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Peace 
Conference  of  1861,  and  a  delegate  to  the  Phila- 
delphia Loyalists'  Convention  of  1866;  in  1873, 
after  leaving  the  Senate,  was  editor  of  "The 
Washington  Chronicle,"  and,  from  1882  to  1885, 
presiding  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Commissioners  of 
the  Alabama  Claims.  A  daughter  of  ex-Senator 
Harlan  married  Hon.  Robert.  T.  Lincoln,  son  of 
President  Lincoln,  and  (1889-93)  United  States 
Minister  to  England.  Mr.  Harlan 's  home  is  at 
Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa.  Died,  Oct.  5,  1899. 

HARLAN,  Justin,  jurist,  was  born  in  Ohio 
about  1801  and,  at  the  age  of  25,  settled  in  Clark 
County,  111. ;  served  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  of 
1832  and,  in  1835,  was  appointed  a  Justice  of  the 
Circuit  Court;  was  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847  and  the  following  year 
was  elected  to  the  Circuit  bench  under  the  new 
Constitution,  being  re-elected  in  1855.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  Indian 
Agent,  continuing  in  office  until  1865;  in  1872 
was  elected  County  Judge  of  Clark  County. 
Died,  while  on  a  visit  in  Kentucky,  in  March, 
1879. 

II A K LOW.  George  H.,  ex-Secretary  of  State, 
born  at  Sackett's  Harbor.  N.  Y.,  in  1830,  removed 
to  Tazewell  County,  HI.,  in  1854,  and  engaged  in 
business  as  a  commission  merchant;  also  served 
a  term  as  Mayor  of  Pi-kin.  For  many  years  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  history  of  the  State. 
Early  in  the  '60's  he  was  one  of  seven  to  organize, 
at  Pekin,  the  "Union  League  of  America,"  a 
patriotic  secret  organization  sworn  to  preserve 
the  Union,  working  in  harmony  with  the  war 
party  and  against  the  "Sons  of  Liberty."  In 
1862  he  enlisted,  and  was  about  to  go  to  the  front, 
when  Governor  Yates  requested  him  to  remain  at 
home  and  continue  his  effective  work  in  the 
Union  League,  saying  that  he  could  accomplish 
more  for  the  cause  in  this  way  than  in  the  field. 


Accordingly  Mr.  Harlow  continued  to  labor  as  an 
organizer,  and  the  League  became  a  powerful 
factor  in  State  politics.  In  1865  he  was  made 
First  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  State  Senate, 
but  soon  after  became  Governor  Oglesby's  private 
secretary.  For  a  time  he  also  served  as  Inspector- 
General  on  the  Governor's  staff,  and  had  charge 
of  the  troops  as  they  were  mustered  out.  During 
a  portion  of  Mr.  Hummel's  term  (1869-73)  as  Secre- 
tary of  State,  he  served  as  Assistant  Secretary, 
and,  in  1872,  was  elected  as  successor  to  Secretary 
Rummel  and  re-elected  in  1876.  While  in  Spring- 
field he  acted  as  correspondent  for  several  news- 
papers, and,  for  a  year,  was  city  editor  of  "The 
Illinois  State  Journal."  In  1881  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Chicago,  where  he  was  engaged  at 
different  periods  in  the  commission  and  real 
estate  business,  but  has  been  retired  of  late  years 
on  account  of  ill  health.  Died  May  16,  1900. 

HARPER,  William  H.,  legislator  and  commis- 
sion merchant,  born  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Ind., 
May  4,  1845;  was  brought  by  his  parents  in  boy- 
hood to  Wood  ford  County,  111.,  and  served  in  the 
One  Hundred  and  Forty-fifth  Illinois  Volunteers ; 
took  a  course  in  a  commercial  college  and  engaged 
in  the  stock  and  grain-shipping  business  in  Wood- 
ford  County  until  1868,  when  he  entered  upon  the 
commission  business  in  Chicago.  From  1872  to 
'75  he  served,  by  appointment  of  the  Governor, 
as  Chief  of  the  Grain  Inspection  Department  of 
th&  city  of  Chicago;  in  1882  was  elected  to  the 
Thirty-third  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  in 
1884.  During  his  first  term  in  the  Legislature, 
Mr.  Harper  introduced  and  secured  the  passage 
of  the  "High  License  Law,"  which  has  received 
his  name.  Of  late  years  he  has  been  engaged  in 
the  grain  commission  business  in  Chicago. 

HARPER,  William  Rainej,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  at  New  Concord,  Ohio,  July 
26,  1856;  graduated  at  Muskingum  College  at  the 
age  of  14,  delivering  the  Hebrew  oration,  this 
being  one  of  the  principal  commencement  honors 
in  that  institution.  After  three  years'  private 
study  he  took  a  post-graduate  course  in  philology 
at  Yale,  receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.D.,  at  the  age 
of  19.  For  several  years  he  was  engaged  in 
teaching,  at  Macon.  Tenn.,  and  Denison  Uni- 
versity, Ohio,  meanwhile  continuing  his  philo- 
logical studies  and  devoting  special  attention  to 
Hebrew.  In  1879  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
Hebrew  in  the  Baptist  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary at  Morgan  Park,  a  suburb  of  Chicago.  Here 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  "inductive  method" 
of  Hebraic  study,  which  rapidly  grew  in  favor. 
The  school  by  correspondence  was  known  as  the 


222 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


"American  Institute  of  Hebrew,  "and  increased 
so  rapidly  that,  by  1885,  it  had  enrolled  800  stu- 
dents, from  all  parts  of  the  world,  many  leading 
professors  co-operating.  In  1886  he  accepted  the 
professorship  of  Semitic  Language  and  Literature 
at  Yale  University,  having  in  the  previous  year 
become  Principal  of  the  Chautauqua  College  of 
Liberal  Arts,  and,  in  1891,  Principal  of  the 
entire  Chautauqua  system.  During  the  winters 
of  1889-91,  Dr.  Harper  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures on  the  Bible  in  various  cities  and  before 
several  universities  and  colleges,  having  been, 
in  1889,  made  Woolsey  Professor  of  Biblical 
Literature  at  Yale,  although  still  filling  his 
former  chair.  In  1891  he  accepted  an  invitation 
to  the  Presidency  of  the  then  incipient  new  Chi- 
cago University,  which  has  rapidly  increased  in 
wealth,  extent  and  influence.  (See  University 
of  Chicago.)  He  is  also  at  present  (1899)  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Education.  Dr. 
Harper  is  the  author  of  numerous  philological 
text-books,  relating  chiefly  to  Hebrew,  but  ap- 
plying the  "inductive  method"  to  the  study  of 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  has  also  sought  to  improve 
the  study  of  English  along  these  same  lines.  In 
addition,  he  has  edited  two  scientific  periodicals, 
and  published  numerous  monographs. 

HARRIS,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer,  soldier  and  Mem- 
ber of  Congress,  was  born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Oct.  29,  i816;  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Hart- 
ford, in  1841,  stuilitid  law  with  Gov.  Isaac  Toucey, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Virginia  in  1842, 
the  same  year  removing  to  Petersburg,  Menard 
County.  111.  Here,  in  1845,  he  was  elected  School 
Commissioner,  in  1846  raised  a  company  for  the 
Mexican  War,  joined  the  Fourth  Regiment  (Col. 
E.  D.  Baker's)  and  was  elected  Major.  He  was 
present  at  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the 
battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  after  the  wounding  of 
General  Shields  at  the  latter,  taking  command  of 
the  regiment  in  place  of  Colonel  Baker,  who  had 
assumed  command  of  the  brigade.  During  his 
absence  in  the  army  (1846)  he  was  chosen 
to  the  State  Senate;  in  1848  was  elected  to 
the  Thirty-first  Congress,  but  was  defeated  by 
Richard  Yates  in  1850;  was  re-elected  in  1854, 
'56,  and  '58,  but  died  Nov.  24, 1858,  a  few  days  after 
his  fourth  election  and  before  completing  his 
preceding  term. 

HARRIS,  William  Logan,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  born  near  Mansfield,  Ohio,  Nov.  14, 1817; 
was  educated  at  Norwalk  Seminary,  licensed  to 
preach  in  1836  and  soon  after  admitted  to  the 
Michigan  Conference,  being  transferred  to  the 
Ohio  Conference  in  1840.  In  1845-46  he  was  a 


tutor  in  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University;  then, 
after  two  years'  pastoral  work  and  some  three 
years  as  Principal  of  Baldwin  Seminary,  in  1851 
returned  to  the  Wesleyan,  filling  the  position 
first  of  Principal  of  the  Academic  Department 
and  then  a  professorship;  was  Secretary  of  the 
General  Conferences  (1856-72)  and,  during  1860-72, 
Secretary  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society ;  in 
1872  was  elected  Bishop,  and  visited  the  Methodist 
Mission  stations  in  China,  Japan  and  Europe; 
joined  the  Illinois  Conference  in  1874,  remaining 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  New  York, 
Sept.  2, 1887.  Bishop  Harris  was  a  recognized  au- 
thority on  Methodist  Church  law,  and  published 
a  small  work  entitled  "Powers  of  the  General 
Conference"  (1859),  and,  in  connection  with 
Judge  William  J.  Henry,  of  this  State,  a  treatise 
on  "Ecclesiastical  Law,"  having  special  refer- 
ence to  the  Methodist  Church. 

HARRISBUR6,  county-seat  of  Saline  County, 
on  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railway,  70  miles  northeast  of  Cairo  The 
region  is  devoted  to  agriculture  and  fruit-grow- 
ing, and  valuable  deposits  of  salt,  coal  and  iron 
are  found.  The  town  has  flour  and  saw  mills, 
coal  mines,  dairy,  brick  and  tile  works,  carriage 
and  other  wood-working  establishments,  two 
banks  and  three  weekly  newspapers.  Population 
(1890),  1.723;  (1900),  2,202.  v 

HARRISON,  Carter  Henry,  politician,  Con- 
gressman and  Mayor  of  Chicago,  waa^born  in 
Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  15,  1825;  at  the  age  of 
20  years  graduated  from  Yale  College  and  began 
reading  law,  but  later  engaged  in  farming.  After 
spending  two  years  in  foreign  travel,  he  entered 
the  Law  Department  of  Transylvania  University, 
at  Lexington,  Ky.,  and,  after  graduation,  settled 
at  Chicago,  where  he  soon  became  an  operator  in 
real  estate.  In  1871  he  was  elected  a  Commis- 
sioner of  Cook  County,  serving  three  years.  In 
1874  he  again  visited  Europe,  and,  on  his  return, 
was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat,  being 
re-elected  in  1876.  In  1879  he  was  chosen  Mayor 
of  Chicago,  filling  that  office  for  four  successive 
biennial  terms,  but  was  defeated  for  re-election 
in  1887  by  his  Republican  competitor,  John  A. 
Roche.  He  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for 
Governor  in  1888,  but  failed  of  election.  He 
thereafter  made  a  trip  around  the  world,  and,  on 
his  return,  published  an  entertaining  account  of 
his  journey  under  the  title,  "A  Race  with  the 
Sun.''  In  1891  he  was  an  Independent  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  Chicago  mayoralty,  but 
was  defeated  by  Hempstead  Washburne,  Repub- 
lican. In  1893  he  received  the  regular  nomina- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


tion  of  his  party  for  the  office,  and  was  elected. 
In  1892,  in  connection  with  a  few  associates,  he 
purchased  the  plant  of '  'The  Chicago  Times, ' '  plac- 
incr  his  sons  in  charge.  He  was  a  man  of  strong 
character  and  intense  personality,  making  warm 
friends  and  bitter  enemies ;  genial,  generous  and 
kindly,  and  accessible  to  any  one  at  all  times,  at 
either  his  office  or  his  home.  Taking  advantage 
of  this  latter  trait,  one  Prendergast,  on  the  night 
of  Oct.  88,  1893 — immediately  following  the  clos- 
ing exercises  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
— gained  admission  to  his  residence,  and,  without 
the  slightest  provocation,  shot  him  down  in  his 
library.  He  lived  but  a  few  hours.  The  assassin 
was  subsequently  tried,  convicted  and  hung. 

HARRISON,  Carter  Henry,  Jr.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  Chicago,  April  23,  1860, 
being  a  lineal  descendant  of  Benjamin  Harrison, 
an  early  Colonial  Governor  of  Virginia,  and  lat- 
erally related  to  the  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  of  that  name,  and  to  President 
William  Henry  Harrison.  Mr.  Harrison  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago,  at  the 
Gymnasium,  Altenburg,  Germany,  and  St.  Igna- 
tius College,  Chicago,  graduating  from  the  latter 
in  1881.  Having  taken  a  course  in  Yale  Law 
School,  he  began  practice  in  Chicago  in  1883, 
remaining  until  1889,  when  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  real  estate.  His  father  having  purchased 
the  "Chicago  Times"  about  1892,  he  became 
associated  with  the  editorship  of  that  paper  and, 
for  a  time,  had  charge  of  its  publication  until  its 
consolidation  with  "The  Herald"  in  1895.  In 
1897,  he  received  the  Democratic  nomination  for 
Mayor  of  Chicago,  his  popularity  being  shown  by 
receiving  a  majority  of  the  total  vote.  Again 
in  1399,  he  was  re-elected  to  the  same  office, 
receiving  a  plurality  over  his  Republican  com- 
petitor of  over  40,000.  Mayor  Harrison  is  one  of 
the  youngest  men  who  ever  held  the  office. 

HARRISON,  William  Henry,  first  Governor  of 
Indiana  Territory  (including  the  present  State  of 
Illinois),  was  born  at  Berkeley,  Va..  Feb  9,  1773, 
being  the  son  of  Benjamin  Harrison,  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence;  was  educated 
at  Hampden  Sidney  College,  and  began  the  study 
of  medicine,  but  never  finished  it.  In  1791  he 
was  commissioned  an  Ensign  in  the  First  U.  S. 
Infantry  at  Fort  Washington  (the  present  site  of 
Cincinnati),  was  promoted  a  Lieutenant  a  year 
later,  and,  in  1797,  assigned  to  command  of  the 
Fort  with  the  rank  of  Captain.  He  had  pre- 
viously served  as  Aid-de-Camp  to  Gen.  Wayne, 
by  whom  he  was  complimented  for  gallantry  at 
the  battle  of  Miami.  In  1798  he  was  appointed  by 


President  Adams  Secretary  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  but  resigned  in  1799  to  become  Dele- 
gate in  Congress ;  in  1800  he  was  appointed  Gov- 
ernor of  the  newly  created  Territory  of  Indiana, 
serving  by  reappointment  some  12  years.  During 
his  incumbency  and  as  Commissioner,  a  few  years 
later,  he  negotiated  many  important  treaties 
with  the  Indians.  In  1811  he  won  the  decisive 
victory  over  Chief  Tecumseh  and  his  followers 
at  Tippecanoe.  Having  been  made  a  Brigadier- 
General  in  the  War  of  1812,  he  was  promoted  to 
Major-General  in  1813  and,  as  Commander  of  the 
Army  of  the  Northwest,  he  won  the  important 
battle  of  the  Thames.  Resigning  his  commission 
in  1814,  he  afterwards  served  as  Representative 
in  Congress  from  Ohio  (1816-1819);  Presidential 
Elector  in  1820  and  1824;  United  States  Senator 
(1824-1828),  and  Minister  to  the  United  States  of 
Colombia  (1828-29).  Returning  to  the  United 
States,  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  of  Hamilton  County,  serving  twelve 
years.  In  1836  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Whig 
candidate  for  President,  but  was  elected  in  1840, 
dying  in  Washington  City,  April  4,  1841,  just  one 
month  after  his  inauguration. 

HARTZELL,  William,  Congressman,  was  born 
in  Stark  County,  Ohio,  Feb.  20,  1837.  When  he 
was  three  years  old  his  parents  removed  to  111 : 
nois,  and,  four  years  later  (1844)  to  Texas.  In 
1853  he  returned  to  Illinois,  settling  in  Randolph 
County,  which  became  his  permanent  home.  H« 
was  brought  up  on  a  farm,  but  graduated  at  Mr 
Kendree  College,  Lebanon,  in  June.  1859.  Five 
years  later  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  and  began 
practice.  He  was  Representative  in  Congress  for 
two  terms,  being  elected  as  a  Democrat,  in  1874. 
and  again  in  1876. 

HARTARD,  an  incorporated  city  in  McHenry 
County,  03  miles  northwest  of  Chicago  on  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway.  It  has  elec- 
tric light  plant,  artesian  water  system,  hardware 
and  bicycle  factories,  malt  house,  cold  storage 
and  packing  plant,  a  flouring  mill,  a  carriage- 
wheel  factory  and  two  weekly  papers.  The 
region  is  agricultural.  Population  (1890),  1,967: 
(1900),  2,602. 

HASKELL,  Harriet  Newell,  educator  and  third 
Principal  of  Monticello  Female  Seminary,  was 
born  at  Waldboro,  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  Jan.  14. 
1835;  educated  at  Castleton  Seminary,  Vt.,  and 
Mount  Holyoke  Seminary,  Mass.,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1855.  Later,  she  served  as 
Principal  of  high  schools  in  Maine  and  Boston 
until  1862,  when  she  was  called  to  the  principal- 
ship  of  Castleton  Seminary.  She  resigned  this 


224 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


position  in  1867  to  assume  a  similar  one  at  Monti- 
cello  Female  Seminary,  at  Godfrey,  111.,  where 
she  has  since  remained.  The  main  building  of 
this  institution  having  been  burned  in  Novem- 
ber, 1889,  it  was  rebuilt  on  an  enlarged  and 
improved  plan,  largely  through  the  earnest  efforts 
of  Miss  Haskell.  (See  Afonticello  Female  Semi- 
nary.) 

HATCH,  Ozlas  Mather,  Secretary  of  the  State 
of  Illinois  (1857-'65),  was  born  at  Hillsborough 
Center,  N.  H.,  April  11,  1814,  and  removed  to 
Uriggsville.  111.,  in  1836.  In  1829  he  began  life  as 
a  clerk  for  a  wholesale  and  retail  grocer  in  Bos- 
ton. From  1836  to  1841  he  was  engaged  in  store- 
keeping  at  Griggsville.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Circuit  Court  Clerk  of  Pike  County, 
holding  the  office  seven  years.  In  1858  he  again 
embarked  in  business  at  Meredosia,  111.  In  1850 
he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  serving  one 
term.  An  earnest  anti-slavery  man,  he  was,  in 
1866,  nominated  by  the  newly  organized  Repub- 
lican party  for  Secretary  of  State  and  elected, 
being  re-elected  in  1860,  on  the  same  ticket  with 
Mr.  Lincoln,  of  whom  he  was  a  warm  personal 
friend  and  admirer.  During  the  war  he  gave  a 
zealous  and  effective  support  to  Governor  Yates' 
administration.  In  1864  he  declined  a  renomi- 
nation  and  retired  from  political  life.  He  was  an 
original  and  active  member  of  the  Lincoln  Monu- 
ment Association  from  its  organization  in  1865  to 
his  death,  and,  in  company  with  Gov.  R.  J. 
Oglesby,  made  a  canvass  of  Eastern  cities  to  col- 
lect funds  for  statuary  to  be  placed  on  the  monu- 
ment. After  retiring  from  office  he  was  interested 
to  some  extent  in  the  banking  business  at  Griggs- 
ville, and  was  influential  in  securing  the  con- 
struction of  the  branch  of  the  Wabash  Railway 
from  Naples  to  Hannibal,  Mo.  He  was,  for  over 
thirty -five  years,  a  resident  of  Springfield,  dying 
there,  March  12,  1893. 

HATFIELD,  (Rev.)  Robert  Miller,  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Westchester 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  19,  1819;  in  early  life  enjoyed 
only  such  educational  advantages  as  could  be 
obtained  while  living  on  a  farm ;  later,  was  em 
ployed  as  a  clerk  at  White  Plains  and  in  New 
York  City,  but,  in  1841,  was  admitted  to  the 
Providence  Methodist  Episcopal  Conference,  dur- 
ing the  next  eleven  years  supplying  churches  in 
Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts.  In  1852  he 
went  to  Brooklyn  and  occupied  pulpits  in  that 
vicinity  until  1865,  when  he  assumed  the  pastor- 
ship of  the  Wabash  Avenue  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  Chicago,  two  years  later  going  to  the 
Centenary  Church  in  the  same  city.  He  subse- 


quently had  charge  of  churches  in  Cincinnati  and 
Philadelphia,  but,  returning  to  Illinois  in  1877. 
he  occupied  pulpits  for  the  next  nine  years  in 
Evanston  and  Chicago.  In  1886  he  went  to  Sum- 
merfield  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Brooklyn, 
which  was  his  last  regular  charge,  as,  in  1889,  he 
became  Financial  Agent  of  the  Northwestern 
University  at  Evanston,  of  which  he  had  been  a 
Trustee  from  1878.  As  a  temporary  supply  for 
pulpits  or  as  a  speaker  in  popular  assemblies,  his 
services  were  in  constant  demand  during  this 
period.  Dr.  Hatfield  served  as  a  Delegate  to  the 
General  Conferences  of  I860,  '64,  '76,  '80  and  '84, 
and  was  a  leader  in  some  of  the  most  important 
debates  in  those  bodies.  Died,  at  Evanston, 
March  31,  1891. 

HATTOJf,  Frank,  journalist  and  Postmaster- 
General,  was  born  at  Cambridge,  Ohio,  April  28, 
1846;  entered  his  father's  newspaper  office  at 
Cadiz,  as  an  apprentice,  at  11  years  of  age,  be- 
coming foreman  and  local  editor ;  in  1862,  at  the 
age  of  16,  he  enlisted  in  the  Ninety-eighth  Ohio 
Infantry,  but,  in  1864,  was  transferred  to  the  One 
Hundred  and  Eighty-fourth  Ohio  and  commis- 
sioned Second  Lieutenant  —  his  service  being 
chiefly  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  but  par- 
ticipating in  Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea.  After 
the  war  he  went  to  Iowa,,  whither  his  father  had 
preceded  him,  and  where  he  edited  "The  Mount 
Pleasant  Journal"  (1869-74) ;  then  removed  to  Bur- 
lington, where  he  secured  a  controlling  interest 
in  "The  Hawkeye,"  which  he  brought  to  a  point 
of  great  prosperity ;  was  Postmaster  of  that  city 
under  President  Grant,  and,  in  1881,  became 
First  Assistant  Postmaster-General.  On  the 
retirement  of  Postmaster-General  Gresham  in 
1884,  he  was  appointed  successor  to  the  latter, 
serving  to  the  end  of  President  Arthur's  adminis- 
tration, being  the  youngest  man  who  ever  held 
a  cabinet  position,  except  Alexander  Hamilton. 
From  1882  to  1884,  Mr.  Hatton  managed  "The 
National  Republican"  in  Washington;  in  1885 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  and  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Evening 
Mail";  retired  from  the  latter  in  1887,  and,  pur- 
chasing the  plant  of  "The  National  Republican" 
in  Washington,  commenced  the  publication  of 
"The  Washington  Post,"  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected until  his  death,  April  30,  1894. 

HAYANA,  the  county -seat  of  Mason  County,  an 
incorporated  city  founded  in  1827  on  the  Illinois 
River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Spoon  River,  and  a 
point  of  junction  for  three  railways.  It  is  a  ship- 
ping-point for  corn  and  osage  orange  hedge 
plants.  A  number  of  manufactories  are  located 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


225 


here.  The  city  has  several  churches,  three  pub- 
lic schools  and  three  newspapers.  Population 
(1890).  2,525;  (1900),  3,268.  • 

HAVANA,  RANTOUL  &  EASTEEN  BAIL- 
BOAD.  (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

HAVES,  Krastus  Otis,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  NOT.  1,  1820; 
graduated  at  the  Wesleyan  University  in  1842, 
and  taught  in  various  institutions  in  Massachu- 
setts and  New  York,  meanwhile  studying  theol- 
ogy. In  1848  he  entered  the  Methodist  ministry 
as  a  member  of  the  New  York  Conference;  five 
years  later  accepted  a  professorship  in  Michigan 
University,  but  resigned  in  1856  to  become  editor 
of  "Zion's  Herald,''  Boston,  for  seven  years— in 
that  time  serving  two  terms  in  the  State  Senate 
and  a  part  of  the  time  being  an  Overseer  of  Har- 
vard University.  In  1863  he  accepted  the  Presi- 
dency of  Northwestern  University  at  Evanston, 
111. ;  in  1872  became  Secretary  of  the  Methodist 
Board  of  Education,  but  resigned  in  1874  to 
become  Chancellor  of  Syracuse  University,  N.Y. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  a  Bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  Died,  in  Salem,  Oregon,  in 
August,  1881.  Bishop  Haven  was  a  man  of  great 
versatility  and  power  as  an  orator,  wrote  much 
for  the  periodical  press  and  published  several 
volumes  on  religious  topics,  besides  a  treatise  on 
rhetoric. 

HAYEK,  Lather,  educator,  was  born  near 
Framingham,  Mass.,  August  6,  1806.  With  a 
meager  country-school  education,  at  the  age  of 
17  he  began  teaching,  continuing  in  this  occupa- 
tion six  or  seven  years,  after  which  he  spent 
three  years  in  a  more  liberal  course  of  study  in  a 
private  academy  at  Ellington,  Conn.  He  was 
next  employed  at  Leicester  Academy,  first  as  a 
teacher,  and,  for  eleven  years,  as  Principal.  He 
then  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  until  1849. 
when  he  removed  to  Chicago.  After  several 
years  spent  in  manufacturing  and  real-estate 
business,  in  1854  he  became  proprietor  of  "The 
Prairie  Farmer,"  of  which  he  remained  in  con- 
trol until  1858.  Mr.  Haven  took  an  active  interest 
in  public  affairs,  and  was  an  untiring  worker  for 
the  promotion  of  popular  education.  For  ten 
years  following  1853,  he  was  officially  connected 
with  the  Chicago  Board  of  Education,  being  for 
four  years  its  President.  The  comptrollership  of 
the  city  was  offered  him  in  1860,  but  declined. 
During  the  war  he  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the 
Union  cause.  In  October,  1861,  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  Collector  for  the  Port  of 
Chicago,  and  Sub-Treasurer  of  the  United  States 
for  the  Department  of  the  Northwest,  serving  in 


this  capacity  during  a  part  of  President  Johnson's 
administration.  In  1866  he  was  attacked  with 
congestion  of  the  lungs,  dying  on  March  6,  of 
that  year. 

HAWK,  Bobert  M.  A.,  Congressman,  was  born 
in  Hancock  County,  Ind.,  April  23,  1839;  came  to 
Carroll  County,  111. ,  in  boyhood,  where  he  attended 
the  common  schools  and  later  graduated  from  Eu- 
reka College.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Union 
army,  was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant,  next 
promoted  to  a  Captaincy  and,  finally,  brevetted 
Major  for  soldierly  conduct  in  the  field.  In  1865 
he  was  elected  County  Clerk  of  Carroll  County, 
and  three  times  re-elected,  serving  from  1865  to 
1879.  The  latter  year  he  resigned,  having  been 
elected  to  Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket  in 
1878.  In  1880  he  was  re-elected,  but  died  before 
the  expiration  of  his  term,  his  successor  being 
Robert  R.  Hitt,  of  Mount  Morris,  who  was  chosen 
at  a  special  election  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

HAWLET,  John  B.,  Congressman  and  First 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was  born  in 
Fairneld  County,  Conn.,  Feb.  9,  1831;  accompa- 
nied his  parents  to  Illinois  in  childhood,  residing 
in  his  early  manhood  at  Cartilage,  Hancock 
County.  At  the  age  of  23  (1854)  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at  Rock  Island. 
From  1856  to  1860  he  was  State's  Attorney  of 
Rock  Island  County.  In  1861  he  entered  the 
Union  army  as  Captain,  but  was  so  severely 
wounded  at  Fort  Donelson  (1862)  that  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  service.  In  1865  President 
Lincoln  appointed  him  Postmaster  at  Rock  Island, 
but  one  year  afterward  he  was  removed  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson.  In  1868  he  was  elected  to  Congress 
as  a  Republican,  being  twice  re-elected,  and,  in 
1876,  was  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Hayes- 
Wheeler  ticket.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Hayes  First  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  serving  until  1880, 
when  he  resigned.  During  the  last  six  years  of 
his  life  he  was  Solicitor  for  the  Chicago  &  North  • 
western  Railroad,  with  headquarters  at  Omaha. 
Neb.  Died,  at  Hot  Springs,  South  Dakota,  May 
24,  1895. 

HAT,  John,  author,  diplomatist  and  Secretary 
of  State,  was  born  in  Salem,  Ind.,  Oct.  8,  1838,  of 
Scottish  ancestry;  graduated  at  Brown  Univer- 
sity, 1858,  and  studied  law  at  Springfield,  111.,  his 
father,  in  the  meantime,  having  become  a  resi- 
dent of  Warsaw,  111. ;  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1861,  but  immediately  went  to  Washington  as 
assistant  private  secretary  of  President  Lincoln, 
acting  part  of  the  time  as  the  President's  aid-de- 
camp, also  serving  for  some  time  under  General 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   ILLINOIS. 


Hunter  andGilmore,  with  the  rank  of  Major  and 
Adjutant-General.  After  President  Lincoln's 
assassination  he  served  as  Secretary  of  Legation 
at  Paris  and  Madrid,  and  as  Charge  d'Affaires  at 
Vienna;  was  also  editor  for  a  time  of  "The  Illi- 
nois State  Journal"  at  Springfield,  and  a  leading 
editorial  writer  on  "The  New  York  Tribune." 
Colonel  Hay's  more  important  literary  works 
include  "Castilian  Days,"  "Pike  County  Ballads," 
and  the  ten-volume  "History  of  the  Life  and 
Times  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  written  in  collabo- 
ration with  John  G.  Nicolay.  In  1875  he  settled 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  but,  after  retiring  from  "The 
New  York  Tribune,"  made  Washington  his  home. 
In  1897  President  McKinley  appointed  him  Am- 
bassador to  England,  where,  by  his  tact,  good 
judgment  and  sound  discretion  manifested  as  a 
diplomatist  and  speaker  on  public  occasions,  he 
won  a  reputation  as  one  of  the  most  able  and  ac- 
complished foreign  representatives  America  has 
produced.  His  promotion  to  the  position  of 
Secretary  of  State  on  the  retirement  of  Secretary 
William  R.  Day,  at  the  close  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  in  September,  1898,  followed 
naturally  as  a  just  tribute  to  the  rank  which  he 
had  won  as  a  diplomatist,  and  was  universally 
approved  throughout  the  np.tion. 

HAY,  John  It.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born  at 
Belleville,  111.,  Jan.  8,  1834;  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  and  worked  on  a  farm  until  he  was 
16  years  of  age,  when  he  learned  the  printer's 
trade.  Subsequently  he  studied  law,  and  won 
considerable  local  prominence  in  his  profession, 
being  for  eight  years  State's  Attorney  for  the 
Twenty-fourth  Judicial  Circuit.  He  served  in 
the  Union  army  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion, 
and,  in  1868,  was  elected  a  Representative  in  the 
Forty-first  Congress,  being  re-elected  in  1870. 

HAT,  Milton,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was  born 
in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  July  3,  1817;  removed 
with  his  father's  family  to  Springfield,  111.,  in 
1832;  in  1838  became  a  student  in  the  law  office 
of  Stuart  &  Lincoln;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1840,  and  began  practice  at  Pittsfield, 
Pike  County.  In  1858  he  returned  to  Springfield 
and  formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  Stephen 
T.  Logan  (afterwards  his  father-in-law),  which 
ended  by  the  retirement  of  the  latter  from  prac- 
tice in  1861.  Others  who  were  associated  with 
him  as  partners,  at  a  later  date,  were  Hon.  Shelby 
M.  Cullom,  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer,  Henry  S. 
Greene  and  D.  T.  Littler.  In  1869  he  was  elected 
a  Delegate  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
and,  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Revenue 
Mid  member  of  the  Judiciary  Committee,  was 


prominent  in  shaping  the  Constitution  of  1870. 
Again,  as  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of  the 
Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly  (1873-74),  he 
assisted  in  revising  and  adapting  the  laws  to  thr 
new  order  of  things  under  the  new  Constitution. 
The  estimate  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  associ- 
ates is  shown  in  the  fact  that  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Joint  Committee  of  five  appointed  by  the 
Legislature  to  revise  the  revenue  laws  of  the 
State,  which  was  especially  complimented  for 
the  manner  in  which  it  performed  its  work  by 
concurrent  resolution  of  the  two  houses.  A  con- 
servative Republican  in  politics,  gentle  and  unob- 
trusive in  manner,  and  of  calm,  dispassionate 
judgment  and  unimpeachable  integrity,  no  man 
was  more  frequently  consulted  by  State  execu- 
tives on  questions  of  great  delicacy  and  public 
importance,  during  the  last  thirty  years  of  his 
life,  than  Mr.  Hay.  In  1881  he  retired  from  the 
active  prosecution  of  his  profession,  devoting  his 
time  to  the  care  of  a  handsome  estate.  Died. 
Sept.  15,  1893. 

HATES,  Philip  ('.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
at  Granby,  Conn.,  Feb.  3,  1833.  Before  he  was  ;i 
year  old  his  parents  removed  to  La  Salle  County, 
111.,  where  the  first  twenty  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  upon  a  farm.  In  1860  he  graduated  from 
i  IK,. 1 1,,,  College.  Ohio,  and,  in  April,  1861,  en- 
listed in  the  Union  army,  being  commissioned 
successively,  Captain,  Lieutenant-Colonel  and 
Colonel,  and  finally  brevetted  Brigadier-General. 
After  the  war  he  engaged  in  journalism,  becom- 
ing the  publisher  and  senior  editor  of  "The  Morris 
Herald,"  a  weekly  periodical  issued  at  Morri.-, 
Grundy  County.  In  1872  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Republican  Convention  at  Philadelphia 
which  renominated  Grant,  and  represented  his 
district  in  Congress  from  1877  to  1881.  Later  he 
became  editor  and  part  proprietor  of  "The  Repub- 
lican" at  Joliet,  111.,  but  retired  some  years  since. 

HATES,  Samuel  Snowden,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, was  born  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  25,  1820; 
settled  at  Shawneetown  in  1838,  and  engaged  in 
the  drug  business  for  two  years;  then  began  the 
study  of  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
1842,  settling  first  at  Mount  Vernon  and  later  at 
Carmi.  He  early  took  an  interest  in  politics, 
stumping  the  southern  counties  for  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  1843  and  '44.  In  1845  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Memphis  Commercial  Convention 
and,  in  1846,  was  elected  to  the  lower  House  of 
the  State  Legislature,  being  re-elected  in  '48.  In 
1847  he  raised  a  company  for  service  in  the 
Mexican  War,  but,  owing  to  its  distance  from 
the  seat  of  government,  its  muster  rolls  were  not 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


227 


received  until  the  quota  of  the  State  had  been 
filled.  The  same  year  he  was  chosen  a  Delegate 
to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  for  White 
County,  and,  in  1848,  was  a  Democratic  Presi- 
dential Elector.  About  1852  he  removed  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  was  afterwards  City  Solicitor  and 
(1862-65)  City  Comptroller.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Democratic  Conventions  at 
Charleston  and  Baltimore  in  1860,  and  an  earnest 
worker  for  Douglas  in  the  campaign  which  fol- 
lowed. While  in  favor  of  the  Union,  he  was 
strongly  opposed  to  the  policy  of  the  administra- 
tion, particularly  in  its  attitude  on  the  question 
of  slavery.  His  last  public  service  was  as  a  Dele- 
gate from  Cook  County  to  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1869-70.  His  talents  as  an 
orator,  displayed  both  at  the  bar  and  before  popu- 
lar assemblies,  were  of  a  very  high  order. 

HAYMARKET  RIOT,  THE,  an  anarchistic 
outbreak  which  occurred  in  Chicago  on  the 
evening  of  May  4,  1886.  For  several  days  prior, 
meetings  of  dissatisfied  workingmen  had  been 
addressed  by  orators  who  sought  to  inflame  the 
worst  passions  of  their  hearers.  The  excitement 
(previously  more  or  less  under  restraint)  culmi- 
nated on  the  date  mentioned.  Haymarket 
Square,  in  Chicago,  is  a  broad,  open  space  formed 
by  the  widening  of  West  Randolph  Street  for  an 
open-air  produce-market.  An  immense  concourse 
assembled  there  on  the  evening  named ;  inflam- 
matory speeches  were  made  from  a  cart,  which 
was  used  as  a  sort  of  improvised  platform.  Dur- 
ing the  earlier  part  of  the  meeting  the  Mayor 
(Carter  H.  Harrison)  was  present,  but  upon  his 
withdrawal,  the  oratory  became  more  impassioned 
and  incendiary.  Towards  midnight,  some  one 
whose  identity  lias  never  been  thoroughly  proved, 
threw  a  dynamite  bomb  into  the  ranks  of  the 
police,  who,  under  command  of  Inspector  John 
Bonfield,  had  ordered  the  dispersal  of  the  crowd 
and  were  endeavoring  to  enforce  the  command. 
Simultaneously  a  score  of  men  lay  dead  or  bleed- 
ing in  the  street.  The  majority  of  the  crowd 
fled,  pursued  by  the  officers.  Numerous  arrests 
followed  during  the  night  and  the  succeeding 
morning,  and  search  was  made  in  the  office  of 
the  principal  Anarchistic  organ,  which  resulted 
in  the  discovery  of  considerable  evidence  of  an 
incriminating  character.  A  Grand  Jury  of  Cook 
County  found  indictments  for  murder  against 
eight  of  the  suspected  leaders,  all  of  whom  were 
convicted  after  a  trial  extending  over  several 
months,  both  the  State  and  the  defense  being 
represented  by  some  of  the  ablest  counsel  at  the 
Chicago  bar.  Seven  of  the  accused  were  con- 


demned to  death,  and  one  (Oscar  Neebe)  was 
given  twenty  years'  imprisonment.  The  death 
sentence  of  two — Samuel  Fielden  and  Justus 
Schwab — was  subsequently  commuted  by  Gov- 
ernor Oglesby  to  life-imprisonment,  but  executive 
clemency  was  extended  in  1893  by  Governor 
Altgeld  to  all  three  of  those  serving  terms  in  the 
penitentiary.  Of  those  condemned  to  execution, 
one  (Louis  Lanng)  committed  suicide  in  the 
county- jail  by  exploding,  between  his  teeth,  a 
small  dynamite  bomb  which  he  had  surrepti 
tiously  obtained;  the  remaining  four  (August 
Spies,  Albert  D.  Parsons,  Louis  Engel  and  Adolph 
Fischer)  were  hanged  in  the  county-jail  at 
Chicago,  on  November  14,  1887.  The  affair 
attracted  wide  attention,  not  only  throughout  the 
United  States  but  in  other  countries  also. 

HA YMK,  Isham  Nicolas,  soldier  and  Adju- 
tant-General, was  born  at  Dover,  Tenn.,  Nov.  18, 
1834;  came  to  Illinois  in  boyhood  and  received 
but  little  education  at  school,  but  worked  on  a 
farm  to  obtain  means  to  study  law,  and  was 
licensed  to  practice  in  1846.  Throughout  the 
Mexican  War  he  served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Sixth  Illinois  Volunteers,  but,  on  his  return, 
resumed  practice  in  1849,  and,  in  1850,  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  from  Marion  County. 
He  graduated  from  the  Kentucky  Law  School  in 
1832  and,  in  1856,  was  appointed  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  at  Cairo.  In  1860  he  was  a 
candidate  for  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Doug- 
las ticket.  In  1861  he  entered  the  army  as 
Colonel  of  the  Forty-eighth  Illinois  Infantry, 
which  he  had  assisted  in  organizing.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh, 
and  was  severely  wounded  at  the  latter.  In  1862 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  as 
a  War  Democrat,  being  defeated  by  W.  J.  Allen, 
and  the  same  year  was  commissioned  Brigadier- 
General  of  Volunteers.  He  resumed  practice  at 
Cairo  in  1864,  and,  in  1865,  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Oglesby  Adjutant-General  as  successor 
to  Adjutant-General  Fuller,  but  died  in  office,  at 
Springfield,  November,  1868. 

HAYWARD  COLLEGE  AND  COMMERCIAL 
SCHOOL,  at  Fairfield,  Wayne  County;  incorpo- 
rated in  1886;  is  co-educational;  had  160  pupils  in 
1898,  with  a  faculty  of  nine  instructors. 

HEACOCK,  Rossell  E.,  pioneer  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in  1770;  having  lost  his 
father  at  7  years  of  age,  learned  the  carpenter's 
trade  and  came  west  early  in  life ;  in  1806  was 
studying  law  in  Missouri,  and,  two  years  later, 
was  licensed  to  practice  in  Indiana  Territory,  of 
which  Illinois  then  formed  a  part,  locating  first 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


at  Kaskaskia  and  afterwards  at  Jonesboro,  in 
Union  County;  in  1823  went  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
but  returned  west  in  1827,  arriving  where  Chi- 
cago now  stands  on  July  4 ;  in  1838  was  living 
inside  Fort  Dearborn,  but  subsequently  located 
several  miles  up  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  where  he  opened  a  small  farm  at  a  place 
which  went  by  the  name  of  "Heacock's  Point." 
In  1831  he  obtained  a  license  to  keep  a  tavern,  in 
1833  became  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and,  in  1835, 
had  a  law  office  in  the  village  of  Chicago.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  organization  of  Cook 
County,  invested  liberally  in  real  estate,  but  lost 
it  in  the  crash  of  1837.  He  was  disabled  by  par- 
alysis in  1843  and  died  of  cholera,  June  28,  1849. 
— Renben  E.  (Heacock),  a  son  of  Mr.  Heacock, 
was  member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1847,  from  Cook  County. 

HEALTH,  BOARD  OF,  a  bureau  of  the  State 
Government,  created  by  act  of  May  25.  1877.  It 
consists  of  seven  members,  named  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, who  hold  office  for  seven  years.  It  is 
charged  with  "general  supervision  of  the  inter- 
ests connected  with  the  health  and  life  of  the 
t  citizens  of  the  State. "  All  matters  pertaining  to 
•  quarantine  fall  within  its  purview,  and  in  this 
'  respect  it  is  invested  with  a  power  which,  while 
discretionary,  is  well-nigh  autocratic.  The  same 
standard  holds  good,  although  to  a  far  less  ex- 
tent, as  to  its  supervisory  power  over  conta- 
gious diseases,  of  man  or  beast.  The  Board  also 
has  a  modified  control  over  medical  practitioners, 
under  the  terms  of  the  statute  popularly  known 
as  the  "Medical  Practice  Act."  Through  its 
powers  thereunder,  it  has  kept  out  or  expelled 
from  the  State  an  army  of  irregular  practition- 
ers, and  has  done  much  toward  raising  the  stand- 
ard of  professional  qualification. 

HEALT,  George  P.  A.,  artist,  was  born  in 
Boston.  July  15,  1808,  and  early  manifested  a 
predilection  for  art,  in  which  he  was  encouraged 
by  the  painter  Scully.  He  struggled  in  the  face 
of  difficulties  until  1836,  when,  having  earned 
some  money  by  his  art,  he  went  to  Europe  to 
study,  spending  two  years  in  Paris  and  a  like 
period  in  London.  In  1855  he  came  to  Chicago, 
contemplating  a  stay  of  three  weeks,  but  re- 
mained until  1867.  During  this  time  he  is  said 
to  have  painted  575  portraits,  many  of  them 
being  likenesses  of  prominent  citizens  of  Chicago 
and  of  the  State.  Many  of  his  pictures,  deposited 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
for  safe-keeping,  were  destroyed  by  the  fire  of 
1871.  From  1869  to  '91  his  time  was  spent  chiefly 
in  Rome.  During  his  several  visits  to  Europe  he 


painted  the  portraits  of  a  large  number  of  royal 
personages,  including  Louis  Phillippe  of  France, 
as  also,  in  this  country,  the  portraits  of  Presidents 
and  other  distinguished  persons.  One  of  his  his- 
torical pictures  was  "Webster  Replying  to 
Hayne,"  in  which  150  figures  are  introduced.  A 
few  years  before  his  death,  Mr.  Healy  donated  a 
large  number  of  his  pictures  to  the  Newberry 
Library  of  Chicago.  He  died  in  Chicago,  June 
24,  1894. 

IIKATOV,  William  Weed,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  at  Western,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y., 
April  18,  1814.  After  completing  his  academic 
studies  he  engaged,  for  a  short  time,  in  teaching, 
but  soon  began  the  study  of  law,  and,  in  1838, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.  In 
1840  he  removed  to  Dixon,  111.,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death.  In  1861  he  was  elected  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  Twenty-second  Circuit, 
and  occupied  a  seat  upon  the  bench,  through 
repeated  re-elections,  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  Dec.  26,  1877,  while  serving  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Appellate  Court  for  the  First  District. 

BECKER,  Friedrlch  Karl  Franz,  German  pa- 
triot and  soldier,  was  born  at  Baden,  Germany, 
Sept.  28,  1811.  He  attained  eminence  in  his 
native  country  as  a  lawyer  and  politician ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Baden  Assembly  of  1842  and  a 
leader  in  the  Diet  of  1846-47,  but,  in  1848,  was 
forced,  with  many  of  his  compatriots,  to  find  a 
refuge  in  the  United  States.  In  1849  he  settled 
as  a  farmer  at  Summerfield,  in  St.  Clair  County, 
111.  He  took  a  deep  interest  in  politics  and,  being 
earnestly  opposed  to  slavery,  ultimately  joined 
the  Republican  party,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  campaigns  of  1856  and  '60.  In  1861  he  was 
commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers,  and  was  later  transferred  to  the 
command  of  the  Eighty -second.  He  was  a  brave 
soldier,  and  actively  participated  in  the  battles 
of  Missionary  Ridge  and  Chancellorsville.  In 
1864  he  resigned  his  commission  and  returned  to 
his  farm  in  St.  Clair  County.  Died,  at  St.  Louis. 
Mo.,  March  24,  1881. 

HEDDING  COLLEGE,  an  institution  incorpo- 
rated in  1875  and  conducted  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  at  Abingdon, 
Knox  County,  111. ;  has  a  faculty  of  seventeen 
instructors,  and  reports  (1895-96),  403  students, 
of  whom  212  were  male  and  181  female.  The 
branches  taught  include  the  sciences,  the  classics, 
music,  fine  arts,  oratory  and  preparatory  courses. 
The  institution  has  funds  and  endowment 
amounting  to  $55,000, -and  property  valued  At 
$158.000. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


229 


II EMPSTE  A  I),  Charles  S.,  pioneer  lawyer  and 
first  Mayor  of  Galena,  was  born  at  Hebron,  Tol- 
land  County,  Conn.,  Sept.  10,  1794— the  son  of 
Stephen  Hempstead,  a  patriot  of  the  Revolution. 
In  1809  he  came  west  in  company  with  a  brother, 
descending  the  Ohio  River  in  a  canoe  from  Mari- 
etta to  Shawneetown,  and  making  his  way  across 
the  "Illinois  Country"  on  foot  to  Kaskaskia  and 
finally  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  joined  another 
brother  (Edward) ,  with  whom  he  soon  began  the 
study  of  law.  Having  been  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  both  Missouri  Territory  and  Illinois,  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Genevieve,  where  he  held  the  office 
of  Prosecuting  Attorney  by  appointment  of  the 
Governor,  but  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  1818-19 
and  later  became  a  member  of  the  Missouri  Legis- 
lature. In  1829  Mr.  Hempstead  located  at  Galena, 
111.,  which  continued  to  be  his  home  for  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  and  where  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  best  known  lawyers.  The  late  Minis- 
ter E.  B.  Washburne  became  a  clerk  in  Mr. 
Hempstead's  law  office  in  1840,  and,  in  1845,  a 
partner.  Mr.  Hempstead  was  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  old  Chicago  &  Galena  Union  Rail- 
road (now  apart  of  the  Chicago*  Northwestern), 
serving  upon  the  first  Board  of  Directors;  was 
elected  the  first  Mayor  of  Galena  in  1841,  and,  in 
the  early  days  of  the  Civil  War,  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  a  Paymaster  in  the  Army. 
Died,  in  Galena,  Dec.  10,  1874.— Edward  (Hemp- 
stead),  an  older  brother  of  t  lie  preceding,  already 
mentioned,  came  west  in  1804,  and,  after  holding 
various  positions  at  Vincennes,  Indiana  Territory, 
under  Gov.  William  Henry  Harrison,  located  at 
St  Louis  and  became  the  first  Territorial 
Delegate  in  Congress  from  Missouri  Territory 
(1811-14).  His  death  occurred  as  the  result  of  an 
accident,  August  10,  1817. — Stephen  (Hemp- 
stead),  another  member  of  this  historic  family, 
was  Governor  of  Iowa  from  1850  to  '54.  Died, 
Feb.  16,  1883. 

HENDERSON,  Thomas  J.,  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  at  Brownsville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  19,  1824; 
came  to  Illinois  in  1837,  and  was  reared  upon  a 
farm,  but  received  an  academic  education.  In 
1847  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  County  Com- 
missioners' Court  of  Stark  County,  and.  in  1849, 
Clerk  of  the  County  Court  of  the  same  county, 
serving  in  that  capacity  for  four  years.  Mean 
while  he  had  studied  law  and  had  been  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1852.  In  1855  and  '56  he  was  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature, 
and  State  Senator  from  1857  to  '60.  He  entered 
the  Union  army,  in  1862,  as  Colonel  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Twelfth  Illinois  Volunteers,  and 


served  until  the  close  of  the  war,  being  brevetted 
Brigadier-General  in  January,  1865.  He  was  a 
Republican  Presidential  Elector  for  the  State  at  - 
large  in  1868,  and,  in  1874,  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  the  Seventh  Illinois  District,  serving  con- 
tinuously until  March.  1895.  His  home  is  at 
Princeton. 

HENDERSON,  William  H.,  politician  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  in  Garrard  County,  Ky . ,  Nov.  16, 
1793.  After  serving  in  the  War  of  1812,  he  settled 
in  Tennessee,  where  he  held  many  positions  of 
public  trust,  including  that  of  State  Senator.  In 
1836  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and,  two  years  later, 
was  elected  to  the  General  Assembly  as  Repre- 
sentative from  Bureau  and  Putnam  Counties, 
being  re-elected  in  1840.  In  1842  he  was  the 
unsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  Lieutenant - 
Governor,  being  defeated  by  John  Moore.  In 
1845  he  migrated  to  Iowa,  where  he  died  in  1864. 

HENDERSON  COUNTY,  a  county  comprising 
380  square  miles  of  territory,  located  in  the  west- 
ern section  of  the  State  and  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  first  settlements  were  made 
about  1827-28  at  Yellow  Banks,  now  Oquawka. 
Immigration  was  checked  by  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  but  revived  after  the  removal  of  the  Indians 
across  the  Mississippi.  The  county  was  set  off 
from  Warren  in  1841,  with  Oquawka  as  the 
county-seat.  Population  (1880),  10,722;  (1890). 
9,876.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  underlaid  by  lime- 
stone. The  surface  is  undulating,  and  well  tim- 
bered. Population  (1000).  10.836 

HENNEPIN,  the  county-seat  of  Putnam 
County,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Illinois 
River,  about  28  miles  below  Ottawa,  100  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  and  3  miles  southeast  of 
Bureau  Junction.  It  has  a  courthouse,  a  bank, 
two  grain  elevators,  three  churches,  a  graded 
school,  a  newspaper.  It  is  a  prominent  shipping 
point  for  produce  by  the  river.  The  Hennepin 
Canal,  now  in  process  of  construction  from  the 
Illinois  River  to  the  Mississippi  at  the  mouth  of 
Rock  River,  leaves  the  Illinois  about  two  miles 
above  Hennepin.  Population  (1880),  623:  (1890). 
674;  (1900).  523. 

HENNEPIN,  Louis,  a  Franciscan  (Recollect) 
friar  and  explorer,  born  at  Ath,  Belgium,  about 
1640.  After  several  years  of  clerical  service  in 
Belgium  and  Holland,  he  was  ordered  (1675)  by 
his  ecclesiastical  superiors  to  proceed  to  Canada. 
In  1679  he  accompanied  La  Salle  on  his  explo- 
rations of  the  great  lakes  and  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi. Having  reached  the  Illinois  by  way  of 
Lake  Michigan,  early  in  the  following  year  ( 1680 1 . 
La  Salle  proceeded  to  construct  a  fort  on  the  east 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


side  of  the  Illinois  River,  a  little  below  the 
present  site  of  Peoria,  which  afterwards  received 
the  name  of  Fort  Creve-Coeur.  In  February, 
1680,  Father  Hennepin  was  dispatched  by  La 
Salle,  with  two  companions,  by  way  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  to  explore  the  upper  Mis- 
sissippi. Ascending  the  latter  stream,  his  party 
.was  captured  by  the  Sioux  and  carried  to  the 
villages  of  that  tribe  among  the  Minnesota  lakes, 
but  finally  rescued.  During  his  captivity  he 
discovered  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  which  he 
named.  After  his  rescue  Hennepin  returned  to 
Quebec,  and  thence  sailed  to  France.  There  he 
published  a  work  describing  La  Salle's  first 
expedition  and  his  own  explorations.  Although 
egotistical  and  necessarily  incorrect,  this  work 
was  a  valuable  contribution  to  history.  Because 
of  ecclesiastical  insubordination  he  left  France 
for  Holland.  In  1697  he  published  an  extraordi- 
nary volume,  in  which  he  set  forth  claims  as  a 
discoverer  which  have  been  wholly  discredited. 
His  third  and  last  work,  published  at  Utrecht,  in 
1698,  was  entitled  a  "New  Voyage  in  a  Country 
Larger  than  Europe."  It  was  a  compilation 
describing  La  Salle's  voyage  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  His  three  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  twenty-four  different  languages.  He 
died,  at  Utrecht,  between  1702  and  1705. 

HENNEPIN  CANAL.  (See  Illinois  &  Missis- 
sippi Canal.) 

HENRY,  a  city  in  Marshall  County,  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Illinois  River  and  on  the 
Peoria  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railway,  33  miles  north-northeast  of 
Peoria.  There  is  a  combination  railroad  and 
wagon  bridge,  lock  and  dam  across  the  river  at 
this  point.  The  city  is  a  thriving  commercial 
center,  among  its  industries  being  grain  eleva- 
tors, flour  mills,  and  a  windmill  factory ;  has 
two  national  banks,  eight  churches  and  two 
newspapers.  Population  (1880),  1.728;  (1890) 
1,512;  (1900).  1,637. 

HENRY,  James  D.,  pioneer  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  came  to  Illinois  in  1822,  locating 
at  Edwardsville,  where,  being  of  limited  educa- 
tion, he  labored  as  a  mechanic  during  the  day 
and  attended  school  at  night;  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, removed  to  Springfield  in  1826,  and 
was  soon  after  elected  Sheriff ;  served  in  the  Win 
nebago  War  (1827)  as  Adjutant,  and,  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War  (1831-32)  as  Lieutenant-Colonel 
and  Colonel,  finally  being  placed  in  command  of 
a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  Wisconsin  and  the  Bad 
Axe,  his  success  in  both  winning  for  him  great- 
popularity.  His  exposures  brought  on  disease  of 


the  lungs,  and.  going  South,  he  died  ut.  New 
Orleans,  March  4,  1834. 

HENRY  COUNTY,  one  of  the  middle  tier  of 
counties  of  Northern  Illinois,  near  the  western 
border  of  the  State,  having  an  area  of  830  square 
miles, — named  for  Patrick  Henry.  The  Ameri- 
can pioneer  of  the  region  was  Dr.  Baker,  who 
located  in  1835  on  what  afterwards  became  the 
town  of  Colona.  During  the  two  years  following 
several  colonies  from  the  eastern  States  settled  at 
different  points  (Geneseo,  Wethersfield,  etc.;. 
The  act  creating  it  was  passed  in  1825,  though 
organization  was  not  completed  until  1837.  The 
first  county  court  was  held  at  Dayton.  Subse- 
quent county -seats  have  been  Richmond  (1837) : 
Geneseo  (1840);  Morristown  (1842);  and  Cam- 
bridge (1843).  Population  (1870),  36,597;  (1890). 
33,338;  (1900),  40.049. 

HERNDON,  Archer  6.,  one  of  the  celebrate*  I 
"Long  Nine"  members  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  1836-37,  was  born  in  Culpepper  County,  Va.. 
Feb.  13,  1795;  spent  his  youth  in  Green  County. 
Ky.,  came  to  Madison  County,  111.,  1820,  and  to 
Sangamon  in  1821,  becoming  a  citizen  of  Spring- 
field in  1825,  where  he  engaged  in  mercantile 
business ;  served  eight  years  in  the  State  Senate 
(1834-42),  and  as  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office 
1842-49.  Died,  Jan.  3,  1867.  Mr.  Herndon  was 
the  father  of  William  H.  Herndon,  the  law  part- 
ner of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

HERNDON,  William  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Greeusburg,  Ky.,  Dec.  25,  1818;  brought  to  Illi- 
nois by  his  father,  Archer  G.  Herndon,  in  1820, 
and  to  Sangamon  County  in  1821 ;  entered  Illinois 
College  in  1836,  but  remained  only  one  year  on 
account  of  his  father's  hostility  to  the  supposed 
abolition  influences  prevailing  at  that  institution ; 
spent  several  years  as  clerk  in  a  store  at  Spring- 
'  field,  studied  law  two  years  with  the  firm  of  Lin- 
coln &  Logan  (1842-44),  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  became  the  partner  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  so  con- 
tinuing until  the  election  of  the  latter  to  the 
Presidency.  Mr.  Herndon  was  a  radical  oppo- 
nent of  slavery  and  labored  zealously  to  promote 
the  advancement  of  his  distinguished  partner. 
The  offices  lie  held  were  those  of  City  Attorney, 
Mayor  and  Bank  Commissioner  under  three  Gov- 
ernors. Some  years  before  his  death  he  wrote, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Jesse  W.  Weik,  published 
a  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  three  volumes — 
afterwards  revised  and  issued  in  a  two-volume 
edition  by  the  Messrs.  Appleton,  New  York. 
Died,  near  Springfield,  March  18,  1891. 

HERRINGTON,  Aufcnstus  M..  lawyer  and  poli 
tician,  was  born  at  or  near  Meadville,  Pa.,  in  1833; 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


231 


when  ten  years  of  age  was  brought  by  his  father 
to  Chicago,  the  family  removing  two  years  later 

(1835)  to  Geneva,  Kane  County,  where  the  elder 

Herrington  opened  the  first  store.  Augustus  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844 ;  obtained  great  promi- 
nence as  a  Democratic  politician,  serving  as 
Presidential  Elector  for  the  State-at-large  in 
1856,  and  as  a  delegate  to  Democratic  National 
Conventions  in  1860,  '64,  '68,  '76  and  '80,  and  was 
almost  invariably  a  member  of  the  State  Conven- 
tions of  his  party  during  the  same  period.  He 
also  served  for  many  years  as  Solicitor  of  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad.  Died,  at  Ge- 
neva, Kane  County,  August  14,  1883.— James 

(Herrington),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  Mercer  County,  Pa.,  June  6,  1824;  came  to 
Chicago  in  1833,  but,  two  years  later,  was  taken 
by  his  parents  to  Geneva,  Kane  County.  In  1843 
he  was  apprenticed  to  the  printing  business  on 
the  old  "Chicago  Democrat"  (John  Wentworth, 
publisher) ,  remaining  until  1848,  when  he  returned 
to  Geneva,  where  he  engaged  in  farming,  being 
also  connected  for  a  year  or  two  with  a  local 
paper.  In  1849  he  was  elected  County  Clerk,  re- 
maining in  office  eight  years;  also  served  three 
terms  on  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  later  serving 
continuously  in  the  lower  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  1872  to  1886.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  a  fre- 
quent delegate  to  Democratic  State  Conventions. 
Died,  July  7,  1890.—  James  Herrington,  Sr., 
father  of  the  two  preceding,  was  a  Representative 
in  the  Fifteenth  General  Assembly  (1846-48)  for 
the  District  embracing  the  counties  of  Kane, 
McHenry,  Boone  and  De  Kalb. 

HERTZ,  Henry  L.,  ex-State  Treasurer,  was 
born  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  in  1847;  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in  1866, 
and  after  pursuing  the  study  of  medicine  for  two 
years,  emigrated  to  this  country  in  1869.  After 
various  experiences  in  selling  sewing-machines, 
as  bank-clerk,  and  as  a  farm-hand,  in  1876  Mr. 
Hertz  was  employed  in  the  Recorder's  office  of 
Cook  County;  in  1878  was  record-writer  in  the 
Criminal  Court  Clerk's  office;  in  1884  was  elected 
Coroner  of  Cook  County,  and  re-elected  in  1888. 
In  1892,  as  Republican  candidate  for  State  Treas- 
urer, he  was  defeated,  but,  in  1896,  again  a 
candidate  for  the  same  office,  was  elected  by  a 
majority  of  11:5,000,  serving  until  1899.  He  is 
now  a  resident  of  Chicago. 

HESING,  Anlniic-  Caspar,  journalist  and  politi- 
cian, was  born  in  Prussia  in  1823;  left  an  orphan  at 
the  age  of  15,  he  soon  after  emigrated  to  America, 
binding  at  Baltimore  and  going  thence  to  Cin- 


cinnati. From  1840  to  1842  he  worked  in  a  gro- 
cery store  in  Cincinnati,  and  later  opened  a  small 
hotel.  In  1854  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
was  for  a  time  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
brick.  In  1860  he  was  elected  Sheriff  of  Cook 
County,  as  a  Republican.  In  1862  he  purchased 
an  interest  in  "The  Chicago  Staats  Zeitung," 
and  in  1867  became  sole  proprietor.  In  1871  he 
admitted  his  son,  Washington  Hesing,  to  a  part- 
nership, installing  him  as  general  manager. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  March  31,  1895.— Washington 
(Hesing),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  May  14,  1849,  educated  at  Chicago 
and  Yale  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1870.  After  a  year  spent  in  study  abroad,  he 
returned  to  Chicago  and  began  work  upon  "The 
Staats  Zeitung,"  later  becoming  managing  editor, 
and  finally  editor-in-chief.  While  yet  a  young 
man  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Education,  but  declined  to  serve  a 
second  term.  In  1872  he  entered  actively  into 
politics,  making  speeches  in  both  English  and 
German  in  support  of  General  Grant's  Presi- 
dential candidacy.  Later  he  affiliated  with  the 
Democratic  party,  as  did  his  father,  and,  in  1893, 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  the  Chicago  mayoralty,  being 
defeated  by  Carter  H.  Harrison.  In  December, 
1893,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  serving  four 
years.  His  administration  was  characterized  by 
a  high  degree  of  efficiency  and  many  improve- 
ments in  the  service  were  adopted,  one  of  the 
most  important  being  the  introduction  of  postal 
cars  on  the  street-railroads  for  the  collection  of 
mail  matter.  In  April,  1897,  he  became  an  Inde- 
pendent candidate  for  Mayor,  but  was  defeated 
by  Carter  H.  Harrison,  the  regular  Democratic 
nominee.  Died,  Dec.  18,  1897. 

HEYWORTH,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  10  miles  south  of 
Bloomington;  has  a  bank,  churches,  gas  wells, 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  566;  (1900),  683. 

HIBBARD,  Homer  Nash,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Bethel,  Windsor  County,  Vt,  Nov.  7,  1824,  his 
early  life  being  spent  upon  a  farm  and  in  attend- 
ance upon  the  common  schools.  After  a  short 
term  in  an  academy  at  Randolph,  Vt. ,  at  the  age 
of  18  he  began  the  study  of  law  at  Rutland — also 
fitting  himself  for  college  with  a  private  tutor. 
Later,  having  obtained  means  by  teaching,  he 
took  a  course  in  Castleton  Academy  and  Ver- 
mont University,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
18.>0.  Then,  having  spent  some  years  in  teach- 
ing, he  entered  the  Dane  Law  School  at  Harvard, 


232 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


later  continuing  his  studies  at  Burlington  and 
finally,  in  the  fall  of  1853,  removing  to  Chicago. 
Here  he  opened  a  law  office  in  connection  with 
his  old  classmate,  the  late  Judge  John  A.  Jame- 
son, but  early  in  the  following  year  removed  to 
Freeport,  where  he  subsequently  served  as  City 
Attorney,  Master  in  Chancery  and  President  of 
the  City  School  Board.  Returning  to  Chicago  in 
1860,  he  became  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of 
Cornell,  Jameson  &  Hibbard,  and  still  later  the 
head  of  the  firm  of  Hibbard,  Rich  &  Noble.  In 
1870  he  was  appointed  by  Judge  Orummond 
Register  in  Bankruptcy  for  the  Chicago  District, 
serving  during  the  life  of  the  law.  He  was  also, 
for  some  time,  a  Director  of  the  National  Bank 
of  Illinois,  and  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Insurance  Company.  Died,  Nov.  14,  1897. 

HICKS,  Stephen  »;.,  lawyer  and  soldier  of 
three  wars,  was  born  in  Jackson  County,  Ga., 
Feb.  22,  1807— the  son  of  John  Hicks,  one  of  the 
seven  soldiers  killed  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  8,  1815.  Leaving  the  roof  of  a  step-father 
at  an  early  age,  he  found  his  way  to  Illinois, 
working  for  a  time  in  the  lead  mines  near  Galena, 
and  later  at  the  carpenter's  trade  with  an  uncle ; 
served  as  a  Sergeant  in  the  Black  Hawk  War, 
finally  locating  in  Jefferson  County,  where  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Here 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Twelfth 
General  Assembly  (1840)  and  re-elected  succes- 
sively to  the  Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth.  Early 
in  the  Mexican  War  (1846)  he  recruited  a  com- 
pany for  the  Third  Regiment,  of  which  he  was 
chosen  Captain,  a  year  later  becoming  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of  the  Sixth.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War  Colonel  Hicks  was  practicing  his 
profession  at  Salem,  Marion  County.  He 
promptly  raised  a  company  which  became  a  part 
of  the  Fortieth  Regiment  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel.  The  regi- 
ment saw  active  service  in  the  campaign  in  West- 
ern Tennessee,  including  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
where  Colonel  Hicks  was  dangerously  wounded 
through  the  lungs,  only  recovering  after  some 
months  in  hospital  and  at  his  home.  He  rejoined 
his  regiment  in  July  following,  but  found  him- 
self compelled  to  accept  an  honorable  discharge, 
a  few  months  later,  on  account  of  disability. 
Having  finally  recovered,  he  was  restored  to  his 
old  command,  and  served  to  the  close  of  the  war. 
In  October,  1863,  he  w.is  placed  in  command  at 
Paducah,  Ky.,  where  he  remained  eighteen 
months,  after  which  he  was  transferred  to  Colum- 
bus, Ky.  While  in  command  at  Paducah,  the 
place  was  desperately  assaulted  by  the  rebel 


Colonel  Forrest,  but  successfully  defended,  the 
rebel  assailants  sustaining  a  loss  of  some  1,200 
killed  and  wounded.  After  the  war  Colonel 
Hicks  returned  to  Salem,  where  he  died,  Dec.  14, 
1869,  and  was  buried,  in  accordance  with  his 
request,  in  the  folds  of  the  American  flag.  Born 
on  Washington's  birthday,  it  is  a  somewhat 
curious  coincidence  that  the  death  of  this  brave 
soldier  should  have  occurred  on  the  anniversary 
of  that  of  the  "Father  of  His  Country." 

HltJBEE,  Channcey  L.,  lawyer  and  Judge,  was 
born  in  Clermont  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  7,  1821, 
and  settled  in  Pike  County,  111.,  in  1844.  He 
early  took  an  interest  in  politics,  being  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature  in  1854,  and 
two  years  later  to  the  State  Senate.  In  1861  he 
was  elected  Judge  of  the  Fifth  Circuit  Court,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1867,  '73,  and  "79.  In  1877,  and 
again  in  '79,  he  was  assigned  to  the  bench  of  the 
Appellate  Court.  Died,  at  Pittsfield,  Dec.  7, 1884. 

HIGGINS,  Tan  Hollls,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Genessee  County,  N.  Y.,  and  received  his  early 
education  at  Auburn  and  Seneca  Falls ;  came  to 
Chicago  in  1837  and,  after  spending  gome  time  as 
clerk  in  his  brother's  store,  taught  some  months 
in  Vermilion  County;  then  went  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  spent  a  year  or  two  as  reporter  on  "The 
Missouri  Argus,"  later  engaging  in  commercial 
pursuits;  in  1842  removed  to  Iroquois  County. 
111. ,  where  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar;  in  1845,  established  himself  in  practice  in 
Galena,  served  two  years  as  City  Attorney  there, 
but  returned  to  Chicago  in  1852,  where  he  contin- 
ued to  reside  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1858 
he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-first  General  Assembly ;  served  sev- 
eral years  as  Judge  of  the  Chicago  City  Court, 
and  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Government 
during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  Judge  Higgins 
was  successful  as  a  lawyer  and  business  man,  and 
was  connected  with  a  number  of  important  busi- 
ness enterprises,  especially  in  connection  with 
real-estate  operations ;  was  also  a  member  of  sev- 
eral local  societies  of  a  professional,  social  and 
patriotic  character.  Died,  at  Darien,  Wis.,  April 
17,  1893. 

HIGGINSON,  Charles  M.,  civil  engineer  and 
Assistant  Railway  President,  was  born  in  Chica- 
go, July  11,  1846 — the  son  of  George  M.Higginson, 
who  located  in  Chicago  about  1843  and  engaged 
in  the  real-estate  business ;  was  educated  at  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.. 
and  entered  the  engineering  department  of  the 
Burlington  &  Missouri  River  Railroad  in  1867. 
remaining  until  1875.  He  then  became  the  pur- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


233 


chasing  agent  of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw 
Railroad,  but,  a  year  later,  returned  to  Chicago, 
and  soon  after  assumed  the  same  position  in  con- 
nection with  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy, 
being  transferred  to  the  Auditorship  of  the 
latter  road  in  1879.  Later,  he  became  assistant 
to  President  Ripley  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Line,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  at  Riverside,  111.,  May  6, 
1899.  Mr.  Higginson  was,  for  several  years, 
President  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  Chicago. 

HIGH,  James  L.,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born 
at  Belleville,  Ohio,  Oct.  6,  1844;  in  boyhood  came 
to  Wisconsin,  and  graduated  at  Wisconsin  State 
University,  at  Madison,  in  1864,  also  serving  for 
a  time  as  Adjutant  of  the  Forty-ninth  Regiment 
Wisconsin  Volunteers ;  studied  law  at  the  Michi- 
gan University  Law  School  and,  in  1867,  came  to 
Chicago,  where  he  began  practice.  He  spent  the 
winter  of  1871-72  in  Salt  Lake  City  and,  in  the 
absence  of  the  United  States  District  Attorney, 
conducted  the  trial  of  certain  Mormon  leaders  for 
connection  with  the  celebrated  Mountain  Meadow 
Massacre,  also  acting  as  correspondent  of  "The 
New  York  Times,"  his  letters  being  widely 
copied.  Returning  to  Chicago  he  took  a  high 
rank  in  his  profession.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  volumes,  including  treatises  on  "The  Law 
of  Injunctions  as  administered  in  the  Courts  of 
Englandand  America,"and  "Extraordinary  Legal 
Remedies,  Mandamus,  QuoWarrantoand  Prohibi- 
tions," which  are  accepted  as  high  authority  with 
the  profession.  In  1870  he  published  a  revised 
edition  of  Lord  Erskine's  Works,  including  all 
his  legal  arguments,  together  with  a  memoir  of 
his  life.  Died,  Oct.  3,  1898. 

HIGHLAND,  a  city  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Madison  County,  founded  in  1836  and  located  on 
the  Vandalia  line,  32  miles  east  of  St.  Louis.  Its 
manufacturing  industries  include  a  milk-con^ 
densing  plant,  creamery,  flour  and  planing  mills, 
breweries,  embroidery  works,  etc.  It  contains 
several  churches  and  schools,  a  Roman  Catholic 
Seminary,  a  hospital,  and  has  three  newspapers — 
one  German.  The  early  settlers  were  Germans 
of  the  most  thrifty  and  enterprising  classes. 
The  surrounding  country  is  agricultural.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  1,960;  (1890),  1,857;  (1900,  decennial 
census),  1,970. 

HIGHLAND  PARK,  an  incorporated  city  of 
Lake  County,  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroad,  23  miles  north-northwest  of  Chicago. 
It  hae  a  salubrious  site  on  a  bluff  100  feet  above 


Lake  Michigan,  and  is  a  favorite  residence  and 
health  resort.  It  has  a  large  hotel,  several 
churches,  a  military  academy,  and  a  weekly 
paper.  Two  Waukegan  papers  issue  editions 
here.  Population  (1890),  2,163;  (1900),  2,806. 

HILDRUP,  Jesse  S.,  lawyer  and  legislator 
was  born  in  Middletown,  Conn. ,  March  14,  1833 ;  at 
15  removed  to  the  State  of  New  York  and  after- 
wards to  Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  in  1860  came  to  Belvi- 
dere,  111.,  where  he  began  the  practice  of  law, 
also  serving  as  Corporation  Trustee  and  Township 
Supervisor,  and,  during  the  latter  years  of  the 
war,  as  Deputy  Provost  Marshal.  His  first  im- 
portant elective  office  was  that  of  Delegate  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1870,  but  he 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly the  same  year,  and  again  in  1872.  While  iu 
the  House  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  legis 
lation  which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Board.  Mr.  Hildrup 
was  also  a  Republican  Presidential  Elector  in 
1868,  and  United  States  Marshal  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Illinois  from  1877  to  1881.  During 
the  last  few  years  much  of  his  time  baa  been 
spent  in  California  for  the  benefit  of  the  health 
of  some  members  of  his  family. 

HILL,  Charles  Augustus,  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  at  Truxton,  Cortland  County,  N.  Y. . 
August  23, 1833.  He  acquired  his  early  education 
by  dint  of  hard  labor,  and  much  privation.  In 
1854  he  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  in  Will 
County,  where,  for  several  years,  he  taught 
school,  as  he  had  done  while  in  New  York. 
Meanwhile  he  read  law,  his  last  instructor  being 
Hon.  H.  C.  Newcomb,  of  Indianapolis,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  returned  to  Will 
County  in  1860,  and,  in  1862,  enlisted  in  the 
Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry,  participating  in  the 
battle  of  Antietam.  Later  he  was  commissioned 
First  Lieutenant  in  the  First  United  States  Regi- 
ment of  Colored  Troops,  with  which  he  remained 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  rising  to  the  rank  of 
Captain.  In  1865  he  returned  to  Joliet  and  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  1868  he  was  elected 
State's  Attorney  for  the  district  comprising  Will 
and  Grundy  Counties,  but  declined  a  renomina- 
tion.  In  1888  he  was  the  successful  Republican 
candidate  for  Congress  from  the  Eighth  Illinois 
District,  but  was  defeated  for  re-election  in  189O 
by  Lewis  Steward,  Democrat. 

HILLSBORO,  an  incorporated  city,  the  count)  - 
seat  of  Montgomery  County,  on  the  Cleveland. 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  67 
miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis.  Its  manufactures 
are  flour,  brick  and  tile,  carriages  and  harness. 


234 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


furniture  and  woolen  goods.  It  has  a  high 
school,  banks  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  The 
surrounding  region  is  agricultural,  though  con- 
siderable coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (1880).  2,858;  (1890),  2,500;  (1900),  1,937. 

HINCKLEY,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  County,  on 
the  Rochelle  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
A  Quinoy  Railroad,  18  miles  west  of  Aurora;  in 
rich  agricultural  and  dairying  region;  has  grain 
elevators,  brick  and  tile  works,  water  system  and 
electric  light  plant.  Pop.  (1890),  496;  (1900),  587. 

HINRICHSEN,  William  II..  ex-Secretary  of 
State  and  ex-Congressman,  was  born  at  Franklin, 
Morgan  County,  III,  May  27,  1850;  educated  at 
the  University  of  Illinois,  spent  four  years  in  the 
office  of  his  father,  who  was  stock-agent  of  the 
Wabash  Railroad,  and  six  years  (1874-80)  as 
Deputy  Sheriff  of  Morgan  County;  then  went 
into  the  newspaper  business,  editing  the  Jackson- 
ville "Evening  Courier,"  until  1886,  after  which 
he  was  connected  with  "The  Quincy  Herald,"  to 
1890,  when  he  returned  to  Jacksonville  and  re- 
sumed his  place  on  "The  Courier. "  He  was  Clerk 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1891,  and 
elected  Secretary  of  State  in  1892.  serving  until 
January,  1897.  Mr.  Hinrichsen  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Democratic  State  Central  Committee 
since  1890,  and  was  Chairman  of  that  body  dur- 
ing 1894-96.  In  1896  Mr.  Hinrichsen  was  the 
nominee  of  his  party  for  Congress  in  the  Six- 
teenth District  and  was  elected  by  over  6,000 
majority,  but  failed  to  secure  a  renominution  in 
1898. 

HINSDALE,  a  village  in  Du  Page  County  and 
popular  residence  suburb,  on  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railroad,  17  miles  west-south- 
west of  Chicago.  It  has  four  churches,  a  graded 
school,  an  academy,  electric  light  plant,  water- 
works, sewerage  system,  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  1,584;  (1900),  2,578. 

HITCHCOCK,  Charles,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Hanson,  Plymouth  County,  Mass.,  April  4,  1827; 
studied  at  Dartmouth  College  and  at  Harvard 
Law  School,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854, 
soon  afterward  establishing  himself  for  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Chicago.  In  1869  Mr. 
Hitchcock  was  elected  to  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention,  which  was  the  only  important  pub- 
lic office  that  he  held,  though  his  capacity  was 
recognized  by  his  election  to  the  Presidency  of 
that  body.  Died,  May  6,  1881. 

HITCHCOCK,  Luke,  clergyman,  was  born 
April  13.  1813,  at  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
1834,  and,  after  supplying  various  charges  in 


that  State  during  the  next  five  years,  in  1839 
came  to  Chicago,  becoming  one  of  the  most 
influential  factors  in  the  Methodist  denomination 
in  Northern  Illinois.  Between  that  date  and 
1860  he  was  identified,  as  regular  pastor  or  Pre- 
siding Elder,  with  churches  at  Dixon,  Ottawa, 
Belvidere,  Rockford,  Mount  Morris,  St.  Charles 
and  Chicago  (the  old  Clark  Street  church),  with 
two  years'  service  (1841-43)  as  agent  of  Rock 
River  Seminary  at  Mount  Morris — his  itinerant 
labors  being  interrupted  at  two  or  three  periods 
by  ill-health,  compelling  him  to  assume  a  super- 
annuated relation.  From  1852  to  '80,  inclusive, 
he  was  a  delegate  every  four  years  to  the  General 
Conference.  In  1860  he  was  appointed  Agent  of 
the  Western  Book  Concern,  and,  as  the  junior 
representative,  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
depository  at  Chicago — in  1868  becoming  the 
Senior  Agent,  and  so  remaining  until  1880.  His 
subsequent  service  included  two  terms  as  Presid- 
ing Elder  for  the  Dixon  and  Chicago  Districts; 
the  position  of  Superintendent  of  the  Chicago 
Home  Missionary  and  Church  Extension  Society; 
Superintendent  of  the  Wesley  Hospital  (which  he 
assisted  to  organize),  his  last  position  being  that 
of  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Superannu- 
ates' Relief  Association.  He  was  also  influential 
in  securing  the  establishment  of  a  church  paper 
in  Chicago  and  the  founding  of  the  Northwestern 
University  and  Garrett  Biblical  Institute.  Died, 
while  on  a  visit  to  a  daughter  at  East  Orange, 
X.  J.,  Nov.  12,  1898. 

HITT,  Daniel  F.,  civil  engineer  and  soldier, 
was  born  in  Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  June  13,  1810 
— the  son  of  a  Methodist  preacher  who  freed  his 
slaves  and  removed  to  Urbana,  Ohio,  in  1814.  In 
1829  the  son  began  the  study  of  engineering  and, 
removing  to  Illinois  the  following  year,  was  ap- 
jwinted  Assistant  Engineer  on  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  later  being  employed  in  survey- 
ing some  sixteen  years.  Being  stationed  at 
Prairie  du  <  'him  at  the  time  of  the  Black  Hawk 
War  (1832),  he  was  attached  to  the  Stephenson 
Rangers  for  a  year,  but  at  the  end  of  that  period 
resumed  surveying  and,  having  settled  in  La 
Salle  County,  became  the  first  Surveyor  of  that 
county.  In  18C1  he  joined  Colonel  Cushman,  of 
Ottawa,  in  the  organization  of  the  Fifty-third 
Illinois  Volunteers,  was  mustered  into  the  service 
in  March,  1862,  and  commissioned  its  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  The  regiment  took  part  in  various 
battles,  including  those  of  Shiloh,  Corinth  and 
La  Grange,  Tenn.  In  the  latter  Colonel  Hitt 
received  an  injury  by  being  thrown  from  his 
horse  which  compelled  his  resignation  and  from 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


235 


which  he  never  fully  recovered.  Returning  to 
Ottawa,  he  continued  to  reside  there  until  his 
death,  May  11,  1899.  Colonel  Hitt  was  father  of 
Andrew  J.  Hitt,  General  Superintendent  of  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad,  and 
uncle  of  Congressman  Robert  R.  Hitt  of  Mount 
Morris.  Originally  a  Democrat,  he  allied  himself 
with  the  Republican  party  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  a  thirty-second  degree 
Mason  and  prominent  in  Grand  Army  circles. 

HITT,  Isaac  R.,  real-estate  operator,  was  born 
at  Boonsboro,  Md.,  June  2,  1828;  in  1845  entered 
the  freshman  class  at  Asbury  University,  Ind., 
graduating  in  1849.  Then,  removing  to  Ottawa, 
111  ,  he  was  engaged  for  a  time  in  fanning,  but, 
in  1832,  entered  into  the  forwarding  and  com- 
mission business  at  La  Salle.  Having  meanwhile 
devoted  some  attention  to  real-estate  law,  in  1853 
he  began  buying  and  selling  real  estate  while 
continuing  his  fanning  operations,  adding  thereto 
coal-mining.  In  May,  1856,  he  was  a  delegate 
from  La  Salle  County  to  the  State  Convention  at 
Bloomington  which  resulted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Illinois.  Removing 
to  Chicago  in  1860,  he  engaged  in  the  real-estate 
business  there ;  in  1862  was  appointed  on  a  com- 
mittee of  citizens  to  look  after  the  interests  of 
wounded  Illinois  soldiers  after  the  battle  of  Fort 
DoneLson,  in  that  capacity  visiting  hospitals  at 
Cairo,  Evansville,  Paducah  and  Nashville.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  engaged  to  some  extent  in  the 
business  of  prosecuting  soldiers'  claims.  Mr. 
Hitt  has  been  a  member  of  both  the  Chicago  and 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and,  in  18C9, 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Palmer  on  the  Com- 
mission to  lay  out  the  park  system  of  Chicago. 
Since  1871  he  has  resided  at  Evanston,  where  he 
aided  in  the  erection  of  the  Woman's  College  in 
connection  with  the  Northwestern  University. 
In  1876  he  was  appointed  by  the  Governor  agent 
to  prosecute  the  claims  of  the  State  for  swamp 
lands  within  its  limits,  and  has  given  much  of 
his  attention  to  that  business  since. 

HITT,  Robert  Roberts,  Congressman,  was  born 
at  Urbana,  Ohio,  Jan.  16,  1834.  When  ho  was 
three  years  old  his  parents  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  in  Ogle  County.  His  education  was 
acquired  at  Rock  River  Seminary  (now  Mount 
Morris  College),  and  at  De  Pauw  University,  Ind. 
In  1858  Mr.  Hitt  was  one  of  the  reporters  who 
reported  the  celebrated  debate  of  that  year 
between  Lincoln  and  Douglas.  From  December, 
1874,  until  March,  '81.  he  was  connected  with  the 
United  States  embassy  at  Paris,  serving  as  First 
Secretary  of  Legation  and  Charge  d' Affaires  ad 


interim.  He  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  in 
1881,  but  resigned  the  post  in  1882,  having  been 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Sixth  Illinois  Dis- 
trict to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  R.  M.  A.  Hawk.  By  eight  successive  re-elec- 
tions he  has  represented  the  District  continuously 
since,  his  career  being  conspicuous  for  long  serv- 
ice. In  that  time  he  has  taken  an  important 
part  in  the  deliberations  of  the  House,  serving  as 
Chairman  of  many  important  committees,  not- 
ably that  on  Foreign  Affairs,  of  which  he  has 
been  Chairman  for  several  terms,  and  for  which 
his  diplomatic  experience  well  qualifies  him.  In 
1898  he  was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  a 
member  of  the  Committee  to  visit  Hawaii  and 
report  upon  a  form  of  government  for  that  por- 
tion of  the  newly  acquired  national  domain.  Mr. 
Hitt  was  strongly  supported  as  a  candidate  for 
the  United  States  Senate  in  1895,  and  favorably 
considered  for  the  position  of  Minister  to  Eng- 
land after  the  retirement  of  Secretary  Day  in 
1898. 

HO  BART,  Horace  R.,  was  born  in  Wisconsin 
in  1839;  graduated  at  Beloit  College  and,  after  a 
brief  experience  in  newspaper  work,  enlisted,  in 
1861,  in  the  First  Wisconsin  Cavalry  and  was 
assigned  to  duty  as  Battalion  Quartermaster. 
Being  wounded  at  Helena,  Ark.,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  resign,  but  afterwards  served  as  Deputy 
Provost  Marshal  of  the  Second  Wisconsin  Dis- 
trict. In  1866  he  re-entered  newspaper  work  as 
reporter  on  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  and  later 
was  associated,  as  city  editor,  with  "The  Chicago 
Evening  Post"  and  "Evening  Mail";  later  was 
editor  of  "The  Jacksonville  Daily  Journal"  and 
"The  Chicago  Morning  Courier, "  also  being,  for 
some  years  from  1809,  Western  Manager  of  the 
American  Press  Association.  In  1876,  Mr.  Hobart 
became  one  of  the  editors  of  "The  Railway  Age" 
(Chicago),  with  which  he  remained  until  the 
close  of  the  year  1898,  when  he  retired  to  give  his 
attention  to  real-estate  matters. 

HOFFMAN,  Francis  A.,  Lieutenant -Governor 
(1861-65),  was  born  at  Herford,  Prussia,  in  1822, 
and  emigrated  to  America  in  1 839,  reaching  Chica- 
go the  same  year.  There  he  became  a  boot-black  in 
a  leading  hotel,  but  within  a  month  was  teaching 
a  small  German  school  at  Dunkley's  Grove  (now 
Addison),  Du  Page  County,  and  later  officiating 
as  a  Lutheran  minister.  In  1847  he  represented 
that  county  in  the  River  and  Harbor  Convention 
at  Chicago.  In  1852  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and, 
the  following  year,  entered  the  City  Council. 
Later,  he  embarked  in  the  real-estate  business, 
and,  in  1854,  opened  a  lianking  house,  but  was 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


foroed  to  assign  in  1861.  He  early  became  a 
recognized  anti-slavery  leader  and  a  contributor 
to  the  German  press,  and,  in  1856,  was  nominated 
for  Lieutenant-Governor  on  the  first  Republican 
State  ticket  with  William  H.  Bissell,  but  was 
found  ineligible  by  reason  of  his  short  residence 
in  the  United  States,  and  withdrew,  giving  place 
to  John  Wood  of  Quincy.  In  1860  he  was  again 
nominated,  and  having  in  the  meantime  become 
eligible,  was  elected.  In  1864  he  was  a  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  Presidential  Elector,  and 
assisted  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  second  election.  He 
was  at  one  time  Foreign  Land  Commissioner  for 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  and  acted  as  Consul 
at  Chicago  for  several  German  States.  For  a 
number  of  years  past  Mr.  Hoffman  has  been 
editor  of  an  agricultural  paper  in  Southern 
Wisconsin. 

HOGAN,  John,  clergyman  and  early  politician, 
was  born  in  the  city  of  Mallow,  County  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  Jan.  2,  1805;  brought  in  childhood  to 
Baltimore,  Mil. .  and  having  been  left  an  orphan  at 
eight  years  of  age,  learned  the  trade  of  a  shoe- 
maker. In  1826  he  became  an  itinerant  Metho- 
dist preacher,  and,  coming  west  the  same  year, 
preached  at  various  points  in  Indiana,  Illinois 
and  Missouri.  In  1830  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Mary  Mitchell  West,  of  Belleville,  111.,  and  soon 
after,  having  retired  from  the  itinerancy,  engaged 
in  mercantile  business  at  Edwardsville  and  Alton. 
In  1836  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
Tenth  General  Assembly  from  Madison  County, 
two  years  later  was  appointed  a  Commissioner  of 
Public  Works  and,  being  re-elected  in  1840,  was 
made  President  of  the  Board;  in  1841  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Harrison  Register  of  the 
Land  Office  at  Dixon,  where  he  remained  until 
1845.  During  the  anti-slavery  excitement  which 
attended  the  assassination  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy 
in  1837,  he  was  a  resident  of  Alton  and  was  re- 
garded by  the  friends  of  Lovejoy  as  favoring  the 
pro-slavery  faction.  After  retiring  from  the 
Land  Office  at  Dixon,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  wholesale  grocery  busi- 
ness. In  his  early  political  life  he  was  a  Whig, 
but  later  co-operated  with  the  Democratic  party ; 
in  1857  he  was  appointed  by  President  Buchanan 
Postmaster  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  serving  until 
the  accession  of  Lincoln  in  1861 ;  in  1864  was 
elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  Thirty-ninth  Con- 
gress, serving  two  years.  He  was  also  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Union  (Democratic)  Convention 
at  Philadelphia  in  1866.  After  his  retirement 
from  the  Methodist  itinerancy  he  continued  to 
officiate  as  a  "local"  preacher  and  was  esteemed 


a  speaker  of  unusual  eloquence  and  ability.  Hi* 
death  occurred,  Feb.  5,  1892.  He  is  author  of  sev- 
eral volumes,  including  "The  Resources  of  Mis- 
souri," "Commerce  and  Manufactures  of  St. 
Louis,"  and  a  "History  of  Methodism." 

H06E,  Joseph  P.,  Congressman,  was  born  in 
Ohio  early  in  the  century  and  came  to  Galena, 
111.,  in  1836,  where  he  attained  prominence  as  a 
lawyer.  In  1842  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  Congress,  as  claimed  at  the  time  by  the  aid  of 
the  Mormon  vote  at  Nauvoo,  serving  one  term. 
In  1853  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  be- 
came a  Judge  in  that  State,  dying  a  few  years 
since  at  the  age  of  over  80  years.  He  is  repre- 
sented to  have  been  a  man  of  much  ability  and  a 
graceful  and  eloquent  orator.  Mr.  Hoge  was  a 
son-in-law  of  Thomas  C.  Browne,  one  of  the  Jus- 
tices of  the  first  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  who 
held  office  until  1848. 

HOLUSTER,  (Dr.)  John  Hamilton,  physi- 
cian, was  born  at  Riga,  N.  V.,  in  1824;  was 
brought  to  Romeo,  Mich.,  by  his  parents  in  in- 
fancy, but  his  father  having  died,  at  the  age  of  IT 
went  to  Rochester,  N.  Y. ,  to  be  educated,  finally 
graduating  in  medicine  at  Berkshire  College. 
Mass. ,  in  1847,  and  beginning  practice  at  Otisco. 
Mich.  Two  years  later  he  removed  to  Grand 
Rapids  and,  in  1855,  to  Chicago,  where  he  held, 
for  a  time,  the  position  of  demonstrator  of  anat- 
omy in  Rush  Medical  College,  and,  in  1856,  be- 
came one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Medical 
College,  in  which  he  has  held  various  chairs.  He 
also  served  as  Surgeon  of  Mercy  Hospital  and 
was,  for  twenty  years,  Clinical  Professor  in  the 
same  institution;  was  President  of  the  State 
Medical  Society,  and,  for  twenty  years,  its  Treas- 
urer. Other  positions  held  by  him  have  been 
those  of  Trustee  of  the  American  Medical  Associ- 
ation and  editor  of  its  journal,  President  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and  of  the 
Chicago  Congregational  Club.  He  has  also  been 
prominent  in  Sunday  School  and  church  work  in 
connection  with  the  Armour  Mission,  with  which 
he  has  been  associated  for  many  years. 

HOME  FOE  JUVENILE  OFFENDERS,  (FE- 
MALE). The  establishment  of  this  institution 
was  authorized  by  act  of  June  22,  1893,  which 
appropriated  $75,000  towards  its  erection  and 
maintenance,  not  more  than  $15,000  to  be  ex- 
pended for  a  site.  (See  also  State  Guardians  for 
i!  iris.)  It  is  designed  to  receive  girls  between  the 
ages  of  10  and  16  committed  thereto  by  any  court 
of  record  upon  conviction  of  a  misdemeanor,  the 
term  of  commitment  not  to  be  less  than  one 
year,  or  to  exceed  minority.  Justices  of  the 


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JIISTOIUCAL    KXC'YCLOPKDIA    <•!••    ILLINOIS. 


formal  lo  assign  i"  l"t»l.  lie  t'iirly  became  a 
reeogni/.ed  itnti -slavery  leader  anil  a  contributor 
ti»  tht*  ( ierman-pres>.  and  in  Is.Vi.  was  nominated 
for  I.icnicriant-Oovernor  on  the  lirst  Republican 
State,  ticket  with  William  II.  I'.isM'll  but  was 
found  ineligible  by  remain  of  hitttthort  residence 
in  the  I'nited  States,  aii'l  withdrew,  giving  place 
to  John  Wood  of  yuincy.  I"  '*'"  '"-'  was  again 
Moiiiiiiate<l.  and  li;t\  11:1'  in  the  meantime  become 
eligible,  was  elected.  In  ls*U  he  was  a  Repnb- 
Ucan  candidate  for  Presidential  Klector,  ami 
assisted  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  second  election.  Ill' 
was  at  one  time  Foreign  Land  I  'onimissioner  for 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  ami  acted  as  Consul 
at  Chicago  for  several  <  ierman  States.  Tor  a 
iiumher  of  years  past  .Mr.  llotfman  has  (H-.-M 
editor  of  au  agricultural  pa[>er  in  Southern 
Wisconsin 

lf(M«A\,  John,  clcrgynijin  ami  early  politician. 
w;ts  Ixirn  in  the  city  of  Mallow.  County  of  Cork. 
Ireland.  Jan  '.'.  I*n.-,:  brought  in  childhood  i(, 
Malliniore.  Mil.,  ami  having  lieen  left  an  orphan  at 
eight  years  of  age.  learned  the  trade  of  it  shoe- 
maker In  lsl*r>  he  l>ecame  an  itinerant  Metho- 
dist preacher,  and.  coming  west  the  same  year, 
preached  at  various  points  in  Indiana,  Illinois 
and  Missouri.  In  ixtn  lie  was  married  to  Miss 
Mary  Mitchell  West,  of  Helleville.  111.,  and  soon 
after,  having  retired  from  the  itinerancy,  engaged 
in  mercantile  hnsiness  at  Kdwardsvilleand  Alton. 
In  ls:ili  he  was  elected  Representative,  in  the 
Tenth  <  ieneral  Assembly  from  Madison  County, 
two  years  later  was  appointed  a  <  'omniissioner  of 
Public  Works  and,  living  re-elected  in  1*4*1.  was 
made  President  of  the  Hoard,  in  IN-U  was  ap- 
pointed l>y  ('resident  Harrison  Register  of  the 
I«md  Ollice  at  Ilixnn.  where  he  remained  until 
1*1.1.  During  the  anti-slavery  excitement  which 
attended  the  assassination  of  Klijah  I'.  Lovejoy 
in  I*I!7.  he  was  a  resident  of  Alton  and  was  re 
garded  liy  the  friends  of  Lovejoy  as  favoring  the 
j>m  slavery  faction.  After  retiring  from  the 
Land  Ollice  at  Di.von,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  wholesale  grocery  husi 
ness  In  his  early  political  life  he  u  as  a  Whig, 
lint  later  co-operated  with  the  Democratic  party; 
in  1M57  he,  was  appointed  liy  President  liuchanan 
Postmaster  of  I  he  city  of  St.  Louis,  serving  until 
the  accession  of  Lincoln  in  I*HI ;  in  IMil  was 
elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  Thirty-ninth  Con- 
gress, serving  t  wo  years,  lie  was  also  a  delegate 
to  thri  Nat  ional  I  nion  (Democratic)  Convention 
at  Phiiudelphin  in  Ixlili  After  his  retirement 
from  tin-  Mcthodi-i  itinerancy  he  conlinueil  to 
otliciate  as  a  "local"  preacher  and  was  esteemed 


a  speaker  of  Unusual  eloi|iience  and  ability.     His 
death  occurred.  Keh.  •">,  1S!I2.     He  isauthor  of  sev- 
eral volumes,  including   "The   Resources  of  Mis- 
souri."    "C'ommerce    anil     Manufactures    of    Si 
Louis."  atid  a  "History  of  Methodism." 

IKMiK.  Joseph  I'.,  Congressman,  was  liorn   in 
Ohio  early  in   the  century  and  came  to  (ialena 
111.,  in  twin,  where  he  attained  prominence  as  a 
lawyer      In    1s!'-'   he  was  fleeted  Representative 
in  Congress,  as  claimed  at  the  time  hy  the  aid  of 
the   Mormon  vote  at   Xauvoo.  serving  one  term 
In   1X5H  he  went   to  San   Trancisco,  Cal..  and  1«- 
came  a  Judge  in  that  State,  dying  a  few  year- 
since  at   the  age  of  over  *<i   veal's.      He  is  reptv 
sented  to  have  licen  a  man  of  much  ahility  and  a 
graceful  and  eloquent   orator       Mr.    Hoge  wa-  a 
son-in-law  of  Thomas  C.  Hrowne.  one  of  the  Jit1- 
tices  of  the  lirst  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  \\  h«. 
held  ollice  until    I •*-!*. 

IIOM.Isrr.lt,  Dr.  John  Hamilton,  physi- 
cian, was  horn  at  Kiga.  N.  Y..  in  IH*-(;  was 
hrought  t<»  Komeo.  Mich.,  hy  his  parents  in  in- 
fancy, hut  his  father  having  died,  at  the  age  of  17 
went  to  Rochester.  N.  Y ..  to  !«•  educated,  finally 
graduating  in  medicine  at  Iterkshire  College 
Mass..  in  1H17,  and  heginning  practice  at  Otisct- 
Mich.  Two  years  later  he  removed  to  <irai:«i 
Rapids  and,  in  l*5o.  to  Chicago,  where  lie  held 
fora  time,  the  position  of  demonstrator  of  anal - 
iiiuy  in  Rush  Medical  College,  ami.  ill  18."i(i.  lie 
came  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Medical 
College,  iii  which  he  has  held  various  chairs,  lie 
also  served  as  Surgeon  of  Mercy  Hospital  and 
was.  for  twenty  years.  Clinical  Professor  in  the 
same  institution:  was  I'resideiit  of  the  State 
Medical  Society,  and,  for  twenty  years,  its  Trea^- 
urer.  Uthcr  |>ositions  held  hy  him  have  licen 
t  hose  of  Trustee  of  the  American  Medical  Associ- 
ation and  editor  of  its  journal.  President  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and  of  tin 
Chicago  Congregational  Chih.  He  has  also  lieen 
prominent  in  Sunday  School  and  church  work  in 
connection  with  the  Armour  Mission,  with  which 
he  has  heen  associated  for  manv  years. 

HOMK  FOR  Jl  VEMI.K  OFFEXMERS,  (FK- 
>1  \1.1  .  The  establishment  of  this  institution 
was  amhori/ed  liy  act  of  June  '."-i.  1  *'.(:!,  which 
appropriated  sTo.iMIII  towards  its  erect  inn  and 
maintenance,  not  more  than  Airi.uiKI  to  lie  ex- 
pended for  a  site.  (See  also  Stitti-  (lnuriliiinn  fm 
llirlx.)  It  is  designed  to  receive  girls  U'twecn  the 
ages  of  HI  and  Hi  committed  thereto  hy  any  court 
of  record  II|KIII  conviction  of  a  misdemeanor,  the 
term  of  commitment  not  to  lie  less  than  one 
vear.  or  to  exceed  minoritv  Justices  of  tin 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Peace,  however,  may  send  girls  for  a  term  not 
less  than  three  months.  The  act  of  incorporation 
provides  for  a  commutation  of  sentence  to  be 
earned  by  good  conduct  and  a  prolongation  of 
the  sentence  by  bad  behavior.  The  Trustees  are 
empowered,  in  their  discretion,  either  to  appren- 
tice the  girls  or  to  adopt  them  out  during  their 
minority.  Temporary  quarters  were  furnished 
for  the  Home  during  the  first  two  years  of  its 
existence  in  Chicago,  but  permanent  buildings 
for  the  institution  have  been  erected  on  tin- 
banks  of  Fox  River,  near  Geneva,  in  Kane  County. 

HOMER,  a  village  in  Champaign  County,  on 
the  Wabash  Railway,  20  miles  west-southwest 
from  Danville  and  about  18  miles  east-southeast 
from  Champaign.  It  supports  a  carriage  factory ; 
also  has  two  banks,  several  churches,  a  seminary, 
an  opera  house,  and  one  weekly  paper.  The 
region  is  chiefly  agricultural.  Population  (1880), 
984;  (1890),  917;  (1900),  1,080. 

HOMESTEAD  LAWS.  In  general  such  laws 
have  been  defined  to  be  "legislation  enacted  to 
secure,  to  some  extent,  the  enjoyment  of  a  home 
and  shelter  for  a  family  or  individual  by  exempt- 
ing, under  certain  conditions,  the  residence  occu- 
pied by  the  family  or  individual,  from  liability  to 
be  sold  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  its  owner, 
and  by  restricting  his  rights  of  free  alienation." 
In  Illinois,  this  exemption  extends  to  the  farm 
and  dwelling  thereon  of  every  householder  hav- 
ing a  family,  and  occupied  as  a  residence, 
whether  owned  or  possessed  under  a  lease,  to  the 
value  of  $1,000.  The  exemption  continues  after 
death,  for  the  benefit  of  decedent's  wife  or  hus- 
band occupying  the  homestead,  and  also  of  the 
children,  if  any,  until  the  youngest  attain  the 
age  of  21  years.  Husband  and  wife  must  join  in 
releasing  the  exemption,  but  the  property  is 
always  liable  for  improvements  thereon. — In  1862 
Congress  passed  an  act  known  as  the  "Homestead 
Law"  for  the  protection  of  the  rights  of  settlers 
on  public  lands  under  certain  restrictions  as  to 
active  occupancy,  under  which  most  of  that 
class  of  lands  since  taken  for  settlement  have 
been  purchased. 

HOMEWOOD,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railway,  23  miles  south  of  Chi- 
cago. Population,  (1900),  352. 

HOOLEV,  Richard  M.,  theatrical  manager, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  April  13,  1822;  at  the  age  of 
18  entered  the  theater  as  a  musician  and,  four 
years  later,  came  to  America,  soon  after  forming 
an  association  with  E.  P.  Christy,  the  originator 
of  negro  minstrelsy  entertainments  which  went 
under  his  name.  In  1848  Mr.  Hooley  conducted 


a  company  of  minstrels  through  the  principal 
towns  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  t<  • 
some  of  the  chief  cities  on  the  continent;  re- 
turned to  America  five  years  later,  and  subse- 
quently managed  houses  in  San  Francisco. 
Philadelphia,  Brooklyn  and  New  Xork,  finally 
locating  in  Chicago  in  1869.  where  he  remaine<l 
the  rest  of  his  life, — his  theater  becoming  one  of 
the  most  widely  known  and  popular  in  the  city . 
Died,  Sept.  8,  1893. 

HOOPESTON,  a  prosperous  city  in  Vermilion 
County,  at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  <lt  East- 
ern Illinois  and  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Rail- 
roads, 99  miles  south  of  Chicago.  It  has  grain 
elevators,  a  nail  factory,  brick  and  tile  works, 
carriage  and  machine  shops,  and  two  large  can- 
ning factories,  besides  two  banks  and  one  daily 
and  three  weekly  newspapers,  several  churches, 
a  high  school  and  a  business  college.  Population 
(1890),  1,911;  (1900),  3,823;  (1904),  about  4,500. 

HOPKINS,  Albert  J.,  Congressman,  was  boru 
in  De  Kalb  County,  111.,  August  15,  1846.  After 
graduating  from  Hillsdale  College,  Mich.,  in  1870, 
he  studied  law  and  began  practice  at  Aurora. 
He  rapidly  attained  prominence  at  the  bar,  and. 
in  1872,  was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  Kane 
County,  serving  in  that  capacity  for  four  years. 
He  is  an  ardent  Republican  and  high  in  the 
party's  councils,  having  been  Chairman  of  the 
State  Central  Committee  from  1878  to  1880.  and  a 
Presidential  Elector  on  the  Blaine  &  Logan 
ticket  in  1884.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  to 
the  Forty-ninth  Congress  from  the  Fifth  District 
(now  the  Eighth)  and  has  been  continuously  re- 
elected  ever  since,  receiving  a  clear  majority  in 
1898  of  more  than  18,000  votes  over  two  competi- 
tors. At  present  (1898)  he  is  Chairman  of  the 
Select  House  Committee  on  Census  and  a  member 
of  the  Committees  on  Ways  and  Means,  and  Mer- 
chant Marine  and  Fisheries.  In  1896  he  was 
strongly  supported  for  the  Republican  nomina- 
tion for  Governor. 

HOCGHTON,  Horace  Hocking,  pioneer  printer 
and  journalist,  was  born  at  Springfield,  Vt.,  Oct. 
26,  1806,  spent  his  youth  on  a  farm,  and  at  eight- 
een began  learning  the  printer's  trade  in  the  office 
of  "The  Woodstock  Overseer"  ;  on  arriving  at  his 
majority  became  a  journeyman  printer  and,  in 
1828,  went  to  New  York,  spending  some  time  in 
the  employment  of  the  Harper  Brothers.  After 
a  brief  season  spent  in  Boston,  he  took  charge  of 
"The  Statesman"  at  Castleton,  Vt.,  but,  in  1834, 
again  went  to  New  York,  taking  with  him  a 
device  for  throwing  the  printed  sheet  off  the 
press,  which  was  afterwards  adopted  on  the 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>|- 


Peace,  however,  may  .--eiid  gins  for  a  term  not 
less  than  three  mouths.  The  act  of  incorjioration 
provides  for  a  •..-...  ..in  of  sentence  to  tie 
earned  l>y  good  conduct  and  a  prolongation  of 
tin-  sentence  by  bad  behavior.  Tile  Trustees  arc 
empowered,  in  their  discretion,  either  to  appn-n- 
tice  tlii-  girls  or  to  adopt  them  out  during  their 
minority  Temixirary  charters  were  inn,  .-!••. 
for  the  Home  during  the  lirst  two  years  of  its 
existence  in  Chicago,  hut  permanent  buildings 
for  the  institution  have  been  erected  on  the 
banks  of  Fox  River,  nearUeneva.  in  Kane  County. 

IKnii.lt.  a  village  in  Champaign  County,  on 
the  \Vabash  Railway.  '.'('  miles  west-southwest 
from  Danville  and  aliout  1*  miles  east-southeast 
from  Champaign  It  sup|iorts  a  carriage  factory; 
also  hay  two  hanks  several  churches,  a  seminary, 
an  opera  house,  and  one  weekly  paper  The 
region  is  chielly  agricultural.  Population  (Issii), 
904;  (IHilll).  !I17:  (I'.MKI).  1,118(1. 

HOMKSTKAI)  LAWS.  In  general  such  laws 
have  l>een  detineil  to  IH-  "legislation  enacted  to 
secure,  to  some  extent,  the  enjoyment  of  a  home 
and  shelter  fora  family  or  individual  by  exempt- 
ing, under  certain  conditions,  the  resilience  occu- 
pied by  the  family  or  individual,  from  liability  to 
be  sold  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  its  owner, 
ami  by  restricting  his  rights  of  free  alienation." 
In  Illinois,  this  exemption  extends  to  the  farm 
and  dwelling  thereon  of  every  householder  hav- 
ing a  family,  and  occupied  as  a  residence, 
whether  owned  or  [Hissesscd  tinder  a  lease,  to  the 
value  of  -Sl."0".  'Hie  exemption  continues  after 
death  for  the  benelit  of  decedent's  wife  or  hus- 
band occupying  the  homestead,  and  also  of  the 
children,  if  any,  until  the  youngest  attain  the 
age  of  -J1  years.  Husband  and  wife  must  join  in 
releasing  the  exemption,  but  the  property  is 
always  liable  for  improvements  thereon.  —  In  IsCrJ 
Congress  passed  an  act  known  as  the  "Homestead 
l^aw"  for  the  protection  of  the  rights  of  settlers 
on  public  lands  under  certain  restrictions  as  to 
active  occui»ancy.  under  which  most  of  that 
class  of  lands  since  taken  for  settlement  have 
been  purchased.  . 

IIOMMVOOI).  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Kailway.  -  miles  south  of  Chi 
cago.  Population.  (P.IOll).  :!•">-'. 

1IOOI.KY,  ftiHiafil  >!..  theatrical  manager, 
was  liorn  in  Ireland.  April  I:!.  Is-.1-.';  at  the  age  of 
18  entered  the  theater  as  a  musician  and.  four 
years  later,  came  to  America,  soon  alter  forming 
an  association  with  K  P.  Christy,  the  originator 
of  negro  minstrelsy  entertainments  which  went 
under  his  name  In  !"•!>  Mr  llooley  conducted 


a  company    ->!    minstrels    through    the   pn>     .}•  , 
towns  of  Kngland    Scotland  and    Ireland,  and  t. 
some   of  the  chief  cities  on   the   continent:    re 
turned   to   America  live   years    later,  and   s'll.s. 
inienlly    managed     houses     in    San      Fruncisc,' 
Philadelphia.    lirookl.vn    and    New    York,    tinaih 
locating  in  Chicago  in  ISI;H.  where  lie  remained 
the  rest  of  bis  life — his  theater  liecoming  one  «>f 
the  most  widely   known  and  |Kipular  inth«;<it\ 
Died.  Sept.  S.  l.sy:}. 

HOOI'ESTOM.  a  prosperous  city  in  Vermilion 
County  at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  A  Kast  • 
ern  Illinois  and  the  1-ake  Krie  tv  Western  Rail 
roads,  '.til  miles  south  of  Chicago.  It  has  i;rain 
elevators,  a  nai.  factory,  brick  and  tile  works, 
carriage  anil  machine  shops,  and  twit  large  can 
ning  factories,  besides  two  banks  and  one  daily 
and  three  weekly  newspaper-*,  several  churches 
a  high  school  and  a  business  college  Population 
Os!*u'.  1.1M1:  1 1!"10.).  :!.s-_>:;;  (1SHM,  about.  I.VHI 

HOPKINS,  Albert  .1.,  Congressman,  was  1mm 
in  De  Kalb  County.  Ill  Augu-t  |.Y  1^10.  After 
graduating  from  Ilillsdale  College.  Midi.,  in  1ST", 
he  studied  law  and  Itegan  practice  at  Aiirora 
He  rapidly  attained  prominence  at  the  b.tr.  and 
in  ls?i.  was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  Kane 
County,  serving  in  that  capacity  for  four  years 
He  is  an  ardent  Kepublican  and  high  in  the 
(Kirty's  councils,  having  !>een  Chairman  of  tin- 
State  Central  Committee  from  1>7S  to  ISSO,  and  a 
Presidential  Kleclor  on  the  lilaine  it  Ixigan 
ticket  in  |ss|.  The  ^ame  year  he  was  el«H-U«l  I" 
the  l-'orty-ninlh  Congress  from  the  Fifth  District 
(ini\\  the  I-jghtii)  and  has  INMMI  continuonslv  re 
elected  ever  since,  receiving  a  clear  majoritv  in 
ISHS  ,,f  more  than  IS. (Hill  votes  over  two  com|H-ti 
tors.  At  present  (1S1IS)  1,^.  js  Chairman  of  the 
Select  House  Committee  on  Censn-*  anil  a  memlM-r 
of  the  Committees  on  Ways  and  Means,  and  Mer 
chant  Marine  and  Fisheries  In  l^lMi  In-  \\;is 
strongly  Mip|Hirted  for  the  Itepiiblican  noinina 
t  ion  for ( iovernor 

IIOl'<;HTO>i,  Horace  llnckini:.  pioneer  print. -i 
and  journalist,  was  ln.rn  at  Springlield.  Vt  ,  <K-t. 
•Jli.  ISIH'I.  spent  his  youth  on  a  farm,  and  at  eight- 
een began  learning  the  printer's  trade  in  the  office 
of  "The  Woodstock  ( >\  ei-seer"  :  on  arriving  at  hi- 
majority  U-came  a  journeyman  printer  and.  in 
IS'.'S.  went  to  New  York.  s|>endiiig  some  time  in 
tin*  employment  of  the  ILirper  Brothers.  After 
a  brief  season  s|»'nt  in  Koston.  he  took  charge  of 
"The  Statesman"  at  Castleton.  Vt  .  but  in  |s;i| 
again  went  to  New  York  taking  with  him  a 
device  for  throwing  the  printed  sheet  oil  the 
press,  which  was  afterwards  a.l.tpt.-.i  ,,n  ihe 


238 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


Adams  and  Hoe  printing  presses.  His  next 
move  was  to  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1834,  thence  by 
way  of  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  to  St.  Louis, 
working  for  a  time  in  the  office  of  the  old  "St. 
Louis  Republican."  He  soon  after  went  to 
Galena  and  engaged  in  lead-mining,  but  later 
became  associated  with  Sylvester  M.  Bartlett  in 
the  management  of  "The  Northwestern  Gazette 
and  Galena  Advertiser,"  finally  becoming  sole 
proprietor.  In  1842  he  sold  out  the  paper,  but 
resumed  his  connection  with  it  the  following 
year,  remaining  until  1863,  when  he  finally  sold 
out.  He  afterwards  spent  some  time  on  the 
Pacific  slope,  was  for  a  time  American  Consul  to 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  but  finally  returned  to 
Galena  and,  during  the  later  years  of  his  life, 
was  Postmaster  there,  dying  April  30,  1879. 

IIOYI'Y,  Charles  Edward,  educator,  soldier 
and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Orange  County,  Vt., 
April  26, 1827;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in 
1852,  and  became  successively  Principal  of  high 
schools  at  Farmington,  Mass.,  and  Peoria,  111. 
Later,  he  assisted  in  organizing  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  School  at  Normal,  of  which  he  was 
President  from  1857  to  1861 — being  also  President 
of  the  State  Teachers'  Association  (1856),  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  and,  for  some 
years,  editor  of  "The  Illinois  Teacher."  In  Au- 
gust, 1861,  he  assisted  in  organizing,  and  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of,  the  Thirty-third  Illinois 
Volunteers,  known  as  the  "Normal"  or  "School- 
Masters'  Regiment,"  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
composed  largely  of  teachers  and  young  men 
from  the  State  colleges.  In  1862  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General  and,  a  few 
months  later,  to  brevet  Major-General  for  gallant 
and  meritorious  conduct.  Leaving  the  military 
service  in  May,  1863,  he  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Died,  in  Washing- 
ton, Nov.  17,  1897. 

ROWLAND,  George,  educator  and  author,  was 
born  (of  Pilgrim  ancestry)  at  Conway,  Mass., 
July  30,  1824.  After  graduating  from  Amherst 
College  in  1850,  he  devoted  two  years  to  teaching 
in  the  public  schools,  and  three  years  to  a  tutor- 
ship in  his  Alma  Mater,  giving  instruction  in 
Latin,  Greek  and  French.  He  began  the  study 
of  law,  but,  after  a  year's  reading,  he  abandoned 
it,  removing  to  Chicago,  where  he  became  Assist- 
ant Principal  of  the  city's  one  high  school,  in 
1858.  He  became  its  Principal  in  1860,  and,  in 
1880,  was  elected  Superintendent  of  Chicago  City 
Schools,  This  position  he  filled  until  August, 
1891,  when  he  resigned.  He  also  served  as  Trus- 
tee of  Amherst  College  for  several  years,  and  as  a 


member  of  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Education, 
being  President  of  that  body  in  1883.  As  an 
author  he  was  of  some  note;  his  work  being 
chiefly  on  educational  lines.  He  published  a 
translation  of  the  -Km 'id  adapted  to  tbe  use  of 
schools,  besides  translations  of  some  of  Horace's 
Odes  and  portions  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  an  English  grammar. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  Oct.  21,  1892. 

HOYNE,  Philip  A.,  lawyer  and  United  States 
Commissioner,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Nov. 
20,  1824;  came  to  Chicago  in  1841,  and,  after 
spending  eleven  years  alternately  in  Galena  and 
Chicago,  finally  located  permanently  in  Chicago, 
in  1852;  in  1853  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Record- 
er's Court  of  Chicago,  retaining  the  position  five 
years;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  March,  1856, 
and  appointed  United  States  Commissioner  the 
same  year,  remaining  in  office  until  his  death, 
Nov.  3,  1894.  Mr.  Hoyne  was  an  officer  of  the 
Chicago  Pioneers  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Union  League  Club. 

II I  HI!  V  It  I),  Gnrdon  Saltonstall,  pioneer  and 
Indian  trader,  was  born  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  August 
22,  1802.  His  early  youth  was  passed  in  Canada, 
chiefly  in  the  employ  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany. In  1818  he  first  visited  Fort  Dearborn,  and 
for  nine  years  traveled  back  and  forth  in  the 
interest  of  his  employers.  In  1827,  having  em- 
barked in  business  on  his  own  account,  he  estab- 
lished several  trading  posts  in  Illinois,  becoming 
a  resident  of  Chicago  in  1832.  From  this  time 
forward  he  became  identified  with  the  history 
and  development  of  the  State.  He  served  with 
distinction  during  the  Black  Hawk  and  Winne- 
bago  Wars,  was  enterprising  and  public-spirited, 
and  did  much  to  promote  the  early  development 
of  Chicago.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature 
from  Vermilion  County  in  1832,  and,  in  1835, 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Duncan  one  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal. 
Died,  at  Chicago,  Sept.  14,  1886.  From  the  time 
he  became  a  citizen  of  Chicago,  for  fifty  years, 
no  man  was  more  active  or  public-spirited 
in  promoting  its  commercial  development  and 
general  prosperity.  He  was  identified  with 
almost  every  branch  of  business  upon  which  its 
growth  as  a  commercial  city  depended,  from  that 
of  an  early  Indian  trader  to  that  of  a  real-estate 
operator,  being  manager  of  one  of  the  largest  pack- 
ing houses  of  his  time,  as  well  as  promoter  of 
early  railroad  enterprises.  A  zealous  Republican, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  earnest  supporters  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  the  campaign  of  1860,  was 
prominently  identified  with  every  local  measure 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


for  the  maintenance  of  the  Union  cause,  and,  for 
a  year,  held  a  commission  as  Captain  in  the 
Eighty-eighth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers, 
known  as  the '  'Second  Board  of  Trade  Regiment. ' ' 

HUGHITT,  Marvin,  Railway  President,  was 
born,  August,  1837,  and,  in  1856,  began  his  rail- 
road experience  on  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railway 
as  Superintendent  of  Telegraph  and  Train-de- 
gpatcher.  In  1862  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Company  in  a  similar  capacity, 
still  later  occupying  the  positions  of  Assistant 
Superintendent  and  General  Superintendent,  re- 
maining in  the  latter  from  1865  to  1870,  when  he 
resigned  to  become  Assistant  General  Manager 
of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  In  1872 
he  became  associated  with  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railroad,  in  connection  with  which  he 
has  held  the  positions  of  Superintendent,  General 
Manager,  Second  Vice-President  and  President — 
the  last  of  which  (1899)  he  still  occupies. 

Hl'LETT,  Alta  M.,  lawyer,  was  bom  near 
Rockford,  111.,  June  4,  1854;  early  learned  teleg- 
raphy and  became  a  successful  operator,  but  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  teaching  and  the  study  of 
law.  In  1872,  having  passed  the  required  exami- 
nation, she  applied  for  admission  to  the  bar,  but 
was  rejected  on  account  of  sex.  She  then,  in 
conjunction  with  Mrs.  Bradwell  and  others, 
interested  herself  in  securing  the  passage  of  an 
act  by  the  Legislature  giving  women  the  right 
that  had  been  denied  her,  which  having  been 
accomplished,  she  went  to  Chicago,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  began  practice.  Died,  in  Cali- 
fornia, March  27,  1877. 

HUNT,  Daniel  I).,  legislator,  was  born  in 
Wyoming  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  19,  1835,  came  to 
De  Kalb  County,  111.,  in  1857,  and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  hotel,  mercantile  and  farming  busi- 
ness. He  was  elected  as  a  Republican  Represent- 
ative in  the  Thirty-fifth  General  Assembly  in 
1886,  and  re  elected  in  1888.  Two  years  later  he 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  re-elected  in 
1894,  and  again  in  1898 — giving  him  a  continuous 
sen-ice  in  one  or  the  other  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  sixteen  years.  During  the  session 
of  1895,  Senator  Hunt  was  especially  active  in 
the  legislation  which  resulted  in  the  location  of 
the  Northern  Illinois  Normal  Institute  at  De 
Kalb. 

HUNT,  Geortfe,  lawyer  and  ex-Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was  born  in  Knox  County,  Ohio,  in  1841; 
having  lost  both  parents  in  childhood,  came, 
with  an  uncle,  to  Edgar  County,  111.,  in  1855.  In 
July,  1861,  at  the  age  of  20,  he  enlisted  in  the 
Twelfth  Illinois  Infantry,  re-enlisting  as  a  veteran 


in  1864,  and  rising  from  the  ranks  to  a  captaincy. 
After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and,  locating  at  Paris,  Edgar 
County,  soon  acquired  a  large  practice.  He  was 
elected  State  Senator  on  the  Republican  ticket  in 
1874,  and  re-elected  in  1878  and  '82.  In  1884  he 
received  his  first  nomination  for  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was  renominated  in  1888,  and  elected  both 
times,  serving  eight  years.  Among  the  im- 
portant questions  with  which  General  Hunt  had 
to  deal  during  his  two  terms  were  the  celebrated 
"anarchist  cases"  of  1887  and  of  1890-92.  In  the 
former  the  condemned  Chicago  anarchists  applied 
through  their  counsel  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  for  a  writ  of  error  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Illinois  to  compel  the  latter  to 
grant  them  a  new  trial,  which  was  refused.  Tho 
case,  on  the  part  of  the  State,  was  conducted  by 
General  Hunt,  while  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  of  Massa- 
chusetts, John  Randolph  Tucker  of  Virginia. 
Roger  A.  Pryor  of  New  York,  and  Messrs.  W.  P. 
Black  and  Solomon  of  Chicago  appeared  for  the 
plaintiffs.  Again,  in  1890,  Fielden  and  Schwab, 
who  had  been  condemned  to  life  imprisonment, 
attempted  to  secure  their  release — the  former  by 
an  application  similar  to  that  of  1887,  and  the 
latter  by  appeal  from  a  decision  of  Judge  Gresham 
of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  refusing  a 
writ  of  habeas  corpus.  The  final  hearing  of 
these  cases  was  had  before  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  in  January,  1892,  General 
Butler  again  appearing  as  leading  counsel  for  the 
plaintiffs — but  with  the  same  result  as  in  1887. 
General  Hunt's  management  of  these  cases  won 
for  him  much  deserved  commendation  both  at 
home  and  abroad. 

HUNTER,  Andrew  J.,  was  bom  in  Greencastle, 
Ind.,  Dec.  17,  1831,  and  removed  in  infancy  by 
his  parents,  to  Edgar  County,  this  State.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  Edgar  Academy.  He  commenced 
his  business  life  as  a  civil  engineer,  but,  after 
three  years  spent  in  that  profession,  began  the 
study  of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
has  since  been  actively  engaged  in  practice  at 
Paris,  Edgar  County.  From  18C4  to  1868  he  repre- 
sented that  county  in  the  State  Senate,  and,  in 
1870,  led  the  Democratic  forlorn  hope  in  the  Fif- 
teenth Congressional  District  against  General 
Jesse  H.  Moore,  and  rendered  a  like  service  to  his 
party  in  1882,  when  Joseph  G.  Cannon  was  his 
Republican  antagonist.  In  1886  he  was  elected 
Judge  of  the  Edgar  County  Court,  and,  in  1890, 
was  re-elected,  but  resigned  this  office  in  1892, 
having  been  elected  Congressman  for  the  State- 


240 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


at- large  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  He  was  a  can- 
didate for  Congress  from  the  Nineteenth  District 
again  in  1898,  and  was  again  elected,  receiving  a 
majority  of  1,200  over  Hon.  Benson  Wood,  his 
Republican  opponent  and  immediate  predecessor. 
HUNTER,  (Gen.)  David,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  July  21,  1802;  graduated  at 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1823, 
and  assigned  to  the  Fifth  Infantry  with  the  rank 
of  Second  Lieutenant,  becoming  First  Lieutenant 
in  1828  and  Captain  of  Dragoons  in  1833.  During 
this  period  he  twice  crossed  the  plains  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  but,  in  1836,  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  engaged  in  business  in  Chicago, 
Re-entering  the  service  as  Paymaster  in  1842,  he 
was  Chief  Paymaster  of  General  Wool's  command 
in  the  Mexican  War,  and  was  afterwards  stationed 
at  New  Orleans.  Washington,  Detroit,  St.  Louis 
and  on  the  frontier.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of 
President  Lincoln,  whom  he  accompanied  when 
the  latter  set  out  for  Washington  in  February, 
1801.  but  was  disabled  at  Buffalo,  having  his 
collar-bone  dislocated  by  the  crowd.  He  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Sixth  United  States 
Cavalry,  May  14,  1861,  three  days  later  commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General  and,  in  August,  made 
Major-General.  In  the  Manassas  campaign  he 
commanded  the  main  column  of  McDowell's 
army  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Bull  Run; 
served  under  Fremont  in  Missouri  and  succeeded 
him  in  command  in  November,  1861,  remaining 
until  March,  1862.  Being  transferred  to  the 
Department  of  the  South  in  May  following,  he 
issued  an  order  declaring  the  persons  held  as 
slaves  in  Georgia,  Florida  and  South  Carolina 
free,  which  order  was  revoked  by  President  Lin- 
coln ten  days  later.  On  account  of  the  steps 
taken  by  him  for  the  organization  of  colored 
troops,  Jefferson  Davis  issued  an  order  declaring 
him,  in  case  of  capture,  subject  to  execution  as 
a  felon.  In  May,  1864,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  West,  and,  in 

1865,  served   on    various  courts-martial,    being 
President  of  the  commission  that  tried  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's assassins ;  was  tire  vetted  Major-General  in 
March,   1865,  retired  from  active   service  July, 

1866,  and  died  in  Washington,  Feb.  2,  1886.     Gen- 
eral Hunter  married  a  daughter  of  John  Kinzie, 
the  first  permanent  citizen  of  Chicago. 

HTJBD,  Harvey  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Fair- 
field  County,  Conn.,  Feb.  24,  1827.  At  the  age  of 
15  he  walked  to  Bridgeport,  where  he  began  life 
as  office-boy  in  "The  Bridgeport  Standard,"  a 
journal  of  pronounced  Whig  proclivities.  In 
1844  he  came  to  Illinois,  entering  Jubilee  College, 


but,  after  a  brief  attendance,  came  to  Chicago  in 
1846.  There  he  found  temporary  employment 
as  a  compositor,  later  commencing  the  study  of 
law,  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848.  A 
portion  of  the  present  city  of  Evanston  is  built 
upon  a  24S-,i(  TO  tract  owned  and  subdivided  by  Mr. 
Hurd  and  his  partner.  Always  in  sympathy 
with  the  old  school  and  most  radical  type  of 
Abolitionists,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  Kan- 
sas-Missouri troubles  of  1856,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  "National  Kansas  Committee" 
appointed  by  the  Buffalo  (N.  T.)  Convention,  of 
which  body  he  was  a  member.  He  was  chosen 
Secretary  of  the  executive  committee,  and  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that,  largely  through  his 
earnest  and  poorly  requited  labors,  Kansas  was 
finally  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  free  State. 
It  was  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  seed  for 
planting  was  gratuitously  distributed  among  the 
free-soil  settlers.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Commission  to  revise  the  statutes 
of  Illinois,  a  large  part  of  the  work  devolving 
upon  him  in  consequence  of  the  withdrawal  of 
his  colleagues.  The  revision  was  completed  in 
1874,  in  conjunction  with  a  Joint  Committee  of 
Revision  of  both  Houses  appointed  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  1873.  While  no  statutory  revision  has 
been  ordered  by  subsequent  Legislatures,  Mr. 
Hurd  has  carried  on  the  same  character  of  work 
on  independent  lines,  issuing  new  editions  of  the 
statutes  from  time  to  time,  which  are  regarded  as 
standard  works  by  the  bar.  In  1875  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Republican  party  for  a  seat  on 
the  Supreme  bench,  but  was  defeated  by  the  late 
Judge  T.  Lyle  Dickey.  For  several  years  he 
filled  a  chair  in  the  faculty  of  the  Union  College 
of  Law.  His  home  is  in  Evanston. 

HURLBUT,  Stephen  A.,  soldier,  Congressman 
and  Foreign  Minister,  was  born  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  Nov.  29,  1815,  received  a  thorough  liberal 
education,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837. 
Soon  afterwards  he  removed  to  Illinois,  making 
his  home  at  Belvidere.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  in  1848  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Presidential  Elector 
on  the  Whig  ticket,  but,  on  the  organization  of 
the  Republican  party  in  1856,  promptly  identified 
himself  with  that  party  and  was  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  General  Assembly  as  a 
Republican  in  1858  and  again  in  1860.  During 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion  he  served  with  distinc- 
tion from  May,  1861,  to  July.  1865.  He  entered 
the  service  as  Brigadier-General,  commanding 
the  Fourth  Division  of  Grant's  army  at  Pittsburg 
Landing;  was  made  a  Major-General  in  Septem- 


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HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS 


at  large  on  the  Demornitic  ticket.  He  was  a  i-jin 
didate  for  Congress  from  tlie  Niueteentli  District 
•c_raiii  in  1M96.  and  was  r.'.un  elected,  receiving  a 
majority  of  1,21(0  over  lion.  Benson  Wood,  his 
Republican  opponent  and  immediate  predecessor 

III  VIM!.  (Urn. i  David,  soldier,  was  l«irn  in 
Wellington.  I).  C.  July  21,  1*02:  graduated  at 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1822. 
and  assigned  to  tlie  Fifth  Infantry  with  the  rank 
of  Second  Lieutenant,  becoming  First  Lieutenant 
in  I*-*  and  Captain  of  Dragoons  in  ls:;:i  During 
this  perioil  he  twice  crossed  the  plains  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  Imt,  in  IW>.  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  engaged  in  business  in  Chicago. 
Re-entering  the  service  as  Paymaster  in  1*42.  he 
was  Chief  1'ay  master  of  (ieneral  Wool's  command 
in  the  Mexican  War.  and  was  after  wards  stationed 
at  New  Orleans.  Washington.  Detroit.  St.  Louis 
and  on  the  frontier  He  was  a  personal  friend  of 
President  Lincoln,  whom  he  accompanied  when 
the  latter  set  out  for  Washington  in  February 
1NC.1.  hut  was  disabled  at  Buffalo,  having  his 
collar-bone  dislocated  by  the  crowd.  He  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Sixth  I'nited  Statc^ 
Cavalry.  May  11.  1*01.  three  days  later  commis- 
sioned Brigadier  <  Jeneral  and.  in  August,  made 
Major-General  In  the  Manassas  campaign  he 
commanded  the  main  column  of  McDowell's 
army  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Bull  Run 
served  under  Fremont  in  Missouri  anil  succeeded 
him  in  command  in  November.  !*'>!.  remaining 
until  March  1*«2  Being  transferred  to  the 
Department  of  the  South  in  May  following,  he 
issued  an  order  declaring  the  persons  held  as 
slaves  in  (ieorgia.  Florida  and  South  Carolina 
free,  which  order  was  revoked  by  President  Lin 
coin  ten  flays  later  On  account  of  the  steps 
taken  by  him  for  the  organization  of  colored 
troops.  Jefferson  Davis  issued  an  order  declaring 
him.  in  case  of  capture,  subject  to  execution  as 
a  felon.  In  May.  1*04.  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  West.  ami.  in 
l*G."i,  served  on  various  courts-martial,  lieing 
President  of  the  commission  that  tried  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's assassins .  was  brcvetteil  Major-' leneral  in 
March.  lsfi-Y  retired  from  active  ser\  ice  July. 
1*015.  and  died  in  Washington.  Feb  2.  l*Nf,  (Sen- 
eral  Hunter  married  a  daughter  of  John  Kinzie 
the  tirst  permanent  citi/.en  of  Chicago 

IH'ltl),  llarvey  It.,  lawyer  was  liorn  in  Fair 
field  County  Conn  Feb  '.'4.1*27  At  the  age  of 
!~i  he  walked  to  Bridgeport,  where  he  U-gan  life 
as  office-lioy  in  'The  Pridge]iort  Standard."  a 
journal  of  pronounced  Whig  proclivities  In 
1844  he  came  t«.  Illinois  entering  Jubilee  College. 


but.  after  a  brief  attendance,  came  to  Chicago  in 
1846.  There  he  found  tem|iorary  employment 
as  a  com|K>sitor.  later  commencing  the  study  of 
law.  and  lieing  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848.  A 
jiortion  of  the  present  city  of  Evanston  is  built 
upon  a  24w-acre  tract  owned  and  subdivided  by  Mr 
Hurd  and  his  partner  Always  in  sympathy 
with  the  old  school  ami  most  radical  type  of 
AlK)litionists.  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  Kan- 
sas-Missouri troubles  of  l*5fi.  and  became  a  mem- 
lier  of  the  "National  Kansas  Committee" 
apjHiinted  by  the  Buffalo  (N  Y  )  Convention,  of 
which  body  he  was  a  member.  He  was  chosen 
Secretary  of  the  executive  committee,  and  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that,  largely  through  his 
earnest  and  poorly  requited  labors.  Kansas  was 
finally  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  free  State. 
It  was  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  seed  for 
planting  was  gratuitously  distributed  among  the 
free-soil  settlers.  In  1H*1!)  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Commission  to  revise  the  statutes 
of  Illinois  a  large  part  of  the  work  devolving 
U|ion  him  in  consequence  of  the  withdrawal  of 
his  colleagues.  The  revision  was  completed  in 
1874.  in  conjunction  with  a  Joint  Committee  of 
Revision  of  both  Houses  appointed  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  I*?:!.  Whilu  no  statutory  revision  has 
iieen  ordered  by  subsequent  Legislatures,  Mr 
Hurd  has  carried  on  the  same  character  of  work 
on  independent  lines,  issuing  new  editions  of  tlie 
statutes  from  time  to  time,  which  are  regarded  as 
standard  works  by  the  bar.  In  1875  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Republican  party  for  a  seat  on 
the  Supreme  bench  but  was  defeated  by  the  late 
Judge  T  Lyle  Dickey.  For  several  years  he 
filled  a  chair  in  the  faculty  of  the  Union  College 
of  I-iw  His  home  is  in  Kvanston. 

Ill  HI.HI'T. Stephen  A.,  soldier.  Congressman 
and  Foreign  Minister,  was  born  at  Charleston, 
S,  C. ,  Nov.  29,  Wl'i,  received  a  thorough  liberal 
education,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837. 
Soon  afterwards  he  removed  to  Illinois,  making 
his  borne  at  Belvidere.  He  was  a  memlier  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1*47.  in  1*1M  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Presidential  Klector 
on  the  Whig  ticket,  but.  on  the  organization  of 
the  Republican  party  in  IS'iC.  promptly  identified 
himself  with  that  jKirty  and  was  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  (leneral  Assembly  as  a 
Republican  in  ls">s  and  again  in  Infill.  During 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion  he  served  with  distinc- 
tion from  May.  IHfil.  to  July.  l*G.r>.  He  entered 
the  service  as  Brigadier  (leneral.  commanding 
the  Fourth  Division  of  Grant's  army  at  Pittsburg 
Landing  was  made  a  Major-( General  in  Septem 


> 


u 

H 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


ber,  1862,  and  later  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  Sixteenth  Army  Corps,  at  Memphis,  and  sub- 
sequently to  the  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Gulf  (1864-65).  After  the  close  of  the  war  he 
served  another  term  in  the  General  Assembly 
(1867),  was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  for  the 
State-at-large  in  1868,  and,  in  1869,  was  appointed 
by  President  Grant  Minister  Resident  to  the 
United  States  of  Colombia,  serving  until  1872. 
The  latter  year  he  was  elected  Representative  to 
Congress,  and  re-elected  two  years  later.  In 
1876  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election  as  an 
independent  Republican,  but  was  defeated  by 
William  Lathrop,  the  regular  nominee.  In  1881 
he  was  appointed  Minister  Resident  to  Peru,  and 
died  at  Lima,  March  27,  1882. 

HtJTCHINS,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Monmouth, 
N.  J.,  in  1730.  died  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  April  28. 
1789.  He  was  the  first  Government  Surveyor,  fre- 
quently called  the  "Geographer":  was  also  an 


officer  of  the  Sixtieth  Royal  (British)  regiment, 
and  assistant  engineer  under  Bouquet.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  while  stationed  at 
Fort  Chartres,  he  resigned  his  commission  be- 
cause of  his  sympathy  with  the  patriots.  Three 
years  later  he  was  charged  with  being  in  treason- 
able correspondence  with  Franklin,  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  of  London.  He  is  said  to 
have  devised  the  present  system  of  Government 
surveys  in  this  country,  and  his  services  in  carry- 
ing it  into  effect  were  certainly  of  great  value. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  valuable  works,  the 
best  known  being  a  "Topographical  Description 
of  Virginia. " 

H  UTSOX VILLE,  a  village  of  Crawford  County, 
on  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railway,  and  the  Wabash  River,  34  miles 
south  of  Paris.  The  district  is  agricultural.  The 
town  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population 
(1890),  582;  (1900),  743. 


ILLINOIS. 

(GENERAL  HISTORY.) 


ILLINOIS  is  the  twenty -first  State  of  the  Federal 
Union  in  the  order  of  its  admission,  the  twentieth 
in  present  area  and  the  third  in  point  of  popula- 
tion. A  concise  history  of  the  region,  of  which  it 
constituted  the  central  portion  at  an  early  period, 
will  be  found  in  the  following  pages: 

The  greater  part  of  the  territory  now  comprised 
within  the  State  of  Illinois  was  known  and  at- 
tracted eager  attention  from  the  nations  of  the 
old  world — especially  in  France,  Germany  and 
England — before  the  close  of  the  third  quarter  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  More  than  one  hun- 
dred years  before  the  struggle  for  American  Inde- 
pendence began,  or  the  geographical  division 
known  as  the  "Territory  of  the  Northwest"  had 
an  existence;  before  the  names  of  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  Vermont  or  Ohio  had  been  heard  of, 
and  while  the  early  settlers  of  New  England  and 
Virginia  were  still  struggling  for  a  foothold 
among  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
the  "Illinois  Country"  occupied  a  place  on  the 
maps  of  North  America  as  distinct  and  definite 
as  New  York  or  Pennsylvania.  And  from  that 
time  forward,  until  it  assumed  its  position  in  the 
Union  with  the  rank  of  a  State,  no  other  faction 
has  been  the  theater  of  more  momentous  and 
stirring  events  or  has  contributed  more  material, 
affording  interest  and  instruction  to  the  archaeol- 
ogist, the  ethnologist  and  the  historian,  than 


that  portion  of  the  American  Continent  now 
known  as  the  "State  of  Illinois." 

THE  "ILLINOIS  COUNTRY."— What  was  known 
to  the  early  French  explorers  and  their  followers 
and  descendants,  for  the  ninety  years  which 
intervened  between  the  discoveries  of  Joliet  and 
La  Salle,  down  to  the  surrender  of  this  region  to 
the  English,  as  the  "Illinois  Country,"  is  de- 
scribed with  great  clearness  and  definiteness  by 
Capt.  Philip  Pittman,  an  English  engineer  who 
made  the  first  survey  of  the  Mississippi  River 
soon  after  the  transfer  of  the  French  possessions 
east  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  British,  and  who 
published  the  result  of  his  observations  in  London 
in  1770.  In  this  report,  which  is  evidently  a 
work  of  the  highest  authenticity,  and  is  the  more 
valuable  because  written  at  a  transition  period 
when  it  was  of  the  first  importance  to  preserve 
and  hand  down  the  facts  of  early  French  history 
to  the  new  occupants  of  the  soil,  the  boundaries 
of  the  "Illinois  Country"  are  defined  as  follows: 
"The  Country  of  the  Illinois  is  bounded  by  the 
Mississippi  on  the  west,  by  the  river  Illinois  on 
the  north,  by  the  Ouabache  and  Miamis  on  the 
east  and  the  Ohio  on  the  south." 

From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  country  lying 
between  the  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi  Rivers  to 
the  west  and  northwest  of  the  former,  was  not 
considered  a  part  of  the  "Illinois  Country,"  and 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>F   ILLINOIS. 


241 


lier.  1862,  and  later  assigned  to  the  rominand  of 
the  Sixteenth  Army  Corps,  at  Memphis,  and  sub- 
sequently to  the  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Gulf  (lHr,4-6.r».  After  the  close  of  the  war  he 
served  'another  term  in  the  General  Assembly 
(1*67).  was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  for  the 
State-at-large  in  1S6S.  and.  in  lKf>9.  was  appointed 
l>y  President  Grant  Minister  Resident  to  the 
United  States  of  Colombia,  serving  until  1*72. 
The  latter  year  he  was  elected  Representative  to 
Congress,  and  re-elected  two  years  later  In 
1*76  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election  as  an 
independent  Republican,  but  was  defeated  by 
William  Lathrop.  the  regular  nominee.  In  1**1 
)IH  was  appointed  Minister  Resident  to  Peru,  ami 
.lied  at  Lima.  March  27,  1S82. 

HfTCHIXS,  Thomas,  was  liorn  in  Monmouth. 
N  .1 ..  in  17"ft.  died  in  Pittsburg,  Pa..  April  2*. 
17^9.  He  was  the  first  Government  Surveyor,  fre- 
'(Uently  called  tin-  "Geographer":  was  also  an 


officer  of  the  Sixtieth  Royal  (British;  regiment 
and  assistant  engineer  under  Bouquet  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  while  stationed  at 
Fort  Chartres.  he  resigned  his  commission  U- 
cause  of  his  sympathy  with  the  patriots.  Three 
years  later  he  was  charged  with  lieing  in  treason- 
able corres|Kindeuce  with  Franklin,  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  of  London  He  is  said  to 
have  devised  the  present  >ystem  of  Government 
-iirveys  in  tliis  country,  and  hU  »er vices  in  carry 
ing  it  into  effect  were  certainly  of  great  value 
He  was  the  author  of  several  valuable  works,  the 
liest  known  being  a  "Topographical  Description 
of  Virginia." 

IirTSOXVIIXE.a  village  of  Crawford  County. 
on    the    Cleveland,   Cincinnati.    Chicago    &    St 
Louis  Railway,  and  the  Wabash  River   H-f  miles 
soutliof  Paris.     The  district  is  agricultural.     The 
town  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper      Population 


I  L  LI  No  IS. 


(OKNEKAI.    llISTom  .  I 


ILLINOIS  is  i  he  twenty-first  State  of  the  Federal 
I'nion  in  the  order  of  it>  ad  mission,  the  twentieth 
in  present  area  anil  the  third  in  poiui  of  popula- 
tion. A  concise  history  of  the  region,  of  which  it 
constituted  the  central  portion  at  an  early  period, 
will  be  found  in  the  following  pages: 

The  greater  part  of  the  territory  now  comprised 
within  the  State  of  Illinois  was  known  and  at- 
tracted eager  attention  from  the  nations  of  the 
old  world— especially  in  France.  Germany  ami 
England — before  the  close  of  the  third  <juarter  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  More  than  one  hun- 
dred years  before  the  struggle  for  American  Inde- 
j»endence  began  or  the  geographical  division 
known  as  the  "Territory  of  the  Northwest"  had 
an  existence;  In-fore  the  names  of  Kentucky. 
Tennessee,  Vermont  or  Ohio  had  lieen  beard  of, 
and  while  the  early  settlers  of  >*ew  Kngland  and 
Virginia  were  still  struggling  for  a  foothold 
among  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
the  "Illinois  Country"  occupied  a  place  on  the 
maps  of  North  America  as  distinct  and  definite 
a-  New  York  or  Pennsylvania.  And  from  that 
time  forward,  until  it  assumed  its  jtosition  in  the 
T'nion  with  the  rank  of  a  State,  no  other  section 
has  Itecn  the  theater  of  more  momentous  and 
-tirring  events  or  ha-  contributed  more  material, 
affording  interest  and  instruction  to  the  archa-ol- 
ngist.  the  ethnologist  and  the  historian,  than 


that  portion  of  the  American  Continent  now 
known  as  the  "State  «.f  Illinois  " 

TIIK  "ILLINOIS  CIIL'NTUV  "  What  was  known 
to  the  early  French  explorer.-,  and  their  followers 
and  descendants,  for  the  ninety  years  which 
intervened  between  the  discoveries  of  Juliet  anil 
Lit  Salle.  down  to  the  surrender  of  this  region  to 
the  Knglish,  as  the  "Illinois  Country."  is  de- 
scrilwd  with  great  clearnes*  and  detiniteness  by 
t  'apt.  Philip  Pittman  an  Knglish  engineer  who 
made  the  first  survey  of  the  Mississippi  River 
soon  after  the  transfer  of  the  French  possessions 
east  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Hrilish.  and  who 
published  the  result  of  his  observations  in  Ix>udon 
in  177O.  In  this  report,  winch  is  evidently  a 
work  of  the  highest  authenticity,  and  is  the  more 
valuable  In'cause  written  at  a  transition  jieriod 
when  it  was  of  the  first  ini|Hirtance  to  preserve 
and  hand  down  the  facts  of  early  French  history 
tn  the  new  occupants  of  tlie  soil,  the  ItoundaricH 
of  the  "Illinois  ('ountry"  are  defined  :LS  follows. 
"The  Country  of  the  Illinois  is  Iniunded  by  the 
Mississippi  on  the  west  by  the  river  Illinois  on 
the  north,  by  the  Oiiabachc  and  Miami.-  on  the 
east  and  the  Ohio  on  the  south.  " 

From  this  if  would  appear  thai  the  country  lying 
between  the  Illinois  ami  the  Mississippi  Rivers  to 
the  west  and  northwest  of  the  former  was  noi 
considered  a  part  of  the  "lllinoi-  Country  "  and 


242 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


this  agrees  generally  with  the  records  of  the 
early  French  explorers,  except  that  they  regarded 
the  region  which  comprehends  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Chicago — the  importance  of  which 
appears  to  have  been  appreciated  from  the  first 
as  a  connecting  link  between  the  Lakes  and  the 
upper  tributaries  of  the  rivers  falling  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico — as  belonging  thereto 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME. — The  "Country"  appears 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  Inini,  a  word  of 
Algonquin  origin,  signifying  "the  men,"  eu- 
phemized  by  the  French  into  Illini  with  the 
suffix  ois.  signifying  "tribe."  The  root  of  the 
term,  applied  both  to  the  country  and  the  Indians 
occupying  it,  has  been  still  further  defined  as  "a 
perfect  man"  (Humes  on  "Indian  Names"),  and 
the  derivative  has  been  used  by  the  French 
chroniclers  in  various  forms  though  always  with 
the  same  signification — a  signification  of  which 
the  earliest  claimants  of  the  appellation,  as  well 
as  their  successors  of  a  different  race,  have  not 
failed  to  be  duly  proud. 

BOUNDARIES  AND  AREA. — It  is  this  region 
which  gave  the  name  to  the  State  of  which  it 
constituted  so  large  and  important  a  part.  Its 
boundaries,  so  far  as  the  Wabash  and  the  Ohio 
Rivers  (as  well  as  the  Mississippi  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois)  are  con- 
cerned, are  identical  with  those  given  to  the 
"Illinois  Country"  by  Pittman.  The  State  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Wisconsin ;  on  the  east 
by  Lake  Michigan,  the  State  of  Indiana  and  the 
Wabash  River;  southeast  by  the  Ohio,  flowing 
between  it  and  the  State  of  Kentucky ;  and  west 
and  southwest  by  the  Mississippi,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  the  States  of  Iowa  and  Missouri.  A 
peculiarity  of  the  Act  of  Congress  defining  the 
boundaries  of  the  State,  is  the  fact  that,  while 
the  jurisdiction  of  Illinois  extends  to  the  middle 
of  Lake  Michigan  and  also  of  the  channels  of  the 
Wabash  and  the  Mississippi,  it  stops  at  the  north 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River ;  this  seems  to  have  been 
a  sort  of  concession  on  the  part  of  the  framers  of 
the  Act  to  our  proud  neighbors  of  the  "Park  and 
Bloody  Ground."  Geographically,  the  State  lies 
between  the  parallels  of  36°  59'  and  42'  30'  north 
latitude,  and  the  meridian  of  10°  30'  and  14°  of 
longitude  west  from  the  city  of  Washington. 
From  its  extreme  southern  limit  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio  to  the  Wisconsin  boundary  on  the  north, 
its  estimated  length  is  385  miles,  with  an  extreme 
breadth,  from  the  Indiana  State  line  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  at  a  point  between  Quincy  and 
Warsaw,  of  218  miles.  Owing  to  the  tortuous 
course  of  its  river  and  lake  boundaries,  which 


comprise  about  three-fourths  of  the  whole,  its 
physical  outline  is  extremely  irregular.  Between 
the  limits  described,  it  has  an  estimated  area  of 
56,650  square  miles,  of  which  650  square  miles  is 
water — the  latter  being  chiefly  in  Lake  Michigan. 
This  area  is  more  than  one  and  one-half  times 
that  of  all  New  England  (Maine  being  excepted), 
and  is  greater  than  that  of  any  other  State  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  except  Michigan,  Georgia  and 
Florida — Wisconsin  lacking  only  a  few  hundred 
square  miles  of  the  same. 

When  these  figures  are  taken  into  account 
some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  magnificence  of 
the  domain  comprised  within  the  limits  of  the 
State  of  Illinois — a  domain  larger  in  extent  than 
that  of  England,  more  than  one-fourth  of  that  of 
all  France  and  nearly  half  that  of  the  British 
Islands,  including  Scotland  and  Ireland.  The 
possibilities  of  such  a  country,  possessing  a  soil 
unequaled  in  fertility,  in  proportion  to  its  area, 
by  any  other  State  of  the  Union  and  with  re- 
sources in  agriculture,  manufactures  and  com- 
merce unsurpassed  in  any  country  on  the  face  of 
the  globe,  transcend  all  human  conception. 

STREAMS  AND  NAVIGATION. — Lying  between 
the  Mississippi  and  its  chief  eastern  tributary,  the 
Ohio,  with  the  Wabash  on  the  east,  and  inter- 
sected from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Illinois 
and  its  numerous  affluents,  and  with  no  moun- 
tainous region  within  its  limits,  Illinois  is  at  once 
one  of  the  best  watered,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most 
level  States  in  the  Union.  Besides  the  Sanga- 
mon,  Kankakee,  Fox  and  Des  Plaines  Rivers, 
chief  tributaries  of  the  Illinois,  and  the  Kaskaskia 
draining  the  region  between  the  Illinois  and  the 
Wabash,  Rock  River,  in  the  northwestern  portion 
of  the  State,  is  most  important  on  account  of  its 
valuable  water-power.  All  of  these  streams  were 
regarded  as  navigable  for  some  sort  of  craft,  dur- 
ing at  least  a  portion  of  the  year,  in  the  early 
history  of  the  country,  and  with  the  magnificent 
Mississippi  along  the  whole  western  border,  gave 
to  Illinois  a  larger  extent  of  navigable  waters 
than  that  of  any  other  single  State.  Although 
practical  navigation,  apart  from  the  lake  and  by 
natural  water  courses,  is  now  limited  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi, Illinois  and  Ohio — making  an  aggregate 
of  about  1,000  miles — the  importance  of  the 
smaller  streams,  when  the  people  were  dependent 
almost  wholly  upon  some  means  of  water  com- 
munication for  the  transportation  of  heavy  com- 
modities as  well  as  for  travel,  could  not  be 
over-estimated,  and  it  is  not  without  its  effect 
upon  the  productiveness  of  the  soil,  now  that 
water  transportation  has  given  place  to  railroads. 


: 
, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


The  whole  number  of  streams  shown  upon  the 
best  maps  exceeds  380. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — In  physical  conformation  the 
surface  of  the  State  presents  the  aspect  of  an 
inclined  plane  with  a  moderate  descent  in  the 
general  direction  of  the  streams  toward  the  south 
and  southwest.  Cairo,  at  the  extreme  southern 
end  of  the  State  and  the  point  of  lowest  depres- 
sion, has  an  elevation  above  sea-level  of  about 
300  feet,  while  the  altitude  of  Lake  Michigan  at 
Chicago  is  583  feet.  The  greatest  elevation  is 
reached  near  Scale's  Mound  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State — 1.257  feet — while  a  spur  from 
the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri,  projected  across 
the  southern  part  of  the  State,  rises  in  Jackson 
and  Union  Counties  to  a  height  of  over  900  feet. 
The  eastern  end  of  this  spur,  in  the  northeast 
corner  of  Pope  County,  reaches  an  elevation  of 
1,046  feet.  South  of  this  ridge,  the  surface  of 
the  country  between  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Rivers  was  originally  covered  with  dense  forests. 
These  included  some  of  the  most  valuable  species 
of  timber  for  lumber  manufacture,  such  as  the 
different  varieties  of  oak,  walnut,  poplar,  ash, 
sugar-maple  and  cypress,  besides  elm,  linden, 
hickory,  honey-locust,  pecan,  hack-berry,  cotton- 
wood,  sycamore,  sassafras,  black-gum  and  beech. 
The  native  fruits  included  the  persimmon,  wild 
plum,  grape  and  paw- paw,  with  various  kinds  of 
berries,  such  as  blackberries,  raspberries,  straw- 
berries (in  the  prairie  districts)  and  some  others. 
Most  of  the  native  growths  of  woods  common  to 
the  south  were  found  along  the  streams  farther 
north,  except  the  cypress  beech,  pecan  and  a  few 
others. 

PRAIRIES. — A  peculiar  feature  of  the  country, 
in  the  middle  and  northern  portion  of  the  State, 
which  excited  the  amazement  of  early  explorers, 
was  the  vast  extent  of  the  prairies  or  natural 
meadows.  The  origin  of  these  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  various  causes,  such  as  some  peculiarity  of 
the  soil,  absence  or  excess  of  moisture,  recent 
upheaval  of  the  surface  from  lakes  or  some  other 
bodies  of  water,  the  action  of  fires,  etc.  In  many 
sections  there  appears  little  to  distinguish  the 
soil  of  the  prairies  from  that  of  the  adjacent 
woodlands,  that  may  not  be  accounted  for  by  the 
character  of  their  vegetation  and  other  causes, 
for  the  luxuriant  growth  of  native  grasses  and 
other  productions  has  demonstrated  that  they  do 
not  lack  in  fertility,  and  the  readiness  with 
which  trees  take  root  when  artificially  propa- 
gated and  protected,  has  shown  that  there  is 
nothing  in  the  soil  itself  unfavorable  to  their 
growth.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  original 


cause  of  the  prairies,  however,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  annually  recurring  fires  hare  had  much  to 
do  in  perpetuating  their  existence,  and  even 
extending  their  limits,  as  the  absence  of  the  same 
agent  has  tended  to  favor  the  encroachments  of 
the  forests.  While  originally  regarded  as  an 
obstacle  to  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  a 
dense  population,  there  is  no  doubt  that  their 
existence  has  contributed  to  its  rapid  develop- 
ment when  it  was  discovered  with  what  ease 
these  apparent  wastes  could  be  subdued,  and  how 
productive  they  were  capable  of  becoming  when 
once  brought  under  cultivation. 

In  spite  of  the  uniformity  in  altitude  of  the 
State  as  a  whole,  many  sections  present  a  variety 
of  surface  and  a  mingling  of  plain  and  woodland 
of  the  most  pleasing  character.  This  is  espe- 
cially the  case  in  some  of  the  prairie  districts 
where  the  undulating  landscape  covered  with 
rich  herbage  and  brilliant  flowers  must  have 
presented  to  the  first  explorers  a  scene  of  ravish- 
ing beauty,  which  has  been  enhanced  rather  than 
diminished  in  recent  times  by  the  hand  of  culti- 
vation. Along  some  of  the  streams  also,  espe 
dally  on  the  upper  Mississippi  and  Illinois,  and 
at  some  points  on  the  Ohio,  is  found  scenery  of 
a  most  picturesque  variety. 

ANIMALS,  ETC.— From  this  description  of  the 
country  it  will  be  easy  to  infer  what  must  have 
been  the  varieties  of  the  animal  kingdom  which 
here  found  a  home.  These  included  the  buffalo, 
various  kinds  of  deer,  the  bear,  panther,  fox, 
wolf,  and  wild-cat,  while  swans,  geese  and  ducks 
covered  the  lakes  and  streams.  It  was  a  veritable 
paradise  for  game,  both  large  and  small,  as  well 
as  for  their  native  hunters.  "One  can  scarcely 
travel,"  wrote  one  of  the  earliest  priestly  explor- 
ers, "without  finding  a  prodigious  multitude  of 
turkeys,  that  keep  together  in  flocks  often  to  the 
number  of  ten  hundred."  Beaver,  otter,  and 
mink  were  found  along  the  streams.  Most  of 
these,  especially  the  larger  species  of  game,  have 
disappeared  before  the  tide  of  civilization,  but  the 
smaller,  such  as  quail,  prairie  chicken,  duck  and 
the  different  varieties  of  fish  in  the  streams,  pro- 
tected by  law  during  certain  seasons  of  the  year, 
continue  to  exist  in  considerable  numbers. 

SOIL  AND  CLIMATE.— The  capabilities  of  the 
soil  in  a  region  thus  situated  can  be  readily  under- 
stood. In  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its  surface, 
Illinois  has  a  larger  area  of  cultivable  land  than 
any  other  State  in  the  Union,  with  a  soil  of  supe- 
rior quality,  much  of  it  unsurpassed  in  natural 
fertility.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  "American 
Bottom,"  a  region  extending  a  distance  of  ninety 


244 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


miles  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  from 
a  few  miles  below  Alton  nearly  to  Chester,  and 
of  an  average  width  of  five  to  eight  miles.  This 
was  the  seat  of  the  first  permanent  white  settle- 
ment in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  portions  of  it 
have  been  under  cultivation  from  one  hundred  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years  without  exhaustion. 
Other  smaller  areas  of  scarcely  less  fertility  are 
found  both  upon  the  bottom-lands  and  in  the 
prairies  in  the  central  portions  of  the  State. 

Extending  through  five  and  one-half  degrees  of 
latitude,  Illinois  has  a  great  variety  of  climate. 
Though  subject  at  times  to  sudden  alternations 
of  temperature,  these  occasions  have  been  rare 
since  the  country  has  been  thoroughly  settled. 
Its  mean  average  for  a  series  of  years  has  been  48° 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  and  56°  in  the 
southern,  differing  little  from  other  States  upon 
the  same  latitude.  The  mean  winter  temper- 
ature has  ranged  from  25°  in  the  north  to  34°  in 
the  south,  and  the  summer  mean  from  67°  in  the 
north  to  78°  in  the  south.  The  extreme  winter 
temperature  has  seldom  fallen  below  20°  below 
zero  in  the  northern  portion,  while  the  highest 
summer  temperature  ranges  from  95°  to  102°. 
The  average  difference  in  temperature  between 
the  northern  and  southern  portions  of  the  State 
is  about  10°,  and  the  difference  in  the  progress  of 
the  seasons  for  the  same  sections,  from  four  to  six 
weeks.  Such  a  wide  variety  of  climate  is  favor- 
able to  the  production  of  nearly  all  the  grains 
and  fruits  peculiar  to  the  temperate  zone. 

CONTEST  FOR  OCCUPATION.  —  Three  powers 
early  became  contestants  for  the  supremacy  on 
the  North  American  Continent.  The  first  of 
these  was  Spain,  claiming  possession  on  the 
ground  of  the  discovery  by  Columbus;  England, 
basing  her  claim  upon  the  discoveries  of  the 
Cabots,  and  France,  maintaining  her  right  to  a 
Considerable  part  of  the  continent  by  virtue  of 
the  discovery  and  exploration  by  Jacques  Cartier 
of  the  Gulf  and  River  St.  Lawrence,  in  1534-35, 
and  the  settlement  of  Quebec  by  Champlain 
seventy-four  years  later.  The  claim  of  Spain 
was  general,  extending  to  both  North  and  South 
America;  and,  while  she  early  established  her 
colonies  in  Mexico,  the  West  Indies  and  Peru, 
the  country  was  too  vast  and  her  agents  too  busy 
seeking  for  gold  to  interfere  materially  with  her 
competitors.  The  Dutch,  Swedes  and  Germans 
established  small,  though  flourishing  colonies,  but 
they  were  not  colonizers  nor  were  they  numeric- 
ally as  strong  as  their  neighbors,  and  their  settle- 
ments were  ultimately  absorbed  by  the  latter. 
Both  the  Spaniards  and  the  French  were  zealous 


in  proselyting  the  aborigines,  but  while  the 
former  did  not  hesitate  to  torture  their  victims 
in  order  to  extort  their  gold  while  claiming  to 
save  their  souls,  the  latter  were  more  gentle  and 
beneficent  in  their  policy,  and,  by  their  kindness, 
succeeded  in  winning  and  retaining  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Indians  in  a  remarkable  degree.  They 
were  traders  as  well  as  missionaries,  and  this  fact 
and  the  readiness  with  which  they  adapted  them- 
selves to  the  habits  of  those  whom  they  found  in 
possession  of  the  soil,  enabled  them  to  make  the 
most  extensive  explorations  in  small  numbers 
and  at  little  cost,  and  even  to  remain  for  un- 
limited periods  among  their  aboriginal  friends. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  English  were  artisans  and 
tillers  of  the  soil  with  a  due  proportion  engaged 
in  commerce  or  upon  the  sea;  and,  while  they 
were  later  in  planting  their  colonies  in  Virginia 
and  New  England,  and  less  aggressive  in  the 
work  of  exploration,  they  maintained  a  surer 
foothold  on  the  soil  when  they  had  once  estab- 
lished themselves.  To  this  fact  is  due  the  per- 
manence and  steady  growth  of  the  English 
colonies  in  the  New  World,  and  the  virtual  domi- 
nance of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  over  more  than 
five-sevenths  of  the  North  American  Continent — 
a  result  which  has  been  illustrated  in  the  history 
of  every  people  that  has  made  agriculture,  manu- 
factures and  legitimate  commerce  the  basis  of 
their  prosperity. 

EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. — The  French  explorers 
were  the  first  Europeans  to  visit  the  "Country  of 
the  Illinois,"  and,  for  nearly  a  century,  they  and 
their  successors  and  descendants  held  undisputed 
possession  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  greater 
part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  It  is  true  that 
Spain  put  in  a  feeble  and  indefinite  claim  to  this 
whole  region,  but  she  was  kept  too  busy  else- 
where to  make  her  claim  good,  and,  in  1763,  she 
relinquished  it  entirely  as  to  the  Mississippi 
Valley  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  order  to 
strengthen  herself  elsewhere. 

There  is  a  peculiar  coincidence  in  the  fact  that, 
while  the  English  colonists  who  settled  about 
Massachusetts  Bay  named  tliat  region  "New 
England,"  the  French  gave  to  their  possessions, 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  name  of  "New  France,"  and  the 
Spaniards  called  all  the  region  claimed  by  them, 
extending  from  Panama  to  Puget  Sound,  "New 
Spain. "  The  boundaries  of  each  were  very  indefi- 
nite and  often  conflicting,  but  were  settled  by  the 
treaty  of  1763. 

As  early  as  1634,  Jean  Nicolet,  coming  by  way 
of  Canada,  discovered  Lake  Michigan  —  then 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


245 


called  by  the  French,  "Lac  des  Illinois" — entered 
Green  Bay  and  visited  some  of  the  tribes  of 
Indians  in  that  region.  In  1641  zealous  mission- 
aries had  reached  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  (called  by 
the  French  "Sault  Ste.  Marie"),  and,  in  1658,  two 
French  fur-traders  are  alleged  to  have  penetrated 
as  far  west  as  "La  Pointe"  on  Lake  Superior, 
where  they  opened  up  a  trade  with  the  Sioux 
Indians  and  wintered  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Apostle  Islands  near  where  the  towns  of  Ashland 
and  Hay  tli-lil.  Wis.,  now  stand.  A  few  years  later 
(1665),  Fathers  Allouez  and  Dablon,  French  mis- 
sionaries, visited  the  Chippewas  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  missions  were  estab- 
lished at  Green  Bay,  Ste.  Marie  and  La  Pointe. 
About  the  same  time  the  mission  of  St.  Ignace 
was  established  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Straits 
of  Mackinaw  (spelled  by  the  French  "Michilli- 
macinac").  It  is  also  claimed  that  the  French 
traveler,  Radisson.  during  the  year  of  1658-59, 
reached  the  upper  Mississippi,  antedating  the 
claims  of  Juliet  and  Marquette  as  its  discoverers 
by  fourteen  years.  Nicholas  Perrot,  an  intelli- 
gent chronicler  who  left  a  manuscript  account  of 
his  travels,  is  said  to  have  made  extensive  explor- 
ations about  the  head  of  the  great  lakes  as  far 
south  as  the  Fox  River  of  Wisconsin,  between 
1670  and  1690,  and  to  have  held  an  important 
conference  with  representatives  of  numerous 
tribes  of  Indians  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  June, 
1671.  Perrot  is  also  said  to  have  made  the  first 
discovery  of  lead  mines  in  the  West. 

Up  to  this  time,  however,  no  white  man  appears 
to  have  reached  the  "Illinois  Country,"  though 
much  had  been  heard  of  its  beauty  and  its  wealth 
in  game.  On  May  17,  1673,  Louis  Joliet,  an  enter- 
prising explorer  who  had  already  visited  the  Lake 
Superior  region  in  search  of  copper  mines,  under 
a  commission  from  the  Governor  of  Canada,  in 
company  with  Father  Jacques  Marquette  and 
five  voyageurs,  with  a  meager  stock  of  provisions 
and  a  few  trinkets  for  trading  with  the  natives, 
set  out  in  two  birch-bark  canoes  from  St.  Ignace 
on  a  tour  of  exploration  southward.  Coasting 
along  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Green 
Ray  and  through  Lake  Winnebago,  they  reached 
the  country  of  the  Mascoutins  on  Fox  River, 
ascended  that  stream  to  the  portage  to  the  Wis- 
consin, then  descended  the  latter  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi, which  they  discovered  on  June  17. 
Descending  the  Mississippi,  which  they  named 
"Rio  de  la  Conception, "  they  passed  the  mouth  of 
the  Des  Moines,  where  they  are  supposed  to  have 
encountered  the  first  Indians  of  the  Illinois 
tribes,  by  whom  they  were  hospitably  enter- 


tained. Later  they  discovered  a  rude  painting 
upon  the  rocks  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
which,  from  the  description,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  the  famous  "Piasa  Bird,"  which  was  still  to 
be  seen,  a  short  distance  above  Alton,  within  the 
present  generation.  (See  Piasa  Bird,  The 
Legend  of. )  Passing  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri 
River  and  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  St. 
Louis,  and  continuing  past  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  they  finally  reached  what  Marquette  called 
the  village  of  the  Akanseas,  which  has  been 
assumed  to  be  identical  with  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas,  though  it  has  been  questioned  whether 
they  proceeded  so  far  south.  Convinced  that  the 
Mississippi  "had  its  mouth  in  Florida  or  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico, "  and  fearing  capture  by  the  Spaniards, 
they  started  on  their  return.  Reaching  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  they  entered  that  stream 
and  ascended  past  the  village  of  the  Peorias  and 
the  "Illinois  town  of  the  Kaskaskias" — the 
latter  being  about  where  the  town  of  Utica,  LA 
Salle  County,  now  stands — at  each  of  which  they 
made  a  brief  stay.  Escorted  by  guides  from  the 
Kaskaskias,  they  crossed  the  portage  to  Lake 
Michigan  where  Chicago  now  stands,  and  re- 
turned to  Green  Bay,  which  they  reached  in  the 
latter  part  of  September.  (See  Joliet  and  Mar- 
quette.) 

The  next  and  most  important  expedition  to  Illi- 
nois— important  because  it  led  to  the  first  per- 
manent settlements — was  undertaken  by  Robert 
Cavelier,  Sieur  de  La  Salle,  in  1679.  This  eager 
and  intelligent,  but  finally  unfortunate,  discov- 
erer had  spent  several  years  in  exploration  in 
the  lake  region  and  among  the  streams  south  of 
the  lakes  and  west  of  the  Alleghenies.  It  has 
been  claimed  that,  during  this  tour,  he  descended 
the  Ohio  to  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi; 
also  that  he  reached  the  Illinois  by  way  of  the 
head  of  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Chicago  portage, 
and  even  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  36th 
parallel,  antedating  Marquette's  first  visit  to 
that  stream  by  two  years.  The  chief  authority 
for  this  claim  is  La  Salle's  biographer,  Pierre 
Margry,  who  bases  his  statement  on  alleged  con- 
versations with  La  Salle  and  letters  of  his  friends. 
The  absence  of  any  allusion  to  these  discoveries 
in  La  Salle's  own  papers,  of  a  later  date,  addressed 
to  the  King,  is  regarded  as  fatal  to  this  claim. 
However  this  may  have  been,  there  is  conclusive 
evidence  that,  during  this  period,  he  met  with 
Joliet  while  the  latter  was  returning  ?t)m  one  of 
his  trips  to  the  Lake  Superior  country.  With  an 
imagination  fired  by  what  he  then  lea/ned.  he 
made  a  visit  to  his  native  country,  receiving  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


liberal  grant  from  the  French  Government  which 
enabled  him  to  carry  out  his  plans.  With  the 
aid  of  Henry  de  Tonty,  an  Italian  who  afterward 
accompanied  him  in  his  most  important  expedi- 
tious, and  who  proved  a  most  valuable  and  effi- 
cient co-laborer,  under  the  auspices  of  Frontenao. 
then  Governor  of  Canada,  he  constructed  a  small 
vessel  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  in  which,  with  a 
company  of  thirty-four  persons,  he  set  sail  on 
the  seventh  of  August,  1679,  for  the  West.  This 
vessel  (named  the  "Griffon")  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  first  sailing-vessel  that  ever  navigated 
the  lakes.  His  object  was  to  reach  the  Illinois, 
and  he  carried  with  him  material  for  a  boat 
which  he  intended  to  put  together  on  that 
stream.  Arriving  in  Green  Bay  early  in  Septem- 
ber, by  way  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  straits  of 
Mackinaw,  he  disembarked  his  stores,  and,  load- 
ing the  Griffon  with  furs,  started  it  on  its  return 
with  instructions,  after  discharging  its  cargo  at 
the  starting  point,  to  join  him  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Michigan.  With  a  force  of  seventeen  men 
and  three  missionaries  in  four  canoes,  he  started 
southward,  following  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan  past  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River, 
on  Nov.  1,  1679,  and  reached  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Joseph  River,  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  lake,  which  had  been  selected  as  a  rendez- 
vous. Here  he  was  joined  by  Tonty,  three  weeks 
later,  with  a  force  of  twenty  Frenchmen  who 
had  come  by  the  eastern  shore,  but  the  Griffon 
never  was  heard  from  again,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  lost  on  the  return  voyage.  While 
waiting  for  Tonty  he  erected  a  fort,  afterward 
called  Fort  Miami.  The  two  parties  here  united, 
and,  leaving  four  men  in  charge  of  the  fort,  with 
the  remaining  thirty-three,  he  resumed  his 
journey  on  the  third  of  December.  Ascending 
the  St.  Joseph  to  about  where  South  Bend,  Ind., 
now  stands,  he  made  a  portage  with  his  canoes 
and  stores  across  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Kan- 
kakee,  which  he  descended  to  the  Illinois.  On 
the  first  of  January  he  arrived  at  the  great  Indian 
town  of  the  Kaskaskias,  which  Marquette  had 
left  for  the  last  time  nearly  five  years  before,  but 
found  it  deserted,  the  Indians  being  absent  on  a 
hunting  expedition.  Proceeding  down  the  Illi- 
nois, on  Jan.  4,  1680,  he  passed  through  Peoria 
Lake  and  the  next  morning  reached  the  Indian 
village  of  that  name  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  and 
established  friendly  relations  with  its  people. 
Having  determined  to  set  up  his  vessel  here,  he 
constructed  a  rude  fort  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  river  about  four  miles  south  of  the  village. 
With  the  exception  of  the  cabin  built  for  Mar- 


quette on  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River 
in  the  winter  of  1674-75,  this  was  probably  the 
first  structure  erected  by  white  men  in  Illinois. 
This  received  the  name  "Creve-Coeur — "Broken 
Heart" — which,  from  its  subsequent  history, 
proved  exceedingly  appropriate.  Having  dis- 
patched Father  Louis  Hennepin  with  two  com- 
panions to  the  Upper  Mississippi,  by  way  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  on  an  expedition  which 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  La  Salle  started  on  his  return  to 
Canada  for  additional  assistance  and  the  stores 
which  he  had  failed  to  receive  in  consequence  of 
the  loss  of  the  Griffon.  Soon  after  his  depar- 
ture, a  majority  of  the  men  left  with  Tonty  at 
Fort  Creve-Cceur  mutinied,  and,  having  plundered 
the  fort,  partially  destroyed  it.  This  compelled 
Tonty  and  five  companions  who  had  remained 
true,  to  retreat  to  the  Indian  village  of  the  Illi- 
nois near  "Starved  Rock,"  between  where  the 
cities  of  Ottawa  and  La  Salle  now  stand,  where 
he  spent  the  summer  awaiting  the  return  of  La 
Salle.  In  September,  Tonty 's  Indian  allies  hav- 
ing been  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Iroquou, 
he  and  his  companions  were  again  compelled  to 
flee,  reaching  Green  Bay  the  next  spring,  after 
having  spent  the  winter  among  the  Pottawato- 
mies  in  the  present  State  of  Wisconsin. 

During  the  next  three  years  (1681-83)  La  Salle 
made  two  other  visits  to  Illinois,  encountering 
and  partially  overcoming  formidable  obstacles  at 
each  end  of  the  journey.  At  the  last  visit,  in 
company  with  the  faithful  Tonty,  whom  he  had 
met  at  Mackinaw  in  the  spring  of  1681,  after  a 
separation  of  more  than  a  year,  he  extended  his 
exploration  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  of 
which  he  took  formal  possession  on  April  9,  1682, 
in  the  name  of  "Louis  the  Grand,  King  of  France 
and  Navarre. "  This  was  the  first  expedition  of 
white  men  to  pass  down  the  river  and  determine 
the  problem  of  its  discharge  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Returning  to  Mackinaw,  and  again  to  Illinois, 
in  the  fall  of  1682,  Tonty  set  about  carrying  into 
effect  La  Salle's  scheme  of  fortifying  '  'The  Rock, ' ' 
to  which  reference  has  been  made  under  the 
name  of  "Starved  Rock."  The  buildings  are  said 
to  have  included  store-houses  (it  was  intended  as 
a  trading  post),  dwellings  and  a  block-house 
erected  on  the  summit  of  the  rock,  and  to  which 
the  name  of  "Fort  St.  Louis"  was  given,  while  a 
village  of  confederated  Indian  tribes  gathered 
about  its  base  on  the  south  which  bore  the  name 
of  La  Vantum.  According  to  the  historian, 
Parkman,  the  population  of  this  colony,  in  the 


LA  SALLE. 


HKNRY  DE  TOXTY 


FORT  DEAKBOKN  FROM  THE  WEST,  1808. 


WAR  EAGLE. 


CHIEF  CHICAGOU. 


240 


HISTOKICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


iilieral  grant  from  the  French  Government  which 
cn.ihled    him  to  carry  out   liis  plans.      With  the 
itiil  of  Henry  de  Tonty.  an  Italian  who  afterward 
accoiufiouied   him  in  his  most  important  expedi- 
tions, and  who  proved  a  most  valuable  and  effi- 
cient co-laborer,  under  the  auspices  of  Frontenac, 
then  Governor  of  Canada,  he  constructed  a  small 
vessel  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  in  which,  with  a 
company   of  thirty-four  persons,   he  set  sail  on 
the  seventh  of  August,  1679,  for  the  West.     This 
vessel  (named  the  "Griffon")  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  lirst   sailing-vessel  that  ever  navigated 
the  lakes.     His  object  was  to  reach  the  Illinois, 
and   he  carried   with    him  material   fur    a  boat 
which    he    intended    to    put    together    on    that 
stream.     Arriving  in  Green  Bay  early  in  Septem- 
ber,  by  way  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  straits  of 
Mackinaw,  he  disembarked  his  stores,  and,  load- 
ing the  Griffon  with  furs,  started  it  on  its  return 
with  instructions,  after  discharging  its  cargo  at 
the  starting  point,  to  join   him  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Michigan.     With  a  force  of  seventeen  men 
and  three  missionaries  in  four  canoes,  he  started 
southward,  following  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan   past  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River, 
on    Nov.    1,    1679,    and  reached    the    mouth    of 
the  St.  Joseph  River,  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  lake,  which  hud  been  selected  as  a  rendez- 
vous.    Here  he  was  joined  by  Touty,  three  weeks 
later,   with  a  force  of    twenty  Frenchmen  who 
had  come  by  the  eastern  shore,  but  the  Griffon 
never  was  heard   from  again,  and  is  supposed  to 
have   been    lost    on   the   return    voyage.     While 
waiting  for  Tonty  he  erected  a  fort,  afterward 
called  Fort  Miami.     The  two  parties  here  united, 
and,  leaving  four  men  in  charge  of  the  fort,  with 
the    remaining  .  thirty-three,     he     resumed    his 
journey  on  the  third  of  December.     Ascending 
the  St.  Joseph  to  about  where  South  Bend.  Ind., 
now  stands,  he   made  a  portage  with  his  canoes 
and  stores  across  to  the  headwaters  of  theKan- 
kakee,  which  he  descended  to  the  Illinois.     On 
the  tirst  of  January  he  arrived  at  the  great  Indian 
town  of  the   Kaskaskias.   which   Marquette  had 
left  for  the  last  time  nearly  five  years  before,  but 
found   it  deserted,  the   Indians  being  absent  on  a 
hunting  expedition.      Proceeding  down  the   Illi 
nois.  on  Jan.  4,    1680,    he  passed   through   Peoria 
Lake  and  the  next  morning  reached  the  Indian 
village  of  that  name  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  ami 
established    friendly  relations   with    its    people 
Having  determined  to  set  up  his  vessel  here,  he 
constructed  a  rude  fort  on  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  river  about   four  miles  south  of  the  village 
With  the  exception  of  the  cabin  built  for  Mar- 


quette  on  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River 
in  the  winter  of  1074-7").  this  was  probably  the 
first  structure  erected  by  white  men  in  Illinois 
This  received  the  name  "Creve-Cosur— " Broken 
Heart" — which,  from  its  subsequent  history, 
proved  exceedingly  appropriate.  Having  dis- 
patched Father  Louis  Hennepin  with  two  com- 
panions to  the  Upper  Mississippi,  by  way  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  on  an  expedition  which 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  Falls  of  St 
Anthony,  La  Salle  started  on  his  return  to 
Canada  for  additional  assistance  and  the  stores 
which  he  had  failed  to  receive  in  consequence  of 
the  loss  of  the  Griffon.  Soon  after  his  depar- 
ture, a  majority  of  the  men  left  with  Touty  at 
Fort  Creve-Cueur  mutinied,  and.  having  plundered 
the  fort,  partially  destroyed  it.  This  compelled 
Tonty  and  live  companions  who  had  remained 
true,  to  retreat  to  the  Indian  village  of  the  Illi- 
nois near  "Starved  Rock."  between  where  the 
cities  of  Ottawa  and  La  Salle  now  stand,  where 
he  spent  the  summer  awaiting  the  return  of  La 
Salle.  In  September,  Tonty 's  Indian  allies  hav- 
ing been  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Iroquois, 
he  ami  his  companions  were  again  compelled  to 
Hee.  reaching  Green  Bay  the  next  spring,  after 
having  spent  the  winter  among  the  Pottawato- 
mies  in  the  present  State  of  Wisconsin. 

During  the  next  three  years  (1681  83)  La  Salle 
made  two  other  visits  to  Illinois,  encountering 
and  partially  overcoming  formidable  obstacles  at 
each  end  of  the  journey.  At  the  last  visit,  in 
company  with  the  faithful  Tonty,  whom  he  had 
met  lit  Mackinaw  in  the  spring  of  1681.  after  a 
separation  of  more  than  a  year,  he  extended  his 
exploration  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  of 
which  he  took  formal  possession  on  April  9,  16S2, 
in  the  name  of  "Louis  the  Grand,  King  of  Franco 
and  Navarre."  This  was  the  lirst  expedition  of 
white  men  to  pass  down  the  river  and  determine 
the  problem  of  its  discharge  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Returning  to  Mackinaw,  and  again  to  Illinois 
in  the  fall  of  1682,  Tonty  set  about  carrying  into 
effect  La  Salle's  scheme  of  fortifying  "The  Rock," 
to  which  reference  has  been  made  under  the 
name  of  "Starved  Rock  "  The  buildings  are  said 
to  have  included  store-houses  (it  was  intended  as 
a  trading  post),  dwellings  and  a  block-house 
erected  on  the  summit  of  the  rock,  and  to  which 
the  name  of  "Fort  St.  Louis"  was  given,  while  a 
village  of  confederated  Indian  tribes  gathered 
about  its  base  on  the  south  which  bore  the  name 
of  La  Vantimi  According  to  the  historian. 
Parkman,  the  i>opulation  of  this  colony,  in  the 


I.A  SAM. i-:. 


IIKNKY   I>K  TOVIY 


»$PH  '  ••! 

*    ~ 


IDKT   l)i:.\KI!()KN    1  ROM    IHK   \VI.SI'.   l-n- 


WAI:  KAiii.K. 


I'MIKK  I  IIICAlilll  . 


FORT  DEARBORN  2D,  IN  1853,  FROM  THE  SOUTHWEST. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


247 


days  of  its  greatest  prosperity,  was  not  lees  than 
20,000.  Tonty  retained  his  headquarters  at  Fort 
St.  Louis  for  eighteen  years,  during  which  he 
made  extensive  excursions  throughout  the  West. 
The  proprietorship  of  the  fort  was  granted  to 
him  in  1690,  but,  in  1702,  it  was  ordered  by  the 
Governor  of  Canada  to  be  discontinued  on  the 
plea  that  the  charter  had  been  violated.  It  con- 
tinued to  be  used  as  a  trading  post,  however,  as 
late  as  1718,  when  it  was  raided  by  the  Indians 
and  burned.  (See  La  Salle;  Tonty;  Hennepin, 
and  Starved  Sock.) 

Other  explorers  who  were  the  contemporaries 
or  early  successors  of  Harquette,  Joliet,  La  Salle, 
Tonty,  Hennepin  and  their  companions  in  the 
Northwest,  and  many  of  whom  are  known  to  have 
visited  the  "Illinois  Country,"  and  probably  all 
of  whom  did  so,  were  Daniel  Qreysolon  du  Lhut 
(called  by  La  Salle,  du  Luth),  a  cousin  of  Tonty, 
who  was  the  first  to  reach  the  Mississippi  directly 
t  from  Lake  Superior,  and  from  whom  the  city  of 
Duluth  has  been  named ;  Henry  Joutel,  a  towns- 
man of  La  Salle,  who  was  one  of  the  survivors  of 
the  ill-fated  Matagorda  Bay  colony;  Pierre  Le 
Sueur,  the  discoverer  of  the  Minnesota  River, 
and  Baron  la  Hontan,  who  made  a  tour  through 
Illinois  in  1688-89,  of  which  he  published  an 
account  in  1708. 

Chicago  River  early  became  a  prominent  point 
in  the  estimation  of  the  French  explorers  and 
was  a  favorite  line  of  travel  in  reaching  the  Illi- 
nois by  way  of  the  Des  Plaines,  though  probably 
sometimes  confounded  with  other  streams  about 
the  head  of  the  lake.  The  Calumet  and  Grand 
Calumet,  allowing  easy  portage  to  the  Des  Plaines, 
were  also  used,  while  the  St.  Joseph,  from  which 
portage  was  had  into  the  Kankakee.  seems  to 
have  been  a  part  of  the  route  first  used  by  La 
Salle. 

ABORIGINES  AND  EARLY  MISSIONS. — When  the 
early  French  explorers  arrived  in  the  "Illinois 
Country"  they  found  it  occupied  by  a  number  of 
tribes  of  Indians,  the  most  numerous  being  the 
"Illinois,"  which  consisted  of  several  families  or 
bands  that  spread  themselves  over  the  country  on 
both  sides  of  the  Illinois  River,  extending  even 
west  of  the  Mississippi :  the  Piankeshaws  on  the 
east,  extending  beyond  the  present  western 
boundary  of  Indiana,  and  the  Miamis  in  the 
northeast,  with  whom  a  weaker  tribe  called  the 
Weas  were  allied.  The  Illinois  confederation 
included  the  Kaskaskias,  Peorias,  Cahokias, 
Tamaroas  and  Mitchigamies — the  last  being  the 
tribe  from  which  Lake  Michigan  took  its  name. 
(See  Illinois  Indians. )  There  seems  to  have  been 


a  general  drift  of  some  of  the  stronger  tribes 
toward  the  south  and  east  about  this  time,  as 
Allouez  represents  that  he  found  the  Miamis  and 
their  neighbors,  the  Mascout ins.  about  Green  Bay 
when  he  arrived  there  in  1670.  At  the  same 
time,  there  is  evidence  that  the  Pottawatomies 
were  located  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  and  about  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  (now 
known  as  "The  Soo"),  though  within  the  next 
fifty  years  they  had  advanced  southward  along 
the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  until  they 
reached  where  Chicago  now  stands.  Other  tribes 
from  the  north  were  the  Kickapoos,  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  and  Winnebagoes,  while  the  Shawnees 
were  a  branch  of  a  stronger  tribe  from  the  south- 
east Charlevoix.  who  wrote  an  account  of  his 
visit  to  the  "Illinois  Country"  in  1721,  says: 
"Fifty  years  ago  the  Miamis  were  settled  on  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan,  in  a  place 
called  Chicago  from  the  name  of  a  small  river 
which  runs  into  the  lake,  the  source  of  which  is 
not  far  distant  from  that  of  the  River  Illinois." 
It  does  not  follow  necessarily  that  this  was  the 
Chicago  River  of  to-day,  as  the  name  appears  to 
have  been  applied  somewhat  indefinitely,  by  the 
early  explorers,  both  to  a  region  of  country 
between  the  bead  of  the  lake  and  the  Illinois 
River,  and  to  more  than  one  stream  emptying 
into  the  lake  in  that  vicinity.  It  has  been  con- 
jectured that  the  river  meant  by  Charlevoix 
was  the  Calumet,  as  his  description  would  apply 
as  well  to  that  as  to  the  Chicago,  and  there  is 
other  evidence  that  the  Miamis,  who  were  found 
about  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  occupied  a  portion  of 
Southern  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana,  ex- 
tending as  far  east  as  the  Scioto  River  in  Ohio. 

From  the  first,  the  Illinois  seem  to  have  con- 
ceived a  strong  liking  for  the  French,  and  being 
pressed  by  the  Iroquois  on  the  east,  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  Pottawatomies  and  Kickapoos  on  the 
north  and  the  Sioux  on  the  west,  by  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century  we  find  them, 
much  reduced  in  numbers,  gathered  about  the 
French  settlements  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia  (or  Okaw)  River,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  present  counties  of  Randolph,  Monroe  and  St 
Clair  In  spite  of  the  zealous  efforts  of  the  mis- 
sionaries, the  contact  of  these  tribes  with  the 
whites  was  attended  with  the  usual  results — 
demoralization,  degradation  and  gradual  extermi- 
nation. The  latter  result  was  hastened  by  the 
frequent  attacks  to  which  they  were  exposed 
from  their  more  warlike  enemies,  so  that  by  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  they  were 


HUM    1)1  AKIIOUN  •_'!,),  IN   I*.V!.   KKuM  TIIK  SOrTIIU  I.ST. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


•,'47 


days  of  its  greatest  prosperity,  was  not  less  than 
20,000.  Tonty  retained  his  headquarters  at  Fort 
St.  Louis  for  eighteen  years,  during  which  he 
made  extensive  excursions  throughout  the  West 
The  proprietorship  of  the  fort  was  granted  to 
him  in  1690,  but,  in  1702,  it  was  ordered  by  the 
Governor  of  Canada  to  be  discontinued  on  the 
plea  that  the  charter  had  been  violated.  It  con- 
tinued to  be  used  as  a  trading  post,  however,  as 
late  as  1718,  when  it  was  raided  by  the  Indians 
and  burned.  (See  La  Sallr;  Tonty;  Htnnepin, 
and  Starved  Rock.) 

Other  explorers  who  were  the  contemporaries 
or  early  successors  of  Marquette,  Joliet,  La  Salle, 
Tonty,  Hennepin  and  their  companions  in  the 
Northwest,  and  many  of  whom  are  known  to  have 
visited  the  "Illinois  Country,"  and  probably  all 
of  whom  did  so,  wore  Daniel  Greysolon  du  I. hut 
(called  by  La  Salle.  du  Luth),  a  cousin  of  Tonty, 
who  was  the  first  to  reach  the  Mississippi  directly 
from  Lake  Su|»rior,  and  from  whom  the  city  of 
Duluth  has  been  named ;  Henry  Joutel,  a  towns- 
man of  La  Salle,  who  was  one  of  the  survivors  of 
the  ill-fated  Matagorda  Bay  colony;  Pierre  Le 
Sueur,  the  discoverer  of  the  Minnesota  River, 
and  Baron  la  Hontan,  who  made  a  tour  through 
Illinois  in  168H-89.  of  which  lie  published  an 
account  in  1703. 

Chicago  River  early  became  a  prominent  point 
in  the  estimation  of  the  French  explorers  and 
was  a  favorite  line  of  travel  in  reaching  the  Illi- 
nois by  way  of  the  Ues  Plaines,  though  probably 
sometimes  confounded  with  other  streams  about 
the  head  of  the  lake  The  Calumet  and  Grand 
Calumet,  allowing  easy  portage  to  the  Des  Plaines, 
were  also  used.  while  the  St  Joseph,  from  which 
portage  was  had  into  the  Kankakee.  serins  tit 
have  been  a  p:irt  (if  the  route  first  u-eil  by  I.a 
Salle. 

AliouiciiXES  AM>  KAKLV  MISSIONS —When  the 
early  French  explorers  arrived  in  the  "Illinois 
I'ountry"  they  foimil  it  occupied  by  a  numlter  of 
trilies  of  Indians,  the  must  numerous  lieingthe 
"Illinois,"  which  consisted  of  several  families  or 
hands  that  spread  themselves  over  the  country  on 
both  sides  of  the  Illinois  Hiver.  extending  even 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Piankeshaws  on  the 
east,  extending  heyoud  the  present  western 
txiundary  of  Indiana,  and  the  Miamis  in  the 
northeast,  with  whom  a  weaker  tribe  called  the 
\Veas  were  allied  The  Illinois  confederation 
included  the  Kaskaskias.  Peorias.  Cahokias. 
Tamaroas  and  MitcbigMntM — the  last  lieing  the 
tribe  from  which  Lake  Michigan  took  its  name 
iSee  Illinois  Iniliiinx  )  There  seems  to  have  been 


a  general  drift  of  some  of  the  stronger  tribes 
toward  the  south  and  east  about  this  time,  as 
A  Hone/,  represents  that  he  found  the  Miaiuis  and 
their  neighbors,  the  Mascoutins,  about  Green  Bay 
when  he  arrived  there  in  1070  At  the  same 
time,  there  is  evidence  that  the  Pottawatomies 
were  located  along  the  southern  shore  «>f  l-ik.- 
Superior  and  about  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  (now 
known  as  "The  Soo"),  though  within  the  next 
fifty  years  they  had  advanced  southward  along 
the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  until  they 
reached  where  Chicago  now  stands  Other  trilies 
from  the  north  were  the  Kickapoos,  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  and  \Vinnebagoes.  while  the  Sluiwnees 
were  a  branch  of  a  stronger  trilie  from  the  south- 
east Charlevoix.  who  wrote  an  account  of  hi- 
visit  to  the  "Illinois  Country"  in  1721.  says: 
"Fifty  years  ago  the  Miami.-  were  settled  on  the 
southern  extremity  of  I,ake  Michigan,  in  a  place 
called  Chicago  from  the  name  of  a  small  river 
which  runs  into  the  lake,  the  source  of  which  if) 
not  far  distant  from  that  of  the  River  Illinois  " 
It  does  not  follow  necessarily  that  this  was  the 
Chicago  River  of  to-day,  as  the  name  appeals  to 
have  lieen  applied  somewhat  indefinitely,  by  tlw> 
early  explorers,  both  to  a  region  of  country 
between  the  head  of  the  lake  and  the  Illinois 
River,  and  to  more  than  one  stream  emptying 
into  the  lake  in  that  vicinity  It  has  been  con 
jectured  that  the  river  meant  by  Charlevoix 
was  the  Calumet,  as  his  description  would  apply 
as  well  to  that  as  to  the  Chicago,  and  there  is 
other  evidence  that  the  Miainis.  who  were  found 
almut  the  mouth  of  the  St  Joseph  River  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  occupied  a  portion  of 
Southern  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana,  ex- 
tending as  far  east  as  the  Scioto  River  in  Ohio 

From  the  first    the  Illinois  seem  to  have  con 
•  eived  a  strong  liking  for  the  French,  and   living 
pressed  by  the  Iroquois  on  the  east,  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes.    Pottawatomies    and    Kickajioos    ou    the 
north  and  the  Sioux  on  the  west,  by  the  begin 
ning  of   the   eighteenth   century  we  find    them, 
much    reduced   in  numliers    gathered   about   the 
French  settlements  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kas 
kaskia  'orOkawl  River,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  present  counties  of  Randolph.  Mouroe  and  St 
Clair      In  spite  of  the  zealous  efforts  of  the  mis 
sionaries.    th< ntact   of  these  tribes   with    tin- 
whites   was   attended    with   the    usual   results 
demoralization,  degradation  and  gradual  extermi- 
nation     The  latter  result   was  hastened  by  the 
frequent    attacks  to   which    they    were  ex|«sed 
from  their  more  warlike  enemies,  so  that   by  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century    they  «ere 


248 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


reduced  to  a  few  hundred  dissolute  and  depraved 
survivors  of  a  once  vigorous  and  warlike  race. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  French  occupation, 
there  arose  a  chief  named  Chicagou  (from  whom 
the  city  of  Chicago  received  its  name)  who  ap- 
pears, like  Red  Jacket,  Tecumseh  and  Logan,  to 
have  been  a  man  of  unusual  intelligence  and 
vigor  of  character,  and  to  have  exercised  great 
influence  with  his  people.  In  1725  he  was  sent  to 
Paris,  where  he  received  the  attentions  due  to  a 
foreign  potentate,  and,  on  his  return,  was  given  a 
command  in  an  expedition  against  the  Chicka- 
saws,  who  had  been  making  incursions  from  the 
south. 

Such  was  the  general  distribution  of  the  Indians 
in  the  northern  and  central  portions  of  the  State, 
within  the  first  fifty  years  after  the  arrival  of  the 
French.  At  a  later  period  the  Kickapoos  ad- 
vanced farther  south  and  occupied  a  considerable 
share  of  the  central  portion  of  the  State,  and  even 
extended  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash.  The 
southern  part  was  roamed  over  by  bands  from 
beyond  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi,  including 
the  Cherokees  and  Chickasaws,  and  the  Arkansas 
tribes,  some  of  whom  were  very  powerful  and 
ranged  over  a  vast  extent  of  country. 

The  earliest  civilized  dwellings  in  Illinois,  after 
the  forts  erected  for  purposes  of  defense,  were 
undoubtedly  the  posts  of  the  fur-traders  and  the 
missionary  stations.  Fort  Miami,  the  first  mili- 
tary post,  established  by  La  Salle  in  the  winter 
of  1679-80,  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph 
River  within  the  boundaries  of  what  is  now  the 
State  of  Michigan.  Fort  Creve-Coeur,  partially 
erected  a  few  months  later  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Illinois  a  few  miles  below  where  the  city  of 
Peoria  now  stands,  was  never  occupied.  Mr. 
Charles  Ballance,  the  historian  of  Peoria,  locates 
this  fort  at  the  present  village  of  Wesley,  in 
Tazewell  County,  nearly  opposite  Lower  Peoria. 
Fort  St.  Louis,  built  by  Tonty  on  the  summit  of 
"Starved  Rock,"  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1682, 
was  the  second  erected  in  the  "Illinois  Country," 
but  the  first  occupied.  It  has  been  claimed  that 
Marquette  established  a  mission  among  the  Kas- 
kaskias,  opposite  "The  Rock,"  on  occasion  of  his 
first  visit,  in  September,  1673,  and  that  he  re- 
newed it  in  the  spring  of  1675,  when  he  visited 
it  for  the  last  time.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  mission 
was  more  than  a  season  of  preaching  to  the 
natives,  celebrating  mass,  administering  baptism, 
etc. ;  at  least  the  story  of  an  established  mission 
has  been  denied.  That  this  devoted  and  zealous 
propagandist  regarded  it  as  a  mission,  however, 
is  evident  from  his  own  journal.  He  gave  to  it 


the  name  of  the  "Mission  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception,"  and,  although  he  was  compelled  by 
failing  health  to  abandon  it  almost  immediately, 
it  is  claimed  that  it  was  renewed  in  1677  by 
Father  Allouez,  who  had  been  active  in  founding 
missions  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  that  it 
was  maintained  until  the  arrival  of  La  Salle  in 
1680.  The  hostility  of  La  Salle  to  the  Jesuits  led 
to  Allouez'  withdrawal,  but  he  subsequently 
returned  and  was  succeeded  in  1688  by  Father 
Gravier,  whose  labors  extended  from  Mackinaw 
to  Biloxi  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

There  is  evidence  that  a  mission  had  been 
established  among  the  Miamis  as  early  as  1698, 
under  the  name  "Chicago,"  as  it  is  mentioned  by 
St.  Cosme  in  the  report  of  his  visit  in  1699-1700. 
This,  for  the  reasons  already  given  showing  the 
indefinite  use  made  of  the  name  Chicago  as 
applied  to  streams  about  the  head  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, probably  referred  to  some  other  locality  in 
the  vicinity,  and  not  to  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Chicago.  Even  at  an  earlier  date  there 
appears,  from  a  statement  in  Tonty's  Memoirs,  to 
have  been  a  fort  at  Chicago — probably  about  the 
same  locality  as  the  mission.  Speaking  of  his 
return  from  Canada  to  the  "Illinois  Country"  in 
1685,  he  says:  "I  embarked  for  the  Illinois 
Oct.  30,  1685,  but  being  stopped  by  the  ice,  I 
was  obliged  to  leave  my  canoe  and  proceed  by 
land.  After  going  120  leagues,  I  arrived  at  Fort 
Chicagou,  where  M.  de  la  Durantaye  com- 
manded." 

According  to  the  best  authorities  it  was  during 
the  year  1700  that  a  mission  and  permanent  settle- 
ment was  established  by  Father  Jacques  Pinet 
among  the  Tamaroas  at  a  village  called  Cahokia 
(or  "Sainte  Famille  de  Caoquias"),  a  few  miles 
south  of  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  East  St. 
Louis.  This  was  the  first  permanent  settlement 
by  Europeans  in  Illinois,  as  that  at  Kaskaskia  on 
the  Illinois  was  broken  up  the  same  year. 

A  few  months  after  the  establishment  of  the 
mission  at  Cahokia  (which  received  the  name  of 
"St.  Sulpice"),  but  during  the  same  year,  the 
Kaskaskias,  having  abandoned  their  village  on 
the  upper  Illinois,  were  induced  to  settle  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  which  bears  their  name,  and 
the  mission  and  village  —  the  latter  afterward 
becoming  the  first  capital  of  the  Territory  and 
State  of  Illinois — came  into  being.  This  identity 
of  names  has  led  to  some  confusion  in  determin- 
ing the  date  and  place  of  the  first  permanent 
settlement  in  Illinois,  the  date  of  Marquette's 
first  arrival  at  Kaskaskia  on  the  Illinois  being 
given  by  some  authors  as  that  of  the  settlement 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


249 


at  Kaskaskia  on  the  Mississippi,  twenty-seven 
years  later. 

PERIOD  OF  FRENCH  OCCUPATION. --As  may  be 
readily  inferred  from  the  methods  of  French 
colonization,  the  first  permanent  settlements 
gathered  about  the  missions  at  Cahokia  and  Kas- 
kaskia, or  rather  were  parts  of  them.  At  later 
periods,  but  during  the  French  occupation  of  the 
country,  other  villages  were  established,  the 
most  important  being  St.  Philip  and  Prairie  du 
Rocher;  all  of  these  being  located  in  the  fertile 
valley  now  known  as  the  "American  Bottom," 
between  the  older  towns  of  Cahokia  and  Kaskas- 
kia. There  were  several  Indian  villages  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  French  settlements,  and  this 
became,  for  a  time,  the  most  populous  locality  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  center  of  an  active 
trade  carried  on  with  the  settlements  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  Large  quantities  of 
the  products  of  the  country,  such  as  flour,  bacon, 
pork,  tallow,  lumber,  lead,  peltries,  and  even 
wine,  were  transported  in  keel-boats  or  batteaus 
to  New  Orleans;  rice,  manufactured  tobacco, 
cotton  goods  and  such  other  fabrics  as  the  simple 
wants  of  the  people  required,  being  brought  back 
in  return.  These  boats  went  in  convoys  of  seven 
to  twelve  in  number  for  mutual  protection,  three 
months  being  required  to  make  a  trip,  of  which 
two  were  made  annually — one  in  the  spring  and 
the  other  in  the  autumn. 

The  French  possessions  in  North  America  went 
under  the  general  name  of '  'New  France, "  but  their 
boundaries  were  never  clearly  defined,  though  an 
attempt  was  made  to  do  so  through  Commission- 
ers who  met  at  Paris,  in  1752.  They  were  under- 
stood by  the  French  to  include  the  valley  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  with  Labrador  and  Nova  Scotia,  to 
the  northern  boundaries  of  the  British  colonies; 
the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes ;  and  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio 
westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  south  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  While  these  claims  were  con- 
tested by  England  on  the  east  and  Spain  on  the 
southwest,  they  comprehended  the  very  heart  of 
the  North  American  continent,  a  region  unsur- 
passed in  fertility  and  natural  resources  and 
now  the  home  of  more  than  half  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  American  Republic.  That 
the  French  should  have  reluctantly  yielded 
up  so  magnificent  a  domain  is  natural.  And 
yet  they  did  this  by  the  treaty  of  1763,  sur- 
rendering the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi 
(except  a  comparatively  small  district  near 
the  mouth  of  that  stream)  to  England,  and  the 
remainder  to  Spain — an  evidence  of  the  straits  to 


which  they  had  been  reduced  by  a  long  series  of 
devastating  wars.  (See  French  and  Indian 
Wars.) 

In  1712  Antoine  Crozat,  under  royal  letters- 
patent,  obtained  from  Louis  XIV.  of  France  a 
monopoly  of  the  commerce,  with  control  of  the 
country,  "from  the  edge  of  the  sea  (Gulf  of 
Mexico)  as  far  as  the  Illinois."  This  grant  hav- 
ing been  surrendered  a  few  years  later,  was  re- 
newed in  1717  to  the  "Company  of  the  West,"  of 
which  the  celebrated  John  Law  was  the  head, 
and  under  it  jurisdiction  was  exercised  over  the 
trade  of  Illinois.  On  September  27  of  the  same 
year  (1717),  the  "Illinois  Country,"  which  had 
been  a  dependency  of  Canada,  was  incorporated 
with  Louisiana  and  became  part  of  that  province. 
Law's  company  received  enlarged  powers  under 
the  name  of  the  "East  Indies  Company,"  and 
although  it  went  out  of  existence  in  1721  with 
the  opprobrious  title  of  the  "South  Sea  Bubble," 
leaving  in  its  wake  hundreds  of  ruined  private 
fortunes  in  France  and  England,  it  did  much  to 
stimulate  the  population  and  development  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  During  its  existence  (in  1718) 
New  Orleans  was  founded  and  Fort  Chartres 
erected,  being  named  after  the  Due  de  Chartres. 
son  of  the  Regent  of  France.  Pierre  Duque  Bois 
briant  was  the  first  commandant  of  Illinois  and 
superintended  the  erection  of  the  fort.  (See  Fort 
Chartres.) 

One  of  the  privileges  granted  to  Law's  com- 
pany was  the  importation  of  slaves;  and  under 
it,  in  1721,  Philip  F.  Renault  brought  to  the 
country  five  hundred  slaves,  besides  two  hundred 
artisans,  mechanics  and  laborers.  Two  years 
later  he  received  a  large  grant  of  land,  and 
founded  the  village  of  St.  Philip,  a  few  miles 
north  of  Fort  Chartres.  Thus  Illinois  became 
slave  territory  before  a  white  settlement  of  any 
sort  existed  in  what  afterward  became  the  slave 
State  of  Missouri. 

During  1721  the  country  under  control  of  the 
East  Indies  Company  was  divided  into  nine  civil 
and  military  districts,  each  presided  over  by  a 
commandant  and  a  judge,  with  a  superior  coun- 
cil at  New  Orleans.  Of  these,  Illinois,  the  largest 
and,  next  to  New  Orleans,  the  most  populous, 
was  the  seventh.  It  embraced  over  one-half  the 
present  State,  with  the  country  west  of  the  Mis- 
ssisippi,  between  the  Arkansas  and  the  43d  degree 
of  latitude,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  included 
the  present  States  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  Nebraska, 
Kansas  and  parts  of  Arkansas  and  Colorado.  In 
1732,  the  Indies  Company  surrendered  its  charter, 
and  Louisiana,  including  the  District  of  Illinois, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


was  afterward*  governed  by  officers  appointed 
directly  by  the  crown.  (See  French  Governor*.) 

As  early  aa  September,  1699,  an  attempt  was 
made  by  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  the  English 
Government,  under  command  of  Captains  Barr 
and  Clements,  to  take  possession  of  the  country 
about  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  on  the  ground 
of  prior  discovery;  but  they  found  the  French 
under  Bienville  already  in  possession  at  Bilozi, 
and  they  sailed  away  without  making  any  further 
effort  to  carry  the  scheme  into  effect.  Mean- 
while, in  the  early  part  of  the  next  century,  the 
English  were  successful  in  attaching  to  their 
interests  the  Iroquois,  who  were  the  deadly  foes 
of  the  French,  and  held  possession  of  Western 
New  York  and  the  region  around  the  headwaters 
of  the  Ohio  River,  extending  their  incursions 
against  the  Indian  allies  of  the  French  as  far  west 
as  Illinois  The  real  struggle  for  territory  be- 
tween the  English  and  French  began  with  the 
formation  of  the  Ohio  Land  Company  in  1748-49, 
and  the  grant  to  it  by  the  English  Government 
of  half  a  million  acres  of  land  along  the  Ohio 
River,  with  the  exclusive  right  of  trading  with 
the  Indian  tribes  in  that  region.  Out  of  this 
grew  the  establishment,  in  the  next  two  yean,  of 
trading  posts  and  forts  on  the  Miami  and  Mau  mew 
in  Western  Ohio,  followed  by  the  protracted 
French  and  Indian  War,  which  was  prosecuted 
with  varied  fortunes  until  the  final  defeat  of  the 
French  at  Quebec,  on  the  thirteenth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1759,  which  broke  their  power  on  the  Ameri- 
can continent.  Among  those  who  took  part  in 
this  struggle,  was  a  contingent  from  the  French 
garrison  of  Fort  Chartres.  Neyon  de  Villiers, 
commandant  of  the  fort,  was  one  of  these,  being 
the  only  survivor  of  seven  brothers  who  partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Canada.  Still  hopeful  of 
saving  Louisiana  and  Illinois,  he  departed  with 
a  few  followers  for  New  Orleans,  but  the  treaty 
of  Paris,  Feb.  10,  1763,  destroyed  all  hope,  for  by 
its  terms  Canada,  and  all  other  territory  east  of 
the  Mississippi  as  far  south  as  the  northern 
boundary  of  Florida,  was  surrendered  to  Great 
Britain,  while  the  remainder,  including  the  vast 
territory  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  was  given  up  to  Spain. 

Thus  the  "Illinois  Country"  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  British,  although  the  actual  transfer  of 
Fort  Chartres  and  the  country  dependent  upon  it 
did  not  take  place  until  Oct.  10,  1765,  when  its 
veteran  commandant,  St.  Ange — who  had  come 
from  Vincennes  to  assume  command  on  the 
retirement  of  Villiers,  and  who  held  it  faithfully 
for  the  conqueror  —  surrendered  it  to  Capt. 


Thomas  Stirling  as  the  representative  of  the  Eng- 
lish Government.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this 
was  the  last  place  on  the  North  American  con- 
tinent to  lower  the  French  flag. 

BRITISH  OCCUPATION. — The  delay  of  the  British 
in  taking  possession  of  the  "Illinois  Country," 
after  the  defeat  of  the -French  at  Quebec  and  the 
surrender  of  their  possessions  in  America  by  the 
treaty  of  1763,  was  due  to  its  isolated  position 
and  the  difficulty  of  reaching  it  with  sufficient 
force  to  establish  the  British  authority.  The 
first  attempt  was  made  in  the  spring  of  1764, 
when  Maj.  Arthur  Loftus,  starting  from  Pensa- 
cola,  attempted  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  with  a 
force  of  four  hundred  regulars,  but,  being  met 
by  a  superior  Indian  force,  was  compelled  to 
retreat.  In  August  of  the  same  year,  Capt. 
Thomas  Morris  was  dispatched  from  Western 
Pennsylvania  with  a  small  force  "to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  Illinois  Country."  This  expedition 
got  as  far  as  Fort  Miami  on  the  Maumee,  when  its 
progress  was  arrested,  and  its  commander  nar- 
rowly escaped  death.  The  next  attempt  was 
made  in  1765,  when  Maj.  George  Croghan,  a  Dep- 
uty Superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  whose  name 
has  been  made  historical  by  the  celebrated  speech 
of  the  Indian  Chief  Logan,  was  detailed  from 
Fort  Pitt,  to  visit  Illinois.  Croghan  being  detained, 
Lieut.  Alexander  Frazer,  who  was  to  accompany 
him,  proceeded  alone.  Frazer  reached  Kaskas- 
kia.  but  met  with  so  rough  a  reception  from 
both  the  French  and  Indiana  that  he  thought  it 
advisable  to  leave  in  disguise,  and  escaped  by 
descending  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans. 
Croghan  started  on  his  journey  on  the  fifteenth 
of  May,  proceeding  down  the  Ohio,  accompanied 
by  a  party  of  friendly  Indians,  but  having  been 
captured  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  he 
finally  returned  to  Detroit  without  reaching  his 
destination.  The  first  British  official  to  reach 
Fort  Chartres  was  Capt.  Thomas  Stirling.  De- 
scending the  Ohio  with  a  force  of  one  hundred 
men,  he  reached  Fort  Chartres,  Oct.  10,  1765,  and 
received  the  surrender  of  the  fort  from  the  faith- 
ful and  courteous  St.  Ange.  It  is  estimated  that 
at  least  one-third  of  the  French  citizens,  includ- 
ing the  more  wealthy,  left  rather  than  become 
British  subjects.  Those  about  Fort  Chartres  left 
almost  in  a  body.  Some  joined  the  French 
colonies  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  while  others, 
crossing  the  river,  settled  in  St.  Genevieve,  then 
in  Spanish  territory.  Much  the  larger  number 
followed  St.  Ange  to  St.  Louis,  which  had  been 
established  as  a  trading  post  by  Pierre  La  Clede, 
during  the  previous  year,  and  which  now  received 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


251 


what,  in  these  later  days,  would  be  called  a  great 
"boom." 

Captain  Stirling  was  relieved  of  bis  command 
at  Fort  Chartres,  Dec.  4,  by  Maj.  Robert  Farmer. 
Other  British  Commandants  at  Fort  Chartres 
were  Col.  Edward  Cole,  Col.  John  Reed,  Colonel 
Wilkins,  Capt.  Hugh  Lord  and  Francois  de  Ras- 
tel,  Chevalier  de  Rocheblave.  The  last  had  been 
an  officer  in  the  French  army,  and,  having  resided 
at  Kaskaskia.  transferred  his  allegiance  on  occu- 
pation of  the  country  by  the  British.  He  was  the 
last  official  representative  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment in  Illinois. 

The  total  population  of  the  French  villages  in 
Illinois,  at  the  time  of  their  transfer  to  England, 
has  been  estimated  at  about  1,600,  of  which  700 
were  about  Kaskaskia  and  450  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cahokia.  Captain  Pittman  estimated  the  popu- 
lation of  all  the  French  villages  in  Illinois  and  on 
the  Wabash,  at  the  time  of  his  visit  in  1770,  at 
about  2,000.  Of  St.  Louis — or  "Paincourt,"  as  it 
was  called— Captain  Pittman  said:  "There  are 
about  forty  private  houses  and  as  many  families. " 
Host  of  these,  if  not  all,  had  emigrated  from  the 
French  villages.  In  fact,  although  nominally  in 
Spanish  territory,  it  was  essentially  a  French 
town,  protected,  as  Pittman  said,  by  "a  French 
garrison"  consisting  of  "a  Captain-Commandant, 
two  Lieutenants,  a  Fort  Major,  one  Sergeant, 
one  Corporal  and  twenty  men." 

ACTION  OP  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS.— The  first 
official  notice  taken  of  the  "Illinois  Country"  by 
the  Continental  Congress,  was  the  adoption  by 
that  body,  July  13,  177S,  of  an  act  creating  three 
Indian  Departments — a  Northern,  Middle  and 
Southern.  Illinois  was  assigned  to  the  second, 
with  Benjamin  Franklin  and  James  Wilson,  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia, 
as  Commissioners.  In  April,  1776,  Col.  George 
Morgan,  who  had  been  a  trader  at  Kaskaskia,  was 
appointed  agent  and  successor  to  these  Commis- 
sioners, with  headquarters  at  Fort  Pitt.  The 
promulgation  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1776,  and  the  events  im- 
mediately preceding  and  following  that  event, 
directed  attention  to  the  colonies  on  the  Atlantic 
coast;  yet  the  frontiersmen  of  Virginia  were 
watching  an  opportunity  to  deliver  a  blow  to  the 
Government  of  King  George  in  a  quarter  where 
it  was  least  expected,  and  where  it  was  destined 
to  have  an  immense  influence  upon  the  future  of 
the  new  nation,  as  well  as  that  of  the  American 
continent. 

COL.  GEOROE  ROGERS  CLARK'S  EXPEDITION. 
— During  the  year  1777.  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark, 


a  native  of  Virginia,  then  scarcely  twenty-five 
years  of  age,  having  conceived  a  plan  of  seizing 
the  settlements  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  sent 
trusty  spies  to  learn  the  sentiments  of  the  people 
and  the  condition  of  affairs  at  Kaskaskia  The 
report  brought  to  him  gave  him  encouragement, 
and,  in  December  of  the  same  year,  he  laid  before 
Gov.  Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia,  his  plans  for 
the  reduction  of  the  posts  in  Illinois.  These  were 
approved,  and,  on  Jan.  2,  1778,  Clark  received 
authority  to  recruit  seven  companies  of  fifty  men 
each  for  three  months'  service,  and  Governor 
Henry  gave  him  $6,000  for  expenses.  Proceeding 
to  Fort  Pitt,  he  succeeded  in  recruiting  three 
companies,  who  were  directed  to  rendezvous  at 
Corn  Island,  opposite  the  present  city  of  Louis- 
ville. It  has  been  claimed  that,  in  order  to 
deceive  the  British  as  to  his  real  destination, 
Clark  authorized  the  announcement  that  the 
object  of  the  expedition  was  to  protect  the  settle- 
ments in  Kentucky  from  the  Indians.  At  Corn 
Island  another  company  was  organized,  making 
four  in  all,  under  the  command  of  Captains  Bow- 
man, Montgomery,  Helm  and  Harrod,  and  having 
embarked  on  keel-boats,  they  passed  the  Falls  of 
the  Ohio,  June  24.  Reaching  the  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tennessee  on  the  28th,  he  was  met 
by  a  party  of  eight  American  hunters,  who  had 
left  Kaskaskia  a  few  days  before,  and  who,  join- 
ing  his  command,  rendered  good  service  as 
guides.  He  disembarked  his  force  at  the  mouth 
of  a  small  creek  one  mile  above  Fort  Massac, 
June  28,  and,  directing  his  course  across  the 
country,  on  the  evening  of  the  sixth  day  (July  4, 
1778)  arrived  within  three  miles  of  ymV«^Vi% 
The  surprise  of  the  unsuspecting  citizens  of  Kas- 
kaskia and  its  small  garrison  was  complete.  His 
force  having,  under  cover  of  darkness,  been 
ferried  across  the  Kaskaskia  River,  about  a  mile 
above  the  town,  one  detachment  surrounded  the 
town,  while  the  other  seized  the  fort,  capturing 
Rocheblave  and  his  little  command  without  fir- 
ing a  gun.  The  famous  Indian  fighter  and 
hunter,  Simon  Kenton,  led  the  way  to  the  fort. 
This  is  supposed  to  have  been  what  Captain  Pitt- 
man called  the  "Jesuits'  house,"  which  had  been 
sold  by  the  French  Government  after  the  country 
was  ceded  to  England,  the  Jesuit  order  having 
been  suppressed.  A  wooden  fort,  erected  in  1786, 
and  known  afterward  by  the  British  as  Fort 
Gage,  had  stood  on  the  bluff  opposite  the  town, 
but,  according  to  Pittman,  this  was  burnt  in  1766, 
and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  ever  rebuilt. 
Clark's  expedition  was  thus  far  a  complete  suc- 
cess. Rocheblave,  proving  recalcitrant,  was 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


placed  in  irons  and  sent  as  a  prisoner  of  war  to 
Williaiasburg,  while  his  slaves  were  confiscated, 
the  exceeds  of  their  sale  being  divided  among 
Clot's  troops.  The  inhabitants  were  easily 
conciliated,  and  Cahokia  having  been  captured 
without  bloodshed,  Clark  turned  his  attention  to 
Vincennes.  Through  the  influence  of  Pierre 
Gibault — the  Vicar-General  in  charge  at  Kaskas- 
kia— the  people  of  Vincennes  were  induced  to 
swear  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  and, 
although  the  place  was  afterward  captured  by  a 
British  force  from  Detroit,  it  was,  on  Feb. 
24,  1779,  recaptured  by  Colonel  Clark,  together 
with  a  body  of  prisoners  but  little  smaller  than 
the  attacking  force,  and  $50,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty. (See  Clark,  Col.  George  Rogers.) 

UNDER  GOVERNMENT  OF  VIRGINIA. — Seldom 
in  the  history  of  the  world  have  such  important 
results  been  achieved  by  such  insignificant  instru- 
mentalities and  with  so  little  sacrifice  of  life,  as 
in  this  almost  bloodless  campaign  of  the  youthful 
conqueror  of  Illinois.  Having  been  won  largely 
through  Virginia  enterprise  and  valor  and  by 
material  aid  furnished  through  Governor  Henry, 
the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  in  October, 
1778,  proceeded  to  assert  the  jurisdiction  of  that 
commonwealth  over  the  settlements  of  the  North- 
west, by  organizing  all  the  country  west  and 
north  of  the  Ohio  River  into  a  county  to  be  called 
"Illinois,"  (see  Illinois  County),  and  empowering 
the  Governor  to  appoint  a '  'County-Lieutenant  or 
Commandant-in-Chief"  to  exercise  civil  author- 
ity during  the  pleasure  of  the  appointing  power. 
Thus  "Illinois  County"  was  older  than  the  States 
of  Ohio  or  Indiana,  while  Patrick  Henry,  the  elo- 
quent orator  of  the  Revolution,  became  ex-officio 
its  first  Governor.  Col.  John  Todd,  a  citizen  of 
Kentucky,  was  appointed  "County -Lieutenant, " 
Dec.  12,  1778,  entering  upon  his  duties  in 
Hay  following.  The  militia  was  organized, 
Deputy-Commandants  for  Kaskaskiaand  Cahokia 
appointed,  and  the  first  election  of  civil  officers 
ever  had  in  Illinois,  was  held  under  Colonel 
Todd's  direction.  His  record-book,  now  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  shows 
that  he  was  accustomed  to  exercise  powers 
scarcely  inferior  to  those  of  a  State  Executive. 
(See  Todd,  Col.  John.) 

In  1782  one  "Thimothe  Demunbrunt"  sub- 
scribed himself  as  "Lt.  comd'g  par  interim,  etc." 
— but  the  origin  of  his  authority  is  not  clearly 
understood.  He  assumed  to  act  as  Commandant 
until  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  first 
Territorial  Governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
in  1790.  After  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  courts 


ceased  to  be  held  and  civil  affairs  fell  into  great 
disorder.  "In  effect,  there  was  neither  law  nor 
order  in  the  'Illinois  Country'  for  the  seven 
years  from  1783  to  1790." 

During  the  progress  of  the  Revolution,  there 
were  the  usual  rumors  and  alarms  in  the  "Illinois 
Country"  peculiar  to  frontier  life  in  time  of  war. 
The  country,  however,  was  singularly  exempt 
from  any  serious  calamity  such  as  a  general 
massacre.  One  reason  for  this  was  the  friendly 
relations  which  had  existed  between  the  French 
and  their  Indian  neighbors  previous  to  the  con- 
quest, and  which  the  new  masters,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Kaskaskia,  took  pains  to  perpetuate. 
Several  movements  were  projected  by  the  British 
and  their  Indian  allies  about  Detroit  and  in  Can- 
ada, but  they  were  kept  so  busy  elsewhere  that 
they  had  little  time  to  put  their  plans  into  execu- 
tion. One  of  these  was  a  proposed  movement 
from  Pensacola  against  the  Spanish  posts  on  the 
lower  Mississippi,  to  punish  Spain  for  having 
engaged  in  the  war  of  1779,  but  the  promptness 
with  which  the  Spanish  Governor  of  New  Orleans 
proceeded  to  capture  Fort  Manchac,  Baton  Rouge 
and  Natchez  from  their  British  possessors,  con- 
vinced the  latter  that  this  was  a  "game  at  which 
two  could  play."  In  ignorance  of  these  results, 
an  expedition,  750  strong,  composed  largely  of 
Indians,  fitted  out  at  Mackinaw  under  command 
of  Capt.  Patrick  St.  Clair,  started  in  the  early 
part  of  May,  1780,  to  co-operate  with  the  expedition 
on  the  lower  Mississippi,  but  intending  to  deal  a 
destructive  blow  to  the  Illinois  villages  and  the 
Spanish  towns  of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Genevieve  on 
the  way.  This  expedition  reached  St.  Louis,  May 
26,  but  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  having  arrived 
at  Cahokia  with  a  small  force  twenty-four  hours 
earlier,  prepared  to  co-operate  with  the  Spaniards 
on  the  western  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
invading  force  confined  their  depredations  to  kill- 
ing seven  or  eight  villagers,  and  then  beat  a 
hasty  retreat  in  the  direction  they  had  come. 
These  were  the  last  expeditions  organized  to 
regain  the  "Country  of  the  Illinois"  or  capture 
Spanish  posts  on  the  Mississippi. 

EXPEDITIONS  AOAINST  FORT  ST.  JOSEPH. — An 
expedition  of  a  different  sort  is  worthy  of  mention 
in  this  connection,  as  it  originated  in  Illinois. 
This  consisted  of  a  company  of  seventeen  men, 
led  by  one  Thomas  Brady,  a  citizen  of  Cahokia. 
who,  marching  across  the  country,  in  the  month 
of  October,  1780,  after  the  retreat  of  Sinclair, 
from  St.  Louis,  succeeded  in  surprising  and  cap- 
turing Fort  St.  Joseph  about  where  La  Salle  had 
erected  Fort  Miami,  near  the  mouth  of  the  St 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


353 


Joseph  River,  a  hundred  years  before.  Brady 
and  his  party  captured  a  few  British  prisoners, 
and  a  large  quantity  of  goods.  On  their  return, 
while  encamped  on  the  Calumet,  they  were 
attacked  by  a  band  of  Pottawatomies.  and  all 
were  killed,  wounded  or  taken  prisoners  except 
Brady  and  two  others,  who  escaped.  Early  in 
January,  1781,  a  party  consisting  of  sixty -five 
whites,  organized  from  St.  Louis  and  Cahokia, 
with  some  200  Indians,  and  headed  by  Don 
Eugenio  Pourre,  a  Spaniard,  started  on  a  second 
expedition  against  Fort  St.  Joseph.  By  silencing 
the  Indians,  whom  they  met  on  their  way,  with 
promises  of  plunder,  they  were  able  to  reach  the 
fort  without  discovery,  captured  it  and,  raising 
the  Spanish  flag,  formally  took  possession  in  the 
name  of  the  King  of  Spain.  After  retaining  pos- 
session for  a  few  days,  the  party  returned  to  St. 
Louis,  but  in  negotiating  the  treaty  of  peace  at 
Paris,  in  1783,  this  incident  was  made  the  basis 
of  a  claim  put  forth  by  Spain  to  ownership  of 
the  "Illinois  Country"  "by  right  of  conquest." 

THE  TERRITORIAL  PERIOD. — At  the  very  outset 
of  its  existence,  the  new  Government  of  the 
United  States  was  confronted  with  an  embarrass- 
ing question  which  deeply  affected  the  interests 
of  the  territory  of  which  Illinois  formed  a  part. 
This  was  the  claim  of  certain  States  to  lands 
lying  between  their  western  boundaries  and  the 
Mississippi  River,  then  the  western  boundary  of 
the  Republic.  These  claims  were  based  either 
upon  the  terms  of  their  original  charters  or  upon 
the  cession  of  lands  by  the  Indians,  and  it  was 
under  a  claim  of  the  former  character,  as  well  as 
by  right  of  conquest,  that  Virginia  assumed  to  ex- 
ercise authority  over  the  "Illinois  Country"  after 
its  capture  by  the  Clark  expedition.  This  con- 
struction was  opposed  by  the  States  which,  from 
their  geographical  position  or  other  cause,  had 
no  claim  to  lands  beyond  their  own  boundaries, 
and  the  controversy  was  waged  with  considerable 
bitterness  for  several  years,  proving  a  formidable 
obstacle  to  the  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation. As  early  as  1779  the  subject  received 
the  attention  of  Congress  in  the  adoption  of  a 
resolution  requesting  the  States  having  such 
claims  to  "forbear  settling  or  issuing  warrants 
for  unappropriated  lands  or  granting  the  same 
during  the  continuance  of  the  present  (Revolu- 
tionary) W/r. "  In  the  following  year.  New  York 
authorized  her  Delegates  in  Congress  to  limit  its 
boundaries  in  such  manner  as  they  might  think 
expedient,  and  to  cede  to  the  Government  its 
claini  to  western  lands.  The  case  was  further  com  - 
plicated  by  the  claims  of  certain  land  companies 


which  had  been  previously  organized.  New  York 
filed  her  cession  to  the  General  Government  of 
lands  claimed  by  her  in  October,  1783,  followed 
by  Virginia  nearly  a  year  later,  and  by  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut  in  1785  and  1786.  Other 
States  followed  somewhat  tardily,  Georgia  being 
the  last,  in  1802.  The  only  claims  of  this  charac- 
ter affecting  lands  in  Illinois  were  those  of  Vir- 
ginia covering  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and 
Connecticut  and  Massachusetts  applying  to  the 
northern  portion.  It  was  from  the  splendid 
domain  north  and  west  of  the  Ohio  thus  acquired 
from  Virginia  and  other  States,  that  the  North- 
west Territory  was  finally  organized. 

ORDINANCE  OF  1787. — The  first  step  was  taken  in 
the  passage  by  Congress,  in  1784,  of  a  resolution 
providing  for  the  temporary  government  of  the 
Western  Territory,  and  this  was  followed  three 
years  later  by  the  enactment  of  the  celebrated 
Ordinance  of  1787.  While  this  latter  document 
contained  numerous  provisions  which  marked  a 
new  departure  in  the  science  of  free  government 
— as,  for  instance,  that  declaring  that  "religion, 
morality  and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good 
government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind, 
schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall  forever 
be  encouraged" — its  crowning  feature  was  the 
sixth  article,  as  follows:  "There  shall  be  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  said 
Territory,  otherwise  than  in  the  punishment  of 
crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly 
convicted." 

Although  there  has  been  considerable  contro- 
versy as  to  the  authorship  of  the  above  and  other 
provisions  of  this  immortal  document,  it  is 
worthy  of  note  that  substantially  the  same  lan- 
guage was  introduced  in  the  resolutions  of  1784. 
by  a  Delegate  from  a  slave  State — Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, of  Virginia— though  not.  at  that  time, 
adopted.  Jefferson  was  not  a  member  of  the 
Congress  of  1787  (being  then  Minister  to  France), 
and  could  have  had  nothing  directly  to  do  with 
the  later  Ordinance;  yet  it  is  evident  that  the 
principle  which  he  had  advocated  finally  received 
the  approval  of  eight  out  of  the  thirteen  States, — 
all  that  were  represented  in  that  Congress — includ- 
ing the  slave  States  of  Virginia,  Delaware,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  (See 
Ordinance  of  1787.) 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORY  ORGANIZED. — Under 
the  Ordinance  of  1787,  organizing  the  Northwest 
Territory,  Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  who  had  been  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution,  was  appointed  the 
first  Governor  on  Feb.  1,  1788,  with  Winthrop 
Sargent,  Secretary,  and  Samuel  Holden  Parsons. 


254 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


James  Mitchell  Varnum  and  John  Cteves 
Sy mines.  Judges.  All  these  were  reappointed  by 
President  Washington  in  1789.  The  new  Terri- 
torial Government  was  organized  at  Marietta,  a 
settlement  on  the  Ohio,  July  15,  1788,  but  it  was 
nearly  two  years  later  before  Governor  St.  Clair 
visited  Illinois,  arriving  at  Kaskaskia,  March  5, 
1790.  The  County  of  St.  Clair  (named  after  him) 
was  organized  at  this  time,  embracing  all  the 
settlements  between  the  Wabash  and  the  Missis- 
sippi. (See  St.  Clair  County.)  He  found  the 
inhabitants  generally  in  a  deplorable  condition, 
neglected  by  the  Government,  the  courts  of  jus- 
tice practically  abolished  and  many  of  the  citizens 
sadly  in  need  of  the  obligations  due  them  from 
the  Government  for  supplies  furnished  to  Colonel 
Clark  twelve  years  before.  After  a  stay  of  three 
months,  the  Governor  returned  east.  In  1795, 
Judge  Turner  held  the  flrst  court  in  St.  Clair 
County,  at  Cahokia,  as  the  county-seat,  although 
both  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  had  been  named  as 
county-seats  by  Governor  St.  Clair.  Out  of  the 
disposition  of  the  local  authorities  to  retain  the 
official  records  at  Cahokia,  and  consequent  dis- 
agreement over  the  county-seat  question,  at  least 
in  part,  grew  the  order  of  1795  organizing  the 
second  county  (Randolph),  and  Kaskaskia  became 
its  county-seat.  In  1796  Governor  St.  Clair  paid 
a  second  visit  to  Illinois,  accompanied  by  Judge 
Symmes,  who  held  court  at  both  county-seats. 
On  Nov.  4,  1791,  occurred  the  defeat  of  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair,  in  the  western  part  of  the  present 
State  of  Ohio,  by  a  force  of  Indians  under  com- 
mand of  Little  Turtle,  in  which  the  whites  sus- 
tained a  heavy  loss  of  both  men  and  property — 
an  event  which  had  an  unfavorable  effect  upon 
conditions  throughout  the  Northwest  Territory 
generally.  St.  Clair,  having  resigned  his  com- 
mand of  the  army,  was  succeeded  by  Gen. 
Anthony  Wayne,  who,  in  a  vigorous  campaign, 
overwhelmed  the  Indians  with  defeat.  This 
resulted  in  the  treaty  with  the  Western  tribes  at 
Greenville,  August  3.  1795,  which  was  the  begin- 
ning of  a  period  of  comparative  peace  with  the 
Indians  all  over  the  Western  Country.  (See 
Wayne,  (Gen.)  Anthony.) 

FIRST  TERRITORIAL  LEGISLATION.— In  1798,  the 
Territory  having  gained  the  requisite  population, 
an  election  of  members  of  a  Legislative  Council 
and  House  of  Representatives  was  held  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
This  was  the  first  Territorial  Legislature  organized 
in  the  history  of  the  Republic.  It  met  at  Cincin- 
nati, Feb.  4,  1799,  Shadrach  Bond  being  the 
Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County  and  John  Edgar 


from  Randolph.  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison, 
who  had  succeeded  Sargent  as  Secretary  of  the 
Territory,  June  26,  1798,  was  elected  Delegate  to 
Congress,  receiving  a  majority  of  one  vote  over 
Arthur  St.  Clair,  Jr.,  son  of  the  Governor. 

OHIO  AND  INDIANA  TERRITORIES. — By  act  of 
Congress,  May  7,  1800,  the  Northwest  Territory 
was  divided  into  Ohio  and  Indiana  Territories . 
the  latter  embracing  the  region  west  of  the  pres- 
ent State  of  Ohio,  and  having  its  capital  at  "Saint 
Vincent"  (Vincennes).  May  18,  William  Henry 
Harrison,  who  had  been  the  first  Delegate  in  Con- 
gress from  the  Northwest  Territory,  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  which  at 
first  consisted  of  three  counties :  Knoz,  St.  Clair 
and  Randolph — the  two  latter  being  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  present  State  of  Illinois.  Their 
aggregate  population  at  this  time  was  estimated 
at  less  than  5,000.  During  his  administration 
Governor  Harrison  concluded  thirteen  treaties 
with  the  Indians,  of  which  six  related  to  the  ces 
sion  of  lands  in  Illinois.  The  first  treaty  relating 
to  lands  in  Illinois  was  that  of  Greenville,  con- 
cluded by  General  Wayne  in  1795.  By  this  the 
Government  acquired  six  miles  square  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River ;  twelve  miles  square 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois ,  six  miles  square  at 
the  old  Peoria  fort ;  the  post  of  Fort  Massac ;  and 
150,000  acres  assigned  to  General  Clark  and  his 
soldiers,  besides  all  other  lands  "in  possession  of 
the  French  people  and  all  other  white  settlers 
among  them,  the  Indian  title  to  which  had  been 
thus  extinguished."  (See  Indian  Treaties;  also. 
OreenviOe,  Treaty  of. ) 

During  the  year  1803,  the  treaty  with  France 
for  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida 
was  concluded,  and  on  March  26,  1804,  an  act  was 
passed  by  Congress  attaching  all  that  portion  of 
Louisiana  lying  north  of  the  thirty-third  parallel 
of  latitude  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Indiana 
Territory  for  governmental  purposes.  This  in- 
cluded the  present  States  of  Arkansas,  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  the  two 
Dakotas  and  parts  of  Colorado,  Wyoming  and  Mon- 
tana. This  arrangement  continued  only  until 
the  following  March,  when  Louisiana  was  placed 
under  a  separate  Territorial  organization. 

For  four  years  Indiana  Territory  was  governed 
under  laws  framed  by  the  Governor  and  Judges, 
but,  the  population  having  increased  to  the  re- 
quired number,  an  election  was  held,  Sept. 
11,  1804,  on  the  proposition  to  advance  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  "second  grade"  by  the  election  of 
a  Territorial  Legislature.  The  smallness  of  the 
vote  indicated  the  indifference  of  the  people  on 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


•,'55 


the  subject  Out  of  400  votes  cast,  the  proposition 
received  a  majority  of  138.  The  two  Illinois 
counties  cast  a  total  of  142  votes,  of  which  St. 
Clair  furnished  81  and  Randolph  61.  The  former 
gave  a  majority  of  37  against  the  measure  and 
the  latter  19  in  its  favor,  showing  a  net  negative 
majority  of  18.  The  adoption  of  the  proposition 
was  due,  therefore,  to  the  affirmative  vote  in  the 
other  counties.  There  were  in  the  Territory  at 
this  time  six  counties ;  one  of  these  (Wayne)  was 
in  Michigan,  which  was  set  off,  in  1805,  as  a  sep- 
arate Territory.  At  the  election  of  Delegates  to 
a  Territorial  Legislature,  held  Jan.  3,  1805,  Shad- 
rach  Bond,  ST.,  and  William  Biggs  were  elected 
for  St.  Clair  County  and  George  Fisher  for  Ran- 
dolph. Bond  having  meanwhile  become  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislative  Council,  Shadrach  Bond, 
Jr.,  was  chosen  his  successor.  The  Legislature 
convened  at  Vincennes,  Feb.  7,  1805,  but  only 
to  recommend  a  list  of  persons  from  whom 
it  was  the  duty  of  Congress  to  select  a  Legislative 
Council.  In  addition  to  Bond,  Pierre  Menard 
was  chosen  for  Randolph  and  John  Hay  for  St. 
Clair. 

ILLINOIS  TERRITORY  ORGANIZED. — The  Illinois 
counties  were  represented  in  two  regular  and  one 
special  session  of  the  Territorial  Legislature  dur- 
ing the  time  they  were  a  part  of  Indiana  Terri- 
tory. By  act  of  Congress,  which  became  a  law 
Feb.  3,  1809,  the  Territory  was  divided,  the  west- 
ern part  being  named  Illinois. 

At  this  point  the  history  of  Illinois,  as  a  sepa- 
rate political  division,  begins.  While  its  bounda- 
ries in  all  other  directions  were  aa  now,  on  the 
north  it  extended  to  the  Canada  line.  From 
what  has  already  been  said,  it  appears  that  the 
earliest  white  settlements  were  established  by 
French  Canadians,  chiefly  at  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia 
and  the  other  villages  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
American  Bottom.  At  the  time  of  Clark's  in- 
vasion, there  were  not  known  to  have  been  more 
than  two  Americans  among  these  people,  except 
such  hunters  and  trappers  as  paid  them  occasional 
visits.  One  of  the  earliest  American  settlers  in 
Southern  Illinois  was  Capt.  Nathan  Hull,  who 
came  from  Massachusetts  and  settled  at  an  early 
day  on  the  Ohio,  near  where  Golconda  now 
stands,  afterward  removing  to  the  vicinity  of 
Kaskaskia,  where  he  died  in  1806.  In  1781,  a 
company  of  immigrants,  consisting  (with  one  or 
two  exceptions)  of  members  of  Clark's  command 
in  1778,  arrived  with  their  families  from  Mary- 
land and  Virginia  and  established  themselves  on 
the  American  Bottom.  The  "New  Design"  set- 
tlement, on  the  boundary  line  between  St.  Clair 


and  Monroe  Counties,  ami  the  lirst  distinctively 
American  colony  in  the  "Illinois  Country,"  was 
established  by  this  party.  Some  of  its  members 
afterward  became  prominent  in  the  history  of  the 
Territory  and  the  State.  William  Biggs,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Territorial  Legislature,  with 
others,  settled  in  or  near  Kaskaskia  about  1783, 
and  William  Arundel,  the  first  American  mer- 
chant at  Cahokia,  came  there  from  Peoria  during 
the  same  year.  Gen.  John  Edgar,  for  many  years 
a  leading  citizen  and  merchant  at  the  capital, 
arrived  at  Kaskaskia  in  1784,  and  William  Mor- 
rison, Kaskaskia's  principal  merchant,  came  from 
Philadelphia  as  early  as  1 790,  followed  some  years 
afterward  by  several  brothers.  James  Lemen 
came  before  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  was  the  founder  of  a  large  and  influ- 
ential family  in  the  vicinity  of  Shiloh,  St.  Clair 
County,  and  Rev.  David  Badgley  headed  a  colony 
of  154  from  Virginia,  who  arrived  in  1797. 
Among  other  prominent  arrivals  of  this  period 
were  John  Rice  Jones,  Pierre  Meuard  (first 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  State),  Shadrach 
Bond,  Jr.  (first  Governor),  John  Hay,  John 
Messinger,  William  Kinney,  Capt.  Joseph  Ogle; 
and  of  a  later  date,  Nathaniel  Pope  (afterward 
Secretary  of  the  Territory,  Delegate  to  Congress. 
Justice  of  the  United  States  Court  and  father  of 
the  late  Maj.-Gen.  John  Pope),  Elias  Kent  Kane 
(first  Secretary  of  State  and  afterward  United 
States  Senator),  Daniel  P.  Cook  (first  Attorney- 
General  and  second  Representative  in  Congress). 
George  Forquer  (at  onetime  Secretary  of  State). 
and  Dr.  George  Fisher — all  prominent  in  Terri- 
torial or  State  history.  (See  biographical 
sketches  of  these  early  settlers  under  their  re- 
spective names.) 

The  government  of  the  new  Territory  was 
organized  by  the  appointment  of  Ninian  Ed- 
wards, Governor;  Nathaniel  Pope,  Secretary, 
and  Alexander  Stuart,  Obadiah  Jones  and  Jesse 
B.  Thomas,  Territorial  Judges.  (See  Edwarde, 
Ninian.)  Stuart  having  been  transferred  to 
Missouri,  Stanley  Griswold  was  appointed  in 
his  stead.  Governor  Edwards  arrived  at  Kas- 
kaskia, the  capital,  in  June,  1809.  At  that 
time  the  two  counties  of  St.  Clair  and  Randolph 
comprised  the  settled  portion  of  the  Territory, 
with  a  white  population  estimated  at  about  9,000 
The  Governor  and  Judges  immediately  proceeded 
to  formulate  a  code  of  laws,  and  the  appoint- 
ments made  by  Secretary  Pope,  who  had  preceded 
the  Governor  in  his  arrival  in  the  Territory,  were 
confirmed.  Benjamin  H.  Doyle  was  the  first 
Attorney-General,  but  he  resigned  in  a  few 


256 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


months,  when  the  place  was  offered  to  John  J. 
Crittenden — the  well-known  United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Kentucky  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War — but  by  him  declined.  Thomas  T. 
Crittenden  was  then  appointed. 

An  incident  of  the  year  1811  was  the  battle  of 
Tippecanoe,  resulting  in  the  defeat  of  Tecumseh, 
the  great  chief  of  the  Shawnees,  by  Gen.  William 
Henry  Harrison.  Four  companies  of  mounted 
rangers  were  raised  in  Illinois  this  year  under 
direction  of  Col.  William  Russell,  of  Kentucky, 
who  built  Camp  Russell  near  Edwardsville  the 
following  year.  They  were  commanded  by  Cap- 
tains Samuel  Whiteside,  William  B.  Whiteside, 
James  B.  Moore  and  Jacob  Short.  The  memo- 
rable earthquake  which  had  its  center  about  New 
Madrid,  Mo.,  occurred  in  December  of  this 
year,  and  was  quite  violent  in  some  portions  of 
Southern  Illinois.  (See  Earthquake  of  IS  11.) 

WAR  OP  1812.— During  the  following  year  the 
second  war  with  England  began,  but  no  serious 
outbreak  occurred  in  Illinois  until  August,  1812, 
when  the  massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn,  where 
Chicago  now  stands,  took  place.  This  had  long 
been  a  favorite  trading  post  of  the  Indians,  at 
first  under  French  occupation  and  afterward 
under  the  Americans.  Sometime  during  1803-04, 
a  fort  had  been  built  near  the  mouth  of  Chicago 
River  on  the  south  side,  on  land  acquired  from  the 
Indians  by  the  treaty  of  Greenville  in  1795.  (See 
Fort  Dearborn.)  In  the  spring  of  1812  some 
alarm  had  been  caused  by  outrages  committed  by 
Indians  in  the  vicinity,  and  in  the  early  part  of 
August,  Capt.  Nathan  Heald,  commanding  the 
garrison  of  less  than  seventy -five  men,  received 
instructions  from  General  Hull,  in  command  at 
Detroit,  to  evacuate  the  fort,  disposing  of  the 
public  property  as  he  might  see  fit.  Friendjy 
Indians  advised  Heald  either  to  make  prepara- 
tions for  a  vigorous  defense,  or  evacuate  at  once. 
Instead  of  this,  he  notified  the  Indians  of  his  in- 
tention to  retire  and  divide  the  stores  among 
them,  with  the  conditions  subsequently  agreed 
upon  in  council,  that  his  garrison  should  be 
afforded  an  escort  and  safe  passage  to  Fort 
Wayne.  On  the  14th  of  August  he  proceeded  to 
distribute  the  bulk  of  the  goods  as  promised,  but 
the  ammunition,  guns  and  liquors  were  de- 
stroyed. This  he  justified  on  the  ground  that  a 
bad  use  would  be  made  of  them,  while  the 
Indians  construed  it  as  a  violation  of  the  agree- 
ment. The  tragedy  which  followed,  is  thus  de- 
scribed in  Moses'  "History  of  Illinois:" 

"Black  Partridge,  a  Pottawatomie  Chief,  who 
had  been  on  terms  of  friendship  with  the  whites, 


appeared   before   Captain   Heald  and  informed 
him  plainly  that    his  young  men  intended   to 
imbrue  their  hands  in  the  blood  of  the  whites; 
that  he  was  no  longer  able  to  restrain  them,  and, 
surrendering  a  medal  he  had  worn  in  token  of 
amity,   closed  by  saying:    'I  will   not  wear   a 
token  of  peace  while  I  am  compelled  to  act  as  an 
enemy. '    In  the  meantime  the  Indians  were  riot- 
ing upon  the  provisions,  and  becoming  so  aggres- 
sive in  their  bearing  that  it  was  resolved  to  march 
out  the  next  day.    The  fatal  fifteenth  arrived. 
To   each    soldier   was   distributed    twenty-five 
rounds  of  reserved  ammunition.     The    baggage 
and  ambulance  wagons  were  laden,  and  the  gar- 
rison slowly  wended  its  way  outside  the  protect- 
ing walls  of  the  fort — the  Indian  escort  of  500 
following  in  the  rear.     What  next  occurred  in 
this  disastrous  movement  is  narrated  by  Captain 
Heald  in  his  report,  as  follows:     'The  situation  of 
the  country  rendered  it  necessary  for  us  to  take 
the  beach,  with  the  lake  on  our  left,  and  a  high 
sand  bank  on  our  right  at  about  three  hundred 
yards  distance.     We  had  proceeded  about  a  mile 
and  a  half,  when  it  was  discovered  (by  Captain 
Wells)  that  the  Indians  were  prepared  to  attack 
us  from  behind  the  bank.    I  immediately  marched 
up  with  the  company  to  the  top  of  the  bank, 
when  the  action  commenced:  after  firing  one 
round,  we  charged,  and  the  Indians  gave  way  in 
front  and  joined  those  on  our  flanks.  In  about  fif- 
teen minutes  they  got  possession  of  all  pur  horses, 
provisions  and  baggage  of  every  description,  and 
finding  the  Miamis  (who  had  come  from  Fort 
Wayne  with  Captain  Wells  to  act  as  an  escort) 
did  not  assist  us,  I  drew  off  the  few  men  I  had 
left  and  took  possession  of  a  small  elevation  in 
the  open  prairie  out  of  shot  of  the  bank,  or  any 
other  cover.     The  Indians  did  not  follow  me  but 
assembled  in  a  body  on  top  of  the  bank,  and  after 
some  consultation  among  ttiemselves,  made  signs 
for  me  to  approach  them.     I  advanced  toward 
them  alone,  and  was  met  by  one  of  the  Potta- 
watomie chiefs  called  Black  Bird,  with  an  inter- 
preter.    After  shaking  hands,  he  requested  me  to 
surrender,  promising  to  spare  the  lives  of  all  the 
prisoners.     On  a  few  moments'  consideration  I 
concluded  it  would  be  most  prudent  to  comply 
with  this  request,  although  I  did  not  put  entire 
confidence  in  his  promise.     The  troops  had  made 
a  brave  defense,  but  what  could  so  small  a  force 
do  against  such  overwhelming  numbers?    It  was 
evident  with  over  half  their  number  dead  upon 
the  field,  or  wounded,  further  resistance  would 
be.  hopeless.     Twenty-six    regulars   and    twelve 
militia,  with  two  women  and  twelve  children, 
were    killed.     Among   the   slain  were   Captain 
Wells,    Dr.    Van    Voorhis    and    Ensign    George 
Ronan.     (Captain  Wells,  when  young,  had  been 
captured   by  Indians  and   had  married   among 
them.)    He  (Wells)  was   familiar  with  all  the 
wiles,  stratagems,  as  well  as  the  vindictiveness 
of  the  Indian  character,  and  when  the  conflict 
began,  he  said   to    his  niece  (Mrs.   Heald),  by 
whose  side  he  was  standing,  'We  have  not  the 
slightest  chance  for  life ;  we  must  part  to  meet 
no  more  in  this  world.     God  bless  you.'     With 
these  words  he  dashed  forward  into  the  thickest 
of  the  fight.     He  refused  to  be  taken  prisoner, 
knowing  what  his  fate  would  be,  when  a  young 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


257 


red-skin  cut  him  down  with  his  tomahawk, 
jumped  upon  his  body,  cut  out  his  heart  and  ate 
a  portion  of  it  with  saVage  delight. 

"The  prisoners  taken  were  Captain  Heald  and 
wife,  both  wounded,  Lieutenant  Helm,  also 
wounded,  and  wife,  with  twenty-fire  non-com- 
missioned officers  and  privates,  and  eleven  women 
and  children.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  was  fifteen 
killed,  Mr.  Kinzie's  family  had  been  entrusted 
to  the  care  of  some  friendly  Indians  and  were  not 
with  the  retiring  garrison.  The  Indians  engaged 
in  this  outrage  were  principally  Pottawatomies, 
with  a  few  Chippewas.  Ottawas,  Winnebagoes, 
and  Kickapoos.  Fort  Dearborn  was  plundered 
and  burned  on  the  next  morning."  (See  Fort 
Dearborn;  also  War  of  IS  12.) 

Thus  ended  the  most  bloody  tragedy  that  ever 
occurred  on  the  soil  of  Illinois  with  Americans  as 
victims.  The  place  where  this  affair  occurred, 
as  described  by  Captain  Heald,  was  on  the  lake 
shore  about  the  foot  of  Eighteenth  Street  in 
the  present  city  of  Chicago.  After  the  destruction 
of  the  fort,  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago 
remained  unoccupied  until  1816.  when  the  fort 
was  rebuilt.  At  that  time  the  bones  of  the  vic- 
tims of  the  massacre  of  1812  still  lay  bleaching 
upon  the  sands  near  the  lake  shore,  but  they 
were  gathered  up  a  few  years  later  and  buried. 
The  new  fort  continued  to  be  occupied  somewhat 
irregularly  until  1837,  when  it  was  finally  aban- 
doned, there  being  no  longer  any  reason  for 
maintaining  it  as  a  defense  against  the  Indians. 

OTHER  EVENTS  OP  THE  WAR.— The  part  played 
by  Illinois  in  the  War  of  1812,  consisted  chiefly 
in  looking  after  the  large  Indian  population 
within  and  near  its  borders.  Two  expeditions 
were  undertaken  to  Peoria  Lake  in  the  Fall  of 
1812;  the  first  of  these,  under  the  direction  of 
Governor  Edwards,  burned  two  Kickapoo  vil- 
lages, one  of  them  being  that  of  "Black  Part- 
ridge," who  had  befriended  the  whites  at  Fort 
Dearborn.  A  few  weeks  later  Capt.  Thomas  E. 
Craig,  at  the  head  of  a  company  of  militia,  made  a 
descent  upon  the  ancient  French  village  of  Peoria, 
mi  the  pretext  that  the  inhabitants  had  har- 
txired  hostile  Indians  and  fired  on  his  boats.  He 
burned  a  part  of  the  town  and,  taking  the  people 
as  prisoners  down  the  river,  put  them  ashore 
below  Alton,  in  the  beginning  of  winter.  Both 
these  affairs  were  severely  censured. 

There  were  expeditions  against  the  Indians  on 
the  Illinois  and  Upper  Mississippi  in  1813  and 
1814.  In  the  latter  year,  Illinois  troops  took  part 
with  credit  in  two  engagements  at  Rock  Island — 
the  last  of  these  being  in  co-operation  with  regu- 
lars, under  command  of  Maj.  Zachary  Taylor, 
afterwards  President,  against  a  force  of  Indians 
supported  by  the  British.  Fort  Clark  at  Peoria 


was  erected  in  1813.  and  Fort  Edwards  at  War- 
saw, opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  at 
the  close  of  the  campaign  of  1814.  A  council 
with  the  Indians,  conducted  by  Governors 
^Ed  wards  of  Illinois  and  Clarke  of  Missouri,  and 
/Auguste  Chouteau,  a  merchant  of  St.  Louis,  as 
Government  Commissioners,  on  the  Mississippi 
just  below  Alton,  in  July,  1815,  concluded  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  the  principal  Northwestern 
tribes,  thus  ending  the  war. 

FIBST  TERRITORIAL  LEGISLATURE.— By  act  of 
Congress,  adopted  May  21,  1812,  the  Territory  of 
Illinois  was  raised  to  the  second  grade— i.  e.,  em- 
powered to  elect  a  Territorial  Legislature.  In 
September,  three  additional  counties — Madison, 
Gallatin  and  Johnson — were  organized,  making 
five  in  all,  and,  in  October,  an  election  for  the 
choice  of  five  members  of  the  Council  and  seven 
Representatives  was  held,  resulting  as  follows: 
Councilmen — Pierre  Menard  of  Randolph  County ; 
William  Biggs  of  St.  Clair;  Samuel  Judy  of 
Madison;  Thomas  Ferguson  of  Johnson,  and 
Benjamin  Talbot  of  Gallatin.  Representatives — 
George  Fisher  of  Randolph ;  Joshua  Oglesby  and 
Jacob  Short  of  St.  Clair;  William  Jones  of  Madi- 
son; Philip  Trammel  and  Alexander  Wilson  of 
Gallatin,  and  John  Grammar  of  Johnson.  The 
Legislature  met  at  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  25,  the  Coun- 
cil organizing  with  Pierre  Menard  as  President 
and  John  Thomas,  Secretary;  and  the  House, 
with  George  Fisher  as  Speaker  and  William  C. 
Greenup,  Clerk.  Shadrach  Bond  was  elected  the 
first  Delegate  to  Congress. 

A  second  Legislature  was  elected  in  1814,  con- 
vening at  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  14.  Menard  was  con- 
tinued President  of  the  Council  during  the  whole 
Territorial  period;  while  George  Fisher  was 
Speaker  of  each  House,  except  the  Second.  The 
county  of  Edwards  was  organized  in  1814,  and 
White  in  1815.  Other*  counties  organized  under 
the  Territorial  Government  were  Jackson,  Mon- 
roe, Crawford  and  Pope  in  1816;  Bond  in  1817, 
and  Franklin,  Union  and  Washington  in  1818, 
making  fifteen  in  all.  Of  these  all  but  the 
three  last-named  were  organized  previous  to  the 
passage  by  Congress  of  the  enabling  act  author- 
izing the  Territory  of  Illinois  to  organize  a  State 
government.  In  1816  the  Bank  of  Illinois  was 
established  at  Shawneetown,  with  branches  at 
Edwardsville  and  Kaskaskia. 

EARLY  TOWNS.— Besides  the  French  villages  in 
the  American  Bottom,  there  is  said  to  have  been 
a  French  and  Indian  village  on  the  west  bank  of 
Peoria  Lake,  as  early  as  1711.  This  site  appears 
to  have  been  abandoned  about  1775  and  a  new 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


village  established  on  the  present  site  of  Peoria 
soon  after,  which  was  maintained  until  1812, 
when  it  was  broken  up  by  Captain  Craig.  Other 
early  towns  were  Shawneetown,  laid  out  in  1808 ; 
Belleville,  established  as  the  county-seat  of  St. 
Clair  County,  in  1814;  Edwardsville,  founded  in 
1815;  Upper  Alton,  in  1816,  and  Alton,  in  1818. 
Ciirnii,  Fairfield,  Waterloo,  Golconda,  Lawrence- 
ville,  Mount  Carmel  and  Vienna  also  belonged  to 
this  period;  while  Jacksonville,  Springfield  and 
Galena  were  settled  a  few  years  later.  Chicago 
is  mentioned  in  "Beck's  Gazetteer"  of  1823,  as  "a 
village  of  Pike  County." 

ADMISSION  AS  A  STATE.— The  preliminary  steps 
for  the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State,  were  taken 
in  the  passage  of  an  Enabling  Act  by  Congress, 
April  13,  1818.  An  important  incident  in  this 
connection  was  the  amendment  of  the  act,  mak- 
ing the  parallel  of  42°  30'  from  Lake  Michigan  to 
the  Mississippi  River  the  northern  boundary, 
instead  of  a  line  extending  from  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Lake.  This  was  obtained 
through  the  influence  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Pope, 
then  Delegate  from  Illinois,  and  by  it  the  State 
secured  a  strip  of  country  fifty-one  miles  in 
width,  from  the  Lake  to  the  Mississippi,  embrac- 
ing what  have  since  become  fourteen  of  the  most 
populous  counties  of  the  State,  including  the  city 
of  Chicago.  The  political,  material  and  moral 
results  which  hare  followed  this  important  act, 
have  been  the  subject  of  much  interesting  dis- 
cussion and  cannot  be  easily  over-estimated. 
(See  Northern  Boundary  Question;  also  Pope, 
Nathaniel. ) 

Another  measure  of  great  importance,  which  Mr. 
Pope  secured,  was  a  modification  of  the  provision 
of  the  Enabling  Act  requiring  the  appropriation  of 
five  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  pub- 
lic lands  within  the  State,  to  the  construction  of 
roads  and  canals.  The  amendment  which  he 
secured  authorizes  the  application  of  two-fifths 
of  this  fund  to  the  making  of  roads  leading  to  the 
State,  but  requires  "the  residue  to  be  appropri- 
ated by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  for  the 
encouragement  of  learning,  of  which  one-sixth 
part  shall  be  exclusively  bestowed  on  a  college  or 
university."  This  was  the  beginning  of  that 
system  of  liberal  encouragement  of  education  by 
the  General  Government,  which  has  been  at- 
tended with  such  beneficent  results  in  the  younger 
States,  and  has  reflected  so  much  honor  upon  the 
Nation.  (See  Education;  Railroads,  and  Illinois 
<t  Michigan  Canal.) 

Tho  Enabling  Act  required  as  a  precedent  con- 
dition that  a  census  of  the  Territory,  to  be  taken 


that  year,  should  show  a  population  of  40,000. 
Such  a  result  was  shown,  but  it  is  now  confessed 
that  the  number  was  greatly  exaggerated,  the 
true  population,  as  afterwards  given,  being  34,020. 
According  to  the  decennial  census  of  1820,  the 
population  of  the  State  at  that  time  was  55,162. 
If  there  was  any  short-coming  in  this  respect  in 
1818,  the  State  has  fully  compensated  for  it  by 
its  unexampled  growth  in  later  years. 

An  election  of  Delegates  to  a  Convention  to 
frame  a  State  Constitution  was  held  July  6  to  8, 
1818  (extending  through  three  days),  thirty-three 
Delegates  being  chosen  from  the  fifteen  counties 
of  the  State.  The  Convention  met  at  Kaskaskia. 
August  3,  and  organized  by  the  election  of  Jesse 
B.  Thomas,  President,  and  William  C.  Greenup, 
Secretary,  closing  its  labors,  August  26.  The 
Constitution,  which  was  modeled  largely  upon 
the  Constitutions  of  Kentucky,  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
was  not  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  (See 
Constitutional  Conventions,  especially  Conven- 
tion of  ISIS. )  Objection  was  made  to  its  accept- 
ance by  Congress  on  the  ground  that  the 
population  of  the  Territory  was  insufficient  and 
that  the  prohibition  of  slavery  was  not  as  ex- 
plicit as  required  by  the  Ordinance  of  1787 ;  but 
these  arguments  were  overcome  and  the  docu- 
ment accepted  by  a  vote  of  117  yeas  to  34  nays. 
The  only  officers  whose  election  was  provided  for 
by  popular  vote,  were  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  - 
Governor,  Sheriffs,  Coroners  and  County  Commis- 
sioners. The  Secretary  of  State,  State  Treasurer, 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  Public  Printer  and 
Supreme  and  Circuit  Judges  were  all  appointive 
either  by  the  Governor  or  General  Assembly. 
The  elective  franchise  was  granted  to  all  white 
male  inhabitants,  above  the  age  of  21  years,  who 
had  resided  in  t  lie  State  six  months. 

The  first  State  election  was  held  Sept.  17, 
1818,  resulting  in  the  choice  of  Shadrach  Bond 
for  Governor,  and  Pierre  Menard,  Lieutenant- 
Governor.  The  Legislature,  chosen  at  the  same 
time,  consisted  of  thirteen  Senators  and  twenty- 
seven  Representatives.  It  commenced  its  session 
at  Kaskaskia,  Oct.  5,  1818,  and  adjourned  after  .1 
.session  of  ten  days,  awaiting  the  formal  admis- 
sion of  the  State,  which  took  place  Dec.  3.  A 
second  session  of  the  same  Legislature  was  held, 
extending  from  Jan.  4  to  March  31,  1819. 
Risdon  Moore  was  Speaker  of  the  first  Housn. 
The  other  State  officers  elected  at  the  first  ses- 
sion were  Elijah  C.  Berry,  Auditor ;  John  Thomas. 
Treasurer,  and  Daniel  P.  Cook,  Attorney-General. 
Elias  Kent  Kane,  having  been  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  by  the  Governor,  was  confirmed  by 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


259 


the  Senate.  Ex-Governor  Edwards  and  Jesse  B. 
Thomas  were  elected  United  States  Senators,  the 
former  drawing  the  short  term  and  serving  one 
year,  when  he  was  re-elected.  Thomas  served 
two  terms,  retiring  in  1829.  The  first  Supreme 
Court  consisted  of  Joseph  Phillips,  Chief  Justice, 
with  Thomas  C.  Browne,  William  P.  Foster  and 
John  Reynolds,  Associate  Justices.  Foster,  who 
was  a  mere  adventurer  without  any  legal  knowl- 
edge, left  the  State  in  a  few  months  and  was 
succeeded  by  William  Wilson.  (See  State  Officers. 
United  States  Senators,  and  Judiciari/.) 

Menard,  who  served  as  Lieutenant-Governor 
four  years,  was  a  noteworthy  man.  A  native  of 
Canada  and  of  French  descent,  he  came  to  Kas- 
kaskia  in  1790,  at  the  age  of  24  years,  and 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was  hos- 
pitable, frank,  liberal  and  enterprising.  The  fol- 
lowing story  related  of  him  illustrates  a  pleas- 
ant feature  of  his  character :  "At  one  time  there 
was  a  scarcity  of  salt  in  the  country,  and  Menard 
held  the  only  supply  outside  of  St.  Louis.  A 
number  of  his  neighbors  called  upon  him  for 
what  they  wanted ;  he  declined  to  let  them  know 
whether  he  could  supply  them  or  not,  but  told 
them  to  come  to  his  store  on  a  certain  day,  when 
he  would  inform  them.  They  came  at  the  time 
appointed,  and  were  seated.  Menard  passed 
around  among  them  and  inquired  of  each,  'You 
got  money?'  Some  said  they  had  and  some  that 
they  had  not,  but  would  pay  as  soon  as  they 
killed  their  hogs.  Those  who  had  money  he 
directed  to  range  themselves  on  one  side  of  the 
room  and  those  who  had  none,  on  the  other.  Of 
course,  those  who  had  the  means  expected  to  get 
the  salt  and  the  others  looked  very  much  dis- 
tressed and  crestfallen.  Menard  then  spoke  up 
in  his  brusque  way,  and  said,  'You  men  who  got 
de  money,  can  go  to  St.  Louis  for  your  salt. 
Dese  poor  men  who  got  no  money  shall  have  my 
salt,  by  gar. '  Such  was  the  man — noble-hearted 
and  large-minded,  if  unpolished  and  uncouth." 
(See  Menard,  Pierre. ) 

REMOVAL  OP  THE  CAPITAL  TO  VANDALIA. — 
At  the  second  session  of  the  General  Assembly, 
five  Commissioners  were  appointed  to  select  a 
new  site  for  the  State  Capital.  What  is  now  the 
city  of  Vandalia  was  selected,  and.  in  December, 
1820,  the  entire  archives  of  the  State  were  re- 
moved to  the  new  capital,  being  transported  in 
one  small  wagon,  at  a  cost  of  $25.00,  under  the 
supervision  of  the  late  Sidney  Breese,  who  after- 
wards became  United  States  Senator  and  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  (See  State  Capitals. ) 

During   the    session    of   the   Second  General 


Assembly,  which  met  at  Vandalia.  Dec.  4, 
1820,  a  bill  was  passed  establishing  a  State  Bank 
at  Vandalia.  with  branches  at  Shawneetown. 
Edwardsville  and  Brownsville.  John  McLean, 
who  liad  been  the  first  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, was  Speaker  of  the  House  at  this  session. 
He  was  twice  elected  t<>  the  United  States  Senate, 
though  he  served  only  alwut  two  years,  dying  in 
1«JO.  (See  State  Bank. ) 

INTRODUCTION  OF  THE  SLAVERY  QUESTION. — 
The  second  State  election,  which  occurred  in 
August,  1822,  proved  the  beginning  of  a  turbu- 
lent period  through  the  introduction  of  some 
exciting  questions  into  State  politics.  There 
were  four  candidates  for  gubernatorial  honors  in 
the  field':  Chief-Justice  Phillips,  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  supported  by  the  friends  of  Governor 
Bond;  Associate-Justice  Browne,  of  the  same 
court,  supported  by  the  friends  of  Governor 
Edwards;  Gen.  James  B.  Moore,  a  noted  Indian 
fighter  and  the  candidate  of  the  "Old  Rangers." 
and  Edward  Coles.  The  latter  was  a  native  of 
Virginia,  who  had  served  as  private  secretary  of 
President  Monroe,  and  liad  been  employed  as  a 
special  messenger  to  Russia.  He  had  made  two 
visits  to  Illinois,  the  first  in  1815  and  the  second 
in  1818.  The  Convention  to  form  a  State  Constitu- 
tion being  in  session  at  the  date  of  the  latter 
visit,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  discussion  of 
the  slavery  question  and  exerted  his  influence  in 
securing  the  adoption  of  the  prohibitory  article 
in  the  organic  law.  On  April  1,  1819,  he  started 
from  his  home  in  Virginia  to  remove  to  Edwards- 
ville, III.,  taking  with  him  his  ten  slaves.  The 
journey  from  Brownsville.  Pa.,  was  made  in 
two  flat-boats  to  a  point  below  Louisville,  where 
he  disembarked,  traveling  by  land  to  Edwards- 
ville. While  descending  the  Ohio  River  he  sur- 
prised his  slaves  by  announcing  that  they  were 
free.  The  scene,  as  described  by  himself,  was 
most  dramatic.  Having  declined  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  privilege  of  leaving  him.  he  took 
them  with  him  to  his  destination,  where  he 
eventually  gave  each  head  of  a  family  160  acres 
of  land.  Arrived  at  Edwardsville,  he  assumed 
the  position  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  to 
which  he  had  been  appointed  by  President  Mon- 
roe, before  leaving  Virginia 

The  act  of  Coles  with  reference  to  his  slaves 
established  his  reputation  as  an  opponent  of 
slavery,  and  it  was  in  this  attitude  that  he  stood 
as  a  candidate  for  Governor — both  Phillips  and 
Browne  being  friendly  to  "the  institution,'' 
which  had  had  a  virtual  existence  in  the  "Illinois 
Country"  from  the  time  Renault  brought  500 


260 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


.slaves  to  the  vicinity  of  Kaskaskia,  one  hun- 
dred years  before.  Although  the  Constitution 
declared  that  "neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
servitude  shall  hereafter  be  introduced  into  the 
State,"  this  had  not  been  effectual  in  eliminating 
it.  In  fact,  while  this  language  was  construed, 
so  long  as  it  remained  in  the  Constitution,  as 
prohibiting  legislation  authorizing  the  admission 
of  slaves  from  without,  it  was  not  regarded  as 
inimical  to  the  institution  as  it  already  existed ; 
and,  as  the  population  came  largely  from  the 
slave  States,  there  had  been  a  rapidly  growing 
sentiment  in  favor  of  removing  the  inhibitory 
clause.  Although  the  pro-slavery  party  was 
divided  between  two  candidates  for  Governor, 
it  had  hardly  contemplated  the  possibility  of 
defeat,  and  it  was  consequently  a  surprise  when 
the  returns  showed  that  Coles  was  elected,  receiv- 
ing 2,854  votes  to  2,687  for  Phillips,  2,443  for 
Browne  and  622  for  Moore  —  Coles'  plurality 
being  167  in  a  total  of  8,606.  Coles  thus  became 
Oovernor  on  less  than  one-third  of  the  popular 
vote.  Daniel  P.  Cook,  who  had  made  the  race 
for  Congress  at  the  same  election  against 
McLean,  as  an  avowed  opponent  of  slavery,  was 
successful  by  a  majority  of  878.  (See  Coles, 
Edward;  also  Coofc,  Daniel  Pope. ) 

The  real  struggle  was  now  to  occur  in  the  Legis- 
lature, which  met  Dec.  2,  1882.  The  House 
organized  with  William  M.  Alexander  as  Speaker, 
while  the  Senate  elected  Thomas  Lippincott 
(afterwards  a  prominent  Presbyterian  minister 
and  the  father  of  the  late  Gen.  Charles  E.  Lippin- 
cott), Secretary,  and  Henry  S.  Dodge,  Enrolling 
and  Engrossing  Clerk.  The  other  State  officers 
appointed  by  the  Governor,  or  elected  by  the 
Legislature,  were  Samuel  D.  Lookwood,  Secretary 
of  State;  Elijah  C.  Berry,  Auditor;  Abner  Field, 
Treasurer,  and  James  Turney,  Attorney -General. 
Lock  wood  had  served  nearly  two  years  previously 
as  Attorney-General,  but  remained  in  the  office 
of  Secretary  of  State  only  three  months,  when  he 
resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  Receiver  for 
the  Land  Office.  (See  Lockwood,  Samuel  Drake. ) 

The  slavery  question  came  up  in  the  Legisla- 
ture on  the  reference  to  a  special  committee  of  a 
portion  of  the  Governor's  message,  calling  atten- 
tion to  the  continued  existence  of  slavery  in  spite 
of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  and  recommending  that 
steps  be  taken  for  its  extinction.  Majority  and 
minority  reports  were  submitted,  the  former 
claiming  the  right  of  the  State  to  amend  its  Con- 
stitution and  thereby  make  such  disposition  of 
the  slaves  as  it  saw  proper.  Out  of  this  grew  a 
resolution  submitting  to  the  electors  at  the  next 


election  a  proposition  for  a  convention  to  revise 
the  Constitution.  This  passed  the  Senate  by  the 
necessary  two-thirds  vote,  and,  having  come  up 
in  the  House  (Feb.  11,  1823),  it  failed  by  a  single 
vote — Nicholas  Hansen,  a  Representative  from 
Pike  County,  whose  seat  had  been  unsuccessfully 
contested  by  John  Shaw  at  the  beginning  of  the 
session,  being  one  of  those  voting  in  the  negative. 
The  next  day,  without  further  investigation,  the 
majority  proceeded  to  reconsider  its  action  in 
seating  Hansen  two  and  a  half  months  previ- 
ously, and  Shaw  was  seated  in  his  place;  though, 
in  order  to  do  this,  some  crooked  work  was  nec- 
essary to  evade  the  rules.  Shaw  being  seated, 
the  submission  resolution  was  then  passed.  No 
more  exciting  campaign  was  ever  had  in  Illinois. 
Of  five  papers  then  published  in  the  State,  "The 
Edwardsville  Spectator,"  edited  by  Hooper 
Warren,  opposed  the  measure,  being  finally  rein- 
forced by  "The  Illinois  Intelligencer,"  which  had 
been  removed  to  Vandalia;  "The  Illinois  Gaz- 
ette," at  Shawneetown,  published  articles  on 
both  sides  of  the  question,  though  rather  favoring 
the  anti-slavery  cause,  while  "The  Republican 
Advocate,"  at  Kaskaskia,  the  organ  of  Senator 
Elias  Kent  Kane,  and  "The  Republican,"  at 
Edwardsville,  under  direction  of  Judge  Theophi- 
1ns  W.  Smith,  Emanuel  J.  West  and  Judge 
Samuel  McRoberts  (afterwards  United  States 
Senator),  favored  the  Convention.  The  latter 
paper  was  established  for  the  especial  purpose  of 
supporting  the  Convention  scheme  and  was 
promptly  discontinued  on  the  defeat  of  the  meas- 
ure. (See  Newspapers,  Early.)  Among  other 
supporters  of  the  Convention  proposition  were 
Senator  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  John  McLean,  Richard 
M.  Young,  Judges  Phillips,  Browne  and  Reynolds, 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  many  more;  while 
among  the  leading  champions  of  the  opposition, 
were  Judge  Lockwood,  George  Forquer  (after- 
ward Secretary  of  State),  Morris  Birkbeck,  George 
Churchill,  Thomas  Mather  and  Rev.  Thomas  Lip- 
pincott. Daniel  P.  Cook,  then  Representative  in 
Congress,  was  the  leading  champion  of  freedom 
on  the  stump,  while  Governor  Coles  contributed 
the  salary  of  his  entire  term  ($4,000),  as  well  as 
his  influence,  to  the  support  of  the  cause.  Gov- 
ernor Edwards  (then  in  the  Senate)  was  the  owner 
of  slaves  and  occupied  a  non-committal  position. 
The  election  was  held  August  2,  1834,  resulting  in 
4,972  votes  for  a  Convention,  to  6,640  against  it, 
defeating  the  proposition  by  a  majority  of  1,668. 
Considering  the  size  of  the  aggregate  vote 
(11,612),  the  result  was  a  decisive  one.  By  it 
Illinois  escaped  the  greatest  danger  it  ever  en- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


261 


countered  previous  to  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 
(See  Slavery  and  Slave  Laws.) 

At  the  same  election  Cook  was  re-elected  to 
Congress  by  3,016  majority  over  Shadrach  Bond. 
The  vote  for  President  was  divided  between  John 
Quincy  Adams,  Andrew  Jackson,  Henry  Clay 
and  William  H.  Crawford — Adams  receiving  a 
plurality,  but  much  below  a  majority.  The  Elect- 
oral College  failing  to  elect  a  President,  the 
decision  of  the  question  passed  into  the  hands  of 
the  Congressional  House  of  Representatives, 
when  Adams  was  elected,  receiving  the  vote  of 
Illinois  through  its  only  Representative,  Mr.  Cook. 

During  the  remainder  of  his  term,  Governor 
Coles  was  made  the  victim  of  much  vexatious 
litigation  at  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  a  verdict 
being  rendered  against  him  in  the  sum  of  $2,000 
for  bringing  his  emancipated  negroes  into  the 
State,  in  violation  of  the  law  of  1819.  The  Legis 
lature  having  passed  an  act  releasing  him  from 
the  penalty,  it  was  declared  unconstitutional  by 
a  malicious  Circuit  Judge,  though  his  decision 
was  promptly  reversed  by  the  Supreme  Court. 
Having  lived  a  few  years  on  his  farm  near 
Edwardsville,  in  1832  he  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  his 
death  occurring  there,  July  7,  1868.  In  the  face 
of  opprobrium  and  defamation,  and  sometimes  in 
danger  of  mob  violence,  Governor  Coles  per- 
formed a  service  to  the  State  which  has  scarcely 
yet  been  fully  recognized.  (See  Coles,  Edward. ) 

A  ridiculous  incident  of  the  closing  year  of 
Coles'  administration  was  the  attempt  of  Lieut 
Gov.  Frederick  Adolphus  Hubbard,  after  having 
tasted  the  sweets  of  executive  power  during  the 
Governor's  temporary  absence  from  the  State,  to 
usurp  the  position  after  the  Governor's  return. 
The  ambitious  aspirations  of  the  would-be  usurper 
were  suppressed  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

An  interesting  event  of  the  year  1825,  was  the 
visit  of  General  La  Fayette  to  Kaskaskia.  He 
was  welcomed  in  an  address  by  Governor  Coles, 
and  the  event  was  made  the  occasion  of  much 
festivity  by  the  French  citizens  of  the  ancient 
capital  (See  La  Fayette,  Visit  of.) 

The  first  State  House  at  Vandalia  having  been 
destroyed  by  fire,  Dec.  9,  1823,  a  new  one  was 
erected  during  the  following  year  at  a  cost  of 
$12,381.50,  toward  which  the  people  of  Vandalia 
contributed  $5,000. 

EDWARDS'  ADMINISTRATION.— The  State  elec- 
tion of  1826  resulted  in  again  calling  Ninian 
Edwards  to  the  gubernatorial  chair,  which  he 
had  filled  during  nearly  the  whole  of  the  exist 
•nee  of  Illinois  as  a  Territory.  Elected  one  of  the 


first  United  States  Senators,  and  re-elected  for  a 
second  term  in  1819,  he  had  resigned  this  office  in 
1824  to  accept  the  position  of  Minister  to  Mexico, 
by  appointment  of  President  Monroe.  Having 
become  involved  in  a  controversy  with  William 
H.  Crawford,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  he 
resigned  the  Mexican  mission,  and,  after  a  period 
of  retirement  to  private  life  for  the  first  time 
after  he  came  to  Illinois,  he  appealed  to  the 
people  of  the  State  for  endorsement,  with  the 
result  stated.  His  administration  was  unevent- 
ful except  for  the  "Winnebago  War,"  which 
caused  considerable  commotion  on  the  frontier, 
without  resulting  in  much  bloodshed.  Governor 
Edwards  was  a  fine  specimen  of  the  "old  school 
gentleman"  of  that  period — dignified  and  polished 
in  his  manners,  courtly  and  precise  in  his  address, 
proud  and  ambitious,  with  a  tendency  to  the 
despotic  in  his  bearing  in  consequence  of  having 
been  reared  in  a  slave  State  and  his  long  connec- 
tion with  the  executive  office.  His  early  educa- 
tion had  been  under  the  direction  of  the 
celebrated  William  Wirt,  between  whom  and 
himself  a  close  friendship  existed.  He  was 
wealthy  for  the  time,  being  an  extensive  land 
owner  as  well  as  slave-holder  and  the  proprietor  of 
stores  and  mills,  which  were  managed  by  agents, 
but  he  lost  heavily  by  bad  debts.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  close  friend  of  Hooper  Warren,  the 
pioneer  printer,  furnishing  the  material  with 
which  the  latter  published  his  papers  at  Spring 
field  and  Galena.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
of  office  near  the  close  of  1830,  he  retired  to  his 
home  at  Belleville,  where,  after  making  an  un- 
successful campaign  for  Congress  in  1832,  in 
which  he  was  defeated  by  Charles  Slade,  he 
died  of  cholera.  July  20,  1833.  (See  Kdwarrt*. 
Ninian. ) 

William  Kinney,  of  Belleville,  who  was  a  can- 
didate for  Lieutenant-Govemor  on  the  ticket 
opposed  to  Edwards,  was  elected  over  Samuel  M 
Thompson.  In  1830,  Kinney  became  a  candidate 
for  Governor  but  was  defeated  by  John  Reynolds, 
known  as  the  "Old  Ranger."  One  of  the  argu- 
ments used  against  Kinney  in  this  campaign  was 
that,  in  the  Legislature  of  1823,  he  was  one  of 
three  members  who  voted  against  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  on  the  ground  that  "it  (the 
canal)  would  make  an  opening  for  the  Yankees 
to  come  to  the  country." 

During  Edwards'  administration  the  first  steps 
were  taken  towards  the  erection  of  a  State  peni- 
tentiary at  Alton,  funds  therefor  being  secured 
by  the  sale  of  a  portion  of  the  saline  lands  in  Gal- 
latin  County.  (See  Alton  Penitentiary.)  The  first 


262 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Commissioners  having  charge  of  its  construction 
were  Shadrach  Bond,  William  P.  McKee  and 
Dr.  Uershom  Jayne — the  last-named  the  father  of 
Dr.  William  Jayne  of  Springfield,  and  father-in- 
law  of  the  late  Senator  I .y man  Trumbull. 

GOVERNOR  REYNOLDS— BLACK  HAWK  WAR. — 
The  election  of  1830  resulted  in  the  choice  of  John 
Reynolds  for  Governor  over  William  Kinney,  by 
a  majority  of  3,899,  in  a  total  vote  of  49,051, 
while  /.aili  ii-  Casey,  the  candidate  on  the  Kinney 
ticket,  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor.  (See 
Reynolds,  John.) 

The  most  important  event  of  Reynolds'  admin- 
istration was  the  "Black-Hawk  War."  Eight 
thousand  militia  were  called  out  during  this  war 
to  reinforce  1,500  regular  troops,  the  final  result 
being  the  driving  of  400  Indians  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Rock  Island,  which  had  been  the  favor- 
ite rallying  point  of  the  Indians  for  generations, 
was  the  central  point  at  the  beginning  of  this 
war.  It  is  impossible  to  give  the  details  of  this 
complicated  struggle,  which  was  protracted 
through  two  campaigns  (1831  and  1832),  though 
there  was  no  fighting  worth  speaking  of  except 
in  the  last,  and  no  serious  loss  to  the  whites  in 
that,  except  the  surprise  and  defeat  of  Stillman's 
command.  Beardstown  was  the  base  of  opera- 
tions in  each  of  these  campaigns,  and  that  city 
has  probably  never  witnessed  such  scenes  of 
bustle  and  excitement  since.  The  Indian  village 
at  Rock  Island  was  destroyed,  and  the  fugitives, 
after  being  pursued  through  Northern  Illinois 
and  Southwestern  Wisconsin  without  being 
allowed  to  surrender,  were  driven  beyond  the 
Mississippi  in  a  famishing  condition  and  with 
spirits  completely  broken.  Galena,  at  that  time 
the  emporium  of  the  "Lead  Mine  Region,"  and 
the  largest  town  in  the  State  north  of  Springfield, 
was  the  center  of  great  excitement,  as  the  war 
was  waged  in  the  region  surrounding  it.  (See 
Black  Hawk  War. )  Although  cool  judges  have 
not  regarded  this  campaign  as  reflecting  honor 
upon  either  the  prowess  or  the  magnanimity  of 
the  whites,  it  was  remarkable  for  the  number  of 
those  connected  with  it  whose  names  afterwards 
became  famous  in  the  history  of  the  State  and 
the  Nsrtflm.  Among  them  were  two  who  after- 
wards became  Presidents  of  the  United  States — 
Col.  Zachary  Taylor  of  the  regular  army,  and 
Abraham  Lincoln,  a  Captain  in  the  State  militia 
— besides  Jefferson  Davis,  then  a  Lieutenant  in 
the  regular  army  and  afterwards  head  of  the 
Southern  Confederacy;  three  subsequent  Gov- 
ernors— Duncan,  Carlin  and  Ford — besides  Gov- 
ernor Reynolds,  who  at  that  time  occupied  the 


gubernatorial  chair;  James  Semple,  afterwards 
United  States  Senator;  John  T.  Stuart,  Lincoln's 
law  preceptor  and  partner,  and  later  a  Member 
of  Congress,  to  say  nothing  of  many  others,  who,  in 
after  years,  occupied  prominent  positions  as  mem 
bers  of  Congress,  the  Legislature  or  otherwise. 
Among  the  latter  were  Gen.  John  J.  Hardin ; 
the  late  Joseph  Gillespie,  of  Edwardsville;  Col. 
John  Dement;  William  Thomas  of  Jackson- 
ville; Lieut. -Col.  Jacob  Fry;  Henry  Dodge  and 
others. 

Under  the  census  of  1830,  Illinois  became 
entitled  to  three  Representatives  in  Congress 
instead  of  one,  by  whom  it  had  been  represented 
from  the  date  of  its  admission  as  a  State.  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Casey,  having  been  elected  to 
the  Twenty-third  Congress  for  the  Second  Dis- 
trict under  the  new  apportionment,  on  March  1, 
1833,  tendered  his  resignation  of  the  Lieutenant- 
Governorship,  and  was  succeeded  by  William  L. 
D.  Ewing,  Temporary  President  of  the  Senate. 
(See  Apportionment,  Congressional:  Casey,  Zadoe, 
and  Representatives  in  Congress.)  Within  two 
weeks  of  the  close  of  his  term  (Nov.  17, 1834), 
Governor  Reynolds  followed  the  example  of  his 
associate  in  office  by  resigning  the  Governorship 
to  accept  the  seat  in  Congress  for  the  First  (or 
Southern)  District,  which  had  been  rendered 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Hon.  Charles  Slade,  the 
incumbent  in  office,  in  July  previous.  This 
opened  the  way  for  a  new  promotion  of  acting 
Lieutenant-Governor  Ewing,  who  thus  had  the 
distinction  of  occupying  the  gubernatorial  office 
for  the  brief  space  of  two  weeks.  (See  Reynolds, 
John,  and  Slade,  Charles. ) 

Ewing  probably  held  a  greater  variety  of 
offices  under  the  State,  than  any  other  man  who 
ever  lived  in  it.  Repeatedly  elected  to  each 
branch  of  the  General  Assembly,  he  more  than 
once  filled  the  chair  of  Speaker  of  the  House  and 
President  of  the  Senate ;  served  as  Acting  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor and  Governor  by  virtue  of  the 
resignation  of  his  superiors;  was  United  States 
Senator  from  1835  to  1837;  still  later  became 
Clerk  of  the  House  where  he  had  presided  as 
Speaker,  finally,  in  1843,  being  elected  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts,  and  dying  in  that  office  three 
years  later.  In  less  than  twenty  years,  he  held 
eight  or  ten  different  offices,  including  the  high- 
est in  the  State.  (See  String,  William  Lee  David- 
son.) 

DUNCAN'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Joseph  Duncan, 
who  had  served  the  State  as  its  only  Represent- 
ative in  three  Congresses,  was  elected  Governor, 
August,  1834.  over  four  competitors — William 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


263 


Kinney,  Robert  K.  McLaughlin,  James  Evans 
and  W.  B.  Archer.  (See  Duncan,  Joseph. ) 

His  administration  was  made  memorable  by 
the  large  number  of  distinguished  men  who 
either  entered  public  life  at  this  period  or  gained 
additional  prominence  by  their  connection  with 
public  affairs.  Among  these  were  Abraham  Lin- 
coln and  Stephen  A.  Douglas ;  Col.  E.  D.  Baker, 
who  afterward  and  at  different  times  represented 
Illinois  and  Oregon  in  the  councils  of  the  Nation, 
and  who  fell  at  Ball's  Bluff  in  1862 ;  Orville  H. 
Browning,  a  prospective  United  States  Senator 
and  future  cabinet  officer;  Lieut. -Go v.  John 
Dougherty;  <len.  James  Shields,  Col.  John  J. 
Hardin,  Archibald  Williams,  Cyrus  and  Ninian 
W.  Edwards;  Dr.  John  Logan,  father  of  Gen. 
John  A.  Logan:  Stephen  T.  Logan,  and  many 
more. 

During  this  administration  was  begun  that 
gigantic  scheme  of  "internal  improvements," 
which  proved  so  disastrous  to  the  financial  inter- 
ests of  the  State.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
various  works  undertaken,  was  over  $11,000,000, 
and  though  little  of  substantial  value  was  real- 
ized, yet,  iii  1852,  the  debt  (principal  and  inter- 
est) thereby  incurred  (including  that  of  the 
canal),  aggregated  nearly  $17,000,000.  The  col- 
lapse of  the  scheme  was,  no  doubt,  hastened  by 
the  unexpected  suspension  of  specie  payments 
by  the  banks  all  over  the  country,  which  followed 
soon  after  its  adoption.  (See  Internal  Improve- 
ment Policy;  also  State  Debt.) 

CAPITAL  REMOVED  TO  SPRINGFIELD. — At  the 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1836-37,  an  act 
was  passed  removing  the  State  capital  to  Spring- 
field, and  an  appropriation  of  $50,000  was  made  to 
erect  a  building ;  to  this  amount  the  city  of  Spring- 
field added  a  like  sum,  besides  donating  a  site.  In 
securing  the  passage  of  these  acts,  the  famous 
''Long  Nine,"  consisting  of  A.  G.  Herndon  and 
Job  Fletcher,  in  the  Senate;  and  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, Ninian  W.  Edwards,  John  Dawson,  Andrew 
McCormick,  Dan  Stone,  William  F.  Elkin  and 
Robert  L.  Wilson,  in  the  House — all  Representa- 
tives from  Sangamon  County — played  a  leading 
|>art. 

THE  MURDER  OF  LOVEJOY. — An  event  occurred 
near  the  close  of  Governor  Duncan's  term,  which 
left  a  stain  upon  the  locality,  but  for  which  his 
administration  had  no  direct  responsibility;  to- 
wit,  the  murder  of  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  by  a 
pro-slavery  mob  at  Alton.  Lovejoy  was  a  native 
of  Maine,  who.  coining  to  St.  Louis  in  1827,  had 
been  employed  upon  various  papers,  the  last 
being  "The  St.  Louis  Observer. "  The  outspoken 


hostility  of  this  paper  to  slavery  aroused  a  bitter 
local  opposition  which  led  to  its  removal  to 
Alton,  where  the  first  number  of  "The  Alton 
Observer"  was  issued,  Sept.  8,  1836,  though  not 
until  one  press  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
material  had  been  destroyed  by  a  mob.  On  the 
night  of  August  21,  1837,  there  was  a  second 
destruction  of  the  material,  when  a  third  press 
having  been  procured,  it  was  taken  from  the 
warehouse  and  thrown  into  the  Mississippi.  A 
fourth  press  was  ordered,  and,  pending  its 
arrival,  Lovejoy  appeared  before  a  public  meet- 
ing of  his  opponents  and,  in  an  impassioned 
address,  maintained  his  right  to  freedom  of 
speech,  declaring  in  conclusion:  "If  the  civil 
authorities  refuse  to  protect  me,  I  must  look  to 
God ;  and  if  I  die,  I  have  determined  to  make  my 
grave  in  Alton."  These  words  proved  prophetic. 
The  new  press  was  stored  in  the  warehouse  of 
Godfrey,  Gillman  &  Co.,  on  the  night  of  Nov.  6, 
1837.  A  guard  of  sixty  volunteers  remained 
about  the  building  the  next  day,  but  when  night 
came  all  but  nineteen  retired  to  their  homes. 
During  the  night  a  mob  attacked  the  building, 
when  a  shot  from  the  inside  killed  Lyman  Bishop. 
An  attempt  was  then  made  by  the  rioters  to  fire 
the  warehouse  by  sending  a  man  to  the  roof.  To 
dislodge  the  incendiary,  Lovejoy,  with  two 
others,  emerged  from  the  building,  when  two  or 
three  men  in  concealment  fired  upon  him,  the 
shots  taking  effect  in  a  vital  part  of  his  body, 
causing  his  death  almost  instant!}1.  He  was 
buried  the  following  day  without  an  inquest. 
Several  of  the  attacking  party  and  the  defenders 
of  the  building  were  tried  for  riot  and  acquitted 
—the  former  probably  on  account  of  popular 
sympathy  with  the  crime,  and  the  latter  because 
they  were  guiltless  of  any  crime  except  that  of 
defending  private  property  and  attempting  to 
preserve  the  law.  The  act  of  firing  the  fatal 
shots  has  been  charged  upon  two  men — a  Dr. 
Jennings  and  his  comrade.  Dr.  Beall.  The 
former,  it  is  said,  was  afterwards  cut  to  pieces  in 
a  bar-room  fight  in  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  while  the 
latter,  having  been  captured  by  Comanche 
Indians  in  Texas,  was  burned  alive.  On  the 
other  hand.  Lovejoy  has  been  honored  as  a 
martyr  and  the  sentiments  for  which  he  died 
have  triumphed.  (See  Lovejoy,  Elijah  Parish; 
also  Alton  Riots. ) 

CARLIN  SUCCEEDS  TO  THE  GOVERNORSHIP.— 
Duncan  was  succeeded  by  Gov.  Thomas  Carlin. 
who  was  chosen  at  the  election  of  1838  over 
Cyrus  Edwards  (a  younger  brother  of  Gov. 
Ninian  Edwards),  who  was  the  Whig  candidate. 


364 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


The  successful  candidate  for  Lieutenant-Governor 
was  Stinson  H.  Anderson  of  Jefferson  County. 
(SeeCartt'n, (don.) Thomas;  Anderson,  StinsonH.) 

Among  the  members  of  the  Legislature  chosen 
at  this  time  we  find  the  names  of  Orville  H. 
Browning,  Robert  Blackwell,  George  Churchill, 
William  G.  Gatewood,  Ebenezer  Peck  (of  Cook 
County),  William  A.  Richardson,  Newton  Cloud, 
.fosse  K.  Dubois,  O.  B.  Ficklin,  Vital  Jarrot, 
John  Logan,  William  F.  Thornton  and  Archibald 
Williams — all  men  of  prominence  in  the  subse- 
quent history  of  the  State.  This  was  the  last 
Legislature  that  assembled  at  Vandalia,  Spring- 
field becoming  the  capital,  July  4,  1839.  The 
comer-stone  of  the  first  State  capitol  at  Spring- 
field was  laid  with  imposing  ceremonies,  July  4, 
1837,  Col.  E.  D.  Baker  delivering  an  eloquent 
address.  Its  estimated  cost  was  $130,000,  but 
$240,000  was  expended  upon  it  before  its  com- 
pletion. 

An  incident  of  this  campaign  was  the  election 
to  Congress,  after  a  bitter  struggle,  of  John  T. 
Stuart  over  Stephen  A.  Douglas  from  the  Third 
District,  by  a  majority  of  fourteen  votes.  Stuart 
was  re-elected  in  1840,  but  in  1842  he  was  suc- 
ceeded, under  a  new  apportionment,  by  Col.  John 
J.  Hardin,  while  Douglas,  elected  from  the 
Quincy  District,  then  entered  the  National  Coun- 
cils for  the  first  time. 

FlELD-McCLERNAND  CONTEST.  —  An  exciting 
event  connected  with  Carlin's  administration  was 
the  attempt  to  remove  Alexander  P.  Field  from 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  which  he  had 
held  since  1838.  Under  the  Constitution  of  1818, 
this  office  was  filled  by  Domination  by  the  Gov- 
ernor "with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate."  Carlin  nominated  John  A.  McCler- 
naml  to  supersede  Field,  but  the  Senate  refused  to 
confirm  the  nomination.  After  adjournment  of 
the  Legislature,  McClernand  attempted  to  obtain 
possession  of  the  office  by  writ  of  quo  warranto. 
The  Judge  of  a  Circuit  Court  decided  the  case  in 
his  favor,  but  this  decision  was  overruled  by  the 
Supreme  Court.  A  special  session  having  been 
called,  in  November,  1840,  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
then  of  Morgan  County,  was  nominated  and  con- 
firmed Secretary  of  State,  but  held  the  position 
only  a  few  months,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  a 
place  on  the  Supreme  bench,  being  succeeded  as 
Secretary  by  Ly  man  Trumbull. 

SUPREME  COURT  REVOLUTIONIZED.  —  Certain 
decisions  of  some  of  the  lower  courts  about  this 
time,  bearing  upon  the  suffrage  of  aliens,  excited 
the  apprehension  of  the  Democrats,  who  had 
heretofore  been  in  political  control  of  the  State, 


and  a  movement  was  started  in  the  Legislature 
to  reorganize  the  Supreme  Court,  a  majority  of 
whom  were  Whigs.  The  Democrats  were  not 
unanimous  in  favor  of  the  measure,  but,  after  a 
bitter  struggle,  it  was  adopted,  receiving  a  bare 
majority  of  one  in  the  House.  Under  this  act 
five  additional  Judges  were  elected,  viz. :  Thomas 
Ford,  Sidney  Breese,  Walter  B.  Scales,  Samuel 
H.  Treat  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  —  all  Demo- 
crats. Mr.  Ford,  one  of  the  new  Judges,  and 
afterwards  Governor,  has  characterized  this  step 
as  "a  confessedly  violent  and  somewhat  revolu- 
tionary measure,  which  could  never  have  suc- 
ceeded except  in  times  of  great  party  excite- 
ment." 

The  great  Whig  mass-meeting  at  Springfield, 
in  June,  1810,  was  an  incident  of  the  political 
campaign  of  that  year.  No  such  popular  assem- 
blage had  ever  been  seen  in  the  State  before.  It 
is  estimated  that  20,000  people — nearly  five  per 
cent  of  the  entire  population  of  the  State — were 
present,  including  a  large  delegation  from  Chi- 
cago who  marched  overland,  under  command  of 
the  late  Ma j. -Gen.  David  Hunter,  bearing  with 
them  many  devices  so  popular  in  that  memorable 
campaign. 

FORD  ELECTED  GOVERNOR. — Judge  Thomas 
Ford  became  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor in  1842,  taking  the  place  on  the  ticket  of 
Col.  Adam  W.  Snyder,  who  had  died  after  nomi 
nation.  Ford  was  elected  by  more  than  8,000 
majority  over  ex-Governor  Duncan,  the  Whig 
candidate.  John  Moore,  of  McLean  County  (who 
had  been  a  member  of  the  Legislature  for  Severn  I 
terms  and  was  afterwards  State  Treasurer), 
was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor.  (See  Fortl. 
Thomas;  Snyder,  Adam  W.,  and  Moore,  John.) 

EMBARRASSING  QUESTIONS. — The  failure  of  tin- 
State  and  the  Shawneetown  banks,  near  the  close 
of  Carlin's  administration,  had  produced  a  condi- 
tion of  business  depression  that  was  felt  all  over 
the  State.  At  the  beginning  of  Ford's  adminis- 
tration, the  State  debt  was  estimated  at  $15,657.- 
950 — within  about  one  million  of  the  highest 
point  it  ever  reached — while  the  total  population 
was  a  little  over  half  a  million.  In  addition  to 
these  drawbacks,  the  Mormon  question  became  a 
source  of  embarrassment.  This  people,  after 
having  been  driven  from  Missouri,  settled  at 
Nauvoo,  in  Hancock  County;  they  increased 
rapidly  in  numbers,  and,  by  the  arrogant  course 
of  their  leaders  and  their  odious  doctrines — 
especially  with  reference  to  "celestial  marriage. " 
and  their  assumptions  of  authority — aroused  the 
bitter  hostility  of  neighboring  communities  not 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP   ILLINOIS. 


265 


of  their  faith.  The  popular  indignation  became 
greatly  intensified  by  the  course  of  unscrupulous 
politicians  and  the  granting  to  the  Mormons,  by 
the  Legislature,  of  certain  charters  and  special 
privileges.  Various  charges  were  made  against 
the  obnoxious  sect,  including  rioting,  kidnap- 
ing, robbery,  counterfeiting,  etc.,  and  the  Gov- 
ernor called  out  the  militia  of  the  neighboring 
counties  to  preserve  the  peace.  Joseph  Smith — 
the  founder  of  the  sect — with  his  brother  Hy  ruin 
and  three  others,  were  induced  to  surrender  to 
the  authorities  at  Carthage,  on  the  23d  of  June, 
1844,  under  promise  of  protection  of  their  per- 
sons. Then  the  charge  was  changed  to  treason 
and  they  were  thrown  into  jail,  a  guard  of  eight 
men  being  placed  about  the  building.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  militia  had  disbanded  and 
returned  home,  while  others  were  openly  hostile 
to  the  prisoners.  On  June  27  a  band  of  150 
disguised  men  attacked  the  jail,  finding  little 
opposition  among  those  set  to  guard  it.  In 
the  assault  which  followed  both  of  the  Smiths 
were  killed,  while  John  Taylor,  another  of 
the  prisoners,  was  wounded.  The  trial  of  the 
murderers  was  a  farce  and  they  were  acquitted. 
A  state  of  virtual  war  continued  for  a  year, 
in  which  Governor  Ford's  authority  was  openly 
defied  or  treated  with  contempt  by  those  whom 
he  had  called  upon  to  preserve  the  peace.  In 
the  fall  of  1845  the  Mormons  agreed  to  leave 
the  State,  and  the  following  spring  the  pilgrim- 
age to  Salt  Lake  began.  Gen.  John  J.  Hardin. 
who  afterward  fell  at  Buena  Vista,  was  twice 
called  on  by  Governor  Ford  to  head  parties  of 
militia  to  restore  order,  while  Gen.  Mason  Bray- 
man  conducted  the  negotiations  which  resulted 
in  the  promise  of  removal.  The  great  body  of 
the  refugees  spent  the  following  winter  at  Coun- 
cil Bluffs,  Iowa,  arriving  at  Salt  Lake  in  June 
following.  Another  considerable  body  entered 
the  service  of  the  Government  to  obtain  safe  con- 
duct and  sustenance  across  the  plains.  While 
the  conduct  of  the  Mormons  during  their  stay 
at  Nauvoo  was,  no  doubt,  very  irritating  and 
often  lawless,  it  is  equally  true  that  the  dis- 
ordered condition  of  affairs  was  taken  advantage 
of  by  unscrupulous  demagogues  for  dishonest 
purposes,  and  this  episode  has  left  a  stigma 
upon  the  name  of  more  than  one  over-zealous  anti- 
Mormon  hero.  (See  Mormons:  Smith,  Joseph.) 

Though  Governor  Ford's  integrity  and  ability 
in  certain  directions  have  not  been  questioned, 
his  administration  was  not  a  successful  one, 
largely  on  account  of  the  conditions  which  pre- 
vailed at  the  time  and  the  embarrassments  which 


he  met  from  his  own  party.     (See  Ford,  Woman.  I 
MEXICAN  WAR.— A  still  more  tragic  chapter 
opened  during  the  last  year  of  Ford's  administra- 
tion, in  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Mexico 
Three  regiments  of  twelve  months'  volunteers, 
called  for  by  the  General  Government  from  the 
State  of  Illinois,  were  furnished  with  alacrity, 
and  many  more  men  offered  their  services  than 
could  be  accepted.    The  names  of  their  respective 
commanders — Cols.  John  J.  Hardin,  William  H. 
Bissell  and  Ferris  Forman — have  been  accorded 
a  high  place  in  the  annals  of  the  State  and  the 
Nation.     Hardin  was  of  an  honorable  Kentucky 
family;  he  had  achieved  distinction  at  the  bar 
and  served  in  the  State  Legislature  and  in  Con- 
gress, and  his  death  on  the  battlefield  of  Buena 
Vista  was  universally  deplored.     (See   Hardin. 
John  J.)    Bissell  afterward  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  Congress  and  was  the  first  Republican 
Governor  of  Illinois,  elected  in  1856.     Edward  D 
Baker,  then  a  Whig  member  of   Congress,  re 
ceived  authority  to  raise  an  additional  regiment, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  reputation  as  broad 
as  the  Nation.     Two  other  regiments  were  raised 
in  the  State  "for  the  war"  during  the  next  year, 
led  respectively  by  Col.  Edward  W.  B.  Newby  and 
James  Collins,  beside  four  independent  companies 
of  mounted  volunteers.    The  whole  number  of 
volunteers  furnished  by  Illinois  in  this  conflict 
was   6,123,  of   whom   86   were   killed,  and  182 
wounded,  12  dying  of  their  wounds.     Their  loss 
in  killed  was  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
State,  and  the  number  of  wounded  only  exceeded 
by  those  from  South  Carolina  and  Pennsylvania 
Among  other  Illinoisans  who  participated  in  this 
struggle,  were  Thomas  L.  Harris,  William  A 
Richardson,  J.  L.  D.  Morrison,  Murray  F.  Tuley 
and  Charles   C.  P.  Holden,  while   still   others, 
either  in  the  ranks  or  in  subordinate  positions, 
received  the  "baptism  of  fire"  which  prepared 
them  to  win  distinction  as  commanders  of  corps, 
divisions,  brigades  and  regiments  during  the  War 
of  the  Rebellion,  including  such  names  as  John 
A.   Logan,  Richard   J.    Oglesby,  Benjamin    M. 
Prentiss,  James  D.  Morgan,  W.  H.  L.  Wallace 
(who  fell   at   Pittsburg  Landing),  Stephen  G. 
Hicks,    Michael    K.  Lawler,   Leonard    F.   Ross. 
Ishain    N.    Haynie,   Theophilus    Lyle    Dickey. 
Dudley  Wickersham,  Isaac  C.  Pugh,  Thomas  H. 
Flynn,  J.  P.  Post,  Nathaniel  Niles,  W.  R.  Morri- 
son, and  others.     (See  Mexican  War.) 

FRENCH'S  ADMINISTRATION-MASSAC  REBELLION 
— Except  for  the  Mexican  War,  which  was  still 
in  progress,  and  acts  of  mob  violence  in  certain 
portions  of  the  State— especially  by  a  band  of  self- 


2GG 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


styled  "regulators"  in  Pope  and  Massac  Counties 
— the  administration  of  Augustus  C.  French, 
which  began  with  the  close  of  the  year  1846,  was 
a  quiet  one.  French  was  elected  at  the  previous 
August  election  by  a  vote  of  58,700  to  36,775  for 
Thomas  M.  Kilpatrick,  the  Whig  candidate,  and 
5.112  for  Richard  Eels,  the  Free-Soil  (or  Aboli- 
tion) candidate.  The  Whigs  held  their  first  State 
Convention  this  year  for  the  nomination  of  a 
State  ticket,  meeting  at  Peoria.  At  the  same 
election  Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, defeating  Peter  Cartwright,  the  famous 
pioneer  Methodist  preacher,  who  was  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate.  At  the  session  of  the  Legisla- 
ture which  followed,  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  as  successor 
to  James  Semple. 

NEW  CONVENTION  MOVEMENT.  —  Governor 
French  was  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  born 
August  2,  1808;  he  had  practiced  his  profession 
as  a  lawyer  in  Crawford  County,  had  been  a 
member  of  the  Tenth  and  Eleventh  General 
Assemblies  and  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office  at 
Palestine.  The  State  had  now  begun  to  recover 
from  the  depression  caused  by  the  reverses  of 
1837  and  subsequent  years,  and  for  some  time  its 
growth  in  population  had  been  satisfactory.  The 
old  Constitution,  however,  had  been  felt  to  be  a 
hampering  influence,  especially  in  dealing  with 
the  State  debt,  and,  as  early  as  1842,  the  question 
of  a  State  Convention  to  frame  a  new  Constitu- 
tion had  been  submitted  to  popular  vote,  but  was 
defeated  by  the  narrow  margin  of  1,039  votes. 
The  Legislature  of  1844-45  adopted  a  resolution 
for  resubmission,  and  at  the  election  of  1846  it 
was  approved  by  the  people  by  a  majority  of 
35,326  in  a  total  vote  of  81,352.  The  State  then 
contained  ninety-nine  counties,  with  an  aggregate 
population  of  602,150.  The  assessed  valuation  of 
property  one  year  later  was  $92,206,493,  while 
the  State  debt  was  $16,661,795 — or  more  than 
eighteen  per  cent  of  the  entire  assessed  value  of 
the  property  of  the  State. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION  OF  1847. —The 
election  of  members  of  a  State  Convention  to 
form  a  second  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, was  held  April  19,  1847.  Of  one  hundred 
and  sixty -two  members  chosen,  ninety-two  were 
Democrats,  leaving  seventy  members  to  all 
shades  of  the  opposition.  The  Convention 
assembled  at  Springfield,  June  7,  1847;  it  was 
organized  by  the  election  of  Newton  Cloud,  Per- 
manent President,  and  concluded  its  labors  after 
;i  session  of  nearly  three  months,  adjourning 
August  31.  The  Constitution  was  submitted  to 


a  vote  of  the  people,  March  6,  1848,  and  was  rati- 
fied by  59,887  votes  in  its  favor  to  15,859  against. 
A  special  article  prohibiting  free  persons  of  color 
from  settling  in  the  State  was  adopted  by  49,060 
votes  for,  to  20,883  against  it;  and  another,  pro- 
viding for  a  two-mill  tax,  by  41,017  for,  to  30,586 
against.  The  Constitution  went  into  effect  April 
1,  1848.  (See  Constitutions:  also  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1S47.) 

The  provision  imposing  a  special  two-mill  tax, 
to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  State  in- 
debtedness, was  the  means  of  restoring  the  State 
credit,  while  that  prohibiting  the  immigration 
of  free  persons  of  color,  though  in  accordance 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times,  brought  upon  the 
State  much  opprobrium  and  was  repudiated 
with  emphasis  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 
The  demand  for  retrenchment,  caused  by  the 
financial  depression  following  the  wild  legislation 
of  1837,  led  to  the  adoption  of  many  radical  pro- 
visions in  the  new  Constitution,  some  of  which 
were  afterward  found  to  be  serious  errors  open- 
ing the  way  for  grave  abuses.  Among  these 
was  the  practical  limitation  of  the  biennial  ses- 
sions of  the  General  Assembly  to  forty-two  days, 
while  the  per  diem  of  members  was  fixed  at  two 
dollars.  The  salaries  of  State  officers  were  also 
fixed  at  what  would  now  be  recognized  as  an 
absurdly  low  figure,  that  of  Governor  being 
$1,500;  Supreme  Court  Judges,  $1,200  each;  Cir- 
cuit Judges,  $1,000;  State  Auditor,  $1,000;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  and  State  Treasurer,  $800  each. 
Among  less  objectionable  provisions  were  those 
restricting  the  right  of  suffrage  to  white  male 
citizens  above  the  age  of  21  years,  which  excluded 
(except  as  to  residents  of  the  State  at  the  time  of 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution)  a  class  of 
unnaturalized  foreigners  who  had  exercised  the 
privilege  as  "inhabitants"  under  the  Constitu- 
tion of  1818;  providing  for  the  election  of  all 
State,  judicial  and  county  officers  by  popular 
vote;  prohibiting  the  State  from  incurring  in- 
debtedness in  excess  of  $50,000  without  a  special 
vote  of  the  people,  or  granting  the  credit  of  the 
State  in  aid  of  any  individual  association  or  cor- 
poration; fixing  the  date  of  the  State  election 
on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber in  every  fourth  year,  instead  of  the  first- 
Monday  in  August,  as  had  been  the  rule  under 
the  old  Constitution.  The  tenure  of  office  of  all 
State  officers  was  fixed  at  four  years,  except  that 
of  State  Treasurer,  which  was  made  two  years, 
and  the  Governor  alone  was  made  ineligible  to 
immediate  re-election.  The  number  of  members 
of  the  General  Assembly  was  fixed  at  twenty-five 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


267 


in  the  Senate  and  seventy-five  in  the  House, 
subject  to  a  certain  specified  ratio  of  in- 
crease when  the  population  should  exceed 
1.000,000. 

As  the  Constitution  of  1818  had  been  modeled 
upon  the  form  then  most  popular  in  the  Southern 
States  —  especially  with  reference  to  the  large 
number  of  officers  made  appointive  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, or  elective  by  the  Legislature — so  the  new 
Constitution  was,  in  some  of  its  features,  more  in 
harmony  with  those  of  other  Northern  States, 
and  indicated  the  growing  influence  of  New  Eng- 
land sentiment.  This  was  especially  the  case 
with  reference  to  the  section  providing  for  a  sys- 
tem of  township  organization  in  the  several 
counties  of  the  State  at  the  pleasure  of  a  majority 
of  the  voters  of  each  county. 

ELECTIONS  OF  1848. — Besides  the  election  for 
the  ratification  of  the  State  Constitution,  three 
other  State  elections  were  held  in  1848,  viz.:  (1) 
for  the  election  of  State  officers  in  August ;  (2) 
an  election  of  Judges  in  September,  and  (3)  the 
Presidential  election  in  November.  At  the  first 
of  these,  Governor  French,  whose  first  term  had 
lieen  cut  short  two  years  by  the  adoption  of  the 
new  Constitution,  was  re-elected  for  a  second 
term,  practically  without  opposition,  the  vote 
against  him  being  divided  between  Pierre  Menard 
and  Dr.  C.  V.  Dyer.  French  thus  became  his 
own  successor,  being  the  first  Illinois  Governor 
to  be  re-elected,  and,  though  two  years  of  his 
lirst  term  had  been  cut  off  by  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution,  he  served  in  the  gubernatorial 
office  six  years.  The  other  State  officers  elected, 
were  William  McMurtry,  of  Knox,  Lieutenant- 
Uovernor;  Horace  S.  Cooley,  of  Adams,  Secretary 
of  State;  Thomas  H.  Campbell,  of  Randolph, 
Auditor;  and  Milton  Carpenter,  of  Hamilton, 
State  Treasurer  —  all  Democrats,  and  all  but 
McMurtry  being  their  own  successors.  At  the 
Presidential  election  in  November,  the  electoral 
vote  was  given  to  Lewis  Cass,  the  Democratic 
candidate,  who  received  56,300  votes,  to  53,047 
for  Taylor,  the  Whig  candidate,  and  15,774  for 
Martin  Van  Buren,  the  candidate  of  the  Free 
Democracy  or  Free-Soil  party.  Thus,  for  the  first 
time  in  the  history  of  the  State  after  1824,  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  President  failed  to 
receive  an  absolute  majority  of  the  popular  vote, 
being  in  a  minority  of  12,521,  while  having  a 
plurality  over  the  Whig  candidate  of  3.253.  The 
only  noteworthy  results  in  the  election  of  Con- 
gressmen this  year  were  the  election  of  Col.  E.  D. 
Baker  (Whig),  from  the  Galena  District,  and 
that  of  Maj.  Thomas  L.  Harris  (Democrat),  from 


the  Spridgfield  District.  Both  Baker  and  Harris 
had  been  soldiers  in  the  Mexican  War,  which 
probably  accounted  for  their  election  in  Districts 
usually  opposed  to  them  politically.  The  other 
five  Congressmen  elected  from  the  State  at  the 
same  time — including  John  Wentworth,  then 
chosen  for  a  fourth  term  from  the  Chicago  Dis- 
trict— were  Democrats.  The  Judges  elected  to 
the  Supreme  bench  were  Lyman  Trumbull,  from 
the  Southern  Division :  Samuel  II.  Treat,  from 
the  Central,  and  John  Dean  Caton,  from  the 
Northern — all  Democrats. 

A  leading  event  of  this  session  was  the  election 
of  a  United  States  Senator  in  place  of  Sidney 
Breese.  Gen.  James  Shields,  who  had  been 
severely  wounded  on  the  battle-field  of  Cerro 
Gordo ;  Sidney  Breese,  who  had  been  the  United 
States  Senator  for  six  years,  and  John  A.  Mc- 
Clernand,  then  a  member  of  Congress,  were 
arrayed  against  each  other  before  the  Democratic 
caucus.  After  a  bitter  contest,  Shields  was 
declared  the  choice  of  his  party  and  was  finally 
elected.  He  did  not  immediately  obtain  his  seat, 
however.  On  presentation  of  his  credentials, 
after  a  heated  controversy  in  Congress  and  out  of 
it,  in  which  he  injudiciously  assailed  his  prede- 
cessor in  very  intemperate  language,  he  was 
declared  ineligible  on  the  ground  that,  being  of 
foreign  birth,  the  nine  years  of  citizenship 
required  by  the  Constitution  after  naturalization 
had  not  elapsed  previous  to  his  election.  In 
October,  following,  the  Legislature  was  called 
together  in  special  session,  and,  Shields'  disabil- 
ity having  now  been  removed  by  the  expiration 
of  the  constitutional  period,  he  was  re-elected, 
though  not  without  a  renewal  of  the  bitter  con- 
test of  the  regular  session.  Another  noteworthy 
event  of  this  special  session  was  the  adoption  of 
a  joint  resolution  favoring  the  principles  of  the 
"Wilmot  Proviso."  Although  this  was  rescinded 
at  the  next  regular  session,  on  the  ground  that  the 
points  at  issue  had  been  settled  in  the  Compro- 
mise measures  of  1850,  it  indicated  the  drift  of 
sentiment  in  Illinois  toward  opposition  to  the 
spread  of  the  institution  of  slavery,  and  this  was 
still  more  strongly  emphasized  by  the  election  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  I860. 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. — Two  important 
measures  which  passed  the  General  Assembly  at 
the  session  of  1851,  were  the  Free-Banking  Law, 
and  the  act  incorporating  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company.  The  credit  of  first  suggest- 
ing this  great  thoroughfare  has  been  claimed  for 
William  Smith  Waite.  a  citizen  of  Bond  County. 
111.,  as  early  as  1835,  although  a  special  charter 


268 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS 


for  a  road  over  a  part  of  this  line  had  been  passed 
by  the  Legislature  in  1834.  W.  K.  Ackerman,  in 
his  "Historical  Sketch"  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad,  awards  the  credit  of  originating  this 
enterprise  to  Lieut. -Gov.  Alexander  M.  Jenkins, 
in  the  Legislature  of  1832,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  and  Speaker  of  the  House  at  the  time. 
He  afterwards  became  President  of  the  first  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  Company,  organized  under 
an  act  passed  at  the  session  of  1836,  which  pro- 
vided for  the  construction  of  a  line  from  Cairo  to 
Peru,  111. ,  but  resigned  the  next  year  on  the  sur- 
render by  the  road  of  its  charter.  The  first  step 
toward  legislation  in  Congress  on  this  subject 
was  taken  in  the  introduction,  by  Senator  Breese, 
of  a  bill  in  March,  1843;  but  it  was  not  until  1850 
that  the  measure  took  the  form  of  a  direct  grant 
of  lands  to  the  State,  finally  passing  the  Senate 
in  May,  and  the  House  in  September,  following. 
The  act  ceded  to  the  State  of  Illinois,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  aiding  in  the  construction  of  a  line  of 
railroad  from  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi, with  branches  to  Chicago  and  Dubuque, 
Iowa,  respectively,  alternate  sections  of  land  on 
each  side  of  said  railroad,  aggregating  2,595,000 
iicres,  the  length  of  the  main  line  and  branches 
exceeding  seven  hundred  miles.  An  act  incorpo- 
rating the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company 
passed  the  Illinois  Legislature  in  February,  1851. 
The  company  was  thereupon  promptly  organized 
with  a  number  of  New  York  capitalists  at  its 
head,  including  Robert  Schuyler,  George  Gris- 
wold  and  Gouverneur  Morris,  and  the  grant  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  trustees  to  be  used  for  the 
purpose  designated,  under  the  pledge  of  the 
Company  to  build  the  road  by  July  4,  1854,  and 
to  pay  seven  per  cent  of  its  gross  earnings  into 
the  State  Treasury  perpetually.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  the  line  was  constructed  through  sections 
of  country  either  sparsely  settled  or  wholly 
unpopulated,  but  which  have  since  become 
among  the  richest  and  most  populous  portions  of 
the  State.  The  fund  already  received  by  the  State 
from  the  road  exceeds  the  amount  of  the  State 
debt  incurred  under  the  internal  improvement 
scheme  of  1837.  (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 
ELECTION  OF  1852.— Joel  A.  Matteson  (Demo- 
crat) was  elected  Governor  at  the  November 
election,  in  1852,  receiving  80,645  votes  to  64,405 
for  Edwin  B.  Webb,  Whig,  and  8,809  for  Dexter 
A.  Knowlton,  Free-Soil.  The  other  State  officers 
elected,  were  Gustavus  Koarner,  Lieutenant- 
Governor;  Alexander  Starne,  Secretary  of  State; 
Thomas  H.  Campbell,  Auditor ;  and  John  Moore, 
Treasurer.  The  Whig  candidates  for  these 


offices,  respectively,  were  James  L.  D.  Morrison. 
Buckner  S.  Morris,  Charles  A.  Betts  and  Francis 
Arenz.  John  A.  Logan  appeared  among  the  new 
members  of  the  House  chosen  at  this  election  as 
a  Representative  from  Jackson  County;  while 
Henry  W.  Blodgett,  since  United  States  District 
Judge  for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois,  and 
late  Counsel  of  the  American  Arbitrators  of  the 
Behring  Sea  Commission,  was  the  only  Free-Soil 
member,  being  the  Representative  from  Lake 
County.  John  Reynolds,  who  had  been  Gov- 
ernor, a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Mem 
ber  of  Congress,  was  a  member  of  the  House  and 
was  elected  Speaker.  (See  Webb,  Edwin  B.; 
Knowlton,  Dexter  A.;  Koerner,  Gustavus;  Starne, 
Alexander;  Moore,  John;  Morrison,  James  L.D.; 
Morris,  Buckner  S.;  Arenz,  Francis  A. ;  Blodgett 
Henry  W.) 

REDUCTION  OF  STATE  DEBT  BEGINS. — The 
State  debt  reached  its  maximum  at  the  beginning 
of  Matteson's  administration,  amounting  to 
$18,724,177,  of  which  $7,259,822  was  canal  debt. 
The  State  had  now  entered  upon  a  new  and  pros 
perous  period,  and,  in  the  next  four  years,  the 
debt  was  reduced  by  the  sum  of  $4,564,840. 
leaving  the  amount  outstanding,  Jan.  1,  1857. 
$12,834,144.  The  three  State  institutions  at 
Jacksonville  —  the  Asylums  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  the  Blind  and  Insane — had  been  in  suc- 
cessful operation  several  years,  but  now  internal 
dissensions  and  dissatisfaction  with  their  man- 
agement seriously  interfered  with  their  prosperity 
and  finally  led  to  revolutions  which,  for  a  time, 
impaired  their  usefulness. 

KANSAS-NEBRASKA  EXCITEMENT. — During  Mat- 
teson's administration  a  period  of  political  ex- 
citement began,  caused  by  the  introduction  in 
the  United  States  Senate,  in  January,  1854,  by 
Senator  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  of  the  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise— otherwise 
known  as  the  Kansas- Nebraska  Bill.  Although 
this  belongs  rather  to  National  history,  the 
prominent  part  played  in  it  by  an  Illinois  states- 
man who  had  won  applause  three  or  four  years 
before,  by  the  service  he  had  performed  in  secur 
ing  the  passage  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
grant,  and  the  effect  which  his  course  had  in 
revolutionizing  the  politics  of  the  State,  justifies 
reference  to  it  here.  After  a  debate,  almost 
unprecedented  in  bitterness,  it  became  a  law. 
May  30,  1854.  The  agitation  in  Illinois  was 
intense.  At  Chicago,  Douglas  was  practically 
denied  a  hearing.  Going  to  Springfield,  where 
the  State  Fair  was  in  progress,  during  the  first 
week  of  October,  1854,  he  made  a  speech  in  the 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


State  Capitol  in  his  defense.  This  was  replied  to 
by  Abraham  Lincoln,  then  a  private  citizen,  to 
whom  Douglas  made  a  rejoinder.  Speeches  were 
also  made  in  criticism  of  Douglas'  position  by 
Judges  Breese  and  Trumbull  (both  of  whom  bad 
been  prominent  Democrats),  and  other  Demo- 
cratic leaders  were  understood  to  be  ready  to 
assail  the  champion  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill, 
though  they  afterwards  reversed  their  position 
under  partisan  pressure  and  became  supporters  of 
the  measure.  The  first  State  Convention  of  the 
opponents  of  the  Nebraska  Bill  was  held  at  the 
same  time,  but  the  attendance  was  small  and  the 
attempt  to  effect  a  permanent  organization  was 
not  successful.  At  the  session  of  the  Nineteenth 
General  Assembly,  which  met  in  January,  fol- 
lowing, Lyman  Trumbull  was  chosen  the  first 
Republican  United  States  Senator  from  Illinois, 
in  place  of  General  Shields,  whose  term  was  about 
to  expire.  Trumbull  was  elected  on  tne  tenth 
ballot,  receiving  fifty-one  votes  to  forty-seven 
for  Governor  Matteson,  though  Lincoln  had  led 
on  the  Republican  side  at  every  previous  ballot, 
and  on  the  first  had  come  within  six  votes  of  an 
election.  Although  he  was  then  the  choice  of  a 
large  majority  of  the  opposition  to  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate,  when  Lincoln  saw  that  the 
original  supporters  of  Trumbull  would  not  cast 
their  votes  for  himself,  he  generously  insisted 
that  his  friends  should  support  his  rival,  thus 
determining  the  result.  (See  Matteson,  Joel  A. ; 
Trumbull,  Lyman,  and  Lincoln,  Abraham.) 

DECATUR  EDITORIAL  CONVENTION. — On  Feb. 
22,  1856,  occurred  the  convention  of  Anti-Neb- 
raska (Republican)  editors  at  Decatur,  which 
proved  the  first  effective  step  in  consolidating 
the  opposition  to  the  Kansas- Nebraska  Bill  into  a 
compact  political  organization.  The  main  busi- 
ness of  this  convention  consisted  in  the  adoption 
of  a  series  of  resolutions  defining  the  position  of 
their  authors  on  National  questions — especially 
with  reference  to  the  institution  of  slavery — and 
appointing  a  State  Convention  to  be  held  at 
Bloomington,  May  29,  following.  A  State  Cen- 
tral Committee  to  represent  the  new  party  was 
also  appointed  at  this  convention.  With  two  or 
three  exceptions  the  Com mit Icemen  accepted  and 
joined  in  the  call  for  the  State  Convention,  which 
was  held  at  the  time  designated,  when  the  first 
Republican  State  ticket  was  put  in  the  field. 
Among  the  distinguished  men  who  participated 
in  this  Convention  were  Abraham  Lincoln,  O.  H. 
Browning,  Richard  Yates,  Owen  Lovejoy,  John 
M.  Palmer,  Isaac  N.  Arnold  and  John  Went 
worth.  Palmer  presided,  while  Abraham  Lin 


coin,  who  was  one  of  the  chief  speakers,  was  one 
of  the  delegates  appointed  to  the  National  Con- 
vention, held  at  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  of  June. 
The  candidates  put  in  nomination  for  State  offices 
were:    William  H.  Bissell  for  Governor;  Francis 
A.  Hoffman  for  Lieutenant-Governor  (afterwaril 
replaced  by  John  Wood  on  account  of  Hoffman'* 
ineligibility);  Ozias  M.  Hatch  for  Secretary  of 
State;  Jesse  K.  Dubois  for  Auditor;  James  H 
Miller  for  State  Treasurer,  and  William  H.  Powell 
for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.    The 
Democratic  ticket  was  composed  of  William  A 
Richardson  for  Governor;  R.  J.  Hamilton,  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor;  W.  H.  Snyder,   Secretary   of 
State;  S.  K.  Casey,  Auditor;  John  Moore,  Treas 
urer,  and  J.  H.  St.  Matthew,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction.     The  American  organization 
also  nominated  a  ticket  headed  by  Buckner  S 
Morris  for  Governor.     Although  the  Democrats 
carried  the  State  for  Buchanan,  their  candidate 
for  President,  by  a  plurality  of  9, 159,  the  entire 
Republican  State  ticket  was  elected  by  pluralities 
ranging  from  3,031  to  20.213— the  latter  being  the 
majority  for  Miller,  candidate  for  State  Treas 
urer,  whose  name  was  on  both  the  Republican  and 
American  tickets.     (See  Anti-Nebraska  Editorial 
Convention,    and    Bloomington    Convention    of 
1856.) 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  GOVERNOR  BISSELU  — 
With  the  inauguration  of  Governor  Bissell,  the 
Republican  party  entered  upon  the  control  of  the 
State  Government,  which  was  maintained  with 
out  interruption  until  the  close  of  the  administra 
tion  of  Governor  Fifer,  in  January,  1893 — a  period 
of  thirty-six  years.  On  account  of  physical  disa 
bility  Bissell's  inauguration  took  place  in  the 
executive  mansion,  Jan.  12,  1857.  He  was 
immediately  made  the  object  of  virulent  personal 
abuse  in  the  House,  being  charged  with  perjury 
in  taking  the  oath  of  office  in  face  of  the  fact 
that,  while  a  member  of  Congress,  he  bad  accepted 
a  challenge  to  fight  a  duel  with  Jefferson  Davis 
To  this,  the  reply  was  made  that  the  offense 
charged  took  place  outside  of  the  State  and  be 
yond  the  legal  jurisdiction  of  the  Constitution  of 
Illinois.  (SeefiiueU.  William  H.) 

While  the  State  continued  to  prosper  under 
Bissell's  administration,  the  most  important 
events  of  this  period  related  rather  to  general 
than  to  State  policy.  One  of  these  was  the  deliv 
ery  by  Abraham  Lincoln,  in  the  Hall  of  Repre- 
sentatives, on  the  evening  of  June  17,  1858,  of  the 
celebrated  speech  in  which  he  announced  the 
doctrine  that  "a  house  divided  against  itself  can- 
not stand."  This  was  followed  during  the  next 


270 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


few  months  by  the  series  of  memorable  debutes 
between  those  two  great  champions  of  their 
respective  i»rties — Lincoln  and  Douglas — which 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  land.  The 
result  was  the  re-election  of  Douglas  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  a  third  term,  but  it 
also  made  Abraham  Lincoln  President  of  the 
United  States.  {See  Lincoln  and  Douglas 
Debates. ) 

About  the  middle  of  Bissell's  term  (February, 
1859),  came  the  discovery  of  what  has  since  been 
known  as  the  celebrated  "Canal  Scrip  Fraud." 
This  consisted  in  t  lie  fraudulent  funding  in  State 
bonds  of  a  large  amount  of  State  scrip  which  had 
been  issued  for  temporary  purposes  during  the 
construction  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal, 
but  which  had  been  subsequently  redeemed.  A 
legislative  investigation  proved  the  amount  ille- 
gally funded  to  have  been  $323,183,  and  that  the 
bulk  of  the  bonds  issued  therefor — so  far  as  they 
could  be  traced — had  been  delivered  to  ex-Gov. 
Joel  A.  Matteson.  For  this  amount,  with  ac- 
crued interest,  he  gave  to  the  State  an  indemnity 
bond,  secured  by  real-estate  mortgages,  from 
which  the  State  eventually  realized  $238,000  out 
of  $255,000  then  due.  Further  investigation 
proved  additional  frauds  of  like  character,  aggre- 
gating 816.1. 346,  which  the  State  never  recovered. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  prosecute  Matteson 
criminally  in  the  Sangamon  County  Circuit 
Court,  but  the  grand  jury  failed,  by  a  close  vote, 
to  find  an  indictment  against  him.  (See  Canal 
Scrip  Fraud.) 

An  attempt  was  made  during  Bissell's  adminis- 
tration to  secure  the  refunding  (at  par  and  in 
violation  of  an  existing  law)  of  one  hundred  and 
fourteen  $1.000  bonds  hypothecated  with  Macalis- 
ter  &  Stebbins  of  New  York  in  1841,  and  for 
which  the  State  had  received  an  insignificant 
consideration.  The  error  was  discovered  when 
new  bonds  for  the  principal  had  been  issued,  but 
the  process  was  immediately  stopped  and  the 
new  bonds  surrendered — the  claimants  being 
limited  by  law  to  28.64  cents  on  the  dollar.  This 
subject  is  treated  at  length  elsewhere  in  this  vol- 
ume. (See  Macal  inter  &  Stebbins  Bonds.)  Governor 
Bissell's  administration  was  otherwise  unevent- 
ful, although  the  State  continued  to  prosper 
under  it  as  it  had  not  done  since  the  "internal 
improvement  craze"  of  183?  had  resulted  in  im- 
posing such  a  burden  of  debt  upon  it.  At  the 
time  of  his  election  Governor  Bissell  was  an 
invalid  in  consequence  of  an  injury  to  his  spine, 
from  which  he  never  recovered.  He  died  in 
office,  March  18.  1860,  a  little  over  two  months 


after  having  entered  upon  the  last  year  of  his 
term  of  office,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lieut. -Gov. 
John  Wood,  who  served  out  the  unexpired  term. 
(See  Bissell,  William  H.;  also  Wood.  John.) 

POLITICAL  CAMPAIGN  OF  I860.— The  political 
campaign  of  1860  was  one  of  unparalleled  excite- 
ment throughout  the  nation,  but  especially  in 
Illinois,  which  became,  in  a  certain  sense,  the 
chief  battle-ground,  furnishing  the  successful 
candidate  for  the  Presidency,  as  well  as  being  the 
State  in  which  the  convention  which  nominated 
him  met.  The  Republican  State  Convention, 
held  at  Decatur,  May  9,  put  in  nomination 
Richard  Vates  of  Morgan  County,  for  Governor : 
Francis  A.  Hoffman  for  Lieutenant-Governor, 
O.  M.  Hatch  for  Secretary  of  State,  Jesse  K. 
Dubois  for  Auditor,  William  Butler  for  Treasurer, 
and  Newton  Bateman  for  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction.  If  this  campaign  was  memorable 
for  its  excitement,  it  was  also  memorable  for  the 
large  number  of  National  and  State  tickets  in  the 
field.  The  National  Republican  Convention 
assembled  at  Chicago,  May  16,  and,  on  the  third 
ballot,  Abraham  Lincoln  was  nominated  for 
President  amid  a  whirlwind  of  enthusiasm  unsur- 
passed in  the  history  of  National  Conventions,  of 
which  so  many  have  been  held  in  the  "conven- 
tion city"  of  the  Northwest.  The  campaign  was 
what  might  have  been  expected  from  such  a 
beginning.  Lincoln,  though  receiving  consider- 
ably less  than  one-half  the  popular  vote,  had  a 
plurality  over  his  highest  competitor  of  nearly 
half  a  million  votes,  and  a  majority  in  the  elect- 
oral colleges  of  fifty-seven.  In  Illinois  he 
received  172,161  votes  to  160,215  for  Douglas,  his 
leading  opponent.  The  vote  for  Governor  stood : 
Yates  (Republican),  172,196;  Allen  (Douglas- 
Democrat),  159,253;  Hope  (Breckinridge  Demo- 
crat), 2,049;  Stuart  (American),  1.626. 

Among  the  prominent  men  of  different  parties 
who  appeared  for  the  first  time  in  the  General 
Assembly  chosen  at  this  time,  were  William  B. 
Ogden,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Washington  Bushnell, 
and  Henry  E.  Dummer,  of  the  Senate,  and  Wil- 
liam R.  Archer,  J.  Russell  Jones.  Robert  H. 
McClellan,  J.  Young  Scammon,  William  H. 
Brown,  Lawrence  Weldon,  N.  M.  Broadwell,  and 
John  Scholfield,  in  the  House.  Shelby  M.  Cul- 
lom,  who  had  entered  the  Legislature  at  the 
previous  session,  was  re-elected  to  this  and  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  over  J.  W.  Single- 
ton. Lyman  Trumbull  was  re-elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  by  the  votes  of  the  Repub- 
licans over  Samuel  S.  Marshall,  the  Democratic 
candidate. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BEGINNING  OF  THE  REBELLION. — Almost  simul- 
taneously with  the  accession  of  the  new  State 
Government,  and  before  the  inauguration  of  the 
President  at  Washington,  began  that  series  of 
startling  events  which  ultimately  culminated  in 
the  attempted  secession  of  eleven  States  of  the 
Union — the  first  acts  in  the  great  drama  of  war 
which  occupied  the  attention  of  the  world  for  the 
next  four  years.  On  Jan.  14,  1861,  the  new 
State  administration  was  inaugurated ;  on  Feb.  2, 
Commissioners  to  the  futile  Peace  Conven- 
tion held  at  Washington,,  were  appointed  from 
Illinois,  consisting  of  Stephen  T.  Logan,  John  M. 
Palmer,  ex-Gov.  John  Wood,  B.  C.  Cook  and  T.  J. 
Turner;  and  on  Feb.  II,  Abraham  Lincoln 
took  leave  of  his  friends  and  neighbors  at  Spring- 
field on  his  departure  for  Washington,  in  that 
simple,  touching  speech  which  has  taken  a  place 
beside  his  inaugural  addresses  and  his  Gettysburg 
speech,  as  an  American  classic.  The  events 
which  followed ;  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  on  the 
twelfth  of  April  and  its  surrender ;  the  call  for 
75,000  troops  and  the  excitement  which  prevailed 
all  over  the  country,  are  matters  of  National  his- 
tory. Illinoisans  responded  with  promptness  and 
enthusiasm  to  the  call  for  six  regiments  of  State 
militia  for  three  months'  service,  and  one  week 
later  (April  21),  Gen.  R.  K.  Swift,  of  Chicago,  at 
the  head  of  seven  companies  numbering  595  men, 
was  en  route  for  Cairo  to  execute  the  order  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  for  the  occupation  of  that 
place.  The  offer  of  military  organizations  pro- 
ceeded rapidly,  and  by  the  eighteenth  of  April, 
fifty  companies  had  been  tendered,  while  the 
public-spirited  and  patriotic  bankers  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  were  offering  to  supply  the  State  with 
money  to  arm  and  equip  the  hastily  organized 
troops.  Following  in  order  the  six  regiments 
which  Illinois  had  sent  to  the  Mexican  War, 
those  called  out  for  the  three  months'  service  in 
1861  were  numbered  consecutively  from  seven  to 
twelve,  and  were  commanded  by  the  following 
officers,  respectively:  Cols.  John  Cook,  Richard 
J.  Oglesby,  Eleazer  A.  Paine,  James  D.  Morgan, 
W.  H.  L.  Wallace  and  John  McArthur,  with 
Gen.  Benjamin  M.  Prentiss  as  brigade  com- 
mander. The  rank  and  file  numbered  4,680  men, 
of  whom  2,000,  at  the  end  of  their  term  of  serv- 
ice, re-enlisted  for  three  years.  (See  H'ar  of  the 
Rebellion. ) 

Among  the  many  who  visited  the  State  Capitol 
in  the  early  months  of  war  to  offer  their  services 
to  the  Government  in  suppressing  the  Rebellion, 
one  of  the  most  modest  and  unassuming  was  a 
gentleman  from  Galena  who  brought  a  letter  of 


introduction  to  Governor  Yates  from  Congress- 
man E.  B.  Washburue.  Though  he  had  been  a 
Captain  in  the  regular  army  and  had  seen  service 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  he  set  tip  no  pretension 
on  that  account,  but  after  days  of  patient  wait  - 
ing,  was  given  temporary  employment  as  a  clerk 
in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General,  Col.  T.  S. 
Mather.  Finally,  an  emergency  having  arisen 
requiring  the  services  of  an  officer  of  military 
experience  as  commandant  at  Camp  Yates  (a 
camp  of  rendezvous  and  instruction  near  Spring 
field),  he  was  assigned  to  the  place,  rather  as  an 
experiment  and  from  necessity  than  from  convic- 
tion of  any  peculiar  fitness  for  the  position. 
Having  acquitted  himself  creditably  here,  he  was 
assigned,  a  few  weeks  later,  to  the  command  of  a 
regiment  (The  Twenty-first  Illinois  Volunteers) 
which,  from  previous  bad  management,  had 
manifested  a  mutinous  tendency.  And  thus 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the  most  successful  leader  of 
the  war,  the  organizer  of  final  victory  over  the 
Rebellion,  the  Lieutenant-General  of  the  armies 
of  the  Union  and  twice  elected  President  of  the 
United  States,  started  upon  that  career  which 
won  for  him  the  plaudits  of  the  Nation  and  the 
title  of  the  grandest  soldier  of  his  time.  (See 
Grant,  Ulysses  S.) 

The  responses  of  Illinois,  under  the  leadership 
of  its  patriotic  "War  Governor,"  Richard  Yates, 
to  the  repeated  calls  for  volunteers  through  the 
four  years  of  war,  were  cheerful  and  prompt.  Illi- 
nois troops  took  part  in  nearly  every  important 
battle  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  in  many  of 
those  in  the  East,  besides  accompanying  Sher- 
man in  his  triumphal  "March  to  the  Sea."  Illi- 
nois blood  stained  the  field  at  Belmont,  at 
Wilson's  Creek,  Lexington.  Forts  Donelson  and 
Henry ;  at  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Nashville,  Stone  River 
and  Chickamauga;  at  Jackson,  during  the  siege 
of  Vicksburg,  at  Allatoona  Pass,  Kenesaw  Moun- 
tain, Resaca,  Peach  Tree  Creek  and  Atlanta,  in 
the  South  and  West;  and  at  Chancellorsville, 
Antietam,  Gettysburg,  Petersburg  and  in  the 
battles  of  "the  Wilderness'1  in  Virginia.  Of  all 
the  States  of  the  Union,  Illinois  alone,  up  to 
Feb.  1,  1864,  presented  the  proud  recofd  of  hav- 
ing answered  every  call  upon  her  for  troops 
without  a  draft.  The  whole  number  of  enlist- 
ments from  the  State  under  the  various  calls  from 
1861  to  1865,  according  to  the  records  of  the  War 
Department,  was  255,057  to  meet  quotas  aggre 
gating  244,496.  The  ratio  of  troops  furnished  to 
population  was  15.1  per  cent,  which  was  only 
exceeded  by  the  District  of  Columbia  (which 
had  a  large  influx  from  the  States),  and  Kansas 


272 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


and  Nevada,  each  of  which  had  a  much  larger 
proportion  of  adult  male  population.  The  whole 
number  of  regimental  organizations,  according 
to  the  returns  in  the  Adjutant  General's  office, 
was  151  regiments  of  infantry  (numbered  con- 
secutively from  the  Sixth  to  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty-seventh),  17  regiments  of  cavalry  and  2 
regiments  of  artillery,  besides  9  independent  bat- 
teries. The  total  losses  of  Illinois  troops,  officially 
reported  by  the  War  Department, '  were  34,834 
(13.65  per  cent),  of  which  5,874  were  killed  in 
battle,  4,020  died  of  wounds,  22,786  died  of  disease, 
and  2, 154  from  other  causes.  Besides  the  great 
Commander  in-Chief,  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 
Lieut. -Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  Illinois  furnished 
11  full  Major-Generals  of  volunteers,  viz. : 
Generals  John  Pope,  John  A.  McClernaud,  S.  A. 
Hurlbut,  B.  M.  Prentiss,  John  M.  Palmer,  R.  J. 
Oglesby,  John  A.  Logan,  John  M.  Schofield,  Giles 
A.  Smith,  Wesley  Merritt  and  Benjamin  H. 
Grierson ;  20  Brevet  Major-Generals ;  24  Brigadier- 
Generals,  and  over  120  Brevet  Brigadier-Generals. 
(See  sketches  of  these  officers  under  their  respec- 
tive names.)  Among  the  long  list  of  regimental 
officers  who  fell  upon  the  field  or  died  from 
wounds,  appear  the  names  of  Col.  J.  R.  Scott  of 
the  Nineteenth ;  Col.  Thomas  D.  Williams  of  the 
Twenty-fifth,  and  Col.  F.  A.  Harrington  of  the 
Twenty-seventh—all  killed  at  Stone  River;  CoL 
John  W.  S.  Alexander  of  the  Twenty-first;  Col. 
Daniel  Gilmer  of  the  Thirty-eighth;  Lieut. -Col. 
Duncan  J.  Hall  of  the  Eighty-ninth ;  Col.  Timothy 
O'Mearaof  the  Ninetieth,  and  Col.  Holden  Put- 
nam, at  Chickamauga  and  Missionary  Ridge; 
CoL  John  B.  Wyman  of  the  Thirteenth,  at 
Chickasaw  Bayou;  Lieut. -Col.  Thomas  W.  Ross, 
of  the  Thirty -second,  at  Shiloh;  Col.  John  A 
Davis  of  the  Forty -sixth,  at  Hatchie;  Col.  Wil- 
liam A.  Dickerman  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Third,  at  Resaca;  Col.  Oscar  Harmon,  at  Kent-- 
saw;  Col.  John  A.  Bross,  at  Petersburg,  besides 
CoL  Mihalotzy,  Col.  Silas  Miller,  Lieut. -Col. 
Melancthon  Smith,  Maj.  Zenas  Applington,  Col. 
John  J.  Mudd,  Col.  Matthew  H.  Starr,  Maj.  Wm, 
H.  Medill,  Col.  Warren  Stewart  and  many  more 
on  other  battle-fields.  (Biographical  sketches  of 
many  of  these  officers  will  be  found  under  the 
proper  heads  elsewhere  in  this  volume.)  It 
would  be  a  grateful  task  to  record  here  the  names 
<>f  a  host  of  others,  who,  after  acquitting  them- 
selves bravely  on  the  field,  survived  to  enjoy  the 
plaudits  of  a  grateful  people,  were  this  within 
the  design  and  scope  of  the  present  work.  One 
of  the  most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  War  was  the 
raid  from  La  Grange.  Tenn.,  to  Baton  Rouge. 


La.,  in  May,  1863,  led  by  Col.  B.  H.  Grierson,  of 
the  Sixth  Illinois  Cavalry,  in  co-operation  with 
the  Seventh  under  command  of  Col.  Edward 
Prince. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION  OP  1862.  —  An 
incident  of  a  different  character  was  the  calling 
of  a  convention  to  revise  the  State  Constitu- 
tion, which  met  at  Springfield,  Jan.  7,  1862.  A 
majority  of  this  body  was  composed  of  those 
opposed  to  the  war  policy  of  the  Government, 
and  a  disposition  to  interfere  with  the  affairs  of 
the  State  administration  and  the  General  Gov- 
ernment was  soon  manifested,  which  was  resented 
by  the  executive  and  many  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
field.  The  convention  adjourned  March  24,  and 
its  work  was  submitted  to  vote  of  the  people, 
June  17, 1862,  when  it  was  rejected  by  a  majority 
of  more  than  16,000,  not  counting  the  soldiers  in 
the  field,  who  were  permitted,  as  a  matter  of 
policy,  to  vote  upon  it,  but  who  were  practically 
unanimous  in  opposition  to  it. 

DEATH  OP  DOUOLAS.— A  few  days  before  this 
election  (June  3,  1862),  United  States  Senator 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  died,  at  the  Tremont  House 
in  Chicago,  depriving  the  Democratic  party  of 
the  State  of  its  most  sagacious  and  patriotic 
adviser.  (See  Douglas.  Stephen  A.) 

LEGISLATURE  OF  1863.— Another  political  inci- 
dent of  this  period  grew  out  of  the  session  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  1863.  This  body  having 
been  elected  on  the  tide  of  the  political  revulsion 
which  followed  the  issuance  of  President  Lin- 
coln's preliminary  Proclamation  of  Emancipation, 
was  Democratic  in  both  branches.  One  of  its 
first  acts  was  the  election  of  William  A.  Richard- 
son United  States  Senator,  in  place  of  O.  H. 
Browning,  who  had  been  appointed  by  Governor 
Tates  to  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Douglas.  This  Legislature  early  showed  a  tend- 
ency to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1862,  by  attempting  to 
cripple  the  State  and  General  Governments  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Resolutions  on  the 
subject  of  the  war,  which  the  friends  of  the 
Union  regarded  as  of  a  most  mischievous  charac 
ter,  were  introduced  and  passed  in  the  House,  but 
owing  to  the  death  of  a  member  on  the  majority 
side,  they  failed  to  pass  the  Senate.  These 
denounced  the  suspension  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus;  condemned  "the  attempted  enforcement 
of  compensated  emancipation"  and  "the  transpor- 
tation of  negroes  into  the  State;"  accused  the 
General  Government  of  "usurpation,"  of  "sub- 
verting the  Constitution"  and  attempting  to 
establish  a  "consolidated  military  despotism;" 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


273 


charged  that  the  war  had  been  "diverted  from  its 
first  avowed  object  to  that  of  subjugation  and 
the  abolition  of  slavery;"  declared  the  belief  of 
the  authors  that  its  "further  prosecution  .... 
cannot  result  in  the  restoration  of  the  Union 
....  unless  the  President's  Emancipation  Proc- 
lamation be  withdrawn;"  appealed  to  Congress 
to  secure  an  armistice  with  the  rebel  States,  and 
closed  by  appointing  six  Commissioners  (who 
were  named)  to  confer  with  Congress,  with  a 
view  to  the  holding  of  a  National  Convention  to 
adjust  the  differences  between  the  States.  These 
measures  occupied  the  attention  of  the  Legisla- 
ture to  the  exclusion  of  subjects  of  State  interest, 
so  that  little  legislation  was  accomplished — not 
even  the  ordinary  appropriation  bills  being  passed. 

LEGISLATURE  PROROGUED.—  At  this  juncture, 
the  two  Houses  having  disagreed  as  to  the  date 
of  adjournment,  Governor  Yates  exercised  the 
constitutional  prerogative  of  proroguing  them, 
which  he  did  in  a  message  on  June  10,  declaring 
them  adjourned  to  the  last  day  of  their  constitu- 
tional term.  The  Republicans  accepted  the  result 
•  nd  withdrew,  but  the  Democratic  majority  in 
the  House  and  a  minority  in  the  Senate  continued 
in  session  for  some  days,  without  being  able  to 
transact  any  business  except  the  filing  of  an 
empty  protest,  when  they  adjourned  to  the  first 
Monday  of  January,  1864.  The  excitement  pro- 
duced by  this  affair,  in  the  Legislature  and 
throughout  the  State,  was  intense;  but  the  action 
of  Governor  Yates  was  sustained  by  the  Supreme 
Court  and  the  adjourned  session  was  never  held. 
The  failure  of  the  Legislature  to  make  provision 
for  the  expenses  of  the  State  Government  and  the 
relief  of  the  soldiers  in  the  field,  made  it  neces- 
sary for  Governor  Yates  to  accept  that  aid  from 
the  public-spirited  bankers  and  capitalists  of  the 
State  which  was  never  wanting  when  needed 
during  this  critical  period.  (See  Twenty-Third 
General  Assembly. ) 

PEACE  CONVENTIONS.— Largely  attended  "peace 
conventions"  were  held  during  this  year,  at 
Springfield  on  June  17,  and  at  Peoria  in  Septem- 
ber, at  which  resolutions  opposing  the  "further 
offensive  prosecution  of  the  war"  were  adopted. 
An  immense  Union  mass-meeting  was  also  held 
at  Springfield  on  Sept.  3,  which  was  addressed 
by  distinguished  speakers,  including  both  Re- 
publicans and  War-Democrats.  An  important 
incident  of  this  meeting  was  the  reading  of  the 
letter  from  President  Lincoln  to  Hon.  James  C. 
Conkling.  in  which  he  defended  his  war  policy, 
and  especially  his  Emancipation  Proclamation, 
in  a  characteristically  logical  manner. 


POLITICAL  CAMPAIGN  OF  1864.— The  year  1864 
was  full  of  exciting  political  and  military  events. 
Among  the  former  was  the  nomination  of  George 
B.  McClellan  for  President  by  the  Democratic  Con- 
vention held  at  Chicago,  August  29,  on  a  platform 
declaring  the  wara  "failure"  as  an  "experiment" 
for  restoring  the  Union,  and  demanding  a  "cessa- 
tion of  hostilities' '  with  a  view  to  a  convention  for 
the  restoration  of  peace.  Mr.  Lincoln  had  been 
renominated  by  the  Republicans  at  Philadelphia, 
in  June  previous,  with  Andrew  Johnson  as  the 
candidate  for  Vice- President.  The  leaders  of  the 
respective  State  tickets  were  Gen.  Richard  J. 
Oglesby,  on  the  part  of  the  Republicans,  for  Gov- 
ernor, with  William  Bross,  for  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, and  James  C.  Robinson  as  the  Democratic 
candidate  for  Governor. 

CAMP  DOUGLAS  CONSPIRACY. — For  months 
rumors  had  been  rife  concerning  a  conspiracy  of 
rebels  from  the  South  and  their  sympathizers  in 
the  North,  to  release  the  rebel  prisoners  confined 
in  Camp  Douglas,  Chicago,  and  at  Rock  Island, 
Springfield  and  Alton — aggregating  over  25,000 
men.  It  was  charged  that  the  scheme  was  to  be 
put  into  effect  simultaneously  with  the  Novem- 
ber election,  but  the  activity  of  the  military 
authorities  in  arresting  the  leaders  and  seizing 
their  arms,  defeated  it.  The  investigations  of  a 
military  court  before  whom  a  number  of  the 
arrested  parties  were  tried,  proved  the  existence 
of  an  extensive  organization,  calling  itself 
"American  Knights"  or  "Sons  of  Liberty,"  of 
which  a  number  of  well-known  politicians  in 
Illinois  were  members.  (See  Camp  Douglas 
Conspiracy.) 

At  the  November  election  Illinois  gave  a  major- 
ity for  Lincoln  of  30,756,  and  for  Oglesby,  for 
Governor,  of  33,675,  with  a  proportionate  major 
ity  for  the  rest  of  the  ticket.  Lincoln's  total  vote 
in  the  electoral  college  was  2 12,  to  2 1  for  McClellan. 

LEGISLATURE  OF  1865.— The  Republicans  had  a 
decided  majority  in  both  branches  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  1865,  and  one  of  its  earliest  acts  was  the 
election  of  Governor  Yates,  United  States  Sena- 
tor, in  place  of  William  A.  Richardson,  who  had 
been  elected  two  years  before  to  the  seat  formerly 
held  by  Douglas.  This  was  the  last  public  posi- 
tion held  by  the  popular  Illinois  "War  Gov- 
ernor. "  During  his  official  term  no  more  popular 
public  servant  ever  occupied  the  executive  chair 
— a  fact  demonstrated  by  the  promptness  with 
which,  on  retiring  from  it,  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate.  His  personal  and  political 
integrity  was  never  questioned  by  his  most  bitter 
IH ilitical  opponents,  while  those  who  had  known 


274 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


him  longest  and  most  intimately,  trusted  him 
most  implicitly.  The  service  which  he  performed 
in  giving  direction  to  the  patriotic  sentiment  of 
the  State  and  in  marshaling  its  heroic  soldiers 
for  the  defense  of  the  Union  can  never  be  over- 
estimated. (See  Yates,  Richard.) 

OGLESBY'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Governor  Ogles- 
by  and  the  other  State  officers  were  inaugu- 
rated Jan.  17,  1865.  Entering  upon  its  duties 
with  a  Legislature  in  full  sympathy  with  it,  the 
new  administration  was  confronted  by  no  such 
difficulties  as  those  with  which  its  predecessor 
had  to  contend.  Its  head,  who  had  been  identi- 
fied with  the  war  from  its  beginning,  was  one  of 
the  first  Illinoisans  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Major-General,  was  personally  popular  and 
enjoyed  the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  people 
of  the  State.  Allen  C.  Fuller,  who  had  retired 
from  a  position  on  the  Circuit  bench  to  accept 
that  of  Adjutant-General,  which  he  held  during 
the  last  three  years  of  the  war,  was  Speaker  of 
the  House.  This  Legislature  was  the  first  among 
those  of  all  the  States  to  ratify  the  Thirteenth 
Amendment  of  the  National  Constitution,  abolish- 
ing slavery,  which  it  did  in  both  Houses,  on  the 
evening  of  Feb.  1,  1865 — the  same  day  the  resolu- 
tion had  been  finally  acted  on  by  Congress  and 
received  the  sanction  of  the  President.  The 
odious  "black  laws,"  which  had  disgraced  the 
State  for  twelve  years,  were  wiped  from  the 
statute-book  at  this  session.  The  Legislature 
adjourned  after  a  session  of  forty-six  days,  leav- 
ing a  record  as  creditable  in  the  disposal  of  busi- 
ness as  that  of  its  predecessor  had  been  discredit- 
able. (See  Oglesby,  Richard  J. ) 

ASSASSINATION  OF  LINCOLN. — The  war  was  now 
rapidly  approaching  a  successful  termination. 
Lee  had  surrendered  to  Grant  at  Appomattox, 
April  9,  1865,  and  the  people  were  celebrating 
this  event  with  joyful  festivities  through  all  the 
loyal  States,  but  nowhere  with  more  enthusiasm 
than  in  Illinois,  the  home  of  the  two  great 
leaders — Lincoln  and  Grant.  In  the  midst  of 
these  jubilations  came  the  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  on  the 
evening  of  April  14,  1865,  in  Ford's  Theater, 
Washington.  The  appalling  news  was  borne  on 
the  wings  of  the  telegraph  to  every  corner  of  the 
land,  and  instantly  a  nation  in  rejoicing  was 
changed  to  a  nation  in  mourning.  A  pall  of 
gloom  hung  over  every  part  of  the  land.  Public 
buildings,  business  houses  and  dwellings  in  every 
city,  village  and  hamlet  throughout  the  loyal 
States  were  draped  with  the  insignia  of  a  univer- 
sal sorrow.  Millions  of  strong  men,  and  tender, 


patriotic  women  who  had  given  their  husbands, 
sons  and  brothers  for  the  defense  of  the  Union, 
wept  as  if  overtaken  by  a  great  personal  calam- 
ity. If  the  nation  mourned,  much  more  did  Illi- 
nois, at  the  taking  off  of  its  chief  citizen,  the 
grandest  character  of  the  age,  who  had  served 
both  State  and  Nation  with  such  patriotic  fidel- 
ity, and  perished  in  the  very  zenith  of  his  fame 
and  in  the  hour  of  his  country's  triumph. 

THE  FUNERAL.  —  Then  came  the  sorrowful 
march  of  the  funeral  cortege  from  Washington 
to  Springfield — the  most  impressive  spectacle 
witnessed  since  the  Day  of  the  Crucifixion.  In 
all  this,  Illinois  bore  a  conspicuous  part,  as  on  the 
fourth  day  of  May,  1865,  amid  the  most  solemn 
ceremonies  and  in  the  presence  of  sorrowing 
thousands,  she  received  to  her  bosom,  near  his 
old  home  at  the  State  Capital,  the  remains  of  the 
Great  Liberator. 

The  part  which  Illinois  played  in  the  great 
struggle  has  already  been  dwelt  upon  as  fully  as 
the  scope  of  this  work  will  permit.  It  only 
remains  to  be  said  that  the  patriotic  service  of 
the  men  of  the  State  was  grandly  supplemented 
by  the  equally  patriotic  service  of  its  women  iu 
"Soldiers'  Aid  Societies,"  "Sisters  of  the  Good 
Samaritan,"  "Needle  Pickets,"  and  in  sanitary 
organizations  for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to 
the  comfort  and  health  of  the  soldiers  in  camp 
and  in  hospital,  and  in  giving  them  generous 
receptions  on  their  return  to  their  homes.  The 
work  done  by  these  organizations,  and  by  indi- 
vidual nurses  in  the  field,  illustrates  one  of  the 
brightest  pages  in  the  history  of  the  war. 

ELECTION  OP  1866.  — The  administration  of  Gov- 
ernor Oglesby  was  as  peaceful  as  it  was  prosper- 
ous. The  chief  political  events  of  1866  were  the 
election  of  Newton  Bateman,  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction,  and  Gen.  Geo.  W. 
Smith,  Treasurer,  while  Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  as 
Representative  from  the  State-at-large.  re-entered 
Congress,  from  which  he  had  retired  in  1861  to 
enter  the  Union  army.  His  majority  was  un- 
precedented, reaching  55,987.  The  Legislature 
of  1867  re-elected  Judge  Trumbull  to  the  United 
States  Senate  for  a  third  term,  his  chief  competi- 
tor in  the  Republican  caucus  being  Gen.  John  M. 
Palmer.  The  Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the 
National  Constitution,  conferring  citizenship 
upon  persona  of  color,  was  ratified  by  this  Legis- 
lature. 

ELECTION  OF  1868.— The  Republican  State  Con- 
vention of  1868,  held  at  Peoria,  May  6,  nominated 
the  following  ticket:  For  Governor,  John  M. 
Palmer,  Lieutenant-Governor,  John  Dougherty; 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Secretary  of  State,  Edward  Pummel):  Auditor, 
Charles  E.  Lippincott,  State  Treasurer,  ErastusN. 
Bates ;  Attorney  General.  Washington  Bushnell. 
John  R.  Eden,  afterward  a  member  of  Congress 
for  three  terms,  headed  the  Democratic  ticket  as 
candidate  for  Governor,  with  William  H.  Van 
Epps  for  Lieutenant-Governor. 

The  Republican  National  Convention  was  held 
at  Chicago,  May  21,  nominating  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant 
for  President  and  Schuyler  Colfax  for  Vice- 
President.  They  were  opposed  by  Horatio 
Seymour  for  President,  and  F.  P.  Blair  for  Vice- 
President.  The  result  in  November  was  the 
election  of  Grant  and  Colfax,  who  received  214 
electoral  votes  from  26  States,  to  80  electoral 
votes  for  Seymour  and  Blair  from  8  States — three 
States  not  voting.  Grant's  majority  in  Illinois 
was  51,150.  Of  course  the  Republican  State 
ticket  was  elected.  The  Legislature  elected  at 
the  same  time  consisted  of  eighteen  Republicans 
to  nine  Democrats  in  the  Senate  and  fifty-eight 
Republicans  to  twenty-seven  Democrats  in  the 
House. 

PALMER'S  ADMINISTRATION. — Governor  Palm- 
er's administration  began  auspiciously,  at  a  time 
when  the  passions  aroused  by  the  war  were  sub- 
siding and  the  State  was  recovering  its  normal 
prosperity.  (See  Palmer,  John  1U.)  Leading 
events  of  the  next  four  years  were  the  adoption 
of  a  new  State  Constitution  and  the  Chicago  fire. 
The  first  steps  in  legislation  looking  to  the  con- 
trol of  railroads  were  taken  at  the  session  of 
1869,  and  although  a  stringent  law  on  the  subject 
passed  both  Houses,  it  was  vetoed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor. A  milder  measure  was  afterward  enacted, 
and,  although  superseded  by  the  Constitution  of 
18TU,  it  furnished  the  key-note  for  much  of  the 
legislation  since  had  on  the  subject.  The  cele- 
brated "Lake  Front  Bill,"  conveying  to  the  city 
ot  Chicago  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  the 
title  of  the  State  to  certain  lands  included  in 
what  was  known  as  the  "Lake  Front  Park,"  was 
passed,  and  although  vetoed  by  the  Governor, 
was  re-enacted  over  his  veto.  This  act  was 
finally  repealed  by  the  Legislature  of  1873,  and 
after  many  years  of  litigation,  the  rights  claimed 
under  it  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany have  been  recently  declared  void  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  The  Fif- 
teenth Amendment  of  the  National  Constitution, 
prohibiting  the  denial  of  the  right  of  suffrage  to 
"citizens  of  the  United  States  ....  on  account 
of  race,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude," 
was  ratified  by  a  strictly  party  vote  in  each 
House,  on  March  5. 


The  first  step  toward  the  erection  of  a  new 
State  Capitol  at  Springfield  had  been  taken  in  an 
appropriation  of  $430.000,  at  the  session  of  1867. 
the  total  cost  being  limited  to  $3,000,000.  A 
second  appropriation  of  S650.00U  was  made  at  the 
session  of  1869.  The  Constitution  of  1870  limited 
the  cost  to  $3,500,000,  but  an  act  passed  by  the 
Legislature  of  1883,  making  a  final  appropriation 
of  $531,712  for  completing  and  furnishing  the 
building,  was  ratified  by  the  people  in  1884.  The 
original  cost  of  the  building  and  its  furniture 
exceeded  $4,000,000.  (See  State  Houses. ) 

The  State  Convention  for  framing  a  new  Con- 
stitution met  at  Springfield.  Dec.  13,  1869. 
It  consisted  of  eighty-five  members — forty-four 
Republicans  and  forty-one  Democrats.  A  num- 
ber classed  as  Republicans,  however,  were  elected 
as  "Independents"  and  co-operated  with  the 
Democrats  in  the  organization.  Charles  Hitch- 
cock was  elected  President.  The  Convention 
terminated  its  labors,  May  13, 1870;  the  Constitu- 
tion was  ratified  by  vote  of  the  people,  July  2, 
and  went  into  effect,  August  8,  1870.  A  special 
provision  establishing  the  principle  of  "minority 
representation"  in  the  election  of  Representatives 
in  the  General  Assembly,  was  adopted  by  a 
smaller  vote  than  the  main  instrument.  A  lead- 
ing feature  of  the  latter  was  the  general  restric- 
tion upon  special  legislation  and  the  enumeration 
of  a  large  variety  of  subjects  to  be  provided  for 
under  general  laws.  It  laid  the  basis  of  our 
present  railroad  and  warehouse  laws;  declared 
the  inviolability  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
tax;  prohibited  the  sale  or  lease  of  the  Illinois 
&  Michigan  Canal  without  a  vote  of  the  people . 
prohibited  municipalities  from  becoming  sub- 
scribers to  the  stock  of  any  railroad  or  private 
corporation;  limited  the  rate  of  taxation  and 
amount  of  indebtedness  to  be  incurred ;  required 
the  enactment  of  laws  for  the  protection  of 
miners,  etc.  The  restriction  in  the  old  Constitu- 
tion against  the  re-election  of  a  Governor  as  his 
own  immediate  successor  was  removed,  but  placed 
upon  the  office  of  State  Treasurer.  The  Legisla- 
ture consists  of  204  members— 51  Senators  and  153 
Representatives — one  Senator  and  three  Repre- 
sentatives being  chosen  from  each  district.  (Set- 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1SU9-70;  also  Con- 
stitution of  1870. ) 

At  the  election  of  1870,  General  Logan  was  re- 
elected  Congressman-at-large  by  24,672  majority ; 
Gen.  E.  N.  Bates,  Treasurer,  and  Newton  Bate- 
man,  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

LEGISLATURE  or  1871. — The  Twenty-seventh 
General  Assembly  (1871),  in  its  various  sessions, 


276 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


spent  more  time  in  legislation  than  any  other  in 
the  history  of  the  State — a  fact  to  be  accounted 
for,  in  part,  by  the  Chicago  Fire  and  the  exten- 
sive revision  of  the  laws  required  in  consequence 
of  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution.  Besides 
the  regular  session,  there  were  two  special,  or 
called,  sessions  and  an  adjourned  session,  cover- 
ing, in  all,  a  period  of  292  days.  This  Legislature 
adopted  the  system  of  "State  control"  in  the 
management  of  the  labor  and  discipline  of  the 
convicts  of  the  State  penitentiary,  which  was 
strongly  urged  by  Governor  Palmer  in  a  special 
message.  General  Logan  having  been  elected 
United  States  Senator  at  this  session.  Gen.  John 
L.  Beveridge  was  elected  to  the  vacant  position 
of  Congressman -at- large  at  a  special  election  held 
Oct  4. 

CHICAOO  FIRE  OF  1871. — The  calamitous  fire 
at  Chicago,  Oct.  8-9,  1871,  though  belonging 
rather  to  local  than  to  general  State  history, 
excited  the  profound  sympathy,  not  only  of  the 
people  of  the  State  and  the  Nation,  but  of  the 
civilized  world.  The  area  burned  over,  including 
streets,  covered  2,124  acres,  with  13,500  buildings 
out  of  18,000,  leaving  92,000  persons  homeless. 
The  loss  of  i't'i'  is  estimated  at  250,  and  of  prop- 
erty at  $187,927.000.  Governor  Palmer  called  the 
Legislature  together  in  special  session  to  act  upon 
the  emergency,  Oct.  13,  but  as  the  State  was  pre- 
cluded from  affording  direct  aid,  the  plan  was 
adopted  of  reimbursing  the  city  for  the  amount 
it  luul  expended  in  the  enlargement  of  the  Illinois 
<&  Michigan  Canal,  amounting  to  $2,955,340. 
The  unfortunate  shooting  of  a  citizen  by  a  cadet 
in  a  regiment  of  United  States  troops  organized 
for  guard  duty,  led  to  some  controversy  between 
Governor  Palmer,  on  one  side,  and  the  Mayor  of 
Chicago  and  the  military  authorities,  including 
President  Grant,  on  the  other;  but  the  general 
verdict  was,  that,  while  nice  distinctions  between 
civil  and  military  authority  may  not  have  been 
observed,  the  service  rendered  by  the  military,  in 
a  great  emergency,  was  of  the  highest  value  and 
was  prompted  by  the  best  intentions.  (See  Fire 
of  1871  under  title  Chicago.) 

POLITICAL  CAMPAIGN  OF  1872.— The  political 
campaign  of  1873  in  Illinois  resulted  in  much  con- 
fusion and  a  partial  reorganization  of  parties. 
Dissatisfied  with  the  administration  of  President 
Grant,  a  number  of  the  State  officers  (including 
Governor  Palmer)  and  other  prominent  Repub- 
licans of  the  State,  joined  in  what  was  called  the 
•'Liberal  Republican"  movement,  and  supported 
Horace  Oreeley  for  the  Presidency.  Ex-Gov- 
ernor Oglesby  again  became  the  standard-bearer 


of  the  Republicans  for  Governor,  with  Gen.  John 
L.  Beveridge  for  Lieutenant-Governor.  At  the 
November  election,  the  Grant  and  Wilson  (Repub- 
lican) Electors  in  Illinois  received  241,944  votes, 
to  184,938  for  Greeley,  and  3,138  for  O'Conor. 
The  plurality  for  Oglesby,  for  Governor,  was 
40,690. 

Governor  Oglesby's  second  administration  was 
of  brief  duration.  Within  a  week  after  his  in- 
auguration he  was  nominated  by  a  legislative 
caucus  of  his  party  for  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  Judge  Trumbull,  and  was  elected,  receiv- 
ing an  aggregate  of  117  votes  in  the  two  Houses 
against  78  for  Trumbull,  who  was  supported  by 
the  party  whose  candidates  he  had  defeated  at 
three  previous  elections.  (See  Oglesby,  Richard  J. ) 
Lieutenant-Governor  Beveridge  thus  became 
Governor,  filling  out  the  unexpired  term  of  his 
chief.  His  administration  was  high-minded, 
clean  and  honorable.  (See  Beveridge,  John  L.) 

REPUBLICAN  REVERSE  OF  1874.  — The  election 
of  1874  resulted  in  the  first  serious  reverse  I  he 
Republican  party  had  experienced  in  Illinois 
since  1862.  Although  Thomas  S.  Ridgway,  the 
Republican  candidate  for  State  Treasurer,  was 
elected  by  a  plurality  of  nearly  35,000,  by  a  com- 
bination of  the  opposition,  S.  M.  Etter  (Fusion) 
was  at  the  same  time  elected  State  Superintend- 
ent, while  the  Fusionists  secured  a  majority  in 
each  House  of  the  General  Assembly.  After  a 
protracted  contest,  E.  M.  Haines — who  had  been 
a  Democrat,  a  Republican,  and  had  been  elected 
to  this  Legislature  as  an  "Independent" — was 
elected  Speaker  of  the  House  over  Shelby  M.  Cul- 
lom,  and  A.  A.  Glenn  (Democrat)  was  chosen 
President  of  the  Senate,  thus  becoming  ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor.  The  session  which  fol- 
lowed—especially in  the  House — was  one  of  the 
most  turbulent  and  disorderly  in  the  history  of 
the  State,  coming  to  a  termination,  April  15, 
after  having  enacted  very  few  laws  of  any  im- 
portance. (See  Tieenty-ninth  General  Assembly. ) 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1876.— Shelby  M.  Cullom  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Republican  party  for  Governor 
in  1876,  with  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  heading  the 
National  ticket.  The  excitement  which  attended 
the  campaign,  the  closeness  of  the  vote  between 
the  two  Presidential  candidates  —  Hayes  and 
Tilden — and  the  determination  of  the  result 
through  the  medium  of  an  Electoral  Commission, 
are  fresh  in  the  memory  of  the  present  gener- 
ation. In  Illinois  the  Republican  plurality  for 
President  was  19,631,  but  owing  to  the  combina- 
tion of  the  Democratic  and  Greenback  vote  on 
Lewis  Steward  for  Governor,  the  majority  for 


c 

/•» 

X 


n 

o 

i> 
^-\ 

c 
~ 


27f. 


I11STOUICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


.spent  more  time  in  legislation  than  any  other  in 
tin-  history  of  the  State — a  fact  to  be  accounted 
for.  in  part,  by  tin-  Chicago  Hire  and  the  exten- 
sive revision  ol  '  ihe  laws  required  in  consequence 

•  •f  UN  adoption  ol  tin-  new  Constitution.      Besides 
i  In'  regular  session,   there  WITH  two  s(>ecia!,   or 
railed,  sessions  ami  an  adjourned  session,  cover- 
ing, in  all,  :i  period  of  ijili  days.    This  Lcgi.slaturn 
adopted   Ihn  system  <'|      'Siato  control"   in    the 
.'.    '   i.  ei:...,i,    of  the  lalxir  and  discipline  of  the 
convicts  of   thu  State  penitentiary,   which  was 
strongly  urged  by  <  inventor  Palmer  in  n  special 
ine-sage.     Uoneral    Logan    having    bcv.il  elected 
I'nitcd  HtotGH  Senator  at  thi.s  session.  Cien.  John 
I.    I '-everitlgu  was  elected   to  the  vacant   position 
of  Congressman  :it.-l.irg"  at  asocial  election  hell 
Del    4. 

rmcMM  l'n:i;  m-  1871. — The  calaniitoii-  iirn 
at  Chicago.  Oct  8-0.  1MI.  though  Ix-longing 
rather  to  local  than  In  general  State  history, 
uxcitcd  the  |iriiloiind  sympathy,  not  only  of  I  ho 
people  «>f  the  Stale,  ami  I  hu  Nation,  but  of  thu 
civilized  world.  The  area  burned  over.  including 
slreets.  covered  li,  10  I  acres,  with  18,600  buildings 
out.  of  IS. 000,  leaving  !r.'.0</0  persons  liome'.c-s. 
Th(-  loss  of  !'!'••  is  e.-.l  iniated  at  ~">".  and  of  prop- 
i-ii  v  at  >'>;,!/, '7. HIM)  liovernor  Palmer  calleil  the 
l.i-^isl.ituie  tom-t  her  iti  sjK-cial  session  to  act  ii|K>n 
i  In-  emergency.  Oct.  l:t,  Imt  as  the  State  was  pre- 
'•hnied  from  allonlni','  direct  aid,  the  plan  was 
auoptetl  of  reimbursing  tin- city  for  tht;  anioutit 
>!  had  expende'l  in  tin:  enlargement  ol"  tlui  Illinois 
.V  Michigan  Canal,  ainountin^  lo  S'J.'J.'j.""!.:!!!). 
T!t«-  loiforfcunatfl  shooting  of  aciti/.en  liy  a  crulK 
ma  rc^iineiil.  of  liniled  States  troops  or^'aiii/'-d 
toi  ^uat'l  duly.  lc.<i  to  some  controversy  l»ft  \vreii 
'iovernor  I'alm'T.  on  on"  side,  and  the  Mayor  of. 
Chic.i.no  ;ind  the  n;iliiiiry  authorities,  including 
i'i---.'leiii  (irant.  ;-n  the  other;  but  the  general 
vt-iilict  wa«.  thai,  while  nice  distinctions  Ix'twecti 

•  •isil  and  military  aulhorily  may  not  have  I n 

ob-erved.  thu  .service  rendered  by  the  military,  in 
a  ;;re«t  emergency,  was  of  the  highest  value  and 
was  prompted   by  the  liest    intentions.      (See  t-'irt1 

•  'f  /^'/'  /  under  title,  i'liii-ni^n.') 

I'ol.lTIOAI.    <:\MI-\n.N     •>!•  IS72.— TJie  politii-al 

.i:u|iaignof  1872  in  Illinois  resulted  in  much  con 

fusion   and   a  partial    reorganization  of  parlies. 

i )i-s  it  isfied  with  the  administration  of  President 

•ii.iul.  a  number  of  the  State  ollicers  (including 

1        ••iiior   Calmer)  and   other  prominent   Kcpub- 

licans  of  the  State,   joined  in  what  was  called  the 

i  .iii--i.il    l:<'|uil>lie.in"  movement,  and  .sup[iorte<l 

Horace    (Jre^'ley    for    the    Presidency       Kx  (!ov- 

eruor  Oglosby  affiiu  becin-jc  t lie  standard  bearer 


of  the  Republicans  for  Governor,  with  Gen.  John 
L.  Keverid^e  for  Lieutenant-tiovernor.  At  the 
November  elect ior.  the  (Jrant  and  Wilson  (Uepub- 
lican)  Klectors  in  Illinois  receive. 1  :Ml,!)It  votes, 
to  lsl.:«s  for  (ireeley.  anil  '•'.. i;ts  for  O'Conor. 
The  plurality  for  Uglesby.  for  (lovernor.  was 
40,690 

(io\ernr>r  '  ij/leshy's  second  administration  was 
of  brief  di. ration.  Within  a  week  after  his  in- 
augural  ion  he  was  nominated  by  a  legislative 
caucus  of  liis  party  for  I'nited  States  Senator  to 
succeed  .litd-^e  Triiiiiliull.  'ind  was  electeil,  receiv- 
ing an  aggregate  of  117  votes  in  the  two  Houses 
against  7s  for  Trumhull.  who  was  supiMirled  by 
the  party  whose  candidates  he  hail  defeated  at 

t'lpe  previous  elections.    (See  '*./'<  slit/.   A'  u-llill'tl  .1  ) 

Lieutenant  (iovernor  I'.cvei >!_•••  thus  liecame 
liovernor.  lilling  out  the  uncxpircd  term  of  his 
chief.  Ilis  administration  was  high-minded, 
clean  and  honorable.  ;See  /» -r.  riV;/e.  Joint  L\ 
I{I:|'|-|:I.K-\N  Kl.vi.itst.;  IIK  ls;i  — The  election 
of  l^Tl  resulted  in  the  lirst  serious  reverse  ihc 
i:epublic:iii  party  had  experienced  in  Illinois 
since  IMVJ.  Although  Thomas  S  IJidgway.  the 
Kepuhlicaii  candidate  lor  Slate  Treasiirer,  was 
electeii  by  a  plurality  of  nearly  '\~i .(lull,  by  a  com- 
bination of  the  opposition.  S.  M.  I'-tter  (Fusion) 
was  ai  the  same  time  elected  State  Superinti'iid- 
et:t.  while  the  I'usioiiists  secured  a  majority  in 
each  House  of  the  (ieneral  Assembly.  After  a 
protracted  content.  K  M.  llaines — who  had  been 
a.  Demoenit.  a  K'epiihlican,  and  had  been  elected 
to  this  Legislature  as  an  "Independent" — was 
elect e.l  Speaker  of  the  I  louse  over  Shelby  M.  ( 'ill 
loin,  and  A.  \.  (Menu  (Democrat)  was  chosen 

1'resiilent   of  the  Senate,    thus  In-coining  ex-otlieio 

Li-'Utenant  I  .overnoi.  Tiie  session  which  fol- 
lowed—especially in  tlm  House  -was  one  of  the 
most  turbulent  and  disorderly  in  the  history  of 
the  State,  coming  to  a  termination,  April  15. 
after  having  enacted  very  feu"  laws  of  anv  im- 
portance, ^ee  Tir>  nt//-t<  intli  (,'iHI'rill  .l.s'.S'  Hllil'l.) 

C\MI'\HiX  i'l'  IsTii. — Shelby  M.  Ciillom  was  thu 
'•andidale  of  [lie  I^epublican  party  for<iovernor 
in  1*71',.  with  Uutherford  15.  Hayes  heading  the 
National  t  i<  Ue!  Tin-  ex.-iten.ent  which  attended 
the  campaign,  the  closeness  of  the  vole  between 
the  two  Presidential  candidates — Hayes  and 
Tilden— and  I  he  determination  of  the  result 
through  i  he  medium  of  an  Klivtoral  Commission. 
an-  fresh  in  the  memory  of  the  present  gener- 
ation. In  Illinois  the  Republican  pluralitv  for 
President  was  1!M>:!I,  but  owing  to  the  combina 
tion  of  the  hemocratic  and  (irecnhack  vote  on 
Lewis  .Steward  for  (iovvrnor.  the  majority  for 


fcpSt'vlpp' 


' 

-        - 


?.  i^L  if-  :' 

• 


'-     t    :.\  .-*' 

.-.--.      . 


BOARD   OF  TRADE    BUILDING.  CHICAGO. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


277 


fullom  was  reduced  to  6,798.  The  other  State 
officers  elected  were:  Andrew  Shuman,  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor;  George  H.  Harlow,  Secretary 
of  State;  Thomas  B.  Needles,  Auditor;  Edward 
I :  nt  /.,  Treasurer,  and  James  K.  Edsall,  Attorney- 
General.  Each  of  these  had  pluralities  exceeding 
20,000,  except  Needles,  who,  having  a  single  com- 
petitor, had  a  smaller  majority  than  Cullom. 
The  new  State  House  was  occupied  for  the  first 
time  by  the  State  officers  and  the  Legislature 
chosen  at  this  time.  Although  the  Republicans 
had  a  majority  in  the  House,  the  Independents 
held  the  "balance  of  power"  in  joint  session  of 
the  General  Assembly.  After  a  stubborn  and 
protracted  struggle  in  the  effort  to  choose  a 
United  States  Senator  to  succeed  Senator  John  A. 
Logan,  David  Davis,  of  Bloomington,  was 
elected  on  the  fortieth  ballot.  He  had  been  a 
Whig  and  a  warm  personal  friend  of  Lincoln,  by 
whom  he  was  appointed  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  tho  United  States  in  1862.  His 
election  to  the  United  States  Senate  by  the  Demo- 
crats and  Independents  led  to  his  retirement  from 
the  Supreme  bench,  thus  preventing  his  appoint- 
ment on  the  Electoral  Commission  of  1877 — a  cir- 
cumstance which,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  may 
have  had  an  important  bearing  upon  the  decision 
of  that  tribunal.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  term 
he  served  as  President  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate, 
and  more  frequently  acted  with  the  Republicans 
than  with  their  opponents.  He  supported  Blaine 
and  Logan  for  President  and  Vice-President,  in 
1884.  (See  Davis,  David. ) 

STRIKE  OF  1877.— The  extensive  railroad  strike, 
in  July,  1877,  caused  widespread  demoralization 
of  business,  especially  in  the  railroad  centers  of 
the  State  and  throughout  the  country  generally. 
The  newly -organized  National  Guard  was  called 
out  and  rendered  efficient  service  in  restoring 
order.  Governor  Cullom 's  action  in  the  premises 
was  prompt,  and  has  been  generally  commended 
as  eminently  wise  and  discreet. 

ELECTION  OP  1878. — Four  sets  of  candidates 
were  in  the  field  for  the  offices  of  State  Treasurer 
and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  1878 
— Republican,  Democratic,  Greenback  and  Pro- 
hibition. The  Republicans  were  successful,  Gen. 
John  C.  Smith  being  elected  Treasurer,  and 
.lames  P.  Slade,  Superintendent,  by  pluralities 
averaging  about  35,000.  The  same  party  also 
plected  eleven  out  of  nineteen  members  of  Con- 
gress, and,  for  the  first  time  in  six  years,  secured 
a  majority  in  each  branch  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly. At  the  session  of  this  Legislature,  in  Janu- 
ary following,  John  A.  Logan  was  elected  to  the 


United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  Gen.  R.  J. 
Oglesby,  whose  term  expired  in  March  following. 
CoL  William  A.  James,  of  Lake  County,  served 
as  Speaker  of  the  House  at  this  session.  (See 
Smith,  John  Corson;  Slade,  James  P.;  also  Thirty- 
first  General  Assembly. ) 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1880. — The  political  campaign 
of  1880  is  memorable  for  the  determined  struggle 
made  by  the  friends  of  General  Grant  to  secure 
his  nomination  for  the  Presidency  for  a  third 
term.  The  Republican  State  Convention,  begin- 
ning at  Springfield,  May  19,  lasted  three  days, 
ending  in  instructions  in  favor  of  General  Grant 
by  a  vote  of  399  to  285.  These  were  nulli3ed, 
however,  by  the  action  of  the  National  Conven- 
tion two  weeks  later.  Governor  Cullom  was 
nominated  for  re-election;  John  M.  Hamilton  for 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  Henry  D.  Dement  for  Sec- 
retary of  State;  Charles  P.  Swigert  for  Auditor; 
Edward  Rutz  (for  a  third  term)  for  Treasurer, 
and  James  McCartney  for  Attorney-General. 
(See  Dement,  Henry  D.;  Swigert,  diaries  P.; 
Rutz,  Edward,  and  McCartney,  James. )  Ex-Sena- 
tor Trumbull  headed  the  Democratic  ticket  as  its 
candidate  for  Governor,  with  General  L.  B.  Par- 
sons for  Lieutenant-Governor. 

The  Republican  National  Convention  met  in 
Chicago,  June  2.  After  thirty-six  ballots,  in 
which  306  delegates  stood  unwaveringly  by  Gen- 
eral Grant,  James  A.  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  was 
nominated,  with  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New 
York,  for  Vice-President.  Gen.  Winfield  Scott 
Hancock  was  the  Democratic  candidate  and  Gen. 
James  B.  Weaver,  the  Greenback  nominee.  In 
Illinois,  622,156  votes  were  cast,  Garfield  receiv- 
ing a  plurality  of  40,716.  The  entire  Republican 
State  ticket  was  elected  by  nearly  the  same  plu- 
ralities, and  the  Republicans  again  had  decisive 
majorities  in  both  branches  of  the  Legislature. 

No  startling  events  occurred  during  Governor 
Cullom's  second  term.  The  State  continued  to 
increase  in  wealth,  population  and  prosperity, 
and  the  heavy  debt,  by  which  it  had  been  bur- 
dened thirty  years  before,  was  practically  "wiped 
out."  • 

ELECTION  OP  1882.— At  the  election  of  1882, 
Gen.  John  C.  Smith,  who  had  been  elected  State 
Treasurer  in  1878,  was  re-elected  for  a  second 
term,  over  Alfred  Orendorff,  while  Charles  T. 
Strattan,  the  Republican  candidate  for  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  was  de- 
feated by  Henry  Raab.  The  Republicans  again 
had  a  majority  in  each  House  of  the  General 
Assembly,  amounting  to  twelve  on  joint  ballot. 
Loren  C.  Collins  was  elected  Speaker  of  the 


l;t>.\kl>    ill-    TKADK    liril.niNC,  (  UK  Act). 


IIISTOIMCAL  KNrycLoi'LiHA  or  ILLINOIS 


2  IV IV 
I  t 


Ctslliim  was  reduced  to  (i.7»\  The  other  Stale' 
otiiccrs  elected  werf  Andrew  Sliunian.  Lieu- 
|.-::ant  (iovernor:  (!eor";e  II  Hariow.  Secretary 
of  Suite;  Thomas  I!  Needles.  Auditor.  i-Mward 
I ,'iit/,  Tre-UMircr.  and  James  K.  Kdsall.  Attorney- 
l  e-neral  Kui'li  of  I  hese  hud  pluralities  exceeding 
•.'u.iliHI.  except  X lies,  who,  having  ;i  single  com- 
petitor, had  a  smaller  majority  than  ('iiltoin. 
The  lieu"  State  House  was  occupied  for  the  lirst 
time  liy  the  State  ii(lie"rs  and  the  Legislature 
chosen  at  this  time  VlthooKh  the  Republican!) 
had  a  niajiirity  in  the  House,  the  Indc|«.|idents 
hel,|  the  "halance  of  power"  in  joint  session  of 
thi'  (ieiieral  Asseml.K  \fter  a  stiililMirn  an. I 
protracted  stru.^ule  i"  tin-  ell'ort  to  choose  a 
I'M  it  el  Slates  Sen; it  or  1"  succeed  Senator  .lohn  A. 
l.o-j-aii,  David  !>i\',  of  liloomin^'ton.  was 

•  •lei-ted   mi    the    for!ie!h    hallot.      lie.   had    heen   a 
Wlii^and  a  warm  i -.-nal  friend  of  Lincoln,  hy 

•'•.'II    he  was  api'  ,ii.'.-  !   Associate  .lusticc  of   the 
^upreme  ( '.mit  ••(  I'..-  I'nited  States  in  ISli-.'.     Jlis 

•  •I. "-lion  t"  the  I   nit  e.  I  Si  ales  Senate  l.y  thi-  I  l.-mo- 
i-ralsaiiil  Indepeii'l'-n's  l--il  to  his  retirement  from 
tin- Supreme  lioneli.  thus  preventing  his  appoint- 
un-nt  on  the  Kl-'-'lor.!!  '  'i'liiinissiun  (»f  1S77  —  a  cir- 

• ';;  ;:ui' •'•  whirh.  ;•  the  (ipiiiion  of  man\.  n:ay 
have  ha.)  an  imporlaM  U-arin.^  upon  the  deciMoii 
of  Iliat  trilmnal.  In  iic--  lalli-r  part  of  hi-l.-na 
In-  served  as  Presideni  )>!••>  tempore  of  tin-  Si-iiad-, 
and  more  fre.jiii-tit  !^  a>-le«l  \\ith  thi-  Itepnhli.'ans 
than  with  their  oppoiifMts  I  le  siip|i<irti'il  I'-laim- 
ai.il  Lilian  for  l'r--i  I--M  and  Vici'-l'ri'-idi-iit.  CM 
!~st.  iS,-e  1'iirix  Ihn-i.l  t 

STUIKI:  i>r  !*??     Tin1  extt'iisire railnwd strike. 
n  .Tulv.   1S77.  <Mn<el    \^i'lespread  di-ni'ifali/.ai ion 
••f  Imsiiiess,  csj.(-i-iallv  in   thi-  railroail  i-cnters  of 
the  Slate  ami  throughout  Ihc-  cmiutry  (lem-nilly 
The  ntnvly -or^rani/.fl    Nalii>nal  *;nar'l  was  callfl 

•  nit   and   rendered   eilicient  service   in    iesioriMR 
"I'di-r.      (inverih >r  ( 'nllom's  action  in  the  premises 
v-.as  prompt,  and   has  U-en  ^ri-nerally  coinnii-nded 
i-  eminently  \vi^-  and  iliscrei-t. 

Kl.rrri'iS  i>r  |s>  l-'onr  sets  of  camliilates 
•A ere  in  tlio  Held  lor  tii"  otlices  of  Stale  Treasurer 
ami  Superintendent  ••!  I'uhlii-  Instructmu  in  I^TS 

K'i'puhlic-aii.  Ih'tiiocratic.  llreetihaek  and  I'm 
liiltilinn  The  Ilcpuliiieatis  were  Miccessful.  lien. 
Julin  (T.  Smith  I  liein.^'  elected  Treasurer,  and 
.lames  I'.  Sladi',  Superintendent,  hy  pluralities 
.ivera^iti;^  alMiut  :!•">. nun  Tin-  same  parly  also 
'•li'.-ted  eleven  oul  of  nineteen  mi-inhers  of  Con- 
,-n-ss  ami.  for  the  lirst  lime  in  six  years,  secured 
.1  ma.jnrily  in  each  hranch  of  the<!eneral  \ssem- 
i'lv  At  the  session  of  Ihis  Legislature,  in  .lanu 
.irv  follivwiir,-.  John  A  Lo-ni-i  was  i-le.-ted  to  tin- 


United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  (Jen.  11.  J 
O^lcshy.  whose  term  expin-d  in  March  following 
Col  \Villiam  A.  Jaines.  of  Lake  County,  served 
as  S|K-:iker  of  the  II  .us.-  al  this  session  (S<i- 
tfmilli.  ./i'/ni  t'ursiHi;  S/.i,/.  ./i;n,i  .<  /' .;  als- 1  Thirl  a- 
Jlrxl  (!•  »•  nil  .{*•"  n.l'l'i  • 

CAMI-AUJX  <>K  l1*^!.— The  [K.lilical  campaign 
of  l^xil  is  menuirahle  for  thi-  di-termined  strn^^li- 
made  hy  the  friends  of  Ci-n.-ral  Uraiit  to  si'i-iire 
his  nomination  for  the  I're-idcncy  for  a  third 
term.  The  It^pulilicaii  .State  Convent  inn.  l«-t;in 
nin^  at  Sprin:;(ield.  Ma\  !'•'  lasti-1  thn-e  days, 
i-ndiri^  in  instriK'tioiis  in  tavorof  <  ii-in-ral  <  irant 
hy  a  vole  of  :'.!'!l  to  >.",  Thi-"-  WIT.-  nulli  led 
howeM-r.  l.y  the  a'-lionof  the  Naiiiiiial  Coiiveii- 
lioTi  two  \\i-»-Us  later.  (JoM-rnor  Cullom  was 
nominated  for  rc-el(K-tion :  John  M  ILunilt-m  for 

Lienl.-nalit-l  Governor.  Henry  I)    I)eni"iil   for  Sec- 
retary of  Slat.-;  Cliarl.--   I'.  Swi^ert  fi.r  Auditor: 
l-Mward   I.'utz   (  for  a   third   term!  tor   Treasurer 
and     Jam.-     McCartney     I'.T      At  |..rne\  <  ..-neral 
(S,..-    ll,i,i,i,l.     II,  urif    l>  :    Siriij,;-f.    I'lmrlix    I': 
l.'ttt~.  I'flirttrtl.  and  M,-*  'tn-ti"  ij.  Jttut,  *. )     I '.\  Sena 
tor  Triimlnill  headed  the  DeiiiiMTalii-  ticket  as  its 
candi'Iate  for  <  lov.-i nor.  with  ( leueral   I.    I".    I'ar- 
SOIIH  for  Lieutenant  -<  Jovenmr 

T.'ie  IN-puhlican  Nali.mal  Cniiveiiiinii  met  in 
Chi.-ajro  June  ,'  \lt.-r  lhirty-si\  hallots.  in 
which  :!"i'i  di-li-L-ales  stood  nnwav.-riri'.-ly  l.y  (len- 
eral  (irant.  Janus  \  ilarli.-M  ..f  Ohio,  w.-is" 
nominati-d.  with  Cln->i.-r  \  Art'mr.  ol  New 
^',.rli.  for  Vice-President  <  ien.  \Vinlii-ld  --- ott 
llalicock  \vas  t!nl  1  >emocra1  ic  candidate  and  Cn-n 
James  It  "Weaver,  (h.-  i.i-eenhack  nominee  In 
Illinois  (',•.'-.*  l.%ti  \o|.-s  \vi-ro  cast,  (iarli.-l  I  n-c.-iv- 
ing a  plurality  of  1"  Tlti  Thei-nure  l,'*-fin!.!].-aii 
State  ticket  was  elected  hy  nearly  I  lie  same  plu- 
ralities, and  l!ie  K'e;.iil.]ic.iiis  a-a.n  had  d'-cisivt* 
inajoiities  in  K.|!I  li!-aueti.->  ol  (lie  I..-  :-!aiuni. 

No  startling  e\ent iirre.l  dmi::--  (invernur 

Cullom's  s.-,-i.n.l  I. -rm  Thi-  Slate  i-oatinuel  In 
increase  in  wealth  population  and  pr..s|M-ril-y. 
and  the  h.-avy  d.-hl.  l.y  which  it  h.i.l  I«M-II  Inir- 
di-neil  thirty  years  l».fore.  was  practically  "w^H-d 
out  " 

|-;i.l-:iT|ilV      "I        l^s.'    _.\l      the     elerliotl    ,  ,f      1  SS-_> 

(ien  John  C.  Smilli.  who  had  U-en  elecle.1  Stilte 
Treasurer  in  IsTs.  was  re-elected  for  a  second 
term,  over  Alfred  <  )r.-inloi  if.  while  Charles  T 
Strattan.  I  he  1,'epiihlican  can.lidale  for  State 
Siiperintenileiil  of  Piihlic  InstriK-tioii.  W:LS  de 
feateil  I iy  Henry  1,'aah  The  1,'epnhlicans  a^ain 
hail  a  majority  in  each  House  of  tl».  (ieneral 
A.ssemldy  amounting  to  twelve  on  joint  hallot 
-Loren  C  Collins  was  elected  S|>eaker  i>f  tile 


27K 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK   ILLINOIS. 


House.  In  the  election  of  United  States  Senator, 
which  occurred  at  this  session,  Governor  Cullom 
was  chosen  as  the  successor  to  David  Davis,  Gen. 
.John  M.  Palmer  receiving  the  Democratic  vote. 
Lieut. -Gov.  Johu  M.  Hamilton  thus  became  Gov- 
ernor, nearly  in  the  middle  of  his  term.  (See 
( 'ullom,  Shelby  M. ;  Hamilton,  John  3f.:  Collins, 
Loren  C.,  and  Html).  Ilrnrii.) 

The  "Harper  High  License  Law,"  enacted  by 
the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  (1883),  has 
become  one  of  the  permanent  features  of  the  Illi- 
nois statutes  for  the  control  of  the  liquor  traffic, 
and  has  been  more  or  less  closely  copied  in  other 
States. 

POLITICAL  CAMPAIGN  OF  1884.— In  18x4,  Gen. 
R.  J.  Oglesby  again  Itecame  the  choice  of  the 
Republican  party  for  Governor,  receiving  at 
Peoria  the  conspicuous  compliment  of  a  nomina- 
tion for  a  third  term,  by  acclamation.  Carter  II 
Harrison  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democrats. 
The  Republican  National  Convention  was  again 
held  in  Chicago,  meeting  June  3,  1884;  Gen.  John 
A.  Logan  was  the  choice  of  the  Illinois  Repub- 
licans for  President,  and  was  put  in  nomination 
in  the  Convention  by  Senator  Cullom.  The 
choice  of  the  Convention,  however,  fell  upon 
James  G.  Blaine,  on  the  fourth  killot.  his  leading 
competitor  l>eing  President  Arthur.  Logan  was 
then  nominated  for  Vice-President  by  acclama- 
tion. 

At  the  election  in  November  the  Republican 
party  met  its  first  reverse  on  the  National  battle- 
field since  ln5<i,  Graver  Cleveland  and  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks,  the  Democratic  candidates,  being 
elected  President  and  V ice-President  by  the  nar- 
row margin  of  less  than  1,200  votes  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  result  was  in  doubt  for  sev- 
eral days,  and  the  excitement  throughout  the 
country  was  scarcely  less  intense  than  it  had 
been  in  the  close  election  of  1876.  The  Green- 
back and  Prohibition  parties  both  had  tickets  in 
Illinois,  polling  a  total  of  nearly  23,000  votes. 
The  plurality  in  the  State  for  Blaine  was  25,118. 
The  Republican  State  officers  elected  were  Richard 
J.  Oglesby,  Governor;  John  C.  Smith,  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor ;  Henry  D.  Dement,  Secretary  of 
State;  Charles  P.  Swigert,  Auditor;  Jacob  Gross, 
State  Treasurer;  and  George  Hunt,  Attorney- 
General— receiving  pluralities  ranging  from  14,- 
000  to  25,000.  Both  Dement  and  Swigert  were 
elected  for  a  second  time,  while  Gross  and  Hunt 
were  chosen  for  first  terms.  (See  Cross,  Jacob, 
and  Hunt,  George. ) 

CHICAGO  ELECTION  FRAUDS.— An  incident  of 
this  election  was  the  fraudulent  attempt  to  seat 


Rudolph  Brand  (Democrat)  as  Senator  in  place  of 
Henry  W.  Leman,  in  the  Sixth  Senatorial  Dis- 
trict of  Cook  County.  The  fraud  was  exposed 
and  Joseph  C.  Mackin,  one  of  its  alleged  per|x-- 
trators,  was  sentenced  to  the  (>enitentiary  for  four 
years  for  ]>erjury  growing  out  of  the  investiga- 
tion. A  motive  for  this  attempted  fraud  was 
found  in  the  close  vote  in  the  Legislature  for 
United  Suites  Senator — Senator  Logan  being  a 
candidate  for  re-election,  while  the  Legislature 
stood  102  Republicans  to  1<H>  Democrats  and  two 
Greenbackers  on  joint  ballot.  A  tedious  contest 
on  the  election  of  Speaker  of  the  House  finally 
resulted  in  the  success  of  E.  M.  Haines.  Pending 
the  struggle  over  the  Senatorship,  two  seats  in 
the  House  and  one  in  the  Senate  were  rendered 
vacant  by  death — the  deceased  Senator  and  one  of 
the  Representatives  being  Democrats,  and  the 
other  Representative  a  Republican.  The  special 
election  for  Senator  resulted  in  filling  the  vacancy 
with  a  new  member  of  the  same  political  faith  as 
his  predecessor ;  but  both  vacancies  in  the  House 
were  filled  by  Republicans.  The  gain  of  a  Repub- 
lican member  in  place  of  a  Democrat  in  the 
House  was  brought  about  by  the  election  of 
Captain  William  H.  Weaver  Representative  from 
the  Thirty-fourth  District  (composed  of  Mason. 
Menard,  Cass  and  Schuyler  Counties)  over  the 
Democratic  candidate,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  Representative  J.  Henry  Shaw, 
Democrat.  This  was  accomplished  by  what  is 
called  a  "still  hunt"  on  the  jiart  of  the  Repub- 
licans, in  which  the  Democrats,  being  taken  by 
surprise,  suffered  a  defeat.  It  furnished  the  sen- 
sation not  only  of  the  session,  but  of  special  elec- 
tions generally,  especially  as  every  county  in  the 
District  was  strongly  Democratic.  This  gave  tin- 
Republicans  a  majority  in  each  House,  and  the 
re-election  of  Logan  followed,  though  not  until 
two  months  had  been  consumed  in  the  contest. 
(See  Logan,  John  A.) 

OOLESDY'S  THIRD  TERM. — The  only  disturbing 
events  during  Governor  Oglesby 's  third  terra  were 
strikes  among  the  quarrymen  at  Joliet  and 
Lemont,  in  May,  1885;  by  the  railroad  switchmen 
at  East  St.  Louis,  in  April,  188G,  and  among  the 
employes  at  the  Union  Stock-Yards,  in  November 
of  thessme  year.  In  each  case  troops  were  called 
out  and  order  finally  restored,  but  not  until  sev- 
eral persons  had  been  killed  in  the  two  former, 
and  both  strikers  and  employers  had  lost  heavily 
in  the  interruption  of  business. 

At  the  election  of  1886,  John  R.  Tanner  and 
Dr.  Richard  Edwards  (Republicans)  were  respec- 
tively elected  State  Treasurer  and  State  Superin- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


279 


tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  by  34,816  plurality 
for  the  former  and  29,928  for  the  latter.  (See 
Tanner,  John  B.;  Edwards,  Richard.) 

In  the  Thirty-fifth  General  Assembly,  which 
met  January,  1887.  the  Republicans  had  a  major- 
ity in  eachT  House,  and  Charles  B.  Farwell  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  place  of 
Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  deceased.  (See  Farirell. 
Charles  B. ) 

FIFEK  ELECTED  GOVERNOR.  —  The  political 
campaign  of  1888  was  a  spirited  one,  though  less 
bitter  than  the  one  of  four  years  previous.  Ex- 
Senator  Joseph  W.  Fifer,  of  McLean  County,  and 
Ex-Gov.  John  M.  Palmer  were  pitted  against  each 
other  as  opposing  candidates  for  Governor.  (See 
Fifer,  Joseph  W. )  Prohibition  and  Labor  tickets 
were  also  in  the  field  The  Republican  National 
Convention  was  again  held  in  Chicago,  June 
20-25,  resulting  in  the  nomination  of  Benjamin 
Harrison  for  President,  on  the  eighth  ballot.  The 
delegates  from  Illinois,  with  two  or  three  excep- 
tions, voted  steadily  for  Judge  Walter  Q. 
Gresham.  (See  (Iri'sham,  Walter  Q.)  Grover 
Cleveland  headed  the  Democratic  ticket  as  a 
candidate  for  re-election.  At  the  November  elec- 
tion, 747,683  votes  were  cast  in  Illinois,  giving 
the  Republican  Electors  a  plurality  of  22,104. 
Fifer's  plurality  over  Palmer  was  12,547,  and  that 
of  the  remainder  of  the  Republican  State  ticket, 
still  larger.  Those  elected  were  Lyman  B.  Ray, 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  Isaac  N.  Pearson,  Secre 
tary  of  State;  Gen.  Charles  W.  Pavey,  Auditor; 
Charles  Becker,  Treasurer,  and  George  Hunt. 
Attorney -General  (See  Kay,  Lyman  B.;  Pear- 
xou,  Isaac  N.:  J'aiTy.  Charles  It";  and  Becker. 
Charles.)  The  Republicans  secured  twenty-six 
majority  on  joint  ballot  in  the  Legislature — the 
largest  since  1881.  Among  the  acts  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  1889  were  the  re-election  of  Senator 
Cullom  to  the  United  States  Senate,  practically 
without  a  contest ;  the  revision  of  the  compulsory 
education  law,  and  the  enactment  of  the  Chicago 
drainage  law.  At  a  special  session  held  in  July. 
1890,  the  first  steps  in  the  preliminary  legislation 
looking  to  the  holding  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  of  1893  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  were 
taken.  (See  World's  Columbian  Exposition.) 

REPUBLICAN  DEFEAT  OP  1890.— The  campaign 
of  1890  resulted  in  a  defeat  for  the  Republicans  on 
both  the  State  and  Legislative  tickets.  Edward 
S.  Wilson  was  eleqted  Treasurer  by  a  plurality  of 
9,847  and  Prof.  Henry  Raab,  who  had  been  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction  between  1883  and 
1887,  was  elected  for  a  second  term  by  34,042. 
Though  lacking  two  of  an  absolute  majority  on 


joint  ballot  in  the   Legislature,  the  Democrats 
were  able,  with  the  aid  of  two  members  belonging 
to  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  after  a  prolonged  and 
exciting   contest,    to    elect    Ex-Gov.    John    M. 
Palmer  United  States  Senator,  as   successor  to 
C.  B.  Farwell.     The  election  took  place  on  March 
11,  resulting,  on  the  154th  ballot,  in  103  votes  for 
Palmer  to  100  for  Cicero  J.  Lindley  (Republican) 
and  one  for  A.  J.  Streeter.     (See  Palmer,  John  M. ) 
ELECTION'S  OF  1892. — At  the  elections  of   1892 
the  Republicans  of  Illinois  sustained  their  first 
defeat  on  both  State  and  National  issues  since 
1856.     The    Democratic    State    Convention    was 
held  at   Springfield,  April   27.  and  that  of    the 
Republicans  on  May  4.     The  Democrats  put  in 
nomination    John    P.    Altgeld    for    Governor; 
Joseph  B.  Gill  for  Lieutenant-Governor;  William 
H.  Hiarichsen  for  Secretary  of  State;  Rufus  N. 
Ramsay  for  State    Treasurer;    David    Gore  for 
Auditor ;  Maurice  T.  Moloney  for  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, with  John  C.  Black  and  Andrew  J.  Hunter 
for  Congressmen-at-large  and  three  candidates  for 
Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois.     The  can- 
didates on  the  Republican  ticket  were:     For  Gov 
ernor,    Joseph    W.  Fifer;    Lieutenant-Governor, 
Lyman  B.  Ray ;  Secretary  of  State.  Isaac  N.  Pear- 
son; Auditor,  Charles  W.   Pavey;  Attorney -Gen- 
eral, George  W.  Prince;  State  Treasurer,  Henry 
L.  Hertz ;  Congressmen-at-large,  George  S.  Willits 
and  Richard  Yates,  with  three  University  Trus- 
tees.    The  first  four  were  all  incumbents  nomi- 
nated to   succeed  themselves.     The    Republican 
National  Convention  held  its  session  at  Minneapo- 
lis June  7-10,  nominating  President  Harrison  for 
re-election,   while    that  of   the    Democrats    met 
in  Chicago,   on  June  21,   remaining  in  session 
until  June  24,  for  the  third  time  choosing,  as  its 
standard-bearer,  Grover  Cleveland,  with  Adlai  T. 
Stevenson,  of  Bloomington,  111.,  as  his  running- 
mate  for  Vice-President.     The  Prohibition  and 
People's  Party  also  had  complete  National  and 
State  tickets  in  the  field.     The  State  campaign 
was  conducted  with  great  vigor  on  both  sides,  the 
Democrats,  under  the  leadersliip  of  Altgeld,  mak- 
ing an  especially  bitter  contest  upon  some  features 
of  the  compulsory  school  law.  and  gaining  many 
votes  from  the  ranks  of  the  German-Republicans. 
The  result  in  the  State  showed  a  plurality  for 
Cleveland  of  26,993  votes  out  of  a  total  873,646— 
the  combined  Prohibition  and  People's  Party  vote 
amounting  to  48,077.     The  votes  for  the  respec- 
tive heads  of   the  State  tickets  were:    Altgeld 
(Dem.),    425,498;     Fifer    (Rep.),    402,659;     Link 
(Pro.),  25,628 ;Barnet  (Peo.),  20,  108— plurality  for 
Altgeld,  22,808.     The  vote  for  Fifer  was  the  high- 


280 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


eat  given  to  any  Republican  candidate  on  either 
the  National  or  the  State  ticket,  leading  that  of 
President  Harrison  by  nearly  3,400,  while  the 
vote  for  Altgeld,  though  falling  behind  that  of 
Cleveland,  led  the  votes  of  all  his  associates  on  the 
Democratic  State  ticket  with  the  single  exception 
of  Ramsay,  the  Democratic  Candidate  for  Treas- 
urer. Of  the  twenty-two  Representatives  in 
Congress  from  the  State  chosen  at  this  time, 
eleven  were  Republicans  and  eleven  Democrats, 
including  among  the  latter  the  two  Congressmen 
from  the  State-at-large.  The  Thirty -eighth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  stood  twenty-nine  Democrats  to 
twenty-two  Republicans  in  the  Senate,  and 
seventy -eight  Democrats  to  seventy-five  Republic- 
ans in  the  House. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Fifer — the  last 
in  a  long  and  unbroken  line  under  Republican  Gov- 
ernors— closed  with  the  financial  and  industrial 
interests  of  the  State  in  a  prosperous  condition, 
the  State  out  of  debt  with  an  ample  surplus  in  its 
treasury.  Fifer  was  the  first  private  soldier  of 
the  Civil  War  to  be  elected  to  the  Governorship, 
though  the  result  of  the  next  two  elections  have 
shown  that  he  was  not  to  be  the  last — both  of  his 
successors  belonging  to  the  same  class.  Governor 
Altgeld  was  the  first  foreign-born  citizen  of  the 
State  to  be  elected  Governor,  though  the  State 
has  had  four  Lieutenant-Governors  of  foreign 
birth,  viz. :  Pierre  Menard,  a  French  Canadian ; 
John  Moore,  an  Englishman,  and  Gustavus 
Koerner  and  Francis  A.  Hoffman,  both  Germans. 
ALTOELD'S  ADMINISTRATION.  —  The  Thirty- 
»  eighth  General  Assembly  began  its  session,  Jan. 
4,  1893,  the  Democrats  having  a  majority  in  each 
House.  (See  Thirty-eighth  General  Assembly.) 
The  inauguration  of  the  State  officers  occurred  on 
January  10.  The  most  important  events  con- 
nected with  Governor  Altgeld's  administration 
were  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893, 
and  the  strike  of  railway  employes  in  1894.  Both 
of  these  have  been  treated  in  detail  under  their 
proper  heads.  (See  WorlcC s  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, and  Labor  Troubles.)  A  serious  disaster 
befell  the  State  in  the  destruction  by  fire,  on  the 
night  of  Jan.  3,  1895,  of  a  portion  of  the  buildings 
connected  with  the  Southern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Anna,  involving  a  loss  to  the  State  of 
nearly  $200,000,  and  subjecting  the  inmates  and 
officers  of  the  institution  to  great  risk  and  no 
small  amount  of  suffering,  although  no  lives  were 
lost.  The  Thirty-ninth  General  Assembly,  which 
met  a  few  days  after  the  fire,  made  an  appropri- 
ation of  $171,970  for  the  restoration  of  the  build- 
ings destroyed,  and  work  was  begun  immediately. 


The  defalcation  of  Charles  W.  Spalding,  Treas- 
urer of  the  University  of  Illinois,  which  came  to 
light  near  the  close  of  Governor  Altgeld's  term, 
involved  the  State  in  heavy  loss  (the  exact 
amount  of  which  is  not  even  yet  fully  known), 
and  operated  unfortunately  for  the  credit  of  the 
retiring  administration,  in  view  of  the  adoption  of 
a  policy  which  made  the  Governor  more  directly 
responsible  for  the  management  of  the  State  in- 
stitutions than  that  pursued  by  most  of  his  prede- 
cessors. The  Governor's  course  in  connection 
with  the  strike  of  1894  was  also  severely  criticised 
in  some  quarters,  especially  as  it  brought  him  in 
opposition  to  the  policy  of  the  National  adminis- 
tration, and  exposed  him  to  the  charge  of  sympa- 
thizing with  the  strikers  at  a  time  when  they 
were  regarded  as  acting  in  open  violation  of  law. 

ELECTION  OF  1894.— The  election  of  1894  showed 
as  surprising  a  reaction  against  the  Democratic 
party,  as  that  of  1892  had  been  in  an  opposite 
direction.  The  two  State  offices  to  be  vacated 
this  year — State  Treasurer  and  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction — were  filled  by  the  elec- 
tion of  Republicans  by  unprecedented  majorities. 
The  plurality  for  Henry  Wulff  for  State  Treas- 
urer, was  133,427,  and  that  in  favor  of  Samuel  M. 
Inglis  for  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, scarcely  10,000  less.  Of  twenty -two  Repre- 
sentatives in  Congress,  all  but  two  returned  as 
elected  were  Republicans,  and  these  two  were 
unseated  as  the  result  of  contests.  The  Legisla- 
ture stood  thirty-three  Republicans  to  eighteen 
Democrats  in  the  Senate,  and  eighty -eight  Repub- 
licans to  sixty -one  Democrats  in  the  House. 

One  of  the  most  important  acts  of  the  Thirty  - 
ninth  General  Assembly,  at  the  following  session, 
was  the  enactment  of  a  law  fixing  the  compensa- 
tion of  members  of  the  General  Assembly  at  $1,000 
for  each  regular  session,  with  five  dollars  per  day 
and  mileage  for  called,  or  extra,  sessions.  This 
Legislature  also  passed  acts  making  appropriations 
for  the  erection  of  buildings  for  the  use  of  the 
State  Fair,  which  had  been  permanently  located 
at  Springfield;  for  the  establishment  of  two  ad- 
ditional hospitals  for  the  insane,  one  near  Rock 
Island  and  the  other  (for  incurables)  near  Peoria; 
for  the  Northern  and  Eastern  Illinois  Normal 
Schools,  and  for  a  Soldiers'  Widows'  Home  at 
Wilmington. 

PERMANENT  LOCATION  OP  THE  STATE  FAIR.— 
In  consequence  of  the  absorption  of  public  atten- 
tion— especially  among  the  industrial  and  manu- 
facturing classes  — by  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  the  holding  of  the  Annual  Fair  of  the 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  1893  was 


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HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS 


est  given  to  an}'  Republican  candidate  on  either 
the  National  or  the  State  ticket,  leading  that  of 
President  Harrison  by  nearly  3,40(1,  while  the 
vote  for  Altgeld,  though  falling  behind  that  of 
Cleveland,  led  the  votes  of  all  his  associates  on  tho 
Democratic  State  ticket  with  the  single  exception 
of  Ramsay,  the  Democratic  Candidate  for  Treas 
urer.  Of  the  twenty-two  Representatives  in 
Congress  from  tli«  State  chosen  at  this  time, 
eleven  were  Republicans  and  eleven  Democrats, 
including  among  the  latter  the  two  Congressmen 
from  the  Stato-at-large.  The  Thirty-eighth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  stood  twenty-nine  Democrats  to 
twenty-two  Republicans  in  thu  Senate,  and 
seventy-eight  Democrats  to  seventy  five  Republic- 
ans in  tli-  1  louse. 

The  administration  of  ( Inventor  Fifer — the  last 
in  a  long  and  unbroken  line  under  Republican  Gov- 
ernors— closed  with  the  financial  and  industrial 
interests  of  the  State  in  a  prosperous  condition, 
the  State  out  of  debt  with  an  ample  surplus  in  its 
treasury  Fifer  was  the  first  private  soldier  of 
the  Civil  War  to  be  elected  to  the  Governorship, 
though  tin1  result  of  the  next  two  elections  have 
shown  that  lie  was  not  to  Iw  the  last — both  of  his 
successors  belonging  to  the  same  class.  Governor 
Altgeld  wa.s  the  first  foreign-liorn  citizen  of  the 
Stale  to  be  elected  Governor,  though  tho  State 
has  had  four  Lieutenant  -Governors  of  foreign 
birth,  vi/.  :  Pierre  Menard,  a  French  Canadian; 
John  Moore,  an  Englishman,  and  Gustavus 
Koerner  and  Francis  A.  Hotrman.  both  Germans. 

Ai.rciKi.D's  ADMINISTRATION.  —  The  Thirty- 
eighth  General  Assembly  began  its  session,  Jan. 
•t,  INHH.  tin1  Democrats  having  a  majority  in  each 
House  (See  Tliirli/-i'iylitlt  <!<H<ral  .\xxrnilily.) 
The  inauguration  of  thu  State  officers  occurred  on 
January  III.  The  most  important  events  con- 
nected with  Governor  Altgeld's  administration 
were  the  World's  Columbian  [Exposition  of  fHli:!, 
and  the  strike  of  railway  employes  in  \*'J-\.  I'oth 
of  these  have  licen  treated  in  detail  under  their 
proper  heads.  (See  \\'i>rlil's  Columbian  K.i'jtoxi- 
liini.  and  l.nlior  Tmnlili-x  )  A  serious  disaster 
befell  the  State  in  the  destruction  by  fire,  on  tin1 
night  of  Jan  :!.  |s!ir,,  of  a  iK.rtion  of  the  buildings 
connected  with  I  lie  Southern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Anna,  involving  a  loss  to  the  State  of 
nearly  x-JdlMilio,  and  subjecting  the  inmates  ami 
officers  of  tlie  institution  to  great  risk  and  no 
small  amount  of  suffering,  although  no  lives  were 
lost  The  Thirty  ninth  General  Assembly,  which 
met  a  few  days  after  the  fire,  made  an  appropri 
ation  of  SIT  1.1170  for  the  restoration  of  the  build 
ings  destroyed,  and  work  was  begun  immediately 


Tin-  defalcation  of  Charles  W.  Spalding,  Treas- 
urer of  the  University  of  Illinois,  which  came  to 
light  near  the  close  of  Governor  Altgeld's  term, 
involved  the  State  in  heavy  loss  (the  exact 
amount  of  which  is  not  even  yet  fully  known  i. 
and  operated  unfortunately  for  the  credit  of  the 
retiring  administration,  in  view  of  the  adoption  ol 
a  policy  which  made  the  Governor  more  directly 
responsible  for  the  management  of  the  State  in- 
stitutions than  that  pur-ued  by  most  of  bis  prede- 
cessors. The  Governor's  course  in  connection 
with  the  strike  of  1N1I4  was  also  severely  criticised 
in  some  cmarters,  especially  as  it  brought  him  in 
opposition  to  the  policy  of  the  National  adminis 
tratiou,  and  exposed  him  to  the  charge  of  sympa 
thi/ing  with  the  strikers  at  a  time  when  they 
were  regarded  as  acting  in  open  violation  of  law 

ELECTION  OF  ISU4.— The  election  of  IHJM  showed 
as  surprising  a  reaction  against  the  Democratic 
party,  as  that  of  1HU2  had  been  in  an  opposite 
direction.  The  two  State  offices  to  1*  vacated 
this  year — State  Treasurer  and  State  Superintend 
ent  of  Public  Instruction — were  tilled  by  the  elec- 
tion of  Republicans  by  unprecedented  majorities. 
The  plurality  for  Henry  \Vullf  for  State  Trtas 
urer,  was  Ut;i.4'-27,  and  that  in  favor  of  Samuel  M. 
Inglis  for  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc 
tion,  scarcely  10,000  less.  I  >f  twenty-two  Repre 
sontativcs  in  Congress,  all  but  two  returned  as 
elected  were  Republicans,  and  these  two  were 
unseated  as  the  result  of  contests.  The  Legisla 
ture  stood  thirty-three  Republicans  to  eighteen 
Democrats  in  the  Senate,  and  eighty  eight  Repub 
licans  to  sixty -one  Democrats  in  the  House. 

One  of  the  most  important  acts  of  the  Thirty 
ninth  General  Assembly,  at  the  following  session 
was  the  enactment  of  a  law  lixing  the  compen^a 
tion  of  membersof  the  General  Assembly  at  81, Mm 
for' each  regular  session,  with  five  dollars  per  day 
and  mileage  for  called,  or  extra,    sessions.     This 
Legislature  also  passedacts  making  appropriations 
for  the  erection  of  buildings  for  the  use  of  tin- 
State  Fair,  which  had  ln-en  [KTinanently  located 
lit  Springfield;  for  the  establishment  of  two  ad 
ditional  hospitals  for  the  insane,  one  near  Rock 
Island  and  the  other  (for  incurables)  near  I'eoria. 
for  the  Northern    and    Eastern    Illinois    Normal 
Schools,  and    for  a  Soldiers'    Widows'    Home  at 
Wilmington. 

I'KKMANKNT  LOCATION  OF  THE  STATK  FAIU.— 
Ill  consequence  of  the  absorption  of  public  alien 
tion — especially  among  the  industrial  and  manu- 
facturing  classes  —  by  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  the  holding  of  the  Annual  Fair  of  the 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  1W)3  was 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


281 


omitted  for  the  first  time  since  the  Civil  War. 
The  initial  steps  were  taken  by  the  Board  at  its 
annual  meeting  in  Springfield,  in  January  of  that 
year,  looking  to  the  permanent  location  of  the 
Fair;  and,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  in  Chi- 
cago, in  October  following,  formal  specifications 
were  adopted  prescribing  the  conditions  to  be  met 
in  securing  the  prize.  These  were  sent  to  cities 
intending  to  compete  for  the  location  as  the  basis 
of  proposals  to  be  submitted  by  them.  Responses 
were  received  from  the  cities  of  Bloomington, 
Decatur,  Peoritt.and  Springfield,  at  the  annual 
meeting  in  January,  1894,  with  the  result  that, 
on  the  eighth  ballot,  the  bid  of  Springfield  was 
accepted  and  the  Fair  permanently  located  at 
that  place  by  a  vote  of  eleven  for  Springfield  to 
ten  divided  between  five  other  points.  The 
Springfield  proposal  provided  for  conveyance  to 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  of  155  acres  of 
land — embracing  the  old  Sangamon  County  Fair 
Grounds  immediately  north  of  the  city — besides 
a  cash  contribution  of  $50,000  voted  by  the  San- 
gamon County  Board  of  Supervisors  for  the 
erection  of  permanent  buildings.  Other  contri- 
butions increased  the  estimated  value  of  the 
donations  from  Sangamon  County  (including  the 
land)  to  $139,800,  not  including  the  pledge  of  the 
city  of  Springfield  to  pave  two  streets  to  the  gates 
of  the  Fair  Grounds  and  furnish  water  free,  be- 
sides an  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  electric 
light  company  to  furnish  light  for  two  years  free 
of  charge.  The  construction  of  buildings  was 
begun  the  same  year,  and  the  first  Fair  held  on 
the  site  in  September  following.  Additional 
buildings  have  been  erected  and  other  improve- 
ments introduced  each  year,  until  the  grounds 
are  now  regarded  as  among  the  best  equipped  for 
exhibition  purposes  in  the  United  States.  In  the 
meantime,  the  increasing  success  of  the  Fair 
from  year  to  year  has  demonstrated  the  wisdom 
of  the  action  taken  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
in  the  matter  of  location. 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1896.  —  The  political  campaign 
of  1896  was  one  of  almost  unprecedented  activity 
in  Illinois,  as  well  as  remarkable  for  the  variety 
and  character  of  the  issues  involved  and  the 
number  of  party  candidates  in  the  field.  As 
usual,  the  Democratic  and  the  Republican  parties 
were  the  chief  factors  in  the  contest,  although 
there  was  a  wide  diversity  of  sentiment  in  each, 
which  tended  to  the  introduction  of  new  issues 
and  the  organization  of  parties  on  new  lines. 
The  Republicans  took  the  lead  in  organizing  for 
the  canvass,  holding  their  State  Convention  at 
Springfield  on  April  29  and  30.  while  the  Demo- 


crats followed,  at  Peoria,  on  June  23.  The  former 
put  in  nomination  John  R.  Tanner  for  Governor; 
William  A.  Northcott  for  Lieutenant-Governor ; 
James  A.  Rose  for  Secretary  of  State ;  James  S. 
McCullough  for  Auditor;  Henry  L.  Hertz  for 
Treasurer,  and  Edward  C.  Akin  for  Attorney- 
General,  with  Mary  Turner  Carriel,  Thomas  J 
Smyth  and  Francis  M.  McKay  for  University 
Trustees.  The  ticket  put  in  nomination  by  the 
Democracy  for  State  officers  embraced  John  P. 
Altgeld  for  re-election  to  the  Governorship;  for 
Lieutenaut-Governor,  Monroe  C.  Crawford;  Sec- 
retary of  State,  Finis  E.  Downing;  Auditor, 
Andrew  L.  Maxwell;  Attorney -General,  George 
A.  Trade,  with  three  candidates  for  Trustees. 

The  National  Republican  Convention  met  at  St. 
Louis  on  June  16,  and,  after  a  three  days'  session, 
put  in  nomination  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio, 
for  President,  and  Garret  A.  Hobart,  of  New 
Jersey,  for  Vioe-President ;  while  their  Demo- 
cratic opponents,  following  a  policy  which  had 
been  maintained  almost  continuously  by  one  or 
the  other  party  since  1860,  set  in  motion  its  party 
machinery  in  Chicago — holding  its  National  Con- 
vention in  that  city,  July  7-11,  when,  for  the  first 
time  in  the  history  of  the  nation,  a  native  of 
Illinois  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  the 
person  of  William  J.  Bryan  of  Nebraska,  with 
Arthur  Sewall,  a  ship-builder  of  Maine,  for  the 
second  place  on  the  ticket.  The  main  issues,  as 
enunciated  in  the  platforms  of  the  respective 
parties,  were  industrial  and  financial,  as  shown  by 
the  prominence  given  to  the  tariff  and  monetary 
questions  in  each.  This  was  the  natural  result  of 
the  business  depression  which  had  prevailed  since 
1893.  While  the  Republican  platform  adhered  to 
the  traditional  position  of  the  party  on  the  tariff 
issue,  and  declared  in  favor  of  maintaining  the 
gold  standard  as  the  basis  of  the  monetary  system 
of  the  country,  that  of  the  Democracy  took  a  new 
departure  by  declaring  unreservedly  for  the  "free 
and  unlimited  coinage  of  both  silver  and  gold  at 
the  present  legal  ratio  of  16  to  1 ;"  and  this  be- 
came the  leading  issue  of  the  campaign.  The 
fact  that  Thomas  E.  Watson,  of  Georgia,  who 
had  been  favored  by  the  Populists  as  a  candidate 
for  Vice  President,  and  was  afterwards  formally 
nominated  by  a  convention  of  that  party,  with 
Mr.  Bryan  at  its  head,  was  ignored  by  the  Chi- 
cago Convention,  led  to  much  friction  between 
the  Populist  and  Democratic  wings  of  the  party 
At  the  same  time  a  very  considerable  body — in 
influence  and  political  prestige,  if  not  in  numbers 
— in  the  ranks  of  the  old-line  Democratic  party, 
refused  to  accept  the  doctrine  of  the  free-silver 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


omitted  for  the  lirst  time  since  the  Civil  War 
The  initial  steps  were  taken  by  the  Board  at  its 
annual  meeting  in  S]iringliel<l,  in  January  of  that 
year,  looking  to  the  permanent  location  of  the 
Kair;  and,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  in  Chi- 
cago, in  October  following,  formal  specifications 
were  adopted  prescribing  the  conditions  to  be  met 
in  securing  the  prize.  These  were  sent  to  cities 
intending  to  compete  for  the  location  as  the  basis 
of  pro|)osals  to  be  submitted  by  them  Ues|K>nses 
were  received  from  the  cities  of  BloootingtOB. 
Decatur,  I'eoria  and  .Springfield,  at  the  annual 
meeting  in  January,  1M1M.  with  the  result  that, 
on  the  eighth  ballot,  the  bid  of  Springfield  was 
accepted  and  the  Fair  permanently  located  at 
that  place  by  a  vote  of  eleven  for  Springfield  to 
ten  divided  between  live  other  |>oints.  The 
Springfield  proposal  provided  for  conveyance  to 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  of  1S5  acres  of 
land— embracing  the  old  Sangarnon  County  Fair 
Grounds  immediately  north  of  the  city — besides 
a  cash  contribution  of  §511, (Kid  voted  by  the  San- 
gamon  County  Board  of  Supervisors  for  the 
erection  of  fieriiiaiieiit  buildings.  Other  contri- 
butions increased  the  estimated  value  of  the 
donations  from  Sangamon  County  (including  the 
land)  to  SUiO,S(M>.  not  including  the  pledge  of  the 
city  of  Springfield  to  pave  two  streets  to  the  gates 
of  the  Fair  (! rounds  ami  furnish  water  free,  IH-- 
sides  an  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  electric 
light  company  to  furnish  light  for  two  years  free 
of  charge.  The  construction  of  buildings  was 
liegun  the  same  year,  and  the  lirst  Fair  held  on 
the  site  in  September  following  Additional 
buildings  have  liven  erected  and  other  improve- 
ments introduced  each  year,  until  the  grounds 
are  now  regarded  as  among  the  l>est  equipped  for 
exhibition  purjmses  in  the  United  States  In  the 
meantime,  the  increasing  success  of  the  Fair 
from  ye;»r  to  year  has  demonstrated  the  wisdom 
of  the  action  taken  by  the  Hoard  of  Agriculture 
in  the  matter  of  location 

CAMPAIGN  OK  1W>. — The  jiolilieal  campaign 
of  IWMi  was  one  of  almost  unprecedented  activity 
in  Illinois  as  well  as  remarkable  for  the  variety 
and  character  of  the  issues  involved  and  the 
nuinl'fi  of  party  candidates  in  the  field  As 
usual,  the  Democratic  ami  the  Republican  parties 
were  the  chief  factors  in  the/  contest,  although 
there  was  a  wide  diversity  of  sentiment  in  each, 
which  tended  to  the  introduction  of  new  issues 
and  the  organization  of  parties  on  new  lines 
The  Republicans  took  the  lead  in  organizing  for 
the  canvass,  holding  their  State  Convention  at 
Springfield  on  April  ill  and  !!0.  while  the  Demo- 


crats followed,  at  Peoria,  on  June  23.    The  former 
pui  in  nomination  John  H.  Tanner  for  (loveruor 
William  A    Northcott   for  Lieutenant-Uoveruor . 
James  A.  liose  for  Secretary  of  State:  James  S 
McCulIough  for   Auditor;    Henry  L.    Hertz  for 
Treasurer,  and   Edward   C    Akin   for  Attorney 
(ieneral,   with  Mary  Turner  Carrie!,  Thomas  J 
Smyth   and   Francis   M     McKay   for   University 
TrustiH-s.     The  ticket  put  in  nomination  by  the 
Democracy  for  State  officers  embraced  John  I'. 
Altgeld   for  re-election  to  the  Governorship,  for 
Lieutenant-* lovernor,  Monroe  C.  Crawford;  Sec- 
retary   of    State,    Finis    K.    Downing;    Auditor, 
Andrew   L.    Maxwell;  Attorney-! iener.il.   (George 
A.  Trude,  with  three  candidates  for  Trustees. 

The  National  Republican  Convention  met  at  St 
Louis  on  June  Id,  and,  after  a  three  days'  session, 
put  in  nomination  William  McKiuley,  of  Ohio, 
for  President,  and  Carret  A  Ilohart,  of  New 
Jersey,  for  Vice- President:  while  their  Demo 
cratic  opponents,  following  a  jtolicy  which  had 
been  maintained  almost  continuously  by  one  or 
the  other  party  since  1SGO,  set  in  motion  its  [>arty 
machinery  in  Chicago — holding  its  National  Con 
vention  in  that  city,  July  7-11,  when,  for  the  first 
time  in  the  history  of  the  nation,  a  native  of 
Illinois  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency  in  the 
person  of  William  J.  Bryan  of  Nebraska,  with 
Arthur  Sewall,  a  shipbuilder  of  Maine,  for  the 
second  place  on  the  ticket  The  main  issues,  as 
enunciated  in  the  platforms  of  the  respective 
parties,  were  industrial  and  financial,  as  shown  by 
the  prominence  given  to  the  tarilT  and  monetary 
questions  in  each.  This  was  the  natural  result  of 
the  business  depression  which  had  prevailed  since- 
1H!C!.  While  the  Republican!  platform  adhered  to 
the  traditional  |H>sition  of  the,  party  on  the  tariff 
issue,  and  declared  in  favor  of  maintaining  the 
gold  standard  as  the  basis  of  the  monetary  system 
of  tin-  country,  that  of  the  Democracy  took  a  new 
departure  by  declaring  unreservedly  for  the  "free, 
and  unlimited  coinage  of  lioth  silver  and  gold  at 
the  present  legal  ratio  of  1<>  to  1 ,"  and  this  lie- 
came 'the  leading  issue  of  the  rampaign.  The 
fact  that  Thomas  K.  Watson,  of  <  icorgia,  who 
had  Id-en  favored  by  the  Populists  as  a  candidate 
for  Vice  President,  and  was  afterwards  formally 
nominatcd  by  a  convention  of  that  (tarty,  w-ith 
Mr  Bryan  at  its  head,  was  ignored  by  the  Chi 
eago  ( 'on\ eiitioii.  led  to  much  friction  Ix'twcen 
the  Populist  and  Democratic  wings  of  the  |tart\ 
At  the  same  time  a  very  considerable  liody — in 
influence  and  [lolitical  prestige,  if  not  in  numbers 
— in  the  ranks  of  the  old-line  Democratic  |>arty 
refused  to  accept  the  doctrine  of  the  free  silvei 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


section  on  the  monetary  question,  and.  adopting 
the  name  of  "Gold  Democrats,''  put  in  nomination 
a  ticket  composed  of  John  M.  Palmer,  of  Illinois, 
for  President,  and  Simon  B.  Buckner,  of  Ken- 
tucky, for  Vice-President.  Besides  these,  the  Pro- 
hibitionists, Nationalists.  Socialist-Labor  Party 
and  "Middle-of-the-Road"  (or  "straight-out") 
Populists,  had  more  or  less  complete  tickets  in  the 
Held,  making  a  total  of  seven  sets  of  candidates 
appealing  for  the  votes  of  the  people  on  issues 
assumed  to  be  of  National  importance. 

The  fact  that  the  two  great  parties— Democratic 
and  Republican — established  their  principal  head- 
cjuarters  for  the  prosecution  of  the  campaign  in 
Chicago,  had  the  effect  to  make  that  city  and 
the  State  of  Illinois  the  center  of  political  activ- 
ity for  the  nation.  Demonstrations  of  an  impos- 
ing character  were  held  by  both  parties.  At  the 
November  election  the  Republicans  carried  the 
day  by  a  plurality,  in  Illinois,  of  141,517  for  their 
national  ticket  out  of  a  total  of  1,090,869  votes, 
while  the  leading  candidates  on  the  State  ticket 
received  the  following  pluralities:  John  R.  Tan 
ner  (for  Governor).  113,381;  Northcott  (for  Lieu- 
tenant-GovernorK  137,354;  Rose  ( for  Secretary  of 
State),  136.611;  McCullough  (for  Auditor).  138,- 
013;  Hertz  (for  Treasurer),  116,064;  Akin  (for 
Attorney-General),  132,650.  The  Republicans  also 
elected  seventeen  Representatives  in  Congress  to 
three  Democrats  and  two  People's  Party  men. 
The  total  vote  cast,  in  this  campaign,  for  the  "Gold 
Democratic"  candidate  for  Governor  was  8,100. 

Gov.  TANNER'S  ADMINISTRATION — The  Fortieth 
General  Assembly  met  Jan.  6,  1897,  consisting  of 
eighty-eight  Republicans  to  sixty-three  Demo- 
crats and  two  Populists  in  the  House,  and  thirty- 
nine  Republicans  to  eleven  Democrats  and  one 
Populist  in  the  Senate.  The  Republicans  finally 
gained  one  member  in  each  house  by  contests. 
Edward  C.  Curtis,  of  Kankakee  County,  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  and  Hendrick  V. 
Fisher,  of  Henry  County.  President  pro  tern,  of 
the  Senate,  with  a  full  set  of  Republican  officers 
in  the  subordinate  positions.  The  inauguration 
of  the  newly  elected  State  officers  took  place  on 
the  llth,  the  inaugural  address  of  Governor 
Tanner  taking  strong  ground  in  favor  of  main- 
taining the  issues  indorsed  by  the  people  at  the 
late  election.  Ou  Jan.  ;!0,  William  E.  Mason, 
of  Chicago,  was  elected  United  States  Senator,  as 
the  successor  of  Senator  Palmer,  whose  term  was 
about  to  expire.  Mr.  Mason  received  the  full 
Republican  strength  (125  votes)  in  the  two 
Houses,  to  the  77  Democratic  votes  cast  for  John 
P.  Altgeld.  (See  fortieth  General  AxxenMy. ) 


Among  the  principal  measures  enacted  by  the 
Fortieth  General  Assembly  at  its  regular  session 
were;  The  "Torrens  Land  Title  System,"  regu- 
lating the  conveyance  and  registration  of  land 
titles  (which  see) ;  the  consolidation  of  the  three 
Supreme  Court  Districts  into  one  and  locating  the 
Supreme  Court  at  Springfield,  and  the  Allen 
Street-Railroad  Law,  empowering  City  Councils 
and  other  corporate  authorities  of  cities  to  grant 
street  railway  franchises  for  a  period  of  fifty 
years.  On  Dec.  7,  1897,  the  Legislature  met  in 
special  session  under  a  call  of  the  Governor,  nam- 
ing five  subjects  upon  which  legislation  was  sug- 
gested. Of  these  only  two  were  acted  upon 
affirmatively,  viz. :  a  law  prescribing  the  manner 
of  conducting  the  election  of  delegates  to  nomi- 
nating political  conventions,  and  a  new  revenue 
law  regulating  the  assessment  and  collection  of 
taxes.  The  main  feature  of  the  latter  act  is  the 
requirement  that  property  shall  be  entered  upon 
the  books  of  the  assessor  at  its  cash  value,  subject 
to  revision  by  a  Board  of  Review,  the  basis  of 
valuation  for  purposes  of  taxation  being  one-fifth 
of  this  amount. 

THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR. — The  most  not- 
able event  in  the  history  of  Illinois  during  the 
year  1898  was  the  Spanish-American  War,  and 
the  part  Illinois  played  in  it.  In  this  contest 
Illinoisans  manifested  the  same  eagerness  to 
serve  their  country  as  did  their  fathers  and  fel- 
low citizens  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  a  third 
of  a  century  ago.  The  first  call  for  volunteers 
was  responded  to  with  alacrity  by  the  men  com- 
posing the  Illinois  National  Guard,  seven  regi- 
ments of  infantry,  .from  the  First  to  Seventh 
inclusive,  besides  one  regiment  of  Cavalry  and 
one  Battery  of  Artillery — in  all  about  9,000  men 
— being  mustered  in  between  May  7  and  May  21 
Although  only  one  of  these — the  First,  under  the 
command  of  Col.  Henry  L.  Turner  of  Chicago — 
saw  practical  service  in  Cuba  before  the  surrender 
at  Santiago,  others  in  camps  of  instruction  in  the 
South  stood  ready  to  respond  to  the  demand  for 
their  service  in  the  field.  Under  the  second  call 
for  troops  two  other  regiments— the  Eighth  and 
the  Ninth — were  organized  and  the  former  (com- 
posed of  Afro-Americans  officered  by  men  of 
their  own  race)  relieved  the  First  Illinois  on  guard 
duty  at  Santiago  after  the  surrender.  A  body  of 
engineers  from  Company  E  of  the  Second  United 
States  Engineers,  recruited  in  Chicago,  were 
among  the  first  to  see  service  in  Cuba,  while 
many  Illinoisans  belonging  to  the  Naval  Reserve 
were  assigned  to  duty  on  United  States  war 
vessels,  and  rendered  most  valuable  service  in  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


283 


naval  engagements  in  Cuban  waters.  The  Third 
Regiment  (Col.  Fred.  Bennitt)  also  took  part  in 
the  movement  for  the  occupation  of  Porto  Rico. 
The  several  regiments  on  their  return  for  muster- 
out,  after  the  conclusion  of  terms  of  peace  with 
Spain,  received  most  enthusiastic  ovations  from 
their  fellow-citizens  at  home.  Besides  the  regi- 
ments mentioned,  several  Provisional  Regiments 
were  organized  and  stood  ready  to  respond  to  the 
call  of  the  Government  for  their  services  had  the 
emergency  required.  (See  H'nr,  TJie  Spanish 
American. ) 

LABOR  DISTURBANCES.  —  The  principal  labor 
disturbances  in  the  State,  under  Governor  Tan- 
ner's administration,  occurred  during  the  coal- 
miners'  strike  of  1897,  and  the  lock-out  at  the 
Pana  and  Virden  mines  in  1898.  The  attempt  to 
introduce  colored  laborers  from  the  South  to 
operate  these  mines  led  to  violence  between  the 
adherents  of  the  "Miners'  Union"  and  the  mine- 
owners  and  operators,  and  their  employes,  at 
these  points,  during  which  it  was  necessary  to 
call  out  the  National  Guard,  and  :i  number  of 
lives  were  sacrificed  on  both  sides. 

A  flood  in  the  Ohio,  during  the  spring  of  1898, 
caused  the  breaking  of  the  levee  at  Shawneetown, 
111.,  on  the  3d  day  of  April,  in  consequence  of 
which  a  large  proportion  of  the  city  was  flooded, 
many  homes  and  business  houses  wrecked  or 
greatly  injured,  and  much  other  property  de- 
stroyed. The  most  serious  disaster,  however,  was 
the  loss  of  some  twenty-five  lives,  for  the  most 
part  of  women  and  children  who,  being  surprised 
in  their  homes,  were  unable  to  escape.  Aid  was 
promptly  furnished  by  the  State  Government  in 
the  form  of  tents  to  shelter  the  survivors  and 
rations  to  feed  them  ;  and  contributions  of  money 
and  provisions  from  the  citizens  of  the  State,  col- 
lected by  relief  organizations  during  the  next  two 
or  three  months,  were  needed  to  moderate  the 
suffering.  (See  Inundation*,  Remarkable.) 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1898. — The  political  campaign  of 
1898  was  a  quiet  one,  at  least  nominally  conducted 
on  the  same  general  issues  as  that  of  1896,  al- 
though the  gradual  return  of  business  prosperity 
had  greatly  modified  the  intensity  of  interest 
with  which  some  of  the  economic  questions  of 
the  preceding  campaign  had  been  regarded.  The 
only  State  officers  to  be  elected  were  a  State- 
Treasurer,  a  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
and  three  State  University  Trustees — the  total 
vote  cast  for  the  former  being  878,622  against 
1,090,869  for  President  in  1896.  Of  the  former. 
Floyd  K.  Whittemore  (Republican  candidate  for 
State  Treasurer)  received  448.940  to  405.490  for 


M.  F.  Dunlap  (Democrat),  with  34,192  divided 
between  three  other  candidates:  while  Alfred 
Rayliss  (Republican)  received  a  plurality  of 
68,899  over  his  Democratic  competitor,  with  23,- 
190  votes  cast  for  three  others.  The  Republican 
candidates  for  University  Trustees  were,  of  course, 
elected.  The  Republicans  lost  heavily  in  their 
representation  in  Congress,  though  electing  thir- 
teen out  of  twenty-two  members  of  the  Fifty- 
sixth  Congress,  leaving  nine  to  their  Democratic 
opponents,  who  were  practically  consolidated  in 
this  campaign  with  the  Populists. 

FORTY-FIRST  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.— The  Forty 
first  General  Assembly  met,  Jan.  4,  1899,  and 
adjourned,  April  14,  after  a  session  of  101  days, 
with  one  exception  (that  of  1875),  the  shortest 
regular  session  in  the  history  of  the  State  Gov- 
ernment since  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of 
1870.  The  House  of  Representatives  consisted  of 
eighty-one  Republicans  to  seventy -one  Democrats 
and  one  Prohibitionist;  and  the  Senate,  of  thirty 
four  Republicans  to  sixteen  Democrats  and  one 
Populist — giving  a  Republican  majority  on  joint 
ballot  of  twenty -six.  Of  176  bills  which  passed 
both  Houses,  received  the  approval  of  the  Gov- 
ernor and  became  laws,  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant were  the  following:  Amending  the  State 
Arbitration  Law  by  extending  its  scope  and  the 
general  powers  of  the  Board ;  creating  the  office 
of  State  Architect  at  a  salary  of  $5,000  per  annum. 
to  furnish  plans  and  specifications  for  public 
buildings  and  supervise  the  construction  and 
care  of  the  same ;  authorizing  the  consolidation 
of  the  territory  of  cities  under  township  organi- 
zation, and  consisting  of  five  or  more  Congres- 
sional townships,  into  one  township ;  empowering 
each  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  employ  a 
private  secretary  at  a  salary  of  $2,000  per  annum, 
to  be  paid  by  the  State;  amending  the  State 
Revenue  Law  of  1898 ;  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  parental  or  truant 
schools;  and  empowering  the  State  to  establish 
Free  Employment  Offices,  in  the  proportion  of  one 
to  each  city  of  50,000  inhabitants,  or  three  in 
cities  of  1,000,000  and  over.  An  act  was  also 
passed  requiring  the  Secretary  of  State,  when  an 
amendment  of  the  State  Constitution  is  to  be 
voted  upon  by  the  electors  at  any  general  elec- 
tion, to  prepare  a  statement  setting  forth  the  pro- 
visions of  the  same  and  furnish  copies  thereof  to 
each  County  Clerk,  whose  duty  it  is  to  have  said 
copies  published  and  posted  at  the  places  of  voting 
for  the  information  of  voters.  One  of  the  most 
important  actsof  this  Legislature  was  the  repeal, 
by  a  practically  unanimous  vote,  of  the  Street- 


284 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


railway  Franchise  Law  of  the  previous  session, 
the  provisions  of  which,  empowering  City  Coun- 
cils to  grant  street-railway  franchises  extending 
over  a  period  of  fifty  years,  had  been  severely 
criticised  by  a  portion  of  the  press  and  excited 
intense  hostility,  especially  in  some  of  the  larger 
cities  of  the  State.  Although  in  force  nearly  two 
years,  not  a  single  corporation  had  succeeded  in 
obtaining  a  franchise  under  it. 

A  RETROSPECT  AND  A  LOOK  INTO  THE  FUTURE.— 
The  history  of  Illinois  has  been  traced  concisely 
and  in  outline  from  the  earliest  period  to  the 
present  time.  Previous  to  the  visit  of  Juliet  and 
Marquette,  in  1673,  as  unknown  as  Central  Africa, 
for  a  century  it  continued  the  hunting  ground  of 
savages  and  the  home  of  wild  animals  common  to 
the  plains  and  forests  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  region  brought  under  the  influence  of  civili- 
zation, such  as  then  existed,  comprised  a  small 
area,  scarcely  larger  than  two  ordinarily  sized 
counties  of  the  present  day.  Thirteen  years  of 
nominal  British  control  (1765-78)  saw  little  change, 
except  the  exodus  of  a  part  of  the  old  French 
population,  who  preferred  Spanish  to  British  rule. 

The  period  of  development  began  with  the 
occupation  of  Illinois  by  Clark  in  1778.  That 
saw  the  "Illinois  County,"  created  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  settlements  northwest  of  the 
Ohio,  expanded  into  five  States,  with  an  area  of 
250,000  square  miles  and  a  population,  in  1890,  of 
13,500,000.  In  1880  the  population  of  the  State 
equaled  that  of  the  Thirteen  Colonies  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolution.  The  eleventh  State  in 
the  Union  in  this  respect  in  1850,  in  1890  it  had 
advanced  to  third  rank.  With  its  unsurpassed 
fertility  of  soil,  its  inexhaustible  supplies  of  fuel 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  its  system  of  rail 
roads,  surpassing  in  extent  that  of  any  other  State, 
there  is  little  risk  in  predicting  that  the  next 
forty  years  will  see  it  advanced  to  second,  if  not 
first  rank,  in  both  wealth  and  population. 

But  if  the  development  of  Illinois  on  material 
lines  has  been  marvelous,  its  contributions  to  the 
Nation  in  philanthropists  and  educators,  soldiers 
and  statesmen,  have  rendered  it  conspicuous.  A 
long  list  of  these  might  be  mentioned,  but  two 
names  from  the  ranks  of  Illinoisans  have  been,  by 
common  consent,  assigned  a  higher  place  than  all 
others,  and  have  left  a  deeper  impress  upon  the 
history  of  the  Nation  than  any  others  since  the 
days  of  Washington.  These  are,  Ulysses  S.  Grant, 
the  Organizer  of  Victory  for  the  Union  arms 
and  Conqueror  of  the  Rebellion,  and  Abraham 
Lincoln,  the  Great  Emancipator,  the  Preserver  of 
the  Republic,  r.nd  its  Martyred  President. 


CHRONOLOGICAL    RECORD. 

Important  Events  in  Illinois  Hittory. 

1673.— Jolfet  and  Marqoette  reach  Illinois  from  Green  Bay  by 
way  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Illinois  Rivers. 

1674-5.— Marquette  makes  a  second  visit  to  Illinois  and  Spends 
the  winter  on  the  present  site  or  Chicago. 

1680.-  La  Salle  and  To  my  descend  the  Illinois  to  Peorla  Lake. 

1681.-Tonty  begins  the  erection  of  Port  fc»L  Louis  on  "  Starved 
Rock  "  In  La  Salle  County. 

1683.—  l.a  Halle  «nd  Tonty  tescend  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi 
Rivers  to  the  mouth  of  the  lafer,  and  take  pueaession 
i  April  tf,  1682*  in  the  name  or  the  King  or  France. 

1700.— First  permanent  French  settlement  In  Illinois  and  Mis- 
sion or  si  Sulpice  established  at  <•„  hokla 

1700.— Kaskaskia  Indians  remove  rrom  the  Upper  Illinois  and 
locate  near  the  mouth  or  the  Kaskaskla  River.  French 
settlement  established  here  the  same  year  becomes  the 
town  or  Kaskaskia  and  ruture  capital  or  Illinois. 

1718.— The  first  Fort  Chartres.  erected  near  Kaakaskia. 

1718.—  Fort  St.  Louis,  on  the  Upper  Illinois,  burned  by  Indiana. 

1751.— Fort  fhartres  rebuilt  and  strengthened. 

1765.— The  Illinois  country  surrendered  by  toe  French  to  the 
British  under  the  treaty  or  1703. 

1778.— 'July  4t  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  at  the  head  of  an  expe* 
dltinn  organized  under  authority  orGov.  Patrick  Henry  of 
Virginia,  arrives  at  Kaskvkia.  The  occupation  or  Illinois 
by  the  American  troops  rollows. 

1778.—  Illinois  County  create!  by  Act  of  the  Virginia  House  of 
Delegates,  for  the  government  of  the  settlements  north- 
west or  the  Ohio  River. 

1787.— Congress  adopts  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  organizing  the 
Northwest  Territory,  embracing  the  present  bt»wa  or 
Ohio.  Indiana,  Illlno  ».  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

1788.— General  Arthur  St.  Clair  appointed  Governor  of  North- 
west Territory. 

1790.— st  Clair  county  organized. 

I71'.     Randolph  County  organized. 

ItWG.— Northwest  Territory  divided  into  Ohio  and  Indiana  Ter- 
ritories, Illinois  being  embraced  In  the  latter. 

1809.— Illinois  Territory  set  oft*  from  Indiana,  and  Nlnlau 
Edwards  appointed  Governor. 

1818.— i  Dec.  :ii  Illinois  admitted  as  a  State. 

1820.  -  state  capital  removed  from  Kaskaskia  to  Vandalia. 

182.1-24. -Unsuccessful  attempt  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  Bute. 

l  -  :"•        \  [tril  30)  General  La  Foyelte  visits  Kaakaskia. 

18.12,-Black  Hawk  War. 

1839.— tJ  ily  4j  springlield  becomes  the  third  capital  of  the  State 
under  an  Actor  the  Legislature  pussej  in  1837. 

I- 1*.    Trip  second  Constitution  adopted. 

1*M  -  Abraham  Lincoln  Is  elected  President. 

1861.— War  of  the  Rebellion  begins. 

18K1.— (Jan.  1)  Lincoln  issues  his  final  Proclamation  of  Eman- 
cipation. 

1864  —Lincoln's  second  election  to  the  Presidency. 

1865.— (April  14)  Abraham  Lincoln  assassinated  in  Washlngton- 
1865.— (  May  <    President  LI  coin's  funeral  In  sjiringtleld. 

1865  —The  War  or  the  Rebellion  ends. 
I8iw.-G«n.  U.  s.  Grant  elected  to  the  Presidency. 
1870.— The  third  State  Constitution  adopted. 


POPULATION  OF  ILLINOIS 
At  Each  Decennial  Census  from  1810  to  1300. 


1810123) 12.282 

I0i     ji  65.I62 

18IW  (201 157,446 

1840  (Hi 471,. In.) 

1850  (HI 851,470 


1860  (4) 1.711.951 

1870  (41 2,M»,Wtl 

18BO  (4) 3077.871 

I  MM  (3) 182M5I 

1900  (3) 1.821,650 


NOTE.— Figures  In  parenthesis  Indicate  the  rank  of  the  SUM 
In  order  i>r  population. 


ILLINOIS  CITIES 
Raring  a  Population  of  10,000  and  Over  (OOO). 


Name.  Population. 

Chicago 1^98.755 

Peorla 66.100 

Qulucy 36.252 

Sprlnglield 14.169 

Rockrord 81,061 

Joliet 29,363 

EastSt  Louis 2S.665 

Aurora M.M7 

Bloomlngton 23.286 

Elgin 21.433 

Uecatur 20.764 

Rock  Island 11MU8 

Evauslon. 19,2i» 


Name.  Population. 

Galeoburg 18,607 

Belleville. 17.481 

Mollue 17.248 

Uanvllle. 16,364 

Jacksonville 16.078 

Alton 14.210 

felreator 14.079 

Kaukake* 13.595 

Freeport 1I261 

Cairo 12.666 

Ottawa 10.588 

LaUajJa... 10,446 


HISTOKICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


286 


INDEX. 

This  Index  relates  exclusively  to  matter  embraced  In  the  article  under  the  title  "Illinois."    Rnhjecw  of  general  State  history 
will  be  foutid  treated  at  length,  under  topical  head*,  lu  the  body  of  the  Encyclopedia. 


Admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State,  258. 
Altgeld,  John  P.,  administration  as  Gnv 
er  i ior .  279-80 ;  defeated  for  re-election,  281 
Anderson,  Stinson  H.,264. 
Anti-Nebraska  Editorial  Convention.  2Sft. 
Anti-slavery  contest  of  1822-24;  defeat  of  a 

convention  scheme, 260. 
Baker.  Col.   E.  I).,    283;    orator  at  laying 

the  corner-stone  of  State  capitol,  264. 
Bate  man,  Newton,  State  Superintendent 

Of  Public  Instruction,  270,274.275. 
Beveridge.    John     L.,    Congressman    and 
Lieutenant-Governor;  becomes  Governor 
by  resignation  of  Governor  Ogleaby,27t>. 
Birkbeck,  Morris,  260. 
Blssell,  William   H  .  Colonel  In  Mexican 

War.  265;  Governor,  269;  death,  270. 
Black  Hawk  War.  262. 
Blodgett,  Henry  W.,  Free  Boll  member  of 

the  Legislature.  2tttf. 
Bloomlngton  Convention  (1856),  269. 
Bolsbriant,  first  French  Commandant.  249. 
Bond,  Shadrach.  255;  Delegate  In  Congress, 

297;  flrst  Governor,  258. 
Breese.  Bldney,259 
Browne,    Thomas  C.,  260. 
Browning,    Orvtlle   H.,  In     Bloomlngton 

Convention,  269;  U  8.  Senator.  273. 
Cahokla,  flrst  French  settlement  at,  252. 
Camp  l>ougla*  conspiracy,  27X 
Canal  scrip  Fi ami, 270. 
Carlin,  Thomas,  elected  Ooverr.or.  263 
Casey.  Zadoc,   elected    to    Congresa;   re* 

signs  the  Lieu  tenant -Governorship,  262. 
Cbarlevolx  visits  Illinois.  247 
Chicago  and  Calumet  Rivers.  Importance 

of  la  estimation  of  early  explorers,  247 
Chicago  election  frauds,  278. 
Chicago,  fire  of  1871,276. 
Chicagoa,  Indian  Chief  for  whom  Chicago 

waa  named, 248. 
Clark,  (-ol.  George  Rogers,  expedition  to 

Illinois;  captureof  Kaskaskla,ai. 
Colea,    Edward,  emancipates   his  slaves; 
candidate  for  Governor,  259;  his  election, 
260;  persecuted  by  bis  enemies,  261. 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1818,  2S8. 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  266. 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1*2,  272. 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1870,275. 
Cook,  Daniel    P..  265:    Attorney-General, 

258;  elected  to  Congress.  260-61. 
Craig,  Capt.   Thomas,  expedition  against 

Indians  at  Peorla.  257. 

Cullom,  Shelby  M.,  Speaker  of  General  As- 
sembly, 270;  elected  Governor,  276;  fea- 
tures of  his  administration;  re-elected, 
277;  elected  to  U.  8.  Senate.  278. 
Davis.  David.  United  States  Senator,  277. 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  263;  Justice  Supreme 
Court,  164,     U  8.  Senator,  266;    debates 
with  Lincoln.  268-  70:  re-elected  U.S.  Sen- 
ator, 270;  death,  272. 
Duncan,  Joaepn.  Governor;   character  of 

his  administration.  262-63. 
Early  towns,  268. 
Earthquake  of  1811. ISA. 
Edwards.  Nlulan,  Governor  Illinois  Terri- 
tory.   255.    elected    U.  H.  Senator,    259; 
elected   Governor;    administration   and 
death,  XI. 

Ewing,  William  L.   D  .    becomes   acting 
Governor;  occupant  of  many  offices,  282. 
Explorer  a,  early  French,  244-5. 
Farwell,  Charles  B.,279 
Fleld-MrClernand  contest,  264. 
Flfer.  Joseph  W.,  elected  Governor,  279. 
Fisher,  Dr.  George.  Speaker  of  Territorial 

House  of  Representatives,  257. 
Ford,  Thomas,    Governor;    embarrassing 

questions  of  bis  administration,  264 
Fort  Chart  res,  surrendered  to  British,  250. 
Fort  l>earborn  massacre,  256-57. 
Fort  Gage  burned,  251. 
Fort  Masaac.startingpointon  the  Ohio  of 

Clark's  expedition,  251. 
Tort  St  Louis.  246;  raided  and  horned  by 

Indians,  247 
Franklin,  Benjamin,  Indian  Commissioner 

for  Illinois  in  1776, 251. 
French,  Augustus  C., Governor.  266-7. 
French  aud  Indian  War,  290. 


French  occupation ;  settlement  about  K. 
kaskia  and  Cahokia.  249. 

French  villages,  population  of  in  1765,251. 

Glbault.  Pierre,  252. 

Grant.  Ulyses  8.,  arrival  at  Springfield; 
Colonel  of  Twenty-first  Illinois  Volun- 
teers, 271:  elected  President  275. 

Gresbam,  Walter  Q  ,  supported  by  Illinois 
Republicans  for  the  Presidency,  279. 

Hamilton,  John  M  ,  Lteutenant-Governor, 
277;  succeeds  Gov.  Cullom,  278. 

Hansen-Shaw  contest,  280. 

Hardin,  John  J.,  263;  elected  to  Congress, 
264;  killed  at  Buena  Vista,  265. 

Harrison,  William  Henry,  first  Governor 
of  Indiana  Territory.  254. 

Henry,  Patrick,  Indian  Commissioner  for 
Illinois  Country;  assist*  in  planning 
Clark's  expedition,  251;  ex-offlcio  Gov- 
ernor of  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio 
River 

Illinois,  its  rank  In  order  of  admission  into 
the  Union,  area  and  population,  241;  In- 
dlan  origin  of  the  name;  boundaries  aud 
area;  geographical  location;  navigable 
streams.  242;  topography,  fauna  and 
flora,  243;  soil  and  climate,  243-44;  con 
teat  for  occupation,  244:  part  of  Louisi- 
ana tit  1721,  249:  surrendered  to  the 
British  la  1765,  251;  under  government  of 
Vlrgl  nia. 252 :  part  of  Indiana  Territory, 
£54;  Territorial  Government  organized; 
Nlnlan  Edwards  appointed  Governor, 
255,  admitted  as  a  State.  258 

Illinois   A  Michigan  Canal, 261. 

Illinois  Central  Railroad,  267-68. 

•  -Illinois  Country,"  boundaries  defined  by 
Cap.ain  Pltiman,  241;  Patrick  Henry, 
flrst  American  Governor,  252. 

Illinois  County  organized  by  Virginia 
House  of  Delegates,  252. 

Illinois  Territory  organized;  first  Territo- 
rial officers,  255. 

Indiana  Territory  organized.  254;  first 
Territorial  Legislature  elected,  255. 

Indian  tribes;  location  in  Illinois, 247. 

Internal  Improvement  scheme.  263. 

Juliet,  Louis,  accompanied  by  Marquette, 
visits  Illinois  in  1673,  245. 

Kane,  Elias  Kent,  258. 

Kansas- Nebraska  contest,  268. 

Kask&skia  Indians  remove  from  Upper 
Illinois  to  mouth  of  Kaskaskia,  248. 

Kenton,  Simon,  guide  for  Clark's  expedi- 
tion against  Kaskaskia.  251. 

Labor  disturbances,  27u,  280, 283. 

La  Fayette.  visit  of,  to  Kaskaskia,  261. 

La  Halle,  expedition  to  Illinois  In  1679-80, 
245;  builds  Fort  Miami,  near  mouth  of 
St.  Joseph;  disaster  of  Fort  Creve-Cceur; 
erection  of  FortSt.  Louis, 246. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  Representative  In  the 
General  Assembly.  2t>3;  elected  to  Con* 
gress,  266;  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
the  United  States  Senate;  member  of 
Bloomingt'm  Convention  of  1856 ; 
"  House  divided-agalnst-ltself"  speech, 
269;  elected  President.270:  departure  for 
Washington,  271;  elected  for  a  second 
term, 273;  assassination  and  funeral, 274. 

Lincoln- Douglas  debates.  270. 

Lock  wood,  Samuel  D.,  Attorney-General; 
Secretary  of  State;  opponent  of  pro- 
slavery  convention  scheme,  260. 

Logan.  Gen.  John  A.,  prominent  Union 
soldier, 272;  Cougressman-at-large.274-7&; 
elected  United  States  Senator.  276;  Re- 
publican nominee  for  Vtce-Preaideut; 
third  election  as  Senator,  278 

"LonirNlne."263. 

Louisiana  united  with  Illinois.  254. 

Lovejoy,  Elijah  P  .  murdered  at  Alton,  263. 

Macalister  and  Stebbuis  bonds.  270. 

Marquette.  Puttier  Jacques  (see  Jollet); 
his  mission  among  the  Kaskn9klas.  248. 

Mason,  William  E..  U  S.  Senator. 282. 

McLean.  John,  Speaker;  first  Represent  a- 
liveui  Congress:  U.S  Senator;  death, 266. 

Menard,  Pierre,  255;  President  of  Terri- 
torial Council,  257;  elected  Lieutenant- 
Governor.  258;  anecdote  of,  259, 

Mexican  War, 265. 


Morgan,  Col.  fieorge,  Indian  Agent  at  Ca*~ 
kaskia  in  1776.  251. 

Mormon  War,  264-65. 

New  Design  settlement,  255. 

New  Krance,244.  249. 

Nicole t.  Jean,  French  explorei,  244-5. 

Northwest  Territory  organized:  Gen.  Ar- 
thur St.  Clalr  appointed  Governor,  253: 
first  Territorial  Legislature;  separated 
Into  Territories  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  254. 

Oglesby,  Richard  J..  soldier  In  Civil  War. 
271;  elected  Governor,  274;  second  elec- 
tion; chosen  U.  8.  Senator,  276;  third 
election  to  governorship,  278. 

Ordinance  of  1787,253. 

*•  Paincourt"  (early  name  for  St  Louis 
settled  by  French  from  Illinois.  251. 

Palmer,  John  M.,  member  of  Peace  Con  - 
ference  of  1861,  271;  elected  Governor; 
prominent  events  of  bis  administration. 
.75;  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 

for  Governor;  elected  U.S.  senator.  27*: 
candidate  for  President.  2Si. 

Peace  Conference  of  1861.271. 

Peace  conventions  of  1863,273. 

Perrot.  Nicholas,  explorer, 245. 

Pittman,  Capt.  Philip, defines  the  bounda- 
ries of  the  "Illinois  Country,"  241. 

Pope,  Nathaniel,  Secretary  of  Illinois  Ter- 
ritory. 255;  Delegate  in  Congress:  serv- 
ice 1  n  fix!  ng  northern  boundary,  258. 

Prairies,  origin  of,  243. 

Randolph  County  organized.  CM. 

Renault,  Philip  F..  first  importer  of  Afri- 
can slaves  to  Illinois.  249. 

Republican  State  Convention  of  18S6.269. 

Reynolds.  John,  elected  Governor:  resign* 
to  lake  seat  In  Congress,  262;  Speaker  of 
Illinois  Uouseof  Representatives.  268. 

Richardson,  William  A.,  candidate  for 
Governor.  270;  U.S.  Senator.  272. 

Rocheblave,  Chevalier  de.  last  British 
Commandant  In  Illinois.  SSI;  sent  a*  a 
prisoner  of  war  to  Wtlliamaburg,  252 

Shawneetown  Bank,  267. 

Shawneetown  flood,  283. 

Shields,  Gen.  James,  163;  elected  U.  8.  Sen- 
ator, 267;  defeated  for  re-election,  269. 

Southern  Hospital  for  Insaue  burned, 280. 

Spanish-American  War,  281. 

Springfield,  third  State  capital,  263;  erec- 
tion of  new  state  capitol  at,  authorize*! 
275;  State  Bank, 259. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  first  Governor  of  North- 
west Territory,  253:  visits  Illinois,  2M. 

St.  Clatr  County  organized, 251. 

State  debt  reaches  its  maximum.  268. 

State  Fair  permanently  1 1  >rtt  ted ,  281. 

Streams  and  navigation.  242. 

Supreme  t'ouri  revolutionized,  254. 

Tanner.  John  K .  state  Treasurer,  27s, 
elected  Governor,  281-2. 

Thomas.  Jesse  B..  256;  President  of  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1818,  258 
elected  United  States  Sena  tor,  259. 

Todd.CoI .  John.  County-Lieutenant  of  Illi- 
nois County, 252. 

Tonty,  Henry  de  i  see  LaSalle). 

Treaty  with  Indians  near  A I  ton.  257. 

Trumbull.  Lymau,  Secretary  of  State.  264 
elected  United  States  Senator.  269-70: 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor,  277. 

Vandalia.  the  second  State  capital,  a>9. 

War  of  1812,  256;  expeditions  to  Peoria 
Lake.  257. 

War  of  the  Rebellion;  some  prominent 
Illinois  actors;  number  of  troops  fur- 
nished by  Illln  -Is:  Important  hattles par- 
ticipated in,  271  72;  some  officers  whu 
fell:,Grierson  raid.  272. 

Warren.  Hooper,  editor  Edwardsvillr 
Spectator.  260. 

Wayne.  Gen    Anthony. 254. 

Whig  mass-meeting  at  Springfield.  364. 

Wilmot  Proviso,  action  of  Illinois  Legisla- 
ture upon,  267. 

Wood,  John,  Lieutenant-Governor,  fills 
Hissell's  unexpired  term.  270. 

Yates,  Richard,  at  Bloomlncton  Conven- 
tion of  1856.  269;  Governor, 270;  prorogues 
Legislature  of  1863;  elected  United  States 
Senator,  273. 


286 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


• 


I  I.KS.  Klijah,  pioneer  mercliant,  was  born  in 
Kentucky,  March  28, 1796;  received  the  rudiments 
of  an  education  in  two  winters'  schooling,  and 
began  his  business  career  by  purchasing  100  head 
of  yearling  cattle  upon  which,  after  herding 
them  three  years  in  the  valleys  of  Eastern  Ken- 
tucky, he  realized  a  profit  of  nearly  $3,000.  In 
1818  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  then  a  French  village 
of  2,500  inhabitants,  and,  after  spending  three 
years  as  clerk  in  a  frontier  store  at  "Old  Frank- 
lin," on  the  Missouri  River,  nearly  opposite  the 
present  town  of  Boonville,  in  1821  made  a  horse- 
hack  tour  through  Central  Illinois,  finally  locating 
at  Springfield,  which  had  just  been  selected  by 
a  board  of  Commissioners  as  the  temporary 
county -seat  of  Sangamon  County.  Here  he  soon 
brought  a  stock  of  goods  by  keel-boat  from  St. 
Louis  and  opened  the  first  store  in  the  new  town. 
Two  years  later  (1823),  in  conjunction  with 
Pascal  P.  Enos,  Daniel  P.  Cook  and  Thomas  Cox, 
he  entered  a  section  of  land  comprised  within  the 
present  area  of  the  city  of  Springfield,  which 
later  became  the  permanent  county-seat  and 
finally  the  State  capital.  Mr.  lies  became  the 
first  postmaster  of  Springfield,  and,  in  1826,  was 
elected  State  Senator,  served  as  Major  in  the 
Winnebago  War  (1827),  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
the  Black  Hawk  War  (1831-32),  but  was  soon 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  Captain.  In  1830  he 
sold  his  store  to  John  Williams,  who  had  been 
his  clerk,  and,  in  1838-39,  built  the  "American 
House,"  which  afterwards  became  the  temporary 
.stopping-place  of  many  of  Illinois'  most  famous 
.statesmen.  He  invested  largely  in  valuable 
farming  lands,  and.  at  his  death,  left  a  large 
estate.  Died,  Sept.  4,  1883. 

ILLINOIS  ASYLl'M  FOR  INCURABLE  IN 
SANE,  an  institution  founded  under  an  act  of  the 
General  Assembly,  passed  at  the  session  of  1895, 
making  an  appropriation  of  $65,000  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  site  and  the  erection  of  buildings  with 
capacity  for  the  accommodation  of  200  patients. 
The  institution  was  located  by  the  Trustees  at 
Bartonville,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Peoria,  and 
the  erection  of  buildings  begun  in  1896.  Later 
these  were  found  to  be  located  on  ground  which 
had  been  undermined  in  excavating  for  coal,  and 
their  removal  to  a  different  location  was  under- 
taken in  1898.  The  institution  is  intended  to 
relieve  the  other  hospitals  for  the  Insane  by  the 
reception  of  patients  deemed  incurable. 

ILLINOIS  AND  MICHIGAN  CANAL,  a  water- 
way connecting  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
River,  and  forming  a  connecting  link  in  the 
water-route  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 


Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  summit  level  U  about  580 
feet  above  tide  water.  Its  point  of  beginning  is 
at  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  about 
five  miles  from  the  lake.  Thence  it  flows  some 
eight  miles  to  the  valley  of  the  Des  Plaines,  fol- 
lowing  the  valley  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kankakee 
(forty-two  miles),  thence  to  its  southwestern 
terminus  at  La  Salic,  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Illinois.  Between  these  points  the  canal  has 
four  feeders — the  Calumet,  Des  Plaines,  Du  Page 
and  Kankakee.  It  passes  through  Lockport. 
Juliet,  Morris,  and  Ottawa,  receiving  accessions 
from  the  waters  of  the  Fox  River  at  the  latter 
point.  The  canal  proper  is  96  miles  long,  and  it 
has  five  feeders  whose  aggregate  length  is 
twenty-five"  miles,  forty  feet  wide  and  four  feet 
deep,  with  four  aqueducts  and  seven  dams.  The 
difference  in  level  between  Lake  Michigan  and 
the  Illinois  River  at  La  Salle  is  one  hundred  and 
forty-five  feet.  To  permit  the  ascent  of  vessels, 
there  are  seventeen  locks,  ranging  from  three 
and  one  half  to  twelve  and  one-half  feet  in  lift, 
their  dimensions  being  110x18  feet,  and  admitting 
the  passage  of  boats  carrying  150  tons.  At  Lock- 
port,  Joliet,  Du  Page,  Ottawa  and  La  Salle  are 
large  basins,  three  of  which  supply  power  to  fac- 
tories. To  increase  the  water  supply,  rendered 
necessary  by  the  high  summit  level,  pumping 
works  were  erected  at  Bridgeport,  having  two 
thirty-eight  foot  independent  wheels,  each  capa 
ble  of  delivering  (through  buckets  of  ten  feet 
length  or  width)  15,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per 
minute.  These  pumping  works  were  erected  in 
1848,  at  a  cost  of  $15,000,  and  were  in  almost  con- 
tinuous use  until  1870.  It  was  soon  found  that 
these  machines  might  be  utilized  for  the  benefit 
of  Chicago,  by  forcing  the  sewage  of  the  Chicago 
River  to  the  summit  level  of  the  canal,  and  allow- 
ing its  place  to  be  filled  by  pure  water  from  the 
lake.  This  pumping,  however,  cost  a  large  sum, 
and  to  obviate  this  expense  $2,955,340  was  ex- 
pended by  Chicago  in  deepening  the  canal  be- 
tween 1865  and  1871,  so  that  the  sewage  of  the 
south  division  of  the  city  might  be  carried  through 
the  canal  to  the  Des  Plaines.  This  sum  was 
returned  to  the  City  by  the  State  after  the  great 
fire  of  1871.  (As  to  further  measures  for  carry- 
ing off  Chicago  sewage,  see  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal.)  ' 

In  connection  with  the  canal  three  locks  and 
dams  have  been  built  on  the  Illinois  River, — one 
at  Henry,  about  twenty-eight  miles  below  La 
Salle ;  one  at  the  mouth  of  Copperas  Creek,  about 
sixty  miles  below  Henry;  and  another  at  La 
Grange.  The  object  of  these  works  (the  first 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


287 


two  being  practically  an  extension  of  the  canal) 
is  to  furnish  slack-water  navigation  through- 
out the  year.  The  cost  of  that  at  Henry  (§400,000) 
was  defrayed  by  direct  appropriation  from  the 
(State  treasury.  Copperas  Creek  dam  cost  $410,831, 
of  which  amount  the  United  States  Government 
paid  $62,360.  The  General  Government  also  con- 
structed a  dam  at  La  Grange  and  appropriated 
funds  for  the  building  of  another  at  Kampsville 
Landing,  witli  a  view  to  making  the  river  thor- 
oughly navigable  the  year  round.  The  beneficial 
results  expected  from  these  works  have  not  been 
realized  and  their  demolition  is  advocated. 

HISTORY.  —  The  early  missionaries  and  fur- 
traders  first  directed  attention  to  the  nearness  of 
the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Illinois. 
The  project  of  the  construction  of  a  canal  was 
made  the  subject  of  a  report  by  Albert  Gallatin, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  1808.  and,  in  1811,  a 
bill  on  the  subject  was  introduced  in  Congress  in 
connection  with  the  Erie  and  other  canal  enter- 
prises. In  1822  Congress  granted  the  right  of 
way  across  the  public  lands  "for  the  route  of  a 
canal  connecting  the  Illinois  River  with  the 
south  bend  of  Lake  Michigan,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed five  years  Inter  by  a  grant  of  300,000  acres 
of  land  to  aid  in  its  construction,  which  was  to 
be  undertaken  by  the'  State  of  Illinois.  The 
earliest  surveys  contemplated  a  channel  100  miles 
long,  and  the  original  estimates  of  cost  varied 
between  $639,000  and  $716,000.  Later  surveys 
and  estimates  (1833)  placed  the  cost  of  a  canal 
forty  feet  wide  and  four  feet  deep  at  $4,040,000. 
In  1836  another  Board  of  Commissioners  was 
created  and  surveys  were  made  looking  to  the 
constmction  of  a  waterway  sixty  feet  wide  at  the 
surface,  thirty-six  feet  at  bottom,  and  six  feet  in 
depth.  Work  was  begun  in  June  of  that  year; 
was  suspended  in  1841;  and  renewed  in  1846, 
when  a  canal  loan  of  $1,000,000  was  negotiated. 
The  channel  was  opened  for  navigation  in  April, 
1848,  by  which  time  the  total  outlay  had  reached 
$6,170,226.  By  1871,  Illinois  had  liquidated  its 
entire  indebtedness  on  account  of  the  canal  and 
the  latter  reverted  to  the  State.  The  total  cost 
up  to  1879 — including  amount  refunded  to  Chi- 
cago—was $9,513,831,  while  the  sum  returned  to 
the  State  from  earnings,  sale  of  canal  lands,  etc., 
amounted  to  §8,819,731.  In  1882  an  offer  was 
made  to  cede  the  canal  to  the  United  States  upcn 
condition  that  it  should  be  enlarged  and  ex- 
tended to  the  Mississippi,  was  repeated  in  1887, 
but  has  been  declined. 

ILLINOIS  AND  MISSISSIPPI  CANAL  (gener- 
ally known  as  "Hennepin  Canal"),  a  projected 


navigable  water-way  in  course  of  construction 
(1899)  by  the  General  Government,  designed  to 
connect  the  Upper  Illinois  with  the  Mississippi 
River.  Its  object  is  to  furnish  a  continuous 
navigable  water-cliannel  from  Lake  Michigan,  at 
or  near  Chicago,  by  way  of  the  Illinois  &  Michi- 
gan Canal  (or  the  Sanitary  Drainage  Canal)  and 
the  Illinois  River,  to  the  Mississippi  at  the  mouth 
of  Rock  River,  and  finally  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

THE  ROUTE. —The  canal,  at  its  eastern  end, 
leaves  the  Illinois  River  one  and  three-fourths 
miles  above  the  city  of  Hennepin,  where  the 
river  makes  the  great  bend  to  the  south.  Ascend- 
ing the  Bureau  Creek  valley,  the  route  passes 
over  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  Illinois  River 
and  the  Mississippi  to  Rock  River  at  the  mouth 
of  Green  River;  thence  by  slack- water  down 
Rock  River,  and  around  the  lower  rapids  in  that 
stream  at  Milan,  to  the  Mississippi.  The  esti- 
mated length  of  the  main  channel  between  its 
eastern  and  western  termini  is  seventy-five  miles 
— the  distance  having  been  reduced  by  changes 
in  the  route  after  the  lirst  survey.  To  this  is  t<> 
be  added  a  "feeder"  extending  from  the  vicinity 
of  Sheffield,  on  the  summit-level  (twenty-eight 
miles  west  of  the  starting  point  on  the  Illinois), 
north  to  Rock  Falls  on  Rock  River  opposite  the 
city  of  Sterling  in  Whiteside  County,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  an  adequate  supply  of  water 
for  the  main  canal  on  its  highest  level.  The 
length  of  this  feeder  is  twenty-nine  miles  and,  as 
its  dimensions  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  main 
channel,  it  will  be  navigable  for  vessels  of  the 
same  class  as  the  latter.  A  dam  to  lie  constructed 
at  Sterling,  to  turn  water  into  the  feeder,  will 
furnish  slack- water  navigation  on  Rock  River  to 
Dixon,  practically  lengthening  the  entire  rout* 
to  tliat  extent. 

HISTORY. — The  subject  of  such  a  work  began  to 
be  actively  agitated  as  early  as  1H71,  and,  under 
authority  of  various  acts  of  Congress,  preliminary 
surveys  began  to  be  made  by  Government  engi- 
neers that  year.  In  1890  detailed  plans  and  esti- 
mates, based  upon  these  preliminary  surveys, 
were  submitted  to  Congress  in  accordance  with 
the  river  and  harbor  act  of  August,  1888.  Thiv 
report  became  tho  basis  of  an  appropriation  in 
the  river  and  harbor  act  of  Sept.  19,  1890,  for 
carrying  the  work  into  practical  execution. 
Actual  work  was  begun  on  the  western  end  of  tin- 
canal  in  July,  1892,  and  at  the-  eastern  end  in  the 
spring  of  1894.  Since  then  it  has  been  prosecuted 
as  continuously  as  the  appropriations  made  by 
Congress  from  year  to  year  would  permit.  Ac- 
cording to  the  report  of  Major  Marshall,  Chief  of 


288 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Engineers  in  charge  of  the  work,  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1898,  the  construction  of  the 
canal  around  the  lower  rapids  of  Rock  River  (four 
and  one-half  miles),  with  three  locks,  three 
swing  bridges,  two  dams,  besides  various  build- 
ings, was  completed  and  that  portion  of  the  canal 
opened  to  navigation  on  April  17.  1895.  In  the 
early  part  of  1899,  the  bulk  of  the  excavation 
and  masonry  on  the  eastern  section  was  practi- 
cally completed,  the  feeder  line  under  contract, 
and  five  out  of  the  eighteen  bridges  required  to 
be  constructed  in  place;  and  it  was  estimated 
that  the  whole  line,  with  Jocks,  bridges,  culverts 
and  aqueducts,  will  be  completed  within  two 
years,  at  the  farthest,  by  1902. 

DIMENSIONS,  METHODS  OP  CONSTRUCTION,  COST. 
ETC. — As  already  stated,  the  length  of  the  main 
line  is  seventy-five  miles,  of  which  twenty -eight 
miles  (the  eastern  section)  is  east  of  the  junction 
of  the  feeder,  and  forty-seven  miles  (the  western 
section)  west  of  that  point — making,  with  the 
twenty-nine  miles  of  feeder,  a  total  of  one  hun- 
dred and  four  miles,  or  seven  miles  longer  than 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  The  rise  from  the 
Illinois  River  datum  to  the  summit-level  on  the 
eastern  section  is  accomplished  by  twenty-one 
locks  with  a  lift  of  six  to  fourteen  feet  each,  to 
reach  an  altitude  of  196  feet;  while  the  descent 
of  ninety-three  feet  to  the  low-water  level  of  the 
Mississippi  on  the  western  end  is  accomplished 
through  ten  locks,  varying  from  six  to  fourteen 
feet  each.  The  width  of  the  canal,  at  the  water 
surface,  is  eighty  feet,  with  a  depth  below  the 
surface-line  of  seven  feet.  The  banks  are  rip- 
rapped  with  stone  the  entire  length  of  the  canal. 
The  locks  are  one  hundred  and  seventy  feet  long, 
between  the  quoins,  by  thirty-five  feet  in  width, 
admitting  the  passage  of  vessels  of  one  hundred 
and  forty  feet  in  length  and  thirty-two  feet  beam 
and  each  capable  of  carrying  six  hundred  tons  of 
freight. 

The  bulk  of  the  masonry  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  locks,  as  well  as  abutments  for 
bridges  and  aqueducts,  is  solid  concrete  manufac- 
tured in  place,  while  the  lock-gates  and  aque- 
ducts proper  are  of  steel— the  use  of  these 
materials  resulting  in  a. large  saving  in  the  first 
cost  as  to  the  former,  and  securing  greater  solid- 
ity and  permanence  in  all.  The  concrete  work, 
already  completed,  is  found  to  have  withstood 
the  effects  of  ice  even  more  successfully  than 
natural  stone.  The  smaller  culverts  are  of  iron 
piping  and  the  framework  of  all  the  bridges  of 
steel. 
The  earlier  estimates  placed  the  entire  cost  of 


construction  of  the  canal,  locks,  bridges,  build- 
ings, etc.,  at  $5,068,000  for  the  main  channel  and 
$1,858,000  for  the  Rock  River  feeder — a  total  of 
$6,926,000.  This  has  been  reduced,  however,  by 
changes  in  the  route  and  unexpected  saving  in 
the  material  employed  for  masonry  work.  The 
total  expenditure,  as  shown  by  official  reports, 
up  to  June  30,  1898,  was  $1,748,905.13.  The 
amount  expended  up  to  March  1,  1899,  approxi- 
mated $2,500,000,  while  the  amount  necessary  to 
complete  the  work  (exclusive  of  an  unexpended 
balance)  was  estimated,  in  round  numbers,  at 
$3,500,000. 

The  completion  of  this  work,  it  is  estimated, 
will  result  in  a  saving  of  over  400  miles  in  water 
transportation  between  Chicago  and  the  western 
terminus  of  the  canal.  In  order  to  make  the 
canal  available  to  its  full  capacity  between  lake 
points  and  the  Mississippi,  the  enlargement  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  both  as  to  width 
and  depth  of  channel,  will  be  an  indispensable 
necessity ;  and  it  is  anticipated  that  an  effort  will 
be  made  to  secure  action  in  this  direction  by  the 
Illinois  Legislature  at  its  next  session.  Another 
expedient  likely  to  receive  strong  support  will  be, 
to  induce  the  General  Government  to  accept  the 
tender  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  and,  by 
the  enlargement  of  the  latter  through  its  whole 
length — or,  from  Lockport  to  the  Illinois  River 
at  La  Salle,  with  the  utilization  of  the  Chicago 
Drainage  Canal — furnish  a  national  water-way 
between  the  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  of 
sufficient  capacity  to  accommodate  steamers  and 
other  vessels  of  at  least  600  tons  burthen. 

ILLINOIS  BAND,  THE,  an  association  consist- 
ing of  seven  young  men,  then  students  in  Yale 
College,  who,  in  the  winter  of  1828-29,  entered 
into  a  mutual  compact  to  devote  their  lives  to  the 
promotion  of  Christian  education  in  the  West, 
especially  in  Illinois.  It  was  composed  of  Theron 
Baldwin,  John  F.  Brooks,  Mason  Grosvenor, 
Elisha  Jenney,  William  Kirby,  Julian  M.  Sturte- 
vant  and  Asa  Turner.  All  of  these  came  to  Illi- 
nois at  an  early  day,  and  one  of  the  first  results 
of  their  efforts  was  the  founding  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege at  Jacksonville,  in  1829,  with  which  all 
became  associated  as  members  of  the  first  Board 
of  Trustees,  several  of  them  so  remaining  to  the 
close  of  their  lives,  while  most  of  them  were  con- 
nected with  the  institution  for  a  considerable 
period,  either  as  members  of  the  faculty  or  finan- 
cial agents — Dr.  Sturtevant  having  been  Presi- 
dent for  thirty-two  years  and  an  instructor  or 
professor  fifty-six  years.  (See  Baldwin.  Theron; 
Brooks,  John  F. ;  and  Sturtevant,  Julian  II. ) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


289 


ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  a  corpo- 
ration controlling  the  principal  line  of  railroad 
extending  through  the  entire  length  of  the  State 
from  north  to  south,  besides  numerous  side 
branches  acquired  by  lease  during  the  past  few 
years.  The  main  lines  are  made  up  of  three  gen- 
eral divisions,  extending  from  Chicago  to  Cairo, 
IlL  (364.73  miles);  from  Centralia  to  Dubuque, 
Iowa,  (340.77  miles),  and  from  Cairo  to  New- 
Orleans,  La.  (547.79  miles) — making  a  total  of 
1,253.29  miles  of  main  line,  of  which  705.5  miles 
are  in  Illinois.  Besides  this  the  company  con- 
trols, through  lease  and  stock  ownership,  a  large 
number  of  lateral  branches  which  are  operated 
by  the  company,  making  the  total  mileage 
officially  reported  up  to  June  30,  1898,  3,130.21 
miles.— (HISTORY.)  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
is  not  only  one  of  the  lines  earliest  projected  in 
the  history  of  the  State,  but  has  been  most  inti- 
mately connected  with  its  development.  The 
project  of  a  road  starting  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio  and  extending  northward  through  the  State 
is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  Lieut. -Gov. 
Alexander  M.  Jenkins  as  early  as  1832;  was 
advocated  by  the  late  Judge  Sidney  Breese  and 
others  in  1835  under  the  name  of  the  Wabash  & 
Mississippi  Railroad,  and  took  the  form  of  a 
charter  granted  by  the  Legislature  in  January, 
1836,  to  the  first  "Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany," to  construct  a  road  from  Cairo  to  a  point 
near  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal.  Nothing  was  done  under  this 
act,  although  an  organization  was  effected,  with 
Governor  Jenkins  as  President  of  the  Company. 
The  Company  surrendered  its  charter  the  next 
year  and  the  work  was  undertaken  by  the  State, 
under  the  internal  improvement  act  of  1837,  and 
considerable  money  expended  without  complet- 
ing any  portion  of  the  line.  The  State  having 
abandoned  the  enterprise,  the  Legislature,  in 
1843,  incorporated  the  "Great  Western  Railway 
Company"  under  what  came  to  be  known  as  tho 
"Holbrook  charter,"  to  be  organized  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Cairo  City  &  Canal  Company, 
the  line  to  connect  the  termini  named  in  the 
charter  of  1836,  via  Vandalia,  Shelbyville, 
Decatur  and  Bloomington.  Considerable  money 
was  expended  under  this  charter,  but  the  scheme 
again  failed  of  completion,  and  the  act  was 
repealed  in  1845.  A  charter  under  the  same 
name,  with  some  modification  as  to  organization, 
was  renewed  in  1849. — In  January,  1850,  Senator 
Douglas  introduced  a  bill  in  the  United  States 
Senate  making  a  grant  to  the  State  of  Illinois  of 
alternate  sections  of  land  along  the  line  of  a 


proposed  road  extending  from  Cairo  to  Duluth  in 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  State,  with  a  branch 
to  Chicago,  which  bill  passed  the  Senate  in  May 
of  the  same  year  and  the  House  in  September, 
and  became  the  basis  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road Company  as  it  exists  to-day.  Previous  to 
the  passage  of  this  act.  however,  the  Cairo  City 
&  Canal  Company  had  been  induced  to  execute  a 
full  surrender  to  the  State  of  its  rights  and  privi- 
leges under  the  "Holbrook  charter. "  This  was 
followed  in  February,  1831,  by  the  act  of  the 
Legislature  incorporating  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company,  and  assigning  thereto  (under 
specified  conditions)  the  grant  of  lands  received 
from  the  General  Government.  This  grant 
covered  alternate  sections  within  six  miles  of  the 
line,  Or  the  equivalent  thereof  (when  such  lands 
were  not  vacant),  to  be  placed  on  lands  within 
fifteen  miles  of  the  line.  The  number  of  acres 
thus  assigned  to  the  Company  was  2,595,000, 
(about  3,840  acres  per  mile),  which  were  con- 
veyed to  Trustees  as  security  for  the  performance 
of  the  work.  An  engineering  party,  organized 
at  Chicago,  May  21.  1851,  began  the  prelim- 
inary survey  of  the  Chicago  branch,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  year  the  whole  line  was 
surveyed  and  staked  out  The  first  contract  for 
grading  was  let  on  March  15,  1852,  being  for  that 
portion  between  Chicago  and  Kensington  (then 
known  as  Calumet),  14  miles.  This  was  opened 
for  traffic,  May  24,  18ri2,  and  over  it  the  Michigan 
Central,  which  had  been  in  course  of  construction 
from  the  east,  obtained  trackage  rights  to  enter 
Chicago.  Later,  contracts  were  let  for  other 
sections,  some  of  them  in  June,  and  the  last  on 
Oct.  14,  1852.  In  May,  1853,  the  section  from 
La  Salle  to  Bloomington  (61  miles)  was  com- 
pleted and  opened  for  business,  a  temporary 
bridge  being  constructed  over  the  Illinois  near 
La  Salle,  and  cars  hauled  to  the  top  of  the  bluff 
with  chains  and  cable  by  means  of  a  stationary 
engine.  In  July,  1854,  the  Chicago  Division  was 
put  in  operation  to  Urbana,  128  miles;  the  main 
line  from  Cairo  to  La  Salle  (301  miles),  completed 
Jan.  8,  1855,  and  the  line  from  La  Salle  to  Duluth 
(now  East  Dubuque),  146.73  miles,  on  June  12, 
1855 — the  entire  road  (705.5  miles)  being  com- 
pleted, Sept.  27,  1856.— (FINANCIAL  STATEMENT.) 
The  share  capital  of  the  road  was  originally 
fixed  at  $17,000,000,  but  previous  to  1869  it  had 
been  increased  to  $25,500,000,  and  during  1873-74 
to  $29.000,000.  The  present  capitalization  (1898) 
is  $163,352,593,  of  which  $52,500,000  is  in  stock, 
$52,680,925  in  bonds,  and  $51,367.000  in  miscel- 
laneous obligations.  The  total  cost  of  the  road 


290 


1IISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  Illinois,  as  shown  by  a  report  made  in  1889,  was 
$35,110,609.  By  the  terms  of  its  charter  the 
corporation  is  exempt  from  taxation,  but  in  lieu 
thereof  is  required  to  pay  into  the  State  treasury, 
semi-annually.  seven  per  cent  upon  the  gross 
earnings  of  the  line  in  Illinois.  The  sum  thus 
paid  into  the  State  treasury  from  Oct.  31,  1855, 
when  the  first  payment  of  $29,751.59  was  made, 
up  to  anJ  including  Oct.  31,  1898,  aggregated 
$17,315,193.24.  The  last  payment  (October,  1898), 
amounted  to  $334,527.01.  The  largest  payment 
in  the  history  of  the  road  was  that  of  October, 
1893,  amounting,  for  the  preceding  six  months,  to 
$450,17634.  The  net  income  of  the  main  line  in 
Illinois,  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1898,  was 
$12,299,021,  and  the  total  expenditures  within  the 
State  812,831,161.— (LEASED  LINES.)  The  first 
addition  to  the  Illinois  Central  System  was  made 
in  1867  in  the  acquisition,  by  lease,  of  the  Dubuque 
&  Sioux  City  Railroad,  extending  from  Dubuque 
to  Sioux  Falls,  Iowa.  Since  then  it  has  extended 
its  Iowa  connections,  by  the  construction  of  new 
lines  and  the  acquisition  or  extension  of  others. 
The  most  important  addition  to  the  line  outside 
of  the  State  of  Illinois  was  an  arrangement 
effected,  in  1872,  with  the  New  Orleans,  Jackson  & 
Great  Northern,  and  the  Mississippi  Central  Rail- 
roads— with  which  it  previously  had  traffic  con- 
nections— giving  it  control  of  a  line  from  Jackson, 
Tenn. ,  to  New  Orleans,  La.  At  first,  connection 
was  had  between  the  Illinois  Central  at  Cairo  and 
the  Southern  Divisions  of  the  system,  by  means 
of  transfer  steamers,  but  subsequently  the  gap 
was  tilled  in  and  the  through  line  opened  to  traffic 
in  December,  1873.  In  1874  the  New  Orleans, 
Jackson  &  Great  Northern  and  the  Mississippi 
Central  roads  were  consolidated  under  the  title 
of  the  New  Orleans,  St.  Louis  &  Chicago  Railroad, 
but  the  new  corporation  defaulted  on  its  interest 
in  1876.  The  Illinois  Central,  which  was  the 
owner  of  a  majority  of  the  bonds  of  the  constitu- 
ent lines  which  went  to  make  up  the  New  Orleans, 
St  Louis  &  Chicago  Railroad,  then  acquired 
ownership  of  the  whole  line  by  foreclosure  pro- 
ceedings in  1877,  and  it  was  reorganized,  on  Jan. 
1,  1878,  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago,  St.  Louis 
&  New  Orleans  Railroad,  and  placed  in  charge  of 
one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Company. — (ILLINOIS  BRANCHES.)  The  more  im- 
portant branches  of  the  Illinois  Central  within  the 
State  include:  (1)  The  Springfield  Division  from 
Chicago  to  Springfield  (111.47  miles),  chartered 
in  1867,  and  opened  in  1871  as  the  Oilman,  Clinton 
&  Springfield  Railroad ;  passed  into  the  hands  of 
a  receiver  in  1873,  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1H7f>, 


and  leased,  in  1878,  for  fifty  years,  to  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad:  (2)  The  Rantoul  Division  from 
Leroy  to  the  Indiana  State  line  (66.21  miles  in 
Illinois),  chartered  in  1876  as  the  Havana,  Ran- 
toul &  Eastern  Railroad,  built  as  a  narrow-gauge 
line  and  operated  in  1881 ;  afterwards  clianged  to 
standard-gauge,  and  controlled  by  the  Wabash, 
St.  Louis  &  Pacific  until  May,  1884,  when  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver ;  in  December  of  the 
same  year  taken  in  charge  by  the  bondholders ;  in 
1885  again  placed  in  the  liands  of  a  receiver,  and. 
in  October,  1886,  sold  to  the  Illinois  Central:  (3) 
The  Chicago.  Havana  &  Western  Railroad,  from 
Havana  to  Champaign,  with  a  branch  from  White- 
heath  to  Decatur  (total,  131.62  miles),  constructed 
as  the  western  extension  of  the  Indianapolis. 
Bloomington  &  Western,  and  opened  in  1873;  sold 
under  foreclosure  in  1879  and  organized  as  the 
Champaign.  Havana  &  Western;  in  1880  pur- 
chased by  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific;  in 
1884  taken  possession  of  by  the  mortgage  trustees 
and,  in  September,  1886,  sold  under  foreclosure  to 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad:  (4)  The  Freeport 
Division,  from  Chicago  by  way  of  Freeport  to 
Madison,  Wis.  (140  miles  in  Illinois),  constructed 
under  a  charter  granted  to  the  Chicago,  Madison 
&  Northern  Railroad  (which  see),  opened  for 
traffic  in  1888,  and  transferred  to  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company  in  January,  1889 :  (5) 
The  Kankakee  &  Southwestern  (131.26  miles), 
constructed  from  Kankakee  to  Bloomington 
under  the  charters  of  the  Kankakee  &  Western 
and  the  Kankakee  &  Southwestern  Railroads; 
acquired  by  the  Illinois  Central  in  1878,  begun  in 
1880,  and  extended  to  Bloomington  in  1883 .  and 
(6)  The  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  (which 
see  under  its  old  name).  Other  Illinois  branch 
lines  of  less  importance  embrace  the  Blue  Island; 
the  Chicago  &  Texas;  the  Mound  City ;  the  South 
Chicago;  the  St.  Louis,  Belleville  &  Southern, 
and  the  St.  Charles  Air-Line,  which  furnishes 
an  entrance  to  the  City  of  ( 'hicago  over  an  ele- 
vated track.  The  total  length  of  these  Illinois 
branches  in  1898  was  919.72  miles,  with  the  main 
lines  making  the  total  mileage  of  the  company 
within  the  State  1,624.22  miles.  For  several  years 
up  to  1805  the  Illinois  Central  had  a  connection 
with  St.  Louis  over  the  line  of  the  Terre  Haute  & 
Indianapolis  from  Effingham,  but  this  is  now 
secured  by  way  of  the  Springfield  Division  and 
the  main  line  to  Pana,  whence  its  trains  pass  over 
the  old  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis — now  the  Cleve- 
land, Cinciunati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway. 
Between  June  30,  1897  and  April  30,  1898,  branch 
lines  in  the  Southern  States  (chiefly  in  Kentucky 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


291 


and  Tennessee),  to  the  extent  of  670  miles,  were 
added  to  the  Illinois  Central  System.  The  Cairo 
Bridge,  constructed  across  the  Ohio  River  near 
its  mouth,  at  a  cost  of  $3,000,000,  for  the  purpose  of 
connecting  the  Northern  and  Southern  Divisions 
of  the  Illinois  Central  System,  and  one  of  the 
most  stupendous  structures  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  belongs  wholly  to  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company.  (See  Cairo  Bridge.) 

ILLINOIS  COLLEGE,  an  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Jacksonville,  111.,  which  was  the  first  to 
graduate  a  collegiate  class  in  the  history  of  the 
State.  It  had  its  origin  in  a  movement  inaugu- 
rated about  1827  or  1838  to  secure  the  location,  at 
some  point  in  Illinois,  of  a  seminary  or  college 
which  would  give  the  youth  of  the  State  the 
opportunity  of  acquiring  a  higher  education. 
Some  of  the  most  influential  factors  in  this  move- 
ment were  already  citizens  of  Jacksonville,  or 
contemplated  becoming  such.  In  January,  1828, 
the  outline  of  a  plan  for  such  an  institution  was 
drawn  up  by  Rev.  John  M.  Ellis,  a  home  missionary 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  Hon.  Samuel  D. 
Lockwood,  then  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  State,  as  a  basis  for  soliciting  subscriptions 
for  the  organization  of  a  stock-company  to  carry 
the  enterprise  into  execution.  The  plan,  as  then 
proposed,  contemplated  provision  for  a  depart- 
ment of  female  education,  at  least  until  a  separate 
institution  could  be  furnished — which,  if  not  a 
forerunner  of  the  co-educational  system  now  so 
much  in  vogue,  at  least  foreshadowed  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Jacksonville  Female  Seminary, 
which  soon  followed  the  founding  of  the  college. 
A  few  months  after  these  preliminary  steps  were 
taken,  Mr.  Ellis  was  brought  into  communication 
with  a  group  of  young  men  at  Yale  College  (see 
"Illinois  Band")  who  had  entered  into  a  com- 
pact to  devote  their  lives  to  the  cause  of  educa- 
tional and  missionary  work  in  the  West,  and  out 
of  the  union  of  these  two  forces,  soon  afterwards 
effected,  grew  Illinois  College.  The  organization 
of  the  "Illinois"  or  "Yale  Band,"  was  formally 
consummated  in  February,  1829,  and  before  the 
close  of  the  year  a  fund  of  $10,000  for  the  purpose 
of  laying  the  foundation  of  the  proposed  institu- 
tion in  Illinois  had  been  pledged  by  friends  of 
education  in  the  East,  a  beginning  had  been  made 
in  the  erection  of  buildings  on  the  present  site  of 
Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  and,  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year,  the  work  of  instruction  of 
a  preparatory  class  had  been  begun  by  Rev.  Julian 
M.  Sturtevant,  who  had  taken  the  place  of  "avant- 
oourier"  of  the  movement.  A  year  later  (1831) 
Rev.  Edward  Beecher,  the  oldest  son  of  the  inde- 


fatigable Lyman  Beecher,  and  brother  of  Henry 
Ward — already  then  well  known  as  a  leader  in 
the  ranks  of  those  opposed  to  slavery — had  be- 
come identified  with  the  new  enterprise  and 
assumed  the  position  of  its  first  President.  Such 
was  the  prejudice  against  "Yankees"  in  Illinois 
at  that  time,  and  the  jealousy  of  theological  influ- 
ence in  education,  that  it  was  not  until  1835  that 
the  friends  of  the  institution  were  able  to  secure 
a  charter  from  the  Legislature.  An  ineffectual 
attempt  had  been  made  in  1830,  and  when  it  was 
finally  granted,  it  was  in  the  form  of  an  "omni- 
bus bill"  including  three  other  institutions,  but 
with  restrictions  as  to  the  amount  of  real  estate 
that  might  be  held,  and  prohibiting  the  organiza- 
tion of  theological  departments,  both  of  which 
were  subsequently  repealed.  (See  Early  Col- 
leges.) The  same  year  the  college  graduated  its 
first  class,  consisting  of  two  members — Richard 
Yates.  afterwards  War  Governor  and  United 
States  Senator,  and  Rev.  Jonathan  Spillman,  the 
composer  of  "Sweet  Afton. "  Limited  as  was  this 
first  output  of  alumni,  it  was  politically  and 
morally  strong.  In  1843  a  medical  department 
was  established,  but  it  was  abandoned  five  years 
later  for  want  of  adequate  support.  Dr.  Beecher 
retired  from  the  Presidency  in  1844,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Sturtevant,  who  continued  in 
that  capacity  until  1876  (thirty-two  years),  when 
he  became  Professor  Emeritus,  remaining  until 
1885 — his  connection  with  the  institution  cover- 
ing a  period  of  fifty-six  years.  Others  who  hive 
occupied  the  position  of  President  include  Ruf  us 
C.  Crampton  (acting),  1876-82;  Rev.  Edward  A. 
Tanner,  1882-92;  and  Dr.  John  E.  Bradley,  the 
incumbent  from  1892  to  1899.  Among  the  earli- 
est and  influential  friends  of  the  institution, 
besides  Judge  Lockwood  already  mentioned,  may 
be  enumerated  such  names  as  Gov.  Joseph  Dun- 
can, Thomas  Mather,  Winthrop  S.  Oilman, 
Frederick  Collins  and  William  H.  Brown  (of 
Chicago),  all  of  whom  were  members  of  the  early 
Board  of  Trustees.  It  was  found  necessary  to 
maintain  a  preparatory  department  for  many 
years  to  fit  pupils  for  the  college  classes  proper, 
and,  in  1866,  Whipple  Academy  was  established 
and  provided  with  a  separate  building  for  this 
purpose.  The  standard  of  admission  to  the  col- 
lege course  has  been  gradually  advanced,  keeping 
abreast,  in  this  respect,  of  other  American  col- 
leges. At  present  the  institution  has  a  faculty  of 
15  members  and  an  endowment  of  some  $150,000. 
with  a  library  (1898)  numbering  over  15,000  vol- 
umes and  property  valued  at  $360,000.  Degrees 
are  conferred  in  both  classical  and  scientific 


292 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


courses  in  the  college  proper.  The  list  of  alumni 
embraces  some  750  names,  including  many  who 
have  been  prominent  in  State  and  National 
affairs. 

ILLINOIS  COUNTY,  the  name  given  to  the 
first  civil  organization  of  the  territory  northwest 
of  the  Ohio  River,  after  its  conquest  by  Col.  George 
Rogers  Clark  in  1778.  This  was  done  by  act  of 
the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  passed  in 
October  of  the  same  year,  which,  among  other 
things,  provided  as  follows:  "The  citizens  of  the 
commonwealth  of  Virginia,  who  are  already  set- 
tled, or  shall  hereafter  settle,  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Ohio,  shall  be  included  in  a  distinct  county 
which  shall  be  called  Illinois  County;  and  the 
Governor  of  this  commonwealth,  with  the  advice 
of  the  Council,  may  appoint  a  County-Lieutenant 
or  Commandant- in-chief  of  the  county  during 
pleasure,  who  shall  take  the  oath  of  fidelity  to 
this  commonwealth  and  the  oath  of  office  accord- 
ing to  the  form  of  their  own  religion.  And  all 
civil  offices  to  which  the  inhabitants  hare  been 
accustomed,  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the 
peace  and  the  administration  of  justice,  shall  be 
chosen  by  a  majority  of  the  citizens  of  their  re- 
spective districts,  to  be  convened  for  that  purpose 
by  the  County-Lieutenant  or  Commandant,  or  his 
deputy,  and  shall  be  commissioned  by  said 
County-Lieutenant."  As  the  Commonwealth  of 
Virginia,  by  virtue  of  Colonel  Clark's  conquest, 
then  claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  entire  region 
west  of  the  Ohio  River  and  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
Illinois  County  nominally  embraced  the  territory 
comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  present  States 
of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wiscon- 
sin, though  the  settlements  were  limited  to  the 
vicinity  of  TTaainmfcia.  vincenne.s  (in  the  present 
State  of  Indiana)  and  Detroit.  Col.  John  Todd, 
of  Kentucky,  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Patrick 
Henry,  the  first  Lieutenant-Commandant  under 
this  act,  holding  office  two  yean.  Out  of  Illinois 
County  were  subsequently  organized  the  follow- 
ing counties  by  "order"  of  Gov.  Arthur  St.  Clair, 
after  his  assumption  of  the  duties  of  Governor, 
following  the  passage,  by  Congress,  of  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787,  creating  the  Northwest  Territory, 


Wubtmton 
Hamilton 


-It   Cl.lt 


Kooz 
Randolph 


Cor  r«TY-flmAT         DATB  or  OBOAKTCATIOH 
Marietta  July  27, 17M 

Cincinnati  Jan.  4,  I7W 

( Oahokla 

\  Prairie  do  Boclur  April  27, 17W 


PDltBL  VtncuuMl 
Kukaakla 


June  JO.  17W 
Oct.  6,  1796 


Washington,  originally  comprising  the  State  of 
Ohio,  was  reduced,  on  the  organization  of  Hamil- 
ton County,  to  the  eastern  portion,  Hamilton 


County  embracing  the  west,  with  Cincinnati 
(originally  called  "Losantiville,"  near  old  Fort 
Washington)  as  the  county-seat.  St.  Clair,  the 
third  county  organized  out  of  this  territory,  at 
first  had  virtually  three  county-seats,  but  divi- 
sions and  jealousies  among  the  people  and  officials 
in  reference  to  the  place  of  deposit  for  the  records, 
resulted  in  the  issue,  five  years  later,  of  an  order 
creating  the  new  county  of  Randolph,  the  second 
in  the  "Illinois  Country" — these  (St.  Clair  and 
Randolph)  constituting  the  -two  counties  into 
which  it  was  divided  at  the  date  of  organization 
of  Illinois  Territory.  Out  of  these  events  grew 
the  title  of  "Mother  of  Counties"  given  to  Illinois 
County  as  the  original  of  all  the  counties  in  the 
five  States  northwest  of  the  Ohio;  while  St.  Clair 
County  inherited  the  title  as  to  the  State  of 
Illinois.  (See  Illinois;  also  St.  Clair.  Arthur, 
and  Todd,  (Col.)  John.) 

ILLINOIS  FARMERS'  RAILROAD.  (See 
Jacksonville  <t  St.  Louis  Railway.) 

ILLINOIS  FEMALE  COLLEGE,  a  flourishing 
institution  for  the  education  of  women,  located 
at  Jacksonville  and  incorporated  in  1847.  While 
essentially  unsectarian  in  teaching,  it  is  con- 
trolled by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  denomination. 
Its  first  charter  was  granted  to  the  "Illinois  Con- 
ference Female  Academy"  in  1847,  but  four  years 
later  the  charter  was  amended  and  the  name 
changed  to  the  present  cognomen.  The  cost  of 
building  and  meager  support  in  early  years 
brought  on  bankruptcy.  .The  friends  of  the  insti- 
tution rallied  to  its  support,  however,  and  the 
purchasers  at  the  foreclosure  sale  (all  of  whom 
were  friends  of  Methodist  education)  donated  the 
property  to  what  was  technically  a  new  institu- 
tion. A  second  charter  was  obtained  from  the 
State  in  1868,  and  the  restrictions  imposed  upon 
the  grant  were  such  as  to  prevent  alienation  of 
title,  by  either  conveyance  or  mortgage.  While 
the  college  has  only  a  small  endowment  fund 
($2,000)  it  owns  $60,000  worth  of  real  property, 
besides  $9,000  invested  in  apparatus  and  library. 
Preparatory  and  collegiate  departments  are  main- 
tained, both  classical  and  scientific  courses  being 
established  in  the  latter.  Instruction  is  also 
given  in  fine  arts,  elocution  and  music.  The 
faculty  (1898)  numbers  15,  and  there  are  about  170 
students. 

ILLINOIS  FEMALE  REFORM  SCHOOL.  (See 
Borne  for  Female  Offenders.) 

ILLINOIS  INDIANS,  a  confederation  belong- 
ing to  the  Algonquin  family  and  embracing  five 
tribes,  viz. :  the  Cahokias,  Kaskaskias,  Mitcha- 
gamies,  Peorias  and  Tamaroas.  They  early  oocu 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


pied  Illinois,  with  adjacent  portions  of  Iowa, 
Wisconsin  and  Missouri.  The  name  is  derived 
from  Illini,  "man,"  the  Indian  plural  "ek"  being 
changed  by  the  French  to  "ois."  They  were 
intensely  warlike,  being  almost  constantly  in 
conflict  with  the  Winnebagoes,  the  Iroquois, 
Sioux  and  other  tribes.  They  were  migratory 
and  depended  for  subsistence  largely  on  the  sum- 
mer and  winter  hunts.  They  dwelt  in  rudely 
constructed  cabins,  each  accommodating  about 
eight  families.  They  were  always  faithful  allies 
of  the  French,  whom  they  heartily  welcomed  in 
1673.  French  missionaries  labored  earnestly 
among  them — notably  Fathers  Marque tte,  Allouez 
and  Gravier —  who  reduced  their  language  to 
grammatical  rules.  Their  most  distinguished 
Chief  was  Chicagou,  who  was  sent  to  France, 
where  he  was  welcomed  with  the  honors  accorded 
to  a  foreign  prince.  In  their  wars  with  the 
Foxes,  from  1712  to  1719,  they  suffered  severely, 
their  numbers  being  reduced  to  3,000  souls.  The 
assassination  of  Pontiac  by  a  Kaskaskian  in  1765, 
waa  avenged  by  the  lake  tribes  in  a  war  of  ex- 
termination. After  taking  part  with  the  Miamis 
in  a  war  against  the  United  States,  they  partici- 
pated in  the  treaties  of  Greenville  and  Vincennes, 
and  were  gradually  removed  farther  and  farther 
toward  the  West,  the  small  remnant  of  about  175 
being  at  present  (1896)  on  the  Quapaw  reservation 
in  Indian  Territory.  (See  also  Cahokias;  Foxes: 
Iroquois;  Kaskaskias;  Mitcha.ga.mies;  Peorias; 
Tamaroas;  and  Winnebagoes.) 

ILLINOIS  INSTITUTION  FOB  THE  EDU- 
CATION OF  THE  BLIND,  located  at  Jackson- 
ville. The  institution  had  its  inception  in  a  school 
for  the  blind,  opened  in  that  town  in  1847,  by 
Samuel  Bacon,  who  was  himself  blind.  The 
State  Institution  was  created  by  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, passed  Jan.  18,  1849,  which  was  introduced 
by  Richard  Yates,  then  a  Representative,  and 
was  first  opened  in  a  rented  house,  early  in  1850, 
under  the  temporary  supervision  of  Mr.  Bacon. 
Soon  afterward  twenty -two  acres  of  ground  were 
purchased  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city  and  the 
erection  of  permanent  buildings  commenced.  By 
January,  1854,  they  were  ready  for  use,  but  fif- 
teen years  later  were  destroyed  by  fire.  Work  on 
a  new  building  was  begun  without  unnecessary 
delay  and  the  same  was  completed  by  1874. 
Numerous  additions  of  wings  and  shops  have 
since  been  made,  and  the  institution,  in  its  build- 
ings and  appointments,  is  now  one  of  the  most 
complete  in  the  country.  Instruction  (as  far  as 
practicable)  is  given  in  rudimentary  English 
branches,  and  in  such  mechanical  trades  and 


avocations  as  may  best  qualify  the  inmates  to  be- 
come self-supporting  upon  their  return  to  active 
life. 

ILLINOIS  MASONIC  OBPHANS'  HOME,  an 
institution  established  in  the  city  of  Chicago 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  of 
Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  a  home  for 
the  destitute  children  of  deceased  members  of  the 
Order.  The  total  receipts  of  the  institution,  dur- 
ing the  year  1895,  were  $29,304.98,  and  the 
expenditures,  127,258.70.  The  number  of  bene- 
ficiaries in  the  Home,  Dec.  31,  1895,  was  61.  The 
Institution  owns  real  estate  valued  at  $75,000. 

ILLINOIS  MIDLAND  RAILROAD.  (See  Tern 
Haute  A  Peoria  Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS  RIVER,  the  most  important  stream 
within  the  State ;  has  a  length  of  about  500  miles, 
of  which  about  245  are  navigable.  It  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Kankakee  and  DBS  Plainee 
Rivers  at  a  point  in  Grundy  County,  some  45 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  Its  course  is  west, 
then  southwest,  and  finally  south,  until  it 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  about  20  miles  north 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  The  Illinois  &. 
Michigan  Canal  connects  its  waters  with  Lake 
Michigan.  Marquette  and  Joliet  ascended  the 
stream  in  1673  and  were  probably  its  first  white 
visitants.  Later  (1679-82)  it  was  explored  by 
La  Salle,  Tonty,  Hennepin  and  others. 

ILLINOIS  RIVER  BAILBOAD.  (See  Chicago. 
Peoria  A  St.  Louis  Railroad  of  Illinois.) 

ILLINOIS  SAMTARY  COMMISSION,  a  vol 
untary  organization  formed  pursuant  to  a  sug- 
gestion of  Governor  Yates,  shortly  after  the 
battle  of  Fort  Donelson  (1862).  Its  object  was 
the  relief  of  soldiers  in  actual  service,  whether  on 
the  march,  in  camp,  or  in  hospitals.  State  Agents 
were  appointed  for  the  distribution  of  relief,  for 
which  purpose  large  sums  were  collected  and  dis- 
tributed. The  work  of  the  Commission  was  later 
formally  recognized  by  the  Legislature  in  the 
enactment  of  a  law  authorizing  the  Governor  to 
appoint  "Military  State  Agents,"  who  should 
receive  compensation  from  the  State  treasury. 
Many  of  these  "agents"  were  selected  from  the 
ranks  of  the  workers  in  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
and  a  great  impetus  was  thereby  imparted  to  its 
voluntary  work.  Auxiliary  associations  were 
formed  all  over  the  State,  and  funds  were  readily 
obtained,  a  considerable  proportion  of  which  was 
derived  from  "Sanitary  Fairs." 

ILLINOIS  SCHOOL  OF  AGBICULTUBE  AND 
MANUAL  TBAINING  FOB  BOYS,  an  institution 
for  the  training  of  dependent  boys,  organized 
under  the  act  of  March  28,  1895,  which  was  in 


294 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


effect  a  re-enactment  of  the  statute  approved  in 
1883  and  amended  in  1885.  Its  legally  defined 
object  is  to  provide  a  home  and  proper  training 
for  such  boys  as  may  be  committed  to  its  charge. 
Commitments  are  made  by  the  County  Courts  of 
Cook  and  contiguous  counties.  The  school  is 
located  at  Glenwood,  in  the  county  of  Cook,  and 
was  first  opened  for  the  reception  of  inmates  in 
1888.  Its  revenues  are  derived,  in  part,  from 
voluntary  contributions,  and  in  part  from  pay- 
ments by  the  counties  sending  boys  to  the  institu- 
tion, which  payments  are  fixed  by  law  at  ten 
dollars  per  month  for  each  boy,  during  the  time 
he  is  actually  an  inmate.  In  1896  nearly  one-half 
of  the  entire  income  came  from  the  former 
source,  but  the  surplus  remaining  in  the  treasury 
at  the  end  of  any  fiscal  year  is  never  large.  The 
school  is  under  the  inspectional  control  of  the 
State  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities,  as 
though  it  were  an  institution  founded  and  main- 
tained by  the  State.  The  educational  curriculum 
closely  follows  that  of  the  ordinary  grammar 
schools,  pupils  being  trained  in  eight  grades,  sub- 
stantially along  the  lines  established  in  the  public 
schools.  In  addition,  a  military  drill  is  taught, 
with  a  view  to  developing  physical  strength, 
command  of  limbs,  and  a  graceful,  manly  car- 
riage. Since  the  Home  was  organized  there  have 
been  received  (down  to  1899),  2,333  boys.  The 
industrial  training  given  the  inmates  is  both 
agricultural  and  mechanical,  —  the  institution 
owning  a  good,  fairly-sized  farm,  and  operating 
well  equipped  industrial  shops  for  the  education 
of  pupils.  A  fair  proportion  of  the  boys  devote 
themselves  to  learning  trades,  and  not  a 
few  develop  into  excellent  workmen.  One  of  the 
purposes  of  the  school  is  to  secure  homes  for  those 
thought  likely  to  prove  creditable  members  of 
respectable  households.  During  the  eleven  years 
of  its  existence  nearly  2,200  boys  have  been  placed 
in  homes,  and  usually  with  the  most  satisfactory 
results.  The  legal  safeguards  thrown  around 
the  ward  are  of  a  comprehensive  and  binding 
sort,  so  far  as  regards  the  parties  who  take  the 
children  for  either  adoption  or  apprenticeship — 
the  welfare  of  the  ward  always  being  the  object 
primarily  aimed  at.  Adoption  is  preferred  to 
institutional  life  by  the  administration,  and  the 
result  usually  justifies  their  judgment.  Many  of 
the  pupils  are  returned  to  their  families  or 
friends,  after  a  mild  course  of  correctional  treat- 
ment. The  system  of  government  adopted  is 
analogous  to  that  of  the  "cottage  plan"  employed 
in  many  reformatory  institutions  throughout  the 
country.  An  "administration  building"  stands 


in  the  center  of  a  group  of  structures,  each  of 
which  has  its  own  individual  name: — Clancy 
Hall,  Wallace,  Plymouth,  Beecher,  Pope, Windsor, 
Lincoln,  Sunnyside  and  Sheridan.  While  never 
a  suppliant  for  benefactions,  the  Home  has  always 
attracted  the  attention  of  philanthropists  who 
are  interested  in  the  care  of  society's  waifs.  The 
average  annual  number  of  inmate*  is  about  275. 

ILLINOIS  WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY,  the 
leading  educational  institution  of  the  Methodist 
Church  in  Illinois,  south  of  Chicago;  incorpo- 
rated in  1853  and  located  at  Bloomington.  It  is 
co-educational,  has  a  faculty  of  34  instructors, 
and  reports  1,106  students  in  1896 — 158  male  and 
648  female.  Besides  the  usual  literary  and  scien- 
tific departments,  instruction  is  given  in  theology, 
music  and  oratory.  It  also  has  preparatory  and 
business  courses.  It  has  a  library  of  6,000  vol- 
umes and  reports  funds  and  endowment  aggre- 
gating $187,999,  and  property  to  the  value  of 
$380,999. 

ILLINOIS  £  INDIANA  RAILROAD.  (See 
Tndiann,  Decatur  <t  Western  Railway. ) 

ILLINOIS  £  SOUTHEASTERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Baltimore  <t  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad. ) 

ILLINOIS  *  SOUTHERN  IOWA  RAILROAD. 
(See  Wabash  Railroad. ) 

ILLINOIS  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD  A  COAL 
COMPANY.  (See  Louisville,  Evarumlle  &  St. 
Louis  (consolidated)  Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS  &  WISCONSIN  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway.) 

ILLIOPOLIS,  a  village  in  Sangamon  County, 
on  the  Wabash  Railway,  20  miles  east  of  Spring- 
field. It  occupies  a  position  nearly  in  the  geo- 
graphical center  of  the  State  and  is  in  the  heart 
of  what  is  generally  termed  the  corn  belt  of  Cen- 
tral Illinois.  It  has  banks,  several  churches,  a 
graded  school  and  three  newspapers.  Population 
(1880),  686;  (1890),  689;  (1900),  744. 

INDIAN  MOUNDS.  (See  Mound-Builders, 
Works  of  The.) 

INDIAN  TREATIES.  The  various  treaties 
made  by  the  General  Government  with  the 
Indians,  which  affected  Illinois,  may  be  summa- 
rized as  follows:  Treaty  of  Greenville,  August  3, 
1795— ceded  11,808,409  acres  of  land  for  the  sum 
of  $210,000;  negotiated  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne 
with  the  Delawares,  Ottawas,  Miamis,  Wyandots, 
Shawnees,  Pottawatomies,  Chippewas,  Kaskas- 
kias,  Kickapoos,  Piankeshaws  and  Eel  River 
Indians:  First  Treaty  of  Fort  Wayne,  June  7, 
1803— ceded  2,038,400  acres  in  consideration  of 
$4,000;  negotiated  by  Governor  Harrison  with 
the  Delawares,  Kickapoos,  Miamis,  Pottawato- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


295 


mies,  and  Shawnees:  First  Treaty  of  Vinoennes, 
August  13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850  acres  for  $12,000; 
negotiated  by  Governor  Harrison  with  the  Caho- 
kias,  Kaskaskias  and  Hitchagamies .  First  Treaty 
of  St.  Louis,  NOT.  3,  1804— ceded  14,803,520  acres 
in  consideration  of  $22,234;  negotiated  by  Gov- 
ernor Harrison  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes:  Second 
Treaty  of  Vinoennes,  Dec.  30, 1805— ceded  2,676,150 
acres  for  $4, 100 ;  negotiated  by  Governor  Harrison 
with  the  Piankeshaws:  Second  Treaty  of  Fort 
Wayne,  Sept.  80,  1809  — ceded  2,900,000  acres; 
negotiated  by  Governor  Harrison  with  the  Dela- 
wares,  Eel  River,  Miamis,  Pottawatomies  and 
Weas:  Third  Treaty  of  Vinoennes,  Dec.  9,  1809 
—ceded  138,240  acres  for  $27,000;  negotiated  by 
Governor  Harrison  with  the  Kickapoos :  Second 
Treaty  of  St.  Louis,  Aug.  24,  1H1G— ceded  1,418,400 
acres  in  consideration  of  $12,000;  negotiated  by 
Governor  Edwards,  William  Clark  and  A.  Chou- 
teau  with  the  Chi ppe  was,  Ottawas  and  Pottawato- 
mies: Treaty  of  Edwardsville,  Sept.  30,  1818— 
ceded  6,865,280  acres  for  $6,400;  negotiated  by 
Governor  Edwards  and  A.  Chouteau  with  the 
Illinois  and  Peorias:  Treaty  of  St.  Mary's,  Oct. 
2,  1818— ceded  11,000,000  acres  for  $33,000;  nego- 
tiated by  Gen.  Lewis  Cass  and  others  with  the 
Weas:  Treaty  of  Fort  Harrison,  Aug.  30,  1819— 
negotiated  by  Benjamin  Parke  with  the  Kicka- 
poos of  the  Vermilion,  ceding  3,173,120  acres  for 
$23,000:  Treaty  of  St.  Joseph,  Sept.  20,  1828— 
ceded  990,720  acres  in  consideration  of  $189,795; 
negotiated  by  Lewis  Cass  and  Pierre  Menard  with 
the  Pottawatomies:  Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 
Jan.  2,  1830— ceded  4,160,000  acres  for  $390,601; 
negotiated  by  Pierre  Menard  and  others  with 
the  Chippewas,  Ottawas  and  Pottawatomies: 
First  Treaty  of  Chicago,  Oct.  20,  1832— ceded 
1,536,000  acres  for  $460,348;  negotiated  with 
the  Pottawatomies  of  the  Prairie:  Treaty  of 
Tippeoanoe,  Oct.  27,  1832— by  it  the  Pottawato- 
mies of  Indiana  ceded  737,000  acres,  in  consider- 
ation of  $406, 121 :  Second  Treaty  of  Chicago,  Sept. 
26,  1833— by  it  the  Chippewas,  Ottawas  and  Pot- 
tawatomies ceded  5,104,960  acres  for  $7,624,289: 
Treaties  of  Fort  Armstrong  and  Prairie  du  Chien, 
negotiated  1829  and  '38—  by  which  the  Winne- 
bagoes  ceded  10,346,000  acres  in  exchange  for 
$5,195,252:  Second  Treaty  of  St.  Louis,  Oct.  27, 
1832— the  Kaskaskias  and  Peorias  ceding  1,900 
acres  in  consideration  of  $155,780.  (See  also 
ftreenmtte.  Treaty  of.) 

INDIAN  TRIBES.  (See  Algonquins;  Illinois 
Indians;  Kaskaskias;  Kickapoos;  Miamis;  Outa- 
gamies;  Piankeshaws;  Pottawatomies;  Sacs  and 
Foxes;  Weas;  Winnebagoes.) 


INDIANA,  BLOOMINGTON  *  WESTERN 
RAILWAY.  (See  Peoria  A  Eastern.  Railroad.) 

INDIANA,  DECATCR  &  WESTERN  RAIL- 
WAT.  The  entire  length  of  line  is  153.5  miles,  of 
which  75.75  miles  (with  yard-tracks  and  sidings 
amounting  to  8  86  miles)  lie  within  Illinois.  It 
extends  from  Decatur  almost  due  east  to  the 
Indiana  State  line,  and  has  a  single  track  of 
standard  gauge,  with  a  right  of  way  of  100  feet 
The  rails  are  of  steel,  well  adapted  to  the  traffic, 
and  the  ballasting  is  of  gravel,  earth  and  cinders. 
The  bridges  (chiefly  of  wood)  are  of  standard 
design  and  well  maintained.  The  amount  of 
capital  stock  outstanding  (1898)  is  $1,824,000,  or 
11,998  per  mile;  total  capitalization  (including 
stock  and  all  indebtedness)  3,783.983.  The  total 
earnings  and  income  in  Illinois,  $240,850.  ( HIS- 
TORY.) The  first  organization  of  this  road  em- 
braced two  companies — the  Indiana  &  Illinois  and 
the  Illinois  &  Indiana — which  were  consolidated, 
in  1853,  under  the  name  of  the  Indiana  &  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company.  In  1875  the  latter 
was  sold  under  foreclosure  and  organized  as  the 
Indianapolis,  Decatur  &  Springfield  Railway 
Company,  at  which  time  the  section  from  Decatur 
to  Montezuma,  Ind.,  was  opened.  It  was  com- 
pleted to  Indianapolis  in  1880.  In  1882  it  was 
leased  to  the  Indiana,  Bloomington  &  Western 
Railroad  Company,  and  operated  to  1885,  when 
it  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  in  1887  and  reorganized  under 
the  name  of  the  Indianapolis,  Decatur  &  West- 
ern. Again,  in  1889,  default  was  made  and  the 
property,  after  being  operated  by  trustees,  was 
sold  in  1894  to  two  companies  called  the  Indiana, 
Decatur  &  Western  Railway  Company  (in  Indi- 
ana) and  the  Decatur  &  Eastern  Railway  Com- 
pany (in  Illinois).  These  were  consolidated  in 
July,  1895,  under  the  present  name  (Indiana, 
Decatur  &  Western  Railway  Company).  In 
December,  1895,  the  entire  capital  stock  was 
purchased  by  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton 
Railway  Company,  and  the  line  is  now  operated 
as  a  part  of  that  system. 

INDIANA,  ILLINOIS  &  IOWA  RAILROAD. 
This  line  extends  from  Streator  Junction  1.8 
miles  south  of  Streator,  on  the  line  of  the  Streator 
Division  of  the  Wabash  Railroad,  easterly  to  the 
Indiana  State  Line.  The  total  length  of  the  line 
is  151.78  miles,  of  which  69.61  miles  are  in  Illi- 
nois. Between  Streator  Junction  and  Streator, 
the  line  is  owned  by  the  Wabash  Company,  but 
this  company  pays  rental  for  trackage  facilities. 
About  75  per  cent  of  the  ties  are  of  white-oak, 
the  remainder  being  of  cedar;  the  rails  are  56-lb. 


396 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS 


steel,  and  the  ballasting  is  of  broken  stone,  gravel, 
sand,  cinders  and  earth.  A  policy  of  permanent 
improvements  has  been  adopted,  and  is  being 
carried  forward.  The  principal  traffic  is  the 
transportation  of  freight.  The  outstanding  capi- 
tal stock  (June  30,  1898)  was  $3,597.800;  bonded 
debt,  $1.800,000;  total  capitalization,  $5,517,739; 
total  earnings  and  income  in  Illinois  for  1898, 
$413,967;  total  expenditures  in  the  State,  $303,- 
344.— (HISTORY.)  This  road  was  chartered  Dec. 
27,  1881,  and  organized  by  the  consolidation  of 
three  roads  of  the  same  name  (Indiana,  Illinois  & 
Iowa,  respectively),  opened  to  Momence,  111.,  in 
1882,  and  through  its  entire  length,  Sept.  IS,  1883. 

INDIANA  ft  ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  BAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Indiana,  Decatur  &  Western  Rail- 
way.) 

INDIANA  &  ILLINOIS  RAILROAD.  (See 
Indiana,  Decatur  <t  Western  .Railway.) 

INDIANA  ft  ILLINOIS  SOUTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis  A  Eastern 
Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS,  BLOOMINUTON  ft  WEST- 
ERN  RAILROAD.  (See  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road;  also  Peoria  A  Eastern  Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS,  DECATUR  ft  SPRING- 
FIELD  RAILROAD.  (See  Indiana,  Decatur  A 
Western  Railway. ) 

INDIANAPOLIS,  DECATDR  ft  WESTERN 
RAILWAY.  (See  Indiana.  Decatur  A  Western 
Railway. ) 

INDIANAPOLIS  ft  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 
(See  St.  Louis,  Alton  A  Terre  Haute  Railroad.) 

INDUSTRIAL  HOME  FOR  THE  BLIND,  a 
State  Institution  designed  to  furnish  the  means 
of  employment  to  dependent  blind  persons  of 
both  sexes,  established  under  authority  of  an  act 
of  the  legislature  passed  at  the  session  of  1893. 
The  institution  is  located  at  Douglas  Park  Boule- 
vard and  West  Nineteenth  Street,  in  the  city  of 
Chicago.  It  includes  a  four-story  factory  with 
steam-plant  attached,  besides  a  four-story  build- 
ing for  residence  purposes.  It  was  opened  in 
1894,  and,  in  December,  1897,  had  63  inmates,  of 
whom  12  were  females.  The  Fortieth  General 
Assembly  appropriated  $13,900  for  repairs,  appli- 
ances, library,  etc.,  and  $8,000  per  annum  for 
ordinary  expenses 

INQERSOLL,  Ebon  C.,  Congressman,  was  born 
in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  12,  1831.  His  first 
remove  was  to  Paducah,  Ky.,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  education.  He  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar;  removing  this  time  to  Illi- 
nois and  settling  in  Gallatin  County,  in  1842.  In 
1866  he  was  elected  to  represent  Gallatin  County 


in  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly ,  in 
1862  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  Congress 
for  the  State-at-large,  but  defeated  by  J.  C. 
Allen;  and,  in  1864,  was  chosen  to  fill  the  une.\ 
pired  term  of  Owen  Lovejoy,  deceased,  as  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress.  He  was 
re-elected  to  the  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth  and 
Forty-first  Congresses,  his  term  expiring,  March 
4,  1871.  He  was  a  brother  of  Col.  Robert  G. 
Ingersoll,  and  was,  for  some  years,  associated  with 
him  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Peoria,  his  home. 
Died,  in  Washington,  Hay  31,  1879. 

IN6ERSOLL,  Robert  Green,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  at  Dresden,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y  . 
August  11,  1833.  His  father,  a  Congregational 
clergyman  of  pronounced  liberal  tendencies, 
removed  to  the  West  in  1843,  and  Robert's  boy- 
hood was  spent  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.  After 
being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  opened  an  office  at 
Shawneetown,  in  partnership  with  his  brother 
Ebon,  afterwards  a  Congressman  from  Illinois 
In  1857  they  removed  to  Peoria,  and,  in  1860. 
Robert  G.  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  can- 
didate for  Congress.  In  1862  he  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Cavalry, 
which  had  been  mustered  in  in  December,  1861, 
and,  in  1864,  identified  himself  with  the  Repub- 
lican party.  In  February,  1867,  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Oglesby  the  first  Attorney-General 
of  the  State  under  the  new  law  enacted  that  year. 
As  a  lawyer  and  orator  he  won  great  distinction. 
He  nominated  James  G.  Blame  for  the  Presidency 
in  the  Republican  Convention  of  1876,  at  Cincin- 
nati, in  a  speech  that  attracted  wide  attention  by 
its  eloquence.  Other  oratorical  efforts  which 
added  greatly  to  his  fame  include  "The  Dream  of 
the  Union  Soldier,"  delivered  at  a  Soldiers' 
Reunion  at  Indianapolis,  his  eulogy  at  his  brother 
Ebon's  grave,  and  his  memorial  address  on  occa- 
sion of  the  death  of  Roscoe.  Conkling.  For  some 
twenty  years  he  was  the  most  popular  stump 
orator  in  the  West,  and  his  services  in  political 
campaigns  were  in  constant  request  throughout 
the  Union.  To  the  country  at  large,  in  his  later 
years,  he  was  known  as  an  uncompromising 
assailant  of  revealed  religion,  by  both  voice  and 
pen.  Among  his  best-known  publications  are 
"The  Gods"  (Washington.  1878);  "Ghosts" 
(1879);  "Mistakes  of  Moses"  (1879);  "Prose 
Poems  and  Selections"  (1884) ;  "The  Brain  and 
the  Bible"  (Cincinnati,  1882).  Colonel  Ingersoll's 
home  for  some  twenty  years,  in  the  later  part  of 
his  life,  was  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Died, 
suddenly,  from  heart  disease,  at  his  summer 
home  at  Dobb's  Ferry,  Long  Island,  July  21, 1899. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


297 


INGLIS,  Samuel  M.,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  born  at  Marietta,  Pa.,  August  15, 
1838;  received  his  early  education  in  Ohio  and, 
in  1856,  came  to  Illinois,  graduating  with  first 
honors  from  the  Mendota  Collegiate  Institute  in 
1861.  The  following  year  he  enlisted  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fourth  Illinois  Infantry,  but,  hav- 
ing been  discharged  for  disability,  his  place  was 
filled  by  a  brother,  who  was  killed  at  Knoxville, 
Term.  In  1865  he  took  charge  of  an  Academy  at 
Hillsboro,  meanwhile  studying  law  with  the  late 
Judge  E.  T.  Rice;  in  1868  he  assumed  the  super- 
intendencyof  the  public  schools  at  Greenville, 
Bond  County,  remaining  until  1883,  when  he 
became  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Southern 
Normal  University  at  Carbondale,  being  trans- 
ferred, three  years  later,  to  the  chair  of  Literature, 
Rhetoric  and  Elocution.  In  1894  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  the  Republican  candidate  for  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  receiving 
a  plurality  at  the  November  election  of  133,593 
votes  over  his  Democratic  opponent.  Died,  sud- 
denly, at  Kenosha,  Wis.,  June  1,  1898. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT  POLICY,  a 
name  given  to  a  scheme  or  plan  of  internal  im- 
provement adopted  by  the  Tenth  General  Assem- 
bly (1837),  in  compliance  with  a  general  wish  of 
the  people  voiced  at  many  public  gatherings.  It 
contemplated  the  construction  of  an  extensive 
system  of  public  works,  chiefly  in  lines  of  rail- 
road which  were  not  demanded  by  the  commerce 
or  business  of  the  State  at  the  time,  but  which,  it 
was  believed,  would  induce  immigration  and 
materially  aid  in  the  development  of  the  State's 
latent  resources.  The  plan  adopted  provided  for 
the  construction  of  such  works  by  the  State,  and 
contemplated  State  ownership  and  management 
of  all  the  lines  of  traffic  thus  constructed.  The 
bill  passed  the  Legislature  in  February,  1837, 
but  was  disapproved  by  the  Executive  and  the 
Council  of  Revision,  on  the  ground  that  such 
enterprises  might  be  more  successfully  under- 
taken and  conducted  by  individuals  or  private 
corporations.  It  was,  however,  subsequently 
passed  over  the  veto  and  became  a  law,  the  dis- 
astrous effects  of  whose  enactment  were  felt  for 
many  years.  The  total  amount  appropriated  by 
the  act  was  $10,200,000,  of  which  $400,000  was 
devoted  to  the  improvement  of  waterways;  $250,- 
000  to  the  improvement  of  the  "Great  Western 
Mail  Route";  $9,350,000  to  the  construction  of 
railroads,  and  $200,000  was  given  outright  to 
counties  not  favored  by  the  location  of  railroads 
or  other  improvements  within  their  borders.  In 
addition,  the  sale  of  $1,000,000  worth  of  canal 


lands  and  the  issuance  of  $500,000  in  canal  bond* 
were  authorized,  the  proceeds  to  be  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal. 
$500,000  of  this  amount  to  be  expended  in  1838. 
Work  began  at  once.  Routes  were  surveyed  and 
contracts  for  construction  let,  and  an  era  of  reck- 
less speculation  began.  Large  sums  were  rapidly 
expended  and  nearly  $6,500,000  quickly  added  to 
the  State  debt.  The  system  was  soon  demon- 
strated to  be  a  failure  and  was  abandoned  for 
lack  of  funds,  some  of  the  "improvements" 
already  made  being  sold  to  private  parties  at  a 
heavy  loss.  This  scheme  furnished  the  basis  of 
the  State  debt  under  which  Illinois  labored  for 
many  years,  and  which,  at  its  maximum,  reached 
nearly  $17,000,000.  (See  Macallister  A  Stebbint 
Bonds;  State  Debt;  Tenth  General  Auemblf; 
Eleventh  General  Assembly.) 

INUNDATIONS,  REMARKABLE.  The  most 
remarkable  freshets  (or  floods)  in  Illinois  history 
have  been  those  occurring  in  the  Mississippi 
River;  though,  of  course,  the  smaller  tributaries 
of  that  stream  have  been  subject  to  similar  con- 
ditions. Probably  the  best  account  of  early 
floods  has  been  furnished  by  Gov.  John  Reynolds 
in  his  "Pioneer  History  of  Illinois," — he  having 
been  a  witness  of  a  number  of  them.  The  first 
of  which  any  historical  record  has  been  pre- 
served, occurred  in  1770.  At  that  time  the  only 
white  settlements  within  the  present  limits  of 
the  State  were  in  the  American  Bottom  in  the 
vicinity  of  TTnAmA-ia.  and  there  the  most  serious 
results  were  produced.  Governor  Reynolds  says 
the  flood  of  that  year  (1770)  made  considerable 
encroachments  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river 
adjacent  to  Fort  Chartres,  which  had  originally 
been  erected  by  the  French  in  1718  at  a  distance 
of  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  main 
channel  The  stream  continued  to  advance  in 
this  direction  until  1772,  when  the  whole  bottom 
was  again  inundated,  and  the  west  wall  of  the 
fort,  having  been  undermined,  fell  into  the  river. 
The  next  extraordinary  freshet  was  in  1784,  when 
the  American  Bottom  was  again  submerged  and 
the  residents  of  Kaskaskia  and  the  neighboring 
villages  were  forced  to  seek  a  refuge  on  the  bluffs 
— some  of  the  people  of  Cahokia  being  driven  to 
St.  Louis,  then  a  small  French  village  on  Spanish 
soil  The  most  remarkable  flood  of  the  present 
century  occurred  in  May  and  June,  1844,  as  the 
result  of  extraordinary  rains  preceded  by  heavy 
winter  snows  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  rapid 
spring  thaws.  At  this  time  the  American  Bot- 
tom, opposite  St.  Louis,  was  inundated  from  bluff 
to  bluff,  and  large  steamers  passed  over  the  sub- 


298 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


merged  land*,  gathering  up  cattle  and  other  kinds 
of  property  and  rescuing  the  imperiled  owners. 
Some  of  the  Tillages  affected  by  this  flood — as 
Cahokia,  Prairie  du  Rocher  and  KnskaBlria — have 
never  fully  recovered  from  the  disaster.  Another 
considerable  flood  occurred  in  1826,  but  it  was 
inferior  to  those  of  1784  and  1844.  A  notable 
flood  occurred  in  1851,  when  the  Mississippi, 
though  not  so  high  opposite  St.  Louis  as  in  1844, 
is  said  to  hare  been  several  feet  higher  at  Quincy 
than  in  the  previous  year — the  difference  being 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  larger  portion  of  the 
flood  of  1844  came  from  the  Missouri  River,  its 
effect*  being  most  noticeable  below  the  mouth  of 
that  stream.  Again,  in  1868,  a  flood  did  con- 
siderable damage  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  reach- 
Ing  the  highest  point  since  1861.  Floods  of  a  more 
or  less  serious  character  also  occurred  in  1876, 
1880  and  again  in  1893.  Although  not  so  high  as 
some  of  those  previously  named,  the  loss  was  pro- 
portionately greater  owing  to  the  larger  area  of 
improved  lands.  The  flood  of  1893  did  a  great 
deal  of  damage  at  East  St.  Louis  to  buildings  and 
railroads,  and  in  the  destruction  of  other  classes 
of  property. — Floods  in  the  Ohio  River  have  been 
frequent  and  very  disastrous,  especially  in  the 
upper  portions  of  that  stream — usually  resulting 
from  sudden  thaws  and  ice-gorges  in  the  early 
spring.  With  one  exception,  the  highest  flood  in 
the  Ohio,  during  the  present  century,  was  that  of 
February,  1833,  when  the  water  at  Cincinnati 
reached  an  altitude  of  sixty-four  feet  three 
inches.  The  recorded  altitudes  of  others  of  more 
recent  occurrence  have  been  as  follows:  Dec. 
17,  1847  —  sixty -three  feet  seven  inches; 
1883— fifty-seven  feet  four  inches;  1882— fifty- 
eight  feet  seven  inches.  The  highest  point 
reached  at  New  Albany,  I  ml.,  in  1883,  was 
seventy-three  feet — or  four  feet  higher  than  the 
flood  of  1833.  The  greatest  altitude  reached  in 
historic  times,  at  Cincinnati,  was  in  1884 — the  re- 
corded height  being  throe-quarters  of  an  inch  in 
excess  of  seventy-one  feet.  Owing  to  the  smaller 
area  of  cultivated  lands  and  other  improvements 
in  the  Ohio  River  bottoms  within  the  State  ot 
Illinois,  the  loss  has  been  comparatively  smaller 
than  on  the  Mississippi,  although  Cairo  has  suf- 
fered from  both  streams.  The  most  serious  dis- 
.u4i'rn  in  Illinois  territory  from  overflow  of  the 
Ohio,  occurred  in  connection  with  the  flood  of 
f883,  at  Shawneetown.  when,  out  of  six  hundred 
houses,  all  but  twenty-eight  were  flooded  to  the 
second  story  and  water  ran  to  a  depth  of  fifteen 
feet  in  the  main  street.  A  levee,  which  had  been 
constructed  for  the  protection  of  the  city  at  great 


expense,  was  almost  entirely  destroyed,  and  an 
appropriation  of  $60,000  was  made  by  the  Legis- 
lature to  indemnify  the  corporation.  On  April 
3,  1898,  the  Ohio  River  broke  through  the  levee 
at  Shawneetown,  inundating  the  whole  city  and 
causing  the  loss  of  twenty-five  lives.  Much 
suffering  was  caused  among  the  people  driven 
from  their  homes  and  deprived  of  the  means  of 
subsistence,  and  it  was  found  necessary  to  send 
them  tents  from  Springfield  and  supplies  of  food 
by  the  State  Government  and  by  private  contri- 
butions from  the  various  cities  of  the  State.  The 
inundation  continued  for  some  two  or  three 
weeks. — Some  destructive  floods  have  occurred 
in  the  Chicago  River — the  most  remarkable,  since 
the  settlement  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  being  that 
of  March  12,  1849.  This  was  the  result  of  an  ice- 
gorge  in  the  Des  Plaines  River,  turning  the 
waters  of  that  stream  across  "the  divide"  into 
Mud  Lake,  and  thence,  by  way  of  the  South 
Branch,  into  the  Chicago  River.  The  accumula- 
tion of  waters  in  the  latter  broke  up  the  ice, 
which,  forming  into  packs  and  gorges,  deluged 
the  region  between  the  two  rivers.  Whan  the 
superabundant  mass  of  waters  and  ice  in  the  Chi- 
cago River  began  to  flow  towards  the  lake,  it  bore 
before  it  not  only  the  accumulated  pack-ice,  but 
the  vessels  which  had  been  tied  up  at  the  wharves 
and  other  points  along  the  banks  for  the  winter. 
A  contemporaneous  history  of  the  event  says  that 
there  were  scattered  along  the  stream  at  the  time, 
four  steamers,  six  propellers,  two  sloops,  twenty  - 
four  brigs  and  fifty-seven  canal  boats.  Those  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  stream,  being  hemmed  in 
by  surrounding  ice,  soon  became  a  part  of  the 
moving  mass ;  chains  and  hawsers  were  snapped 
as  if  they  had  been  whip-cord,  and  the  whole 
borne  lakeward  in  indescribable  confusion.  The 
bridges  at  Madison,  Randolph  and  Wells  Streets 
gave  way  in  succession  before  the  immense 
mass,  adding,  as  it  moved 'along,  to  the  general 
wreck  by  falling  spars,  crushed  keels  and  crashing 
bridge  timbers.  "Opposite  Kinzie  wharf,"  says 
the  record,  "the  river  was  choked  with  sailing- 
craft  of  every  description,  piled  together  in  inex- 
tricable confusion."  While  those  vessels  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  escaped  into  the  lake  with 
comparatively  little  damage,  a  large  number  of 
those  higher  up  the  stream  were  caught  in  the 
gorge  and  either  badly  injured  or  totally  wrecked. 
The  loss  to  the  city,  from  the  destruction  of 
bridges,  was  estimated  at  $20,000,  and  to  vessels  at 
$88,000— a  large  sum  for  that  time.  The  wreck 
of  bridges  compelled  a  return  to  the  primitive 
system  of  ferries  or  extemporized  bridges  made 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  boats,  to  furnish  means  of  communication 
between  the  several  divisions  of  the  city — a  con- 
dition of  affairs  which  lasted  for  several  months. 
— Floods  about  the  same  time  did  considerable 
damage  on  the  Illinois,  Fox  and  Rock  Rivers, 
their  waters  being  higher  than  in  1838  or  1833, 
which  were  memorable  flood  years  on  these  in- 
terior streams.  On  the  former,  the  village  of 
Peru  was  partially  destroyed,  while  the  bridges 
on  Rock  River  were  all  swept  away.  A  flood  in 
the  Illinois  River,  in  the  spring  of  1855,  resulted  in 
serious  damage  to  bridges  and  other  property  in 
the  vicinity  of  Ottawa,  and  there  were  extensive 
inundations  of  the  bottom  lands  along  that 
stream  in  1859  and  subsequent  years. — In  Febru- 
ary, 1857,  a  second  flood  in  the  Chicago  River, 
similar  to  that  of  1849,  caused  considerable  dam- 
age, but  was  less  destructive  than  that  of  the 
earlier  date,  as  the  bridges  were  more  substan- 
tially constructed. — One  of  the  most  extensive 
floods,  in  recent  times,  occurred  in  the  Mississippi 
River  during  the  latter  part  of  the  month  of 
April  and  early  in  May,  1897.  The  value  of  prop- 
erty destroyed  on  the  lower  Mississippi  was 
estimated  at  many  millions  of  dollars,  and  many 
lives  were  lost.  At  Warsaw,  111.,  the  water 
reached  a  height  of  nineteen  feet  four  inches 
above  low-water  mark  on  April  24,  and,  at  Quincy . 
nearly  nineteen  feet  on  the  28th,  while  the  river, 
at  points  between  these  two  cities,  was  from  ten 
to  fifteen  miles  wide.  Some  25,000  acres  of  farm- 
ing lands  between  Quincy  and  Warsaw  were 
flooded  and  the  growing  crops  destroyed.  At 
Alton  the  height  reached  by  the  water  was 
twenty-two  feet,  but  in  consequence  of  the 
strength  of  the  levees  protecting  the  American 
Bottom,  the  farmers  in  that  region  suffered  less 
than  on  some  previous  years. 

II'A  VA,n  town  in  Fulton  County,  on  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  10  miles  west-southwest  of  Lewistown, 
and  some  44  miles  north  of  Jacksonville.  The 
county  abounds  in  coal,  and  coal-mining,  as  well 
as  agriculture,  is  a  leading  industry  in  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Other  industries  are  the 
manufacture  of  flour  and  woolen  goods;  two 
banks,  four  churches,  a  sanitarium,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper  are  also  located  here.  Population 
(1880),  675;  (1890).  667:  (1900),  749. 

IRON  MANUFACTURES.  The  manufacture 
of  iron,  both  pig  and  castings,  direct  from  the 
furnace,  has  steadily  increased  in  this  State.  In 
f880,  Illinois  ranked  seventh  in  the  list  of  States 
producing  manufactured  iron,  while,  in  1890,  it 
had  risen  to  fourth  place,  Pennsylvania  (which 


produces  nearly  fifty  per  cent  of  the  total  product 
of  the  country)  retaining  the  lead,  with  Ohio  and 
Alabama  following.  In  1890  Illinois  had  fifteen 
complete  furnace  stacks  (as  against  ten  in  1880), 
turning  out  674,506  tons,  or  seven  per  cent  of  the 
entire  output.  Since  then  four  additional  fur- 
naces have  been  completed,  but  no  figures  are  at 
hand  to  show  the  increase  in  production.  During 
the  decade  between  1880  and  1890,  the  percentage 
of  increase  in  output  was  616.53.  The  fuel  used 
is  chiefly  the  native  bituminous  coal,  which  is 
abundant  and  cheap.  Of  this,  674.506  tons  were 
used;  of  anthracite  coal,  only  38,618  tons.  Of 
the  total  output  of  pig-iron  in  the  State,  during 
1890,  616,659  tons  were  of  Bessemer.  Charcoal 
pig  is  not  made  in  Illinois. 

IRON  MOUNTAIN,  CHESTER  &  EASTERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Wabath,  Chester  A  Wcttcrn 
Railroad. ) 

IROQl'OIS  COUNTY,  a  Urge  county  on  the 
eastern  border  of  the  State;  area,  1,120  square 
miles;  population  (1900),  38,014.  In  1830  two 
pioneer  settlements  mere  made  almost  simultane- 
ously,— one  at  Bunkum  (now  Concord)  and  the 
other  at  Milford.  Among  those  taking  up  homes 
at  the  former  were  Gurdon  3.  Hubbard,  Benja- 
min Fry,  and  Messrs.  Cartwright,  Thomas,  New- 
comb,  and  Miller.  At  Milford  located  Robert 
Hill,  Samuel  Rush,  Messrs.  Miles,  Pickell  and 
Parker,  besides  the  Cox,  Moore  and  Stanley 
families.  Iroquois  County  was  set  off  from  Ver- 
milion and  organized  in  1833, — named  from  the 
Iroquois  Indians,  or  Iroquois  River,  which  flows 
through  it.  The  Kickapoos  and  Pottawatomies 
did  not  remove  west  of  the  Mississippi  until 
1836-37,  but  were  always  friendly.  The  seat  of 
government  was  first  located  at  Montgomery, 
whence  it  was  removed  to  Middleport,  and  finally 
to  Watseka.  The  county  is  well  timbered  and 
the  soil  underlaid  by  both  coal  and  building 
stone.  Clay  suitable  for  brick  making  and  the 
manufacture  of  crockery  is  also  found.  The 
Iroquois  River  and  the  Sugar,  Spring  and  Beaver 
Creeks  thoroughly  drain  the  county.  An  abun- 
dance of  pure,  cold  water  may  be  found  anywhere 
by  boring  tq.  the  depth  of  from  thirty  to  eighty 
feet,  a  fact  which  encourages  grazing  and  the 
manufacture  of  dairy  products.  The  soil  is  rich, 
and  well  adapted  to  fruit  growing.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Oilman  (population  1,112),  Wat- 
seka (2,017),  and  Milford  (957). 

IROQUOIS  RITER,  (sometimes  called  Picka- 
luinki,  rises  in  Western  Indiana  and  runs 
westward  to  Watseka,  111. ;  thence  it  flows  north- 
ward through  Iroquois  and  part  of  Kankakee 


300 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Counties,  entering  the  Kankakee  River  some  five 
miles  southeast  of  Kankakee.  It  is  nearly  120 
miles  long. 

IRYING,  a  village  in  Montgomery  County,  on 
the  line  of  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad, 
54  miles  east-northeast  of  Alton,  and  17  miles 
east  by  north  of  Litchfield;  has  five  churches, 
flouring  and  saw  mills,  creamery,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890),  630;  (1900),  6T5. 

ISHAM,  Edward  8.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Bennington,  Vt  ,  Jan.  15,  1836;  educated  at 
Lawrence  Academy  and  Williams  College,  Mass., 
taking  his  degree  at  the  latter  in  1857;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  in  1858, 
coming  to  Chicago  the  same  year.  Mr.  Isham 
was  a  Representative  in  the  Twenty-fourth 
General  Assembly  (1864-66)  and,  in  1881,  his 
name  was  prominently  considered  for  a  position 
on  the  Supreme  bench  of  the  United  States.  He 
is  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Isham,  Lin- 
coln &  Beale,  which  has  had  the  management  of 
some  of  the  most  important  cases  coming  before 
the  Chicago  courts. 

JACKSON,  Hunting  ton  Wolcott,  lawyer,  born 
in  Newark,  N.  J  ,  Jan.  28,  1841,  being  descended 
on  the  maternal  side  from  Oliver  Wolcott,  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ; 
received  his  education  at  Phillips  Academy, 
Andover,  Mass.,  and  at  Princeton  College,  leav- 
ing the  latter  at  the  close  of  his  junior  year  to 
enter  the  army,  and  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg, 
a  part  of  the  time  being  on  the  staff  of  Maj.-Gen. 
John  Newton,  and,  later,  with  Sherman  from 
Chattanooga  to  Atlanta,  finally  receiving  the 
rank  of  Brevet  Lieutenant-Colonel  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  service.  Returning  to  civil  life  in 
1865,  he  entered  Harvard  Law  School  for  one 
term,  then  spent  a  year  in  Europe,  on  his  return 
resuming  his  legal  studies  at  Newark,  N.  J. ; 
came  to  Chicago  in  1867,  and  the  following  year 
was  admitted  to  the  bar ;  has  served  as  Supervisor 
of  South  Chicago,  as  President  of  the  Chicago 
Bar  Association,  and  (by  appointment  of  the 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency)  as  receiver  and 
attorney  of  the  Third  National  Bank  of  Chicago. 
Under  the  will  of  the  late  John  Crerar  he  became 
an  executor  of  the  estate,  and  a  trustee  of  the 
Crerar  Library.  Died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Jan  3, 1901. 

JACKSON  COUNTY,  organized  in  1816,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Andrew  Jackson;  area,  580 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  83,871.  It  lies 
in  the  southwest  portion  of  the  State,  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  forming  its  principal  western 


boundary.  The  bottom  lands  along  the  river  are 
wonderfully  fertile,  but  liable  to  overflow.  It  is 
crossed  by  a  range  of  hills  regarded  as  a  branch 
of  the  Ozark  range.  Toward  the  east  the  soil  is 
warm,  and  well  adapted  to  fruit-growing.  One 
of  the  richest  beds  of  bituminous  coal  in  the  State 
crops  out  at  various  points,  varying  in  depth  from 
a  few  inches  to  four  or  five  hundred  feet  below  the 
surface.  Valuable  timber  and  good  building 
stone  are  found  and  there  are  numerous  saline 
springs.  Wheat,  tobacco  and  fruit  are  principal 
crops.  Early  pioneers,  with  the  date  of  their 
arrival,  were  as  follows:  1814,  W.  Boon;  1815, 
Joseph  Duncan  (afterwards  Governor);  1817. 
Oliver  Cross,  Mrs.  William  Kimmel,  8.  Lewis,  E. 
Harrold,  George  Butcher  and  W.  Eakin;  1818, 
the  Bysleys,  Mark  Bradley,  James  Hughes  and 
John  Barron.  Brownsville  was  the  first  county  - 
seat  and  an  important  town,  but  owing  to  a  dis- 
astrous fire  in  1843,  the  government  was  removed 
to  Murphysboro,  where  Dr.  Logan  (father  of  Gen. 
John  A.  Logan)  donated  a  tract  of  land  for 
county-buildings.  John  A.  Logan  was  born  here. 
The  principal  towns  (with  their  respective  popu- 
lation, as  shown  by  the  United  States  Census  of 
1890),  were:  Murphysboro,  3,880;  Carbondale. 
2,382;  and  Grand  Tower,  634. 

JACKSONVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Morgan 
County,  and  an  important  railroad  center;  popu- 
lation (1890)  about  13,000.  The  town  was  laid 
out  in  1825,  and  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Andrew 
Jackson.  The  first  court  house  was  erected  in 
1826,  and  among  early  lawyers  were  Josiah  Lam- 
born,  John  J.  Hardin,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and 
later  Richard  Yates,  afterwards  the  "War  Gov- 
ernor" of  Illinois.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  im- 
portant State  institutions,  notably  the  Central 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  Institutions  for  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  the  Blind- 
besides  private  educational  institutions,  including 
Illinois  College,  Illinois  Conference  Female  Col- 
lege (Methodist),  Jacksonville  Female  Academy, 
a  Business  College  and  others.  The  city  has 
several  banks,  a  large  woolen  mill,  carriage  fac- 
tories, brick  yards,  planing  mills,  and  two  news- 
paper establishments,  each  publishing  daily  and 
weekly  editions.  It  justly  ranks  as  one  of  the 
most  attractive  and  interesting  cities  of  the  State, 
noted  for  the  hospitality  and  intelligence  of  its 
citizens.  Although  immigrants  from  Kentucky 
and  other  Southern  States  predominated  in  its 
early  settlement,  the  location  there  of  Illinois 
College  and  the  Jacksonville  Female  Academy, 
about  1830,  brought  to  it  many  settlers  of  New 
England  birth,  so  that  it  early  came  to  be 


INSTITUTION  FOR  DEAF  AND  DUMB,  JACKSONVILLE. 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK   ILLINOIS. 


Counties,  entering  the  Kankakee  River  some  five 
miles  southeast  of  Kankakee.  It  is  nearly  120 
miles  long. 

IR  VIMi.  a  village  in  Montgomery  County,  on 
the  line  of  I  he  Imliana|>olis  A  St.  Louis  Railroad. 
!i\  miles  east-northeast  of  Alton,  and  17  miles 
east  hy  north  of  IJtrhlield .  has  live  elmrclies. 
flouring  anil  saw  mills,  creamery,  ami  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (IM'.W).  r':!":  (I'.HHI;.  075 

ISHAM,  I'.clwmnl  S.,  lawyer.  \vas  ln>rn  at 
Bennington,  Vt.,  Jan.  1.1.  IXiii;  educated  at 
Lawrence  Academy  ami  \VilliainsCnllege,  Mass., 
taking  his  degree  at  the  latter  in  1*57;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rutland.  Vt..  in  1858. 
coming  to  Chicago  the  same  year.  Mr.  Isham 
was  a  Representative  in  the  Twenty-fourth 
General  Assembly  (1W4-06)  and,  in  1881,  his 
name  was  prominently  considered  for  a  position 
on  the  Supreme  bench  of  the  United  States.  He 
is  the  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Isham,  Lin- 
coln &  Beale.  which  has  had  the  management  of 
some  of  the  most  important  cases  coming  before 
the  Chicago  courts 

JACKSON,  lluntlngton  Wolcott,  lawyer,  born 
in  Newark.  N.  J. .  Jan.  28,  1841,  being  descended 
i  m  the  maternal  side  from  Oliver  Wolcott,  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence; 
received  his  education  at  Phillips  Academy, 
\ndover.  Muss.,  and  at  Princeton  College,  leav- 
ing the  latter  at  the  close  of  his  junior  year  to 
enter  the  army,  and  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg, 
a  j«rt  of  the  time  being  on  the  staff  of  Maj.-Gen. 
John  Newton,  and,  later,  with  Sherman  from 

Chattanooga   to    Atlanta,    finally    receiving    the, 

rank  of  Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  service.  Returning  to  civil  life  in 
!8Cr>.  he  entered  Harvard  Law  School  for  one 
term,  then  siient  a  year  in  Euro|>e,  on  his  return 
resuming  his  legal  studies  at  Newark.  N.  J. ; 
oame  to  Chicago  in  1HC7.  and  the  following  year 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  has  served  as  Su|>ervisor 
of  South  Chicago,  as  President  of  the  Chicago 
Bar  Association,  and  (by  ap[>ointment  of  the 
Comptroller  of  the.  Currency)  as  receiver  and 
attorney  of  the  Third  National  Bank  of  Chicago. 
Under  the  will  of  the  late  John  Crerar  he  became 
an  executor  of  the  estate,  and  a  trustee  of  the 
Crerar  Library  Died  at  Newark, N.  J.,  Jan  3,  1001. 

JACKSON'  COUNTY,  organized  in  1810.  and 
named  in  honor  of  Andrew  Jackson;  area,  580 
Mjuarr  miles;  population  (1900),  ::::>?  I.  It  lies 
in  the  southwest  portion  of  the  State,  the  Mis- 
Hwsippi  River  forming  its  principal  western 


i « nun  lary  ,'I'ln-  bottom  lands  along  the  river  arc 
wonderfully  fertile,  but  liable  to  overflow.  It  i* 
(Tossed  by  grange  of  hills  regarded  as  a  brand  i 
of  the  Ozark  range.  Toward  the  east  the  soil  is 
warm,  ana  well  adapted  to  fruit-growing.  One 
of  the  richest  beds  of  bituminous  coal  in  the  Stati 
crops  out  at  various  points,  varying  in  depth  from 
a  few  inches  to  fouror  live  hundred  feet  below  the 
surface.  Valuable  timber  and  good  building 
stone  are  found  and  there  are  numerous  saline 
springs  Wheat,  tobacco  and  fruit  are  principal 
crops  Early  pioneers,  with  the  date  of  their 
arrival,  were  as  follows:  1814,  W.  Boon;  181.V 
Joseph  Duncan  (afterwards  Governor);  1817 
Oliver  Crass,  Mrs.  William  Kimmel,  S.  Lewis.  K. 
Harrold,  George  Butcher  and  W.  Eakin;  181*. 
the  Bysleys,  Mark  Bradley,  James  Hughes  and 
John  Barron.  Brownsville  was  the  first  county 
seat  and  an  important  town,  but  owing  to  a  dis- 
astrous fire  in  1843,  the  government  was  removed 
to  Murphy sboro,  where  Dr.  I»gan  (father  of  Gen 
John  A.  Logan)  donated  a  tract  of  land  for 
county-buildings.  John  A.  Logan  was  born  here 
The  principal  towns  (with  their  respective  popn 
lation.  as  shown  by  the  United  States  Census  of 
1890),  were:  Murphysboro.  3.8KO;  Carbondale 
2,382;  and  Grand  Tower.  634. 

JACKSONVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Morgan 
County,  anil  an  important  railroad  center;  popu 
lation  (IM'JO)  about  13,000.  The  town  was  laid 
out  in  1825.  and  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Andrew 
Jackson.  The  first  court  house  was  erected  in 
1826,  and  among  early  lawyers  were  Josiah  Lam- 
born,  John  J.  Hardin,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  an<t 
later  Richard  Yates.  afterwards  the  ''War  Gov 
ernor"  of  Illinois.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  im- 
jiortant  State  institutions,  notably  the  Central 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  Institutions  for  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  the  Blind— 
liesides  private  educational  institutions,  including 
Illinois  College,  Illinois  Conference  Female  Col- 
lege (Methodist),  Jacksonville  Female  Academy, 
a  Business  College  and  others.  The  city  h:u> 
several  banks,  a  large  woolen  mill,  carriage  fac- 
tories, brick  yards,  planing  mills,  and  two  news- 
paper establishments,  each  publishing  daily  ami 
weekly  editions.  It  justly  ranks  as  one  of  tin- 
most  attractive  and  interesting  cities  of  the  State, 
noted  for  the  hospitality  and  intelligence  of  its 
citizens.  Although  immigrants  from  Kentucky 
and  other  Southern  States  predominated  in  its 
early  settlement,  the  location  there  of  Illinois 
College  and  the  Jacksonville  Female  Academy, 
alxmt  1H30.  brought  to  it  many  settlers  of  New 
England  birth,  so  that  it  early  came  to  be 


INSITH  TION   l-i.K    1)1  Al-    AM)   IH'MI!.   |U  KsoN\  II  I  I  . 


Main  Building  and  Girls'  Cottage. 
INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND,  JACKSONVILLE. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


301 


regarded  as  more  distinctively  New  England  in 
the  character  of  its  population  than  any  other 
town  in  Southern  Illinois.  Pop.  (1900),  15,078. 

JACKSONVILLE  FEMALE  ACADEMY,  an 
institution  for  the  education  of  young  ladies,  at 
Jacksonville,  the  oldest  of  its  class  in  the  State. 
The  initial  steps  for  its  organization  were  taken 
in  1830,  the  year  after  the  establishment  of  Illinois 
College.  It  may  be  said  to  have  been  an  offshoot 
of  the  latter,  these  two  constituting  the  originals 
of  that  remarkable  group  of  educational  and 
State  Institutions  which  now  exist  in  that  city. 
Instruction  began  to  be  given  in  the  Academy  in 
Hay,  1838,  under  the  pn'ncipalship  of  Miss  Sarah 
C.  Crocker,  and,  in  1835,  it  was  formally  incorpo- 
rated by  act  of  the  Legislature,  being  the  first 
educational  institution  to  receive  a  charter  from 
that  body;  though  Illinois,  McKendree  and 
Sburtleff  Colleges  were  incorporated  at  a  later 
period  of  the  same  session.  Among  its  founders 
appear  the  names  of  Gov.  Joseph  Duncan,  Judge 
Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Rev.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant 
(for  fifty  years  the  President  or  a  Professor  of  Illi- 
nois College),  John  P.  Wilkinson,  Rev.  John  M. 
Ellia,  David  B.  Ayers  and  Dr.  Ero  Chandler,  all 
of  whom,  except  the  last,  were  prominently 
identified  with  the  early  history  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege. The  list  of  the  alumnae  embraces  over  five 
hundred  names.  The  Illinois  Conservatory  of 
Music  (founded  in  1871)  and  a  School  of  Fine  Arts 
are  attached  to  the  Academy,  all  being  under  the 
management  of  Prof.  E.  F.  Bullard,  A.M. 

JACKSONVILLE,  LOUISVILLE  £  ST.  LOUIS 
RAILWAY.  (See  Jacksonville  <t  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way.) 

JACKSONVILLE,  NORTHWESTERN  & 
SOUTHEASTERN  RAILROAD.  (See  Jackson- 
inlle  A  St.  Louis  Railway.) 

JACKSONVILLE  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 
Originally  chartered  as  the  Illinois  Farmers'  Rail- 
road, and  constructed  from  Jacksonville  to 
Waverly  in  1870 ;  later  changed  to  the  Jacksonville, 
Northwestern  &  Southeastern  and  track  extended 
to  Virden  (31  miles);  in  1879  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  new  company  under  the  title  of  the 
Jacksonville  Southeastern,  and  was  extended  as 
follows:  to  Litchfield  (1880),  23  miles;  to  Smith- 
boro  (1882),  29  miles;  to  Centralia  (1883),  29  miles 
— total,  112  miles.  In  1887  a  section  between 
Centralia  and  Driver's  (16'/j  miles)  was  con- 
structed by  the  Jacksonville  Southeastern,  and 
operated  under  lease  by  the  successor  to  that 
line,  but,  in  1898,  was  separated  from  it  under 
the  name  of  the  Louisville  &  St.  Louis  Railway. 
By  the  use  of  five  miles  of  trackage  on  the  Louis- 


ville &  Nashville  Railroad,  connection  was 
obtained  between  Driver's  and  Mount  Vernon, 
The  same  year  (1887)  the  Jacksonville  Southeast- 
ern obtained  control  of  the  Lit  rhfield,  Carrollton 
&  Western  Railroad,  from  Litchfield  to  Columbi 
ana  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  the  Chicago,  Peoriu 
&  St.  Louis,  embracing  lines  from  Peoria  to  St. 
Louis,  via  Springfield  and  Jacksonville.  The 
Jacksonville  Southeastern  was  reorganized  in  1890 
under  the  name  of  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville 
&  St.  Louis  Railway,  and,  in  1893,  was  placed  iu 
the  hands  of  a  receiver.  The  Chicago,  Peoria  & 
St.  Louis  Divisions  were  subsequently  separated 
from  the  Jacksonville  line  and  placed  in  charge 
of  a  separate  receiver.  Foreclosure  proceedings 
began  in  1894  and,  during  1896,  the  road  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  and  reorganized  under  its  pres- 
ent title.  (See  Chicago,  Peoria  <fc  St.  Louis  Rail- 
road of  Illinois.)  The  capital  stock  of  the 
Jacksonville  &  St.  Louis  Railway  (June  30,  1897) 
was  $1,500,000;  funded  debt,  $2,300,000— total. 
$3,800.000. 

JAMES,  Colin  D.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ran- 
dolph County,  now  in  West  Virginia,  Jan.  13. 
1808 ;  died  at  Bonita,  Kan. ,  Jan.  30,  1888.  He  wac 
the  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  William  B.  James,  a  pioneer 
preacher  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  who  removed  to 
Ohio  in  1812,  settling  first  in  Jefferson  County  in 
that  State,  and  later  (1814)  at  Mansfield.  Subse- 
quently the  family  took  up  its  residence  at  IleltV 
Prairie  in  Vigo  (now  Vermilion)  County,  Ind. 
Before  1830  Colin  D.  James  came  to  Illinois,  and. 
in  1834,  became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  remaining  in  active  ministerial 
work  until  1871,  after  which  he  accepted  a  super- 
annuated relation.  During  his  connection  with 
the  church  in  Illinois  he  served  as  station  preacher 
or  Presiding  Elder  at  the  following  points:  Rock 
Island  (1834);  Platteville  (1836);  Apple  River 
(1837);  Paris  (1838.  '42  and  '43);  Eugene  (1839); 
Georgetown  (1840);  Shelbyville  (1841);  Grafton 
(1844  and  '45) ;  Sparta  District  (1845-47) ;  Lebanon 
District  (1848-49) ;  Alton  District  (1850);  Bloom 
ington  District  (1851-52);  and  later  at  Jackson 
ville,  Winchester,  Greenfield,  Island  Grove, 
Oldtown,  Ileyworth,  Normal,  Atlanta,  McLean 
and  Shirley.  During  1861-62  he  acted  as  agent 
for  the  Illinois  Female  College  at  Jacksonville, 
and,  in  1871,  for  the  erection  of  a  Metho- 
dist church  at  Normal.  He  was  twice  married. 
His  first  wife  (Eliza  A.  Plasters  of  Living 
ston)  died  in  1849.  The  following  year  he  mar- 
ried Amanda  K.  Casad,  daughter  of  Dr.  Anthony 
W.  Casad.  He  removed  from  Normal  to  Evan* 
ton  in  1876,  and  from  the  latter  place  to 


.     . 


M.iin  1'iiiililiii^  and  <iiris'  (  nit.i^f. 
INSIIII    IKiN    ink    Till-:    BLIND,    I  ACKSi  )N\  I  I.I.I 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS 


301 


regarded  as  more  distinctively  Now  England  in 
the  character  of  its  population  than  any  other 
town  in  Southern  Illinois.  Pop.  (I'.lOO),  15.078. 

JACKSONVILLE  FEMALE  ACAWEMY,  an 
institution  for  the  education  of  young  ladies,  at 
Jacksonville,  the  oldest  of  its  class  in  the  State. 
The  initial  steps  for  its  organization  were  taken 
in  1830,  the  year  after  the  establishment  of  Illinois 
College.  It  may  be  said  to  have  been  an  offshoot 
of  the  latter,  these  two  constituting  the  originals 
of  that  remarkable  group  of  educational  and 
State  Institutions  which  now  exist  in  that  city. 
Instruction  began  to  be  given  in  the  Academy  in 
May,  1833,  under  the  principalship  of  Miss  Sarah 
C.  Crocker,  and,  in  1835.  it  was  formally  incorpo- 
rated by  act  of  the  Legislature,  being  the  first 
educational  institution  to  receive  a  charter  from 
that  body;  though  Illinois,  McKendree  and 
Shurtleff  Colleges  were  incorporated  at  a  later 
period  of  the  same  session.  Among  its  founders 
appear  the  names  of  (iov.  Joseph  Duncan,  Judge 
Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Rev.  Julian  51.  Sturtevant 
(for  fifty  years  the  President  or  a  Professor  of  Illi- 
nois College),  John  P.  Wilkinson,  Rev.  John  M. 
Ellis,  David  B.  Ayers  and  Dr.  Ero  Chandler,  all 
of  whom,  except  the  last,  were  prominently 
identified  with  the  early  history  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege. The  list  of  the  alumna'  embraces  over  five 
hundred  names  The  Illinois  Conservatory  of 
Music  (founded  in  1871)  and  a  School  of  Fine  Arts 
are  attached  to  the  Academy,  all  being  under  the 
management  of  Prof.  E.  F.  Bullard,  A.M. 

JACKSONVILLE,  LOUISVILLE  &  ST.  LOUIS 
RAILWAY.  (See  Jacksonville  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
>oay.) 

JACKSONVILLE,  NORTHWESTERN  A: 
SOUTHEASTERN  RAILROAD.  (See  Jackson- 
ville &  St.  Louis  tinil  it-ay.) 

JACKSONVILLE  A:  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 
Originally  chartered  as  the  Illinois  Farmers'  Kail- 
road,  and  constructed  from  Jacksonville  to 
Waverly  in  1M7»;  laterchangedtotheJacksonville, 
Northwestern  &  Southeastern  and  track  extended 
to  Virden  (31  miles) ;  in  1879  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  new  company  under  the  title  of  the 
Jacksonville  Southeastern,  and  was  extended  as 
follows:  to  Litchfield  (1880),  23  miles;  to  Smith- 
boro  (1882),  29  miles:  to  Centralia  (1883),  29  miles 
—total,  112  miles.  In  1887  a  section  between 
Centralia  and  Driver's  (IC'/i  miles)  was  con- 
structed by  the  Jacksonville  Southeastern,  and 
operated  under  lease  by  the  successor  to  that 
line,  but,  in  1893,  was  separated  from  it  under 
the  name  of  the  Louisville  &  St.  Louis  Railway. 
By  the  use  of  five  miles  of  trackage  on  the  Louis- 


ville &  Nashville  Railroad,  connection  was 
obtained  between  Driver's  and  Mount  Vernon 
The  same  year  (1887)  the  Jacksonville  Southeast- 
ern obtained  control  of  the  Litchfield,  Carrollton 
&  Western  Railroad,  from  Litchfield  to  Columhi 
ana  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  the  Chicago,  Peoriu 
&  St.  Louis,  embracing  lines  from  Peoria  to  St 
Louis,  via  Springfield  and  Jacksonville.  Tin- 
Jacksonville  Southeastern  was  reorganized  in  IHiKi 
under  the  name  of  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville 
&  St.  Louis  Railway,  and.  in  1*93.  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  receiver.  The  Chicago,  Peoria  A 
St.  Louis  Divisions  were  subsequently  separated 
from  the  Jacksonville  line  and  placed  in  charge 
of  a  separate  receiver.  Foreclosure  proceedings 
began  in  1X94  and.  during  ISMC,  the  road  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  and  reorganized  under  its  pres- 
ent title.  (See  Chicayo.  Pi'nrin  <£•  St.  Loui»  Kail- 
rtntd  of  Illinois.)  The  capital  stock  of  the 
Jacksonville  &  St.  Louis  Railway  (June  30,  1897 
was  $1,. 100. 000;  funded  debt.  $2.300,000— total 
S3.KOO.OOO. 

JAMES,  Colin  II.,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ran- 
dolph County,  now  in   West   Virginia.   Jan.    l,"i 
1808;  died  at  Bonita,  Kan..  Jan.  30,  18W.     He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  Dr.   William  B.  James,  a  pioneer 
preacher  in  the  Ohio  Valley,   who  removed    t» 
Ohio  in  1812,  settling  first  in  Jefferson  County  in 
that  State,  and  later  (1S14)  at  51ansfield.     SUUNC- 
<|Uently  the  family  took  up  its  residence  at  Ilelt  V 
Prairie   in  Vigo  (now  Vermilion)  County.   Ind 
Before  1830  Colin  D.  James  came  to  Illinois,  and 
in  1S34,  became  a  minister  of  the  51ethodist  Epis 
copal    Church,   remaining  in    active  ministerial 
work  until  1871.  after  which  he  accepted  a  super 
annuated  relation      During  his  connection  with 
the  church  in  Illinois  he  served  as  station  preacher 
or  Presiding  Elder  at  the  following  points;     RocL 
Island    (1834):    Platteville    (1836);   Apple    River 
(1837);  Paris  (1838.  '42  and  '43);  Eugene  (1839). 
Georgetown  (1S40);   Shelbyville  (1841);   Grafton 
(1844  and '45);  S|>arta  District  (1845-47) ;  Lebanon 
District  (1848-49);  Alton  District  (1850);  Bloom 
ington  District   (1851-52);  and  later  at  Jackson 
ville,    Winchester,   -Greenfield.     Island     Orove 
Oldtown,   Heyworth,   Normal,   Atlanta,   McLean 
and    Shirley.     During  1861 -6','  he  acted  as  agent 
for  the  Illinois  Female  College  at  Jacksonville 
and,    in     1871.    for    the  erection  of     a    Metho 
'list   church  at  Normal,     lit*  was  twice  married 
His    tirst    wife    (Eliza    A.    Plasters    of    Living- 
ston) died  in  1840.     The  following  year  he  mai 
ried  Amanda  K.  Casad,  daughter  of  Dr   Anthonv 
W.   Casad.     He  removed  from  Normal  to  Evan* 
ton    in    1876,    and    from    the    latter    place    fc> 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Kansas  in  1879.  Of  his  surviving  children, 
Edmund  J.  is  (1898)  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Chicago;  John  N.  is  in  charge  of  the  mag- 
netic laboratory  in  the  National  Observatory 
at  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Benjamin  B.  is  Professor 
in  the  State  Normal  School  at  St.  Cloud,  Minn., 
and  Qeorge  F.  is  instructor  in  the  Cambridge 
Preparatory  School  of  Chicago. 

JAMES,  Edmund  Janes,  was  born,  May  21, 
1855,  at  Jacksonville,  Morgan  County,  111.,  the 
fourth  son  of  Rev.  Colin  Dew  James  of  the  Illi- 
nois Conference,  grandson  on  his  mother's  side 
uf  Rev.  Dr.  Anthony  Wayne  Casad  and  great- 
grandson  of  Samuel  Stites  (all  of  whose  sketches 
appear  elsewhere  in  this  volume) ;  was  educated 
in  the  Model  Department  of  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  School  at  Bloomington  (Normal),  from 
which  he  graduated  in  June,  1873,  and  entered 
the  Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston,  111., 
in  November  of  the  same  year.  On  May  1,  1874, 
he  was  appointed  Recorder  on  the  United  States 
Lake  Survey,  where  he  continued  during  one 
season  engaged  in  work  on  the  lower  part  of  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  upper  St.  Lawrence.  He  entered 
Harvard  College,  Nov.  2,  1874,  but  went  to 
Europe  in  August,  1875,  entering  the  University 
of  Halle,  Oct.  16,  1875,  where  he  graduated, 
August  4,  1877,  with  the  degrees  of  A.M.  and 
Ph.D.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  was 
elected  Principal  of  the  Public  High  School  in 
Evanston,  III.,  Jan.  1,  1878,  but  resigned  in  June, 
1879,  to  accept  a  position  in  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  School  at  Bloomington  as  Professor  of 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  Principal  of  the  High 
School  Department  in  connection  with  the  Model 
School.  Resigning  this  position  at  Christmas 
time,  1882,  he  went  to  Europe  for  study ;  accepted 
a  position  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  as 
Professor  of  Public  Administration,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1883,  where  he  remained  for  over  thirteen 
years.  While  here  he  was,  for  a  time.  Secretary 
of  the  Graduate  Faculty  and  organized  the  in- 
struction in  this  Department.  He  was  also 
Director  of  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy,  the  first  attempt  to  organize  a  college 
course  in  the  field  of  commerce  and  industry. 
During  this  time  he  officiated  as  editor  of  "The 
Political  Economy  and  Public  Law  Series"  issued 
by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Resigning 
his  position  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  on 
Feb.  1,  1896,  he  accepted  that  of  Professor  of  Pub- 
lic Administration  and  Director  of  the  University 
Extension  Division  in  the  University  of  Chicago, 
where  he  has  since  continued.  Professor  James 
has  been  identified  with  the  progress  of  economic 


studies  in  the  United  States  since  the  early 
eighties.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  one 
of  the  first  Vice-Presidents  of  the  American 
Economic  Association.  On  Deo.  14,  1889,  he 
founded  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science  with  headquarters  at  Philadelphia, 
became  its  first  President,  and  has  continued  such 
to  the  present  time.  He  was  also,  for  some  years, 
editor  of  its  publications.  The  Academy  has 
now  become  the  largest  Association  in  the  world 
devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  economic  and  social 
subjects.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  of,  and 
one  of  the  most  frequent  contributors  to,  "Lalor's 
Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science";  was  also  the 
pioneer  in  the  movement  to  introduce  into  the 
United  States  the  scheme  of  public  instruction 
known  as  University  Extension;  was  the  first 
President  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Exten- 
sion of  University  Teaching,  under  whose  auspices 
the  first  effective  extension  work  was  done  in  this 
country,  and  has  been  Director  of  the  Extension 
Division  in  the  University  of  Chicago  since  Febru- 
ary, 1896.  He  has  been  especially  identified  with 
the  development  of  higher  commercial  education 
in  the  United  States.  From  his  position  as 
Director  of  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and 
Economy  he  has  affected  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion in  this  Department  in  a  most  marked  way. 
He  was  invited  by  the  American  Bankers' 
Association,  in  the  year  1892,  to  make  a  careful 
study  of  the  subject  of  Commercial  Education  in 
Europe,  and  his  report  to  this  association  on  the 
Education  of  Business  Men  in  Europe,  republiahed 
by  the  University  of  Chicago  in  the  year  1898, 
has  become  a  standard  authority  on  this  subject 
Owing  largely  to  his  efforts,  departments  similar 
to  the  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and  Economy 
have  been  established  under  the  title  of  College 
of  Commerce,  College  of  Commerce  and  Politics, 
and  Collegiate  Course  in  Commerce,  in  the  Uni- 
versities of  California  and  Chicago,  and  Columbia 
University.  He  has  been  identified  with  the 
progress  of  college  education  in  general,  espe- 
cially in  its  relation  to  secondary  and  elementary 
education,  and  was  one  of  the  early  advocates  of 
the  establishment  of  departments  of  education  in 
our  colleges  and  universities,  the  policy  of  which 
is  now  adopted  by  nearly  all  the  leading  institu- 
tions. He  was,  for  a  time,  State  Examiner  of 
High  Schools  in  Illinois,  and  was  founder  of  "The 
Illinois  School  Journal,"  long  one  of  the  most 
influential  educational  periodicals  in  the  State, 
now  changed  in  name  to  "School  and  Home." 
He  has  been  especially  active  in  the  establish- 
ment of  public  kindergartens  in  different  cities. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  has  been  repeatedly  offered  the  headship  of 
important  institutions,  among  them  being  the 
University  of  Iowa,  the  University  of  Illinois, 
and  the  University  of  Cincinnati.  He  has  served 
as  V  ice-President  of  the  National  Municipal 
League;  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  and  the  American 
Economic  Association,  and  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library ;  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  of  the 
National  Council  of  Education,  and  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Thirteen  of 
the  National  Teachers'  Association  on  college 
entrance  requirements)  is  a  member  of  various 
patriotic  and  historical  societies,  including  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  the  Society  of 
the  Colonial  'Wars,  the  Holland  and  the  Huguenot 
Society.  He  is  the  author  of  more  than  one  hun- 
dred papers  and  monographs  on  various  economic, 
educational,  legal  and  administrative  subjects. 
Professor  James  was  married,  August  22, 1879,  to 
Anna  Margarethe  Lange,  of  Halle,  Prussia, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Wilhelm  Roderich  Lange, 
and  granddaughter  of  the  famous  Professor  G  er- 
lach  of  the  University  of  Halle. 

JAMESON,  John  Alexander,  lawyer  and  jur- 
ist, was  born  at  Irasbnrgh,  Vt.,  Jan.  25,  1831; 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont  in 
184*.  After  several  years  spent  in  teaching,  he 
began  the  study  of  law,  and  graduated  from  the 
Dane  Law  School  (of  Harvard  College)  in  1853. 
Coming  west  the  same  year  he  located  at  Free- 
port,  111.,  but  removed  to  Chicago  in  1856.  In 
1885  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Chicago,  remaining  in  office  until  1883. 
During  a  portion  of  this  period  he  acted  as  lec- 
turer in  the  Union  College  of  Law  at  Chicago, 
and  as  editor  of  "The  American  Law  Register." 
Hi*  literary  labors  were  unceasing,  his  most 
notable  work  being  entitled  "Constitutional  Con- 
ventions; their  History,  Power  and  Modes  of 
Proceeding."  He  was  also  a  fine  classical 
scholar,  speaking  and  reading  German,  French, 
Spanish  and  Italian,  and  was  deeply  interested 
in  charitable  and  reformatory  work.  Died,  sud- 
denly, in  Chicago,  June  16,  1890. 

J  A  R  ROT,  Nicholas,  early  French  settler  of  St. 
Clair  County,  was  born  in  France,  received  a 
liberal  education  and,  on  account  of  the  disturbed 
condition  there  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, left  his  native  country  about  1790.  After 
spending  some  time  at  Baltimore  and  New 
Orleans,  he  arrived  at  Cahokia,  111.,  in  1794,  and 


became  a  permanent  settler  there.  He  early  be- 
came a  Major  of  militia  and  engaged  in  trade 
with  the  Indians,  frequently  visiting  Prairie  du 
Chien,  St.  Anthony's  Falls  (now  Minneapolis)  and 
the  Illinois  River  in  his  trading  expeditions,  and, 
on  one  or  two  occasions,  incurring  great  risk  of 
life  from  hostile  savages.  He  acquired  a  large 
property,  especially  in  lands,  built  mill*  and 
erected  one  of  the  earliest  and  finest  brick  houses 
in  that  part  of  the  country.  He  also  served  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  the  County 
Court  of  St  Clair  County.  Died,  in  1828.— Vital 
(Jarrot),  son  of  the  preceding,  inherited  a  large 
landed  fortune  from  his  father,  and  was  an 
enterprising  and  public-spirited  citizen  of  St. 
Clair  County  during  the  last  generation.  He 
served  as  Representative  from  St  Clair  County 
in  the  Eleventh,  Twentieth,  Twenty-first  and 
Twenty-second  General  Assemblies,  in  the  first 
being  an  associate  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and 
always  his  firm  friend  and  admirer.  At  the 
organization  of  the  Twenty-second  General 
Assembly  (1857),  he  received  the  support  of  the 
Republican  members  for  Speaker  of  the  House  in 
opposition  to  CoL  W.  R.  Morrison,  who  was 
elected.  He  sacrificed  a  large  share  of  his  prop- 
erty in  a  public-spirited  effort  to  build  up  a 
rolling  mill  at  East  St.  Louis,  being  reduced 
thereby  from  affluence  to  poverty.  President 
Lincoln  appointed  him  an  Indian  Agent,  which 
took  him  to  the  Black  Hills  region,  where  he 
died,  some  years  after,  from  toil  and  exposure,  at 
the  age  of  73  years. 

JASPER  COCNTT,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Southern  Illinois,  having  an  area  of  606  square 
miles,  and  a  population  (in  1900)  of  20, 160.  It  was 
organized  in  1831  and  named  for  Sergeant  Jasper 
of  Revolutionary  fame.  The  county  was  placed  un- 
der township  organization  in  1860.  The  first  Board 
of  County  Commissioners  consisted  of  B.  Rey- 
nolds, W.  Richards  and  George  Mattingley.  The 
Embarras  River  crosses  the  county.  The  general 
surface  is  level,  although  gently  undulating  in 
some  portions.  Manufacturing  is  carried  on  in  a 
small  way;  but  the  people  are  principally  inter- 
ested in  agriculture,  the  chief  products  consisting 
of  wheat,  potatoes,  sorghum,  fruit  and  tobacco. 
Wool-growing  is  an  important  industry.  Newton 
is  the  county-seat,  with  a  population  (in  1890)  of 
1,428. 

JATNE,  (Dr.)  Oenhom,  early  physician,  was 
born  in  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  October,  1791 ;  served 
as  Surgeon  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  came  to  Illinois 
in  1819,  settling  in  Springfield  in  1821 ;  was  one 
of  the  Commissioners  appointed  to  construct  the 


304 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


first  State  Penitentiary  (1827),  and  one  of  the  first 
Commissioners  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal. 
His  oldest  daughter  (Julia  Maria)  became  the 
wife  of  Senator  Trumbull.  Dr.  Jayne  died  at 
Springfield,  in  1867.— Or.  William  (Jayne),  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  Springfield,  111. ,  Oct.  8, 
1826;  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Illinois 
College,  being  a  member  of  the  class  of  1847,  later 
receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Phi  Alpha  Society  while  in  that 
institution;  graduated  from  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Missouri  State  University;  in  1860  was 
elected  State  Senator  for  Sangamon  County,  and, 
the  following  year,  was  appointed  by  President 
Lincoln  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Dakota, 
later  serving  as  Delegate  in  Congress  from  that 
Territory.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  Pension 
Agent  for  Illinois,  also  served  for  four  terms  as 
Mayor  of  his  native  city,  and  is  now  V ion-Presi- 
dent of  the  First  National  Bank,  Springfield. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY,  a  south-central  county, 
cut  off  from  Edwards  and  White  Counties,  in 
1819,  when  it  was  separately  organized,  being 
named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.  Its  area  is 
680  square  miles,  and  its  population  (1900),  28,133. 
The  Big  Muddy  River,  with  one  or  two  tributa- 
ries, flows  through  the  county  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion. Along  the  banks  of  streams  a  variety  of 
hardwood  timber  is  found.  The  railroad  facilities 
are  advantageous.  The  surface  is  level  and  the 
soil  rich.  Cereals  and  fruit  are  easily  produced. 
A  fine  bed  of  limestone  (seven  to  fifteen  feet 
thick)  crosses  the  middle  of  the  county.  It  has 
been  quarried  and  found  well  adapted  to  building 
purposes.  The  county  possesses  an  abundance  of 
running  water,  much  of  which  is  slightly  im- 
pregnated with  salt.  The  upper  coal  measure 
underlies  the  entire  county,  but  the  seam  is 
scarcely  more  than  two  feet  thick  at  any  point. 
The  chief  industry  is  agriculture,  though  lumber 
is  manufactured  to  some  extent.  Mount  Vernon, 
the  county-seat,  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1872. 
Its  population  in  1890  was  3,233.  It  has  several 
manufactories  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Appellate 
Court  for  the  Southern  Judicial  District  of  the 
State. 

JEFFERT,  Edward  Turner,  Railway  President 
and  Manager,  born  in  Liverpool,  Eng.,  April  6, 
1843,  his  father  being  an  engineer  in  the  British 
navy;  about  1850  came  with  his  widowed  mother 
to  Wheeling,  Va  ,  and,  in  1856,  to  Chicago,  where 
he  secured  employment  as  office-boy  in  the 
machinery  department  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad.  Here  he  finally  became  an  apprentice 
and,  passing  through  various  grades  of  the  me- 


chanioal  department, in  May,  1877,  became  General 
Superintendent  of  the  Road,  and,  in  1885,  General 
Manager  of  the  entire  line.  In  1889  he  withdrew 
from  the  Illinois  Central  and,  for  several  yean 
past,  has  been  President  and  General  Manager  of 
the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway,  with  head- 
quarters at  Denver,  Colo.  Mr.  Jeffery's  career  as 
a  railway  man  has  been  one  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous and  successful  in  the  history  of  American 
railroads. 

JENKINS,  Alexander  M.,  Lieutenant-Governor 
(1834-36),  came  to  Illinois  in  his  youth  and  located 
in  Jackson  County,  being  for  a  time  a  resident  of 
Brownsville,  the  first  county-seat  of  Jackson 
County,  where  he  was  engaged  in  trade.  Later 
he  studied  law  and  became  eminent  in  his  pro- 
fession in  Southern  Illinois.  In  1830  Mr.  Jenkins 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  Seventh  General 
Assembly,  was  re-elected  in  1832,  serving  during 
his  second  term  as  Speaker  of  the  House,  and  took 
part  the  latter  year  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  as 
Captain  of  a  company.  In  1834  Mr.  Jenkins  was 
elected  Lieutenant-Governor  at  the  same  time 
with  Governor  Duncan,  though  on  an  opposing 
ticket,  but  resigned,  in  1836,  to  become  President 
of  the  first  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company, 
which  was  chartered  that  year.  The  charter  of 
the  road  was  surrendered  in  1837,  when  the  State 
had  in  contemplation  the  policy  of  building  a 
system  of  roads  at  its  own  cost.  For  a  time  he 
was  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  in  the  Land  Office 
at  Edwardsville,  and,  in  1847,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  that  year. 
Other  positions  held  by  him  included  that  of  Jus- 
tice of  t lie  Circuit  Court  for  the  Third  Judicial 
Circuit,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1859,  and 
re-elected  in  1861,  but  died  in  office,  February  13, 
1864.  Mr.  Jenkins  was  an  uncle  of  Gen.  John  A. 
Logan,  who  read  law  with  him  after  his  return 
from  the  Mexican  War. 

JENNET,  William  Le  Baron,  engineer  and 
architect,  born  at  Fairhaven,  Mass.,  Sept.  25, 
1832;  was  educated  at  Phillips  Academy,  An- 
dover,  graduating  in  1849;  at  17  took  a  trip 
around  the  world,  and,  after  a  year  spent  in  the 
Scientific  Department  of  Harvard  College,  took  a 
course  in  the  Ecole  Centrale  des  Artes  et  Manu- 
factures in  Paris,  graduating  in  1856.  He  then 
served  for  a  year  as  engineer  on  the  Tehuantepec 
Railroad,  and,  in  1861,  was  made  an  Aid  on  the 
staff  of  General  Grant,  being  transferred  the  next 
year  to  the  staff  of  General  Sherman,  with  whom 
he  remained  three  years,  participating  in  many 
of  the  most  important  battles  of  the  war  in  the 
West.  Later,  he  was  engaged  in  the  preparation 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


305 


of  maps  of  General  Sherman's  campaigns,  which 
were  published  in  the  "Memoirs"  of  the  latter. 
In  1868  he  located  in  Chicago,  and  has  since  given 
his  attention  almost  solely  to  architecture,  the 
result  being  seen  in  some  of  Chicago's  most 
noteworthy  buildings. 

JERSEY  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  middle  division  of  the  State, 
bordering  on  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Rivers. 
Originally  a  part  of  Greene  County,  it  was  sepa- 
rately organized  in  1839,  with  an  area  of  360  square 
miles.  There  were  a  few  settlers  in  the  county 
as  early  as  1816-17.  Jersey ville,  the  county-seat, 
was  platted  in  1834,  a  majority  of  the  early  resi- 
dents being  natives  of,  or  at  least  emigrants  from. 
New  Jersey.  The  mild  climate,  added  to  the 
character  of  the  soil,  is  especially  adapted  to 
fruit-growing  and  stock-raising.  The  census  of 
1900  gave  the  population  of  the  county  as  14,612 
and  of  Jerseyville,  3,517.  Grafton,  near  the 
junction  of  the  Mississippi  with  the  Illinois,  had 
a  population  of  987.  The  last  mentioned  town  is 
noted  for  its  stone  quarries,  which  employ  a 
number  of  men. 

JERSEYYILLE,  a  city  and  county -seat  of  Jer- 
sey County,  the  point  of  junction  of  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  and  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis 
Railways,  19  miles  north  of  Alton  and  45  miles 
north  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  The  city  is  in  an  agri 
cultural  district,  but  has  manufactories  of  flour, 
plows,  carriages  and  wagons,  shoe  factory  and 
watch-making  machinery.  It  contains  a  hand- 
some courthouse,  completed  in  1894,  nine 
churches,  a  graded  public  school,  besides  a  sep- 
arate school  for  colored  children,  a  convent, 
library,  telephone  system,  electric  lights,  artesian 
wells,  and  three  papers.  Population  (1890),  3,307; 
(1900),  3,517;  (1903,  est.),  4,117. 

JO  DA VI ESS  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  State ;  has  an  area  of  663  square 
miles;  population  (1900),  24,533.  It  was  first 
explored  by  Le  Seuer,  who  reported  the  discovery 
of  lead  in  1700.  Another  Frenchman  (Bouthil- 
lier)  was  the  first  permanent  white  settler,  locat- 
ing on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Galena  in 
1830.  About  the  same  time  came  several  Ameri- 
can families ;  a  trading  post  was  established,  and 
the  hamlet  was  known  as  Fredericks'  Point,  so 
called  after  one  of  the  pioneers.  In  1822  the 
Government  reserved  from  settlement  a  tract  10 
miles  square  along  the  Mississippi,  with  a  view  of 
controlling  the  mining  interest.  In  1823  mining 
privileges  were  granted  upon  a  royalty  of  one- 
sixth,  and  the  first  smelting  furnace  was  erected 
the  same  year.  Immigration  increased  rapidly 


and,  inside  of  three  years,  the  "Point"  had  a  popu- 
lation of  150,  and  a  post-office  was  established 
with  a  fortnightly  mail  to  and  from  Vandalia, 
then  the  State  capital  In  1827  county  organiza- 
tion was  effected,  the  county  being  named  in 
honor  of  Gen.  Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess,  who  was 
killed  in  the  Battle  of  Tippecanoe.  The  original 
tract,  however,  has  been  subdivided  until  it  now 
constitutes  nine  counties.  The  settlers  took  an 
active  part  in  both  the  Winnebago  and  Black 
Hawk  Wars.  In  1846-47  the  mineral  lands  were 
placed  on  the  market  by  the  Government,  and 
quickly  taken  by  corporations  and  individuals. 
The  scenery  is  varied,  and  the  soil  (particularly 
in  the  east)  well  suited  to  the  cultivation  of 
grain.  The  county  is  well  wooded  and  well 
watered,  and  thoroughly  drained  by  the  Fever 
and  Apple  Rivers.  The  name  Galena  was  given 
to  the  county-seat  (originally,  as  has  been  said, 
Fredericks'  Point)  by  Lieutenant  Thomas,  Gov- 
ernment Surveyor,  in  1827,  in  which  year  it  was 
platted.  Its  general  appearance  is  picturesque. 
Its  early  growth  was  extraordinary,  but  later 
(particularly  after  the  growth  of  Chicago)  it 
received  a  set-back.  In  1841  it  claimed  2,000 
population  and  was  incorporated ;  in  1870  it  had 
about  7,000  population,  and,  in  1900,  5,005.  The 
names  of  Grant,  Rawlins  and  E.  B.  Washburne 
are  associated  with  its  history.  Other  important 
towns  in  the  county  are  Warren  (population 
1,327),  East  Dubuque  (1,146)  and  Elizabeth  (659). 

JOHNSON,  Caleb  C.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  bom  in  Whiteside  County,  111..  May  23,  1844, 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at  the 
Military  Academy  at  Fulton,  111. ;  served  during 
the  Civil  War  in  the  Sixty-ninth  and  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fortieth  Regiments  Illinois  Volunteers; 
in  1877  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and,  two  yean 
later,  began  practice.  He  has  served  upon  the 
Board  of  Township  Supervisors  of  Whiteside 
County;  in  1884  was  elected  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Thirty-fourth  General 
Assembly,  was  re-elected  in  1886,  and  again  in 
1896.  He  also  held  the  position  of  Deputy  Col- 
lector of  Internal  Revenue  for  his  District  during 
the  first  Cleveland  administration,  and  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  National  Convention 
of  1888. 

JOHNSON,  (Her.)  Herrlek,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  near  Fonda,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  21, 
1832';  graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  1857,  and 
at  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  1860;  held  Pres- 
byterian pastorates  in  Troy,  Pittsburg  and  Phila- 
delphia; in  1874  became  Professor  of  Homiletics 
and  Pastoral  Theology  in  Auburn  Theological 


306 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Seminary,  and,  in  1880,  accepted  a  pastorate  in 
Chicago,  also  becoming  Lecturer  on  Sacred  Rhet- 
oric in  McCorraick  Theological  Seminary.  In 
1888  he  resigned  his  pastorate,  devoting  his  atten- 
tion thereafter  to  the  duties  of  his  professorship. 
He  was  Moderator  of  the  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly  at  Springfield,  in  1882,  and  has  served 
as  President,  for  many  years,  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Lake  Forest  University. 
Besides  many  periodical  articles,  he  has  published 
several  volumes  on  religious  subjects. 

JOHNSON,  Hosmer  A.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  physi- 
cian, was  born  near  Buffalo,  K.  Y.,  Oct.  6,  1822; 
at  twelve  removed  to  a  farm  in  Lapeer  County, 
Mich.  In  spite  of  limited  school  privileges,  at 
eighteen  he  secured  a  teachers'  certificate,  and, 
by  teaching  in  the  winter  and  attending  an 
academy  in  the  summer,  prepared  for  college, 
entering  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1846  and 
graduating  in  1849.  In  1850  he  became  a  student 
of  medicine  at  Rush  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
graduating  in  1852,  and  the  same  year  becoming 
Secretary  of  the  Cook  County  Medical  Society, 
and,  the  year  following,  associate  editor  of  "The 
Illinois  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal"  For 
three  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
Rush,  but,  in  1858,  resigned  to  become  one  of  the 
founders  of  a  new  medical  school,  which  has  now 
become  a  part  of  Northwestern  University. 
During  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Johnson  was  Chair- 
man of  the  State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners; 
later  serving  upon  the  Board  of  Health  of  Chi- 
cago, and  upon  the  National  Board  of  Health.  He 
was  also  attending  physician  of  Cook  County 
Hospital  and  consulting  physician  of  the  Chicago 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  At  the  time 
of  the  great  fire  of  1871,  he  was  one  of  the  Direct- 
on  of  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society.  His 
connections  with  local,  State  and  National  Soci- 
eties and  organizations  (medical,  scientific,  social 
and  otherwise)  wer<j  very  numerous.  He  trav- 
eled °  extensively ,  both  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe,  during  his  visits  to  the  latter  devoting 
much  time  to  the  study  of  foreign  sanitary  con- 
ditions, and  making  further  attainments  in  medi- 
cine and  surgery.  In  1883  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. During  his  later  years,  Dr.  Johnson  was 
engaged  almost  wholly  in  consultations.  Died, 
Feb.  26,  1891. 

JOHNSON  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  and  is  one  of  the  smallest 
counties,  having  an  area  of  only  340  square  miles, 
and  a  population  (1900)  of  15,667— named  for  Col. 


Richard  M.  Johnson.  Its  organization  dates  back 
to  1812.  A  dividing  ridge  (forming  a  sort  of 
water  shed)  extends  from  east  to  west,  the 
waters  of  the  Cache  and  Bay  Rivers  running 
south,  and  those  of  the  Big  Muddy  and  Saline 
toward  the  north.  A  minor  coal  seam  of  variable 
thickness  (perhaps  a  spur  from  the  regular  coal- 
measures)  crops  out  here  and  there.  Sandstone 
and  limestone  are  abundant,  and,  under  cliffs 
along  the  bluffs,  saltpeter  has  been  obtained  in 
small  quantities.  Weak  copperas  springs  are 
numerous.  The  soil  is  rich,  the  principal  crops 
being  wheat,  corn  and  tobacco.  Cotton  is  raised 
for  home  consumption  and  fruit-culture  receives 
some  attention.  Vienna  is  the  county-seat,  with 
a  population,  in  1890,  of  828. 

JOHNSTON,  Noah,  pioneer  and  banker,  was 
born  in  Hardy  County,  Va.,  Dec.  20,  1799,  and, 
at  the  age  of  12  years,  emigrated  with  his  father 
to  Woodford  County,  Ky.  In  1824  he  removed 
to  Indiana,  and,  a  few  years  later,  to  Jefferson 
County,  111.,  where  he  began  farming.  He  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  merchandising,  but  proving 
unfortunate,  turned  his  attention  to  politics, 
serving  first  as  County  Commissioner  and  then  as 
County  Clerk.  In  1838  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  for  the  counties  of  Hamilton  and 
Jefferson,  serving  four  years;  was  Enrolling  and 
Engrossing  Clerk  of  the  Senate  during  the  session 
of  1844-45,  and,  in  1846,  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifteenth  General  Assembly.  The  following 
year  he  was  made  Paymaster  in  the  United  States 
Army,  serving  through  the  Mexican  War;  in 
1852  served  with  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Judge 
Hugh  T.  Dickey  of  Chicago,  on  a  Commission 
appointed  to  investigate  claims  against  the  State 
for  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  and,  in  1854,  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Court  for  the  Third  Division,  being 
elected  to  the  same  position  in  1861.  Other  posi- 
tions held  by  him  included  those  of  Deputy  United 
States  Marshal  under  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Polk,  Commissioner  to  superintend  the  con- 
struction of  the  Supreme  Court  Building  at  Mount 
Vernon,  and  Postmaster  of  that  city.  He  was 
also  elected  Representative  again  in  1866.  The 
later  years  of  his  life  were  spent  as  President  of 
the  Mount  Vernon  National  Bank.  Died,  No- 
vember, 1891,  in  his  92d  year. 

J OLIET,  the  county-seat  of  Will  County,  situ- 
ated in  the  Des  Plaines  River  Valley,  86  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  and  the  intersecting  point  of  five  lines  of 
railway.  A  good  quality  of  calcareous  building 
stone  underlies  the  entire  region,  and  is  exten- 


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niSTOItlCAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Seminary,  and,  in  1880,  accepted  a  pastorate  in 
Chicago,  also  becoming  Lecturer  on  Sacred  Rhet- 
oric iu  McCormick  Theological  Seminary.  In 
1883  lie  resigned  his  pastorute,  devoting  his  atten- 
tion thereafter  to  the  duties  of  his  professorship. 
He  was  Moderator  of  the  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly  at  Springfield,  in  1882,  and  has  served 
as  President,  for  many  years,  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Lake  Forest  University. 
Besides  many  periodical  articles,  he  haw  published 
several  volumes  on  religious  subjects. 

JOHNSON,  Hosmer  A.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  physi- 
cian, was  born  near  Buffalo,  N  Y.,  Oct.  C,  1822; 
at  twelve  removed  to  a  farm  in  Lapeer  County, 
Mich,  lu  spite  of  limited  school  privileges,  at 
eighteen  he  secured  a  teachers'  certificate,  and, 
by  teai-liing  in  the  winter  and  attending  an 
academy  in  the  summer,  prepared  for  college, 
entering  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1840  and 
graduating  in  1840.  In  1850  he  became  a  student 
of  medicine  at  Rush  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
graduating  in  1852,  and  the  same  year  becoming 
Secretary  of  the  Cook  County  Medical  Society, 
and,  the  year  following,  associate  editor  of  'The 
Illinois  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal."  For 
three  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of 
Rush,  but,  iu  1858,  resigned  to  become  one  of  the 
founders  of  a  new  medical  school,  which  has  now 
become  a  part  of  Northwestern  University. 
During  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Johnson  was  Chair- 
man of  the  State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners; 
later  serving  upon  the  Board  of  Health  of  Chi- 
cago, and  ui»>n  the  National  Board  of  Health.  He 
was  also  attending  physician  of  Cook  County 
Hospital  and  consulting  physician  of  the  Chicago 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  At  the  time 
of  the  great  fire  of  1871,  he  was  one  of  the  Direct- 
ors of  the  Chicago  Relief  and  Aid  Society.  His 
connections  with  local.  State  and  National  Soci- 
eties and  organizations  (medical,  scientific,  social 
and  otherwise)  wer-i  very  numerous.  lie  trav- 
eled'extensively,  both  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe,  during  his  visits  to  the  latter  devoting 
much  time  to  the  study  of  foreign  sanitary  con- 
ditions, and  making  further  attainments  in  medi- 
cine and  surgery.  In  188:!  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. During  his  later  years,  Dr.  Johnson  was 
engaged  almost  wholly  in  consultations.  Died, 
Feb.  20,  1S01. 

JOHNSON  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  and  is  one  of  the  smallest 
counties,  having  an  area  of  only  340  square  miles, 
and  a  population  (I'.iOUj  of  15.G67— named  for  Col. 


Richard  M.  Johnson.  Its  organization  dates  back 
to  1812.  A  dividing  ridge  (forming  a  sort  of 
water  shed)  extends  from  east  to  west,  the 
waters  of  the  Cache  and  Bay  Rivers  running 
south,  and  those  of  the  Big  Muddy  and  Saline 
toward  the  north.  A  minor  coal  seam  of  variable 
thickness  (perhaps  a  spur  from  the  regular  coal- 
measures)  crops  out  here  and  there.  Sandstone 
and  limestone  are  abundant,  and,  under  dills 
along  the  bluffs,  saltpeter  lias  been  obtained  in 
small  quantities.  Weak  copperas  springs  are 
numerous.  The  soil  is  rich,  the  principal  crops 
being  wheat,  corn  and  tobacco.  Cotton  is  raised 
for  home  consumption  and  fruit-culture  receives 
some  attention.  Vienna  is  the  county-seat,  with 
a  population,  in  1890,  of  828. 

JOHNSTON,  Noah,  pioneer  and  banker,  was 
born  in  Hardy  County,  Va.,  Dec.  20,  1799,  and. 
at  the  age  of  12  years,  emigrated  with  his  father 
to  Woodford  County,  Ky.  In  1824  he  removed 
to  Indiana,  and.  a  few  years  later,  to  JelTerson 
County,  111.,  where  he  began  farming.  He  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  merchandising,  but  proving 
unfortunate,  turned  his  attention  to  politics, 
serving  first  as  County  Commissioner  and  then  as 
County  Clerk.  In  1838  he  was  elected  to  th* 
State  Senate  for  the  counties  of  Hamilton  and 
Jefferson,  serving  four  years;  was  Enrolling  and 
Engrossing  Clerk  of  the  Senate  during  the  session 
of  1844-45,  and,  in  1846,  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifteenth  General  Assembly  The  following 
year  he  was  made  Paymaster  in  the  United  States 
Army,  serving  through  the  Mexican  War;  in 
1852  served  with  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Judge 
Hugh  T.  Dickey  of  Chicago,  on  a  Commission 
appointed  to  investigate  claims  against  the  State 
for  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  and,  in  1854,  was  appointed  Clerk  of  tin- 
Supreme  Court  for  the  Third  Division,  being 
elected  to  the  same  position  in  1861.  Other  posi- 
tions held  by  him  included  those  of  Deputy  United 
States  Marshal  under  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Polk,  Commissioner  to  superintend  the  con- 
struction of  the  Supreme  Court  Building  at  Mount 
Vernon,  and  Postmaster  of  that  city.  lie  was 
also  elected  Representative  again  in  1800.  The 
later  years  of  his  life  were  spent  as  President  of 
the  Mount  Vernon  National  Bank.  Died,  No- 
vember, 1891,  in  his  92d  year. 

.101,1 1'  1 .  the  county-seat  of  Will  County,  situ- 
ated in  the  Des  Plaines  River  Valley,  36  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  and  the  intersecting  point  of  live  lines  of 
railway.  A  good  quality  of  calcareous  building 
stone  underlies  the  entire  region,  ami  is  exten- 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


307 


sively  quarried.  (•  ravel,  sand,  and  clay  are  also 
easily  obtained  in  considerable  quantities. 
Within  t«'euty  miles  are  productive  coal  mines. 
The  Northern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  a  female 
penal  institute  stand  just  outside  the  city  limits 
on  the  north.  Juliet  is  an  important  manufac- 
turing center,  the  census  of  1900  crediting  the 
city  with  455  establishments,  having  $15,452,196 
capital,  employing  6,523  hands,  paying  $3,957,529 
wages  and  $17,891,836  for  raw  material,  turning 
out  an  annual  product  valued  at  $27. 765, 104.  The 
leading  industries  are  the  manufacture  of  foundry 
and  machine-shop  products,  engines,  agricultural 
implements,  pig-iron,  Bessemer  steel,  steel 
bridges,  rods,  tin  cans,  wallpaper,  matches,  beer, 
saddles,  paint,  furniture,  pianos,  and  stoves, 
besides  quarrying  and  stone  cutting.  The  Chi- 
cago Drainage  Canal  supplies  valuable  water- 
power.  The  city  has  many  handsome  public 
buildings  and  private  residences,  among  the 
former  being  four  high  schools,  Government 
postoffice  building,  two  public  libraries,  and  two 
public  hospitals.  It  also  has  two  public  and  two 
school  parks.  Population  (1880),  11,657;  (1890), 
23,254,  (including  suburbs),  34,473;  (1900),  29,358. 
JOLIET,  AURORA  &  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
WAT.  (See  Elgin.  Joliet  <t  Eastern  Railway.) 

JOLIET,  Look,  a  French  explorer,  born  at 
Quebec,  Canada,  Sept.  21,  1645.  educated  at  the 
Jesuits'  College,  and  early  engaged  in  the  fur- 
trade.  In  1669  he  was  sent  to  investigate  the 
copper  mines  on  Lake  Superior,  but  his  most 
important  service  began  in  1673,  when  Frontenao 
commissioned  him  to  explore.  Starting  from  the 
missionary  station  of  St.  Ignace,  with  Father 
Marquette,  he  went  up  the  Fox  River  within  the 
present  State  of  Wisconsin  and  down  the  Wis- 
consin to  the  Mississippi,  which  he  descended  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.  He  was  the 
first  to  discover  that  the  Mississippi  flows  to  the 
Gulf  rather  than  to  the  Pacific.  He  returned  to 
Green  Bay  via  the  Illinois  River,  and  (as  believed) 
the  sites  of  the  present  cities  of  Joliet  and  Chicago. 
Although  later  appointed  royal  hydrographer 
and  given  the  island  of  Anticosti,  he  never 
revisited  the  Mississippi.  Some  historians  assert 
that  this  was  largely  due  to  the  influential  jeal- 
ousy of  La  Salle.  Died,  in  Canada,  in  May,  1700. 
JOLIET  &  BLUE  ISLAND  RAILWAY,  con- 
stituting a  part  of  and  operated  by  the  Calumet 
&  Blue  Island— a  belt  line,  21  miles  in  length,  of 
standard  gauge  and  laid  with  60-lb.  steel  rails. 
The  company  provides  terminal  facilities  at  Joliet, 
although  originally  projected  to  merely  run  from 
that  city  to  a  connection  with  the  Calumet  & 


Blue  Island  Railway.  The  capital  stock  author- 
ized and  paid  in  is  $100,000.  The  company's 
general  offices  are  in  Chicago. 

JOLIET  &  NORTHERN  INDIANA  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  road  running  from  Lake,  Intl.,  to  Joliet, 
111.,  45  miles  (of  which  29  miles  are  in  Illinois), 
and  leased  in  perpetuity,  from  Sept.  7,  1854  (the 
date  of  completion),  to  the  Michigan  Central  Rail- 
road Company,  which  owns  nearly  all  its  stock. 
Its  capital  stock  is  $300,000,  and  it*  funded  debt, 
$80,000.  Other  forms  of  indebtedness  swell  the 
total  amount  of  capital  invested  (1895)  to  $1,- 
143,201.  Total  earnings  and  income  in  Illinois  in 
1894,  $89,017;  total  expenditures,  $62,370.  (See 
Michigan  Central  Railroad.) 

JONES,  Alfred  M.,  politician  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  New  Hampshire,  Feb.  5, 1837,  brought 
to  McHenry  County,  111.,  at  10  years  of  age,  and, 
at  16,  began  life  in  the  pineries  and  engaged  in 
rafting  on  the  Mississippi.  Then,  after  two 
winters  in  school  at  Rockford,  and  a  short  season 
in  teaching,  he  spent  a  year  in  the  book  and 
jewelry  business  at  Warren,  Jo  Daviesa  County. 
The  following  year  (1858)  he  made  a  trip  to  Pike's 
Peak,  but  meeting  disappointment  in  his  expec- 
tations in  regard  to  mining,  returned  almost 
immediately.  The  next  few  years  were  spent  in 
various  occupations,  including  law  and  real 
estate  business,  until  1872,  when  he  was  elected 
to  the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  and 
re-elected  two  yean  later.  Other  positions 
successively  held  by  him  were  those  of  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Joliet  Penitentiary,  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  Sterling  District,  and 
United  States  Marshal  for  the  Northern  District 
of  Illinois.  He  was,  for  fourteen  years,  a  member 
of  the  Republican  State  Central  Committee,  dur- 
ing twelve  yean  of  that  period  being  its  chair- 
man. Since  1885,  Mr.  Jones  has  been  manager 
of  the  Bethesda  Mineral  Springs  at  Waukesha, 
Wis.,  but  has  found  time  to  make  his  mark  in 
Wisconsin  politics  also. 

JONES,  John  Rice,  first  English  lawyer  in  Illi- 
nois, was  born  in  Wales,  Feb.  11,  1759;  educated 
at  Oxford  in  medicine  and  law,  and,  after  prac- 
ticing the  latter  in  London  for  a  short  time,  came 
to  America  in  1784,  spending  two  years  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  and  Benjamin  Franklin;  in 
1786,  having  reached  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  he 
joined  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark's  expedition 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Wabash.  This  having 
partially  failed  through  the  discontent  and 
desertion  of  the  troops,  be  remained  at  VincenneB 
four  yean,  part  of  the  time  as  Commissary- 


HISTOItK'AL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


307 


sively  quarried.  I  i  ravel,  sand,  iind  clay  are  also 
easily  obtained  in  considerable  i|iiantities. 
Within  twenty  miles  are  productive  cnal  mines. 
The  Nbrthern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  a  female 
penal  institute  stand  just  outside  the  city  limits 
on  the  north.  Joliet  is  an  important  manufac- 
turing center,  the  census  of  1!MK)  crediting  the 
city  with  455  establishments,  having  $15,45'.>,  i:>6 
capital,  employing  0.523  hands,  paying  S3,!I57,52S( 
wages  and  $17.8Sll.s3li  for  raw  material,  turning 
out  an  annual  product  valued  at  S27.7<!5, 104  TliH 
leading  industries  are  the  manufacture  of  foundry 
ami  machine-shop  products,  engines,  agricultural 
implements,  pig-iron,  Bessemer  steel,  steel 
bridges,  rods,  tin  cans,  wallpaper,  matches,  beer, 
saddles,  paint,  furniture,  pianos,  and  stoves, 
besides  quarrying  and  stone  cutting.  The  Chi- 
cago Drainage  Canal  supplies  valuable  water 
l>oiver.  The  city  has  many  handsome  public 
buildings  and  private  residences,  among  the 
former  being  four  high  schools.  Government 
l«storfice  building,  two  public  libraries,  and  two 
public  hospitals  It  also  has  two  public  ami  two 
school  parks.  Population  (1880),  11,657;  (1890). 
23,254.  (including  suburbs),  34,473:  (1900).  29.353. 

JOLIET,  AURORA  &  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Elyin.  Juliet  <t~  Eattrrn  Itailiruy.) 

JOLIET,  Louis,  a  I  rni.-h  explorer,  born  at 
Quebec,  Canada,  Sept.  21,  1645,  educated  at  the 
Jesuits'  College,  and  early  engaged  in  the  fur- 
trade.  In  1669  he  was  sent  to  investigate  the 
copper  mines  on  Lake  Superior,  but  his  most 
important  service  began  in  lf>73,  when  Frontenac 
commissioned  him  to  explore.  Starting  from  the 
missionary  station  of  St.  Iguace,  with  Father 
Marquette,  he  went  up  the  Fox  River  within  the 
present  State  of  Wisconsin  and  down  the  Wis- 
consin to  the  Mississippi,  which  he  descended  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.  He  was  the 
first  to  discover  that  the  Mississippi  Mows  to  the 
Gulf  rather  than  to  the  Pacific.  He  returned  to 
Green  Bay  via  the  Illinois  River,  and  (as  believed) 
the  sites  of  the  present  cities  of  Joliet  and  Chicago. 
Although  later  appointed  rcyal  hydrographer 
and  given  the  island  of  Anticosti,  he  never 
revisited  the  Mississippi.  Some  historians  assert 
that  this  was  largely'  due  to  the  influential  jeal- 
ousy of  I<a  Salle.  Died,  in  Canada,  in  Mav,  1700. 

JOLIET  &  BLUE  ISLAND  RAILWAY,  con- 
stituting a  part  of  and  operated  by  the  Calumet 
&  Blue  Island — a  belt  line,  21  miles  in  length,  of 
standard  gauge  and  laid  with  60-lb.  steel  rails. 
The  company  provides  terminal  facilities  at  Joliet, 
although  originally  projected  to  merely  run  from 
that  city  to  a  connection  with  the  Calumet  & 


Blue  Island  Railway.  Tin-  capital  stock  author- 
i/.ed  and  paid  in  is  $1<HMNI".  The  company's 
general  offices  are  in  Chicago. 

JOLIET  &  NORTHERN  INDIANA  RAIL- 
ROAD, a  mad  running  from  T.ake,  Ind.,  to  Joliet. 
HI.,  45  miles  (of  which  •,".!  miles  are  in  Illinois), 
and  leased  in  i>erpetuity,  from  Sept.  7,  1854  (the 
date  of  completion),  to  the  Michigan  Central  Rail- 
road Company,  which  owns  nearly  all  its  stock. 
Its  capital  stock  is  $300,000,  and  its  funded  debt, 
$$0,000.  Other  forms  of  indebtedness  swell  the 
total  amount  of  capital  invested  (1895)  to  $1,- 
143,201.  Total  earnings  and  income  in  Illinois  in 
1894,  $89,017;  total  expenditures,  $62,370.  (See 
Michigan  Central  Railroad. ) 

JONES,  Alfred  M.,  politician  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  New  Hampshire,  Feb.  5,  1837,  brought 
to  McHenry  County,  111.,  at  10  years  of  age,  and, 
at  16,  began  life  in  the  pineries  and  engaged  in 
rafting  on  the  Mississippi.  Then,  after  two 
winters  in  school  at  Rockford,  and  a  short  se:i.son 
in  teaching,  ha  spent  a  year  in  the  book  and 
jen-elry  business  at  Warren,  Jo  Daviess  County. 
The  following  year  (1858)  he  made  atrip  to  Pike's 
Peak,  but  meeting  disappointment  in  his  expec- 
tations in  regard  to  mining,  returned  almost 
immediately.  The  next  few  years  were  spent  in 
various  occupations,  including  law  and  real 
estate  business,  until  1872,  when  he  was  elected 
to  the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  and 
re-elected  two  years  later.  Other  positions 
successively  held  by  him  were  those  of  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Joliet  Penitentiary,  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  Sterling  District,  and 
United  States  Marshal  for  the  Northern  District 
of  Illinois.  lie  was,  for  fourteen  years,  a  member 
of  the  Republican  State  Central  Committee,  dur 
ing  twelve  years  of  that  period  lieing  its  cliair- 
man.  Since  1S85,  Mr.  Jones  has  been  manager 
of  the  Bethesda  Mineral  Spring*  at  Waukesha, 
Wis.,  but  has  found  time  to  make  his  mark  in 
Wisconsin  politics  also. 

JONES,  John  Rice,  first  English  lawyer  in  Illi- 
nois, was  born  in  Wales,  Feb.  11,  1759;  educated 
at  Oxford  in  medicine  and  law,  and,  after  prac- 
ticing the  latter  in  London  fora  short  time,  came 
to  America  in  1784,  spending  two  years  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  and  Benjamin  Franklin;  in 
1786,  having  reached  the  Kails  of  the  Ohio,  he 
joined  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark's  expedition 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Wabash.  This  having 
partially  failed  through  the  discontent  and 
desertion  of  the  troops,  he  remained  .it  Vincennee 
four  years,  part  of  the  time  as  Commissary- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


General  of  the  garrison  there.  In  1790  he  went  to 
Kaskaskia,  but  eleven  years  later  returned  to  Vin- 
cennes,  being  commissioned  the  same  year  by 
i  iov.  William  Henry  Harrison,  Attorney-General 
of  Indiana  Territory,  and,  in  1805,  becoming  a 
member  of  the  first  Legislative  Council.  He  was 
Secretary  of  the  convention  at  Vincennes,  in 
December,  1803,  which  memorialized  Congress  to 
suspend,  for  ten  years,  the  article  in  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787  forbidding  slavery  in  the  Northwest 
Territory.  In  1808  he  removed  a  second  time  to 
Kaskaskia,  remaining  two  years,  when  he  located 
within  the  present  limits  of  the  State  of  Missouri 
(then  the  Territory  of  Louisiana),  residing  suc- 
cessively at  St.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis  and  Potosi, 
at  the  latter  place  acquiring  large  interests  in 
mineral  lands.  He  became  prominent  in  Mis- 
souri politics,  served  as  a  member  of  the  Conven- 
tion which  framed  the  first  State  Constitution, 
was  a  prominent  candidate  for  United  States 
Senator  before  the  first  Legislature,  and  finally 
elected  by  the  same  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  dying  in  office  at  St.  Louis,  Feb.  1,  1824. 
He  appears  to  have  enjoyed  an  extensive  practice 
among  the  early  residents,  as  shown  by  the  fact 
that,  the  year  of  his  return  to  Kaskaskia,  he  paid 
taxes  on  more  than  16,000  acres  of  land  in  Monroe 
County,  to  say  nothing  of  his  possessions  about 
Vincecnes  and  his  subsequent  acquisitions  in 
Missouri.  He  also  prepared  the  first  revision  of 
laws  for  Indiana  Territory  when  Illinois  com- 
posed a  part  of  it. — Rice  (Jones),  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding by  a  first  marriage,  was  born  in  Wales, 
Sept.  28,  1781;  came  to  America  with  his  par- 
ents, and  was  educated  at  Transylvania  University 
and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  taking  a 
medical  degree  at  the  latter,  but  later  studying 
law  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  locating  at  Kaskas- 
kia in  1806.  Described  as  a  young  man  of  brilliant 
talents,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  politics  and, 
at  a  special  election  held  in  September,  1808,  was 
elected  to  the  Indiana  Territorial  Legislature,  by 
the  party  known  as  "Divisionists" — i.  e.,  in  favor 
of  the  division  of  the  Territory — which  proved 
successful  in  the  organization  of  Illinois  Territory 
the  following  year.  Bitterness  engendered  in 
this  contest  led  to  a  challenge  from  Shadrach 
Bond  (afterwards  first  Governor  of  the  State)> 
which  Jones  accepted;  but  the  affair  was  ami- 
cably adjusted  on  the  field  without  an  exchange  of 
shots.  One  Dr.  James  Dunlap,  who  had  been 
Bond's  second,  expressed  dissatisfaction  with  the 
settlement;  a  bitter  factional  fight  was  main- 
tained between  the  friends  of  the  respective 
parties,  ending  in  the  assassination  of  Jones,  who 


was  shot  by  Dunlap  on  the  street  in  Kaskaskia, 
Dec.  7,  1808— Jones  dying  in  a  few  minutes, 
while  Dunlap  fled,  ending  his  days  in  Texas. — 
Gen.  John  Rice  (Jones),  Jr.,  another  son,  was 
born  at  Kaskaskia,  Jan.  8,  1792,  served  under 
Capt.  Henry  Dodge  in  the  War  of  1812,  and,  in 
1831,  went  to  Texas,  where  he  bore  a  conspicuous 
part  in  securing  the  independence  of  that  State 
from  Mexico,  dying  there  in  1845 — the  year  of  its 
annexation  to  the  United  States.  —  George 
Wallace  (Jones),  fourth  son  of  John  Rice  Jones 
(1st),  was  born  at  Vincennes,  Indiana  Territory, 
April  12,  1804;  graduated  at  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity, in  1825;  served  as  Clerk  of  the  United 
States  District  Court  in  Missouri  in  1826,  and  as 
Aid  to  Gen.  Dodge  in  the  Black  Hawk  War;  in 
1834  was  elected  Delegate  in  Congress  from 
Michigan  Territory  (then  including  the  present 
States  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa),  later 
serving  two  terms  as  Delegate  from  Iowa  Terri- 
tory, and,  on  its  admission  as  a  State,  being  elected 
one  of  the  first  United  States  Senators  and  re- 
elected  in  1852;  in  1859,  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Buchanan  Minister  to  Bogota,  Colombia, 
but  recalled  in  1861  on  account  of  a  letter  to 
Jefferson  Davis  expressing  sympathy  with  the 
cause  of  the  South,  and  was  imprisoned  for  two 
months  in  Fort  Lafayette.  In  1838  he  was  the  sec- 
ond of  Senator  Cilley  in  the  famous  Cilley-Graves 
duel  near  Washington,  which  resulted  in  the 
death  of  the  former.  After  his  retirement  from 
office,  General  Jones'  residence  was  at  Dubuque, 
Iowa,  where  he  died,  July  22,  1896,  in  the  93d 
year  of  his  age. 

JONES,  Mirhse1,  early  politician,  was  a  Penn- 
sylvanian  by  birth,  who  came  to  Illinois  in  Terri- 
torial days,  and,  as  early  as  1809,  was  Register  of 
the  Land  Office  at  KXgfcyilrin :  afterwards 
removed  to  Shawneetown  and  represented 
Gallatin  County  as  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1818  and  as  Senator  in  the 
first  four  General  Assemblies,  and  also  as  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Eighth.  He  was  a  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator  in  1819,  but  was  defeated 
by  Governor  Edwards,  and  was  a  Presidential 
Elector  in  1820.  He  is  represented  to  have  been  a 
man  of  considerable  ability  but  of  bitter  passions, 
a  supporter  of  the  scheme  for  a  pro-slavery  con- 
stitution and  a  bitter  opponent  of  Governor 
Edwards. 

JONES,  J.  Russell,  capitalist,  was  bom  at 
Conneaut,  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  Feb.  17,  1823; 
after  spending  two  years  as  clerk  in  a  store  in  his 
native  town,  came  to  Chicago  in  1838;  spent  the 
next  two  years  at  Rockton,  when  he  accepted  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


309 


clerkship  in  a  leading  mercantile  establishment 
at  Galena,  finally  being  advanced  to  a  partner- 
ship, which  was  dissolved  in  1856.  In  1860  he 
was  elected,  as  a  Republican,  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-second  General  Assembly,  and,  in 
March  following,  was  appointed  by  President 
Lincoln  United  States  Marshal  for  the  Northern 
District  of  Illinois.  In  1869,  by  appointment  of 
President  Grant,  he  became  Minister  to  Belgium. 
remaining  in  office  until  1875,  when  he  resigned 
and  returned  to  Chicago.  Subsequently  he 
leclined  the  position  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
but  was  appointed  Collector  of  the  Port  of  Chi- 
cago, from  which  he  retired  in  1888.  Mr.  Jones 
served  as  member  of  the  National  Republican 
Committee  for  Illinois  in  1868.  In  1863  he  organ- 
ized the  West  Division  Street  Railway,  laying 
the  foundation  of  an  ample  fortune. 

JONES,  William,  pioneer  merchant,  was  born 
at  Charlemont.  Mass.,  Oct.  22,  1789,  but  spent  his 
boyhood  and  early  manhood  in  New  York  State, 
ultimately  locating  at  Buffalo,  where  he  engaged 
in  business  as  a  grocer,  and  also  held  various 
public  positions.  In  1831  he  made  a  tour  of 
observation  westward  by  way  of  Detroit,  finally 
reaching  Fort  Dearborn,  which  he  again  visited 
in  1832  and  in  '33,  making  small  investments  each 
time  in  real  estate,  which  afterwards  appreciated 
immensely  in  value.  In  1834,  in  partnership 
with  By  ram  King  of  Buffalo,  Mr.  Jones  engaged 
in  the  stove  and  hardware  business,  founding  in 
Chicago  the  firm  of  Jones  &  King,  and  the  next 
year  brought  his  family.  While  he  never  held 
any  important  public  office,  he  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  those  early  residents  of  Chicago 
through  whose  enterprise  and  public  spirit  the 
city  was  made  to  prosper.  He  held  the  office  of 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  served  in  the  City  Council, 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  city  fire  depart- 
ment, served  for  twelve  years  (1840-52)  on  the 
Board  of  School  Inspectors  (for  a  considerable 
time  as  its  President),  and  contributed  liberally 
to  the  cause  of  education,  including  gifts  of 
$50,000  to  the  old  Chicago  University,  of  which 
lie  was  a  Trustee  and,  for  some  time,  President  of 
its  Executive  Committee.  Died,  Jan.  18,  1868.— 
Fernando  (Jones),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Forestville,  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  May 
26,  1820,  having,  for  some  time  in  his  boyhood, 
Millard  Fillmore  (afterwards  President)  as  his 
teacher  at  Buffalo,  and,  still  later,  Reuben  E.  Fen- 
ton  (afterwards  Governor  and  a  United  States 
Senator)  as  classmate.  After  coming  to  Chicago, 
in  1835,  he  was  employed  for  some  time  as  a  clerk 
in  Government  offices  and  by  the  Trustees  of  the 


Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal:  spent  a  season  at 
Canandaigua  Academy,  N.  Y. ;  edited  a  periodical 
at  Jackson,  Mich. ,  for  a  year  or  two,  but  finally 
coming  to  Chicago,  opened  an  abstract  and  title 
office,  in  which  he  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  the 
fire  of  1871,  and  which,  by  consolidation  with  two 
other  firms,  became  the  foundation  of  the  Title 
Guarantee  and  Trust  Company,  which  still  play* 
an  important  part  in  the  real-estate  business  of 
Chicago.  Mr.  Jones  has  held  various  public  posi- 
tions, including  that  of  Trustee  of  the  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Jacksonville,  and  has  for  years 
been  a  Trustee  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  -Kller 
Kent  (Jones),  another  son,  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  "The  Gem  of  the  Prairies"  newspaper,  out 
of  which  grew  "The  Chicago  Tribune";  was  for 
many  years  a  citizen  of  Quincy,  111.,  and  promi- 
nent member  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee,  and,  for  a  time,  one  of  the  publisher* 
of  "The  Prairie  Farmer."  Died,  in  Quincy, 
August  20,  1886. 

JO  Jf  ESBORO,  the  county -seat  of  Union  County, 
situated  about  a  mile  west  of  the  line  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad.  It  is  some  30  miles  north 
of  Cairo,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Mobile 
&  Ohio  R.  R.  It  stands  in  the  center  of  a  fertile 
territory,  largely  devoted  to  fruit-growing,  and  it 
an  important  shipping-point  for  fruit  and  early 
vegetables;  has  a  silica  mill,  pickle  factory  and  a 
bank.  There  are  also  four  churches,  and  one 
weekly  newspaper,  as  well  as  a  graded  school. 
Population  (1900),  1,180. 

JOSLYJf,  Merritt  L.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1827,  came  to  Illi- 
nois in  1839,  his  father  settling  in  McHenry 
County,  where  the  son,  on  arriving  at  manhood, 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  The  latter 
became  prominent  in  political  circles  and,  in 
1856,  was  a  Buchanan  Presidential  Elector.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  allied  himself 
with  the  Republican  party ;  served  as  a  Captain 
in  the  Thirty-sixth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry, 
and,  in  1864,  was  elected  to  the  Twenty-fourth 
General  Assembly  from  McHenry  County,  later 
serving  as  Senator  during  the  sessions  of  the 
Thirtieth*  and  Thirty-first  Assemblies  (1876-80). 
After  the  death  of  President  Garfield,  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Arthur  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  serving  to  the  close  of  the 
administration.  Returning  to  his  home  at  Wood- 
stock, 111.,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, and,  since  1889,  has  discharged  the  duties  of 
Master  in  Chancery  for  McHenry  County. 

JOUETT,  Charles,  Chicago's  first  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1772,  studied  law  at  Charlottes- 


310 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ville  in  that  State;  in  1803  was  appointed  by 
President  Jefferson  Indian  Agent  at  Detroit  and, 
in  1805,  acted  as  Commissioner  in  conducting  a 
treaty  with  the  Wyandottes,  Ottawas  and  other 
Indiana  of  Northwestern  Ohio  and  Michigan  at 
Maumee  City,  Ohio.  In  the  fall  of  the  latter  year 
he  was  appointed  Indian  Agent  at  Fort  Dearborn, 
serving  there  until  the  year  before  the  Fort  Dear- 
born Massacre.  Removing  to  Mercer  County, 
Ky.,  in  1811,  he  was  elected  to  a  Judgeship  there, 
but,  in  1815,  was  reappointed  by  President  Madi- 
son Indian  Agent  at  Fort  Dearborn,  remaining 
until  1818,  when  he  again  returned  to  Kentucky. 
In  1819  he  was  appointed  to  a  United  States 
Judgeship  in  the  newly  organized  Territory  of 
Arkansas,  but  remained  only  a  few  months,  when 
he  resumed  his  residence  in  Kentucky,  dying 
there,  May  28,  1834. 

JOURNALISM.  (See  Newspaper*,  Early.) 
JUDD,  Norman  Bnel,  lawyer,  legislator.  For- 
eign Minister,  was  born  at  Rome,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10, 
1815,  where  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1836  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  com- 
menced practice  in  the  (then)  frontier  settle- 
ment. He  early  rose  to  a  position  of  prominence 
and  influence  in  public  affairs,  holding  various 
municipal  offices  and  being  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate  from  1844  to  1860  continuously.  In 
1860  he  was  a  Delegate-at-  large  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention,  and,  in  1861,  President  Lin- 
coln appointed  him  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Prussia,  where  he  represented  this  country  for 
four  years.  He  was  a  warm  personal  friend  of 
Lincoln,  and  accompanied  him  on  his  memorable 
journey  from  Springfield  to  Washington  in  1861. 
In  1870  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty-first  Congress. 
Died,  at  Chicago,  Nov.  10,  1878. 

JUDD,  S.  Corning,  lawyer  and  politician,  born 
in  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  July  21,  1827;  was 
educated  at  Aurora  Academy,  taught  for  a  time  in 
Canada  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  York 
in  1848 ;  edited  "The  Syracuse  Daily  Star"  in  1849, 
and,  in  1850,  accepted  a  position  in  the  Interior 
Department  in  Washington.  Later,  he  resumed 
his  place  upon  "The  Star,"  but,  in  1854,  removed 
to  Lewistown,  Fulton  County,  111.,  and  began 
practice  with  his  brother-in-law,  the  late  W.  C. 
Goudy.  In  1873  he  removed  to  Chicago,  entering 
into  partnership  with  William  Fitzhugh  White- 
house,  son  of  Bishop  Whitehouse,  and  became 
prominent  in  connection  with  some  ecclesiastical 
trials  which  followed.  In  1860  he  was  a  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  Presidential  Elector  and. 
during  the  war,  was  a  determined  opponent  of 
the  war  policy  of  the  Government,  as  such  mak- 


ing an  unsuccessful  campaign  for  Lieutenant  - 
Governor  in  1864.  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  serving  until 
1889.  Died,  in  Chicago,  Sept.  22,  1895. 

JUDICIAL  SYSTEM,  THE.  The  Constitution 
of  1818  vested  the  judicial  power  of  the  State  in 
one  Supreme  Court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as 
the  Legislature  might  establish.  The  former 
consisted  of  one  Chief  Justice  and  three  Associ- 
ates, appointed  by  joint  ballot  of  the  Legislature 
but,  until  1825,  when  a  new  act  went  into  effect, 
they  were  required  to  perform  circuit  duties  in 
the  several  counties,  while  exercising  appellate 
jurisdiction  in  their  united  capacity.  In  1824  the 
Legislature  divided  the  State  into  five  circuits, 
appointing  one  Circuit  Judge  for  each,  but,  two 
years  later,  these  were  legislated  out  of  office,  and 
circuit  court  duty  again  devolved  upon  the 
Supreme  Judges,  the  State  being  divided  into 
four  circuits.  In  1829  a  new  act  authorized  the 
appointment  of  one  Circuit  Judge,  who  was 
assigned  to  duty  in  the  territory  northwest  of  the 
Illinois  River,  the  Supreme  Justices  continuing 
to  perform  circuit  duty  in  the  four  other  circuits. 
This  arrangement  continued  until  1835,  when  the 
State  was  divided  into  six  judicial  circuits,  and, 
five  additional  Circuit  Judges  having  been 
elected,  the  Supreme  Judges  were  again  relieved 
from  circuit  court  service.  After  this  no  mate- 
rial changes  occurred  except  in  the  increase  of  the 
number  of  circuits  until  1841,  the  whole  number 
then  being  nine.  At  this  time  political  reasons 
led  to  an  entire  reorganization  of  the  courts.  An 
act  passed  Feb.  10,  1841,  repealed  all  laws  author- 
izing the  election  of  Circuit  Judges,  and  provided 
for  the  appointment  of  five  additional  Associate 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  making  nine  in 
all;  and,  for  a  third  time,  circuit  duties  devolved 
upon  the  Supreme  Court  Judges,  the  State  being 
divided  at  the  same  time  into  nine  circuits. 

By  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1848  the 
judiciary  system  underwent  an  entire  change,  all 
judicial  officers  being  made  elective  by  the 
people.  The  Constitution  provided  for  a  Supreme 
Court,  consisting  of  three  Judges,  Circuit  Courts, 
County  Courts,  and  courts  to  be  held  by  Justices 
of  the  Peace.  In  addition  to  these,  the  Legisla- 
ture had  the  power  to  create  inferior  civil  and 
criminal  courts  in  cities,  but  only  upon  a  uniform 
plan.  For  the  election  of  Supreme  Judges,  the 
State  was  divided  into  three  Grand  Judicial  Divi- 
sions. The  Legislature  might,  however,  if  it  saw 
fit,  provide  for  the  election  of  all  three  Judges  on 
a  general  ticket,  to  be  voted  throughout  the 
State-at-large ;  but  this  power  was  never  exer- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


311 


ciaed.  Appeals  lay  from  the  Circuit  Courts  to  the 
Supreme  Court  for  the  particular  division  in 
which  the  county  might  be  located,  although,  by 
unanimous  consent  of  all  parties  in  interest,  an 
appeal  might  be  transferred  to  another  district. 
Nine  Circuit  Courts  were  established,  but  the 
number  might  be  increased  at  the  discretion  of 
the  General  Assembly.  Availing  itself  of  its 
constitutional  power  and  providing  for  the  needs 
of  a  rapidly  growing  community,  the  Legislature 
gradually  increased  the  number  of  circuits  to 
thirty.  The  term  of  office  for  Supreme  Court 
Judges  was  nine,  and,  for  Circuit  Judges,  six 
years.  Vacancies  were  to  be  filled  by  popular 
election,  unless  the  unexpired  term  of  the 
deceased  or  retiring  incumbent  was  less  than  one 
year,  in  which  case  the  Governor  was  authorized 
to  appoint.  Circuit  Courts  were  vested  with 
appellate  jurisdiction  from  inferior  tribunals,  and 
each  was  required  to  hold  at  least  two  terms 
annually  in  each  county,  as  might  be  fixed  by 
statute. 

The  Constitution  of  1870,  without  changing  the 
mode  of  election  or  term  of  office,  made  several 
changes  adapted  to  altered  conditions.  As 
regards  the  Supreme  Court,  the  three  Grand 
Divisions  were  retained,  but  the  number  of 
Judges  was  increased  to  seven,  chosen  from  a  like 
number  of  districts,  but  sitting  together  to  con- 
stitute a  full  court,  of  which  four  members  con- 
stitute a  quorum.  A  Chief  Justice  is  chosen  by 
the  Court,  and  is  usually  one  of  the  Judges 
nearing  the  expiration  of  his  term.  The  minor 
officers  include  a  Reporter  of  Decisions,  and  one 
Clerk  in  each  Division.  By  an  act  passed  in  1897, 
the  three  Supreme  Court  Divisions  were  consoli- 
dated in  one,  the  Court  being  required  to  hold  its 
sittings  in  Springfield,  and  hereafter  only  one 
Clerk  will  be  elected  instead  of  three  as  hereto- 
fore. The  salaries  of  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  are  fixed  by  law  at  $5,000  each. 

The  State  was  divided  in  1873  into  twenty-seven 
circuits  (Cook  County  being  a  circuit  by  itself), 
and  one  or  more  terms  of  the  circuit  court  are 
required  to  be  held  each  year  in  each  county  in 
the  State.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Circuit  Courts 
is  both  original  and  appellate,  and  includes  mat- 
ters civil  and  criminal,  in  law  and  in  equity. 
The  Judges  are  elected  by  districts,  and  hold  office 
for  six  years.  In  1877  the  State  was  divided  into 
thirteen  judicial  circuits  (exclusive  of  Cook 
County),  but  without  reducing  the  number  of 
Judges  (twenty-six)  already  in  office,  and  the 
election  of  one  additional  Judge  (to  serve  two 
yean)  was  ordered  in  each  district,  thus  increas- 


ing the  number  of  Judges  to  thirty-nine.  Again 
in  1897  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  increasing 
the  number  of  judicial  circuits,  exclusive  of  Cook 
County,  to  seventeen,  while  the  number  of 
Judges  in  each  circuit  remained  the  same,  so 
that  the  whole  number  of  Judges  elected  that 
year  outside  of  Cook  County  was  fifty-one.  The 
salaries  of  Circuit  Judges  are  $3,500  per  year, 
except  in  Cook  County,  where  they  are  $7,000. 
The  Constitution  also  provided  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  Appellate  Courts  after  the  year  1874,  hav- 
ing uniform  jurisdiction  in  districts  created  for 
that  purpose.  These  courts  are  a  connecting 
link  between  the  Circuit  and  the  Supreme  Courts, 
and  greatly  relieve  the  crowded  calendar  of  the 
latter.  In  1877  the  Legislature  established  four 
of  these  tribunals:  one  for  the  County  of  Cook; 
one  to  include  all  the  Northern  Grand  Division 
except  Cook  County;  the  third  to  embrace  the 
Central  Grand  Division,  and  the  fourth  the  South- 
ern. Each  Appellate  Court  is  held  by  three  Cir- 
cuit Court  Judges,  named  by  the  Judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  each  assignment  covering  three 
years,  and  no  Judge  either  allowed  to  receive 
extra  compensation  or  sit  in  review  of  his  own 
rulings  or  decisions.  Two  terms  are  held  in  each 
District  every  year,  and  these  courts  have  no 
original  jurisdiction. 

COOK  COUNTY.— The  judicial  system  of  Cook 
County  is  different  from  that  of  the  rest  of  the 
State.  The  Constitution  of  1870  made  the  county 
an  independent  district,  and  exempted  it  from 
being  subject  to  any  subsequent  redistricting. 
The  bench  of  the  Circuit  Court  in  Cook  County, 
at  first  fixed  at  five  Judges,  has  been  increased 
under  the  Constitution  to  fourteen,  who  receive 
additional  compensation  from  the  county  treas- 
ury. The  Legislature  has  the  constitutional 
right  to  increase  the  number  of  Judges  according 
to  population.  In  1849  the  Legislature  estab- 
lished the  Cook  County  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
Later,  this  became  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook 
County,  which  now  (1898)  consists  of  thirteen 
Judges.  For  this  court  there  exists  the  same 
constitutional  provision  relative  to  an  increase  of 
Judges  as  in  the  case  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook 
County. 

JUDY,  Jacob,  pioneer,  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, who,  having  come  to  the  United  States  at 
an  early  day,  remained  some  years  in  Maryland, 
when,  in  1786,  he  started  west,  spending  two 
years  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  finally  arriving  at 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  in  1788.  In  1792  he  removed  to 
New  Design,  in  Monroe  County,  and,  in  1800, 
located  within  the  present  limits  of  Madison 


312 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


County,  where  he  died  in  1807. — Samuel  (Judy), 
son  of  the  preceding,  born  August  19,  1773,  was 
brought  by  his  father  to  Illinois  in  1788,  and  after- 
wards became  prominent  in  political  affairs  and 
famous  as  an  Indian  fighter.  On  the  organization 
of  Madison  County  he  became  one  of  the  first 
County  Commissioners,  serving  many  years.  He 
also  commanded  a  body  of  "Rangers"  in  the 
Indian  campaigns  during  the  War  of  1812,  gain- 
ing the  title  of  Colonel,  and  served  as  a  member 
from  Madison  County  in  the  Second  Territorial 
Council  (1814-15).  Previous  to  1811  he  built  the 
first  brick  house  within  the  limits  of  Madison 
County,  which  still  stood,  not  many  years  since, 
a  few  miles  from  Edwardsville.  Colonel  Judy 
died  in  1838.— Jacob  (Judy),  eldest  son  of  Samuel, 
was  Register  of  the  Land  Office  at  Edwardsville, 
1845-49.— Thomas  (Judy),  younger  son  of  Samuel, 
was  born,  Dec.  19,  1804,  and  represented  Madison 
County  in  the  Eighteenth  General  Assembly 
(1852-54).  His  death  occurred  Oct.  4,  1880. 

JUDY,  James  William,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Clark  County,  Ky.,  May  8,  1822— his  ancestors 
on  his  father's  side  being  from  Switzerland,  and 
those  on  his  mother's  from  Scotland;  grew  up  on 
a  farm  and,  in  1852,  removed  to  Menard  County, 
111,  where  he  has  since  resided.  In  August,  1862, 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  soldier,  was  elected  Cap- 
tain of  his  company,  and,  on  its  incorporation  as 
part  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Fourteenth  Regi- 
ment Illinois  Volunteers  at  Camp  Butler,  was 
chosen  Colonel  by  acclamation.  The  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fourteenth,  as  part  of  the  Fifteenth 
Army  Corps  under  command  of  that  brilliant 
soldier,  Gen.  Win.  T.  Sherman,  was  attached  to 
the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  and  took  part  in  the 
entire  siege  of  Vicksburg,  from  May,  1863,  to  the 
surrender  on  the  3d  of  July  following.  It  also 
participated  in  the  siege  of  Jackson,  Miss.,  and 
numerous  other  engagements.  After  one  year's 
service,  Colonel  Judy  was  compelled  to  resign  by 
domestic  affliction,  having  lost  two  children  by 
death  within  eight  days  of  each  other,  while 
others  of  his  family  were  dangerously  ill.  On 
his  retirement  from  the  army,  he  became  deeply 
interested  in  thorough-bred  cattle,  and  is  now  the 
most  noted  stock  auctioneer  in  the  United  States 
— having,  in  the  past  thirty  years,  sold  more 
thorough-bred  cattle  than  any  other  man  living 
— his  operations  extending  from  Canada  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  from  Minnesota  to  Texas.  Colonel 
Judy  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  in  1874,  and  so  remained  continu- 
ously until  189(5 — except  two  years — also  serving 
as  President  of  the  Board  from  1894  to  1896.  He 


bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  securing  the  location  • 
of  the  State  Fair  at  Springfield  in  1894,  and  the 
improvements  there  made  under  his  administra- 
tion have  not  been  paralleled  in  any  other  State. 
Originally,  and  up  to  1856,  an  old-line  Whig, 
Colonel  Judy  has  since  been  an  ardent  Repub- 
lican ;  and  though  active  in  political  campaigns, 
has  never  held  a  political  office  nor  desired  one, 
being  content  with  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  a 
patriotic  private  citizen. 

K  A\  A  >*,  Michael  F.,  soldier  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  in  November,  1837, 
at  twenty  years  of  age  removed  to  Macon  County, 
111.,  and  engaged  in  farming.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  enlisted  in  the  Forty-first  Illinois  Volun- 
teers (Col.  I.  C.  Pugh's  regiment),  serving  nearly 
four  years  and  retiring  with  the  rank  of  Captain. 
After  the  war  he  served  six  years  as  Mayor  of  the 
city  of  Decatur.  In  1894  he  was  elected  State 
Senator,  serving  in  the  Thirty-ninth  and  Fortieth 
General  Assemblies.  Captain  Kanan  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
and  a  member  of  the  first  Post  of  the  order  ever 
established— that  at  Decatur. 

KANE,  a  Tillage  of  Greene  County,  on  the 
Jacksonville  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railway,  40  miles  south  of  Jacksonville.  It  has 
a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1880), 
408;  (1890),  551;  (1900),  588. 

RANK,  Ellas  Kent,  early  United  States  Sena- 
tor, is  said  by  Lanman's  "Dictionary  of  Congress" 
to  have  been  born  in  New  York,  June  7.  1796. 
The  late  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Smith,  of  Chicago,  a  rela- 
tive of  Senator  Kane's  by  marriage,  in  a  paper 
read  before  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Associatior 
(1895),  rejecting  other  statements  assigning  the 
date  of  the  Illinois  Senator's  birth  to  various 
years  from  1786  to  1796,  expresses  the  opinion, 
based  on  family  letters,  that  he  was  really  born 
in  1794.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  College,  gradu- 
ating in  1812,  read  law  in  New  York,  and  emi- 
grated to  Tennessee  in  1813  or  early  in  1814,  but, 
before  the  close  of  the  latter  year,  removed  to  Illi- 
nois, settling  at  Kaskaskia.  His  abilities  were 
recognized  by  his  appointment,  early  in  1818,  as 
Judge  of  the  eastern  circuit  under  the  Territorial 
Government.  Before  the  close  of  the  same  year 
he  served  as  a  member  of  the  first  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention,  and  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Bond  the  first  Secretary  of  State  under  the 
new  State  Government,  but  resigned  on  the 
accession  of  Governor  Coles  in  1822.  Two  years 
later  he  was  elected  to  the  General  Assembly  as 
Representative  from  Randolph  County,  but 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


313 


resigned  before  the  close  of  the  year  to  accept  a 
aeat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  to  which  he  was 
elected  in  1834,  and  re-elected  in  1830.  Before 
the  expiration  of  his  second  term  (Dec.  12,  1835), 
having  reached  the  age  of  a  little  more  than  40 
years,  he  died  in  Washington,  deeply  mourned 
by  his  fellow-members  of  Congress  and  by  his 
constituents.  Senator  Kane  was  a  <x>usin  of  the 
distinguished  Chancellor  Kent  of  New  York, 
through  his  mother's  family,  while,  on  his 
father's  side,  he  was  a  relative  of  the  celebrated 
Arctic  explorer,  Elisha  Kent  Kane. 

KANE  COUNTY,  one  of  the  wealthiest  and 
most  progressive  counties  in  the  State,  situated  in 
the  northeastern  quarter.  It  has  an  area  of  540 
square  miles,  and  population  (1900)  of  78,792; 
was  named  for  Senator  Elias  Kent  Kane.  Tim- 
ber and  water  are  abundant,  Fox  River  flowing 
through  the  county  from  north  to  south.  Immi- 
gration began  in  1833,  and  received  a  new  impetus 
in  1835,  when  the  Pottawatomies  were  removed 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  A  school  was  established 
in  1834,  and  a  church  organized  in  1835.  County 
organization  was  effected  in  June,  1836,  and  the 
public  lands  came  on  the  market  in  1842.  The 
Ciril  War  record  of  the  county  is  more  than 
creditable,  the  number  of  volunteers  exceeding 
the  assessed  quota.  Farming,  grazing,  manufac- 
turing and  dairy  industries  chiefly  engage  the 
attention  of  the  people.  The  county  has  many 
flourishing  cities  and  towns.  Geneva  is  the  county- 
Heat.  (See  Aurora,  Dundee,  Eldora,  Elgin,  Geneva 
and  St.  Charles.) 

KINGLET,  a  village  of  La  Salle  County,  on 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  three 
miles  northwest  of  Streator.  There  are  several 
coal  shafts  here.  Population  (1900),  1,004. 

KANKAKEE,  a  city  and  county-seat  of  Kanka- 
kee  County,  on  Kankakee  River  and  111.  Cent. 
Railroad,  at  intersection  of  the  "Big  Four"  witli 
the  Indiana,  111.  &  Iowa  Railroad,  56  miles  south  of 
Chicago.  It  is  an  agricultural  and  stock-raising 
region,  near  extensive  coal  fields  and  bog  iron 
ore ;  has  water-power,  flour  and  paper  mills,  agri- 
cultural implement,  furniture,  and  piano  fac- 
tories, knitting  and  novelty  works,  besides  two 
quarries  of  valuable  building  stone.  The  East- 
ern Hospital  for  the  Insane  is  located  here. 
There  are  four  papers,  four  banks,  five  schools, 
water-works,  gas  and  electric  light,  electric  car 
lines,  and  Government  postoffice  building.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  9,025;  (1900),  13.595. 

KANKAKEE  COI'XTY,  a  wealthy  and  popu- 
lous county  in  the  northeast  section  of  the  State, 
having  an  area  of  680  square  miles — receiving  its 


name  from  its  principal  river.  It  was  set  apart 
from  Will  and  Iroquois  Counties  under  the  act 
passed  in  1851,  the  owners  of  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Kankakee  contributing  $5,000 
toward  the  erection  of  county  buildings.  Agri- 
culture, manufacturing  and  coal-mining  are  the 
principal  pursuits.  The  first  white  settler  was 
one  Noah  Vasseur,  a  Frenchman,  and  the  first 
American,  Thomas  Durham  Population  (1880), 
25,047;  (1890),  28,732;  (1900),  37,164. 

KANKAKEE  RIVER,  a  sluggish  stream,  rising 
in  St.  Joseph  County,  Ind.,  and  flowing  west- 
southwest  through  English  Lake  and  a  flat  marshy 
region,  into  Illinois.  In  Kankakee  County  it 
unites  with  the  Iroquois  from  the  south  and  the 
Des  Plaines  from  the  north,  after  the  junction 
with  the  latter,  taking  the  name  of  the  Illinois. 

KANKAKEE  &  SENECA  RAILROAD,  a  line 
lying  wholly  in  Illinois,  42.08  miles  in  length.  It 
has  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000,  bonded  debt  of 
$650,000  and  other  forms  of  indebtedness  (1895) 
reaching  $557, 629;  total  capitalization,  $1,217,889. 
This  road  was  chartered  in  1881,  and  opened  in 
1882.  It  connects  with  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  is  owned  jointly  by 
these  two  lines,  but  operated  by  the  former.  (See 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  A  St.  Lena*  Rail- 
road.) 

KANSAS,  a  village  in  Edgar  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  and 
the  Chicago  &  Ohio  River  Railways,  156  miles 
northeast  of  St.  Louis,  104  miles  west  of  Indian- 
apolis, 13  miles  east  of  Charleston  and  11  miles 
west-southwest  of  Paris.  The  surrounding  region 
is  agricultural  and  stock-raising.  TTMIMM  has  tile 
works,  two  grain  elevators,  a  canning  factory, 
and  railway  machine  shops,  beside  four  churches, 
a  collegiate  institute,  a  National  bank  and  a 
weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  723 :  (1890). 
1,037;  (1900),  1,049. 

KASKASKIA,  a  village  of  the  Illinois  Indians, 
and  later  a  French  trading  post,  first  occupied  in 
1700.  It  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  British 
after  the  French-Indian  War  in  1765,  and  was 
captured  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  at  the  head 
of  a  force  of  Virginia  troops,  in  1778.  (See  Clark, 
George  Rogers. )  At  that  time  the  white  inhab- 
itants were  almost  entirely  of  French  descent. 
The  first  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise  in  Illi- 
nois occurred  here  in  the  year  last  named,  and,  in 
1804,  the  United  States  Government  opened  a 
land  office  there.  For  many  years  the  most 
important  commercial  town  in  the  Territory,  it 
remained  the  Territorial  and  State  capital  down 


314 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


to  1819,  when  the  seat  of  government  was  re- 
moved to  Vandalia.  Originally  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Ka.ska.skia  River,  some  six  miles 
from  the  Mississippi,  early  in  1899  its  site  had 
been  swept  away  by  the  encroachments  of  the 
latter  stream,  so  that  all  that  is  left  of  the  princi- 
pal town  of  Illinois,  in  Territorial  days,  is  simply 
its  name. 

KASK  ASKI V  INDIANS,  one  of  the  five  tribes 
constituting  the  Illinois  confederation  of  Algon- 
quin Indians.  About  the  year  1700  they  removed 
from  what  is  now  La  Sal  le  County,  to  Southern 
Illinois,  where  they  established  themselves  along 
the  banks  of  the  river  which  bears  their  name. 
They  were  finally  removed,  with  their  brethren 
of  the  Illinois,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  as  a 
distinct  tribe,  have  become  extinct. 

KASKASKIA  BITER,  rises  in  Champaign 
County,  and  flows  southwest  through  the  coun- 
ties of  Douglas,  Coles,  Moultrie,  Shelby,  Fayette, 
Clinton  and  St.  Clair,  thence  southward  through 
Randolph,  and  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River 
near  Chester.  It  is  nearly  300  miles  long,  and 
flows  through  a  fertile,  undulating  country,  which 
forms  part  of  the  great  coal  field  of  the  State. 

KEITH,  Kelson,  Sr.,  merchant  and  manufac- 
turer, born  at  Barre,  Vt  .  Jan.  28,  1833,  was  edu- 
cated at  home  and  in  the  district  schools;  spent 
1850-54  in  Montpelier,  coming  to  Chicago  the 
latter  year  and  obtaining  employment  in  a  retail 
dry-goods  store.  In  1860  he  assisted  in  establish- 
ing the  firm  of  Keith,  Faxon  &  Co.,  now  Ed  sou 
Keith  &  Co. ;  is  also  President  of  the  corporation 
of  Keith  Brothers  &  Co.,  a  Director  of  the  Metro- 
politan National  Bank,  and  the  Edison  Electric 
Light  Company.—  Elbrldge  6.  (Keith),  banker, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Barre,  Vt., 
July  16,  1840;  attended  local  schools  and  Barre 
Academy ;  came  to  Chicago  in  1857,  the  next  year 
taking  a  position  as  clerk  in  the  house  of  Keith, 
Faxon  &  Co.,  in  1865  becoming  a  partner  and,  in 
1884,  being  chosen  President  of  the  Metropolitan 
National  Bank,  where  he  still  remains.  Mr. 
Keith  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  National 
Convention  of  1880,  and  belongs  to  several  local 
literary,  political  and  social  clubs ;  was  also  one 
of  the  Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition of  1893-93. 

KEITHSBURG,  a  town  in  Mercer  County  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  intersection  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Iowa  Cen- 
tral Railways;  100  miles  west-northwest  of 
Peoria.  Principal  industries  are  fisheries,  ship- 
ping, manufacture  of  pearl  buttons  and  oilers ;  has 
•me  paper.  Pop.  (1900),  1,566;  (1903,  est.),  3,000. 


KELLOGG,  Hiram  Hnntington,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  born  at  Clinton  (then  'Whites- 
town),  N.  Y.,  in  February,  1803.  graduated  at 
Hamilton  College  and  Auburn  Seminary,  after 
which  he  served  for  some  years  as  pastor  at 
various  places  in  Central  New  York.  Later,  he 
established  the  Young  Ladies'  Domestic  Seminary 
at  Clinton,  claimed  to  be  the  first  ladies'  semi- 
nary in  the  State,  and  the  first  experiment  in  the 
country  uniting  manual  training  of  girls  with 
scholastic  instruction,  antedating  Mount  Hoi- 
yoke,  Oberlin  and  other  institutions  which  adopted 
this  system.  Color  was  no  bar  to  admission  to 
the  institution,  though  the  daughters  of  some  of 
the  wealthiest  families  of  the  State  were  among 
its  pupils.  Mr.  Kellogg  was  a  co- laborer  with 
Gerritt  Smith,  Beriah  Green,  the  Tappans,  Garri- 
son and  others,  in  the  effort  to  arouse  public  senti- 
ment in  opposition  to  slavery.  In  1836  he  united 
with  Prof.  George  W.  Gale  and  others  in  the 
movement  for  the  establishment  of  a  colony  and 
the  building  up  of  a  Christian  and  anti-slavery 
institution  in  the  West,  which  resulted  in  the 
location  of  the  town  of  Galesburg  and  the  found, 
ing  there  of  Knox  College.  Mr.  Kellogg  was 
chosen  the  first  President  of  the  institution  and, 
in  1841,  left  his  thriving  school  at  Clinton  to 
identify  himself  with  the  new  enterprise,  which, 
in  its  infancy,  was  a  manual-labor  school.  In  the 
West  he  soon  became  the  ally  and  co- laborer  of 
such  men  as  Owen  Love  joy,  Ichabod  Codding, 
Dr.  C.  V.  Dyer  and  others,  in  the  work  of  extirpat- 
ing slavery.  In  1843  he  visited  England  as  a 
member  of  the  World's  Peace  Convention,  re- 
maining abroad  about  a  year,  during  which  time 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Jacob  Bright  and 
others  of  the  most  prominent  men  of  that  day  in 
England  and  Scotland.  Resigning  the  Presidency 
of  Knox  College  in  1847,  he  returned  to  Clinton 
Seminary,  and  was  later  engaged  in  various  busi- 
ness enterprises  until  1861,  when  he  again  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  and  was  engaged  in  preaching 
and  teaching  at  various  points  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  dying  suddenly,  at  his 
home  school  at  Mount  Forest,  111.,  Jan.  1,  1881. 

KELLOGG,  William  Pitt,  was  born  at  Orwell, 
Vt.,  Dec.  8,  1831,  removed  to  Illinois  in  1848, 
studied  law  at  Peoria,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1854,  and  began  practice  in  Fulton  County.  He 
was  a  candidate  for  Presidential  Elector  on  the 
Republican  ticket  in  1856  and  1860,  being  elected 
the  latter  year.  Appointed  Chief  Justice  of 
Nebraska  in  1861,  he  resigned  to  accept  the 
colonelcy  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Cavalry.  Fail- 
ing health  caused  his  retirement  from  the  army 


I.— Old  Kaskaskia  from  Garrison  Hill  (18U3).  2.— Kaskaskia  Hotel  where  LaFayette  was  feted  in  1835. 
3.--First  Illinois  State  House,  1818.  4. — Interior  of  Room  (18!tt)  where  LaKayette  banquet  was  held. 
5. — Pierre  Menard  Mansion,  ti.— House  of  Chief  Uucoign,  last  of  the  Cascasquias  (Kaskaskias). 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>F   ILLINOIS. 


to  I81!>,  when  the  seat  of  government  was  re- 
moved to  Vandalia.  OriginaUjr  situated  on  the 
west,  side  of  the  Kaskaskia  Kiver,  some  six  miles 
from  the  Mississippi,  early  in  IN!)!*  its  site  had 
been  swept  away  by  the  encroachments  of  tin- 
latter  stream,  so  that  all  that  is  left  of  the  princi- 
pal town  of  Illinois,  in  Territorial  days,  is  simply 
its  name. 

KASKASKIA  INDIANS,  one  of  the  five  tril.es 
constituting  the  Illinois  confederation  of  Algon- 
quin Indians.  Aliout  the  year  1700  they  removed 
from  what  is  now  La  Salli-  County,  to  Southern 
Illinois,  where  they  established  themselves  along 
the  kinks  of  the  river  which  bears  their  name. 
They  were  finally  removed,  with  their  brethren 
of  the  Illinois,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  as  a 
distinct  tribe,  have  become  extinct. 

KASKASKIA  KM  IK,  rises  in  Champaign 
<  'ounty,  and  flows  southwest  through  the  coun- 
ties of  Douglas,  Coles.  Moultrie.  Shelby,  Kayette. 
Clinton  and  St.  ('lair,  thence  southward  through 
Randolph,  ami  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River 
near  Chester  It  is  nearly  IMMi  miles  long,  and 
Mows  through  a  fertile,  undulating  country,  which 
forms  part  of  the.  great  coal  field  of  the  State. 

KEITH.  Hil-»n.  Sr.,  merchant  and  manufac 
turer.  born  at  Havre  Vt. .  Jan.  28.  |n:t:!.  was  edu- 
rated  at  home  and  in  the  district  schools:  spent 
IS5(>-r>4  in  Montpelirr.  coming  to  Chicago  the 
latter  year  and  obtaining  employment  in  a  retail 
dry-goods  store.  In  l*l>0  he  assisted  in  establish- 
ing the  linn  of  Keith.  Faxon  A'  Co..  now  Kelson 
Keith  &  Co. ,  is  also  ('resident  of  the  cor|>oration 
of  Keith  Brothers  <t  Co..  a  Director  of  the  Metro- 
politan National  Itank.  and  the  Kdison  Electric 
Light  Company.— Klbrldirr  (J.  (Keith),  tanker, 
lirother  of  the  preceding,  was  l>orn  at  Barre,  Vt. . 
July  Hi,  1840;  attended  local  sch«H>ls  an<l  Barre 
Academy:  name  to  Chicago  in  1KV7,  the  next  year 
taking  a  position  as  clerk  in  the  house  of  Keith, 
Faxon  &  Co. .  in  I8(i."i  becoming  a  partner  and,  in 
1884,  being  chosen  ('resident  of  the  Metropolitan 
National  Bank,  where  he  still  remains.  Mr. 
Keith  was  a  meml>cr  of  the  Republican  National 
Convention  of  IMHO.  and  belongs  to  several  local 
literary,  political  and  social  clubs:  was  also  one 
»f  the  Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition of  189S-!K!. 

hITI  USItl  KC..I  town  in  Mercer  County  on 
the  Mississippi  Kiver,  at  the  intersection  of  the 
Chicago.  Burlington  >\:  <,Miincy  and  the  Iowa  ('en- 
I  nil  Railways:  loo  miles  west-northwest  of 
I'eoria.  Principal  industries  are  fisheries,  ship- 
ping, manufacture  of  pearl  buttons  and  oilers:  has 
..ne  paper  Pop  M'.MMI).  I..Vlli:  (I'.MKt,  est.).  2,000 


hi  MUM,.  Hiram  Huntingtun,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  l>orn  at  Clinton  (then  Whites- 
town),  N.  Y.,  in  February,  1803,  graduated  at 
Hamilton  College  and  Auburn  Seminary,  after 
which  he  served  for  some  years  as  pastor  at 
various  places  in  Central  New  York.  Later,  he 
established  the  Young  Ladies'  Domestic  Seminary 
at  Clinton,  claimed  to  be  the  first  ladies'  semi- 
nary in  the  State,  and  the  first  experiment  in  the 
country  uniting  manual  training  of  girls  with 
scholastic  instruction,  antedating  Mount  Hoi- 
yoke.  <  II  .crlin  and  other  institutions  which  adopted 
this  system.  Color  was  no  bar  to  admission  to 
the  institution,  though  the  daughters  of  some  of 
the  wealthiest  families  of  the  State  were  among 
its  pupils.  Mr.  Kellogg  was  a  co- laborer  with 
•jerritt  Smith.  Beriah  (ireen.  the  Tappans,  Oarri- 
son  and  others,  in  the  effort  to  arouse  public  senti- 
ment in  op|Kisition  to  slavery  In  IKili  he  united 
with  Prof,  (leorge  W.  dale  and  others  in  the 
movement  for  the  establishment  of  a  colony  and 
the  building  up  of  a  Christian  and  anti-slavery 
institution  in  the  West,  which  resulted  in  the 
location  of  the  town  of  (ialesburg  and  the  found 
ing  there  of  Knox  College  Mr.  Kellogg  was 
chosen  the  first  President  of  the  institution  and. 
in  1*41.  left  his  thriving  school  at  Clinton  to 
identify  himself  with  the  new  enterprise,  which, 
in  its  infancy,  was  a  manual  lal>or  school.  In  the 
West  he  soon  became  the  ally  and  co  laborer  of 
such  men  as  Owen  Love  joy,  Ichabod  Codding, 
Dr  C.  V  Dyer  and  others,  in  the  work  of  extirpat- 
ing slavery.  In  1843  he  visited  England  as  a 
member  of  the  World's  Peace  Convention,  re- 
maining abroad  about  a  year,  during  which  time 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Jacob  Bright  and 
others  of  the  most  prominent  men  of  that  day  in 
England  and  Scotland.  Resigning  the  Presidency 
of  Knox  College  in  1H47.  he  returned  to  Clinton 
Seminary,  ami  was  later  engaged  in  various  busi- 
ness enterprises  until  18(11,  when  he  again  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  ami  was  engaged  in  preaching 
and  teaching  at  various  jioints  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  dying  suddenly,  at  his 
home  school  at  Mount  Forest.  111.,  Jan.  1,  1881. 

h  I  I.HM.i.,  William  Pin,  was  horn  at  Orwell. 
Vt..  Dec.  8.  1H31,  removed  to  Illinois  in  1848, 
-t  in  lie. I  law  at  Peoria.  was  admitted  to  the  liar  in 
18.14.  and  began  practice  in  Fulton  County.  He 
was  a  candidate  for  Presidential  Elector  on  the 
Republican  ticket  in  185<i  and  18(>0.  being  elected 
the  latter  year  Appointed  Chief  Justice  of 
Nebraska  in  1>M51,  he  resigned  to  accept  the 
colonelcy  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Cavalry.  Fail 
ing  health  caused  his  retirement  from  the  army 


I  <  >I<1  Kaskaskia  lr<  in  (iarristm  Hill  ll*'.':!i.  •_'.  K.isk.i-ki.i  I  Intel  wlu-rr  l.al-.tyettu  was  fi-trd  in  l^'J.'i. 
'•'•.  Kirsi  Illinois  Si. it<-  Hon-r,  1^1^.  I.  Inirrinr  "I  Kmnii  (ly'.^li  wlirn-  l.,il- 'ayi-tti-  lian<|iict  was  ln-UI. 
•V  I'icrri-  \li-n.ini  M.insimi.  'i.  I  Iniist-  nf  Lliirf  Dm  niijii.  last  of  llu- 1  'a»i  .isi|iiias  (  Kask.iski.isi. 


1.— Remnant  ol  Old  Kaskaskia  (1898|  2.— View  on  Principal  Street  (1891)  3.  Gen.  John  Kdgar's  H 
(1891).  4.— House  of  Gov.  Bond  (1891).  5.— "Clicnu  Mansion"  where  Lafayette  was  entertained, 
appeared  in  1898.  (i.  Old  State  House  (1900). 


House 
as  it 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


315 


after  the  battle  of  Corinth.  In  1865  he  was 
appointed  Collector  of  the  Port  at  New  Orleans. 
Thereafter  he  became  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
both  Louisiana  and  National  politics,  serving  as 
United  States  Senator  from  Louisiana  from  1868 
to  1871,  and  as  Governor  from  1872  to  1876,  during 
the  stormiest  period  of  reconstruction,  and  mak- 
ing hosts  of  bitter  personal  and  political  enemies 
as  well  as  warm  friends.  An  unsuccessful  attempt 
was  made  to  impeach  him  in  1876.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  a  second  time  to  the  United  States  Senate 
by  one  of  two  rival  Legislatures,  being  awarded 
his  seat  after  a  bitter  contest.  At  the  close  of  his 
term  (1883)  he  took  his  seat  in  the  lower  house  to 
which  he  was  elected  in  1882,  serving  until  1885. 
While  retaining  his  residence  in  Louisiana,  Mr. 
Kellogg  has  spent  much  of  his  time  of  late  years 
in  Washington  City. 

KENDALL  COUNTY,  a  northeastern  county, 
with  an  area  of  330  square  miles  and  a  population 
(1900)  of  11,467.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  the 
soil  fertile,  although  generally  a  light,  sandy 
loam.  The  county  was  organized  in  1841,  out  of 
parts  of  Kane  and  La  Salle,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  President  Jackson's  Postmaster-General. 
The  Fox  River  (running  southwestwardly 
through  the  county),  with  its  tributaries,  affords 
ample  drainage  and  considerable  water  power; 
the  railroad  facilities  are  admirable;  timber  is 
abundant.  Yorkville  and  Oswego  have  been 
rivals  for  the  county-seat,  the  distinction  finally 
resting  with  the  former.  Among  the  pioneers 
may  be  mentioned  Messrs.  John  Wilson,  Ed- 
ward Ament,  David  Carpenter,  Samuel  Smith, 
the  Wormley  and  Pierce  brothers,  and  E. 
Morgan. 

KENDRICK,  Adiii  A.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7,  1836;  educated  at 
Granville  Academy,  N.  Y.,  and  Middlebury  Col- 
lege; removed  to  Janesville,  AVis.,  in  1857,  studied 
law  and  began  practice  at  Monroe,  in  that  State, 
a  year  later  removing  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  con- 
tinued practice  for  a  short  time.  Then,  having 
abandoned  the  law,  after  a  course  in  the  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1861  he 
became  pastor  of  the  North  Baptist  Church  in 
Chicago,  but,  in  1865,  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  remained  in  pastoral  work  until  1872, 
when  he  assumed  the  Presidency  of  Shurtleff 
College  at  Upper  Alton,  111. 

KENNET,  a  village  and  railway  station  in 
Dewitt  County,  at  the  intersection  of  the  Spring- 
field Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the 
Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville  Railroads,  36  miles 
northeast  of  Springfield.  The  town  has  two  banks 


and  two  newspapers ;  the  district  is  agricultural 
Population  (1880),  418;  (1890),  497;  (1900),  584. 

KENT,  (Rev.)  A  rat  us,  pioneer  and  Congrega- 
tional missionary,  was  born  in  Suffield,  Conn,  in 
1794,  educated  at  Yale  and  Princeton  and,  in  1829, 
as  a  Congregational  missionary,  came  to  the 
Galena  lead  mines — then  esteemed  "a  place  so 
hard  no  one  else  would  take  it. "  In  less  than  two 
years  he  had  a  Sunday-school  with  ten  teachers 
and  sixty  to  ninety  scholars,  and  had  also  estab- 
lished a  day-school,  which  he  conducted  himself. 
In  1831  he  organized  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Galena,  of  which  he  remained  pastor 
until  1848,  when  he  became  Agent  of  the  Home 
Missionary  Society.  He  was  prominent  in  laying 
the  foundations  of  Beloit  College  and  Rockford 
Female  Seminary,  meanwhile  contributing  freely 
from  his  meager  salary  to  charitable  purposes. 
Died  at  Galena,  Nov.  8,  1869. 

KEOKUK,  (interpretation,  "The  Watchful 
Foz"),  a  Chief  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  born  on 
Rock  River,  about  1780.  He  had  the  credit  of 
shrewdness  and  bravery,  which  enabled  him 
finally  to  displace  his  rival,  Black  Hawk.  He 
always  professed  ardent  friendship  for  the  whites, 
although  this  was  not  infrequently  attributed  to 
a  far-seeing  policy.  He  earnestly  dissuaded 
Black  Hawk  from  the  formation  of  his  confeder- 
acy, and  when  the  latter  was  forced  to  surrender 
himself  to  the  United  States  authorities,  he  was 
formally  delivered  to  the  custody  of  Keokuk.  By 
the  Rock  Island  treaty,  of  September,  1832,  Keo- 
kuk was  formally  recognized  as  the  principal 
Chief  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  granted  a  reser- 
vation on  the  Iowa  River,  40  miles  square.  Here 
he  lived  until  1845,  when  he  removed  to  TT^Tiiff^i 
where,  in  June,  1848,  he  fell  a  victim  to  poison, 
supposedly  administered  by  some  partisan  of 
Black  Hawk.  (See  Black  Hawk  and  Black  Hawk 
War.) 

KERFOOT,  Samnel  H.,  real-estate  operator, 
was  born  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Dec.  18,  1823,  and 
educated  under  the  tutorship  of  Rev.  Dr.  Muh- 
lenburg  at  St.  Paul's  College,  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  graduating  at  the  age  of  19.  He  was 
then  associated  with  a  brother  in  founding  St. 
James  College,  in  Washington  County,  Md.,  bat, 
in  1848,  removed  to  Chicago  and  engaged  in  the 
real-estate  business,  in  which  he  was  one  of  the 
oldest  operators  at  the  time  of  his  death,  Dec.  28, 
1896.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  a  life 
member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society  and  of 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  associated 
with  other  learned  and  social  organizations.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  original  Real  Estate 


I.      KriiMi.inl  ill  <  Mil  K.i>kaskia  i  l>'.i*i     •_'.     Virw  im  I'rim  i|..il   Str<d   ilMil,     :',.     (k-n.    |,.|m    I  il^.ir's  llmisi- 
il-'.'li.      I       Ilinisf  nl  <ii>v.    lloiid  i  IM'I  I.     •"'.     "Clii'ini  M.uisiiici"    whnc    l..il  aviiu     w.i-  i-iilfrtaincil,  .is  ii 

,!|ipr.lll-ll  in    |si|s       r,       |,|,|  Stair   ll.nisr  ilmmi. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS 


after  the  battle  of  Corinth.  In  1865  he  was 
appointed  Collector  of  the  Port  at  New  Orleans 
Thereafter  he  liecanie  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
both  Louisiana  and  National  politics,  serving  as 
L'nited  States  Senator  from  Louisiana  from  IWls 
to  1871.  and  as  Governor  from  1872  to  187fi,  during 
tlie  stormiest  period  of  reconstruction,  and  mak- 
ing hosts  of  bitter  personal  and  political  enemies 
as  well  as  warm  friends.  An  unsuccessful  attempt 
was  made  to  impeach  him  in  1*70.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  a  second  time  ti>  the  United  States  Senate 
by  one  of  two  rival  Legislatures,  being  awarded 
his  seat  after  a  bitter  contest.  At  the  close  of  his 
term  (1883)  he  took  his  seat  in  the  lower  house  t<> 
which  he  was  elected  in  1882.  serving  until  1885. 
While  retaining  his  residence  in  Louisiana,  Mr. 
Kellogg  has  s|M-nt  much  of  his  time  of  late  years 
in  Washington  City. 

KENDALL  TOl'MTV,  a  northeastern  county, 
with  an  area  of  .Ml  square  miles  and  a  population 
11100)  of  11,467.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  the 
soil  fertile,  although  generally  a  light,  sandy 
loam  The  county  was  organized  in  1841.  out  of 
|iarts  of  Kane  and  La  Salle,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  President  Jackson's  Postmaster  General. 
Tl»>  Fox  River  (running  southwestwardly 
through  the  county),  with  its  tributaries,  affords 
•  ample  drainage  and  considerable  water  power, 
tin-  railroad  facilities  are  admirable:  timlier  is 
abundant.  Yorkville  and  Oswego  have  l>een 
rivals  for  the  county -seat,  the  distinction  finally 
resting  with  the  former  Among  the  pioneers 
may  l>e  mentioned  Messrs.  John  Wilson.  Ed- 
ward Ament.  David  Car|>enter,  Samuel  Smith, 
the  Worm  ley  and  Pierce  brothers,  anil  E. 
Morgan. 

KEXURICK,  Adin  A.,  educator,  wax  born  at 
Ticonderoga,  N.  V . .  Jan  7,  18:{(i;  educated  at 
Granville  Academy.  N'.  Y.,  and  Middlebury  Col- 
lege; removed  to  Janesville,  Wis. .  in  1857.  studied 
law  and  began  practice  at  Monroe,  in  that  State. 
a  year  later  removing  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  con- 
tinued practice  for  a  short  time.  Then,  having 
aliandoned  the  law.  after  a  course  in  the  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  at  Rochester.  N.  Y. .  in  18I>1  he 
became  pastor  of  the  North  Baptist  Church  in 
Chicago,  but.  in  18li5,  removed  to  St  Louis, 
where  he  remained  in  pastoral  work  until  1872, 
when  he  assumed  the  Presidency  of  ShurtletT 
College  at  l"p|)er  Alton.  Ill 

KEXXF.Y,  a  village  and  railway  station  in 
Hewitt  County,  at  the  intersection  of  the  Spring 
field  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the 
I'eoria,  Decatur  &  F.vansville  Railroads.  .Ill  miles 
northeast  of  Springfield  The  town  has  two  banks 


and  two  newspapers;  the  district  is  agricultural. 
Population  (1880).  418;  (18«0).  4117-  (I'.IOO),  584. 

KEXT,  (Rev.)  Aratus,  pioneer  and  Congrega 
tional  missionary,  was  born  in  Suffield.  Conn,  in 
1794,  educated  at  Yale  and  Princeton  and.  in  1829, 
as  a  Congregational  missionary,  came  to  the 
Galena  lead  mines — then  esteemed  "a  place  so 
hard  no  one  else  would  take  it."  In  less  than  two 
years  he  had  a  Sunday  school  with  ten  teachers 
and  sixty  to  ninety  scholars,  and  had  also  estab- 
lished a  day-school,  which  he  conducted  himself. 
In  1831  he  organized  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Galena,  of  which  he  remained  |>astor 
until  1848,  when  he  became  Agent  of  the  Home 
Missionary  Society.  He  was  prominent  in  laying 
the  foundations  of  lieloit  College  and  Rockford 
Female  Seminary,  meanwhile  contributing  freely 
from  his  meager  salary  to  charitable  purposes 
Died  at  Galena,  Nov.  8.  Isii'.i 

hlOKI  k,  (interpretation.  "The  Watchful 
Fox">.  a  Chief  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  born  on 
Rock  River,  about  1780.  He  had  the  credit  of 
shrewdness  and  bravery,  which  enabled  him 
finally  to  displace  bis  rival.  Black  Hawk.  He 
always  professed  ardent  friendship  for  the  wliiUw. 
although  this  was  not  infrequently  attributed  to 
a  far-seeing  policy.  He  earnestly  dissuaded 
lilack  Hawk  from  the  formation  of  his  confeder 
acy,  anil  when  the  latter  was  forced  to  surrender 
himself  to  the  United  States  authorities,  he  was 
formally  delivered  to  the  custody  of  Keokuk.  By 
the  Rock  Island  treaty  of  September.  1832.  Keo- 
kuk was  formally  recognized  as  the  principal 
Chief  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  granted  a  reser- 
vation on  the  Iowa  River,  40  miles  square.  Here 
he  lived  until  1845,  when  he  removed  to  Kansas, 
where,  in  June.  1848,  be  fell  a  victim  U>  poison, 
supposedly  administered  by  some  j»arti.san  of 
Black  Hawk.  (Si-e  liltn-k  Hairk  and  Rlaek  Hawk 
ll'nr. ) 

KEKFOOT,  Samuel  II..  real-estate  operator, 
was  liorn  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Dec.  18,  1823,  and 
educated  under  the  tutorship  of  Rev.  Dr.  Muh 
lenhurg  at  St.  Paul's  College,  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  graduating  at  the  age  of  19.  He  was 
then  associated  with  a  brother  in  founding  St 
James  College,  in  Washington  County,  Md.,  but, 
in  1*4*.  removed  to  Chicago  and  engaged  in  the 
real  estate  business,  in  which  be  was  one  of  the 
oldest  operators  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Dec.  28. 
18!M>.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  a  life 
memlK-r  of  tiie  Chicago  Historical  Society  and  of 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  associated 
with  other  learned  and  social  organizations  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  original  Real  Estate 


316 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  Stock  Board  of  Chicago  and  its  first  Presi- 
dent. 

KEWANEE,  a  city  in  Henry  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  131 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  Agriculture  and 
coat-mining  are  chief  industries  of  the  surround- 
ing country.  The  city  contains  eighteen  churches, 
six  graded  schools,  a  public  library  of  10,000 
volumes,  three  national  banks,  one  weekly  and 
two  daily  papers.  It  has  extensive  manufactories 
employing  four  to  five  thousand  hands,  the  out- 
put including  tubing  and  soil-pipe,  boilers,  pumps 
and  heating  apparatus,  agricultural  implements, 
etc.  Population  (1890),  4,569;  (1900),  8,382;  (1903, 
est).  10,000. 

KETES,  WilUrd,  pioneer,  was  born  at  New- 
fane,  Windsor  County,  Vt.,  Oct.  28,  1792;  spent 
his  early  life  on  a  farm,  enjoying  only  such  edu- 
cational advantages  as  could  be  secured  by  a  few 
months'  attendance  on  school  in  winter;  in  1817 
started  west  by  way  of  Mackinaw  and,  crossing 
Wisconsin  (then  an  unbroken  wilderness),  finally 
reached  Prairie  du  Chien,  after  which  he  spent  a 
year  in  the  "pineries. "  In  1819  he  descended  the 
Mississippi  with  a  raft,  his  attention  en  route 
being  attracted  by  the  present  site  of  the  city  of 
Quincy,  to  which,  after  two  years  spent  in  exten- 
sive exploration  of  the  "Military  Tract"  in  the 
interest  of  certain  owners  of  bounty  lands,  he 
again  returned,  finding  it  still  unoccupied. 
Then,  after  two  years  spent  in  farming  in  Pike 
County,  in  1894  he  joined  his  friend,  the  late 
GOT.  John  Wood,  who  had  built  the  first  house  in 
Quincy  two  years  previous.  Mr.  Keyes  thus 
became  one  of  the  three  earliest  settlers  of 
Quincy.  the  other  two  being  John  Wood  and  a 
Major  Rose.  On  the  organization  of  Adams 
County,  in  January,  1825,  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  first  Board  of  County  Commission- 
ers, which  held  its  first  meeting  in  his  house. 
Mr.  Keyes  acquired  considerable  landed  property 
about  Quincy,  a  portion  of  which  he  donated  to 
the  Chicago  Theological  Seminary,  thereby  fur- 
nishing means  for  the  erection  of  "Willard  Hall" 
in  connection  with  that  institution.  His  death 
occurred  in  Quincy,  Feb.  7,  1872. 

KICKAPOOS,  a  tribe  of  Indians  whose  eth- 
nology is  closely  related  to  that  of  the  Mascou- 
tins.  The  French  orthography  of  the  word  was 
various,  the  early  explorers  designating  them  as 
"Kic-a-pous,"  "Kick-a-poux,"  "Kick-a-bou, "  and 
"Quick-a-pous."  The  significance  of  the  name  is 
uncertain,  different  authorities  construing  it  to 
mean  "the  otter's  foot"  and  the  "rabbit's  ghost, " 
according  to  dialect.  From  1602.  when  the  tribe 


was  first  visited  by  Samuel  Champlain,  the  Kicka- 
poos  were  noted  as  a  nation  of  warriors.  They 
fought  against  Christianization,  and  were,  for 
some  time,  hostile  to  the  French,  although  they 
proved  efficient  allies  of  the  latter  during  the 
French  and  Indian  War.  Their  first  formal 
recognition  of  the  authority  of  the  United  States 
was  in  the  treaty  of  Edwardsville  (1819),  in  which 
reference  was  made  to  the  treaties  executed  at 
Vin6ennes  (1805  and  1809).  Nearly  a  century 
before,  they  had  left  their  seats  in  Wisconsin  and 
established  villages  along  the  Rock  River  and 
near  Chicago  (1712-15).  At  the  time  of  the 
Edwardsville  treaty  they  had  settlements  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Wabash,  Embarras,  Kaskaskia. 
Sangamon  and  Illinois  Rivers.  While  they 
fought  bravely  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  their 
chief  military  skill  lay  in  predatory  warfare.  As 
compared  with  other  tribes,  they  were  industri 
cms,  intelligent  and  cleanly.  In  1833-33  they 
were  removed  to  a  reservation  in  Ka.injiyj  Thence- 
many  of  them  drifted  to  the  southwest,  join- 
ing roving,  plundering  bands.  In  language, 
manners  and  customs,  the  Kickapoos  closely 
resembled  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  with  whom  som. 
ethnologists  believe  them  to  have  been  more  or 
less  closely  connected. 

KILPATRICK,  Thomas  M.,  legislator  and 
soldier,  was  born  in  Crawford  County,  Pa.,  June 
1,  1807.  He  learned  the  potter's  trade,  and,  at 
the  age  of  27,  removed  to  Scott  County,  111.  He 
was  a  deep  thinker,  an  apt  and  reflective  student 
of  public  affairs,  and  naturally  eloquent.  He 
was  twice  elected  to  the  State  Senate  (1840  and 
'44),  and,  in  1846,  was  the  Whig  candidate  for 
Governor,  but  was  defeated  by  Augustus  C. 
French,  Democrat.  In  1850  he  emigrated  to 
California,  but,  after  a  few  years,  returned  to 
Illinois  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaigns 
of  1858  and  1860.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Twenty- 
eighth  Illinois  Volunteers,  for  which  regiment  he 
had  recruited  a  company.  He  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6.  1862,  while  leading  a 
charge. 

KINDERHOOK,  a  village  and  railway  station 
in  Pike  County,  on  the  Hannibal  Division  of  the 
Wabash  Railway,  13  miles  east  of  Hannibal. 
Population  (1890),  473;  (1900),  370. 

KING,  John  Lyle,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Madison. 
Ind.,  in  1825 — the  son  of  a  pioneer  settler  who 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  Hanover  College 
and  of  the  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary 
there,  which  afterwards  became  the  "Presby- 
terian Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  ' 


HISTORICAL    KXCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


now  the  McCormick  Theological  Seminary  of 
Chicago.  After  graduating  at  Hanover,  Mr.  King 
began  the  study  of  law  with  an  uncle  at  Madison, 
and  the  following  year  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  Indiana  Legislature 
and,  while  a  member  of  that  body,  acted  as  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  to  present  Louis  Kossuth, 
the  Hungarian  patriot  and  exile,  to  the  Legisla- 
ture ;  also  took  a  prominent  part,  during  the  next 
few  years,  in  the  organization  of  the  Republican 
party.  Removing  to  Chicago  in  1856,  he  soon 
became  prominent  in  his  profession  there,  and,  in 
1860,  was  elected  City  Attorney  over  Col.  James  A. 
Mulligan ,  who  became  eminent  a  year  or  two  later, 
in  connection  with  the  war  for  the  Union.  Hav- 
ing a  fondness  for  literature,  Mr.  King  wrote  much 
for  the  press  and,  in  1878,  published  a  volume  of 
sporting  experiences  with  a  party  of  professional 
friends  in  the  woods  and  waters  of  Northern  Wis- 
consin and  Michigan,  under  the  title,  "Trouting 
on  the  Brule  River,  or  Summer  Wayfaring  in  the 
Northern  Wilderness. "  Died  in  Chicago,  April  17, 
1892. 

KINO,  William  H .,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Clifton 
Park,  Saratoga  County,  N.Y.,  Oct.  28, 1817;  gradu- 
ated from  Union  College  in  1846,  studied  law  at 
Waterford  and,  having  been  admitted  to  the  bar 
the  following  year,  began  practice  at  the  same 
place.  In  1853  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
held  a  number  of  important  positions,  including 
the  Presidency  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute,  the 
Chicago  Bar  Association,  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Education,  and  the  Union  College  Alumni 
Association  of  the  Northwest.  In  1870  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Twenty- 
seventh  General  Assembly,  and,  during  the  ses- 
sions following  the  fire  of  1871  prepared  the  act 
for  the  protection  of  titles  to  real  estate,  made 
necessary  by  the  destruction  of  the  records  in  the 
Recorder's  office.  Mr.  King  received  the  degree 
of  LL.I)  from  his  Alma  Mater  in  1879.  Died,  in 
Chicago,  Feb.  6,  1892. 

KINGMAN,  Martin,  was  born  at  Deer  Creek, 
Tazewell  County,  111.,  April  1,  1844;  attended 
school  at  Washington,  111.,  then  taught  two  or 
three  years,  and,  in  June,  1862,  enlisted  in  the 
Eighty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  serv- 
ing three  years  without  the  loss  of  a  day — a  part 
of  the  time  on  detached  service  in  charge  of  an 
ambulance  corps  and,  later,  as  Assistant  Quarter- 
master. Returning  from  the  war  with  the  rank 
of  First  Lieutenant,  in  August,  1865,  he  went  to 
Peoria,  where  he  engaged  in  business  and  has  re- 
mained ever  since.  He  is  now  connected  with  the 
following  business  concerns:  Kingman  &  Co., 


manufacturers  and  dealers  in  farm  machinery, 
buggies,  wagons,  etc. ;  The  Kingman  Plow  Com- 
pany, Bank  of  Illinois,  Peoria  Cordage  Company . 
Peoria  General  Electric  Company,  and  National 
Hotel  Company,  besides  various  outside  enter- 
prises— all  large  concerns  in  each  of  which  he  is  a 
large  stockholder  and  a  Director.  Mr.  Kingman 
was  Canal  Commissioner  for  six  years — this  being 
his  only  connection  with  politics.  During  1898  he 
was  also  chosen  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Peoria 
Provisional  Regiment  organized  for  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  His  career  in  connection  with 
the  industrial  development  of  Peoria  has  been 
especially  conspicuous  and  successful. 

KISKADE  (or  Kinkead),  William,  a  native  of 
Tennessee,  settled  in  what  is  now  Lawrence 
County,  in  1817,  and  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1822,  but  appears  to  have  served  only 
one  session,  as  he  was  succeeded  in  the  Fourth 
General  Assembly  by  James  Bird.  Although  a 
Tennesseean  by  birth,  he  was  one  of  the  most 
aggressive  opponents  of  the  scheme  for  making 
Illinois  a  slave  State,  being  the  only  man  who 
made  a  speech  against  the  pro-slavery  convention 
resolution,  though  this  was  cut  short  by  the 
determination  of  the  pro-con ventionists  to  permit 
no  debate.  Mr.  Kinkade  was  appointed  Post- 
master at  Lawrenceville  by  President  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  held  the  position  for  many 
years.  He  died  in  1846. 

KINMUNDY,  a  city  in  Marion  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  229  miles  south  of 
Chicago  and  24  miles  northeast  of  Centralia 
Agriculture,  stock-raising,  fruit-growing  and 
coal-mining  are  the  principal  industries  of  the 
surrounding  country.  Kinmundy  has  flouring 
mills  and  brick-making  plants,  with  other 
manufacturing  establishments  of  minor  impor- 
tance. There  are  five  churches,  a  bank  and  a 
weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  1,096; 
(1890),  1.045;  (1900),  1,221. 

KINNEY,  William,  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
Illinois  from  1826  to  1830 ;  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1781  and  came  to  Illinois  early  in  life,  finally 
settling  in  St.  Clair  County.  Of  limited  educa- 
tional advantages,  he  was  taught  to  read  by  his 
wife  after  marriage.  He  became  a  Baptist 
preacher,  was  a  good  stump-orator;  served  two 
sessions  in  the  State  Senate  (the  First  and  Third), 
was  a  candidate  for  Governor  in  1834,  but  was 
defeated  by  Joseph  Duncan ;  in  1838  was  elected 
by  the  Legislature  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Public  Works,  becoming  its  President.  Died 
in  1843.— William  C.  (Kinney),  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  bom  in  Illinois,  served  as  a  member  of 


318 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847  and  as 
Representative  in  the  Nineteenth  General  Assem- 
bly (1855),  and,  in  1857,  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Bissell  Adjutant-General  of  the  State, 
dying  in  office  the  following  year. 

KIN/IK,  John,  Indian-trader  and  earliest  citi- 
zen of  Chicago,  was  born  in  Quebec,  Canada,  in 
1763.  His  father  was  a  Scotchman  named 
McKenzie,  but  the  son  dropped  the  prefix  "Me," 
and  the  name  soon  came  to  be  spelled  "Kinzie" 
— an  orthography  recognized  by  the  family.  Dur- 
ing his  early  childhood  his  father  died,  and  his 
mother  gave  him  a  stepfather  by  the  name  of 
William  Forsythe.  When  ten  years  old  he  left 
home  and,  for  three  years,  devoted  himself  to 
learning  the  jeweler's  trade  at  Quebec.  Fasci- 
nated by  stories  of  adventure  in  the  West,  he 
removed  thither  and  became  an  Indian-trader. 
In  1804  he  established  a  trading  post  at  what  is 
now  the  site  of  Chicago,  being  the  first  solitary 
white  settler.  Later  he  established  other  posts 
on  the  Rock,  Illinois  and  Kankakee  Rivers.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  the  father  of  a  numerous 
family.  His  daughter  Maria  married  Gen. 
David  Hunter,  and  his  daughter-in-law,  Mrs. 
John  H.  Kinzie,  achieved  literary  distinction  as 
the  authoress  of  "Wau  Bun,"  etc.  (N.  Y.  1860.) 
Died  in  Chicago,  Jan.  6,  1828.— John  Harris 
(Kinzie),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Sand- 
wich, Canada,  July  7,  1803,  brought  by  his  par- 
ents to  Chicago,  and  taken  to  Detroit  after  the 
massacre  of  1812,  but  returned  to  Chicago  in 
1816.  Two  years  later  his  father  placed  him  at 
Mackinac  Agency  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, and,  in  1824,  he  was  transferred  to  Prairie 
du  Chien.  The  following  year  he  was  Sub-Agent 
of  Indian  affairs  at  Fort  Winnebago,  where  he 
witnessed  several  important  Indian  treaties.  In 
1830  he  went  to  Connecticut,  where  he  was 
married,  and,  in  1833,  took  up  his  permanent  resi- 
dence in  Chicago,  forming  a  partnership  with 
Gen.  David  Hunter,  his  brother-in-law,  in  the 
forwarding  business.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
Registrar  of  Public  Lands  by  President  Harrison, 
but  was  removed  by  Tyler.  In  1848  he  was 
appointed  Canal  Collector,  and,  in  1849,  President 
Taylor  commissioned  him  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys.  In  1861  he  was  commissioned  Pay- 
master in  the  army  by  President  Lincoln,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on 
a  railroad  train  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  June  21,  1866. 

K1RIIY,  Edward  P.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  Putnam  County,  111.,  Oct.  28,  1834— 
the  son  of  Rev.  William  Kirby,  one  of  the  found- 
ers and  early  professors  of  Illinois  College  at 


Jacksonville;  graduated  at  Illinois  College  in 
1864,  then  taught  several  years  at  St.  Louis  and 
Jacksonville;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864, 
and,  in  1873,  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Morgan 
County  as  a  Republican;  was  Representative  in 
the  General  Assembly  from  Morgan  County 
(1891-93) ;  also  served  for  several  years  as  Trustee 
of  the  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane  and,  for  a 
long  period,  as  Trustee  and  Treasurer  of  Illinois 
College. 

K I  UK,  (Gen.)  Edward  N.,  soldier,  was  born  of 
Quaker  parentage  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio,  Feb. 
29,  1828;  graduated  at  the  Friends'  Academy,  at 
Mount  Pleasant  in  the  same  State,  and,  after 
teaching  for  a  time,  began  the  study  of  law, 
completing  it  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  A  year  later  he 
removed  to  Sterling,  111.,  where  he  continued  in 
his  profession  until  after  the  battle  of  the  first 
Bull  Run,  when  he  raised  a  regiment.  The  quota 
of  the  State  being  already  full,  this  was  not  im- 
mediately accepted;  but,  after  some  delay,  was 
mustered  in  in  September,  1861,  as  the  Thirty- 
fourth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  with  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  as  Colonel.  In  the  field  he 
soon  proved  himself  a  brave  and  dashing  officer; 
at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  though  wounded  through 
the  shoulder,  he  refused  to  leave  the  field.  After 
remaining  with  the  army  several  days,  inflam- 
matory fever  set  in,  necessitating  his  removal  to 
the  hospital  at  Louisville,  where  he  lay  between 
life  and  death  for  some  time.  Having  partially 
recovered,  in  August,  1862,  he  set  out  to  rejoin 
his  regiment,  but  was  stopped  en  route  by  an 
order  assigning  him  to  command  at  Louisville. 
In  November  following  he  was  commissioned 
Brigadier-General  for  "heroic  action,  gallantry 
and  ability"  displayed  on  the  field.  In  the  last 
days  of  December,  1862,  he  had  sufficiently  re- 
covered to  take  part  in  the  series  of  engagement* 
at  Stone  River,  where  he  was  agaiu  wounded, 
this  time  fatally.  He  was  taken  to  his  home  in 
Illinois,  and,  although  he  survived  several 
months,  the  career  of  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
and  promising  soldiers  of  the  war  was  cut  short 
by  his  death,  July  21,  1863. 

K  IRK  LAM),  Joseph,  journalist  and  author, 
was  born  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  7,  1830— the  son 
of  Prof.  William  Kirk  la  ml  of  Hamilton  College: 
was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Michigan  in  1886, 
where  he  remained  until  1856,  when  he  came  to 
the  city  of  Chicago.  In  1861  he  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Infantry  (three- 
months'  men),  was  elected  Second  Lieutenant, 
but  later  became  Aid-de-Camp  on  the  staff  of 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


General  McClellan.  serving  there  and  on  the  staff 
of  General  Fitz-John  Porter  until  the  retirement 
of  the  latter,  meanwhile  taking  part  in  the  Pen- 
insular campaign  and  in  the  battle  of  Antietam. 
Returning  to  Chicago  he  gave  attention  to  some 
coal-mining  property  near  Danville,  but  later 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1880. 
A  few  years  later  he  produced  his  first  novel, 
and,  from  1890,  devoted  his  attention  solely  to 
literary  pursuits,  for  several  years  being  liter- 
ary editor  of  "The  Chicago  Tribune. "  His  works 
— several  of  which  first  appeared  as  serials  in  the 
magazines — include  "Zury,  the  Meanest  Man  in 
Spring  County"  (1885);  "The  McVeys"  (1887); 
"The  Captain  of  Co.  K."  (1889),  besides  the  "His- 
tory of  the  Chicago  Massacre  of  1812,"  and  "The 
Story  of  Chicago' ' — the  latter  in  two  volumes.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  had  just  concluded,  in 
collaboration  with  Hon.  John  Moses,  the  work  of 
editing  a  two-volume  "History  of  Chicago,"  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Munsell  &  Co.  (1895).  Died,  in 
Chicago,  April  29,  1894.— Elizabeth  Stanslniry 
(Kirkland),  sister  of  the  preceding — teacher  and 
author — was  born  at  Geneva,  N.  Y. ,  came  to  Chicago 
in  1867  and,  five  years  later,  established  a  select 
school  for  young  ladies,  out  of  which  grew  what 
is  known  as  the  "Kirkland  Social  Settlement," 
which  was  continued  until  her  death,  July  30, 
1896.  She  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  vol- 
umes of  decided  merit,  written  with  the  especial 
object  of  giving  entertainment  and  instruction  to 
the  young — including  "Six  Little  Cooks,"  "Dora's 
Housekeeping,"  "Speech and  Manners,"  a  Child's 
"History  of  France,"  a  "History  of  England," 
"History  of  English  Literature,"  etc.  At  her 
death  she  left  a  "History  of  Italy"  ready  for  the 
hands  of  the  publishers. 

KIRKPATRICK,  John,  pioneer  Methodist 
preacher,  was  born  in  Georgia,  whence  he  emi- 
grated in  1802;  located  at  Springfield,  III,  at  an 
early  day,  where  he  built  the  first  horse-mill  in 
that  vicinity;  in  1829  removed  to  Adams  County, 
and  finally  to  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  where  he  died  in 
1845.  Mr.  Kirkpatrick  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
first  local  Methodist  preacher  licensed  in  Illinois. 
Having  inherited  three  slaves  (a  woman  and  two 
boys)  while  in  Adams  County,  he  brought  them 
to  Illinois  and  gave  them  their  freedom.  The 
boys  were  bound  to  a  man  in  Quincy  to  learn  a 
trade,  but  mysteriously  disappeared — presumably 
having  been  kidnaped  with  the  connivance  of 
the  man  in  whose  charge  they  had  been  placed. 

KIRKWOOD,  a  city  in  Warren  County,  once 
known  as  "Young  America,"  situated  about  six 
miles  southwest  of  Monuiouth,  on  the  Chicago, 


Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad;  is  a  stock-ship- 
ping point  and  in  an  agricultural  region.  The 
town  has  two  banks,  five  churches,  and  two 
weekly  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  949:  (1900),  1,008 

KISHWAVKEE  RIVER,  rises  in  McHenry 
County,  runs  west  through  Boone,  and  enters 
Rock  River  in  Winnebago  County,  eight  miles 
below  Rockford.  It  is  75  miles  long.  An  afflu- 
ent called  the  South  Kishwaukee  River  runs 
north-northeast  and  northwest  through  De  Kalb 
County,  and  enters  the  Kiskwaukee  in  Winne- 
bago County,  about  eight  miles  southeast  ol 
Rockford. 

KITCHELL,  Wickllff,  lawyer  and  Attorney- 
General  of  Illinois,  was  born  in  New  Jersey, 
May  21,  1789.  Feb.  29,  1812,  he  was  married, 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  to  Miss  Elizabeth  Roes, 
and  the  same  year  emigrated  west,  passing 
down  the  Ohio  on  a  flat-boat  from  Pittaburg. 
Pa.,  and  settled  near  Cincinnati  In  1814 
he  became  a  resident  of  Southern  Indiana, 
where  he  was  elected  sheriff,  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  finally  becom- 
ing a  successful  practitioner.  In  1817  he  removed 
to  Palestine,  Crawford  County,  111.,  where,  in 
1820,  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the  Second 
General  Assembly,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate  from  1828  to  1832.  In  1838  he  re- 
moved to  Hillsboro,  Montgomery  County,  was 
appointed  Attorney-General  in  1839,  serving  until 
near  the  close  of  the  following  year,  when  he 
resigned  to  take  his  seat  as  Representative  in 
the  Twelfth  General  Assembly.  Between  184fi 
and  1854  he  was  a  resident  of  Fort  Madison,  Iowa, 
but  the  latter  year  returned  to  Hillsboro.  During 
his  early  political  career  Mr.  Kitchell  had  been  a 
Democrat ;  but,  on  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Neb- 
raska act,  became  an  earnest  Republican.  Pub- 
lic-spirited and  progressive,  he  was  in  advance  of 
his  time  on  many  public  questions.  Died,  Jan. 
2,  1869.— Alfred  (Kitchell),  son  of  the  preceding, 
lawyer  and  Judge,  born  at  Palestine,  111.,  March 
29,  1820 ;  was  educated  at  Indiana  State  Univer- 
sity and  Hillsboro  Academy,  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1841,  and,  the  following  year,  commenced 
practice  at  Olney ;  was  elected  State's  Attorney 
in  1843,  through  repeated  re-elections  holding  the 
office  ten  years;  was  a  member  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847  and,  in  1849,  was 
elected  Judge  of  Richland  County ;  later  assisted 
in  establishing  the  first  newspaper  published  in 
Olney,  and  in  organizing  the  Republican  party 
there  in  1856;  in  1859  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-fifth  Judicial  Circuit,  serving  one  term 
He  was  also  influential  in  procuring  a  charter  for 


320 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  and  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  line,  being  au  original  corporator 
and  subsequently  a  Director  of  the  Company. 
Later  he  removed  to  Galesburg,  where  he  died, 
Nov.  11,  1876.— Edward  (KitcheU),  another  son, 
was  born  at  Palestine,  111.,  Dec.  21,  1829;  was 
educated  at  Hillsboro  Academy  until  1846,  when 
he  removed  with  his  father's  family  to  Fort 
Madison,  Iowa,  but  later  returned  to  Hillsboro  to 
continue  his  studies;  in  1852  made  the  trip  across 
the  plains  to  California  to  engage  in  gold  mining, 
but  the  following  year  went  to  Walla  Walla, 
Washington  Territory,  where  he  opened  a  law 
office;  in  1854  returned  to  Illinois,  locating  at 
Olney,  Richland  County,  forming  a  partnership 
with  Horace  Hay  ward,  a  relative,  in  the  practice 
of  law.  Here,  having  taken  position  against  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  he  became, 
in  1856,  the  editor  of  the  first  Republican,  news- 
paper published  in  that  part  of  Illinois  known  as 
"Egypt."  with  his  brother,  Judge  Alfred  KitcheU, 
being  one  of  the  original  thirty-nine  Republicans 
in  Richland  County.  In  1863  he  assisted  in 
organizing  the  Ninety-eighth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers  at  Centralia,  which,  in  the  following 
year  having  been  mounted,  became  a  part  of  the 
famous  "Wilder  Brigade."  At  first  he  was  com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel,  but  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  regiment  after  the  wounding 
of  Colonel  Funkhouser  at  Chickamauga  in  Sep- 
tember, 1863;  was  finally  promoted  to  the  colo- 
nelcy in  July,  1865,  and  mustered  out  with  the 
rank  of  Brigadier-General  by  brevet.  Resuming 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Olney,  he  was, 
in  1866,  the  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in 
a  district  strongly  Democratic;  also  served  as 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  a  short  time 
and,  in  1868,  was  Presidential  Elector  for  the 
same  District.  Died,  at  Olney,  July  11,  1869.— 
John  Wirkliff  (KitcheU),  youngest  son  of  Wick- 
liff  KitcheU,  was  born  at  Palestine,  Crawford 
County,  111.,  May  30,  1835,  educated  at  Hillsboro, 
read  law  at  Fort  Madison,  Iowa,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  that  State.  At  the  age  of  19  years  he 
served  as  Assistant  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives at  Springfield,  and  was  Reading  Clerk 
of  the  same  body  at  the  session  of  1861.  Previous 
to  the  latter  date  he  had  edited  "The  Montgomery 
County  Herald,"  and -later,  "The  Charleston 
Courier."  Resigning  his  position  as  Reading 
Clerk  in  1861,  he  enlisted  under  the  first  call  of 
President  Lincoln  in  the  Ninth  Illinois  Volun- 
teers, served  as  Adjutant  of  the  regiment  and 
afterwards  as  Captain  of  his  company.  At  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  enlistment  he  established 


"The  Union  Monitor"  at  Hillsboro,  which  he  con- 
ducted until  drafted  into  the  service  in  1864, 
serving  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1866  he 
removed  to  Pana  (his  present  residence),  resum- 
ing practice  there ;  was  a  candidate  for  the  State 
Senate  the  same  year,  and,  in  1870,  was  the 
Republican  nominee  for  Congress  in  that  District. 

KNICKERBOCKER,  Joshua  ('..  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Gallatin,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
26,  1827 ;  brought  by  his  father  to  Alden,  McHenry 
County,  111.,  in  1844,  and  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  that  place;  removed  to  Chicago  in 
1860,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
1862;  served  on  the  Board  of  Supervisors  and  in 
the  City  Council  and,  in  1868,  was  elected  Repre- 
sentative in  the  General  Assembly,  serving  one 
term.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  Board 
of  Education  from  1875  to  '77,  and  the  latter 
year  was  elected  Probate  Judge  for  Cook  County, 
serving  until  his  death,  Jan.  5,  1890. 

KNIGHTS  OF  PYTHIAS,  a  secret  semi-mili 
tary  and  benevolent  association  founded  in  the 
City  of  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  19,  1864,  Justus 
H.  Rathbone  (who  died  Dec.  9,  1889)  being  its 
recognized  founder.  The  order  was  established 
in  Illinois,  May  4,  1869,  by  the  organization  of 
"Welcome  Lodge,  No.  1,"  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 
On  July  1,  1869,  this  Lodge  had  nineteen  mem- 
bers. At  the  close  of  the  year  four  additional 
Lodges  had  been  instituted,  having  an  aggregate 
membership  of  245.  Early  in  the  foUowing  year, 
on  petition  of  these  five  Lodges,  approved  by  the 
Grand  Chancellor,  a  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Order 
for  the  State  of  Illinois  was  instituted  in  Chicago, 
with  a  membership  of  twenty-nine  Past  Chancel- 
lors as  representatives  of  the  five  subordinate 
Lodges — the  total  membership  of  these  Lodges  at 
that  date  being  382.  December  31,  1870,  the 
total  membership  in  Illinois  had  increased  to  850. 
June  30,  1895,  the  total  number  of  Lodges  in  the 
State  was  525,  and  the  membership  38.441.  The 
assets  belonging  to  the  Lodges  in  Illinois,  on 
Jan.  1,  1894,  amounted  to  $418,151.77. 

KNOWLTON,  Dexter  A.,  pioneer  and  banker, 
was  born  in  Fairfield,  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y., 
March  3,  1812,  taken  to  Chautauqua  County  in 
infancy  and  passed  his  childhood  and  youth  on  a 
farm.  Having  determined  on  a  mercantile  ca- 
reer, he  entered  an  academy  at  Fredonia,  paying 
his  own  way ;  in  1838  started  on  a  peddling  tour 
for  the  West,  and,  in  the  following  year,  settled 
at  Freeport,  III,  where  he  opened  a  general  store; 
in  1843  began  investments  in  real  estate,  finally 
laying  off  sundry  additions  to  the  city  of  Free- 
port,  from  which  he  realized  large  profits.  He 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


321 


was  also  prominently  connected  with  the  Galena 
&  Chicago  Union  Railroad  and,  in  1850,  became 
a  Director  of  the  Company,  remaining  in  office 
some  twelve'years.  In  1852  he  was  the  Free-Soil 
candidate  for  Governor  of  Illinois,  but  a  few  years 
later  became  extensively  interested  in  the  Con- 
gress &  Empire  Spring  Company  at  Saratoga, 
X.  Y. ;  then,  after  a  four  years'  residence  in 
Brooklyn,  returned  to  Freeport  in  1870,  where  he 
engaged  in  banking  business,  dying  in  that  city, 
March  10,  1876. 

KNOX,  Joseph,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Blanford, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1805;  studied  law  with  his 
brother,  Gen.  Alanson  Knox,  in  his  native  town, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828,  subsequently 
removing  to  Worcester,  in  the  same  State,  where 
lie  began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1887 
he  removed  west,  locating  at  Stephenson,  now 
Rock  Island,  111.,  where  he  continued  in  practice 
for  twenty-three  years.  During  the  greater  part 
of  that  time  he  was  associated  with  Hon.  John 
W.  Drury,  under  the  firm  name  of  Knox  &  Drury, 
gaining  a  wide  reputation  as  a  lawyer  throughout 
Northern  Illinois.  Among  the  important  cases  in 
which  he  took  part  during  his  residence  in  Rock 
Island  was  the  prosecution  of  the  murderers  of 
Colonel  Davenport  in  1845.  In  1853  he  served  as  a 
Democratic  Presidential  Elector,  but  in  the  next 
campaign  identified  himself  with  the  Republican 
party  as  a  supporter  of  John  C.  Fremont  for  the 
Presidency.  In  1860  he  removed  to  Chicago  and, 
two  years  later,  was  appointed  State's  Attorney 
by  Governor  Yates,  remaining  in  office  until  suc- 
ceeded by  his  partner,  Charles  H.  Reed.  After 
coming  to  Chicago  he  was  identified  with  a  num- 
ber of  notable  cases.  His  death  occurred,  August 
B,  1881. 

KNOX  COLLEGE,  a  non-sectarian  institution 
for  the  higher  education  of  the  youth  of  both 
sexes,  located  at  Galesburg,  Knox  County.  It 
was  founded  in  1837,  fully  organized  in  1841,  and 
graduated  its  first  class  in  1846.  The  number  of 
graduates  from  that  date  until  1894,  aggregated 
867.  In  1893  it  had  663  students  in  attendance, 
and  a  faculty  of  20  professors.  Its  library  con- 
tains about  6,000  volumes.  Its  endowment 
amounts  to  $300,000  and  its  buildings  are  valued 
at  $150,000.  Dr.  Newton  Bateman  was  at  its 
head  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and.  on  his  res- 
ignation (1893),  John  H.  Finley,  Ph.D.,  became 
its  President,  but  resigned  in  1899. 

KNOX  COUNTY,  a  wealthy  interior  county 
west  of  the  Illinois  River,  having  an  area  of  720 
square  miles  and  a  population  (1000)  of  43,612.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Henry  Knox.  Its 


territorial  limits  were  defined  by  legislative 
enactment  in  1825,  but  the  actual  organization 
dates  from  1830,  when  Riggs  Pennington,  Philip 
Hash  and  Charles  Hansford  were  named  the  first 
Commissioners.  Knoxville  was  the  first  county- 
seat  selected,  and  here  (in  the  winter  of  1830-31) 
was  erected  the  first  court  house,  constructed 
of  logs,  two  stories  in  height,  at  a  cost  of 
$192.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  agriculture  flour- 
ishes. The  present  county-seat  (1899)  is  Gales- 
bur-  well  known  for  its  educational  institutions, 
the  best  known  of  which  are  Knox  College, 
founded  in  1837,  and  Lombard  University, 
founded  in  1851.  A  flourishing  Episcopal  Semi- 
nary is  located  at  Knoxville,  and  Hedding  Col- 
lege at  Abingdon. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  city  in  Knox  County,  on  the 
Galesburg-Peoria  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railroad,  50  miles  west  of 
Peoria,  and  5  miles  east  of  Galesburg;  was 
formerly  the  county-seat,  and  still  contains  the 
fair  grounds  and  almshouse.  The  municipal  gov- 
ernment is  composed  of  a  mayor,  six  aldermen, 
with  seven  heads  of  departments.  It  has  electric 
lighting  and  street-car  service,  good  water-work*, 
banks,  numerous  churches,  three  public  schools, 
and  is  the  seat  of  St.  Mary's  school  for  girls,  and 
St.  Alban's,  for  boys.  Population  (1890),  1,728 ; 
(1900).  1,857. 

KOERNEB,  liostavus,  lawyer  and  Lieutenant- 
Govemor,  was  born  in  Germany  in  1809,  and 
received  a  university  education.  He  was  a  law- 
yer by  profession,  and  emigrated  to  Illinois  in 
1833,  settling  finally  at  Belleville.  He  at  once 
affiliated  with  the  Democratic  party,  and  soon 
became  prominent  in  politics.  In  1842  he  was 
elected  to  the  General  Assembly,  and  three  years 
later  was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  State 
Supreme  Court.  In  1852  he  was  elected  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  on  the  ticket  headed  by  Joel  A. 
Matteson;  but,  at  the  close  of  his  term,  became 
identified  with  the  Republican  party  and  was  a 
staunch  Union  man  during  the  Civil  War,  serving 
for  a  time  as  Colonel  on  General  Fremont's  and 
General  Halleck's  staffs.  In  1862  President  Lin- 
coln made  him  Minister  to  Spain,  a  post  which  be 
resigned  in  January,  1865.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Chicago  Convention  of  1860  that  nominated 
Lincoln  for  the  Presidency;  was  a  Republican 
Presidential  Elector  in  1868,  and  a  delegate  to  the 
Cincinnati  Convention  of  1872  that  named  Horace 
Greeley  for  the  Presidency.  In  1867  he  served  as 
President  of  the  first  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  and,  in  1870,  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  a  second  time.  The 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


following  year  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
first  Board  of  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commis- 
sioners, and  served  as  its  President.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Collection  of  the  Important  General 
Laws  of  Illinois,  with  Comments"  (in  German, 
St.  Louis,  1838);  "Prom  Spain"  (Frankfort  on- 
the-Main,  1866);  "Das  Deutsche  Element  in  den 
Vereiningten  Staaten"  (Cincinnati,  1880;  second 
edition.  New  York,  1885) ;  and  a  number  of  mono- 
graphs. Died,  at  Belleville,  April  9,  1896. 

KOHLSAAT,  Christian  ('.,  Judge  of  United 
States  Court,  was  born  in  Edwards  County,  111., 
Jan.  8, 1844 — his  father  being  a  native  of  Germany 
who  settled  in  Edwards  County  in  1835,  while  his 
mother  was  born  in  England.  The  family 
removed  to  Galena  in  1854,  where  young  Kolilsaat 
attended  the  public  schools,  later  taking  a  course 
in  Chicago  University,  after  which  he  began  the 
study  of  law.  In  1867  he  became  a  reporter  on 
"The  Chicago  Evening  Journal,"  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  the  same  year,  and,  in  1868,  accepted 
a  position  in  the  office  of  the  County  Clerk,  where 
he  kept  the  records  of  the  County  Court  under 
Judge  Bradwell's  administration.  During  the 
sessions  of  the  Twenty -seventh  General  Assembly 
(1871-72) ,  he  served  as  First  Assistant  Enrolling 
and  Engrossing  Clerk  of  the  House,  after  which 
he  began  practice;  in  1881  was  the  Republican 
nominee  for  County  Judge,  but  was  defeated  by 
Judge  Prendergast;  served  as  member  of  the 
Board  of  West  Side  Park  Commissioners,  1884-90; 
in  1890  was  appointed  Probate  Judge  of  Cook 
County  (as  successor  to  Judge  Knickerbocker, 
who  died  in  January  of  that  year),  and  was 
elected  to  the  office  in  November  following,  and 
re-elected  in  1894,  as  he  was  again  in  1898.  Early 
in  1899  he  was  appointed,  by  President  McKinley, 
Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Illinois,  as  successor  to  Judge 
Grosscup,  who  had  been  appointed  United  States 
Circuit  Judge  in  place  of  Judge  Showalter, 
deceased. 

KOHLSAAT,  Herman  H.,  editor  and  news- 
paper publisher,  was  born  in  Edwards  County, 
111.,  March  22,  1853,  and  taken  the  following  year 
to  Galena,  where  he  remained  until  12  years  of 
age,  when  the  family  removed  to  Chicago.  Here, 
after  attending  the  public  schools  some  three 
years,  he  became  a  cash-boy  in  the  store  of  Car- 
son, Pirie  &  Co.,  a  year  later  rising  to  the  position 
of  cashier,  remaining  two  years.  Then,  after 
having  been  connected  with  various  business 
concerns,  he  became  the  junior  member  of  the 
firm  of  Blake,  Shaw  &  Co.,  for  whom  he  had  been 
a  traveling  salesman  some  five  years.  In  1880  he 


became  associated  with  the  Dake  Bakery,  in  con- 
nection with  which  he  laid  the  foundation  of  an 
extensive  business  by  establishing  a  system  of 
restaurants  and  lunch  counters  in  the  business 
portions  of  the  city.  In  1891,  after  a  somewhat  pro- 
tracted visit  to  Europe,  Mr.  Kolilsaat  bought  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  "The  Chicago  Inter  Ocean,  ° ' 
but  withdrew  early  in  1894.  In  April,  1895,  he  be- 
came principal  proprietor  of  "The  Chicago  Times- 
Herald,"  as  the  successor  of  the  late  James  W. 
Scott,  who  died  suddenly  in  New  York,  soon  after 
effecting  a  consolidation  of  Chicago's  two  Demo- 
cratic papers,  "The  Times"  and  "Herald,"  in  one 
concern.  Although  changing  the  political  status 
of  the  paper  from  Democratic  to  Independent, 
Mr.  Kohlsaat's  liberal  enterprise  has  won  for  it 
an  assured  success.  He  is  also  owner  and  pub- 
lisher of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Post."  His 
whole  business  career  has  been  one  of  almost 
phenomenal  success  attained  by  vigorous  enter- 
prise and  high-minded,  honorable  methods.  Mr. 
Kohlsaat  is  one  of  the  original  incorporators  of 
the  University  of  Chicago,  of  which  he  continue* 
to  be  one  of  the  Trustees. 

KBOME,  William  Henry,  lawyer,  bom  of  Ger- 
man parentage,  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  1,  1842; 
in  1851  was  brought  by  his  father  to  Madison 
County,  111. ,  where  he  lived  and  worked  for  some 
years  on  a  farm.  He  acquired  his  education  in 
the  common  schools  and  at  McEendree  College, 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1863.  After  spend- 
ing his  summer  months  in  farm  labor  and  teach- 
ing school  during  the  winter,  for  a  year  or  two, 
he  read  law  for  a  time  with  Judge  M.  G.  Dale  of 
Edwardsville,  and,  in  1866,  entered  the  law 
department  of  Michigan  University,  gradu- 
ating in  1869,  though  admitted  the  year  previous 
to  practice  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois.  Mr. 
Krome  has  been  successively  the  partner  of 
Judge  John  G.  Irwin,  Hon.  W.  F.  L.  Hadley  (late 
Congressman  from  the  Eighteenth  District)  and 
C.  W.  Terry.  He  has  held  the  office  of  Mayor  of 
Edwardsville  (1873),  State  Senator  (1874-78),  and, 
in  1893,  was  a  prominent  candidate  before  the 
Democratic  judicial  convention  for  the  nomina- 
tion for  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  to  succeed 
Justice  Scholfield,  deceased.  He  is  also  President 
of  the  Madison  County  State  Bank. 

h  I  K.FKXKK,  William  C.,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
was  born  in  Germany  and  came  to  St.  Clair 
County,  111.,  in  1861.  Early  in  1865  he  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Forty- 
ninth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  one  of  the 
latest  regiments  organized  for  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  soon  after  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Brevet 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


323 


Brigadier-General,  serving  until  January,  1866. 
Later,  General  Kueffner  studied  law  at  St.  Louis, 
and  having  graduated  in  1871,  established  himself 
in  practice  at  Belleville,  where  he  has  since 
resided.  He  was  a  successful  contestant  for  a 
seat  in  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1880  from  the  Seventeenth  District. 

Kt'Y KENDALL,  Andrew  J.,  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  of  pioneer  parents  in  Gallatin 
(now  Hardin)  County,  111.,  March  3,  1815;  was 
Belf-educated  chiefly,  but  in  his  early  manhood 
adopted  the  law  as  a  profession,  locating  at 
Vienna  in  Johnson  County,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  to  the  end  of  his  life.  In  1842  he  was 
elected  a  Representative  in  the  Thirteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  and  re-elected  two  years  later;  in 
1850  became  State  Senator,  serving  continuously 
in  the  same  body  for  twelve  years ;  in  1861  en- 
listed, and  was  commissioned  Major,  in  the 
Thirty-first  Illinois  Volunteers  (Gen.  John  A. 
Logan's  regiment),  but  was  compelled  to  resign, 
in  May  following,  on  acount  of  impaired  health. 
Two  years  later  (1864)  he  was  elected  Represent- 
ative in  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  serving  one 
term;  and,  after  several  years  in  private  life,  was 
again  returned  to  the  State  Senate  in  1878,  serving 
in  the  Thirty- first  and  Thirty-second  General 
Assemblies.  In  all,  Major  Kuykendall  saw 
twenty  years'  service  in  the  State  Legislature,  of 
which  sixteen  were  spent  in  the  Senate  and  four 
in  the  House,  besides  two  years  in  Congress.  A 
zealous  Democrat  previous  to  the  war,  he  was  an 
ardent  supporter  of  the  war  policy  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and,  in  1864,  presided  over  the  "Union" 
(Republican)  State  Convention  of  that  year.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Senate  Finance  Com- 
mittee in  the  session  of  1859,  which  had  the  duty 
of  investigating  the  Matteson  "canal  scrip  fraud." 
Died,  at  Vienna,  111.,  May  11,  1891. 

LABOR  TROUBLES.  1.  THE  RAILROAD 
STRIKE  OF  1877. — By  this  name  is  generally  char- 
acterized the  labor  disturbances  of  1877,  which, 
beginning  at  Pittsburg  in  July,  spread  over  the 
entire  country,  interrupting  transportation,  and, 
for  a  time,  threatening  to  paralyze  trade.  Illi- 
nois suffered  severely.  The  primary  cause  of  the 
troubles  was  the  general  prostration  of  business 
resulting  from  the  depression  of  values,  whicli 
affected  manufacturers  and  merchants  alike.  A 
reduction  of  expenses  became  necessary,  and  the 
wages  of  employes  were  lowered.  Dissatisfaction 
and  restlessness  on  the  part  of  the  latter  ensued, 
which  found  expression  in  the  ordering  of  a  strike 
among  railroad  operatives  on  a  larger  scale  than 


had  ever  been  witnessed  in  this  country.  In  Illi- 
nois, Peoria,  Decatur,  Braidwood,  East  St.  Louis. 
Galesburg,  La  Salle  and  Chicago  were  the  prin- 
cipal points  affected.  In  all  these  cities  angry, 
excited  men  formed  themselves  into  mobs,  which 
tore  up  tracks,  took  possession  of  machine  shops, 
in  some  cases  destroyed  roundhouses,  applied  the 
torch  to  warehouses,  and,  for  a  time,  held  com- 
merce by  the  throat,  not  only  defying  the  law 
but  even  contending  in  arms  against  the  military 
sent  to  disperse  them.  The  entire  force  of  the 
State  militia  was  called  into  service,  Major- 
General  Arthur  C.  Ducat  being  in  command 
The  State  troops  were  divided  into  three  brigades, 
commanded  respectively  by  Brigadier-Generals 
Torrence,  Bates  and  Pavey.  General  Ducat 
assumed  personal  command  at  Braidwood,  where 
were  sent  the  Third  Regiment  and  the  Tenth 
Battalion,  who  suppressed  the  riots  at  that  point 
with  ease.  Col.  Joseph  W.  Stambaugh  and 
Lieut. -Col.  J.  B.  Parsons  were  the  respective 
regimental  commanders.  Generals  Bates  and 
Pavey  were  in  command  at  East  St.  Louis, 
where  the  excitement  was  at  fever  heat,  the 
mobs  terrorizing  peaceable  citizens  and  destroy 
ing  much  property.  Governor  Cullom  went  to 
this  point  in  person.  Chicago,  however,  was  the 
chief  railroad  center  of  the  State,  and  only 
prompt  and  severely  repressive  measures  held  in 
check  one  of  the  most  dangerous  mobs  which 
ever  threatened  property  and  life  in  that  city 
The  local  police  force  was  inadequate  to  control 
the  rioters,  and  Mayor  Heath  felt  himself  forced 
to  call  for  aid  from  the  State.  Brig. -Gen.  Joseph 
T.  Torrence  then  commanded  the  First  Brigade. 
I.  N.  G.,  with  headquarters  at  Chicago.  Under 
instructions  from  Governor  Cullom,  he  promptly 
and  effectively  co-operated  with  the  municipal 
authorities  in  quelling  the  uprising.  He  received 
valuable  support  from  volunteer  companies,  some 
of  which  were  largely  composed  of  Union  veter- 
ans. The  latter  were  commanded  by  such  ex- 
perienced commanders  as  Generals  Reynolds 
Martin  Beem,  and  O.  L.  Mann,  and  Colonel  Owen 
Stuart.  General  Lieb  also  led  a  company  of 
veterans  enlisted  by  himself,  and  General  Shall 
ner  and  Major  James  H.  D.  Daly  organized  » 
cavalry  force  of  150  old  soldiers,  who  rendered 
efficient  service.  The  disturbance  was  promptly 
subdued,  transportation  resumed,  and  trade  once 
more  began  to  move  in  its  accustomed  channels 
2.  THE  STRIKE  OF  1894. — This  was  an  uprising 
which  originated  in  Chicago  and  was  incited  by  . 
comparatively  young  labor  organization  called 
the  American  Railway  Union.  In  its  inception  it 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


was  sympathetic,  its  ostensible  motive,  at  the 
outset,  being  the  righting  of  wrongs  alleged  to 
have  been  suffered  by  employes  of  the  Pullman 
Palace  Car  Company.  The  latter  quit  work  on 
May  11,  and,  on  June  22,  the  American  Railway 
Union  ordered  a  general  boycott  against  all  rail- 
road companies  hauling  Pullman  cars  after  June 
26.  The  General  Managers  of  the  lines  entering 
Chicago  took  prompt  action  (June  25)  looking 
toward  mutual  protection,  protesting  against  the 
proposed  boycott,  and  affirming  their  resolution 
to  adhere  to  existing  contracts,  any  action  on  the 
part  of  the  strikers  to  the  contrary  notwithstand- 
ing. Trouble  began  on  the  26th.  The  hauling  of 
freight  was  necessarily  soon  discontinued;  sub- 
urban traffic  was  interrupted ;  switching  had  to 
he  done  by  inexperienced  hands  under  police  or 
military  protection  (officials  and  clerks  some- 
times throwing  the  levers),  and  in  the  presence  of 
large  crowds  of  law-defying  hoodlums  gathered 
along  the  tracks,  avowedly  through  sympathy 
with  the  strikers,  but  actually  in  the  hope  of 
plunder.  Trains  were  sidetracked,  derailed,  and, 
in  not  a  few  instances,  valuable  freight  was 
burned.  Passengers  were  forced  to  undergo  the 
inconvenience  of  being  cooped  up  for  hours  in 
crowded  cars,  in  transit,  without  food  or  water, 
sometimes  almost  within  sight  of  their  destina- 
tion, and  sometimes  threatened  with  death  should 
they  attempt  to  leave  their  prison  houses.  The 
mobs,  intoxicated  by  seeming  success,  finally  ven- 
tured to  interfere  with  the  passage  of  trains 
carrying  the  United  States  mails,  and,  at  this 
juncture,  the  Federal  authorities  interfered. 
President  Cleveland  at  once  ordered  the  protec- 
tion of  all  mail  trains  by  armed  guards,  to  be 
appointed  by  the  United  States  Marshal.  An 
additional  force  of  Deputy  Sheriffs  was  also  sworn 
in  by  the  Sheriff  of  Cook  County,  and  the  city 
police  force  was  augmented.  The  United  States 
District  Court  also  issued  a  restraining  order, 
directed  against  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
American  Railway  Union,  as  well  as  against  all 
other  persons  interfering  with  the  business  of 
railroads  carrying  the  mails.  Service  was  readily 
accepted  by  the  officers  of  the  Union,  but  the 
copies  distributed  among  the  insurgent  mob  were 
torn  and  trampled  upon.  Thereupon  the  Presi- 
dent ordered  Federal  troops  to  Chicago,  both  to 
protect  Government  property  (notably  the  Sub- 
treasury)  and  to  guard  mail  trains.  The  Gov- 
ernor (John  P.  Altgeld)  protested,  but  without 
avail  A  few  days  later,  the  Mayor  of  Chicago 
requested  the  State  Executive  to  place  a  force  of 
State  militia  at  his  control  for  the  protection  of 


property  and  the  prevention  of  bloodshed.  Gen- 
eral Wheeler,  with  the  entire  second  division  of 
the  I.  N.  (•.,  at  once  received  orders  to  report  to 
the  municipal  authorities.  The  presence  of  the 
militia  greatly  incensed  the  turbulent  crowds, 
yet  it  proved  most  salutary.  The  troops  displayed 
exemplary  firmness  under  most  trying  circum- 
stances, dispersing  jeering  and  threatening 
crowds  by  physical  force  or  bayonet  charges,  the 
rioters  being  fired  upon  only  twice.  Gradually 
order  was  restored.  The  disreputable  element 
subsided,  and  wiser  and  more  conservative  coun- 
sels prevailed  among  the  ranks  of  the  strikers. 
Impediments  to  traffic  were  removed  and  trains 
were  soon  running  as  though  no  interruption  had 
occurred.  The  troops  were  withdrawn  (first  the 
Federal  and  afterwards  those  of  the  State),  and 
the  courts  were  left  to  deal  with  the  subject  in 
accordance  with  the  statutes.  The  entire  execu- 
tive board  of  the  American  Railway  Union  were 
indicted  for  conspiracy,  but  the  indictments  were 
never  pressed.  The  officers,  however,  were  all 
found  guilty  of  contempt  of  court  in  having  dis- 
obeyed the  restraining  order  of  the  Federal 
court,  and  sentenced  to  terms  in  the  county  jail. 
Eugene  V.  Debs,  the  President  of  the  Union,  was 
convicted  on  two  charges  and  given  a  sentence 
of  six  months  on  each,  but  the  two  sentences  were 
afterward  made  concurrent.  The  other  members 
of  the  Board  received  a  similar  sentence  for  three 
months  each.  All  but  the  Vice-President,  George 
W.  Howard,  served  their  terms  at  Woodstock, 
McHenry  County.  Howard  was  sent  to  the  Will 
County  jail  at  Joliet. 

LACEY,  1.)  man,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born  in 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y.,  May  6,  1833.  In  1837 
his  parents  settled  in  Fulton  County,  111.  He 
graduated  from  Illinois  College  in  1855  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856,  commencing  practice 
at  Havana,  Mason  County,  the  same  year.  In 
1862  he  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  represent 
the  counties  of  Mason  and  Menard  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature ;  was  elected  to  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  bench  in  1873,  and  re-elected  in  1879, 
'85  and  '91;  also  served  for  several  years  upon 
the  bench  of  the  Appellate  Court. 

LACON,  a  city  and  county-seat  of  Marshall 
County,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River,  and  on  the 
Dwight  and  Lacon  branch  of  the  Chicago  ft 
Alton  Railroad,  130  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
A  pontoon  bridge  connects  it  with  Sparland  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  Illinois.  The  surround- 
ing country  raises  large  quantities  of  grain,  for 
which  Lacon  is  a  shipping  point.  The  river  it 
navigable  by  steamboats  to  this  point.  The  city 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   ILLINOIS. 


325 


has  grain  elevators,  woolen  mills,  marble  works, 
a  carriage  factory  and  a  national  bank.  It  also  has 
water  works,  an  excellent  telephone  system,  good 
drainage,  and  is  lighted  by  electricity.  There 
are  seven  churches,  a  graded  school  and  two 
weekly  newspapers.  Population  (1880),  1,814; 
(1890),  1,649;  (1900),  1,601. 

LA  FAYETTE  (Marquis  de),  VISIT  OF.  An 
event  of  profound  interest  in  the  history  of  Illi- 
nois, during  the  year  1825,  was  the  visit  to  the 
State  by  the  Marquis  de  La  Fayette,  who  had 
been  the  ally  of  the  American  people  during 
their  struggle  for  independence.  The  distin- 
guished Frenchman  having  arrived  in  the  coun- 
try during  the  latter  part  of  1824,  the  General 
Assembly  in  session  at  Vandalia,  in  December  of 
that  year,  adopted  an  address  inviting  him  to 
visit  Illinois.  This  was  communicated  to  La 
Fayette  by  Gov.  Edward  Coles,  who  had  met  the 
General  in  Europe  seven  years  before.  Governor 
Coles'  letter  and  the  address  of  the  General 
Assembly  were  answered  with  an  acceptance  by 
La  Fayette  from  Washington,  under  date  of  Jan. 
16, 1825.  The  approach  of  the  latter  was  made  by 
way  of  New  Orleans,  the  steamer  Natchez  (by 
which  General  La  Fayette  ascended  the  Mis- 
sissippi) arriving  at  the  old  French  village  of 
Carondelet,  below  St.  Louis,  on  the  28th  of  April 
CoL  William  S.  Hamilton,  a  son  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  and  at  that  time  a  Representative  in 
the  General  Assembly  from  Sangamon  County, 
as  well  as  an  Aid-de-Camp  on  the  staff  of  Gov- 
ernor Coles,  was  dispatched  from  the  home  of  the 
latter  at  Edwardsville,  to  meet  the  distinguished 
visitor,  which  he  did  at  St.  Louis.  On  Saturday, 
April  30,  the  boat  bearing  General  La  Fayette, 
with  a  large  delegation  of  prominent  citizens  of 
Missouri,  left  St.  Louis,  arriving  at  Kaskaskia, 
where  a  reception  awaited  him  at  the  elegant 
residence  of  Gen.  John  Edgar,  Governor  Coles 
delivering  an  address  of  welcome.  The  presence 
of  a  number  of  old  soldiers,  who  had  fought  under 
La  Fayette  at  Brandywine  and  Yorktown,  consti- 
tuted an  interesting  feature  of  the  occasion.  This 
was  followed  by  a  banquet  at  the  tavern  kept  by 
Colonel  Sweet,  and  a  closing  reception  at  the  house 
of  William  Morrison,  Sr.,  a  member  of  the  cele- 
brated family  of  that  name,  and  one  of  the  lead- 
ing merchants  of  Kaskaskia.  Among  those 
participating  in  the  reception  ceremonies,  who 
were  then,  or  afterwards  became,  prominent 
factors  in  State  history,  appear  the  names  of  Gen. 
John  Edgar,  ex-Governor  Bond,  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope,  Elias  Kent  Kane,  ex-Lieutenant-Governor 
Menard,  Col.  Thomas  Mather  and  Sidney  Breese, 


a  future  United  States  Senator  and  Justice  of  tin- 
Supreme  Court.  The  boat  left  Kaskaskia  at 
midnight  for  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Governor  Coles 
accompanying  the  party  and  returning  with  it  to 
Sliawneetown,  where  an  imposing  reception  was 
given  and  an  address  of  welcome  delivered  by 
Judge  James  Hall,  on  May  14,  1825.  A  few 
hours  later  General  La  Fayette  left  on  his  way  up 
the  Ohio. 

LAFATETTE,  BLOOMINGTON  t  MISSIS- 
SIPPI RAILROAD.  (See  Lake  Erie  A  Western 
Railroad.) 

LAFLIN,  Matthew,  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Southwick.  Hampden  County,  Mass.,  Dec.  16, 
1803;  in  his  youth  was  clerk  for  a  time  in  the 
store  of  Laflin  &  Loomis,  powder  manufacturers, 
at  Lee,  Mass.,  later  becoming  a  partner  in  the 
Canton  Powder  Mills.  About  1832  he  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  axes  at  Saugerties,  N.  Y. 
which  proving  a  failure,  he  again  engaged  in 
powder  manufacture,  and,  in  1837,  came  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  finally  established  a  factory— his 
firm,  in  1840,  becoming  Laflin  &  Smith,  and, 
later,  Laflin,  Smith  &  Co.  Becoming  largely 
interested  in  real  estate,  he  devoted  his  atten 
tion  chiefly  to  that  business  after  1849,  with 
great  success,  not  only  in  Chicago  but  else 
where,  having  done  much  for  the  develop 
ment  of  Waukesha,  Wis.,  where  he  erected  one 
of  the  principal  hotels — the  "Fountain  Spring 
House" — also  being  one  of  the  original  stock- 
holders of  the  Elgin  Watch  Company.  Mr. 
Laflin  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Government 
during  the  war  for  the  preservation  of  the  Union, 
and,  before  his  death,  made  a  donation  of  $75,- 
000  for  a  building  for  the  Chicago  Academy  of 
Sciences,  which  was  erected  in  the  western  part 
of  Lincoln  Park.  Died,  in  Chicago,  May  20,  1897. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  village  in  Cook  County,  and 
one  of  the  handsomest  suburbs  of  Chicago,  from 
which  it  is  distant  15  miles,  south-southwest,  on 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Qulncy  Railroad.  The 
streets  are  broad  and  shaded  and  there  are  many 
handsome  residences.  The  village  is  lighted  by 
electricity,  and  has  public  water-works,  seven 
churches,  a  high  school  and  a  weekly  paper. 
Population  (1880).  531;  (1890),  2,314;  (1900),  3,969. 

LA  HARPE,  a  city  in  Hancock  County,  on  the 
Toledo,  Peoria  i  Western  Railway,  70  miles  west 
by  south  from  Peoria  and  20  miles  south-south- 
east of  Burlington,  Iowa.  Brick,  tile  and  cigars 
constitute  the  manufactured  output.  La  Harpe 
lias  two  banks,  five  churches,  a  graded  and  a 
high  school,  a  seminary,  and  two  newspapers 
Population  (1880),  958;  (1890),  1,113;  (1900),  1,591. 


326 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


LAKE  COUNTY,  in  the  extreme  northeast 
corner  of  the  State,  having  an  area  of  490  square 
miles,  and  a  population  (1900)  of  34,504.  It  was 
cut  off  from  McHenry  County  and  separately 
organized  in  1839.  Pioneer  settlers  began  to 
arrive  in  1839,  locating  chiefly  along  the  Des 
Plaines  River.  The  Indians  vacated  the  region 
the  following  year.  The  first  County  Commission- 
ers (E.  E.  Hunter,  William  Brown  and  E.  C. 
Berrey)  located  the  county-seat  at  Libertyville, 
but,  in  1841,  it  was  removed  to  Little  Fort,  now 
Waukegan.  The  county  derives  its  name  from 
the  fact  that  some  forty  small  lakes  are  found 
within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating  and 
about  equally  divided  between  sand,  prairie  and 
second-growth  timber.  At  Waukegan  there  are 
several  maufacturing  establishments,  and  the 
Glen  Flora  medicinal  spring  attracts  many  in- 
valids. Highland  Park  and  Lake  Forest  are  resi- 
dence towns  of  great  beauty  situated  on  the  lake 
bluff,  populated  largely  by  the  families  of  Chicago 
business  men. 

LAKE  ERIE  &  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD. 
(See  Lake  Erie  <t  Western  Railroad. ) 

LAKE  ERIE  tc  WESTERN  RAILROAD.  Of 
the  710.61  miles  which  constitute  the  entire 
length  of  this  line,  only  118.6  are  within  Illinois. 
This  portion  extends  from  the  junction  of  the 
Peoria  &  Pekin  Union  Railway,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Illinois  River  opposite  Peoria,  to  the  Indi- 
ana State  line.  It  is  a  single-track  road  of 
standard  gauge.  About  one-sixth  of  the  line  in 
Illinois  is  level,  the  grade  nowhere  exceeding  40 
feet  to  the  mile.  The  track  is  of  56  and  60-pound 
steel  rails,  and  lightly  ballasted.  The  total 
capital  of  the  road  (1898)— including  $23,680,000 
capital  stock,  $10,875,000  bonded  debt  and  a  float- 
ing debt  of  $1,479,809— was  $36,034,809,  or  $50,- 
708  per  mile.  The  total  earnings  and  income  in 
Illinois  for  1898  were  $559,743,  and  the  total 
expenditures'  for  the  same  period,  $457,713. — 
(HISTORY.)  The  main  line  of  the  Illinois  Division 
of  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Railroad  was  acquired 
by  consolidation,  in  1880,  of  the  Lafayette,  Bloom- 
ington  &  Mississippi  Railroad  (81  miles  in  length), 
which  had  been  opened  in  1871,  with  certain  Ohio 
and  Indiana  lines.  In  May,  1885,  the  line  thus 
formed  was  consolidated,  without  change  of  name, 
with  the  Lake  Erie  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  organ- 
ized to  build  an  extension  of  the  Lake  Erie  & 
Western  from  Bloomington  to  Peoria  (43  miles). 
The  road  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1886,  and 
the  present  company  organized,  Feb.  9,  1887. 

LAKE  FOREST,  a  city  in  Lake  County,  on 
Lake  Michigan  and  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 


way, 28  miles  north  by  west  from  Chicago.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Lake  Forest  University;  has  four 
schools,  five  churches,  one  bank,  gas  and  electric 
light  system,  electric  car  line,  water  system,  fire 
department  and  hospital.  Population  (1890), 
1,203;  (1900),  2,215;  (1904.  est.),  2,800. 

LAKE  FOREST  UNIVERSITY,  an  institution 
of  learning  comprising  six  distinct  schools,  viz. : 
Lake  Forest  Academy,  Ferry  Hall  Seminary, 
Lake  Forest  College,  Rush  Medical  College,  Chi- 
cago College  of  Dental  Surgery,  and  the  Chicago 
College  of  Law.  The  three  first  named  are 
located  at  Lake  Forest,  while  the  three  profes- 
sional schools  are  in  the  city  of  Chicago.  The 
college  charter  was  granted  in  1857,  but  the 
institution  was  not  opened  until  nineteen  years 
later,  and  the  professional  schools,  which  were 
originally  independent,  were  not  associated  until 
1887.  In  1894  there  were  316  undergraduates  at 
Lake  Forest,  in  charge  of  forty  instructors.  Dur- 
ing the  same  year  there  were  in  attendance  at  the 
professional  schools,  1,557  students,  making  a 
total  enrollment  in  the  University  of  1,873. 
While  the  institution  is  affiliated  with  the  Pres- 
byterian denomination,  the  Board  of  Trustees  is 
self-perpetuating.  The  Academy  and  Seminary 
are  preparatory  schools  for  the  two  sexes,  re- 
spectively. Lake  Forest  College  is  co-educational 
and  organized  upon  the  elective  plan,  having 
seventeen  departments,  a  certain  number  of 
studies  being  required  for  graduation,  and  work 
upon  a  major  subject  being  required  for  three 
years.  The  schools  at  Lake  Forest  occupy  fifteen 
buildings,  standing  within  a  campus  of  sixty-five 
acres. 

LAKE  MICHIGAN,  one  of  the  chain  of  five 
great  northern  lakes,  and  the  largest  lake  lying 
wholly  within  the  United  States.  It  lies  between 
the  parallels  of  41°  35'  and  46°  North  latitude,  its 
length  being  about  335  miles.  Its  width  varies 
from  50  to  88  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  being 
opposite  Milwaukee.  Its  surface  is  nearly  600 
feet  above  the  sea-level  and  its  maximum  depth 
is  estimated  at  840  feet.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
20,000  square  miles.  It  forms  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  Wisconsin,  the  western  boundary  of  the 
lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  and  a  part  of  the 
northern  boundary  of  Illinois  and  Indiana.  Its 
waters  find  their  outlet  into  Lake  Huron  through 
the  straits  of  Mackinaw,  at  its  northeast  extrem- 
ity, and  are  connected  with  Lake  Superior  by  the 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  River.  It  contains  few  islands, 
and  these  mainly  in  its  northern  part,  the  largest 
being  some  fifteen  miles  long.  The  principal 
rivers  which  empty  into  this  lake  are  the  Fox, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Menominee,  Manistee,  Muskegon,  Kalamazoo, 
Grand  and  St.  Joseph.  Chicago,  Milwaukee, 
Racine  and  Manitowoc  are  the  chief  cities  on  its 
banks. 

LAKE  SHORE  &  MICHIGAN  SOUTHERN 
RA I LW AY.  The  main  line  extends  from  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  to  Chicago,  111.,  a  distance  of  539  miles, 
with  various  branches  of  leased  and  proprietary 
lines  located  in  the  States  of  Michigan,  New 
Tork  and  Ohio,  making  the  mileage  of  lines 
operated  1,415.63  miles,  of  which  863.15  are  owned 
by  the  company — only  14  miles  being  in  Illinois. 
The  total  earnings  and  income  in  Illinois,  in  1898, 
were  $453,946,  and  the  expenditures  for  the  same 
period,  $360,971. — (HISTORY.)  The  company  was 
formed  in  1869,  from  the  consolidation  of  the 
Michigan  Southern  &  Northern  Indiana,  the 
Cleveland,  Painesville  &  Ashtabula,  and  the 
Buffalo  &  Erie  Railroad  Companies.  The  propri- 
etary roads  hare  been  acquired  since  the  consoli- 
dation. 

LAMB,  James  L.,  pioneer  merchant,  was  born 
in  Connellsville,  Pa.,  Nov.  7,  1800;  at  13  years  of 
age  went  to  Cincinnati  to  serve  as  clerk  in  the 
store  of  a  distant  relative,  came  to  Kaskaskia,  111., 
in  1830,  and  soon  after  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  with  Thomas  Mather,  who  had  come  to 
Illinois  two  years  earlier.  Later,  the  firm  estab- 
lished a  store  at  Chester  and  shipped  the  first 
barrels  of  pork  from  Illinois  to  the  New  Orleans 
market.  In  1831  M?.  Lamb  located  in  Springfield, 
afterwards  carrying  on  merchandising  and  pork- 
packing  extensively;  also  established  an  iron 
foundry,  which  continued  in  operation  until  a  few 
years  ago.  Died,  Dec.  3,  1873. 

LAMB,  Martha  J.  R.  N.,  magazine  editor  and 
historian,  was  born  (Martha  Joan  Reade  Nash)  at 
Plainfield,  Mass.,  August  13,  1829,  received  a 
thorough  education  and,  after  her  marriage  in 
1853  to  Charles  A.  Lamb,  resided  for  eight  years 
in  Chicago,  111.,  where  she  was  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal founders  of  the  Home  for  the  Friendless  and 
Half  Orphan  Asylum,  and  Secretary  of  the 
Sanitary  Fair  of  1863.  In  1866  she  removed  to 
New  York  and  gave  her  after  life  to  literary  work, 
from  1883  until  her  death  being  editor  of  "The 
Magazine  of  American  History,"  besides  furnish- 
ing numerous  papers  on  historical  and  other  sub- 
jects; also  publishing  some  sixteen  volumes,  one 
<>f  her  most  important  works  being  a  "History  o' 
New  York  City,"  in  two  volumes.  She  was  a 
member  of  nearly  thirty  historical  and  other 
learned  societies.  Died,  Jan.  2,  1893. 

LAMBORN,  Josiah,  early  lawyer  and  Attor- 
ney-General;  born  in  Washington  County,  Ky., 


and  educated  at  Transylvania  University;  was 
Attorney -General  of  the  State  by  appointment  of 
Governor  Carlin,  1840-43,  at  that  time  being  a 
resident  of  Jacksonville.  He  is  described  by  his 
contemporaries  as  an  able  and  brilliant  man,  but 
of  convivial  habits  and  unscrupulous  to  such  a 
degree  that  his  name  was  mixed  up  with  a  num- 
ber of  official  scandals.  Separated  from  his 
family,  he  died  of  delirium  tremens,  at  White- 
hall, Greene  County. 

LAMOILLE,  a  village  of  Bureau  County,  on  the 
Mendota-Fulton  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railway,  9  miles  northwest  of  Men- 
do  ta;  in  rich  farming  and  stock-raising  region; 
has  a  bank,  three  churches,  fine  school-building, 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  516;  (1900),  576. 

LAMON,  Ward  Hill,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Mill  Creek,  Frederick  County,  W.  Va.,  Jan.  6, 
1838;  received  a  common  school  education  and 
was  engaged  in  teaching  for  a  time ;  also  began 
the  study  of  medicine,  but  relinquished  it  for  the 
law.  About  1847-48  he  located  at  Danville,  111  . 
subsequently  read  law  with  the  late  Judge  Oliver 
L.  Davis,  attending  lectures  at  the  Louisville 
Law  School,  where  he  had  Gen.  John  A.  Logan 
for  a  class-mate.  On  admission  to  the  bar,  he 
became  the  Danville  partner  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
— the  partnership  being  in  existence  as  early  as 
1853.  In  1859  he  removed  to  Bloomington,  and, 
in  the  Presidential  campaign  of  I860,  was  a  zeal- 
ous supporter  of  Mr.  Lincoln.  In  February,  1861, 
he  was  chosen  by  Mr.  Lincoln  to  accompany  him 
to  Washington,  making  the  perilous  night  jour- 
ney through  Baltimore  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  company. 
Being  a  man  of  undoubted  courage,  as  well  as 
almost  giant  stature,  he  soon  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  Marshal  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and,  in  the  first  weeks  of  the  new  administration, 
made  a  confidential  visit  to  Colonel  Anderson, 
then  in  command  at  Fort  Sumter.  to  secure 
accurate  information  as  to  the  situation  there. 
In  May,  1861,  he  obtained  authority  to  raise  a 
regiment,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel, 
remaining  in  the  field  to  December,  when  he 
returned  to  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  Marshal 
at  Washington,  but  was  absent  from  Washington 
on  the  night  of  the  assassination — April  14,  1865. 
Resigning  his  office  after  this  event,  he  entered 
into  partnership  for  the  practice  of  law  with  the 
late  Jeremiah  S.  Black  of  Pennsylvania.  Some 
years  later  he  published  the  first  volume  of  a  pro- 
posed Life  of  Lincoln,  using  material  which  he 
obtained  from  Mr.  Lincoln's  Springfield  partner. 
William  H.  Herndon,  but  the  second  volume  was 
never  issued.  His  death  occurred  at  Martins- 


328 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


burg,  W.  Va.,  not  far  from  his  birthplace,  May 
7,  1893.  Colonel  Lamou  married  a  daughter  of 
Judge  Stephen  T.  Logan,  of  Springfield. 

LANARK,  a  city  in  Carroll  County,  19  miles  by 
rail  southwest  of  Freeport,  and  7  miles  east  of 
Mount  Carroll  The  surrounding  country  is 
largely  devoted  to  grain-growing,  and  Lanark 
has  two  elevators  and  is  an  important  shipping- 
point.  Manufacturing  of  various  descriptions  is 
carried  on.  The  city  has  two  banks  (one  Na- 
tional and  one  State),  eight  churches,  a  graded 
and  high  school,  and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  1,198;  (1890),  1,295;  (1900).  1,306. 

LANDES,  Silas  /.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  Augusta  County,  Va.,  May  15,  1843.  In  early 
youth  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  this  State  in  August,  1863,  and  has 
been  in  active  practice  at  Mount  Carmel  since 
1864.  In  1872  he  was  elected  State's  Attorney 
for  Wa'oash  County,  was  re-elected  in  1876,  and 
again  in  1880.  He  represented  the  Sixteenth  Illi- 
nois District  in  Congress  from  1885  to  1889,  being 
elected  on  the  Democratic  ticket. 

LANDRI6AN,  John,  farmer  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  in  1832,  and 
brought  to  America  at  one  year  of  age,  his 
parents  stopping  for  a  time  in  New  Jersey.  His 
early  life  was  spent  at  Lafayette,  Ind.  After 
completing  his  education  in  the  seminary  there, 
he  engaged  in  railroad  and  canal  contracting. 
Coming  to  Illinois  in  1858,  he  purchased  a  farm 
near  Albion,  Edwards  County,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  He  has  been  twice  elected  as  a 
Democrat  to  the  House  of  Representatives  (1868 
and  '74)  and  twice  to  the  State  Senate  (1870 
and  '96),  and  has  been,  for  over  twenty  years, 
a  member  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society — 
for  four  years  of  that  time  being  President 
of  the  Board,  and  some  sixteen  years  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

LANE,  Albert  Grannls,  educator,  was  born  in 
Cook  County,  111.,  March  15,  1841,  and  educated 
in  the  public  schools,  graduating  with  the  first 
class  from  the  Chicago  High  School  in  1858.  He 
immediately  entered  upon  the  business  of  teach- 
ing as  Principal,  but,  in  1869,  was  elected  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  for  Cook  County.  After 
three  years'  service  as  cashier  of  a  bank,  he  was 
elected  County  Superintendent,  a  second  time,  in 
1877,  and  regularly  every  four  years  thereafter 
until  1890.  In  1891  he  was  chosen  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  for  the  city  of  Chicago,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Superin- 
tendent Howland — a  position  which  he  continued 
to  fill  until  the  appointment  of  E.  B.  Andrews, 


Superintendent,  when  he  became  First  Assistant 
Superintendent. 

LANE,  Edward,  ex-Congressman,  was  born  in 
Cleveland.  Ohio,  March  27,  1842,  and  became  a 
resident  of  Illinois  at  the  age  of  16.  After  receiv- 
ing an  academic  education  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar  in  February. 
1865.  Since  then  he  has  been  a  successful  prac 
titioner  at  Hillsboro.  From  1869  to  1873  he  served 
as  County  Judge.  In  1886  he  was  the  successful 
Democratic  candidate  for  Congress  from  the 
Seventeenth  Illinois  District  and  re-elected  for 
three  successive  terms,  but  was  defeated  by 
Frederick  Remann  (Republican)  in  1894,  and 
again  by  W.  F.  L.  Hadley,  at  a  special  election,  in 
1895,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Mr.  Remann. 

LANPHIER,  Charles  H.,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  April  14,  1820;  from  4  years 
of  age  lived  in  Washington  City ;  in  18J6  entered 
the  office  as  an  apprentice  of  "The  State  Regis 
ter"  at  Vandalia,  111.,  (then  owned  by  his  brother- 
in-law,  William  Walters).  Later,  the  paper  was 
removed  to  Springfield,  and  Walters,  having 
enlisted  for  the  Mexican  war  in  1846,  died  at  St. 
Louis,  en  route  to  the  field.  Lanphier,  having 
thus  succeeded  to  the  management,  and,  finally, 
to  the  proprietorship  of  the  paper,  was  elected 
public  printer  at  the  next  session  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, and,  in  1847,  took  into  partnership  George 
Walker,  who  acted  as  editor  until  1858.  Mr.  Lan- 
phier continued  the  publication  of  the  paper  until 
1863,  and  then  sold  out.  During  the  war  he 
was  one  of  the  State  Board  of  Army  Auditors 
appointed  by  Governor  Yates;  was  elected 
Circuit  Clerk  in  1864  and  re-elected  in  1868, 
and,  in  1872,  was  Democratic  candidate  for 
County  Treasurer  but  defeated  with  the  rest  of 
his  party. 

LARCOM,  Lacy,  author  and  teacher,  born  at 
Beverly,  Mass.,  in  1826;  attended  a  grammar 
school  and  worked  in  a  cotton  mill  at  Lowell, 
becoming  one  of  the  most  popular  contributors  to 
"The  Lowell  Offering,"  a  magazine  conducted  by 
the  factory  girls,  thereby  winning  the  acquaint- 
ance and  friendship  of  the  poet  Whittier.  In 
1846  she  came  to  Illinois  and,  for  three  years,  was 
a  student  at  Monticello  Female  Seminary,  near 
Alton,  meanwhile  teaching  at  intervals  in  the 
vicinity.  Returning  to  Massachusetts  she  taught 
for  six  years;  in  1865  established  "Our  Young 
Folks,"  of  which  she  was  editor  until  1874.  Her 
books,  both  poetical  and  prose,  have  taken  a 
high  rank  for  their  elevated  literary  and  moral 
tone.  Died,  in  Boston,  April  17,  1893. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


329 


LARNED,  Edward  Channing,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  July  14,  1820;  graduated  at 
(  Brown  University  in  1840 ;  was  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics one  year  in  Kemper  College,  Wis.,  then 
studied  law  and,  in  1847,  came  to  Chicago.  He 
was  an  earnest  opponent  of  slavery  and  gained 
considerable  deserved  celebrity  by  a  speech 
which  he  delivered  in  1851,  in  opposition  to  the 
fugitive  slave  law.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  and,  in  1860,  made  speeches  in 
his  support ;  was  an  active  member  of  the  Union 
Defense  Committee  of  Chicago  during  the  war, 
and,  in  1861,  was  appointed  by  Mr.  Lincoln 
United  States  District  Attorney  of  the  Northern 
District  of  Illinois,  but  compelled  to  resign  by 
failing  health.  Being  absent  in  Europe  at  the 
time  of  the  fire  of  1871,  he  returned  immediately 
and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  work  of  the 
Belief  and  Aid  Society.  Making  a  second  visit  to 
Europe  in  1872-73,  he  wrote  many  letters  for  the 
press,  also  doing  much  other  literary  work  in 
spite  of  declining  health.  Died  at  Lake  Forest, 
111.,  September,  1884. 

LA  SALLE,  a  city  in  La  Salle  County,  99  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  situated  on  the  Illinois 
River  at  southern  terminus  of  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  and  at  intersection  of  three 
trunk  lines  of  railroads.  Bituminous  coal 
abounds  and  is  extensively  mined;  zinc  smelting 
and  the  manufacture  of  glass  and  hydraulic  and 
Portland  cement  are  leading  industries;  also  has 
a  large  ice  trade  with  the  South  annually.  It  is 
connected  with  adjacent  towns  by  electric  rail- 
ways, and  with  Peoria  by  daily  river  packets. 
Population  (1890),  9,855;  (1900),  10,446. 

LA  SALLE,  Rent  Robert  Cavelier,  Sienr  de, 
a  famous  explorer,  born  at  Rouen,  France,  in 
1643;  entered  the  Jesuit  order,  but  conceiving 
that  he  had  mistaken  his  vocation,  came  to 
America  in  1666.  He  obtained  a  grant  of  land 
about  the  Lachine  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
above  Montreal.  It  was  probably  his  intention 
to  settle  there  as  a  grand  seigneur ;  but,  becoming 
interested  in  stories  told  him  by  some  Seneca 
Indians,  he  started  two  years  later  in  quest  of  a 
great  waterway,  which  he  believed  led  to  the 
South  Sea  (Pacific  Ocean)  and  afforded  a  short 
route  to  China.  He  passed  through  Lake  Ontario, 
and  is  believed  to  have  discovered  the  Ohio.  The 
claim  that  he  reached  the  Illinois  River  at  this 
time  has  been  questioned.  Having  re-visited 
France  in  1677  he  was  given  a  patent  of  nobility 
and  extensive  land-grants  in  Canada.  In  1679  he 
visited  the  Northwest  and  explored  the  great 
lakes,  finally  reaching  the  head  of  Lake  Michi- 


gan and  erecting  a  fort  near  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Joseph  River.  From  there  he  made  a  portage  to 
the  Illinois,  which  he  descended  early  in  1680  to 
Lake  Peoria,  where  he  began  the  erection  of  a 
fort  to  which,  in  consequence  of  the  misfortunes 
attending  the  expedition,  was  given  the  name  of 
Creve-Coeur.  Returning  from  here  to  Canada  for 
supplies,  in  the  following  fall  he  again  appeared 
in  Illinois,  but  found  his  fort  at  Lake  Peoria  a 
ruin  and  his  followers,  whom  he  had  left  there, 
gone.  Compelled  again  to  return  to  Canada,  iii 
the  latter  part  of  1681  he  set  out  on  his  third 
expedition  to  Illinois,  and  making  the  portage  by 
way  of  the  Chicago  and  Des  Plaines  Rivers 
reached  "Starved  Rock,"  near  the  present  city  of 
Ottawa,  where  his  lieutenant,  Tonty,  had  already 
begun  the  erection  of  a  fort.  In  1682,  accom- 
panied by  Tonty,  he  descended  the  Illinois  and 
Mississippi  Rivers,  reaching  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on 
April  9.  He  gave  the  region  the  name  of  Louisi- 
ana. In  1683  he  again  returned  to  France  and 
was  commissioned  to  found  a  colony  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi,  which  he  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  do  in  1684,  the  expedition  finally 
landing  about  Matagorda  Bay  in  Texas.  After 
other  fruitless  attempts  (death  and  desertions 
having  seriously  reduced  the  number  of  his  colo- 
nists) ,  while  attempting  to  reach  Canada,  he  was 
murdered  by  his  companions  near  Trinity  River 
in  the  present  State  of  Texas,  March  19,  1687. 
Another  theory  regarding  La  Salle's  ill-starred 
Texas  expedition  is,  that  he  intended  to  establish 
a  colony  west  of  the  Mississippi,  with  a  view  to 
contesting  with  the  Spaniards  for  the  possession 
of  that  region,  but  that  the  French  government 
failed  to  give  him  the  support  which  had  been 
promised,  leaving  him  to  his  fate. 

LA  SALLE  COUNTY,  one  of  the  wealthiest 
counties  in  the  northeastern  section,  being  second 
in  size  and  in  population  in  the  State  It  was 
organized  in  1831,  and  has  an  area  of  1,152  square 
miles;  population  (1900),  87,776.  The  history  of 
this  region  dates  back  to  1675,  when  Marquette 
established  a  mission  at  an  Indian  village  on  the 
Illinois  River  about  where  Utica  now  stands, 
eight  miles  west  of  Ottawa.  La  Salle  (for  whom 
the  county  is  named)  erected  a  fort  here  in  1682. 
which  was,  for  many  years,  the  headquarters  for 
French  missionaries  and  traders.  Later,  the 
Illinois  Indians  were  well-nigh  exterminated 
by  starvation,  at  the  same  point,  which  has  be 
come  famous  in  Western  history  as  "Starved 
Rock."  The  surface  of  the  county  is  undulat- 
ing and  slopes  toward  the  Illinois  River.  The 
soil  is  rich,  and  timber  abounds  on  the  bluffs  and 


330 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


along  the  streams.  Water  is  easily  procured. 
Four  beds  of  coal  underlie  the  entire  county,  and 
good  building  stone  is  quarried  at  a  depth  of  150 
to  200  feet.  Excellent  hydraulic  cement  is  made 
from  the  calciferous  deposit,  Utica  being  espe- 
cially noted  for  this  industry.  The  First  Ameri- 
can settlers  came  about  the  time  of  Captain  Long's 
survey  of  a  canal  route  (1816).  The  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal  was  located  by  a  joint  corps  of 
State  and  National  engineers  in  1830.  (See  ///>'- 
nois  A  Michigan  Canal.)  During  the  Black 
Hawk  War,  La  Salle  County  was  a  prominent 
base  of  military  operations. 

LATHROP,  William,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  April 
17,  1825.  His  early  education  was  acquired  in 
the  common  schools.  Later  he  read  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  commencing  practice  in 
1851,  making  his  home  in  Central  New  York  until 
his  removal  to  Illinois.  In  1856  he  represented 
the  Bockford  District  in  the  lower  bouse  of  the 
General  Assembly,  and,  in  1876,  was  elected,  as  a 
Republican,  to  represent  the  (then)  Fourth  Illi- 
nois District  in  Congress. 

LA  VANTUM,  the  name  given,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  to  the  principal 
village  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  situated  on  the 
Illinois  River,  near  the  present  town  of  Utica,  in 
La  Salle  County.  (See  Starved  Rock. ) 

LAWLER,  Frank,  was  born  at  Rochester, 
X.  Y.,  June  25,  1842.  His  first  active  occupation 
was  as  a  news-agent  on  railroads,  which  business 
he  followed  for  three  years.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  a  ship-calker,  and  was  elected  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  Ship-Carpenters'  and  Ship- 
Calkers'  Association.  While  yet  a  young  man  he 
settled  in  Chicago  and,  in  1869,  was  appointed  to 
a  clerical  position  in  the  postoffice  in  that  city ; 
later,  served  as  a  letter-carrier,  and  as  a  member 
of  the  City  Council  (1876-84).  In  1884  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Second  District, 
which  he  represented  in  that  body  for  three  suc- 
cessive terms.  While  serving  his  last  year  in 
Congress  (1890)  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
on  the  Democratic  ticket  for  Sheriff  of  Cook 
County;  in  1893  was  an  unsuccessful  applicant 
for  the  Chicago  postmastership,  was  defeated  as 
ui  Independent-Democrat  for  Congress  in  1894, 
but,  in  1895,  was  elected  Alderman  for  the  Nine- 
teenth Ward  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  Died,  Jan. 
17.  1896. 

I, \\Vl.li:.  (Gen.)  Michael  K..  soldier,  was 
born  in  County  Kildare,  Ireland,  Nov.  16,  1814, 
brought  to  the  United  States  in  1816,  and,  in  1819, 
to  Gallatin  County,  111.,  where  his  father  began 


farming.  The  younger  Lawler  early  evinced  a 
military  taste  by  organizing  a  military  company 
in  1842,  of  which  he  served  as  Captain  three  or 
four  years.  In  1846  he  organized  a  company  for  the 
Mexican  War,  which  was  attached  to  the  Third 
Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers  (Colonel  Forman's), 
and,  at  the  end  of  its  term  of  enlistment,  raised 
a  company  of  cavalry,  with  which  he  served 
to  the  end  of  the  war — in  all,  seeing  two  and 
a  half  years'  service.  He  then  resumed  the 
peaceful  life  of  a  farmer ;  but,  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion,  again  gave  proof  of  his  patri- 
otism by  recruiting  the  Eighteenth  Illinois  Volun- 
teer Infantry — the  first  regiment  organized  in 
the  Eighteenth  Congressional  District — of  which 
he  was  commissioned  Colonel,  entering  into  the 
three  years'  service  in  May,  1861.  His  regiment 
took  part  in  most  of  the  early  engagements  in 
Western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  including  the 
capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  where  it  lost  heavily, 
Colonel  Lawler  himself  being  severely  wounded. 
Later,  he  was  in  command,  for  some  time,  at 
Jackson,  Trim.,  and,  in  November,  1862,  was  com- 
missioned Brigadier-General  "for  gallant  and 
meritorious  service."  He  was  also  an  active 
participant  in  the  operations  against  Vicksburg, 
and  was  thanked  on  the  field  by  General  Grant 
for  his  service  at  the  battle  of  Big  Black,  pro- 
nounced by  Charles  A.  Dana  (then  Assistant 
Secretary  of  War)  "one  of  the  most  splendid 
exploits  of  the  war. ' '  After  the  fall  of  Vicksburg 
he  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Jackson,  Miss.,  and 
in  the  campaigns  on  the  Teche  and  Red  River,  and 
in  Texas,  also  being  in  command,  for  six  months, 
at  Baton  Rouge,  La.  In  March,  1865,  he  was 
brevetted  Major-General,  and  mustered  out, 
January,  1866,  after  a  service  of  four  years  and 
seven  months.  He  then  returned  to  his  Gallatin 
County  farm,  where  he  died,  July  26,  1882. 

LAWLER,  Thomas  6.,  soldier  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  was  born  in  Liverpool,  Eng..  April 
7,  1844;  was  brought  to  Illinois  by  his  parents 
in  childhood,  and,  at  17  years  of  age,  enlisted 
in  the  Nineteenth  Illinois  Volunteers,  serv- 
ing first  as  a  private,  then  as  Sergeant,  later 
being  elected  First  Lieutenant,  and  (although 
not  mustered  in,  for  two  months)  during  the 
Atlanta  campaign  being  in  command  of  his  com- 
pany, and  placed  on  the  roll  of  honor  by  order  of 
General  Rosecrans.  He  participated  in  every 
battle  in  which  his  regiment  was  engaged,  and, 
at  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  was  the  first 
man  of  his  command  over  the  enemy's  works. 
After  the  war  he  became  prominent  as  an  officer 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


331 


of  the  Illinois  National  Guard,  organizing  the 
Rockford  Rifles,  in  1876,  and  serving  as  Colonel  of 
the  Third  Regiment  for  seven  years;  was  ap- 
pointed Postmaster  at  Rockford  by  President 
Hayes,  but  removed  by  Cleveland  in  1885;  re- 
appointed  by  Harrison  and  again  displaced  on  the 
accession  of  Cleveland.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  G.  L.  Nevius  Post,  G.  A.  R.,  of 
which  he  served  as  Commander  twenty-sir  years ; 
in  1882  was  elected  Department  Commander  for 
the  State  of  Illinois  and,  in  1894,  Commander-in- 
chief,  serving  one  year. 

LAWRENCE,  Charles  B.,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Vergennes,  Vt.,  Dec.  17,  1830.  After  two  years 
spent  at  Middlebury  College,  he  entered  the 
junior  class  at  Union  College,  graduating  from 
the  latter  in  1841.  He  devoted  two  years  to 
teaching  in  Alabama,  and  began  reading  law  at 
Cincinnati  in  1843,  completing  his  studies  at  St. 
Louis,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
began  practice  in  1844.  The  following  year  he 
removed  to  Quincy,  111.,  where  he  was  a  promi- 
nent practitioner  for  ten  years.  The  years 
1856-58  he  spent  in  foreign  travel,  with  the  pri- 
mary object  of  restoring  his  impaired  health.  On 
his  return  home  he  began  farming  in  Warren 
County,  with  the  same  end  in  view.  In  1861  he 
accepted  a  nomination  to  the  Circuit  Court  bench 
and  was  elected  without  opposition.  Before  the 
expiration  of  his  term,  in  1864,  he  was  elected  a 
Justice  of  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court  for  the 
Northern  Grand  Division,  and,  in  1870,  became 
Chief  Justice.  At  this  time  his  home  was  at 
Galesburg.  Failing  of  a  re-election  in  1873,  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and  at  once  became  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Cook  County  bar.  Although 
persistently  urged  by  personal  and  political 
friends,  to  permit  his  name  to  be  used  in  connec- 
tion with  a  vacancy  on  the  bench  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  he  steadfastly  declined. 
In  1877  he  received  the  votes  of  the  Republicans 
in  the  State  Legislature  for  United  States  Senator 
against  David  Davis,  who  was  elected.  Died,  at 
Decatur,  Ala.,  April  9,  1883. 

LAWRENCE  COUNTY,  one  of  the  eastern 
counties  in  the  "southern  tier,''  originally  a  part 
of  Edwards,  but  separated  from  the  latter  in 
1821,  and  named  for  Commodore  Lawrence.  In 
1900  its  area  was  360  square  miles,  and  its  popu- 
lation, 16,523.  The  first  English  speaking  settlers 
seem  to  have  emigrated  from  the  colony  at  Vin- 
cennes.  Ind.  St.  Francisville,  in  the  southeast- 
ern portion,  and  Allison  prairie,  in  the  northeast, 
were  favored  by  the  American  pioneers.  Settle- 
ment was  more  or  less  desultory  until  after  the 


War  of  1812.  Game  was  abundant  and  the  soil 
productive.  About  a  dozen  negro  families  found 
homes,  in  1819,  near  Lawrenceville,  and  a  Shaker 
colony  was  established  about  Charlottesville  the 
same  year.  Among  the  best  remembered  pio- 
neers are  the  families  of  Lautermann,  Chubb, 
Kincaid,  Buchanan  and  Laus — the  latter  having 
come  from  South  Carolina.  Toussaint  Dubois, 
a  Frenchman  and  father  of  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  State 
Auditor  (1857-64),  was  a  large  land  proprietor  at 
an  early  day,  and  his  house  was  first  utilized  as  a 
court  house.  The  county  is  richer  in  historic 
associations  than  in  populous  towns.  Lawrence- 
ville, the  county-seat,  was  credited  with  865 
inhabitants  by  the  census  of  1890.  St.  Francis- 
ville and  Sumner  are  flourishing  towns. 

LAWRENCEVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Law- 
rence County,  is  situated  on  the  Kmbarras  River, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern  and  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railways,  9  miles  west  of 
Vincennes,  Ind. ,  and  139  miles  east  of  St.  Louis. 
It  has  a  courthouse,  four  churches,  a  graded 
school  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  Population 
(1890),  865;  (1900),  1,300;  (1903,  est.),  1,600. 

LAW80N,  Victor  P.,  journalist  and  newspaper 
proprietor,  was  born  in  Chicago,  of  Scandinavian 
parentage,  Sept  9,  1850.  After  graduating  at  the 
Chicago  High  School,  he  prosecuted  his  studies 
at  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and  at 
Harvard  University.  In  August,  1876,  he  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  "The  Chicago  Daily  News," 
being  for  some  time  a  partner  of  Melville  E. 
Stone,  but  became  sole  proprietor  in  1888,  pub- 
lishing morning  and  evening  editions.  He 
reduced  the  price  of  the  morning  edition  to  one 
cent,  and  changed  its  name  to  "The  Chicago 
Record."  He  has  always  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  the  cause  of  popular  education,  and,  in  1888, 
established  a  fund  to  provide  for  the  distribution 
of  medals  among  public  school  children  of  Chi- 
cago, the  award  to  be  made  upon  the  basis  of 
comparative  excellence  in  the  preparation  of 
essays  upon  topics  connected  with  American 
history. 

LEBANON,  a  city  in  St.  Clair  County,  situated 
on  Silver  Creek,  and  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern  Railroad,  11  miles  northeast  of 
Belleville  and  24  miles  east  of  St.  Louis;  is  lo- 
cated in  an  agricultural  and  coal-mining  region. 
Its  manufacturing  interests  are  limited,  a  flour- 
ing mill  being  the  chief  industry  of  this  charac- 
ter. The  city  has  electric  lights  and  electric 
trolley  line  connecting  with  Belleville  and  St. 
Louis;  also  has  a  bank,  eight  churches,  two 


332 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


newspapers  and  is  an  important  educational  cen- 
ter, being  the  seat  of  McKendree  College,  founded 
in  1828.  Population  (1890),  1,636;  (1900),  1,812. 

LEE  COUNTY,  one  of  the  third  tier  of  counties 
south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line;  named  for 
Richard  Henry  Lee  of  Revolutionary  fame :  area, 
740  square  miles;  population  (1900),  29.894.  It 
was  cut  off  from  Ogle  County,  and  separately 
organized  in  1839.  In  1840  the  population  was 
but  little  over  3,000.  Charles  F.  Ingals,  Nathan 
R.  Whitney  and  James  P.  Dizon  were  the  first 
County -Commissioners.  Agriculture  is  the  prin- 
cipal pursuit,  although  stone  quarries  are  found 
here  and  there,  notably  at  Ashton.  The  county- 
seat  is  Dizon,  where,  in  1828,  one  Ogee,  a  half- 
breed,  built  a  cabin  and  established  a  ferry  across 
the  Rock  River.  In  1830,  John  Dizon,  of  New 
York,  purchased  Ogee's  interest  for  $1,800.  Set- 
tlement and  progress  were  greatly  retarded  by 
the  Black  Hawk  War,  but  immigration  fairly  set 
in  in  1838.  The  first  court  house  was  built  in 
1840,  and  the  same  year  the  United  States  Land 
Office  was  removed  from  Galena  to  Dizon,  Colo., 
John  Dement,  an  early  pioneer,  being  appointed 
Receiver.  Dizon  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
18S9.  and,  in  1900,  had  a  population  of  7,917. 

LEGISLATIVE  APPORTIONMENT.  (See 
Apportionment.  Legislative.) 

LEGISLATURE.    (See  General  Assemblies.) 

LELAND,  a  village  of  La  Salle  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  29  miles 
southwest  of  Aurora.  Population  (1900),  634. 

LELAND,  Edwin  S.,  lawyer  and  Judge,  was 
born  at  Dennysville,  Me.,  August  28,  1812,  and 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  in  1834. 
In  1835  he  removed  to  Ottawa,  111.,  and,  in  1839, 
to  Oregon,  Ogle  County,  where  he  practiced  for 
four  years.  Returning  to  Ottawa  in  1843,  he 
rapidly  rose  in  his  profession,  until,  in  1852,  he 
was  elected  to  the  Circuit  Court  bench  to  fill  the 
unezpired  term  of  Judge  T.  Lyle  Dickey,  who 
had  resigned.  In  1866  Governor  Oglesby  ap- 
pointed him  Circuit  Judge  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  Judge  Hollister.  He  was  elected  by 
popular  vote  in  1867,  and  re-elected  in  18T3,  being 
assigned  to  the  Appellate  Court  of  the  Second 
District  in  1877.  He  was  prominently  identified 
with  the  genesis  of  the  Republican  party,  whose 
tenets  he  zealously  championed.  He  was  also 
prominent  in  local  affairs,  having  been  elected 
the  first  Republican  Mayor  of  Ottawa  (1856), 
President  of  the  Board  of  Education  and  County 
Treasurer.  Died,  June,  24,  1889. 

LEM  EX,  James,  Sr.,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Berk- 
eley County,  Va.,  Nov.  20, 1760;  served  as  a  soldier 


in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  being  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  in  1781 ; 
in  1786  came  to  Illinois,  settling  at  the  village  of 
New  Design,  near  the  present  site  of  Waterloo,  in 
Monroe  County.  He  was  a  man  of  enterprise 
and  sterling  integrity,  and  ultimately  became  the 
head  of  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influential 
families  in  Southern  Illinois.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  person  admitted  to  the  Baptist 
Church  by  immersion  in  Illinois,  finally  becoming 
a  minister  of  that  denomination.  Of  a  family  of 
eight  children,  four  of  his  sons  became  ministers. 
Mr.  Lemen's  prominence  was  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  he  was  approached  by  Aaron  Burr,  with 
offers  of  large  rewards  for  his  influence  in  found- 
ing that  ambitious  schemer's  projected  South- 
western Empire,  but  the  proposals  were 
indignantly  rejected  and  the  scheme  denounced. 
Died,  at  Waterloo,  Jan.  8, 1822.— Robert  (Lemen), 
oldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  25,  1783;  came  with  his  father 
to  Illinois,  and,  after  his  marriage,  settled  in  St. 
Clair  County.  He  held  a  commission  as  magis- 
trate and,  for  a  time,  was  United  States  Marshal 
for  Illinois  under  the  administration  of  John 
Quincy  Adams.  Died  in  Ridge  Prairie,  St.  Clair 
County,  August  24,  I860.— Rev.  Joseph  (Lemen), 
the  second  son,  was  born  in  Berkeley  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  8, 1785,  brought  to  Illinois  in  1786,  and. 
on  reaching  manhood,  married  Mary  Kinney,  a 
daughter  of  Rev.  William  Kinney,  who  after- 
wards became  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  State. 
Joseph  Lemen  settled  in  Ridge  Prairie,  in  the 
northern  part  of  St.  Clair  County,  and  for  many 
years  supplied  the  pulpit  of  the  Bethel  Baptist 
church,  which  had  been  founded  in  1809  on  the 
principle  of  opposition  to  human  slavery.  His 
death  occurred  at  his  home,  June  29,  1861. — Rev. 
James  (Lemen),  Jr.,  the  third  son,  was  born  in 
Monroe  County,  111.,  Oct.  8,  1787;  early  united 
with  the  Baptist  Church  and  became  a  minister 
— ass'sting  in  the  ordination  of  his  father,  whose 
sketch  stands  at  the  head  of  this  article.  He 
served  as  a  Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County  in  the 
first  State  Constitutional  Convention  (1818)  and  as 
Senator  in  the  Second,  Fourth  and  Fifth  General 
Assemblies.  He  also  preached  extensively  in 
Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Kentucky,  and  assisted  in 
the  organization  of  many  churches,  although  his 
labors  were  chiefly  within  his  own.  Mr.  Lemen 
was  the  second  child  of  American  parents  born  in 
Illinois — Enoch  Moore  being  the  first.  Died, 
Feb.  8,  1870.— William  (Lemen),  the  fourth  son, 
born  in  Monroe  County,  III.,  in  1791;  served  as  a 
soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  Died  in  Monroe 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


333 


County,  in  1857. — Rev.  Josiah  (Lemen),  the 
fifth  son,  born  in  Monroe  County,  111.,  August  15, 
1794;  was  a  Baptist  preacher.  Died  near  Du- 
quoin,  July  11,  1867. — Rev.  Hoses  (Lemen),  the 
sixth  son,  born  in  Monroe  County,  111.,  in  1797; 
became  a  Baptist  minister  early  in  life,  served  as 
Representative  in  the  Sixth  General  Assembly 
(1888-30)  for  Monroe  County.  Died,  in  Montgom- 
ery County,  111.,  March  5,  1859. 

LEMOXT,  a  city  in  Cook  County,  25  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  Des  Plaines  River 
and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad.  A  thick 
vein  of  Silurian  limestone  (Athens  marble)  is 
extensively  quarried  here,  constituting  the  chief 
industry.  Owing  to  the  number  of  industrial 
enterprises,  Lemon t  is  at  times  the  temporary 
home  of  a  large  number  of  workmen.  The  city 
has  a  bank,  electric  lights,  six  churches,  two 
papers,  five  public  and  four  private  schools,  one 
business  college,  aluminum  and  concrete  works. 
Population  of  the  township  (1890),  5,539;  (1900), 
4,441. 

LE  MOTIVE,  John  V.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  in  Washington  County,  Pa.,  in  1838,  and 
graduated  from  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in 
1847.  He  studied  law  at  Pittsburg,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1852.  He  at  once  removed 
to  Chicago,  where  he  continued  a  permanent 
resident  and  active  practitioner.  In  1872  he  was 
a  candidate  for  Congress  on  the  Liberal  Repub- 
lican ticket,  but  was  defeated  by  Charles  B.  Far- 
well,  Republican.  In  1874  he  was  again  a 
candidate  against  Mr.  Farwell.  Both  claimed 
the  election,  and  a  contest  ensued  which  was 
decided  by  the  House  in  favor  of  Mr.  Le  Moyne. 

LENA,  a  village  in  Stephenson  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  13  miles  northwest  of 
Freeport  and  38  miles  east  of  Galena.  It  is  in  a 
farming  and  dairying  district,  but  has  some 
manufactures,  the  making  of  caskets  being  the 
principal  industry  in  this  line.  There  are  six 
churches,  two  banks,  and  two  newspapers.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  1,270;  (1900),  1,253. 

LEONARD,  Edward  F.,  Railway  President, 
was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1836 ;  graduated  from 
Union  College,  N.  Y.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  came  to  Springfield,  111. ,  in  1858 :  served  for 
several  years  as  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  State 
Auditor,  was  afterwards  connected  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  "St.  Louis  Short  Line"  (now  a 
part  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway),  and  was 
private  secretary  of  Governor  Cullom  during  his 
first  term.  For  several  years  he  has  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad, 
with  headquarters  at  Peoria. 


LEROY.  a  city  in  McLean  County,  15  miles 
southwest  of  Bloomington;  has  two  banks,  sev- 
eral churches,  a  graded  school  and  a  plow  factory. 
Two  weekly  papers  are  published  there.  Popu 
lation  (1880),  1,068;  (1890),  1,258;  (1900),  1,629. 

LEVER  ETT,  Washington  and  Warren,  edu 
caters  and  twin-brothers,  whose  careers  were 
strikingly  similar;  born  at  Brook  line.  Mass.,  Dec 
19,  1805,  and  passed  their  boyhood  on  a  farm ;  in 
1827  began  a  preparatory  course  of  study  under 
an  elder  brother  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  entered 
Brown  University  as  freshmen,  the  next  year,  and 
graduated  in  1833.  Warren,  being  in  bad  health, 
spent  the  following  winter  in  South  Carolina, 
afterwards  engaging  in  teaching,  for  a  time,  and 
in  study  in  Newton  Theological  Seminary,  while 
Washington  served  as  tutor  two  years  in  his 
Alma  Mater  and  in  Columbian  College  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  then  took  a  course  at  Newton 
graduating  there  in  1836.  The  same  year  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Mathematics  in  Shurtleff 
College  at  Upper  Alton,  remaining,  with  slight 
interruption,  until  1868.  Warren,  after  suffering 
from  hemorrhage  of  the  lungs,  came  west  in  the 
fall  of  1837,  and.  after  teaching  for  a  few  months 
at  Greenville,  Bond  County,  in  1839  joined  his 
brother  at  Shurtleff  College  as  Principal  of  the 
preparatory  department,  subsequently  being 
advanced  to  the  chair  of  Ancient  Languages, 
which  he  continued  to  occupy  until  June,  1868, 
when  he  retired  in  the  same  year  with  his  brother. 
After  resigning  he  established  himself  in  the  book 
business,  which  was  continued  until  his  death. 
Nov.  8,  1872.  Washington,  the  surviving  brother, 
continued  to  be  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  Shurtleff  College,  and  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  Librarian  and  Treasurer  of  the  institu- 
tion. Died,  Dec.  13,  1889. 

LEWIS  INSTITUTE,  an  educational  institu- 
tion based  upon  a  bequest  of  Allen  C.  Lewis,  in 
the  city  of  Chicago,  established  in  1895.  It  main- 
tains departments  in  law,  the  classics,  prepara- 
tory studies  and  manual  training,  and  owns 
property  valued  at  $1,600,000,  with  funds  and 
endowment  amounting  to  $1,100,000.  No  report 
is  made  of  the  number  of  pupils. 

LEWIS,  John  H.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y.,  July  21,  1830. 
When  six  years  old  he  accompanied  his  parents 
to  Knox  County,  111.,  where  he  attended  the 
public  schools,  read  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1860.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  Clerk 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Knox  County.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and,  in  1880,  was  the  successful  Repub- 


334 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


lican  candidate  for  Congress  from  the  old  Ninth 
District  In  1883,  he  was  a  candidate  for  re- 
election from  the  same  district  (then  the  Tenth), 
but  was  defeated  by  Nicholas  E.  Worthington, 
his  Democratic  opponent. 

LEW1STOWN,  the  county -seat  of  Fulton 
County,  located  on  two  lines  of  railway,  fifty 
miles  southwest  of  Peoria  and  sixty  miles  north- 
west of  Springfield.  It  contains  flour  and  saw- 
mills, carriage  and  wagon,  can-making, 
duplex-scales  and  evener  factories,  six  churches 
and  four  newspapers,  one  issuing  a  daily  edition; 
also  excellent  public  schools.  Population  (1880), 
1.771;  (1890),  2,166;  (1900),  2,504, 

LEXINGTON,  a  city  in  McLean  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  110  miles  south  of 
Chicago  and  16  miles  northeast  of  Bloomington. 
The  surrounding  region  is  agricultural  and  stock- 
raising,  and  the  town  has  a  flourishing  trade  in 
horses  and  other  live-stock.  Tile  is  manufac- 
tured here,  and  the  town  has  two  banks,  five 
churches,  a  high  school  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  1,187;  (1900),  1,415. 

LIBERTTYILLE,  a  village  of  Lake  County,  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Chicago  &  Madison  Division 
of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway, 
35  miles  north-northwest  of  Chicago.  The  region 
is  agricultural.  The  town  has  some  manufac- 
tures, two  banks  and  a  weekly  paper.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  550;  (1900),  864. 

LIBRARIES.  (STATISTICAL.  )— A  report  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Education  for  1895-96,  on  the 
subject  of  "Public,  Society  and  School  Libraries 
in  the  United  States,"  presents  some  approximate 
statistics  of  libraries  in  the  several  States,  based 
upon  the  reports  of  librarians,  so  far  as  they 
could  be  obtained  in  reply  to  inquiries  sent  out 
from  the  Bureau  of  Education  in  Washington. 
As  shown  by  the  statistical  tables  embodied  in 
this  report,  there  were  348  libraries  in  Illinois 
reporting  300  volumes  and  over,  of  which  134 
belonged  to  the  smallest  class  noted, or  those  con- 
taining less  than  1,000  volumes.  The  remaining 
214  were  divided  into  the  following  classes: 

Containing  300.000  and  less  than  500. 000  volumes  1 


100,000 

50.000 

25.000 

10,000 

5,000 

1,000 


300,000 
100,000 
50,000 
25,000 
10,000 
5,000 


2 
1 
5 

27 

34 

144 


A  general  classification  of  libraries  of  1,000 
volumes  and  over,  as  to  character,  divides  them 
into.  General,  91 ;  School.  36;  College,  42;  College 
Society,  7;  Law,  3;  Theological,  7;  State,  2;  Asy- 


lum and  Reformatory,  4;  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  2;  Scientific,  6;  Historical,  3;  Soci- 
ety, 8;  Medical,  Odd  Fellows  and  Social,  1  each. 
The  total  number  of  volumes  belonging  to  the 
class  of  1,000  volumes  and  over  was  1,822,580  with 
447,168  pamphlets;  and,  of  the  class  between  300 
and  1,000  volumes,  66,992 — making  a  grand  total  of 
1,889,572  volumes.  The  library  belonging  to  the 
largest  (or  300,000)  class,  is  that  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  reporting  305,000  volumes,  with 
180,000  pamphlets,  while  the  Chicago  Public 
Library  and  the  Newberry  Library  belong  to  the 
second  class,  reporting,  respectively,  217,065  vol- 
umes with  42,000  pamphlets,  and  135,244  volumes 
and  35,654  pamphlets.  (The  report  of  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Library  for  1898  shows  a  total,  for 
that  year,  of  235,385  volumes  and  44,069  pam- 
phlets.) 

As  to  sources  of  support  or  method  of  adminis- 
tration, 42  of  the  class  reporting  1,000  volumes 
and  over,  are  supported  by  taxation ;  27,  by  appro- 
priations by  State,  County  or  City;  20,  from 
endowment  funds ;  54,  from  membership  fees  and 
dues;  16,  from  book-rents;  26,  from  donations, 
leaving  53  to  be  supported  from  sources  not 
stated.  The  total  income  of  131  reporting  on  this 
subject  is  $787,262;  the  aggregate  endowment 
of  17  of  this  class  is  $2,283,197,  and  the  value  of 
buildings  belonging  to  36  is  estimated  at  $2,981,- 
575.  Of  the  214  libraries  reporting  1,000  volumes 
and  over,  88  are  free,  28  are  reference,  and  158 
are  both  circulating  and  reference. 

The  free  public  libraries  in  the  State  containing 
3,000  volumes  and  over,  in  1896,  amounted  to  39. 
The  following  list  includes  those  of  this  class  con- 
taining 10,000  volumes  and  over: 


Chicago,  Public  Library 
Peoria, 


Springfield, 

Rockford, 

Quincy, 

Galesburg 

Elgin,  Gail  Borden  Public  Library 

Bloomington,  Withers  " 

Evanston,  Free 

Decatur,        " 

Belleville, 

Aurora, 

Rock  Island, 

Joliet, 


(1896)  217,065 

57,604 

28.639 

28,000 

and  Reading  Room  19,400 
18,409 
17.000 
16,068 
15,515 
14,766 
14,511 
14.350 
12,634 


22,325 


The  John  Crerar  Library  (a  scientific  reference 
library) — established  in  the  City  of  Chicago  in 
1894,  on  the  basis  of'  a  bequest  of  the  late  John 
Crerar,  estimated  as  amounting  to  fully  $3,000,- 
000 — is  rapidly  adding  to  its  resources,  having, 
in  the  four  years  of  its  history,  acquired  over 
40,000  volumes.  With  its  princely  endowment. 


— 

73 


S3 

c 


r- 

C 

z 


w 

?0 

— 

H 


r 

z 

o 


334 


lllsT<>i;ic.\L    KNCYCLOPEDIA   <>F    ILLINOIS. 


lican  candidate  for  ( 'impress  from  the  old  Ninth 
District.  In  I*"-'.',  hi'  was  a  candidate  for  re- 
election from  the  same  district  (then  the  Truth), 
but  was  defeated  l>y  Nicholas  K.  Worthington, 
his  Democratic  opponent. 

LEWISTOtt'.V,  the  county-scat  of  Fulton 
County.  located  on  two  lines  of  railway,  fifty 
miles  southwest  of  Peoria  ami  sixty  miles  north- 
west of  Springfield.  It  contains  Hour  and  saw- 
mills, carriage  and  wagon,  can-making, 
duplex-scales  and  evener  factories,  six  churches 
and  four  newspapers,  one  issuing  a  daily  edition; 
aLso  excellent  public  schools.  Population  (lN*oi, 
1.771;  (1N90),  2.16U;  (1900),  2,504, 

l,EXlXGTO>',a  city  in  McLean  County,  on  the 
Chicago  iV:  Alton  Railroad,  110  miles  south  »f 
Chicago  and  Hi  miles  northeast  of  Uoantington. 
The  surrounding  region  is  agricultural  and  stock- 
raising,  anil  the  town  has  a  flourishing  trade  ill 
horses  and  other  live-stock.  Tile  is  manufac- 
tured here,  and  the  town  has  two  banks,  live 
churches,  a  high  school  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (18!>0),  1,1*7;  (1900),  1,410. 

LIBERTVVILI.E,  a  village  of  Lake  County,  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Chicago  it  Madison  Division 
of  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  «t  St.  Paul  Railway. 
;!5  miles  north-northwest  of  Chicago.  The  region 
is  agricultural.  The  town  has  some  manufac- 
tures, two  hanks  and  a  weeklv  paper  Popula 
tion  (1*10).  .Vdl:  (I90II).  Mil 

MHKAIUKS.  (STATlsTli-Ai..)— A  re|K)rt«.f  the 
Commissioner  of  r'.ducation  for  Is'tt-lHi,  on  the 
subject  of  "Public.  Society  and  School  Libraries 
in  the  I'nited  States,"  presents  some  approximate 
-tatistics  of  libraries  in  the  several  States,  luised 
upon  the  re|Mirts  of  librarians,  so  far  as  they 
could  I*)  nbtaiiied  in  reply  to  inquiries  sent  out 
fri)in  the  llureaii  of  Kdiu'ation  in  Washington. 
\s  shown  by  the  statistical  tables  emlxulicd  in 
this  re|H>rt.  there  were  :!IH  libraries  in  Illinois 
reporting  IXKI  vulmnes  and  over,  of  which  llil 
In-longed  In  the  smallest  elass  noted. or  those  con- 
taining I»-ss  than  loon  volumes.  The  remaining 
JI4  were  ili\  iiled  into  the  following  classes: 

Containing MO.lxmand  (ess than  ~>i«i  oou  volume^  I 
"        loo.ooo        "        ••     :(IIII.IHMI        "        2 

511,000  "  "        IIIO.IHKI  "  1 

25,1100       ••       ••      r,ip,uiM(       "       r> 
III.IKHI        "         "       •.'.*!.  INN)        "       27 

."i,  IK  in      ••      "      lo.oiHi      ••     :M 

1.IHKI  "  "  5.0011  "       114 

A  general  classilication  of  libraries  of  I.IMiil 
<oluine.s  and  over  as  to  character,  divides  them 
into.  General.  HI  ;  School,  :il!;  College.  I.1;  College 
Soc.inty,  7,  Law  :: ;  Theological.  7.  Slate.  2.  Asy- 


lum ami  Heformatory,  4;  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  2;  Scientific,  <i;  Historical.  3;  Soci- 
ety, H;  Medical,  Odd  Fellows  and  Social,  1  each. 
The  total  number  of  volumes  belonging  to  the 
class  of  1,000  volumes  and  over  was  I,822,!i80  with 
447, 16N  pamphlets;  and,  of  the  class  between  300 
and  1,000  volumes,  fifi. 992— making  a  grand  total  of 
1,889,573  volume*.  The  library  belonging  to  the 
largest  (or  :!IIO,000)  class,  is  that  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  reporting  305,000  volumes,  with 
180.000  pamphlets,  while  the  Chicago  Public 
Library  and  the  Newberry  Library  lielong  to  the 
second  class,  reporting,  res|>ectively,  217,065  vol- 
umes with  42,000  pamphlets,  and  135.244  volumes 
and  35,1154  pamphlets.  (The  report  of  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Library  for  1S9S  shows  a  total,  for 
that  year,  of  2!!5,3H5  volumes  and  44.009  jiam- 
phlets") 

As  to  sources  of  support  or  method  of  adminis- 
tration. 42  of-  the  class  reporting  1. 000  volumes 
and  OMT,  aresup|Kirted  by  taxation  ;  27,  by  appro- 
priations by  State.  County  or  City;  20.  from 
endowment  funds;  54.  from  meml»'i-ship  fees  and 
dues;  Iti.  from  book-rents:  2I>.  from  donations, 
leaving  !>:!  to  be  supported  from  sources  not 
stated.  The  total  income  of  131  reporting  on  this 
subject  is  $7^7.202;  the  aggregate  endowment 
of  17  of  this  class  is  $2. 2X3, 197.  and  the  value  of 
buildings  belonging  to  3(i  is  estimated  at  !52,!t81.- 
575.  Of  the214  libraries  reporting  I.IHMI  volumes 
and  over.  HH  are  free.  2*  are  reference,  and  I5S 
are  Imtli  circulating  and  reference 

The  free  public  libraries  in  the  State  containing 
'Mlilll  volumes  and  over,  in  IH'.lfi.  amounted  to  3!» 
The  following  list  includes  thosnof  this  i  laxs  con- 
taining IO.IMMI  volumes  and  over: 

Chicago.  Public  Library        .              (1M!MJ)  -.'17  (Mi5 

Peoria.                                   .~.7.r,n4 

Springfield,  "  " 2H.t>:>9 

Kockfonl.      "  •• 2X.OOO 

Viiincy.         "  "     and  Mewling  ICmuu   l!».4(Mi 

(lalesburg  " IM.4I.U 

Klgin.  liail  Hordeii  Public  Library        .     .  I7.IHMI 

ItliHimington.  Withers  ••         "          .    I.     ,  Ki.lMJK 

Kvanston.    Free                 "         "          .     .  15.515 

Deeatur.         "                                        .     .     .  14,768 

Belleville,                                          .    .-  14.51 1 

Aurora,  ll.S'iil 

Hock  Island.  |2  li:',| 

Juliet                                    ••         "          ...  22.S25 

The  John  I'rerar  Library  (a  scientific  reference 
library)  established  in  the  City  of  Chicago  in 
IS'.M.  on  the  basis  of  a  bequest  of  the  late  John 
Crerar.  estimated  as  amounting  to  fully  $:l. (MM). - 
(Kill — is  rapidly  adding  to  its  resources,  having, 
in  tho  four  years  of  its  history,  acquired  over 
40,000  volumes.  With  its  princely  endowment. 


X 

V 


VI 

o 


h, 

O 

£ 
~. 


o 

c 

u. 

X 


EC 

3 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


335 


H  is  destined,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  to  be 
reckoned  one  of  the  leading  libraries  of  its  class 
in  the  United  States,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most 
modern  and  carefully  selected. 

The  Newberry  and  Chicago  Historical  Society 
Libraries  fill  an  important  place  for  reference  pur- 
poses, especially  on  historical  subjects.  A  tardy 
beginning  has  been  made  in  building  up  a  State 
Historical  Library  in  Springfield ;  but,  owing  to 
the  indifference  of  the  Legislature  and  the  meager 
support  it  has  received,  the  State  which  was,  for 
nearly  a  hundred  years,  the  theater  of  the  most 
important  events  in  the  development  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  has,  as  yet,  scarcely  accomplished 
anything  worthy  of  its  name  in  collecting  and 
preserving  the  records  of  its  own  history. 

In  point  of  historical  origin,  next  to  the  Illinois 
State  Library,  which  dates  from  the  admission 
of  the  State  into  the  Union  in  1818,  the  oldest 
library  in  the  State  is  that  of  the  McCormick 
Theological  Seminary,  which  is  set  down  as  hav- 
ing had  its  origin  in  1825,  though  this  occurred 
in  another  State.  The  early  State  College  Li- 
braries follow  next  in  chronological  order :  Shurt- 
leff  College,  at  Upper  Alton,  1827 ;  Illinois  College, 
at  Jacksonville,  1829;  McKendree  College,  at 
Lebanon,  1834;  Rockford  College,  1849;  Lombard 
University,  at  Galesburg,  1852.  In  most  cases, 
however,  these  are  simply  the  dates  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  institution,  or  the  period  at  which 
instruction  began  to  be  given  in  the  school  which 
finally  developed  into  the  college. 

The  school  library  is  constantly  becoming  a 
more  important  factor  in  the  liberal  education  of 
the  youth  of  the  State.  Adding  to  this  the  "Illi- 
nois Pupils'  Reading  Circle,"  organized  by  the 
State  Teachers'  Association  some  ten  years  ago, 
but  still  in  the  experimental  stage,  and  the  sys- 
tem of  "traveling libraries,"  set  on  foot  at  a  later 
period,  there  is  a  constant  tendency  to  enlarge 
the  range  of  popular  reading  and  bring  the  public 
library,  in  some  of  its  various  forms,  within  the 
reach  of  a  larger  class. 

THE  FREE  PUBLIC  LIBRARY  LAW  OP  ILLINOIS. 
— The  following  history  and  analysis  of  the  Free 
Public  Library  Law  of  Illinois  is  contributed,  for 
the  "Historical  Encyclopedia,"  by  E.  S.  Willcox, 
Librarian  of  the  Peoria  Public  Library: 

The  Library  Law  passed  by  the  Legislature 
of  Idinois  in  1872  was  the  first  broadly  planned, 
comprehensive  and  complete  Free  Public  Li- 
brary Law  placed  on  the  statute  book  of  any 
State  in  the  Union.  It  is  true,  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1849,  and  Massachusetts,  in  1851, 
had  taken  steps  in  this  direction,  with  three  or 
four  brief  sections  of  laws,  permissive  in  their 


character  rather  than  directive,  but  lacking  the 
vitalizing  qualities  of  our  Illinois  law.  in  that 
they  provided  no  sufficiently  specific  working 
method— no  sailing  directions — for  starting  and 
administering  such  free  public  libraries.  They 
seem  to  have  had  no  influence  on  subsequent 
library  legislation,  while,  to  quote  the  language 
of  Mr.  Fletcher  in  his  "Public  Libraries  in 
America,"  "the  wisdom  of  the  Illinois  law,  in  this 
regard,  is  probably  the  reason  why  it  has  been  so 
widely  copied  in  other  States." 

By  this  law  of  1872  Illinois  placed  herself  at  the 
head  of  her  sister  States  in  encouraging  the 
spread  of  general  intelligence  among  the  people : 
but  it  is  also  a  record  to  be  equally  proud  of,  that, 
within  less  than  five  years  after  her  admission  to 
the  Union,  Dec.  3,  1818— that  is,  at  the  first  ses- 
sion of  her  Third  General  Assembly — a  general 
Act  was  passed  and  approved,  Jan.  31,  1823, 
entitled :  "An  act  to  incorporate  such  persons  as 
may  associate  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  and 
erecting  public  libraries  in  this  State,"  with  the 
following  preamble  • 

••WHIRKAII,  B  disposition  for  Improvement  In  useful 
knowledge  has  manifested  Itself  ID  various  parts  of  this 
State,  by  associating  for  procuring  and  erecting  public 
libraries;  and,  whereas,  it  is  of  the  utmost  tmitortance  to 
the  public  that  the  sources  of  Information  should  be  multi- 
plied, and  Institutions  for  that  purpose  encouraged  and  pro- 
moted: Sec.  i.  Be  It  enacted,  "etc. 

Then  follow  ten  sections,  covering  five  and  a 
half  pages  of  the  published  laws  of  that  session, 
giving  explicit  directions  as  to  the  organizing 
and  maintaining  of  such  Associations,  with  pro- 
visions as  enlightened  and  liberal  as  we  could  ask 
for  to-day.  The  libraries  contemplated  in  this  act 
are,  of  course,  subscription  libraries,  the  only 
kind  known  at  that  time,  free  public  libraries 
supported  by  taxation  not  having  come  into 
vogue  in  that  early  day. 

It  is  the  one  vivifying  quality  of  the  Illinois 
law  of  1872,  that  it  showed  how  to  start  a  free 
public  library,  how  to  manage  it  when  started 
and  how  to  provide  it  with  the  necessary  funds. 
It  furnished  a  full  and  minute  set  of  sailing 
directions  for  the  ship  it  launched,  and.  moreover, 
was  nut  loaded  down  with  useless  limitations. 

With  a  few  exceptions — notably  the  Boston 
Public  Library,  working  under  a  special  charter, 
and  an  occasional  endowed  library,  like  the  Astor 
Library— ^all  public  libraries  in  those  days  were 
subscription  libraries,  like  the  great  Mercantile 
Libraries  of  New  York,  St.  Louis  and  Cincinnati, 
with  dues  of  from  $3  to  $10  from  each  member 
per  year.  With  dues  at  SI  a  year,  our  Peoria 
Mercantile  Library,  at  its  best,  never  had  over 
286  members  in  any  one  year.  Compare  this  with 
our  present  public  membership  of  6,500,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that  some  kind  of  a  free  public 
library  law  was  needed.  That  was  the  conclu- 
sion I,  as  one  of  the  Directors  of  the  Peoria  Mer- 
cantile Library,  came  to  in  1869.  We  had  tried 
every  expedient  for  years,  in  the  way  of  lecture 
courses,  concerts,  spelling  matches,  "Drummer 
Boy  of  Shiloh,"  and  begging,  to  increase  our 
membership  and  revenue.  So  far,  and  no  farther, 
seemed  to  be  the  rule  with  all  subscription 
libraries.  They  did  not  reach  the  masses  who 
needed  them  most.  And,  for  this  manifest  rea- 


•r. 

Y. 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>F    ILLINOIS. 


h  is  destined,  in  tin  course  of  a  few  years,  to  be 
reckoned  one,  of  tin;  lending  libraries  of  its  class 
in  the  United  Stall's,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most 
modern  and  carefully  selected. 

The  Newl>erry  and  Chicago  Historical  Societ} 
Libraries  fill  an  important  place  for  reference  pur 
poses,  especially  on  historical  subjects.  A  tardy 
beginning  has  been  made  in  building  up  a  State 
Historical  Library  in  Springfield;  but.  owing  to 
the  iiidilference  of  the  Legislature  and  the  meager 
support  it  has  received,  the  State  which  was.  for 
nearly  a  hundred  years,  the  theater  of  the  most 
important  events  in  the  development  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  has,  as  yet,  scarcely  accomplished 
anything  worthy  of  its  name  in  collecting  and 
preserving  the  records  of  its  own  history. 

In  point  of  historical  origin,  next  to  the  Illinois 
State  Library,  which  dates  from  the  admission 
of  the  State  into  the  Union  in  181H,  the  oldest 
library  in  the  State  is  that  of  the  McCormick 
Theological  Seminary,  which  is  set  down  as  hav- 
ing hail  its  origin  in  1S25,  though  this  occurred 
in  another  State  The  early  State  College  Li- 
braries follow  next  in  chronological  order:  Shurt- 
lelf  College,  at  Upper  Alton,  1827;  Illinois  College, 
at  Jacksonville,  IS'JU;  McKendree  College,  at 
Lebanon,  Is3t;  Rockford  College.  1H4!);  Ix-mliani 
University,  at  dalesburg.  1852.  In  most  cases, 
however,  these  are  simply  the  dates  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  institution,  or  the  period  at  which 
instruction  began  to  lie  given  in  the  school  which 
finally  developed  into  the  college. 

The  school  library  is  constantly  becoming  :. 
more  important  factor  in  the  liberal  education  of 
the  youth  of  the  State.  Adding  to  this  the  "Illi- 
nois Pupils'  Heading  Circle."  organized  by  the 
State  Teachers'  Association  some  te'ti  years  ago, 
but  still  in  the  experimental  stage,  ami  thesis 
tern  of  "traveling  libraries,"  set  on  foot  at  a  later 
period,  there  is  a  constant  tendency  to  enlarge 
the  ranges  of  popular  reading  and  bring  the  public 
library,  in  some  of  its  various  forms,  within  the 
reach  of  a  larger  class. 

Tin-:  Fiii.i.  Pini.n-  I.IIIKAIIV  LAW  OK  ILLINOIS 
— The  following  history  and  analysis  of  the  Tree 
Public  Library  Law  of  Illinois  is  contributed,  for 
the.  "Historical  Kncvelo|>cJia. "  by  K.  S.  Willcox. 
Librarian  of  the  Penria  1'ublic  Library: 

The  Library  I  .aw  passed  by  the  Legislature 
of  Illinois  in  1-7'.'  was  the  lirst  broadly  planned, 
comprehensive  and  complete  Free  Public  Li- 
brary Law  placed  <>n  the  statute  l»n>k  of  any 
State  in  the  Union  It  is  true.  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1H49  ami  Massachusetts,  in  Is.M. 

had   taken  steps  in  this  direction    withthr i 

four  brief  sections  of  laws     permissive  in   their 


character  rather  than  directive,  but  lacking  the 
vitalizing  qualities  of  our  Illincis  law.  in  that 
they  provided  no  sutliciently  specitic  working 
method — no  sailing  directions — lor  starting  and 
administering  such  free  public  libraries.  They 
seem  to  have  hail  no  influence  on  subsequent 
library  legislation,  while,  to  quote  the  language 
of  Mr.  Fletcher  in  his  "Public  Libraries  in 
America."  "the,  wisdom  of  the  Illinois  law,  in  this 
regard,  is  probably  the  reason  why  it  has  been  so 
widely  copied  in  other  States . " 

By  this  law  of  l>-7','  Illinois  placed  herself  at  the 
bead  of  her  sister  States  in  encouraging  the 
spread  of  general  intelligence  among  the  people. 
hut  it  is  also  a  record  to  IK'  equally  proud  of.  that, 
within  less  than  five  years  after  her  admission  to 
the  Union,  Dec.  3.  1*1*— that  is.  at  the  first  ses 
sion  of  her  Third  General  Assembly — a  general 
Act  was  passed  and  approved,  Jan.  ill.  1KJ3. 
entitled:  "An  act  to  incorporate  such  |«ersons  as 
may  associate  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  and 
erecting  public  libraries  in  this  State."  with  the 
following  preamble- 

••\ViiKRp.A'*.  a  disiMisilion  fur  improvement  !n  useful 
kOOVtedBB  has  manifested  Itself  ill  various  parts  of  this 
stati1,  tiy  associating  fur  procuring  and  en-elim:  cnlilic 
libraries  and.  whereas,  it  is  of  the  utmost  itnporctni-e  • 
the  puhlii'  that  the  sources  of  information  should  t"  Hiiilti 
plied,  and  Institutions  for  that  pnr|«>se  encouraged  and  pri»- 
lilotcd:  Sec.  1.  lie  it  enacted,"  etr. 

Then  follow  ten  sections,  covering  five  and  a 
hair  pages  of  the  published  laws  of  that  session, 
giving  explicit  directions  as  to  the  organizing 
and  maintaining  of  such  Associations,  with  pro 
visions  as  enlightened  and  lilieral  as  w»»  could  ask 
for  to-day.  The  libraries  contemplated  in  this  act 
are,  of  course,  subscription  libraries,  the  only 
kind  known  at  that  time,  free  public  libraries 
supported  by  taxation  not  having  come  into 
vogue  in  that  early  day. 

It  is  the  one  vivifying  quality  of  the  Illinois 
law  of  1N72.  that  it  showed  how  to  Marl  a  free 
public  library,  how  to  manage  it  when  started 
and  how  to  provide  it  with  the  necessary  funds 
It  furnished  a  full  and  minute  set  of  sailing 
directions  for  t  he  ship  it  launched,  and.  moreover, 
was  not  loaded  d.>«  n  with  unless  limitations 

With  a  few  exceptions — notably  the  Itoston 
Public  Library,  working  voder  a  special  charter 
and  an  occasional  endowed  library,  like  t  lie  . \stor 
L'braiv — all  public  libraries  in  those  days  were 
subscription  libraries,  like  the  gival  Mercantile 
Libraries  of  New  York.  St.  I.ouis  and  Cincinnati, 
with  dues  of  from  s::  to  SIM  fri»ni  each  memlwr 
per  year  With  dues  at  *1  a  \oat.onr  Peoria 
Mercantile  Library,  at  its  liest.  never  bad  over 
2SU  memlicrs  in  any  one  year.  C<nn|>are  t  bis  with 
our  present  public  niemlicrship  of  (i..~i<!li.  and  it 
\viii  be  seen  (Itat  s,,nie  kind  of  a  free  publii 
library  law  was  nt  fj.-d  T'lat  was  the  conclu- 
sion I.  as  one  of  I  hi-  Director-,  of  the  I'eoria  Mir 
canlile  Library,  came  in  in  |M;:I  We  bad  triid 
e\  ery  ex|R'dienl  foryears.  in  the  way  of  lectur* 
••nurses,  concerts.  s|n-i!i"u'  iTialches.  "llrumme' 
Hoy  of  Shiloh,"  and  lic^-ing.  !•>  increasi-  our 
membership  and  re\  enue.  S.>  far.  and  im  farther 
seemed  to  be  the  rule  with  all  subscription 
libraries..  Tin  >  did  m.t  reach  the  masses  « )i« 
needed  them  tnosi  And.  fm-  this  manifest  rea- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


son :  the  necessary  cost  of  annual  dues  stood  in 
the  way;  the  women  and  young  people  who 
wanted  something  to  read,  who  thirsted  for 
knowledge,  and  who  are  the  principal  patrons  of 
the  free  public  library  to-day,  did  not  hold  the 
family  purse-strings;  while  the  men,  who  did 
hold  the  purse-strings,  did  not  particularly  care 
for  books. 

It  was  my  experience,  derived  as  a  Director  in 
the  Peoria  Mercantile  Library  when  it  was  still  a 
small,  struggling  subscription  library,  that  sug- 
gested the  need  of  a  State  law  authorizing  cities 
and  towns  to  tax  themselves  for  the  support  of 
public  libraries,  as  they  already  did  for  the  sup- 
port of  public  schools.  When,  in  1870,  I 
submitted  the  plan  to  some  of  my  friends,  they 
pronounced  it  Quixotic — the  people  would  never 
consent  to  pay  taxes  for  libraries.  To  which  I 
replied,  that,  until  sometime  in  the  '50's,  we 
had  no  free  public  schools  in  this  State. 

I  then  drew  up  the  form  of  a  law,  substantially 
.as  it  now  stands;  and,  after  submitting  it  to 
Justin  Winsor,  then  of  the  Boston  Public  Li- 
brary ;  William  F.  Poole,  then  in  Cincinnati,  and 
William  T.  Harris,  then  in  St.  Louis,  I  placed  it 
in  the  hands  of  my  friend,  Mr.  Samuel  Caldwell, 
in  December,  1870,  who  took  it  with  him  to 
Springfield,  promising  to  do  what  he  could  to  get 
it  through  the  Legislature,  of  which  he  was  a 
member  from  Peoria.  The  bill  was  introduced 
by  Mr.  Caldwell,  March  23,  1871,  as  House  bill 
No.  563.  and  as  House  bill  No.  563  it  finally 
received  the  Governor's  signature  and  became  a 
law,  March  7,  1872. 

The  essential  features  of  our  Illinois  law  are: 

/.  The  power  of  initiative  in  starting  a  free 
public  library  lies  in  the  City  Council,  and  not  in 
an  appeal  to  the  voters  of  the  city  at  a  general 
flection. 

It  is  a  weak  point  in  the  English  public  libra- 
ries act  that  this  initiative  is  left  to  the  electors  or 
voters  of  a  city,  and,  in  several  London  and  pro- 
vincial districts,  the  proposed  law  has  been 
repeatedly  voted  down  by  the  very  people  it  was 
most  calculated  to  benefit,  from  fear  of  a  little 
extra  taxation. 

//.  The  amount  of  tax  to  be,  levied  i»  permissive, 
not  mandatory. 

We  can  trust  to  the  public  spirit  of  our  city 
authorities,  supported  by  an  intelligent  public 
sentiment,  to  provide  for  the  library  needs.  A 
mandatory  law,  requiring  the  levying  of  a  certain 
fixed  percentage  of  the  city's  total  assessment, 
might  invite  extravagance,  as  it  has  in  several 
instances  where  a  mandatory  law  is  in  force. 

///.  The  Library  Board  has  exclusive  control  of 
library  appropriations. 

This  is  to  be  interpreted  that  Public  Library 
Boards  are  separate  and  distinct  departments  of 
the  city  administration;  and  experience  has 
shown  that  they  are  as  capable  and  honest  in 
handling  money  as  School  Boards  or  City 
Councils. 

TV.  Library  Boards  consi.it  of  nitu'  members  to 
serve  for  three  years. 

V.  The  members  of  the  Board  are  appointed  by 
the  Mayor,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  City 
Council,  from  the  citizens  at  large  with  reference 
to  their  fitness  for  such  office. 


VI.  An  annual  report  is  to  be  made  by  the 
Board  to  the  City  Council,  stating  the  condition 
of  their  trust  on  the  first  day  of  June  of  each 
year. 

This,  with  slight  modifications  adapting  it  to 
villages,  towns  and  townships,  is,  in  substance, 
the  Free  Public  Library  Law  of  Illinois.  Under 
its  beneficent  operation  flourishing  free  public 
libraries  have  been  established  in  the  principal 
cities  and  towns  of  our  State — slowly,  at  first, 
but,  of  late  years,  more  rapidly  as  their  usefulness 
has  become  apparent. 

No  argument  is  now  needed  to  show  the  im- 
portance— the  imperative  necessity — of  the  widest 
possible  diffusion  of  intelligence  among  the  people 
of  a  free  State.  Knowledge  and  ignorance — the 
one  means  civilization,  the  other,  barbarism. 
Give  a  man  the  taste  for  good  books  and  the 
means  of  gratifying  it,  and  you  can  hardly  fail  of 
making  him  a  better,  happier  man  and  a  wiser 
citizen.  You  place  him  in  contact  with  the  best 
society  in  every  period  of  history ;  you  set  before 
him  nobler  examples  to  imitate  and  safer  paths 
to  follow. 

We  have  no  way  of  foretelling  how  many  and 
how  great  benefits  will  accrue  to  society  and  the 
State,  in  the  future,  from  the  comparatively 
modern  introduction  of  the  free  public  library 
into  our  educational  system;  but  when  some 
youthful  Abraham  Lincoln,  poring  over  yKsop's 
Fables,  Weems'  Life  of  Washington  and  a  United 
States  History,  by  the  flickering  light  of  a  pine- 
knot  in  a  log-cabin,  rises  at  length  to  be  the  hope 
and  bulwark  of  a  nation,  then  we  learn  what  the 
world  may  owe  to  a  taste  for  books.  In  the  gen- 
eral spread  of  intelligence  through  our  free 
schools,  our  free  press  and  our  free  libraries,  lies 
our  only  hope  that  our  free  American  institutions 
shall  not  decay  and  perish  from  the  earth. 

"  Knowledge  Is  the  only  good.  Ignorance  tbe  only  evQ." 
"  Let  knowledge  grow  from  more  to  more." 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS   OF   ILLINOIS. 

The  office  of  Lieutenant-Governor,  created  by  the 
Constitution  of  1818,  has  been  retained  in  each  of 
the  subsequent  Constitutions,  being  elective  by 
the  people  at  the  same  time  with  that  of  Gov- 
ernor. The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Lieutenant 
Governors  of  the  State,  from  the  date  of  its 
admission  into  the  Union  to  the  present  time 
(1899),  with  the  date  and  length  of  each  incum- 
bent's term:  Pierre  Menard,  1818-22;  Adolphus 
Frederick  Hubbard,  1822-26;  William  Kinney, 
1826-30;  Zadoc  Casey,  1830-33;  William  Lee  D. 
K  wing  (succeeded  to  the  office  as  President  of  the 
Senate),  1833-34;  Alexander  M.  Jenkins,  1834-36; 
William  H.  Davidson  (as  President  of  the 
Senate),  1836-38;  Stinson  H.  Anderson,  1838-42; 
John  Moore,  1842-46;  Joseph  B.  Wells,  1846-49; 
William  McMurtry,  1849-53;  Gustavus  Koerner, 
1853-57;  John  Wood,  1857-60;  Thomas  A.  Mar- 
shall (as  President  of  the  Senate),  Jan.  7-14,  1861 ; 
Francis  A.  Hoffman,  1861-65;  William  Bross. 
1865-69;  John  Dougherty,  1869-73;  John  L. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


337 


Beveridge.  Jan.  13-23,  1873;  John  Early  (as 
President  of  the  Senate),  1873-75;  Archibald  A. 
Glenn  (as  President  of  the  Senate),  1875-77; 
Andrew  Shuman,  1877-81;  John  M.  Hamilton, 
1881-83;  William  J.  Campbell  (as  President  of 
the  Senate),  1883-85;  John  C.  Smith,  1885-89; 
Lyrnan  B.  Ray,  1889-93;  Joseph  B.  Gill,  1893-97; 
William  A.  Northcott,  1897  — . 

LIMESTONE.  Illinois  ranks  next  to  Pennsyl- 
vania in  its  output  of  limestone,  the  United 
States  Census  Report  for  1890  giving  the  number 
of  quarries  as  104,  and  the  total  value  of  the 
product  as  $2,190,604.  In  the  value  of  stone  used 
for  building  purposes  Illinois  far  exceeds  any 
other  State,  the  greater  proportion  of  the  output 
in  Pennsylvania  being  suitable  only  for  flux. 
Next  to  its  employment  as  building  stone,  Illinois 
limestone  is  chiefly  used  for  street-work,  a  small 
percentage  being  used  for  flux,  and  still  less  for 
bridge-work,  and  but  little  for  burning  into  lime. 
The  quarries  in  this  State  employ  3,383  hands,  and 
represent  a  capital  of  $3,316,616,  in  the  latter  par- 
ticular also  ranking  next  to  Pennsylvania.  The 
quarries  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  State, 
but  the  most  productive  and  most  valuable  are  in 
the  northern  section. 

LINCOLN,  an  incorporated  city,  and  county- 
seat  of  Logan  County,  at  the  intersection  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton,  the  Champaign  and  Havana 
and  the  Peoria,  Decatur  and  Evansville  Divi- 
sions of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad ;  is  28  miles 
northeast  of  Springfield,  and  157  miles  southwest 
of  Chicago.  The  surrounding  country  is  devoted 
to  agriculture,  stock-raising  and  coal-mining. 
Considerable  manufacturing  is  carried  on,  among 
the  products  being  flour,  brick  and  drain  tile. 
The  city  has  water-works,  fire  department,  gas 
and  electric  lighting  plant,  telephone  system, 
machine  shops,  eighteen  churches,  good  schools, 
three  national  banks,  a  public  library,  electric 
street  railways,  and  several  newspapers.  Besides 
possessing  good  schools,  it  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln 
University  (a  Cumberland  Presbyterian  institu- 
tion, founded  in  1865)  The  Odd  Fellows' 
Orphans'  Home  and  the  Illinois  (State)  Asylum 
for  Feeble-Minded  Children  are  also  located  here. 
Population  (1890),  6,725;  (1900),  8.9«2;  (1903,  est.), 
12,000. 

LINCOLN,  Abraham,  sixteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  Hardin  County,  Ky  . 
Feb.  12,  1809,  of  Quaker-English  descent,  his 
grandfather  liaving  emigrated  from  Virginia  to 
Kentucky  about  1780,  where  he  was  killed  by  the 
Indians  in  1784.  Thomas  Lincoln,  the  father  of 
Abraham,  settled  in  Indiana  in  1816  and  removed 


to  Macon  County  in  1830.  Abraham  was  the 
issue  of  his  father's  first  marriage,  his  mother's 
maiden  name  being  Nancy  Hanks.  The  early 
occupations  of  the  future  President  were  varied. 
He  served  at  different  times  as  farm-laborer,  flat- 
boatman,  country  salesman,  merchant,  surveyor, 
lawyer,  State  legislator,  Congressman  and  Presi- 
dent. In  1832  he  enlisted  for  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  and  was  chosen  Captain  of  his  company ; 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Legislature 
the  same  year,  but  elected  two  years  later. 
About  this  time  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1836, 
and,  one  year  later,  began  practice  at  Springfield. 
By  successive  re-elections  he  served  in  the  House 
until  1842,  when  he  declined  a  re-election.  In 
1838,  and  again  in  1840,  he  was  the  Whig  candi- 
date for  Speaker  of  the  House,  on  both  occasions 
being  defeated  by  William  L.  D.  Ewing.  In  1841 
he  was  an  applicant  to  President  William  Henry 
Harrison  for  the  position  of  Commissioner  of  the 
General  Land  Office,  the  appointment  going  to 
Justin  Butterfield.  His  next  official  position  was 
that  of  Representative  in  the  Thirtieth  Congress 
(1847-49).  From  that  time  he  gave  his  attention 
to  his  profession  until  1855,  when  he  was  a  lead- 
ing candidate  for  the  United  States  Senate  in 
opposition  to  the  principles  of  the  Nebraska  Bill, 
but  failed  of  election,  Lyman  Trumbull  being 
chosen.  In  1856,  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
organization  of  the  Republican  party  at  Bloom- 
ington,  and,  in  1858,  was  formally  nominated  by 
the  Republican  State  Convention  for  the  United 
States  Senate,  later  engaging  in  a  joint  debate 
with  Senator  Douglas  on  party  issues,  during 
which  they  delivered  speeches  at  seven  different 
cities  of  the  State.  Although  he  again  failed  to 
secure  the  prize  of  an  election,  owing  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  legislative  apportionment  then  in 
force,  which  gave  a  majority  of  the  Senators  and 
Representatives  to  a  Democratic  minority  of  the 
voters,  his  burning,  incisive  utterances  on  the 
subject  of  slavery  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
whole  country,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the 
future  triumph  of  the  Republican  party.  Previ- 
ous to  this  he  had  been  four  times  (1840,  '44,  '52, 
and  '56)  on  the  ticket  of  his  party  as  candidate 
for  Presidential  Elector.  In  1860,  he  was  the 
nominee  of  the  Republican  party  for  the  Presi- 
dency and  was  chosen  by  a  decisive  majority  in 
the  Electoral  College,  though  receiving  a  minor- 
ity of  the  aggregate  popular  vote.  Unquestion 
ably  his  candidacy  was  aided  by  internal 
dissensions  in  the  Democratic  party.  His  election 
and  his  inauguration  (on  March  4,  1861)  were 


338 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


made  a  pretext  for  secession,  and  he  met  the 
issue  with  promptitude  and  firmness,  tempered 
with  kindness  and  moderation  towards  the  se- 
cessionists. He  was  re-elected  to  the  Presidency 
in  1864,  the  vote  in  the  Electoral  College  standing 
212  for  Lincoln  to  21  for  his  opponent,  Gen. 
George  B.  McClellan.  The  history  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's life  in  the  Presidential  chair  is  the  history 
of  the  whole  country  during  its  most  dramatic 
period.  Next  to  his  success  in  restoring  the 
authority  of  the  Government  over  the  whole 
Union,  history  will,  no  doubt,  record  his  issuance 
of  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  of  January, 
1863,  as  the  most  important  and  far-reaching  act 
of  his  administration.  And  yet  to  this  act,  which 
has  embalmed  his  memory  in  the  hearts  of  the 
lovers  of  freedom  and  human  justice  in  all  ages 
and  in  all  lands,  the  world  over,  is  due  his  death 
at  the  hands  of  the  assassin,  J.  Wilkes  Booth,  in 
Washington  City,  April  15,  1865,  as  the  result  of 
an  assault  made  upon  him  in  Ford's  Theater  the 
evening  previous — his  death  occurring  one  week 
after  the  fall  of  Richmond  and  the  surrender  of 
Lee's  army — just  as  peace,  with  the  restoration  of 
the  Union,  was  assured.  A  period  of  National 
mourning  ensued,  and  he  was  accorded  the  honor 
of  a  National  funeral,  his  remains  being  finally 
laid  to  rest  in  a  mausoleum  in  Springfield.  His 
profound  sympathy  with  every  class  of  sufferers 
during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion ;  his  forbearance 
in  the  treatment  of  enemies;  his  sagacity  in 
giving  direction  to  public  sentiment  at  home  and 
in  dealing  with  international  questions  abroad; 
his  courage  in  preparing  the  way  for  the  removal 
of  slavery — the  bone  of  contention  between  the 
warring  sections — have  given  him  a  place  in  the 
affections  of  the  people  beside  that  of  Washington 
himself,  and  won  for  him  the  respect  and  admi- 
ration of  all  civilized  nations. 

LINCOLN,  Robert  Todd,  lawyer,  member  of 
the  Cabinet  and  Foreign  Minister,  the  son  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  was  born  in  Springfield,  111., 
August  1,  1843,  and  educated  in  the  home  schools 
and  at  Harvard  University,  graduating  from  the 
latter  in  1864.  During  the  last  few  months  of 
the  Civil  War,  he  served  on  the  staff  of  General 
Grant  with  the  rank  of  Captain.  After  the  war 
he  studied  law  and,  on  his  admission  to  the  bar, 
settled  in  Chicago,  finally  becoming  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Lincoln  &  Isham.  In  1880,  he  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  and,  in  March  following,  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  War  by  President  Garfield,  serving  to  the 
close  of  the  term.  In  1889  he  became  Minister  to 
England  by  appointment  of  President  Harrison, 


gaining  high  distinction  as  a  diplomatist.  This 
was  the  last  public  office  held  by  him.  After  the 
death  of  George  M.  Pullman  he  became  Acting 
President  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company, 
later  being  formally  elected  to  that  office,  which 
(1899)  he  still  holds.  Mr.  Lincoln's  name  has 
been  frequently  mentioned  in  connection  with 
the  Republican  nomination  for  the  Presidency, 
but  its  use  has  not  been  encouraged  by  him. 

LINCOLN  AND  DOUGLAS  DEBATE,  a  name 
popularly  given  to  a  series  of  joint  discussions 
between  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las, held  at  different  points  in  the  State  during  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  1858,  while  both  were 
candidates  for  the  position  of  United  States  Sena- 
tor. The  places  and  dates  of  holding  these 
discussions  were  as  follows:  At  Ottawa,  August 
21 ;  at  Free  port ,  August  27 ;  at  Jonesboro,  Sept 
15;  at  Charleston,  Sept.  18;  at  Galesburg,  Oct.  7; 
at  Quincy ,  Oct.  13 ;  at  Alton,  Oct.  15.  Immense 
audiences  gathered  to  hear  these  debates,  which 
have  become  famous  in  the  political  history  of 
the  Nation,  and  the  campaign  was  the  most  noted 
in  the  history  of  any  State.  It  resulted  in  the 
securing  by  Douglas  of  a  re-election  to  the  Senate 
but  his  answers  to  the  shrewdly -couched  interrog- 
atories of  Lincoln  bd  to  the  alienation  of  his 
Southern  following,  the  disruption  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  in  1860,  and  the  defeat  of  his  Presi- 
dential aspirations,  with  the  placing  of  Mr 
Lincoln  prominently  before  the  Nation  as  a 
sagacious  political  leader,  and  his  final  election 
to  the  Presidency. 

LINCOLN  UNIVERSITY,  an  institution  located 
at  Lincoln,  Logan  County,  111.,  incorporated  in 
1865.  It  is  co-educational,  has  a  faculty  of  eleven 
instructors  and,  for  1896-8,  reports  209  pupils — 
ninety-one  male  and  118  female.  Instruction 
is  given  in  the  classics,  the  sciences,  music,  fine 
arts  and  preparatory  studies.  The  institution 
has  a  library  of  3,000  volumes,  and  reports  funds 
and  endowment  amounting  to  $60,000,  with 
property  valued  at  $55,000. 

LINDER,  Usher  I'.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Elizabethtown,  Hardin  County,  Ky.  (ten 
miles  from  the  birthplace  of  Abraham  Lincoln), 
March  20,  1809;  came  to  Illinois  in  1835,  finally 
locating  at  Charleston,  Coles  County ;  after  travel- 
ing the  circuit  a  few  months  was  elected  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Tenth  General  Assembly  (1836), 
but  resigned  before  the  close  of  the  session  to 
accept  the  office  of  Attorney-General,  which  he 
held  less  than  a  year  and  a  half,  when  he  resigned 
that  also.  Again,  in  1846,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Fifteenth  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  to  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


339 


Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth,  afterwards  giving  his 
attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Mr. 
Linder,  in  his  best  days,  was  a  fluent  speaker  with 
some  elements  of  eloquence  which  gave  him  a 
wide  popularity  as  a  campaign  orator.  Originally 
a  Whig,  on  the  dissolution  of  that  party  he 
became  a  Democrat,  and,  in  1860,  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Democratic  National  Convention  at 
Charleston,  S.  ("'.,  and  at  Baltimore.  During  the 
last  four  years  of  his  life  he  wrote  a  series  of 
articles  under  the  title  of  "Reminiscences  of  the 
Early  Bench  and  Bar  of  Illinois,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  book  form  in  1876.  Died  in  Chicago, 
June  5,  1876. 

LINEtiAR,  David  T.,  legislator,  was  born  in 
Ohio,  Feb.  12,  1830;  came  to  Spencer  County, 
Ind.,  in  1840,  and  to  Wayne  County,  111.,  in  1858, 
afterward  locating  at  Cairo,  where  he  served  as 
Postmaster  during  the  Civil  War ;  was  a  Repub- 
lican Presidential  Elector  in  1872,  but  afterwards 
became  a  Democrat,  and  served  as  such  in  the 
lower  branch  of  the  General  Assembly  (1880-86). 
Died  at  Cairo,  Feb.  2,  1886. 

LIPPINCOTT,  Charles  E.,  State  Auditor,  was 
born  at  Edwardsville,  111.,  Jan.  26,  1825;  attended 
Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  but  did  not 
graduate;  in  1849  graduated  from  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  and  began  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine at  Chandlerville,  Cass  County.  In  1852  he 
went  to  California,  remaining  there  five  years, 
taking  an  active  part  in  the  anti-slavery  contest, 
and  serving  as  State  Senator  (1853-55).  In  1857, 
having  returned  to  Illinois,  he  resumed  practice 
at  Chandlerville,  and,  in  1861,  under  authority  of 
Governor  Yates,  recruited  a  company  which  was 
attached  to  the  Thirty-third  Illinois  Infantry  as 
Company  K,  and  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
Captain,  having  declined  the  lieutenant-colo- 
nelcy. Within  twelve  months  he  became  Colonel, 
and,  on  Sept.  16,  1865,  was  mustered  out  as  brevet 
Brigadier-General.  In  1866  he  reluctantly  con- 
sented to  lead  the  Republican  forlorn  hope  as  a 
candidate  for  Congress  in  the  (then)  Ninth  Con- 
gressional District,  largely  reducing  the  Demo- 
cratic majority.  In  1867  he  was  elected  Secretary 
of  the  State  Senate,  and  the  same  year  chosen 
Doorkeeper  of  the  House  of  Representatives  at 
Washington.  In  1868  he  was  elected  State  Audi- 
tor, and  re-elected  in  1872 ;  also  served  as  Perma- 
nent President  of  the  Republican  State  Conven- 
tion of  1878.  On  the  establishment  of  the  Illinois 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Quincy,  he  became 
its  first  Superintendent,  assuming  his  duties  in 
March,  1887,  but  died  Sept.  13,  following,  as  a 
result  of  injuries  received  from  a  runaway  team 


while  driving  through  the  grounds  of  the  institu- 
tion a  few  days  previous.  —  Emily  Webster 
Chandler  (Lippincott),  wife  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  March  13,  1833,  at  Chandlerville.  Cass 
County,  111.,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Charles  Chand- 
ler, a  prominent  physician  widely  known  in  that 
section  of  the  State ;  was  educated  at  Jacksonville 
Female  Academy,  and  married,  Dec.  25,  1851,  to 
Dr.  (afterwards  General)  Charles  E.  Lippincott. 
Soon  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1887,  Mrs.  Lippincott,  who  had  already 
endeared  herself  by  her  acts  of  kindness  to  the 
veterans  in  the  Soldiers1  and  Sailors'  Home,  was 
appointed  Matron  of  the  institution,  serving  until 
her  death,  May  21,  1895.  The  respect  in  which 
she  was  held  by  the  old  soldiers,  to  whose  com 
fort  and  necessities  she  had  ministered  in  hos 
pital  and  elsewhere,  was  shown  in  a  most  touching 
manner  at  the  time  of  her  death,  and  on  the 
removal  of  her  remains  to  be  laid  by  the  side  of 
her  husband,  in  Oak  Ridge  Cemetery  at  Spring- 
field. 

LIPPINCOTT,  (Rev.)  Thomas,  early  clergy 
man,  was  born  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  in  1791;  in  1817 
started  west,  arriving  in  St.  Louis  in  February 
1818 ;  the  same  year  established  himself  in  mer- 
cantile business  at  Milton,  then  a  place  of  som. 
importance  near  Alton.  This  place  proving 
unhealthy,  he  subsequently  removed  to  Edwards 
ville,  where  he  was  for  a  time  employed  as  clerk 
in  the  Land  Office.  He  afterwards  served  a* 
Secretary  of  the  Senate  (1822-23).  That  he  was  a 
man  of  education  and  high  intelligence,  as  well 
as  a  strong  opponent  of  slavery,  is  shown  by  his 
writings,  in  conjunction  with  Judge  Samuel  D. 
Lockwood,  George  Churchill  and  others,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  scheme  for  securing  the  adoption  of 
a  pro-slavery  Constitution  in  Illinois  in  1*24.  In 
1825  he  purchased  from  Hooper  Warren  "The 
Edwardsville  Spectator,"  which  he  edited  for  a 
year  or  more,  but  soon  after  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  became  an  influ- 
ential factor  in  building  up  that  denomination  in 
Illinois.  He  was  also  partly  instrumental  in 
securing  the  location  of  Illinois  College  at  Jack 
sonville.  He  died  at  Pana,  111.,  April  13,  1889. 
Gen.  Charles  E.  Lippincott,  State  Auditor 
(1869-77),  was  a  son  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch 

LUJUOR  LAWS.  In  the  early  history  of  the 
State,  the  question  of  the  regulation  of  the  sale  of 
intoxicants  was  virtually  relegated  to  the  control 
of  the  local  authorities,  who  granted  license,  col 
lected  fees,  and  fixed  the  tariff  of  charges.  As 
early  as  1851,  however,  the  General  Assembly, 
with  a  view  to  mitigating  what  it  was  felt  had 


340 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


become  a  growing  evil,  enacted  a  law  popularly 
known  as  the  "quart  law,"  which,  it  was  hoped, 
would  do  away  with  the  indiscriminate  sale  of 
liquor  by  the  glass.  The  law  failed  to  meet  the 
expectation  of  its  framers  and  supporters,  and,  in 
1855,  a  prohibitory  law  was  submitted  to  the  elect- 
ors, which  wag  rejected  at  the  polls.  Since  that 
•  late  a  general  license  system  has  prevailed,  except 
in  certain  towns  and  cities  where  prohibitory 
ordinances  were  adopted.  .The  regulations  gov- 
erning the  traffic,  therefore,  have  been  widely 
variant  in  different  localities.  The  Legislature, 
however,  has  always  possessed  the  same  constitu- 
tional power  to  regulate  the  sale  of  intoxicants, 
as  aconite,  henbane,  strychnine,  or  other  poisons. 
In  1879  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  began  the  agitation  of  the  license  question 
from  a  new  standpoint.  In  March  of  that  year,  a 
delegation  of  Illinois  women,  headed  by  Miss 
Frances  E.  Willard,  presented  to  the  Legislature 
a  monster  petition,  signed  by  80,000  voters  and 
100,000  women,  praying  for  the  amendment  of 
the  State  Constitution,  so  as  to  give  females  above 
the  age  of  21  the  right  to  vote  upon  the  granting 
of  licenses  in  the  localities  of  their  residences. 
Miss  Willard  and  Mrs.  J.  Ellen  Foster,  of  Iowa, 
addressed  the  House  in  its  favor,  and  Miss 
Willard  spoke  to  the  Senate  on  the  same  lines. 
The  measure  was  defeated  in  the  House  by  a  vote 
of  fifty-five  to  fifty-three,  and  the  Senate  took  no 
action.  In  1881  the  same  bill  was  introduced 
anew,  but  again  failed  of  passage.  Nevertheless, 
persistent  agitation  was  not  without  its  results. 
In  1883  the  Legislature  enacted  what  is  generally 
termed  the  "High  License  Law,"  by  the  provi- 
sions of  which  a  minimum  license  of  $500  per 
annum  was  imposed  for  the  sale  of  alcoholic 
drinks,  and  $150  for  malt  liquors,  with  the 
authority  on  the  part  of  municipalities  to  impose 
a  still  higher  rate  by  ordinance.  This  measure 
was  made  largely  a  partisan  issue,  the  Repub- 
licans voting  almost  solidly  for  it,  and  the  Demo- 
crats almost  solidly  opposing  it.  The  bill  was 
promptly  signed  by  Governor  Hamilton.  The 
liquor  laws  of  Illinois,  therefore,  at  the  present 
time  are  based  upon  local  option,  high  license  and 
local  supervision.  The  criminal  code  of  the  State 
contains  the  customary  provisions  respecting  the 
sale  of  stimulants  to  minors  and  other  prohibited 
parties,  or  at  forbidden  times,  but,  in  the  larger 
cities,  many  of  the  provisions  of  the  State  law 
are  rendered  practically  inoperative  by  the 
municipal  ordinances,  or  absolutely  nullified  by 
the  indifference  or  studied  neglect  of  the  local 
officials. 


LITCHFIELD,  the  principal  city  of  Montgom- 
ery County,  at  the  intersection  of  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis,  the  Wabash  and  the  Illinois 
Central,  with  three  other  short-line  railways,  43 
miles  south  of  Springfield  and  47  miles  northeast 
of  St.  Louis.  The  surrounding  country  is  fer- 
tile, undulating  prairie,  in  which  are  found  coal, 
oil  and  natural  gas.  A  coal  mine  is  operated 
within  the  corporate  limits.  Orain  is  extensively 
raised,  and  Litchfield  has  several  elevators,  flour- 
ing mills,  a  can  factory,  briquette  works,  etc. 
The  output  of  the  manufacturing  establishments 
also  includes  foundry  and  machine  shop  prod- 
ucts, brick  and  tile,  brooms,  ginger  ale  and  cider. 
The  city  is  lighted  by  both  gas  and  electricity, 
and  has  a  Holly  water-works  system,  a  public 
library  and  public  parks,  two  banks,  twelve 
churches,  high  and  graded  schools,  and  an  Ursu- 
line  convent,  a  Catholic  hospital,  and  two 
monthly,  two  weekly,  and  two  daily  periodicals. 
Population  (1890),  5,811;  (1900),  5,918;  (1903. 
est ),  7,000. 

LITCHFIELD,  CARROLLTON  &  WESTERN 
RAILROAD,  a  line  which  extends  from  Colum- 
biana,  on  the  Illinois  River,  to  Barnett,  111.,  51.5 
miles;  is  of  standard  gauge,  the  track  being  laid 
with  fifty-six  pound  steel  rails.  It  was  opened 
for  business,  in  three  different  sections,  from  1883 
to  1887,  and  for  three  years  was  operated  in  con- 
nection with  the  Jacksonville  Southeastern 
Railway.  In  May,  1890,  the  latter  was  sold  under 
foreclosure,  and,  in  November,  1893,  the  Litch- 
field, Carrollton  &  Western  reverted  to  the 
former  owners.  Six  months  later  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  a  receiver,  by  whom  (up  to  1898)  it 
has  since  been  operated.  The  general  offices 
are  at  Carlinville. 

LITTLE,  George,  merchant  and  banker,  was 
born  in  Columbia,  Pa.,  in  1808;  came  to  Rush- 
ville,  111.,  in  1836,  embarking  in  the  mercantile 
business,  which  he  prosecuted  sixty  years.  In 
1865  he  established  the  Bank  of  Rushville,  of 
which  he  was  President,  in  these  two  branches  of 
business  amassing  a  large  fortune.  Died,  March 
5,  1896. 

LITTLE  VERMILION  RIVER  rises  in  Ver- 
milion County,  111.,  and  flows  eastwardly  into 
Indiana,  emptying  into  the  Wabash  in  Vermilion 
County,  Ind. 

LITTLE  WABASH  RIVER,  rises  in  Effingham 
and  Cumberland  Counties,  flows  east  and  south 
through  Clay,  Wayne  and  White,  and  enters  the 
Wabash  River  about  8  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  latter.  Its  estimated  length  is  about  180 
miles. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


341 


LITTLER,  David  T.,  lawyer  and  State  Senator, 
was  born  at  Clifton,  Greene  County,  Ohio,  Feb. 
7,  1836;  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  in 
his  native  State  and,  at  twenty-one,  removed  to 
Lincoln ,  III. ,  where  he  worked  at  the  carpenter's 
trade  for  two  years,  meanwhile  studying  law.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860,  soon  after  was 
elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  later  appointed 
Master  in  Chancery.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Johnson  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  the  Eighth  District,  but  resigned  in 
1868,  removing  to  Springfield  the  same  year, 
where  he  entered  into  partnership  with  the  late 
Henry  S.  Greene,  Hilton  Hay  being  admitted  to 
the  firm  soon  after,  the  partnership  continuing 
untU  1881.  In  1882  Mr.  Littler  was  elected 
Representative  in  the  Thirty-fourth  General 
Assembly  from  Sangamon  County,  was  re-elected 
in  1886,  and  returned  to  the  Senate  in  1894,  serv- 
ing in  the  latter  body  four  years.  In  both  Houses 
Mr.  Littler  took  a  specially  prominent  part  in 
legislation  on  the  revenue  question. 

LI  Y  Fit  .M  OK  K,  Mary  Ashton,  reformer  and  phi- 
lanthropist, was  born  (Mary  Ashton  Rice)  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  19,  1821 ;  taught  for  a  time  in 
a  female  seminary  in  Charlestown,  and  spent  two 
years  as  a  governess  in  Southern  Virginia;  later 
married  Rev.  Daniel  P.  Livermore,  a  Universalist 
minister,  who  held  pastorates  at  various  places  in 
Massachusetts  and  at  Quincy,  111.,  becoming 
editor  of  "The  New  Covenant"  at  Chicago,  in 
1857.  During  this  time  Mrs.  Livermore  wrote 
much  for  denominational  papers  and  in  assisting 
her  husband;  in  1862  was  appointed  an  agent, 
and  traveled  extensively  in  the  interest  of  the 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission,  visiting 
hospitals  and  camps  in  the  Mississippi  Valley; 
also  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  great  North- 
western Sanitary  Fair  at  Chicago  in  1863.  Of 
late  years  she  has  labored  and  lectured  exten- 
sively in  the  interest  of  woman  suffrage  and  tem- 
perance, besides  being  the  author  of  several 
volumes,  one  of  these  being  "Pen  Pictures  of 
Chicago"  (1865).  Her  home  is  in  Boston. 

LITINGSTON  COUNTY,  situated  about  mid- 
way between  Chicago  and  Springfield.  The  sur- 
face is  rolling  toward  the  east,  but  is  level  in  the 
west;  area,  1,026  square  miles;  population  (1900), 
42,035,  named  for  Edward  Livingston.  It  was 
organized  in  1837,  the  first  Commissioners  being 
Robert  Breckenridge,  Jonathan  Moon  and  Daniel 
Rockwood.  Pontiac  was  selected  as  the  county- 
seat,  the  proprietors  donating  ample  lands  and 
$3,000  in  cash  for  the  erection  of  public  buildings. 
Vermilion  River  and  Indian  Creek  are  the  prin- 


cipal streams.  Coal  underlies  the  entire  county, 
and  shafts  are  in  successful  operation  at  various 
points.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  agricultural  coun- 
ties of  the  State,  the  yield  of  oats  and  corn  being 
large.  Stock-raising  is  also  extensively  carried 
on.  The  development  of  the  county  really  dates 
from  the  opening  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
road in  1854,  since  which  date  it  has  been  crossed 
by  numerous  other  lines.  Pontiac,  the  county- 
seat,  is  situated  on  the  Vermilion,  is  a  railroad 
center  and  the  site  of  the  State  Reform  School- 
Its  population  in  1890  was  2,784.  Dwight  has 
attained  a  wide  reputation  as  the  seat  of  the 
parent  "Keeley"  Institute  for  the  cure  of  the 
liquor  habit. 

LOCKPORT,  a  village  in  Will  County,  laid  oat 
in  1837  and  incorporated  in  1853:  situated  33 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  Des  Plaines 
River,  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  the  Atchi- 
son,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railroads.  The  surrounding  region  is  agricul- 
tural ;  limestone  is  extensively  quarried.  Manu- 
factures are  flour,  oatmeal,  brass  goods,  paper 
and  strawboard.  It  has  ten  churches,  a  public 
and  high  school,  parochial  schools,  a  bank,  gas 
plant,  electric  car  lines,  and  one  weekly  paper. 
The  controlling  works  of  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal  and  offices  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
are  located  here.  Population  (1890),  2,449; 
(1900).  2,659. 

LOCKW001),  Samuel  Drake,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Poundridge,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y., 
August  2,  1789 ,  left  fatherless  at  the  age  of  ten, 
after  a  few  months  at  a  private  school  in  New 
Jersey,  he  went  to  live  with  an  uncle  (Francis 
Drake)  at  Waterford,  N.  Y.,  with  whom  he 
studied  law,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Batavia, 
N.  Y.,  in  1811.  In  1813  he  removed  to  Auburn, 
and  later  became  Master  in  Chancery.  In  1818 
he  descended  the  Ohio  River  upon  a  flat-boat  in 
company  with  William  H.  Brown,  afterwards  of 
Chicago,  and  walking  across  the  country  from 
Shawneetown,  arrived  at  Kaskaskia  in  Decem- 
ber, but  finally  settled  at  Carmi,  where  he 
remained  a  year.  In  1821  he  was  elected  Attor- 
ney-General of  the  State,  but  resigned  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  accept  the  position  of  Secretary  of 
State,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Coles,  and  which  he  filled  only  three  months, 
when  President  Monroe  made  him  Receiver  of 
Public  Moneys  at  Edwardsville.  About  the  same 
time  he  was  also  appointed  agent  of  the  First 
Board  of  Canal  Commissioners.  The  Legislature 
of  1824-25  elected  him  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  his  service  extending  until  the  adoption 


341! 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  the  Constitution  of  1848,  which  he  assisted  in 
framing  as  a  Delegate  from  Morgan  County.  In 
1851  he  was  made  State  Trustee  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  which  office  he  held  until  his 
death.  He  was  always  an  uncompromising 
antagonist  of  slavery  and  a  leading  supporter  of 
Governor  Coles  in  opposition  to  the  plan  to  secure 
a  pro-slavery  Constitution  in  1834.  His  personal 
and  political  integrity  was  recognized  by  all 
parties.  From  1838  to  1833  Judge  Lockwood  was 
a  citizen  of  Jacksonville,  where  he  proved  him- 
self an  efficient  friend  and  patron  of  Illinois  Col- 
lege, serving  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  as 
one  of  its  Trustees,  and  was  also  influential  in 
securing  several  of  the  State  charitable  institu- 
tions there.  His  later  years  were  spent  at 
Batavia,  where  he  died,  April  23,  1874,  in  the  85th 
year  of  his  age. 

LODA,  a  village  of  Iroquois  County,  on  the 
Chicago  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway, 
4  miles  north  of  Paxton.  The  region  is  agricul- 
tural, and  the  town  has  considerable  local  trade. 
It  also  has  a  bank  and  one  weekly  paper. 
Population  (1880),  635;  (1890),  598;  (1900),  668. 

LOGAN,  Cornelius  Ambrose,  physician  and 
diplomatist,  born  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  August  6, 
1836,  the  son  of  a  dramatist  of  the  same  name , 
was  educated  at  Auburn  Academy  and  served  as 
Medical  Superintendent  of  St.  John's  Hospital, 
Cincinnati,  and,  later,  as  Professor  in  the  Hos- 
pital at  Leavenworth,  Kan.  In  1873  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Minister  to  Chili,  after- 
wards served  as  Minister  to  Guatemala,  and  again 
(1881)  as  Minister  to  Chili,  remaining  until  1883. 
He  was  for  twelve  years  editor  of  "The  Medical 
Herald,"  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  and  edited  the 
works  of  his  relative,  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  (1886), 
besides  contributing  to  foreign  medical  publi- 
cations and  publishing  two  or  three  volumes  on 
medical  and  sanitary  questions.  Resides  in 
Chicago. 

LOU  AN,  John,  physician  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  30,  1809;  at  six 
years  of  age  was  taken  to  Missouri,  his  family 
settling  near  the  Grand  Tower  among  the  Shaw- 
nee  and  Delaware  Indians.  He  began  business 
as  clerk  in  a  New  Orleans  commission  house,  but 
returning  to  Illinois  in  1830,  engaged  in  the 
blacksmith  trade  for  two  years ;  in  1831  enlisted 
in  the  Ninth  Regiment  Illinois  Militia  and  took 
part  in  the  Indian  troubles  of  that  year  and  the 
Black  Hawk  War  of  1833,  later  being  Colonel  of 
the  Forty-fourth  Regiment  State  Militia.  At  the 
close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  he  settled  in 
Carlinvillt-  and  having  graduated  in  medicine, 


engaged  in  practice  in  that  place  until  1861.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  raised  a  company 
for  the  Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers,  but  the  quota 
being  already  full,  it  was  not  accepted.  He  was 
finally  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Thirty- 
second  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  reported  to  Gen- 
eral Grant  at  Cairo,  in  January,  1863,  a  few  weeks 
later  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Forts  Henry 
and  Donelson.  Subsequently  he  had  command 
of  the  Fourth  Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee under  General  Hurlbut.  His  regiment 
lost  heavily  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  he  himself 
being  severely  wounded  and  compelled  to  leave 
the  field.  In  December,  1864,  he  was  discharged 
with  the  brevet  rank  of  Brigadier-General.  In 
1866  Colonel  Logan  was  appointed  by  President 
Johnson  United  States  Marshal  for  the  Southern 
District  of  Illinois,  serving  until  1870,  when  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Carl  in 
ville.  Originally  a  Democrat,  he  became  a 
Republican  on  the  organization  of  that  party, 
serving  as  a  delegate  to  the  first  Republican  State 
Convention  at  Bloomington  in  1856.  He  was  a 
man  of  strong  personal  characteristics  and  an 
earnest  patriot.  Died  at  his  home  at  Carlinville. 
August  24,  1885. 

LOtiAN,  John  Alexander,  soldier  and  states- 
man, was  born  at  old  Brownsville,  the  original 
county-seat  of  Jackson  County,  111.,  Feb.  9,  1826, 
the  son  of  Dr.  John  Logan,  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  an  early  immigrant  into  Illinois,  where  he 
attained  prominence  as  a  public  man.  Young 
Logan  volunteered  as  a  private  in  the  Mexican 
War,  but  was  soon  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy, 
and  afterwards  became  Quartermaster  of  his 
regiment.  He  was  elected  Clerk  of  Jackson 
County  in  1849,  but  resigned  the  office  to  prose- 
cute his  law  studies.  Having  graduated  from 
Louisville  University  in  1851,  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  uncle,  Alexander  M.  Jenk 
ins;  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  as  a  Democrat 
in  1853,  and  again  in  1856,  having  been  Prosecut- 
ing Attorney  in  the  interim.  He  was  chosen  a 
Presidential  Elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in 
1856,  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1858,  and  again 
in  1860,  as  a  Douglas  Democrat.  During  the 
special  session  of  Congress  in  1861,  he  left  his 
seat,  and  fought  in  the  ranks  at  Bull  Run.  In 
September,  1861,  he  organized  the  Thirty-first 
Regiment  Illinois  Infantry,  and  was  commis- 
sioned by  Governor  Yates  its  Colonel  His  mili- 
tary career  was  brilliant,  and  he  rapidly  rose  to 
be  Major-General.  President  Johnson  tendered 
him  the  mission  to  Mexico,  which  he  declined. 
In  1866  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  Con 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


343 


gross  for  the  State-at-large,  and  acted  as  one  of 
the  managers  in  the  impeachment  trial  of  the 
President;  was  twice  re-elected  and,  in  1871,  was 
chosen  United  States  Senator,  as  he  was  again  in 
1879.  In  1884  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  Presidential  nomination  at  the  Republican 
Convention  in  Chicago,  but  was  finally  placed  on 
the  ticket  for  the  Vice-Presidency  with  James  G. 
Blaine,  the  ticket  being  defeated  in  November 
following.  In  1885  he  was  again  elected  Senator, 
but  died  during  his  term  at  Washington,  Dec.  26, 
1886.  General  Logan  was  the  author  of  "The 
Great  Conspiracy"  and  of  "The  Volunteer  Soldier 
of  America."  In  1897  an  equestrian  statue  was 
erected  to  his  memory  on  the  Lake  Front  Park  in 
Chicago. 

LOGAN,  Stephen  Trigg,  eminent  Illinois  jurist, 
was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  24,  1800; 
studied  law  at  Glasgow,  Ky . ,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  before  attaining  his  majority.  After 
practicing  in  his  native  State  some  ten  years,  in 
1833  he  emigrated  to  Illinois,  settling  in  Sanga- 
mon  County,  one  year  later  opening  an  office  at 
Springfield.  In  1835  he  was  elevated  to  the 
bench  of  the  First  Judicial  Circuit ;  resigned  two 
years  later,  was  re-commissioned  in  1839,  but 
again  resigned.  In  1842,  and  again  in  1844 
and  1846,  he  was  elected  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly; also  served  as  a  member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1847.  Between  1841 
and  1844  he  was  a  partner  of  Abraham  Lin 
coin.  In  1854  he  was  again  chosen  a  member 
of  the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  was 
a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion in  1860,  and,  in  1861,  was  commissioned 
by  Governor  Yates  to  represent  Illinois  in  the 
Peace  Conference,  which  assembled  in  Wash- 
ington. Soon  afterward  he  retired  to  private 
life.  As  an  advocate  his  ability  was  widely 
recognized.  Died  at  Springfield,  July  17,  1880. 

LOGAN  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  central  part 
of  the  State,  and  having  an  area  of  about  620 
square  miles.  Its  surface  is  chiefly  a  level  or 
moderately  undulating  prairie,  with  some  high 
ridges,  as  at  Elkhart.  Its  soil  is  extremely  fertile 
and  well  drained  by  numerous  creeks.  Coal- 
mining is  successfully  carried  on.  The  other 
staple  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  cattle 
and  pork.  Settlers  began  to  locate  in  1819-22, 
and  the  county  was  organized  in  1839,  being 
originally  cut  off  from  Sangamon.  In  1840  a 
portion  of  Tazewell  was  added  and,  in  1845,  a 
part  of  De  Witt  County.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Dr.  John  Logan,  father  of  Senator  John  A. 
Logan.  Postville  was  the  first  county-seat,  but. 


in  1847,  a  change  was  made  to  Mount  Pulaski. 
and,  later,  to  Lincoln,  which  is  the  present  capi- 
tal. Population  (1890),  25,489;  (1900),  28,680. 

LOMBARD,  a  village  of  Dupage  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Great  Western  and  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railways.  Population  (1880),  378: 
(1890),  515;  (1900),  590. 

LOMBARD  UNIVERSITY,  an  institution  at 
Galesburg  under  control  of  the  Univeraalist 
denomination,  founded  in  1851.  It  has  prepara- 
tory, collegiate  and  theological  departments. 
The  collegiate  department  includes  both  classical 
and  scientific  courses,  with  a  specially  arranged 
course  of  three  years  for  young  women,  who  con- 
stitute nearly  half  the  number  of  students.  The 
University  has  an  endowment  of  $200,000,  and 
owns  additional  property,  real  and  personal,  of 
the  value  of  $100,000.  In  1898  it  reported  a  fac- 
ulty of  thirteen  professors,  with  an  attendance  of 
191  students. 

LONDON  MILLS,  a  village  and  railway  station 
of  Fulton  County,  on  the  Fulton  Narrow  Gauge 
and  Iowa  Central  Railroads,  19  miles  southeast 
of  Galesburg.  The  district  is  agricultural;  the 
town  has  two  banks  and  a  weekly  newspaper; 
fine  brick  clay  is  mined.  Pop.  (1900),  528. 

LON(J,  Stephen  Harrlman,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  in  Hopkinton,  N.  H.,  Dec.  30,  1784;  gradu 
ated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1809,  and,  after 
teaching  some  rears,  entered  the  United  States 
Army  in  December,  1814,  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Corps  of  Engineers,  acting  as  Assistant  Professor 
of  Mathematics  at  West  Point;  in  1816  was  trans 
ferred  to  the  Topographical  Engineers  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major.  From  1818  to  1823  he  had 
charge  of  explorations  between  the  Mississippi 
River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and.  in  1823-24. 
to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  One  of  the 
highest  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  named 
in  his  honor.  Between  1827  and  1830  he  was 
employed  as  a  civil  engineer  on  the  Baltimore  4 
Ohio  Railroad,  and  from  1837  to  1840,  as  Engineer 
in-Chief  of  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad,  in 
Georgia,  where  he  introduced  a  system  of  curves 
and  a  new  kind  of  truss  bridge  afterwards  gener- 
ally adopted.  On  the  organization  of  the  Topo 
graphical  Engineers  as  a  separate  corps  in  1838. 
he  became  Major  of  that  body,  and,  in  1861,  chief, 
with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  An  account  of  his 
first  expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  (1819-20) 
by  Dr.  Edwin  James,  was  published  in  1823,  and 
the  following  year  appeared  "Long's  Expedition 
to  the  Source  of  St.  Peter's  River,  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  Etc."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society  and  the  author  of  the 


344 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


first  original  treatise  on  railroad  building  ever 
published  in  this  country,  under  the  title  of 
"Railroad  Manual"  (1829).  During  the  latter 
days  of  his  life  his  home  was  at  Alton,  111.,  where 
he  died,  Sept.  4,  1864.  Though  retired  from 
active  service  in  June,  1863,  he  continued  in  the 
discharge  of  important  duties  up  to  his  death. 

LONGENEOKER,  Joel  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Crawford  County,  111., 'June  12,  1847;  before 
reaching  his  eighteenth  year  he  enlisted  in  the 
Fifth  Illinois  Cavalry,  serving  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  After  attending  the  high  school  at  Robinson 
and  teaching  for  some  time,  he  began  the  study 
of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Olney  in 
1870;  served  two  years  as  City  Attorney  and  four 
(1877-81)  as  Prosecuting  Attorney,  in  the  latter 
year  removing  to  Chicago.  Here,  in  1884,  he  be- 
came the  assistant  of  Luther  Laflin  Mills  in  the 
office  of  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Cook  County, 
retaining  that  position  with  Mr.  Mills'  successor, 
Judge  Grinnell.  On  the  promotion  of  the  latter 
to  the  bench,  in  1886,  Mr.  Longenecker  succeeded 
to  the  office  of  Prosecuting  Attorney,  continuing 
in  that  position  until  1892.  While  in  this  office 
he  conducted  a  large  number  of  important  crimi- 
nal cases,  the  most  important,  perhaps,  being  the 
trial  of  the  murderers  of  Dr.  Cronin,  in  which  he 
gained  a  wide  reputation  for  skill  and  ability  as 
a  prosecutor  in  criminal  cases. 

LOOMIS,  (Rev. >  Hubbell,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Colchester,  Conn.,  May  31, 
1775 ;  prepared  for  college  in  the  common  schools 
and  at  Plainfield  Academy,  in  his  native  State, 
finally  graduating  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  in 
1799 — having  supported  himself  during  a  con- 
siderable part  of  his  educational  course  by 
manual  labor  and  teaching.  He  subsequently 
studied  theology,  and,  for  twenty-four  years, 
served  as  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Willington,  Conn.,  meanwhile  fitting  a  number 
of  young  men  for  college,  including  among  them 
Dr.  Jared  Sparks,  afterwards  President  of  Har- 
vard College  and  author  of  numerous  historical 
works.  About  1829  his  views  on  the  subject  of 
baptism  underwent  a  change,  resulting  in  his 
uniting  himself  with  the  Baptist  Church.  Com- 
ing to  Illinois  soon  after,  he  spent  some  time  at 
Kaskaskia  and  Edwardsville,  and,  in  1832,  located 
at  Upper  Alton,  where  he  became  a  prominent 
factor  in  laying  the  foundation  of  Shurtleff  Col- 
lege, first  by  the  establishment  of  the  Baptist 
Seminary,  of  which  he  was  the  Principal  for 
several  years,  and  later  by  assisting,  in  1835,  to 
secure  the  charter  of  the  college  in  which  the 
seminary  was  merged.  His  name  stood  first  on 


the  list  of  Trustees  of  the  new  institution,  and, 
in  proportion  to  his  means,  he  was  a  liberal  con- 
tributor to  its  support  in  the  period  of  its  infancy. 
The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  among  hit; 
books  in  literary  and  scientific  pursuits.  Died  at 
Upper  Alton,  Dec.  15,  1872,  at  the  advanced  age 
of  nearly  98  years.— A  son  of  his— Prof.  Ellas 
Loomis — an  eminent  mathematician  and  natural- 
ist, was  the  author  of  "Loomis'  Algebra"  and 
other  scientific  text-books,  in  extensive  use  in  the 
colleges  of  the  country.  He  held  professorships 
in  various  institutions  at  different  times,  the  last 
being  that  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy 
in  Yale  College,  from  1860  up  to  his  death  in  1889. 

LOB1MER,  William,  Member  of  Congress,  was 
born  in  Manchester,  England,  of  Scotch  parent- 
age, April  27,  1861;  came  with  his  parents  to 
America  at  five  years  of  age,  and,  after  spending 
some  years  in  Michigan  and  Ohio,  came  to  Chi- 
cago in  1870,  where  he  entered  a  private  school. 
Having  lost  his  father  by  death  at  twelve  years 
of  age,  he  became  an  apprentice  in  the  sign-paint- 
ing business;  was  afterwards  an  employe  on  a 
street-railroad,  finally  engaging  in  the  real-estate 
business  and  serving  as  an  appointee  of  Mayor 
Roche  and  Mayor  Washburne  in  the  city  water 
department.  In  1892  he  was  the  Republican 
nominee  for  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court,  but  was 
defeated.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  to  the 
Fifty- fourth  Congress  from  the  Second  Illinois 
District,  and  re-elected  in  1896,  as  he  was  again 
in  1898.  His  plurality  in  1896  amounted  to  26,736 
votes. 

LOUISVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Clay  County ; 
situated  on  the  Little  Wabash  River  and  on  the 
Springfield  Division  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern  Railroad.  It  is  100  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Springfield  and  7  miles  north  of 
Flora;  has  a  courthouse,  three  churches,  a  high 
school,  a  savings  bank  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  637;  (1900)  646. 

LOUISVILLE,  EVANSVILLE  &  NEW  AL- 
BANY RAILROAD.  (See  Louisville,  Evansvillr 
&  St.  Louis  (Consolidated)  Railroad. ) 

LOUISVILLE,  EVANSVILLE  &  ST.  LOUIS 
(Consolidated)  RAILROAD.  The  length  of  this 
entire  line  is  358.55  miles,  of  which  nearly  150 
miles  are  operated  in  Illinois.  It  crosses  the  State 
from  East  St.  Louis  to  Mount  Carmel,  on  the 
Wabash  River.  Within  Illinois  the  system  uses 
a  single  track  of  standard  gauge,  laid  with  steel 
rails  on  white-oak  ties.  The  grades  are  usually 
light,  although,  as  the  line  leaves  the  Mississippi 
bottom,  the  gradient  is  about  two  per  cent  or 
105.6  feet  per  mile.  The  total  capitalization 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


(1898)  was  $18,236,246,  of  which  $4,247,909  was  in 
stock  and  $10,568,350  in  bonds.— (HISTORY.)  The 
original  corporation  was  organized  in  both  Indi- 
ana and  Illinois  in  1869,  and  the  Illinois  section  of 
the  line  opened  from  Mount  Cannel  to  Albion  (18 
miles)  in  January,  1873.  The  Indiana  division 
was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1876  to  the  Louis- 
ville, New  Albany  &  St.  Louis  Railway  Com- 
pany, while  the  Illinois  division  was  reorganized 
in  1878  under  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis,  Mount 
Carmel  &  New  Albany  Railroad.  A  few  months 
later  the  two  divisions  were  consolidated  under 
the  name  of  the  former.  In  1881  this  line  was 
again  consolidated  with  the  Evansville,  Rockport 
&  Eastern  Railroad  (of  Indiana),  taking  the  name 
of  the  Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  Railroad. 
In  1889,  by  a  still  further  consolidation,  it 
absorbed  several  short  lines  in  Indiana  and  Illi- 
nois— those  in  the  latter  State  being  the  Illinois 
&  St.  Louis  Railroad  and  Coal  Company,  the 
Belleville,  Centralia  &  Eastern  (projected  from 
Belleville  to  Mount  Vernon)  and  the  Venice  & 
Carondelet — the  new  organization  assuming  the 
present  name — Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis 
(Consolidated)  Railroad. 

LOUISVILLE  &  NASHVILLE  RAILROAD,  a 
corporation  operating  an  extensive  system  of 
railroads,  chiefly  south  of  the  Ohio  River  and 
extending  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee 
into  Indiana.  The  portion  of  the  line  in  Illinois 
(known  as  the  St.  Louis,  Evansville  &  Nashville 
line)  extends  from  East  St.  Louis  to  the  W abash 
River,  in  White  County  (133.64  miles),  with 
branches  from  Belleville  to  O'Fallon  (6.07  miles), 
and  from  McLeansboro  to  Shawneetown  (40.7 
miles)— total,  180.41  miles.  The  Illinois  Divi- 
sion, though  virtually  owned  by  the  operating 
line,  is  formally  leased  from  the  Southeast  &  St. 
Louis  Railway  Company,  whose  corporate  exist- 
ence is  merely  nominal.  The  latter  company 
acquired  title  to  the  property  after  foreclosure 
in  November,  1880,  and  leased  it  in  perpetuity  to 
the  Louisville  &  Nashville  Company.  The  total 
earnings  and  income  of  the  leased  line  in  Illinois, 
for  1898,  were  $1,052,789,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures (including  847,198  taxes)  were  $657,125. 

LOUISVILLE  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY.  (See 
Jacksonville  <fc  St.  Louis  Railivay. ) 

LOVE  JOY,  Elijah  Parish,  minister  and  anti- 
slavery  journalist,  was  born  at  Albion,  Maine. 
Nov.  9,  1802 — the  son  of  a  Congregational  minis- 
ter. He  graduated  at  Waterville  College  in  1826, 
came  west  and  taught  school  in  St.  Louis  in 
1827,  and  became  editor  of  a  Whig  paper  there  in 
1829.  Later,  he  studied  theology  at  Princeton 


and  was  licensed  as  a  Presbyterian  minister  in 
1833.  Returning  to  St.  Louis,  he  started  "The 
Observer" — a  religious  weekly,  which  condemned 
slave-holding.  Threats  of  violence  from  th.n 
pro-slavery  party  induced  him  to  remove  his 
paper,  presses,  etc.,  to  Alton,  in  July,  1838.  Three 
times  within  twelve  months  his  plant  was  de 
stroyed  by  a  mob.  A  fourth  press  having  been 
procured,  a  number  of  his  friends  agreed  to  pro 
tect  it  from  destruction  in  the  warehouse  where 
it  was  stored.  On  the  evening  of  Nov.  7,  183!rV 
mob,  having  assembled  about  the  building,  sent 
one  of  their  number  to  the  roof  to  set  it  on  fire. 
Lovejoy,  with  two  of  his  friends,  stepped  outside 
to  reconnoiter,  when  he  was  shot  down  by  parties 
in  ambush,  breathing  his  last  a  few  minutes 
later.  His  death  did  much  to  strengthen  the 
anti-slavery  sentiment  north  of  Mason  and 
Dixon's  line.  His  party  regarded  him  as  a 
martyr,  and  his  death  was  made  the  text  for 
many  impassioned  and  effective  appeals  in  oppo- 
sition to  an  institution  which  employed  monoc- 
racy and  murder  in  its  efforts  to  suppress  free 
discussion.  (gee  Alton  Riots.) 

LOVE  JO  V,  Owen,  clergyman  and  Congressman 
was  born  at  Albion,  Maine,  Jan.  6,  1811.  Being 
the  son  of  a  clergyman  of  small  means,  he  was 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  but  secured  a 
collegiate  education,  graduating  at  Bowdoin 
College.  In  1836  he  removed  to  Alton,  III,  join 
ing  his  brother,  Elijah  Parish  Lovejoy,  who  was 
conducting  an  anti-slavery  and  religious  journal 
there,  and  whose  assassination  by  a  pro-slavery 
mob  he  witnessed  the  following  year.  (See  Alton 
Riots  and  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy.)  This  tragedy 
induced  him  to  devote  his  life  to  a  crusade 
against  slavery.  Having  previously  begun  the 
study  of  theology,  he  was  ordained  to  the  minis- 
try and  officiated  for  several  years  as  pastor  of  a 
Congregational  church  at  Princeton.  In  1847  he 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  on  the  "Liberty"  ticket,  but,  in 
1854,  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  upon  that 
issue,  and  earnestly  supported  Abraham  Lincoln 
for  United  States  Senator.  LTpon  his  election  to 
the  Legislature  he  resigned  his  pastorate  at 
Princeton,  his  congregation  presenting  him  with 
a  solid  silver  service  in  token  of  their  esteem.  In 
1856  be  was  elected  a  Representative  in  Congress 
by  a  majority  of  7,000,  and  was  re-elected  for 
three  successive  terms.  As  an  orator  he  had  few 
equals  in  the  State,  while  his  courage  in  thr 
support  of  his  principles  was  indomitable.  In 
the  campaigns  of  1856,  '58  and  '60  he  rendered 
valuable  service  to  the  Republican  party,  as  he 


346 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


did  later  in  upholding  the  cause  of  the  Union  iu 
Congress.  He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  25, 
1864. 

LOVIN6TOX,  a  village  of  Moultrie  County,  on 
the  Terre  Haute-Peoria  branch  of  the  Vandalia 
Line  and  the  Bement&  Altamont  Division  of  the 
Wabash  Railway,  33  miles  southeast  of  Decatur 
The  town  has  two  b%nks.  a  newspaper,  water- 
works, electric  lights,  telephones  and  volunteer 
tire  department.  Pop.  (1890),  767;  (1900),  815. 

LUDLAM,  (Dr.)  Reuben,  physician  and  author, 
was  born  at  Camden,  N.  .1. .  Oct.  11,  1831,  the  son 
of  Dr.  Jacob  Watson  Ludlam,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician who,  in  his  later  years,  became  a  resident 
of  Evanstou,  111.  The  younger  Ludlam,  having 
taken  a  course  in  an  academy  at  Bridgeton, 
N.  J.,  at  sixteen  years  of  age  entered  upon  the 
Mtudy  of  medicine  with  his  father,  followed  by  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  graduated,  in  1852.  Having 
removed  to  Chicago  the  following  year,  he  soon 
after  began  an  investigation  of  the  homoeopathic 
system  of  medicine,  which  resulted  in  its  adop- 
tion, and,  a  few  years  later,  had  acquired  such 
prominence  that,  in  1859,  he  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Physiology  and  Pathology  in  the  newly 
established  Hahuemann  Medical  College  in  the 
city  of  Chicago,  with  which  he  continued  to  be 
connected  for  nearly  forty  years.  Besides  serving 
as  Secretary  of  the  institution  at  its  inception,  he 
had,  as  early  as  1854,  taken  a  position  as  one  of  the 
editors  of  "The  Chicago  Homoeopath,''  later 
being  editorially  associated  with  "The  North 
American  Journal  of  Homoeopathy ,"  published  in 
New  York  City,  and  "The  United  States  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal"  of  Chicago.  He  also 
served  as  President  of  numerous  medical  associ- 
ations, and,  in  1877,  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Cullom  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
serving,  by  two  subsequent  reappointments,  for  a 
period  of  fifteen  years.  In  addition  to  his  labors 
us  a  lecturer  and  practitioner,  Dr.  Ludlam  was 
one  of  the  most  prolific  authors  on  professional 
lines  in  tho  city  of  Chicago,  besides  numerous 
monographs  on  special  topics,  having  produced  a 
"Course  oC  Clinical  Lectures  on  Diphtheria" 
(1863);  "Clinical  and  Didactic  Lectures  on  the 
Diseases  of  Women"  (1871),  and  a  translation 
from  the  French  of  "Lectures  on  Clinical  Medi- 
cine" (1880).  The  second  work  mentioned  is 
recognized  as  a  valuable  text-book,  and  has 
passed  through  seven  or  eight  editions.  A  few 
yean  after  his  first  connection  with  the  Hahne- 
iiiann  Medical  College,  Dr.  Ludlam  became  Pro- 
fessor of  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  and,  on  the 


death  of  President  C.  S.  Smith,  was  choeen 
President  of  the  institution.  Died  suddenly  from 
heart  disease,  while  preparing  to  perform  a  surgi- 
cal operation  on  a  patient  in  the  Hahnemann 
Medical  College,  April  39,  1899. 

LUNDY,  Benjamin,  early  anti-slavery  journal- 
ist, was  born  in  New  Jersey  of  Quaker  par- 
entage; at  19  worked  as  a  saddler  at  Wheeling, 
Va.,  where  he  first  gained  a -practical  knowledge 
of  the  institution  of  slavery;  later  carried  on 
business  at  Mount  Pleasant  and  St.  Clairsville,  O., 
where,  in  1815,  he  organized  an  anti-slavery 
association  under  the  name  of  the  "Union 
Humane  Society,"  also  contributing  anti-slavery 
articles  to  "The  Philanthropist,"  a  paper  pub- 
lished at  Mount  Pleasant.  Removing  to  St. 
Louis,  in  1819,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  con- 
test over  the  admission  of  Missouri  as  a  slave  State. 
Again  at  Mount  Pleasant,  in  1821,  he  began  the 
issue  of  "The  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation, " 
a  monthly,  which  he  soon  removed  to  Jonesbor- 
ough,  TV  mi.,  and  finally  to  Baltimore  in  1824, 
when  it  became  a  weekly.  Mr.  Lundy's  trend 
towards  colonization  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  he 
made  two  visits  (1825  and  1829)  to  Hayti,  with  a 
view  to  promoting  the  colonization  of  emanci- 
pated slaves  in  that  island.  Visiting  the  East  in 
1828,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  William  Lloyd 
Garrison,  who  became  a  convert  to  his  views  and 
a  firm  ally.  The  following  winter  he  was  as- 
saulted by  a  slave-dealer  in  Baltimore  and  nearly 
killed ;  soon  after  removed  his  paper  to  Washing- 
ton and,  later,  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  took  the 
name  of  "The  National  Enquirer,"  being  finally 
merged  into  "The  Pennsylvania  Freeman."  In 
1838  his  property  was  burned  by  the  pro-slavery 
mob  which  fired  Pennsylvania  Hall,  and,  in  the 
following  winter,  he  removed  to  Lowell,  La  Salle 
Co.,  111.,  with  a  view  to  reviving  his  paper  there, 
but  the  design  was  frustrated  by  his  early  death, 
which  occurred  August  22,  1839.  The  paper, 
however,  was  revived  by  Zebina  Eastman  under 
the  name  of  "The  Genius  of  Liberty,  "but  was  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  in  1842,  and  issued  under  the 
name  of  "The  Western  Citizen."  (See  Eastman, 
Zebina.) 

LDNT,  Orrington,  capitalist  and  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  in  Bowdoinham,  Maine,  Dec.  24, 
1815;  came  to  Chicago  in  1842,  and  engaged  in 
the  grain  commission  business,  becoming  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Trade  at  its  organization. 
Later,  he  became  interested  in  real  estate  oper- 
ations, fire  and  life  insurance  and  in  railway 
enterprises,  being  one  of  the  early  promoters  of 
the  Chicago  &  Galena  Union,  now  a  part  of  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


347 


Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad.  He  also  took 
an  active  part  in  municipal  affairs,  and,  during 
the  War,  was  an  efficient  member  of  the  "War 
Finance  Committee."  A  liberal  patron  of  all 
moral  and  benevolent  enterprises,  as  shown  by 
his  cooperation  with  the  "Relief  and  Aid  Soci- 
ety" after  the  fire  of  1871,  and  his  generous  bene- 
factions to  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
and  feeble  churches,  his  most  efficient  service 
was  rendered  to  the  cause  of  education  as  repre- 
sented in  the  Northwestern  University,  of  which 
he  was  a  Trustee  from  its  organization,  and  much 
of  the  time  an  executive  officer.  To  his  noble 
benefaction  the  institution  owes  its  splendid 
library  building,  erected  some  years  ago  at  a 
cost  of  $100,000.  In  the  future  history  of  Chi- 
cago, Mr.  Lunt's  name  will  stand  beside  that  of 
J.  Young  Scammon,  Walter  L.  Newberry,  John 
Crerar,  and  others  of  its  most  liberal  benefactors. 
Died,  at  his  home  in  Evanston,  April  5,  1897. 

I.l'SK,  John  T.,  pioneer,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina,  Nov.  7,  1784;  brought  to  Kentucky  in 
1791  by  his  father  (James  Lusk).  who  established 
a  ferry  across  the  Ohio,  opposite  the  present  town 
of  Golconda,  in  Pope  County,  111.  Lusk's  Creek, 
which  empties  into  the  Ohio  in  that  vicinity, 
took  its  name  from  this  family.  In  1805  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  came  to  Madison  County,  111., 
and  settled  near  Edwardsville.  During  the  War 
of  1813-14  he  was  engaged  in  the  service  as  a 
"Ranger."  When  Edwardsville  began  its 
growth,  he  moved  into  the  town  and  erected  a 
house  of  hewn  logs,  a  story  and  a  half  high  and 
containing  three  rooms,  which  became  the  first 
hotel  in  the  town  and  a  place  of  considerable 
historical  note.  Mr.  Lusk  held,  at  different 
periods,  the  positions  of  Deputy  Circuit  Clerk, 
County  Clerk,  Recorder  and  Postmaster,  dying, 
Dec.  22,  1857. 

LUTHERANS,  The.  While  this  sect  in  Illi- 
nois, as  elsewhere,  is  divided  into  many  branches, 
it  is  a  unit  in  accepting  the  Bible  as  the  only  in- 
fallible rule  of  faith,  in  the  use  of  Luther's  small 
Catechism  in  instruction  of  the  young,  in  the 
practice  of  infant  baptism  and  confirmation  at 
an  early  age,  and  in  acceptance  of  the  Augsburg 
Confession.  Services  are  conducted,  in  various 
sections  of  the  country,  in  not  less  than  twelve 
different  languages.  The  number  of  Lutheran 
ministers  in  Illinois  exceeds  400,  who  preach 
in  the  English,  German,  Danish,  Swedish,  Fin- 
nish and  Hungarian  tongues.  The  churches 
over  which  they  preside  recognize  allegiance 
to  eight  distinct  ecclesiastical  bodies,  denomi- 
nated synods,  as  follows:  The  Northern,  South- 


ern, Central  and  Wartburg  Synods  of  the 
General  Synod;  the  Illinois-Missouri  District  of 
the  Synodical  Conference;  the  Synod  for  the 
Norwegian  Evangelical  Church;  the  Swedish- 
Augustana,  and  the  Indiana  Synod  of  the  General 
Council.  To  illustrate  the  large  proportion  of  the 
foreign  element  in  this  denomination,  reference 
may  be  made  to  the  fact  that,  of  sixty-three 
Lutheran  churches  in  Chicago,  only  four  use  the 
English  language.  Of  the  remainder,  thirty- 
seven  make  use  of  the  German,  ten  Swedish,  nine 
Norwegian  and  three  Danish.  The  whole  num- 
ber i  if,  communicants  in  the  State,  in  1892,  was 
estimated  at  90,000.  The  General  Synod  sustains 
a  German  Theological  Seminary  in  Chicago. 
(See  also  Religious  Denominations. 

LYONS,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago.  Population  (1880),  480; 
(1890),  732;  (1900),  951 

MACALISTER  &  STEBBINS  BONDS,  the 
name  given  to  a  class  of  State  indebtedness 
incurred  in  the  year  1841,  through  the  hypothe- 
cation, by  John  D.Whiteside  (then  Fund  Com- 
missioner of  the  State  of  Illinois),  with  Messrs 
Macalister  &  Stebbins,  brokers  of  New  York 
City,  of  804  interest-bearing  bonds  of  $1,000  each, 
payable  in  1865,  upon  which  the  said  Macalister 
&  Stebbins  advanced  to  the  State  $261,560.83. 
This  was  done  with  the  understanding  that  the 
firm  would  make  further  advances  sufficient  to 
increase  the  aggregate  to  forty  per  cent  of  the 
face  value  of  the  bonds,  but  upon  which  no 
further  advances  were  actually  made.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  there  were  deposited  with  the  same 
firm,  within  the  next  few  months,  with  a  like 
understanding,  internal  improvement  bonds  and 
State  scrip  amounting  to  $109,215.44 — making  the 
aggregate  of  State  securities  in  their  hands  $913,- 
215.44,  upon  which  the  State  had  received  only 
the  amount  already  named — being  28.64  per  cent 
of  the  face  value  of  such  indebtedness.  Attempts 
having  been  made  by  the  holders  of  these  bonds 
(with  whom  they  had  been  hypothecated  by 
Macalister  &  Stebbins),  to  secure  settlement  on 
their  par  face  value,  the  matter  became  the  sub- 
ject of  repeated  legislative  acts,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  which  were  passed  in  1847  and  1849— both 
reciting,  in  their  respective  preambles,  the  history 
of  the  transaction.  The  last  of  these  provided 
for  the  issue  to  Macalister  &  Stebbins  of  new 
bonds,  payable  in  1865,  for  the  amount  of  princi- 
pal and  interest  of  the  sum  actually  advanced 
and  found  to  be  due.  conditioned  upon  the  sur- 
render, by  them,  of  the  original  bonds  and  other 


348 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


evidences  of  indebtedness  received  by  them  in 
1841.  This  the  actual  holders  refused  to  accept, 
and  brought  the  case  before  the  Supreme  Court 
in  an  effort  to  compel  the  Governor  (who  was 
then  ex-officio  Fund  Commissioner)  to  recognize 
the  full  face  of  their  claim.  This  the  Supreme 
Court  refused  to  do,  on  the  ground  that,  the 
executive  being  a  co-ordinate  branch  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, they  had  no  authority  over  his  official 
acts.  In  1859  a  partial  refunding  of  these  bonds, 
to  the  amount  of  $114,000,  was  obtained  from 
Governor  Bissell,  who,  being  an  invalid,  was 
probably  but  imperfectly  acquainted  with  their 
history  and  previous  legislation  on  the  subject. 
Representations  made  to  him  led  to  a  suspension 
of  the  proceeding,  and,  as  the  bonds  were  not 
transferable  except  on  the  books  of  the  Funding 
Agency  in  the  office  of  the  State  Auditor,  they 
were  treated  as  illegal  and  void,  and  were  ulti- 
mately surrendered  by  the  holders  on  the  basis 
originally  fixed,  without  loss  to  the  State.  In 
1865  an  additional  act  was  passed  requiring  the 
presentation,  for  payment,  of  the  portion  of  the 
original  bonds  still  outstanding,  on  pain  of  for- 
feiture, and  this  was  finally  done. 

HACK,  Alonzo  »'.,  legislator,  was  born  at  More- 
town,  Vt.,  in  1832;  at  16  years  of  age  settled  at 
Kalarnazoo,  Mich. ,  later  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine and  graduated  at  Laporte,  Ind.,  in  1844. 
Then,  having  removed  to  Kankakee,  111.,  he 
adopted  the  practice  of  law ;  in  1858  was  elected 
Representative,  and,  in  1860  and  '64,  to  the 
Senate,  serving  through  five  continuous  sessions 
(1858-68).  In  1863  he  assisted  in  organizing  the 
Seventy -sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel,  but  resigned, 
in  January  following,  to  take  his  seat  in  the 
Senate.  Colonel  Mack,  who  was  a  zealous  friend 
of  Governor  Yates,  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits 
In  the  establishment  of  "The  Chicago  Repub- 
lican, "  in  May,  1865,  and  was  its  business  mana- 
ger the  first  year  of  its  publication,  but  disagreeing 
with  the  editor,  Charles  A.  Dana,  both  finally 
retired.  Colonel  Mack  then  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  in  Chicago,  dying  there,  Jan.  4,  1871. 

M  ACKI\A  W,  the  first  county-seat  of  Tazewell 
County,  at  intersection  of  two  railroad  lines,  18 
miles  southeast  of  Peoria.  The  district  is  agri- 
cultural and  stock-raising.  There  are  manufacto- 
ries of  farm  implements,  pressed  brick,  harness, 
wagons  and  carriages,  also  a  State  bank  anil  a 
weekly  paper.  Population  (1890).  545;  (1900),  859. 

MAC  MILLAN,  Thomas  C.,  Clerk  of  United 
States  District  Court,  was  born  at  Stranraer, 
Scotland,  Oct.  4,  1850;  came  with  his  parents,  in 


1857,  to  Chicago,  where  he  graduated  from  the 
High  School  and  spent  some  time  in  the  Chicago 
University;  in  1873  became  a  reporter  on  "The 
Chicago  Inter  Ocean;"  two  years  later  accom- 
panied an  exploring  expedition  to  the  Black  Hills 
and,  in  1875-76,  represented  that  paper  with 
General  Crook  in  the  campaign  against  the  Sioux. 
After  an  extended  tour  in  Europe,  he  assumed 
charge  of  the  "Curiosity  Shop"  department  of 
"The  Inter  Ocean,"  served  on  the  Cook  County 
Board  of  Education  and  as  a  Director  of  the  Chi 
cago  Public  Library,  besides  eight  years  in  the 
General  Assembly— 1885-89  in  the  House  and  1889- 
93  in  the  Senate.  In  January,  1896,  Mr.  MacMillan 
was  appointed  Clerk  of  the  United  States  District 
Court  at  Chicago.  He  has  been  a  Trustee  of  Illi- 
nois College  since  1886,  and,  in  1885,  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from  that  institution. 

MACOMB,  the  county-seat  of  McDonough 
County,  situated  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  59  miles  northeast  of  Quincy. 
39  miles  southwest  of  Galesbuig.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  sewer-pipes,  drain-tile,  pot- 
tery, and  school-desk  castings.  The  city  has 
interurban  electric  car  line,  banks,  nine  churches, 
high  school  and  four  newspapers;  is  the  seat  of 
Western  Illinois  State  Normal  School,  and  West- 
ern Preparatory  School  and  Business  College. 
Population  (1890),  4,053;  (1900),  5,376. 

MACON,  a  village  in  Macon  County,  on  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad,  10  miles  south  by  west  of 
Decatur.  Macon  County  is  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile in  the  corn  belt,  and  the  city  is  an  important 
shipping-point  for  corn.  It  has  wagon  and  cigar 
factories,  four  churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a 
weekly  paper.  Population  (1890).  819;  (1900),  705. 

MACON  COUNTY,  situated  near  the  geograph- 
ical center  of  the  State.  The  census  of  1900  gave 
its  area  as  580  square  miles,  and  its  population, 
44,003.  It  was  organized  in  1829,  and  named  for 
Nathaniel  Macon,  a  revolutionary  soldier  and 
statesman.  The  surface  is  chiefly  level  prairie, 
although  in  parts  there  is  a  fair  growth  of  timber. 
The  county  is  well  drained  by  the  Sangamon 
River  and  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  that  high 
grade  of  fertility  which  one  might  expect  in  the 
corn  belt  of  the  central  portion  of  the  State. 
Besides  corn,  oats,  rye  and  barley  are  extensively 
cultivated,  while  potatoes,  sorghum  and  wool  are 
among  the  products.  Decatur  is  the  county-seat 
and  principal  city  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agricul- 
tural region.  Maroa,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county,  enjoys  considerable  local  trade. 

MACOUPIN  COUNTY,  a  south-central  county, 
with  an  area  of  864  square  miles  and  a  population 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


of  42,256  in  1900.  The  word  Macoupin  is  of 
Indian  derivation,  signifying  ''white  potato." 
The  county,  originally  a  part  of  Madison,  and 
later  of  Greene,  was  separately  organized  in  1829, 
under  the  supervision  of  Seth  Hodges,  William 
Wilcoz  and  Theodoras  Davis.  The  first  court 
house  (of  logs)  was  erected  in  1830.  It  contained 
but  two  rooms,  and  in  pleasant  weather  juries 
were  wont  to  retire  to  a  convenient  grove  to 
deliberate  upon  their  findings.  The  surface  of 
the  county  is  level,  with  narrow  belts  of  timber 
following  the  course  of  the  streams.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  both  corn  and  wheat  are  extensively 
raised.  While  agriculture  is  the  chief  industry 
in  the  south,  stock-raising  is  successfully  carried 
on  in  the  north.  Carlinville  is  the  county-seat 
and  Bunker  Hill,  Stanton,  Yirden  and  Girard  the 
other  principal  towns. 

MAC  YEAGH,  Franklin,  merchant,  lawyer 
and  politician,  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Chester 
County,  Pa. ,  graduated  from  Tale  University  in 
1862,  and,  two  years  later,  from  Columbia  Law 
School,  New  York.  He  was  soon  compelled  to 
abandon  practice  on  account  of  ill-health,  and 
removed  to  Chicago,  in  September,  1865,  where  he 
embarked  in  business  as  a  wholesale  grocer.  In 
1874  he  was  chosen  President  of  the  Volunteer 
Citizens'  Association,  which  inaugurated  many 
important  municipal  reforms.  He  was  thereafter 
repeatedly  urged  to  accept  other  offices,  among 
them  the  mayorality,  but  persistently  refused 
until  1894,  when  he  accepted  a  nomination  for 
United  States  Senator  by  a  State  Convention  ot 
the  Democratic  Party.  He  made  a  thorough  can- 
vass of  the  State,  but  the  Republicans  having 
gained  control  of  the  Legislature,  he  was 
defeated.  He  is  the  head  of  one  of  the  most 
extensive  wholesale  grocery  establishments  in 
the  city  of  Chicago. 

MADISON  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southwest 
division  of  the  State,  and  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  Its  area  is  about  740  square  miles. 
The  surface  of  the  county  is  hilly  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi bluffs,  but  generally  either  level  or  only 
slightly  undulating  in  the  interior.  The  "Ameri- 
can Bottom"  occupies  a  strip  of  country  along 
the  western  border,  four  to  six  miles  wide,  as  far 
north  as  Alton,  and  is  exceptionally  fertile.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1812,  being  the  first 
county  set  off  from  St.  Clair  County  after  the 
organization  of  Illinois  Territory,  in  1809,  and  tlio 
third  within  the  Territory.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  James  Madison,  then  President  of  the 
United  States.  At  that  time  it  embraced  sub- 
stantially the  whole  of  the  northern  part  of  the 


State,  but  its  limits  were  steadily  reduced  by 
excisions  until  1843.  The  soil  is  fertile,  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  and  potatoes  being  raised  and 
exported  in  large  quantities.  Coal  seams  under- 
lie the  soil,  and  carboniferous  limestone  crops  out 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Alton.  American  settlers 
began  first  to  arrive  about  1800,  the  Judys,  Gill- 
hams  and  Whitesides  being  among  the  first,  gen- 
erally locating  in  the  American  Bottom,  and 
laying  the  foundation  for  the  present  county. 
In  the  early  history  of  the  State,  Madison  County 
was  the  home  of  a  large  number  of  prominent 
men  who  exerted  a  large  influence  in  shaping  its 
destiny.  Among  these  were  Governor  Edwards, 
Governor  Coles,  Judge  Samuel  D.  Lock  wood,  and 
many  more  whose  names  are  intimately  inter- 
woven with  State  history.  The  county-seat  is  at 
Edwardsville.  and  Alton  is  the  principal  city. 
Population  (1890),  61,535;  (1900),  64,694. 

MAtiRCDER,  Benjamin  D.,  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  was  born  near  Natchez.  Miss.. 
Sept.  27,  1838:  graduated  from  Yale  College  in 
1856,  and,  for  three  years  thereafter,  engaged  in 
teaching  in  his  father's  private  academy  at 
Baton  Rouge,  La. ,  and  in  reading  law.  In  1859 
he  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Louisiana,  and  the  same  year 
opened  an  office  at  Memphis,  Tenn.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  his  sympathies  being 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  Union,  he  came  North, 
and,  after  visiting  relatives  at  New  Haven. 
Conn.,  settled  at  Chicago,  in  June,  1861.  While 
ever  radically  loyal  he  refrained  from  enlisting 
or  taking  part  in  political  discussions  during  the 
war,  many  members  of  his  immediate  family 
being  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  soon 
achieved  and  easily  maintained  a  high  standing 
at  the  Chicago  bar;  in  1868  was  appointed  Master 
in  Chancery  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook 
County,  and,  in  1885,  was  elected  to  succeed 
Judge  T.  Lyle  Dickey  on  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  being  re-elected  for  a  full  term 
of  nine  years  in  1888,  and  again  in  1897.  He  was 
Chief  Justice  in  1891-92. 

MAKANDA,  a  village  of  Jackson  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  49  miles  north  of 
Cairo,  in  South  Pass,  in  spur  of  Ozark  Mountains. 
It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  fruit-growing  region, 
large  amounts  of  this  product  being  shipped  there 
and  at  Cobden.  The  place  has  a  bank  and  a 
weekly  paper.  Population  (1900),  528. 

MALTBY,  Jasper  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Ash- 
tabula  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  3,  1826,  served  as  a 
private  in  the  Mexican  War  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Chapultepec.  After  his  discharge  he 


350 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


established  himself  in  the  mercantile  business  at 
Galena,  111. ;  in.  1861  entered  the  volunteer  service 
as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Forty-fifth  Illinois 
Infantry,  was  wounded  at  Fort  Donelson,  pro- 
moted Colonel  in  November,  1862,  and  wounded 
a  second  time  at  Vicksburg;  commissioned 
Brigadier-General  in  August,  1863;  served 
through  the  subsequent  campaigns  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  and  was  mustered  out,  January, 
1866.  Later,  he  was  appointed  by  the  commander 
of  the  district  Mayor  of  Vicksburg,  dying  in  that 
office,  Dec.  12,  1867. 

MANCHESTER,  a  town  of  Scott  County,  on 
the  Jacksonville  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
Railway,  16  miles  south  of  Jacksonville;  has 
some  manufactures  of  pottery.  Population 
(1890),  408;  (1900),  430. 

MAN  I  ERE,  George,  early  Chicago  lawyer  and 
jurist,  born  of  Huguenot  descent,  at  New  Lon- 
don, Conn.,  in  1817.  Bereft  of  his  father  in  1831, 
his  mother  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he 
began  the  study  of  law,  occasionally  contributing 
to  "The  New  York  Mirror,"  then  one  of  the 
leading  literary  periodicals  of  the  country.  In 
1835  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  completed 
his  professional  studies  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1839.  His  first  office  was  a  deputyship  in 
the  Circuit  Clerk's  office ;  later,  he  was  appointed 
Master  in  Chancery,  and  served  one  term  as 
Alderman  and  two  terms  as  City  Attorney. 
While  filling  the  latter  office  he  codified  the 
municipal  ordinances.  In  1855  he  was  elected 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  and  re-elected  in  1861 
without  opposition.  Before  the  expiration  of  his 
second  term  he  died,  May  21,  1863.  He  held  the 
office  of  School  Commissioner  from  1844  to  1852. 
during  which  time,  largely  through  his  efforts, 
the  school  system  was  remodeled  and  the  im- 
paired school  fund  placed  in  a  satisfactory  con- 
dition. He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Union  Defense  Committee  in  1861,  a  member  of 
the  first  Board  of  Regents  of  the  (old)  Chicago 
University,  and  prominently  connected  with 
several  societies  of  a  semi-public  character.  He 
was  a  polished  writer  and  was,  for  a  time,  in  edi- 
torial control  of  "The  Chicago  Democrat." 

MANN,  James  R.,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was 
born  on  a  farm  near  Bloomington,  111.,  Oct.  20. 
1856,  whence  his  father  moved  to  Iroquois  County 
in  1867;  graduated  at  the  University  of  Illinois 
in  1876  and  at  the  Union  College  of  Law  in  Chi- 
cago, in  1881,  after  which  he  established  himself 
in  practice  in  Chicago,  finally  becoming  the  head 
of  the  law  firm  of  Mann,  Hayes  &  Miller;  in  1888 
was  elected  Attorney  of  the  village  of  Hyde  Park 


and,  after  the  annexation  of  that  municipality  to 
the  city  of  Chicago,  in  1892  was  elected  Alderman 
of  the  Thirty-second  Ward,  and  re-elected  in 
1894,  while  in  the  City  Council  becoming  one  of 
its  most  prominent  members;  in  1894,  served  as 
Temporary  Chairman  of  the  Republican  State 
Convention  at  Peoria,  and,  in  1895,  as  Chairman 
of  the  Cook  County  Republican  Convention.  In 
1896  he  was  elected,  as  a  Republican,  to  the  Fifty- 
fifth  Congress,  receiving  a  plurality  of  28,459 
over  the  Free  Silver  Democratic  candidate,  and 
26,907  majority  over  all.  In  1898  he  was  a  can- 
didate for  re-election, and  was  again  successful,  by 
over  17,000  plurality,  on  a  largely  reduced  vote. 
Other  positions  held  by  Mr.  Mann,  previous  to  his 
election  to  Congress,  include  those  of  Master  in 
Chancery  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County 
and  General  Attorney  of  the  South  Park  Com- 
missioners of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

MANN,  Orrln  L.,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was  born 
in  Geauga  County,  Ohio.,  and,  in  his  youth, 
removed  to  the  vicinity  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich., 
where  he  learned  the  blacksmith  trade,  but, 
being  compelled  to  abandon  it  on  account  of  an 
injury,  in  1851  began  study  with  the  late  Dr. 
1 1  iniiiitii.  then  in  charge  of  the  Wesleyan  Female 
College,  at  Albion,  Mich.  Dr.  Hinman  having, 
two  years  later,  become  President  of  the  North- 
western University,  at  Evanston,  Mr.  Mann 
accompanied  his  preceptor  to  Chicago,  continuing 
his  studies  for  a  time,  but  later  engaging  in 
teaching;  in  1856  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan,  but  left  in  his  junior  year.  In  1860  he 
took  part  in  the  campaign  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Lincoln ;  early  in  the  following  spring 
had  made  arrangements  to  engage  in  the  lumber- 
trade  in  Chicago,  but  abandoned  this  purpose  at 
the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter;  then  assisted  in 
organizing  the  Thirty-ninth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers  (the  "Yates  Phalanx"), which  having 
been  accepted  after  considerable  delay,  he 
was  chosen  Major.  The  regiment  was  first 
assigned  to  duty  in  guarding  the  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Railroad,  but  afterwards  took  part  in  the 
first  battle  of  Winchester  and  in  operations  in 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Having  previously 
been  commissioned  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Major 
Mann  was  now  assigned  to  court-martial  duty  at 
Newborn  and  Hilton  Head.  Later,  he  partici- 
pated in  the  siege  of  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg, 
winning  a  brevet  Brigadier-Generalship  for 
meritorious  service.  The  Thirty-ninth,  having 
"veteranized"  in  1864,  was  again  sent  east,  and 
being  assigned  to  the  command  of  Gen.  B.  F. 
Butler,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bermuda 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


351 


Hundreds,  where  Colonel  Mann  was  seriously 
wounded,  necessitating  a  stay  of  several  months 
in  hospital.  Returning  to  duty,  he  was  assigned 
to  the  staff  of  General  Ord,  and  later  served  as 
Provost  Marshal  of  the  District  of  Virginia,  with 
headquarters  at  Norfolk,  being  finally  mustered 
out  in  December,  1865.  After  the  war  he 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  and  loan  business, 
but,  in  1866,  was  appointed  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  the  Chicago  District,  serving  until 
1868,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  General  Corse. 
Other  positions  held  by  him  have  been :  Represent- 
ative in  the  Twenty-ninth  General  Assembly 
(1874-76),  Coroner  of  Cook  County  (1878-80),  and 
Sheriff  (1880  82).  General  Mann  Was  injured  by 
a  fall,  some  years  since,  inducing  partial  paraly- 
sis. 

MANNING,  Joel,  first  Secretary  of  the  Illinois 
&  Michigan  Canal  Commissioners,  was  born  in 
1793,  graduated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1818, 
and  came  to  Southern  Illinois  at  an  early  day, 
residing  for  a  time  at  Brownsville,  Jackson 
County,  where  he  held  the  office  of  County- 
Clerk.  In  1836  he  was  practicing  law,  when  he 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  first  Board  of 
Commissioners  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal, 
remaining  in  office  until  1845.  He  continued  to 
reside  at  Lockport,  Will  County,  until  near  the 
close  of  his  life,  when  he  removed  to  Joliet,  dying 
there,  Jan.  8,  1R69. 

MANNING,  Julius,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Can- 
ada, near  Chateaugay,  N.  Y.,  but  passed  his 
earlier  years  chiefly  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
completing;  his  education  at  Middlebury  College, 
Vt. ;  in  1839  came  to  Knozville,  111.,  where  he 
served  one  term  as  County  Judge  and  two  terms 
(1842-46)  as  Representative  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly. He  was  also  a  Democratic  Presidential 
Elector  in  1848.  In  1853  he  removed  to  Peoria, 
where  he  was  elected,  in  1861,  a  Delegate  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  the  following 
year.  Died,  at  Knoxville,  July  4,  1862. 

MANSFIELD,  a  village  of  Piatt  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Peoria  Division  of  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  and 
the  Chicago  Division  of  the  Wabash  Railways, 
32  miles  southeast  of  Bloomington.  It  is  in  the 
heart  of  a  rich  agricultural  region ;  has  one  news- 
paper. Population  (1890),  533;  (1900),  708. 

MANTENO,  a  village  of  Kankakee  County, 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  47  miles  south 
of  Chicago;  a  shipping  point  for  grain,  live- 
stock, small  fruits  and  dairy  products;  has 
one  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  632;  (1890), 
627;  (1900),  932. 


MAQUON,  a  village  of  Knox  County,  on  the 
Peoria  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railway,  16  miles  southeast  of  Gales- 
burg.  The  region  is  agricultural.  The  town  has 
banks  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1880), 
548;  (1890),  501;  (1900),  475. 

MARCY,  (Dr.)  Oliver,  educator,  was  born  in 
Coleraine,  Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1820;  received  his  early 
education  in  the  grammar  schools  of  his  native 
town,  graduating,  in  1842,  from  the  Wesleyan 
University  at  Middletown,  Conn.  He  early  mani- 
fested a  deep  interest  in  the  natural  sciences  and 
became  a  teacher  in  an  academy  at  Wilbraham, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  1862,  meanwhile 
making  numerous  trips  for  geologic  investigation 
One  of  these  was  made  in  1849,  overland,  to 
Puget  Sound,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  data 
for  maps  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  settling  dis- 
puted questions  as  to  the  geologic  formation  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  During  this  trip  he  visited 
San  Francisco,  making  maps  of  the  mountain 
regions  for  the  use  of  the  Government.  In  1862 
he  was  called  to  the  professorship  of  Natural 
History  in  the  Northwestern  University,  at 
Evanston,  remaining  there  until  his  death.  The 
institution  was  then  in  its  infancy,  and  he  taught 
mathematics  in  connection  with  his  other  duties. 
From  1890  he  was  Dean  of  the  faculty.  He 
received  the  degee  of  LL.D.  from  the  University 
of  Chicago  in  1876.  Died,  at  Evanston,  March 
19,  1899. 

MAREDOSIA  (MARAIS  de  OGEE),  a  peculiar 
depression  (or  slough)  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Whiteside  County,  connecting  the  Mississippi 
and  Rock  Rivers,  through  which,  in  times  of 
freshets,  the  former  sometimes  discharges  a  part 
of  its  waters  into  the  latter.  On  the  other  hand, 
when  Rock  River  is  relatively  higher,  it  some- 
times discharges  through  the  same  channel  into 
the  Mississippi.  Its  general  course  is  north  and 
south. — Cat-Tall  Slough,  a  similar  depression, 
runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  Maredosia,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  five  or  six  miles  from  the  latter.  The 
highest  point  in  the  Maredosia  above  low  water 
in  the  Mississippi  is  thirteen  feet,  and  that  in  the 
Cat-Tail  Slough  is  twenty-six  feet.  Each  is 
believed,  at  some  time,  to  have  served  as  a 
channel  for  the  Mississippi. 

MARENGO,  a  city  of  McHenry  County,  settled 
in  1835,  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1857  and,  as  a 
city,  in  1893 ;  lies  68  miles  northwest  of  Chicago, 
on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad.  It  is 
in  the  heart  of  a  dairying  and  fruit-growing  dis- 
trict; has  a  foundry,  stove  works,  condensed 
milk  plant,  canning  factory,  water-works,  elec- 


352 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


trie  lights,  has  six  churches,  good  schools  and 
two  weekly  newspapers.  Population  (1880),  1,264 ; 
(1890),  1,  445;  (1900),  2,005. 

MARINE,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  27  miles  northeast  of 
St.  Louis.  Several  of  its  eanliest  settlers  were 
sea  captains  from  the  East,  from  whom  the 
"Marine  Settlement"  obtained  its  name.  Popu- 
lation (1880)  774;  (1890),  637;  (1900),  666. 

MARION,  the  county-seat  of  Williamson 
County,  172  miles  southeast  of  Springfield,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  and  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois 
Railroads;  in  agricultural  and  coal  region;  has 
cotton  and  woolen  mills,  electric  cars,  water- 
works, ice  and  cold-storage  plant,  dry  pressed 
brick  factory,  six  churches,  a  graded  school,  and 
three  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  1,338 ;  (1900),  2,510. 

MARION  COUNTY,  located  near  the  center  of 
the  southern  half  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of 
580  square  miles;  was  organized  in  1823,  and,  by 
the  census  of  1900,  had  a  population  of  30,446. 
About  half  the  county  is  prairie,  the  chief  prod- 
acts  being  tobacco,  wool  and  fruit.  The 
remainder  is  timbered  land.  It  is  watered  by  the 
tributaries  of  the  Kaskaskia  and  Little  Wabash 
Rivers.  The  bottom  lands  have  a  heavy  growth 
of  choice  timber,  and  a  deep,  rich  soil.  A  large 
portion  of  the  county  is  underlaid  with  a  thin 
vein  of  coal,  and  the  rocks  all  belong  to  the  upper 
coal  measures.  Sandstone  and  building  sand  are 
also  abundant.  Ample  shipping  facilities  are 
afforded  by  the  Illinois  Central  and  theBaltimore  & 
Ohio  (S.W.)  Railroads.  Salem  is  the  county-seat, 
but  Centralia  is  the  largest  and  most  important 
town,  being  a  railroad  junction  and  center  of  an 
extensive  fruit-trade.  Sandoval  is  a  thriving 
town  at  the  junction  of  the  Illinois  Central  and 
the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroads. 

M  A  KISS  A,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County,  on  the 
St.  Louis  &  Cairo  Short  Line  Railroad,  39  miles 
southeast  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  in  a  farming  and 
mining  district;  has  two  banks,  a  newspaper  and 
a  magazine.  Population  (1890),  876;  (1900),  1,086. 

MAROA,  a  city  in  Macon  County,  on  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad,  13  miles  north  of  Decatur 
and  31  miles  south  of  Bloomington.  The  city  has 
three  elevators,  an  agricultural  implement  fac- 
tory, water-works  system,  electric  light  plant, 
telephone  service,  two  banks,  one  newspaper, 
three  churches  and  a  graded  school.  Population 
(1880),  870;  (1890),  1,164;  (1900),  1,213. 

MARQUETTE,  (Father)  Jacques,  a  French 
missionary  and  explorer,  born  at  Laon,  France, 
in  1637.  He  became  a  Jesuit  at  the  age  of  17,  and, 
twelve  years  later  (1666).  was  ordained  a  priest. 


The  same  year  he  sailed  for  Canada,  landing  at 
Quebec.  For  eighteen  months  he  devoted  him- 
self chiefly  to  the  study  of  Indian  dialects,  and, 
in  1668,  accompanied  a  party  of  Nez-Perces  to 
Lake  Superior,  where  he  founded  the  mission  of 
Sault  Ste.  Marie.  Later,  after  various  vicissi- 
tudes, he  went  to  Mackinac,  and,  in  that  vicinity, 
founded  the  Mission  of  St.  Ignace  and  built  a 
rude  church.  In  1673  he  accompanied  Juliet  on 
his  voyage  of  discovery  down  the  Mississippi,  the 
two  setting  out  from  Green  Bay  on  May  17,  and 
reaching  the  Mississippi,  by  way  of  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin  Rivers,  June  17.  (For  an  interesting 
translation  of  Marquette's  quaint  narrative  of  the 
expedition,  see  Shea's  "Discovery  and  Explo- 
ration of  the  Mississippi,1'  N.  Y.,  1852.)  In  Sep- 
tember, 1673,  after  leaving  the  Illinois  and  stop- 
ping for  some  time  among  the  Indians  near 
"Starved  Rock,"  he  returned  to  Green  Bay  much 
broken  in  health.  In  October,  1674,  under  orders 
from  his  superior,  he  set  out  to  establish  a  mis- 
sion at  Kaskaskia  on  the  Upper  Illinois.  In 
December  he  reached  the  present  site  of  Chicago, 
where  he  was  compelled  to  halt  because  of 
exhaustion.  On  March  29,  1675,  he  resumed  his 
journey,  and  reached  Kaskaskia,  after  much 
suffering,  on  April  8.  After  laboring  indefati- 
gably  and  making  many  converts,  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  start  on  his  return  to  Macki- 
nac. Before  the  voyage  was  completed  he  died, 
May  18,  1675,  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  which 
long  bore  his  name — but  is  not  the  present  Mar 
quette  River — on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan. His  remains  were  subsequently  removed  to 
Point  St.  Ignace.  He  was  the  first  to  attempt  to 
explain  the  lake  tides,  and  modern  science  has 
not  improved  his  theory. 

MARSEILLES,  a  city  on  the  Illinois  River,  in 
La  Salle  County,  8  miles  east  of  Ottawa,  and  77 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  line  of  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad.  Ex- 
cellent water  power  is  furnished  by  a  dam  across 
the  river.  The  city  has  several  factories,  among 
the  leading  products  being  flour,  paper  and 
agricultural  implements.  Coal  is  mined  in  the 
vicinity.  The  grain  trade  is  large,  sufficient  to 
support  three  elevators.  There  are  three  papers 
(one  daily).  Population  (1890),  2,210;  (1900), 
2,559;  (1903,  est.).  3,100. 

MARSH,  Benjamin  F.,  Congressman,  born  in 
Wythe Township,  Hancock  County,  111.,  was  edu- 
cated at  private  schools  and  at  Jubilee  College, 
leaving  the  latter  institution  one  year  before 
graduation.  He  read  la  w  under  the  tutelage  of  his 
brother,  Judge  J.  W.  Marsh,  of  Warsaw,  and  was 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


.393 


admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860.  The  same  year  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  State's  Attorney. 
Immediately  upon  the  first  call  for  troops  in  1861, 
he  raised  a  company  of  cavalry,  and,  going  to 
Springfield,  tendered  it  to  Governor  Yates.  No 
cavalry  having  been  called  for,  the  Governor  felt 
constrained  to  decline  it.  On  his  way  home  Mr. 
Marsh  stopped  at  Quincy  and  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Sixteenth  Illinois  Infantry,  in  which  regi- 
ment he  served  until  July  4,  1861,  when  Gov- 
ernor Yates  advised  him  by  telegraph  of  his 
readiness  to  accept  his  cavalry  company. 
Returning  to  Warsaw  he  recruited  another  com- 
pany within  a  few  days,  of  which  he  was  com- 
missioned Captain,  and  which  was  attached  to 
the  Second  Illinois  Cavalry.  He  served  in  the 
army  until  January,  1866,  being  four  times 
wounded,  and  rising  to  the  rank  of  Colonel.  On 
his  return  home  he  interested  himself  in  politics.. 
Fn  1869  he  was  a  Republican  candidate  for  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention,  and.  in  1876, 
was  elected  to  represent  the  Tenth  Illinois  Dis- 
trict in  Congress,  and  re-elected  in  1878  and  1880. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Rail- 
road and  Warehouse  Commission,  serving  until 
1889.  In  1894  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress 
from  his  old  district,  which,  under  the  new 
apportionment,  had  become  the  Fifteenth,  was 
re-elected  in  1896,  and  again  in  1898.  In  the 
Fifty-fifth  Congress  he  was  a  member  of  the 
House  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Militia. 

HARSH,  William,  jurist,  was  born  at  Moravia, 
N.  Y..  May  11,  1822;  was  educated  at  Groton 
Academy  and  Union  College,  graduating  from 
the  latter  in  1842.  He  studied  law,  in  part,  in 
the  office  of  Millard  Fillmore,  at  Buffalo,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  practicing  at  Ithaca 
until  1854,  when  he  removed  to  Quincy,  I1L  Here 
he  continued  in  practice,  in  partnership,  at  differ- 
ent periods,  with  prominent  lawyers  of  that  city, 
until  elected  to  the  Circuit  bench  in  1885,  serv- 
ing until  1891.  Died,  April  14,  1894. 

MARSHALL,  the  county -seat  of  Clark  County, 
and  an  incorporated  city,  16K  miles  southwest  of 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  and  a  point  of  intersection  of 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
and  the  Vandalia  Railroads.  The  surrounding 
country  is  devoted  to  farming  and  stock-raising. 
The  city  has  woolen,  flour,  saw  and  planing  mills, 
and  milk  condensing  plant.  It  has  two  banks, 
eight  churches  and  a  good  public  school  system, 
which  includes  city  and  township  high  schools, 
and  three  newspapers.  Population  (1890),  1,900; 
(1900),  2,077. 


MARSHALL,  Samuel  S.,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Gallatin  County,  111.,  in 
1824;  studied  law  and  soon  after  located  at 
McLeansboro.  In  1846  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  lower  house  of  the  Fifteenth  General 
Assembly,  but  resigned,  early  in  the  following 
year,  to  become  State's  Attorney,  serving  until 
1848;  was  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  from  1851 
to  1854,  and  again  from  1861  to  1865 ;  was  delegate 
from  the  State-at-large  to  the  Charleston  and 
Baltimore  Conventions  of  1860,  and  to  the 
National  Union  Convention  at  Philadelphia  in 
1866.  In  1861  he  received  the  complimentary 
vote  of  his  party  in  the  Legislature  for  United 
States  Senator,  and  was  similarly  honored  in  the 
Fortieth  Congress  (1867)  by  receiving  the  Demo- 
cratic support  for  Speaker  of  the  House.  He 
was  first  elected  to  Congress  in  1854,  re-elected  in 
1856,  and,  later,  served  continuously  from  1865  to 
1875,  when  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  Died,  July  26,  1890. 

MARSHALL  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  north- 
central  part  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  400 
square  miles — named  for  Chief  Justice  John  Mar- 
shall. Settlers  began  to  arrive  in  1827,  and 
county  organization  was  effected  in  1839.  The 
Illinois  River  bisects  the  county,  which  is  also 
drained  by  Sugar  Creek.  The  surface  is  gener- 
ally level  prairie,  except  along  the  river,  although 
occasionally  undulating.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
corn,  wheat,  hay  and  oats  forming  the  staple 
agricultural  products.  Hogs  are  raised  in  great 
number,  and  coal  is  extensively  mined.  Lacon 
is  the  county-seat.  Population  (1880),  15,053; 
(1890),  13,653;  (1900),  16,370. 

MARTIN,  (Gen.)  James  S.,  ex  Congressman 
and  soldier,  was  born  in  Scott  County,  Va., 
August  19,  1826,  educated  in  the  common 
schools,  and,  at  the  age  of  20,  accompanied  hi* 
parents  to  Southern  Illinois,  settling  in  Marion 
County.  He  served  as  a  non-commissioned 
officer  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  In  1849,  he  was 
elected  Clerk  of  the  Marion  County  Court,  which 
office  he  filled  for  twelve  years.  By  profession  he 
is  a  lawyer,  and  has  been  in  active  practice  when 
not  in  public  or  military  life.  For  a  number  of 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee.  In  1862  he  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Eleventh 
Illinois  Volunteers,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
brevetted  Brigadier-General.  On  his  return  home 
he  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Marion  County, 
and,  in  1868,  appointed  United  States  Pension 
Agent.  The  latter  post  he  resigned  in  1872,  hav- 
ing been  elected,  as  a  Republican,  to  represent 


364 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Sixteenth  District  in  the  Forty-third  Con- 
gress. He  was  Commander  of  the  Grand  Army 
for  the  Department  of  Illinois  in  1889-90. 

MARTIMSVILLE,  a  village  of  Clark  County, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis  (Vandalia) 
Railroad.  11  miles  southwest  of  Marshall;  has 
two  banks  and  one  newspaper.  Population  (1880), 
663;  (1890),  779;  (1900),  1.000. 

MASCOUTAH,  a  city  in  St.  Clair  County,  25 
miles  from  St.  Louis  and  11  miles  east  of  Belle- 
villc.  on  the  line  of  the  Louisville  &  Nashville 
Railroad.  Coal-mining  and  agriculture  are  the 
principal  industries  of  the  surrounding  country. 
The  city  has  flour  mills,  a  brickyard,  dairy, 
school,  churches,  and  electric  line.  Population 
(1880),  2,558;  (1890).  2,033;  (1900),  3,171. 

MASON,  Rosmell  II.,  civil  engineer,  was  born 
in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  19,  1805;  in  his 
boyhood  was  employed  as  a  teamster  on  the  Erie 
Canal,  a  year  later  (1832)  accepting  a  position  as 
rodman  under  Edward  F.  Gay,  assistant-engineer 
in  charge  of  construction.  Subsequently  he  was 
employed  on  the  Schuylkill  and  Morris  Canals, 
on  the  latter  becoming  assistant-engineer  and, 
finally,  chief  and  superintendent.  Other  works 
with  which  Mr.  Mason  was  connected  in  a  similar 
capacity  were  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  the 
Housatonic,  New  York  &  New  Haven  and  the 
Vermont  Valley  Railroads.  In  1851  he  came 
west  and  took  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  a  work  which  required 
five  years  for  its  completion.  The  next  four 
years  were  spent  as  contractor  in  the  construction 
of  roads  in  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  until  1860,  when 
he  became  Superintendent  of  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  Railroad,  but  remained  only  one  year,  in 
1861  accepting  the  position  of  Controller  of  the 
land  department  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad, 
which  he  retained  until  1867.  The  next  two 
years  were  occupied  in  the  service  of  the  State  in 
lowering  the  summit  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal.  In  1869  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city 
of  Chicago,  and  it  was  in  the  closing  days  of 
his  term  that  the  great  fire  of  1871  occurred, 
testing  bis  executive  ability  to  the  utmost.  From 
1873  to  1883  he  served  as  one  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  and  was  one  of 
the  incorporators,  and  a  life- long  Director,  of  the 
Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  of  the  North- 
west. Died,  Jan.  1,  1892.— Edward  Gay  (Mason), 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Bridgeport, 
Conn.,  August  23,  1839;  came  with  his  f allies 
family,  in  1852,  to  Chicago,  where  he  ati^nded 
school  for  several  years,  after  which  bt  entered 
Yale  College,  graduating  there  in  1860.  He  then 


studied  law,  and,  later,  became  a  member  of  the 
law  firm  of  Mattocks  &  Mason,  but  subsequently, 
in  conjunction  with  two  brothers,  organized  the 
firm  of  Mason  Brothers,  for  the  prosecution  of  a 
real-estate  and  law  business.  In  1881  Mr.  Mason 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Chicago  Musical 
Festival,  which  was  instrumental  in  bringing 
Theodore  Thomas  to  Chicago.  In  1887  he  became 
President  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  as  the 
successor  of  Elihu  B.  Washbume,  retaining  the 
position  until  his  death,  Dec.  18,  1898.  During 
his  incumbency,  the  commodious  building,  now 
occupied  by  the  Historical  Society  Library,  was 
erected,  and  he  added  largely  to  the  resources  of 
the  Society  by  the  collection  of  rare  manuscripts 
and  other  historical  records.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  historical  works,  including  "Illinois  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century,"  "Kaskaskia  and  Its 
Parish  Records,"  besides  papers  on  La  Salle  and 
the  first  settlers  of  Illinois,  and  "The  Story  of 
James  Willing — An  Episode  of  the  American 
Revolution."  He  also  edited  a  volume  entitled 
"Early  Chicago  and  Illinois,"  which  was  pub- 
lished under  the  auspices  of  the  Chicago  Histor- 
ical Society.  Mr.  Mason  was,  for  several  years,  a 
Trustee  of  Yale  University  and,  about  the  time  of 
his  death,  was  prominently  talked  of  for  President 
of  that  institution,  as  successor  to  President 
Timothy  Dwight. 

MASON,  William  F.,  United  States  Senator, 
was  bom  at  Franklinville,  Cattaraugus  County. 
N.  Y.,  July  7,  1850,  and  accompanied  his  parents 
to  Bentonsport,  Iowa,  in  1858.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Bentonsport  Academy  and  at  Birmingham 
College.  From  1866  to  1870  he  taught  school,  the 
last  two  years  at  Des  Moines.  In  that  city  he 
studied  law  with  Hon.  Thomas  F.  Withrow,  who 
afterward  admitted  him  to  partnership.  In  1872 
he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  has  since  prac- 
ticed his  profession.  He  soon  embarked  in  poli- 
tics, and,  in  1878,  was  elected  to  the  lower  bouse 
of  the  General  Assembly,  and,  in  1882,  to  the 
State  Senate.  In  1884  he  was  the  regular  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  Confess  in  the  Third  Illinois 
District  (then  stror^y  Republican),  but,  owing 
to  party  dissensions,  was  defeated  by  James  H 
Ward,  a  De:*»crat.  In  1886,  and  again  in  1888. 
he  was  ^cted  to  Congress,  but,  in  1890,  was 
defeated  for  re-election  by  Allan  C.  Durborow. 
I  >  Is  a  vigorous  and  effective  campaign  speaker. 
In  1897  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator, 
receiving  in  the  Legislature  125  votes  to  77  for 
John  P.  Altgeld,  the  Democratic  candidate. 

MASON  CITY,  a   prosperous   city    in    Mason 
County,  at  the  intersection  of   the    Chicago  A 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


355 


Alton  and  the  Havana  branch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroads,  18  miles  west  by  north  of 
Lincoln,  and  about  30  miles  north  of  Springfield. 
Being  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  corn-growing  district, 
it  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  that  com- 
modity. It  has  four  churches,  two  banks,  two 
newspapers,  brick  works,  flour-mills,  grain-ele- 
vators and  a  carriage  factory.  Population  ( 1880), 
1,714;  (1890),  1,869;  (1900),  1,890. 

MASON  COUNTY,  organized  in  1841,  with  a 
population  of  about  2,000;  population  (1900), 
17,491,  and  area  of  560  square  miles, — named  for  a 
county  in  Kentucky.  It  lies  a  little  northwest 
of  the  center  of  the  State,  the  Illinois  and  Sanga- 
inon  Rivers  forming  its  west  and  its  south  bound- 
aries. The  soil,  while  sandy,  is  fertile.  The 
chief  staple  is  corn,  and  the  county  offers  excel- 
lent opportunities  for  viticulture.  The  American 
pioneer  of  Mason  County  was  probably  Maj. 
Ossian  B.  Ross,  who  settled  at  Havana  in  1832. 
Not  until  1837,  however,  can  immigration  be  said 
to  have  set  in  rapidly.  Havana  was  first  chosen 
as  the  county -seat,  but  Bath  enjoyed  the  honor 
for  a  few  years,  the  county  offices  being  per- 
manently removed  to  the  former  point  in  1851. 
Mason  City  is  an  important  shipping  point  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad 

MASONS,  ANCIENT  ORDER  OF  FREE  AND 
ACCEPTED.  (See  Free-Masons. ) 

MASSAC  COUNTY,  an  extreme  southern 
county  of  the  State  and  one  of  the  smallest,  its 
area,  being  but  little  more  than  240  square  miles, 
with  a  population  (1900)  of  13,110— named  for 
Fort  Massac,  within  its  borders.  The  surface  is 
hilly  toward  the  north,  but  the  bottom  lands 
along  the  Ohio  River  are  swampy  and  liable  to 
frequent  overflows.  A  considerable  portion  of  the 
natural  resources  consists  of  timber — oak,  wal- 
nut, poplar,  hickory,  cypress  and  cottonwood 
abounding.  Saw-mills  are  found  in  nearly  every 
town,  and  considerable  grain  and  tobacco  are 
raised.  The  original  settlers  were  largely  from 
Ohio,  Kentucky  and  North  Carolina,  and  hospi- 
tality is  traditional.  Metropolis,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  is  the  county-seat.  It  was  laid  off  in  1839, 
although  Massac  County  was  not  separately 
organized  until  1843.  At  Massac  City  may  be 
seen  the  ruins  of  the  early  French  fort  of  that 
name. 

MASSAC  COUNTY  REBELLION,  the  name 
commonly  given  to  an  outbreak  of  mob  violence 
which  occurred  in  Massac  County,  in  1845-46.  An 
arrested  criminal  having  asserted  that  an  organ- 
ized band  of  thieves  and  robbers  existed,  and 
having  given  the  names  of  a  large  number  of  the 


alleged  members,  popular  excitement  rose  to 
fever  heat.  A  company  of  self-appointed  "regu- 
lators" was  formed,  whose  acts  were  so  arbitrary 
that,  at  the  August  election  of  1846,  a  Sheriff  and 
County  Clerk  were  elected  on  the  avowed  issue 
of  opposition  to  these  irregular  tactics.  This 
served  to  stimulate  the  "regulators"  to  renewed 
activity.  Many  persons  were  forced  to  leave  the 
county  on  suspicion,  and  others  tortured  into 
making  confession.  In  consequence,  some  leading 
' '  regulators' '  were  thrown  into  jail,  only  to  be  soon 
released  by  their  friends,  who  ordered  the  Sheriff 
and  County  Clerk  to  leave  the  county.  The  feud 
rapidly  grew,  both  in  proportions  and  in  inten- 
sity. Governor  French  made  two  futile  efforts  to 
restore  order  through  mediation,  and  the  ordinary 
processes  of  law  were  also  found  unavailing. 
Judge  Scales  was  threatened  with  lynching 
Only  60  men  dared  to  serve  in  the  Sheriff's  posse, 
and  these  surrendered  upon  promise  of  personal 
immunity  from  violence.  This  pledge  was  not 
regarded,  several  members  of  the  posse  being  led 
away  as  prisoners,  some  of  whom,  it  was  believed, 
were  drowned  in  the  Ohio  River.  All  the  incarcer- 
ated "regulators"  were  again  released,  the  Sheriff 
and  his  supporters  were  once  more  ordered  to 
leave,  and  fresh  seizures  and  outrages  followed 
each  other  in  quick  succession.  To  remedy  this 
condition  of  affairs,  the  Legislature  of  1847  enacted 
a  law  creating  district  courts,  under  the  provi- 
sions of  which  a  Judge  might  hold  court  in  any 
county  in  his  circuit.  This  virtually  conferred 
upon  the  Judge  the  right  to  change  the  venue  at 
his  own  discretion,  and  thus  secure  juries  unbiased 
by  local  or  partisan  feeling.  The  effect  of  this 
legislation  was  highly  beneficial  in  restoring 
quiet,  although  the  embers  of  the  feud  still 
smoldered  and  intermittently  leaped  into  flame 
for  several  years  thereafter. 

MATHENY,  Charles  R.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Loudoun  County,  Va.,  March  6, 1786,  licensed  as  a 
Methodist  preacher,  in  Kentucky,  and,  in  1805, 
came  to  St.  Clair  County  (then  in  Indiana  Terri- 
tory), as  a  missionary.  Later,  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar;  served  in  the  Third 
Territorial  (1817)  and  the  Second  State  Legisla- 
tures (1820-22) ;  removed,  in  1821,  to  the  newly 
organized  county  of  Sangamon,  where  he  was 
appointed  the  first  County  Clerk,  remaining  in 
office  eighteen  years,  also  for  some  years  holding, 
at  the  same  time,  the  offices  of  Circuit  Clerk, 
Recorder  and  Probate  Judge.  Died,  while 
County  Clerk,  in  1839.— No»h  W.  (Matheny),  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  St.  Clair  County,  HI. , 
July  31.  1815;  was  assistant  of  his  father  in  the 


:!56 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


County  Clerk's  office  in  Sangamon  County,  and, 
on  the  death  of  the  latter,  (November,  1839),  was 
elected  his  successor,  and  re-elected  for  eight  con- 
secutive terms,  serving  until  1873.  Died,  April 
30,  1877.— James  H.  (Matheny),  another  son. 
born  Oct.  30,  1818,  in  St.  Clair  County;  served  in 
his  youth  as  Clerk  in  various  local  offices;  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847, 
elected  Circuit  Clerk  in  1853,  at  the  close  of  his 
term  beginning  the  practice  of  law;  was  com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fourteenth  Illinois  Volunteers,  in  October, 
1862,  and,  after  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  served  as 
Judge  Advocate  until  July,  1864,  when  he 
resigned.  He  then  returned  to  his  profession, 
but,  in  1873,  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Sanga- 
mon County,  holding  the  office  by  repeated  re- 
elections  until  his  death,  Sept.  7,  1890, — having 
resided  in  Springfield  68  years. 

MATHER,  Thomas,  pioneer  merchant,  was 
born,  April  24,  1795,  at  Simsbury,  Hartford 
County,  Conn.  .  in  early  manhood  was  engaged 
for  a  time  in  business  in  New  York  City,  but,  in 
the  spring  of  1818,  came  to  Ka.ska.skia,  111.,  where 
he  soon  after  became  associated  in  business  with 
James  L.  Lamb  and  others.  This  firm  was 
afterwards  quite  extensively  engaged  in  trade 
with  New  Orleans.  Later  he  became  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  town  of  Chester.  In  1820  Mr. 
Mather  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the 
Second  General  Assembly  from  Randolph 
County,  was  re-elected  to  the  Third  (serving  for 
a  part  of  the  session  as  Speaker),  and  again  to  the 
Fourth,  but,  before  the  expiration  of  his  last  term, 
resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  from  Presi 
i  lent  John  Quincy  Adams  as  Commissioner  to 
locate  the  military  road  from  Independence  to 
Santa  Fe,  and  to  conclude  treaties  with  the 
Indians  along  the  line.  In  the  Legislature  of 
1822  he  was  one  of  the  most  determined  oppo- 
nents of  the  scheme  for  securing  a  pro-slavery 
Constitution.  In  1828  he  was  again  elected  to 
the  House  and.  in  1832,  to  the  Senate  for  a  term 
oi  four  years.  He  also  served  as  Colonel  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Coles,  and  was  supported  for  the 
United  States  Senate,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  John  McLean,  in  1830.  Having 
removed  to  Springfield  in  1835,  he  became  promi- 
nent in  business  affairs  there  in  connection  with 
his  former  partner,  Mr.  James  L.  Lamb ;  in  1837 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of 
Fund  Commissioners  for  the  State  under  the 
internal  improvement  system ;  also  served  seven 
years  as  President  of  the  Springfield  branch  of 
the  State  Hank:  was  connected,  as  a  stork- 


holder,  with  the  construction  of  the  Sangamon  & 
Morgan  (now  Wabash)  Railroad,  extending  from 
Springfield  to  the  Illinois  river  at  Naples,  and 
was  also  identified,  financially,  with  the  old  Chi- 
cago &  Galena  Union  Railroad.  From  1835  until 
his  death.  Colonel  Mather  served  as  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  and 
was  a  liberal  contributor  to  the  endowment  of 
that  institution.  His  death  occurred  during  a 
visit  to  Philadelphia,  March  28,  1853. 

MATTESON,  Joel  Aldrich,  ninth  regularly 
elected  Governor  of  Illinois  (1853-57),  was  born 
in  Watertown,  N.  Y..  August  8,  1808;  after  some 
experience  in  business  and  as  a  teacher,  in  1831 
he  went  to  South  Carolina,  where  he  was  foreman 
in  the  construction  of  the  first  railroad  in  that 
State.  In  1834  he  removed  to  Illinois,  where  he 
became  a  contractor  on  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal,  and  also  engaged  in  manufacturing  at 
Juliet.  After  serving  three  terms  in  the  State 
Senate,  he  was  elected  Governor  in  1853,  and,  in 
1855,  was  defeated  by  Lyman  Trumbull  for  the 
United  States  Senator-ship.  At  the  close  of  his 
gubernatorial  term  he  was  complimented  by  the 
Legislature,  and  retired  to  private  life  a  popular 
man.  Later,  there  were  developed  grave  scandals 
in  connection  with  the  refunding  of  certain 
canal  scrip,  with  which  his  name — unfortunately 
— was  connected.  He  turned  over  property  to 
the  State  of  the  value  of  nearly  $250,000.  for  its 
indemnification.  He  finally  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Chicago,  and  later  spent  considerable 
time  in  travel  in  Europe.  He  was  for  many 
years  the  lessee  and  President  of  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  Railroad.  Died  in  Chicago,  Jan.  31,  1873. 

MATTHEWS,  Asa  (  .,  ex-Comptroller  of  the 
United  States  Treasury,  was  born  in  Pike  County, 
111.,  March  22,  1833;  graduated  from  Illinois  Col- 
lege in  1855,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  three 
years  later.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
he  abandoned  a  remunerative  practice  at  Pitts- 
field  to  enlist  in  the  army,  and  was  elected  and 
commissioned  a  Captain  in  the  Ninety-ninth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  Colonel, 
being  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  August, 
1865.  He  was  appointed  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  in  1869,  and  Supervisor  for  the  District 
composed  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  in 
1875.  Being  elected  to  the  Thirtieth  General 
Assembly  in  1876,  he  resigned  his  office,  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1878.  On  the 
death  of  Judge  Higbee,  Governor  Hamilton 
appointed  Mr.  Matthews  to  fill  the  vacancy  thus 
created  on  the  bench  of  the  Sixth  Circuit,  his 
term  expiring  in  1885.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly  and  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House.  In  May,  1889, 
President  Harrison  named  him  First  Comp- 
troller of  the  United  States  Treasury,  and  the 
House,  by  a  unanimous  vote,  expressed  its  grati- 
fication at  his  selection.  Since  retiring  from 
office,  Colonel  Matthews  has  devoted  his  attention 
to  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Pittsfield. 

MATTHEWS,  Milton  W.,  lawyer  and  journal- 
ist, was  born  in  Clark  County,  111.,  March  1,  1846, 
educated  in  the  common  schools,  and,  near  the 
close  of  the  war,  served  in  a  100-days'  regiment ; 
began  teaching  in  Champaign  County  in  1865, 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867 ; 
in  1878  was  appointed  Master  in  Chancery,  served 
two  terms  as  Prosecuting  Attorney,  and,  in  1888, 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  meanwhile,  from 
1879,  discharging  the  duties  of  editor  of  "The 
Champaign  County  Herald,"  of  which  he  was 
also  proprietor.  During  his  last  session  in  the 
State  Senate  (1891-93)  he  served  as  President  pro 
tern,  of  that  body:  was  also  President  of  the 
State  Press  Association  and  served  on  the  staff  of 
Governor  Fifer,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel  of  the 
Illinois  National  Guard.  Died,  at  Urbana,  May 
10,  1892. 

MATTOON,  an  important  city  in  Coles  County, 
173  miles  west  of  south  from  Chicago  and  56  miles 
west  of  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  a  point  of  junction  for 
three  lines  of  railway,  and  an  important  shipping 
point  for  corn  and  broom  corn,  which  are  both 
extensively  grown  in  the  surrounding  region.  It 
has  several  banks,  foundries,  machine  shops, 
brick  and  tile-works,  flour-mills,  grain-elevators, 
with  two  daily  and  four  weekly  newspapers;  also 
lias  good  graded  schools  and  a  high  school.  The 
repair  shops  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  Railroad  are  located  here. 
Population  (1890),  6.833;  (1900),  9,632. 

MAXWELL,  Philip,  M.D.,  pioneer  physician, 
was  born  at  Guilford,  Vt.,  April  3, 1799,  graduated 
in  medicine  and  practiced  for  a  time  at  Sackett's 
Harbor,  also  serving  in  the  New  York  Legisla- 
ture; was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  at  Fort 
Dearborn,  in  1833,  remaining  intil  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  fort  at  the  end  of  1836.  In  1838  he 
was  promoted  Surgeon,  and  served  with  Gen. 
Zachary  Taylor  in  the  campaign  against  the  Semi- 
noles  in  Florida,  but  resumed  private  practice  in 
Chicago  in  1844;  served  two  terms  as  Represent 
ative  in  the  General  Assembly  (1848-52)  and,  in 
1855,  settled  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Geneva,  Wis., 
where  he  died,  Nov.  5,  1859. 

MAY,  William  I...  early  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Kentucky,  came  at  an  early  day 


to  Edwardsville,  111.,  and  afterwards  to  Jackson- 
ville; was  elected  from  Morgan  County  to  the 
Sixth  General  Assembly  (1828),  and  the  next  year 
removed  to  Springfield,  having  been  appointed  by 
President  Jackson  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  for 
the  Land  Office  there.  He  was  twice  elected  to 
Congress  (1834  and  '36).  the  first  year  defeating 
Benjamin  Mills,  a  brilliant  lawyer  of  Galena. 
Later,  May  became  a  resident  of  Peoria,  but 
finally  removed  to  California,  where  he  died. 

MAYO,  Walter  L.,  legislator,  was  born  in  Albe- 
marle  County  Va..  March  T,  1810;  caine  to 
Edwards  County.  111.,  in  1828,  and  began  teach- 
ing. He  took  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  War 
(1831-32),  being  appointed  by  Governor  Reynolds 
Quartermaster  of  a  battalion  organized  in  that 
section  of  the  State.  He  had  previously  been 
appointed  County  Clerk  of  Edwards  County  to  fill 
a  vacancy,  and  continued,  by  successive  re-elec- 
tions, to  occupy  the  position  for  thirty-seven 
years — also  acting,  for  a  portion  of  the  time,  as 
Circuit  Clerk,  Judge  of  Probate  and  County  Treas- 
urer. In  1870  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly  for  the 
Edwards  County  District.  On  the  evening  of  Jan. 
18,  1878,  he  mysteriously  disappeared,  having 
been  last  seen  at  the  Union  Depot  at  East  St 
Louis,  when  about  to  take  the  train  for  his  home 
at  Albion,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  secretly 
murdered.  No  trace  of  his  body  or  of  the  crime 
was  ever  discovered,  and  the  affair  has  remained 
one  of  the  mysteries  of  the  criminal  history  of 
Illinois. 

MATWOOD,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  and 
suburb  of  Chicago,  10  miles  west  of  that  city,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  and  the  Chicago 
Great  Western  Railways;  has  churches,  two 
weekly  newspapers,  public  schools  and  some 
manufactures.  Population  (1900),  4,532. 

MCALLISTER,  William  K.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Washington  County.  N".  Y..  in  1818.  After 
admission  to  the  bar  he  commenced  practice  at 
Albion,  N.  Y..  and,  in  1854.  removed  to  Chicago. 
In  1866  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  bench  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  that  city,  but  was  defeated  by 
Judge  Jameson.  Two  years  later  he  was  chosen 
Judge  of  the  Recorder's  Court,  and,  in  1870,  was 
elected  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  which 
position  he  resigned  in  1875,  having  been  elected 
a  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  He  was  re-elected  for  a  full  term 
and  assigned  to  Appellate  Court  duty  in  1878. 
He  was  elected  for  a  third  time  in  1885,  but. 
before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  died.  Oct 
29.  1S8K 


358 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


McARTHUR,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  I'.rs 
kine,  Scotland,  Nov.  17,  1826;  worked  at  his 
father's  trade  of  blacksmith  until  23  years  old, 
when,  coming  to  the  United  States,  he  settled  in 
Chicago.  Here  he  became  foreman  of  a  boiler- 
making  establishment,  later  acquiring  an  estab- 
lishment of  his  own.  Hiving  joined  the  Twelfth 
Illinois  Volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
with  a  company  of  which  he  was  Captain,  he 
was  chosen  Lieutenant-Colonel,  still  later  Colonel, 
and.  in  March,  18C2,  promoted  to  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral for  gallantry  in  the  assault  on  Fort  Donelson, 
where  he  commanded  a  brigade.  At  Shiloh  he 
was  wounded,  but  after  having  his  wound  dressed, 
returned  to  the  fight  and  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Second  Division  when  Gen.  W.  H.  1 . 
Wallace  fell  mortally  wounded.  He  commanded 
a  division  of  McPherson's  corps  in  the  operations 
against  Vicksburg,  and  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  battle  of  Nashville,  where  he  commanded  a 
division  under  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  winning  a  brevet 
Major-Generalship  by  his  gallantry.  General 
McArthur  was  Postmaster  of  Chicago  from  1873 
to  1877. 

McCAUG,  Ezra  Butler,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Kinderhook,  N  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1825;  studied  law  at 
Hudson,  and,  coming  to  Chicago  in  1847,  entered 
the  law  office  of  J.  Young  Scammon,  soon  after- 
wards becoming  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Scam- 
mon &  McCagg.  During  the  war  Mr.  McCagg 
was  an  active  member  of  the  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission,  and  (for  some  years  after  the 
fire  of  1871)  of  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society ;  is  also 
a  life-member  and  officer  of  the  Chicago  Histori- 
cal Society,  besides  being  identified  with  several 
State  and  municipal  boards.  His  standing  in  his 
profession  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  has  been 
more  than  once  offered  a  non-partisan  nomina- 
tion for  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  but  has  de- 
clined. He  occupies  a  high  rank  in  literary  circles, 
as  well  as  a  connoisseur  in  art,  and  is  the  owner  of  a 
large  private  library  collected  since  the  destruction 
of  one  of  the  best  in  the  West  by  the  fire  of  1871. 

McCARTXEY,  James,  lawyer  and  ex-Attorney 
General,  was  born  of  Scotch  parentage  in  the 
north  of  Ireland.  Feb.  14,  1835;  at  two  years  of 
age  was  brought  to  the  United  States  and,  until 
1845,  resided  in  Pennsylvania,  when  his  parents 
removed  to  Trumbull  County,  Ohio.  Here  he 
spent  his  youth  in  general  farm  work,  meanwhile 
attending  a  high  school  and  finally  engaging  in 
teaching.  In  1856  he  began  the  study  of  law  at 
Warren,  Ohio,  which  he  continued  a  year  later  in 
the  office  of  Harding  &  Reed,  at  Monmouth,  111. ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1858,  and 


began  practice  at  Monmouth,  removing  the  fol- 
lowing year  toGalva.  In  April,  1861,  he  enlisted 
in  what  afterwards  became  the  Seventeenth 
Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  was  commissioned 
a  First  Lieutenant,  but,  a  year  later,  was  com- 
pelled to  resign  on  account  of  ill-health.  A  few 
months  later  he  re-enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twelfth  Illinois,  being  soon  promoted  to  ;i 
captaincy,  although  serving  much  of  the  time  a.- 
Judge  Advocate  on  courts-martial,  and,  for  one 
year,  as  Acting  Assistant  Adjutant-General  in  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  term 
of  service  in  the  army,  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Fairfield,  111. ;  in  1880  was 
nominated  and  elected,  as  a  Republican,  Attorney- 
General  of  the  State,  and,  during  his  last  year  in 
office,  began  the  celebrated  "Lake  Front  suits" 
which  finally  terminated  successfully  for  the 
city  of  Chicago.  Since  retiring  from  office,  Gen 
eral  McCartney  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  chiefly  in  Springfield  and  Chi- 
cago, having  been  a  resident  of  the  latter  city 
since  1890. 

HcCARTNEY,  Robert  Wilson,  lawyer  and 
jurist,  was  born  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio. 
March  19,  1843,  spent  a  portion  of  his  boyhood  in 
Pennsylvania,  afterwards  returning  to  Youngs- 
town,  Ohio,  where  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Sixth  Ohio  Cavalry.  He  was  severely  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  lying  two  days  and 
nights  on  the  field  and  enduring  untold  suffering. 
As  soon  as  able  to  take  the  field  he  was  commis- 
sioned, by  Governor  Cur!  in.  a  Captain  in  the 
Eighty-third  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  serving  in 
the  army  of  the  Potomac  to  the  close  of  the  war. 
and  taking  part  in  the  grand  review  at  Washing- 
ton in  May,  1865.  After  the  war  he  took  a  course 
in  a  business  college  at  Pittsburg,  removed  to 
Cleveland  and  began  the  study  of  law,  but  soon 
came  to  Illinois,  and,  having  completed  his  law 
studies  with  his  brother,  J.  T.  McCartney,  at 
Metropolis,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868 ;  also 
edited  a  Republican  paper  there,  became  inter 
ested  in  lumber  manufacture  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  that  city. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Massac 
County,  serving  nine  years,  when  (1882)  he  was 
elected  Representative  in  the  Thirty-third  Gen- 
eral Assembly.  At  the  close  of  his  term  in  the 
Legislature  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  for  the  first  Circuit,  serving  from  1885  to 
1891.  Died,  Oct.  27,  1893.  Judge  McCartney 
was  able,  public-spirited  and  patriotic.  The  city 
of  Metropolis  owes  to  him  the  Free  Public  Library 
bearing  his  name. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


359 


McCLAUGHRY,  Robert  Wilson,  penologist, 
was  born  at  Fountain  Green,  Hancock  County, 
III.,  July  22,  1839,  being  descended  from  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry — his  grandfather,  who  was  a  native 
of  the  North  of  Ireland,  having  come  to  America 
in  his  youth  and  served  in  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  subject  of  this  sketch  grew  up  on  a 
farm,  attending  school  in  the  winter  until  1854, 
then  spent  the  next  two  winters  at  an  academy, 
and,  in  1856,  began  a  course  in  Monmouth  Col- 
lege, where  he  graduated  in  1860.  The  following 
year  he  spent  as  instructor  in  Latin  in  the  same 
institution,  but,  in  1861,  became  editor  of  "The 
Carthage  Republican,"  a  Democratic  paper, 
which  he  made  a  strong  advocate  of  the  cause  of 
the  Union,  meanwhile,  both  by  his  pen  and  on 
the  stump,  encouraging  enlistments  in  the  army. 
About  the  first  of  July,  1862,  having  disposed  of 
his  interest  in  the  paper,  he  enlisted  in  a  company 
of  which  he  was  unanimously  chosen  Captain, 
and  which,  with  four  other  companies  organized 
in  the  same  section,  became  the  nucleus  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Eighteenth  Illinois  Volunteers. 
The  regiment  having  been  completed  at  Camp 
Butler,  he  was  elected  Major,  and  going  to  the 
field  in  the  following  fall,  took  part  in  General 
Sherman's  first  movement  against  Vicksburg  by 
way  of  Chickasaw  Bayou,  in  December,  1862. 
Later,  as  a  member  of  Osterhaus'  Division  of  Gen- 
eral McClernand's  corps,  he  participated  with  his 
regiment  in  the  capture  of  Arkansas  Post,  and  in 
the  operations  against  Vicksburg  which  resulted 
in  the  capture  of  that  stronghold,  in  July,  1863. 
He  then  joined  the  Department  of  the  Gulf  under 
command  of  General  Banks,  but  was  compelled 
by  sickness  to  return  north.  Having  sufficiently 
recovered,  he  spent  a  few  months  in  the  recruit- 
ing service  (1864),  but,  in  May  of  that  year,  was 
transferred,  by  order  of  President  Lincoln,  to  the 
Pay  Department,  as  Additional-Paymaster,  with 
the  rank  of  Major,  being  finally  assigned  to  duty 
at  Springfield,  where  he  remained,  paying  off  Illi- 
nois regiments  as  mustered  out  of  the  service, 
until  Oct.  13,  1865,  when  he  was  honorably  dis- 
charged. A  few  weeks  later  he  was  elected 
County  Clerk  of  Hancock  County,  serving  four 
years.  In  the  meantime  he  engaged  in  the  stone 
business,  as  head  of  the  firm  of  R.  \V.  McClaughry 
&  Co.,  furnishing  stone  for  the  basement  of  the 
State  Capitol  at  Springfield  and  for  bridges  across 
the  Mississippi  at  Quincy  and  Keokuk — later 
being  engaged  in  the  same  business  at  St.  Gene- 
vieve.  Mo.,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis.  Com- 
pelled to  retire  by  failing  health,  he  took  up  his 
residence  at  Monmouth  in  1873,  but,  in  1874,  was 


called  to  the  wardenship  of  the  State  Peniten- 
tiary at  Joliet.  Here  he  remained  until  December, 
1888,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  superin- 
tendent1}- of  the  Industrial  Reformatory  at 
Huntingdon,  Pa.,  but,  in  May,  1891,  accepted 
from  Mayor  Washburne  the  position  of  Chief  of 
Police  in  Chicago,  continuing  in  service,  under 
Mayor  Harrison,  until  August,  1893,  when  he 
became  Superintendent  of  the  Illinois  State 
Reformatory  at  Pontiac.  Early  in  1897  he  was 
again  offered  and  accepted  the  position  of  Warden 
of  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet.  Here  he  re- 
mained until  1899,  when  he  received  from  Presi- 
dent McKinley  the  appointment  of  Warden  of  the 
Military  Prison  at  Fort  Leaven  worth,  Kan., 
which  position  he  now  (1899)  occupies.  Major  Mc- 
Claughry's  administration  of  penal  and  reforma- 
tory institutions  has  been  eminently  satisfactory, 
and  he  has  taken  rank  as  one  of  the  most  success- 
ful penologists  in  the  country. 

McCLELLAN,  Robert  H.,  lawyer  and  banker, 
was  born  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  3, 
1823;  graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
in  1847,  and  then  studied  law  with  Hon.  Martin  I. 
Townsend,  of  Troy,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1850.  The  same  year  he  removed  to  Galena,  111. ; 
during  his  first  winter  there,  edited  "The  Galena 
Gazette,"  and  the  following  spring  formed  a 
partnership  with  John  M.  Douglas,  afterwards 
General  Solicitor  and  President  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  which  ended  with  the  removal 
of  the  latter  to  Chicago,  when  Mr.  McClellan 
succeeded  him  as  local  attorney  of  the  road  at 
Galena.  In  1834  Mr.  McClellan  became  President 
of  the  Bank  of  Galena — later  the  "National  Bank 
of  Galena"— remaining  for  over  twenty  years. 
He  is  also  largely  interested  in  local  manufac- 
tories and  financial  institutions  elewhere.  He 
served  as  a  Republican  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-second  General  Assembly  (1861-62),  and 
as  Senator  (1876-80),  and  maintained  a  high  rank 
as  a  sagacious  and  judicious  legislator.  Liberal, 
public-spirited  and  patriotic,  his  name  has  been 
prominently  connected  with  all  movements  for 
the  improvement  of  his  locality  and  the  advance- 
ment of  the  interests  of  the  State. 

McCLERNAND,  John  Alexander,  a  volunteer 
officer  in  the  Civil  War  and  prominent  Demo- 
cratic politician,  was  born  in  Breckenridge 
County,  Ky.,  May  30,  1812,  brought  to  Shawnee- 
town  in  1816,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1832. 
and  engaged  in  journalism  for  a  time.  He  served 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature  in  1836.  and  again  in  1840  and  '42. 
The  latter  year  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  serv- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ing  four  consecutive  terms,  but  declining  a 
renomination,  being  about  to  remove  to  Jackson- 
ville, where  he  resided  from  1851  to  1856.  Twice 
(1840  and  '52)  he  was  a  Presidential  Elector  on 
the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1856  he  removed  to 
Springfield,  and,  in  1859,  re-entered  Congress  as 
Representative  of  the  Springfield  District;  was 
re-elected  in  1860,  but  resigned  in  1861  to  accept 
a  commission  as  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers 
from  President  Lincoln,  being  promoted  Major- 
General  early  in  1862.  He  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Belmont,  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh  and 
before  Vicksburg,  and  was  in  command  at  the 
rapture  of  Arkansas  Post,  but  was  severely  criti- 
cised for  some  of  his  acts  during  the  Vicksburg 
campaign  and  relieved  of  his  command  by  Gen- 
eral Grant.  Having  finally  been  restored  by 
order  of  President  Lincoln,  he  participated  in  the 
campaign  in  Louisiana  and  Texas,  but  resigned 
his  commission  in  1864.  General  McClernand 
presided  over  the  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion of  1876,  and,  in  1886,  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  one  of  the  members  of  the  Utah 
Commission,  serving  through  President  Harri- 
son's administration.  He  was  also  elected 
Circuit  Judge  in  1870,  as  successor  to  Hon.  B.  S. 
Edwards,  who  had  resigned.  Died  Sept.  20,  1900. 
McCLURt),  Alexander  ('.,  soldier  and  pub- 
lisher, was  born  in  Philadelphia  but  grew  up  in 
Pittsburg,  where  his  father  was  an  iron  manu- 
facturer. He  graduated  at  Miami  University- 
Oxford,  Ohio.,  and,  after  studying  law  for  a  time 
with  Chief  Justice  Lowrie  of  Pennsylvania,  came 
to  Chicago  in  1859,  and  entered  the  bookstore  of 
8.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.,  as  a  junior  clerk.  Early  in 
1861  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion,  but  the  quota  of  three-months'  men 
being  already  full,  his  services  were  not  accepted. 
In  August.  1862,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
"Crosby  Guards,"  afterwards  incorporated  in  the 
Eighty -eighth  Illinois  Infantry  (Second  Board  of 
Trade  Regiment),  and  was  unanimously  elected 
Captain  of  Company  H.  After  the  battle  of 
Perryville,  he  was  detailed  as  Judge  Advocate  at 
Nashville,  and,  in  the  following  year,  offered  the 
position  of  Assistant  Adjutant-General  on  the 
staff  of  General  McCook,  afterwards  serving  in  a 
similar  capacity  on  the  staffs  of  Generals  Thomas. 
Sheridan  and  Baird.  He  took  part  in  the  defense 
of  Chattanooga  and,  at  the  battle  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  had  two  horses  shot  under  him ;  was  also 
with  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  and,  at  the  request  of  Gen.  Jeff.  C. 
Davis,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Colonel  and 
brevetted  Brigadier-General  —  later,  being  pre- 


sented with  a  sword  bearing  the  names  of  the 
principal  battles  in  which  he  was  engaged, 
besides  being  especially  complimented  in  letters 
by  Generals  Sherman,  Thomas,  Baird,  Mitchell. 
Davis  and  others.  He  was  invited  to  enter  the 
regular  army  at  the  close  of  the  war,  but  pre- 
ferred to  return  to  private  life,  and  resumed  his 
former  position  with  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.,  soon 
after  becoming  a  junior  partner  in  the  concern, 
of  which  he  has  since  become  the  chief.  In  the 
various  mutations  through  which  this  extensive 
firm  has  gone,  General  McCIurg  has  been  a  lead- 
ing factor  until  now  (and  since  18U7)  he  stands 
at  the  head  of  the  most  extensive  publishing  firm 
west  of  New  York. 

McCOMNEL,  Murray,  pioneer  and  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  5,  1798,  anil 
educated  in  the  common  schools;  left  home  at 
14  years  of  age  and,  after  a  year  at  Louisville, 
spent  several  years  flat-boating,  trading  and 
hunting  in  the  West,  during  this  period  visiting 
Arkansas,  Texas  and  Kansas,  finally  settling  on  a 
farm  near  Herculaneum,  Mo.  In  1823  he  located 
in  Scott  (then  a  part  of  Morgan)  County,  111. ,  but 
when  the  town  of  Jacksonville  was  laid  out. 
became  a  citizen  of  that  place.  During  the  Black 
Hawk  War  (July  and  August,  1832),  he  served  on 
the  staff  of  Gen.  J.  D.  Henry  with  the  rank  <>f 
Major;  in  1837  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dun- 
can a  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  for 
the  First  Judicial  District,  in  this  capacity  having 
charge  of  the  construction  of  the  railroad  between 
Meredosia  and  Springfield  (then  known  as  the 
Northern  Cross  Railroad) — the  first  public  rail- 
road built  in  the  State,  and  the  only  one  con- 
structed during  the  "internal  improvement"  era 
following  1837.  He  also  held  a  commission  from 
Governor  French  as  Major-General  of  State  Mi- 
litia, in  1855  was  appointed  by  President  Pierce 
Fifth  Auditor  of  the  Treasury  Department,  but 
retired  in  1859.  In  1832,  on  his  return  from 
the  Black  Hawk  War,  he  was  elected  a  Repre 
sentative  in  the  State  Legislature  from  Morgan 
County,  and,  in  1864,  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  for  the  District  composed  of  Morgan. 
Menard,  Cass,  Schuyler  and  Brown  Counties, 
serving  until  1868.  Though  previously  a  Demo- 
crat and  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic  National 
Convention  of  1860,  he  was  an  earnest  supporter 
of  the  war  policy  of  the  Government,  and  was 
one  of  four  Democratic  Senators,  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  1865,  who  voted  for  the  ratification 
of  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  of  the  National 
Constitution,  prohibiting  slavery  in  the  United 
States.  His  death  occurred  by  assassination,  by 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


361 


some  unknown  person,  in  his  office  at  Jackson 
ville,  Feb.  9,  1869.— John  Ludluiii  (McConnel), 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Jacksonville. 
111.,  Nov.  11,  1886,  studied  law  and  graduated  at 
Transylvania  Law  School;  in  1846  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  Mexican  War,  became  First  Lieu- 
tenant and  was  promoted  Captain  after  the  battle 
of  Buena  Vista,  where  he  was  twice  wounded. 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  Jacksonville  and 
wrote  several  books  illustrative  of  Western  life 
and  character,  which  were  published  between 
1850  and  1853.  At  the  time  of  his  death— Jan. 
17.  1862 — he  was  engaged  in  the  preparation  of  a 
"History  of  Early  Explorations  in  America,"  hav- 
ing special  reference  to  the  labors  of  the  early 
Roman  Catholic  missionaries. 

HcCONNELL,  (Gen).  John,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Madison  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  5,  1824,  and  came 
with  his  parents  to  Illinois  when  about  sixteen 
years  of  age.  His  father  (James  McConnell)  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  who  came  to  the  United 
States  shortly  before  the  War  of  1812,  and,  after 
remaining  in  New  York  until  1840,  came  to  San- 
gamon  County,  III.,  locating  a  few  miles  south  of 
Springfield,  where  he  engaged  extensively  in 
sheep-raising.  He  was  an  enterprising  and  pro- 
gressive agriculturist,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  State  Agricultural  Society,  being  President 
of  the  Convention  of  1852  which  resulted  in  its 
organization.  His  death  took  place,  Jan.  7,  1867. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  engaged  with  his 
father  and  brothers  in  the  farming  and  stock 
business  until  1861,  when  he  raised  a  company 
for  the  Third  Illinois  Cavalry,  of  which  he  was 
elected  Captain,  was  later  promoted  Major,  serv- 
ing until  March,  1863,  during  that  time  taking 
part  in  some  of  the  important  battles  of  the  war 
in  Southwest  Missouri,  including  Pea  Ridge,  and 
was  highly  complimented  by  his  commander, 
Gen.  G.  M.  Dodge,  for  bravery.  Some  three 
months  after  leaving  the  Third  Cavalry,  he  was 
commissioned  by  Governor  Yates  Colonel  of  the 
Fifth  Illinois  Cavalry,  and,  in  March,  1865,  was 
commissioned  Brevet  Brigadier-General,  his  com- 
mission being  signed  by  President  Lincoln  on 
April  14,  1865,  the  morning  preceding  the  night 
of  his  assassination.  During  the  latter  part  of 
his  service.  General  McConnell  was  on  duty  in 
Texas,  being  finally  mustered  out  in  October, 
1865.  After  the  death  of  his  father,  and  until 
1879,  he  continued  in  the  business  of  sheep-raising 
and  farming,  being  for  a  time  the  owner  of 
several  extensive  farms  in  Sangamon  County, 
but,  in  1879,  engaged  in  the  insurance  business 
in  Springfield,  where  he  died,  March  14,  1898. 


McCONNELL,  Samuel  P.,  sou  r,t  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Springfield,  III,  on  July  5,  1849 
After  completing  his  literary  studies  he  read  law 
at  Springfield  in  the  office  of  Stuart,  Edwards  & 
Brown,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1872,  soon 
after  establishing  himself  in  practice  in  Chicago 
After  various  partnerships,  in  which  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  leading  lawyers  of  Chicago,  he  was 
elected  Judge  of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court, 
in  1889,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Judge  W.  K.  McAllister,  serving  until  1894,  when 
he  resigned  to  give  his  attention  to  private  prac- 
tice. Although  one  of  the  youngest  Judges  upon 
the  bench,  Judge  McConnell  was  called  upon, 
soon  aftor  his  election,  to  preside  at  the  trial  of 
the  conspirators  in  the  celebrated  Cronin  murder 
case,  in  which  he  displayed  great  ability.  He  has 
also  had  charge,  as  presiding  Judge,  of  a  number 
of  civil  suits  of  great  importance  affecting  cor 
po  rations. 

McCORMICK,  Cyrus  Hall,  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer, born  in  Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  Feb.  15. 
1809.  In  youth  he  manifested  unusual  mechani- 
cal ingenuity,  and  early  began  attempts  at  the 
manufacture  of  some  device  for  cutting  grain,  his 
first  finished  machine  being  produced  in  1831. 
Though  he  had  been  manufacturing  for  years 
in  a  small  way,  it  was  not  until  1844  that  his 
first  machine  was  shipped  to  the  West,  and. 
in  1847,  he  came  to  Chicago  with  a  view  (•> 
establishing  its  manufacture  in  the  heart  of  the 
region  where  its  use  would  be  most  in  demand 
One  of  his  early  partners  in  the  business  was 
William  B.  Ogden,  afterwards  so  widely  known 
in  connection  with  Chicago's  railroad  history 
The  business  grew  on  his  hands  until  it  became 
one  of  the  largest  manufacturing  interests  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  McCormick  was  a  Democrat, 
and,  in  1860,  he  bought  "The  Chicago  Times." 
and  having  united  it  with  "The  Herald,"  which 
he  already  owned,  a  few  months  later  sold  the 
consolidated  concern  to  Wilbur  F.  Storey.  "The 
Interior,"  the  Northwestern  mouthpiece  of  the 
Presbyterian  faith,  had  been  founded  by  a  joint 
stock-company  in  1870,  but  was  burned  out  in 
1871  and  removed  to  Cincinnati.  In  January. 
1872,  it  was  returned  to  Chicago,  and,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  following  year,  it  became  the 
property  of  Mr.  McCormick  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Gray,  who  has  been  its  editor  and  manager 
ever  since.  Mr.  McCormick's  most  liberal  work 
was  undoubtedly  the  endowment  of  the  Presby- 
terian Theological  Seminary  in  Chicago,  which 
goes  by  his  name.  His  death  occurred,  May  13. 
1884,  after  a  business  life  of  almost  unprere 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


dented  success,  and  after  conferring  upon  the 
agriculturists  of  the  country  a  boon  of  inestimable 
value. 

McCORMICK  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,  a 
Presbyterian  school  of  theology  in  Chicago,  be- 
ing the  outgrowth  of  an  institution  originally  con- 
nected with  Hanover  College,  Ind.,  in  1830.  In 
1859  the  late  Cyrus  H.  SIcOormick  donated  $100,- 
000  to  the  school,  and  it  was  removed  to  Chicago, 
where  it  was  opened  in  September,  with  a  class 
of  fifteen  students.  Since  then  nearly  $300.000 
have  been  contributed  toward  a  building  fund  by 
Mr.  McCormick  and  his  Heirs,  besides  numerous 
donations  to  the  same  end  made  by  others.  The 
number  of  buildings  is  nine,  four  being  for  the 
general  purposes  of  the  institution  (incluJ'ig 
dormitories),  and  five  being  houses  for  the  pro- 
fessors. The  course  of  instruction  covers  three 
annual  terms  of  seven  months  each,  and  includes 
didactic  and  polemic  theology,  biblical  and 
ecclesiastical  history,  sacred  rhetoric  and  pastoral 
theology,  church  government  and  the  sacra- 
ments, New  Testament  literature  and  exegesis, 
apologetics  and  missions,  and  homiletics.  The 
faculty  consists  of  eight  professors,  one  adjunct 
professor,  and  one  instructor  in  elocution  and 
vocal  culture.  Between  200  and  300  students  are 
enrolled,  including  post-graduates. 

McCDLLOCH,  David,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Cumberland  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  25,  1832; 
received  his  academic  education  at  Marshall  Col- 
lege, Mercersburg,  Pa. ,  graduating  in  the  class  of 
1853.  Then,  after  spending  some  six  months  as 
a  teacher  in  his  native  village,  he  came  west, 
arriving  at  Peoria  early  in  1853.  Here  he  con- 
ducted a  private  school  for  two  years,  when,  in 
1855,  he  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of 
Manning  &  Merriman,  being  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1857.  Soon  after  entering  upon  his  law  studies 
he  was  elected  School  Commissioner  for  Peoria 
County,  serving,  by  successive  re-elections,  three 
terms  (1855-61).  At  the  close  of  this  period  he 
was  taken  into  partnership  with  his  old  precep- 
tor, Julius  Manning,  who  died,  July  4,  1862.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  for  the  Eighth 
Circuit,  under  the  law  authorizing  the  increase  of 
Judges  in  each  circuit  to  three,  and  was  re- 
elected  in  1879,  serving  until  1885.  Six  years  of 
this  period  were  spent  as  a  Justice  of  the  Appellate 
Court  for  the  Third  Appellate  District.  On 
retiring  from  the  bench,  Judge  McCulloch  entered 
into  partnership  with  his  son,  E.  D.  McCulloch, 
which  is  still  maintained.  Politically,  Judge 
McCulloch  was  reared  as  a  Democrat,  but  during 
the  Civil  War  became  a  Republican.  Since  1886 


he  has  been  identified  with  the  Prohibition  Party, 
although,  as  the  result  of  questions  arising  during 
the  Spanish-American  War,  giving  a  cordial 
support  to  the  policy  of  President  McKinley.  In 
religious  views  he  is  a  Presbyterian,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  McCormick 
Theological  Seminary  at  Chicago. 

McCULLOUGH,  James  Skiles,  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts,  was  born  in  Mercersburg, 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  May  4,  1843;  in  1854  came 
with  his  father  to  Urbana,  111. ,  and  grew  up  on  a 
farm  in  that  vicinity,  receiving  such  education  as 
could  be  obtained  in  the  public  schools.  In  1863, 
at  the  age  of  19  years,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
Company  G,  Seventy-sixth  Illinois  Volunteer 
Infantry,  and  served  during  the  next  three  years 
in  the  Departments  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf, 
j^oanwhile  participating  in  the  campaign  against 
Victsburg,  and,  near  the  close  of  the  war,  in  the 
operations  about  Mobile.  On  the  9th  of  April, 
1865,  while  taking  part  in  the  assault  on  Fort 
Blakely,  near  Mobile,  his  left  arm  was  torn  to 
pieces  by  a  grape-shot,  compelling  its  amputation 
near  the  shoulder.  His  final  discharge  occurred 
in  July,  1865.  Returning  home  he  spent  a  year  in 
school  at  Urbana,  after  which  he  n-as  a  student  in 
the  Soldiers'  College  at  Fulton,  III.,  for  two  years. 
He  then  (18C8)  entered  the  office  of  the  County 
Clerk  of  Champaign  County  as  a  deputy,  remain- 
ing until  1873,  when  he  was  chosen  County  Clerk, 
serving  by  successive  re-elections  until  1896.  The 
latter  year  he  received  the  nomination  of  the 
Republican  Party  for  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts, 
and,  at  the  November  election,  was  elected  by  a 
plurality  of  138,000  votes  over  his  Democratic 
opponent.  He  was  serving  his  sixth  term  as 
County*  Clerk  when  chosen  Auditor,  having 
received  the  nomination  of  his  party  on  each 
occasion  without  opposition. 

MeDANXOLD,  John  J.,  lawyer  and  ex-Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Brown  County,  111. ,  August 
29,  1851,  acquired  his  early  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  native  county  and  in  a  private 
school;  graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of 
the  Iowa  State  University  in  1874,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois  the  same  year, 
commencing  practice  at  Mount  Sterling.  In  1885 
he  was  made  Master  in  Chancery,  in  1886,  elected 
County  Judge,  and  re-elected  in  1890,  resigning 
his  seat  in  October,  1893,  to  accept  an  election  by 
the  Democrats  of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  District  as 
Representative  in  the  Fifty-third  Congress. 
After  retiring  from  Congress  (March  4,  1895),  Mr. 
McDannold  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 


IIISTOIJICAL    KXCYCI.OPEDIA    OK    ILLIXOIS. 


denied  success,  a'lil  after  conferring  II|M:II  the 
agriculturists  of  the  "ountry  a  IHHIII  of  inestimable 
value. 

MHOK.MH'K  I  III  ii.  DI. K  \  I.  SEMINARY,  a 
Presbyterian  school  of  theulogy  in  Chicago,  lie- 
ing  the  outgrowth  of  an  institution  originally  con- 
nected with  Ronover  Collide,  Iml..  in  ls:!o.  In 
l*.ri!»  the  late  Cyrus  II.  Mc( -irmick  <lon:it<Ml  §|IM).- 
HOI)  tn  the  school,  anil  it  was  removed  to  ( 'hicago. 
where  it  was  opened  in  September,  with  a  cla-s 
of  liflecii  stinlriits.  Since  tlirn  nearly  s:;mi.i«ii) 
have  been  c  •::!  i  ilmicd  towanl  a  building  tund  In 
Mr.  Mcl'ormick  anil  his  heirs,  liesi.les  numerous 
donations  to  the  same  etui  inaile  liy  others.  The 
number  of  buildings  is  nine,  four  In-ing  for  the 
general  pur|M>scs  of  the  institution  (inclu.!;'ig 
ilonnitories),  anil  live  licing  houses  for  the  pro- 
fessors. The  rourse  of  instruction  covers  three 
annual  terms  of  seven  months  each,  timl  includes 
'liilactic  ami  |Kilcmic  theology,  biblical  an. I 
ecclesiastical  history,  sacred  rhetoric  anil  pastoral 
theology,  church  government  anil  the  sacra- 
ments. New  Testament  literature  ami  exegesis, 
apologetics  anil  missions,  anil  lion  ii  let  it's.  The 
faculty  consists  of  oighft  professors,  one  adjunct 
|irol'essor,  anil  one  instructor  in  elocution  and 
vocal  culture  Between  ','HII  and  :UHI  students  are 
•  •nrolleil,  including  post-graduates. 

JMTI.I.Oril,  David,  lawyer  ami  jurist,  was 
horn  in  Cuinlicrlanil  County.  Pa. ,  Jan.  '.'.1.  I*:!'-1; 
receiveil  his  academic  i>ducatiou  at  Marshall  Col- 
lege. Merccrsburg,  I'a  ,  graduating  in  the  class  of 
1H.VJ.  Then,  after  spending  some  six  months  as 
a  teacher  in  his  native  village,  he  came  west, 
arriving  at  I'eoria  early  in  1M53.  Here  he  con 
ducted  a  private  school  for  two  years,  when,  in 
1K.V>,  lie  liegan  the  study  of  law-  in  the  office  of 
Manning  &  Merrimari.  lieinf;  admitted  to  the  liar 
in  1W.T7.  SIMIII  alter  enterinn  upon  his  law  .studies 
he  was  elected  School  Commissioner  for  I'eoria 
County,  serving,  liy  successive  re-elections,  three 
terms  (1x5r>-fil).  At  the  close  of  this  jK-rioil  he 
was  taken  into  partnership  with  his  old  precep- 
tor. Julius  Manning,  who  died,  July  I.  1W12.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  Circuit  .luil^e  for  tins  Kiftlilh 
Circuit,  under  the  law  authori/in^  the  increase  of 
Jtiilgcs  in  each  circuit  to  three,  and  was  re- 
elected  in  1H7!t.  serving  until  I*N-Y  Six  years  of 
I  his  (K-riod  were  s|icnt  as  a  Just  ice  of  the  . \ppcl lain 
Court  for  the  Third  Ap[>ellate  District  On 
retiring  from  the  bench.  Judge  McCuIIoch entered 
into  partnership  with  his  son,  K.  I).  McCullocli. 
which  is  still  maintained.  Piiliticnlly,  Jiiilge 
McCulliK'h  was  roared  as  a  F>emocrat  !>ut  iluring 
the  Civil  War  Ix-came  a  TJeimblican.  Since  Issr. 


he  lias  lieen  identified  with  the  Prohibition  Party. 
although,  as  the  result  of  i|iiestions  arising  during 
the  Spanish-American  War.  giving  a  cordial 
support  to  the  policy  of  President  McKinley.  In 
religions  views  lie  is  a  Presbyterian,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Hoard  of  Directors  of  the  McConnick 
Theological  Seminary  at  Chicago 

Hrl  I   I  I  011.11.     .la s     Skili-s,    Auditor     of 

Public  Accounts,  was  born  in  Morcersburg, 
I'Vaiiklin  Coiinly.  I'a..  May  I,  ls|:!;  in  ls.%|  came 
with  his  father  to  i'rhana.  Ill  .  and  grew  up  on  a 
farm  in  that  \  icinity.  receiving  such  education  as 
could  be  obtained  in  the  public  schools  In  IMii, 
at  the  age  of  111  years,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
Company  (i.  Seventy-sixth  Illinois  Volunteer 
Infantry,  and  served  during  the  next  three  years 
in  the  Departments  of  the  Mississippi  and  the(!iilf, 
i.—anwhile  participating  in  the  campaign  against 
Vicksburg,  and.  near  the  close  of  the  war,  in  the 
o|ierations  aUiut  Mobile.  On  the  !lth  of  April. 
IKCi.'i.  while  taking  part  in  the  assault  on  Tort 
lila!;.dy  near  Mobile,  his  left  arm  was  torn  to 
pieces  by  a  grape  shot,  compelling  its  amputation 
near  the  shoulder.  His  linal  discharge  occurred 
in  July.  IKI'M.  Keturninghome  he  spent  a  year  in 
schixil  at  I'rbana.  after  which  he  was  astuilcnt  in 
the  Soldiers'  <  'ollege  at  Fulton.  III.,  for  two  years. 
Me  then  ( INIiSi  entered  the  oflice  of  the  County 
'  'lerk  of  ( 'hampaign  ( 'ounty  as  a  deputy,  remain- 
ing until  IN?:!,  when  he  was  chosen  ( 'ounty  t  'Icrk, 
serving  by  successive  re-elections  until  IMMi.  The 
latter  year  he  received  the  nomination  of  th« 
Republican  Party  for  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts, 
and,  at  the  Novemlicr  election,  was  elected  by  a 
plurality  of  13H.IHM)  votes  over  his  Democratic 
opponent.  Me  was  serving  his  sixth  term  as 
County  Clerk  when  chosen  Auditor,  having 
received  the  nomination  of  his  party  on  each 
occasion  without  opposition. 

Mi'IM\\OI,I>,  John  .1..  lawyer  and  ex-Con 
gresstnan.  was  born  in  Brown  County.  111.,  August 
2!l,  IKil,  acquired  his  early  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  native  county  and  in  a  private 
school;  graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of 
the  Iowa  State  I'niversity  in  1*71,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois  the  same  year, 
commencing  practice  at  Mount  Sterling.  In  I**.") 
he  was  made  Master  in  Chancery,  in  IHSIi.  elected 
County  Judge,  and  re-elected  in  1WMI.  resigning 
his  seat  in  Octolicr.  I*!!',',  to  accept  an  election  bv 

the  Di -rats  of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  District  as 

Itepre-icntative  in  the  Fifty-third  Congress. 
After  retiring  from  Congress  (March  1.  IWTO.Mr. 
.McDannolil  removed  to  Chicago,  where  ho 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 


Sfcsj&tf***** 

* 


T: 
v; 


h 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


363 


McDONOUGH  COUNTY,  organized  under  an 
act  passed,  Jan.  25,  1826,  and  attached,  for  judicial 
purposes,  to  Schuyler  County  until  1830.  Its 
present  area  is  580  square  miles — named  in  honor 
of  Commodore  McDonough.  The  first  settlement 
in  the  county  was  at  Industry,  on  the  site  of 
which  William  Carter  (the  pioneer  of  the 
county)  built  a  cabin  in  1826.  James  and  John 
Vance  and  William  Job  settled  in  the  vicinity  in 
the  following  year.  Out  of  this  settlement  grew 
Blandinsville.  William  Pennington  located  on 
Spring  Creek  in  1828,  and,  in  1831,  James  M. 
Campbell  erected  the  first  frame  house  on  the 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Macomb.  The  first 
sermon,  preached  by  a  Protestant  minister  in  the 
county,  was  delivered  in  the  Job  settlement  by 
Rev.  John  Logan,  a  Baptist.  Among  the  early 
officers  were  John  Huston,  County  Treasurer; 
William  Southward,  Sheriff;  Peter  Hale,  Coro- 
ner, and  Jesse  Bartlett,  Surveyor.  The  first 
term  of  the  Circuit  Court  was  held  in  1830,  and 
presided  over  by  Hon.  Richard  M.  Young.  The 
first  railway  to  cross  the  county  was  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  (1857).  Since  then  other 
lines  have  penetrated  it,  and  there  are  numerous 
railroad  centers  and  shipping  points  of  consider- 
able importance.  Population  (1880),  25,037; 
(1890),  27,467;  (1900),  28,412. 

McDOUGALL,  James  Alexander,  lawyer  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Bethlehem. 
Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  19,  1817;  educated 
at  the  Albany  grammar  school,  studied  law  and 
settled  in  Pike  County,  111.,  in  1837;  was  Attor- 
ney-General of  Illinois  four  years  (1843-47) ;  then 
engaged  in  engineering  and,  in  1849,  organized 
;ind  led  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  Rio  del 
Norte,  Gila  and  Colorado  Rivers,  finally  settling 
at  San  Francisco  and  engaging  in  the  practice  of 
law.  In  1850  he  was  elected  Attorney-General  of 
California,  served  several  terms  in  the  State 
Legislature,  and,  in  1852,  was  chosen,  as  a  Demo- 
crat, to  Congress,  but  declined  a  re-election ;  in 
1860  was  elected  United  States  Senator  from  Cali- 
fornia, serving  as  a  War  Democrat  until  1867. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  senatorial  term  he  retired 
to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died,  Sept.  3,  1867. 
Though  somewhat  irregular  in  habits,  he  was,  at 
times,  a  brilliant  and  effective  speaker,  and,  dur- 
ing the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  rendered  valuable 
aid  to  the  Union  cause. 

McFARLAND,  Andrew,  M.D.,  alienist,  was 
horn  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  July  14,  1817,  graduated 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in 
1841,  and,  after  being  engaged  in  general  practice 
for  a  few  years,  was  invited  to  assume  the  man- 


agement of  the  New  Hampshire  Asylum  for  the 
Insane  at  Concord.  Here  he  remained  some 
eight  years,  during  which  he  acquired  consider- 
able reputation  in  the  treatment  of  nervous  and 
mental  disorders.  In  1854  he  was  offered  and 
accepted  the  position  of  Medical  Superintendent 
of  the  Illinois  State  (now  Central)  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  at  Jacksonville,  entering  upon  his 
duties  in  June  of  that  year,  and  continuing  his 
connection  with  that  institution  for  a  period  of 
more  than  sixteen  years.  Having  resigned  his 
position  in  the  State  Hospital  in  June.  1870,  he 
soon  after  established  the  Oaklawn  Retreat,  at 
Jacksonville,  a  private  institution  for  the  treat- 
ment of  insane  patients,  which  he  conducted 
with  a  great  degree  of  success,  and  with  which 
he  was  associated  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  dying,  Nov.  22,  1891.  Dr.  McFarland's  sen-- 
ices were  in  frequent  request  as  a  medical  expert 
in  cases  before  the  courts,  invariably,  however, 
on  the  side  of  the  defense.  The  last  case  in  which 
he  appeared  as  a  witness  was  at  the  trial  of  Charles 
F.  Guiteau,  the  assassin  of  President  Gartield, 
whom  he  believed  to  be  insane. 

McGAHEY,  David,  settled  in  Crawford  County, 
111.,  in  1817,  and  served  as  Representative  from 
that  County  in  the  Third  and  Fourth  General 
Assemblies  (1822-26),  and  as  Senator  in  the 
Eighth  and  Ninth  (1832-36).  Although  a  native 
of  Tennessee,  Mr.  McGahey  was  a  strong  opponent 
of  slavery,  and,  at  the  session  of  1822,  was  one  of 
those  who  voted  against  the  pro-slavery  Constitu- 
tion resolution.  He  continued  to  reside  in  Law- 
rence County  until  his  death  in  1851. — James  D. 
(McGahey),  a  son  of  the  preceding,  was  elected 
to  the  Ninth  General  Assembly  from  Crawford 
County,  in  1834,  but  died  during  his  term  of 
service. 

McGAXX,  Lawrence  Edward,  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  Feb.  2,  1852.  His  father 
having  died  in  1884.  the  following  year  his 
mother  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  settling 
at  Milford,  Mass.,  where  he  attended  the  public 
schools.  In  1865  he  came  to  Chicago,  and,  for 
fourteen  years,  found  employment  as  a  shoe- 
maker. In  1879  he  entered  the  municipal  service 
as  a  clerk,  and,  on  Jan.  1,  1885,  was  appointed 
City  Superintendent  of  Streets,  resigning  in  May, 
1891.  He  was  elected  in  1892,  as  a  Democrat,  to 
represent  the  Second  Illinois  District  in  the 
Fifty-second  Congress,  and  re-elected  to  the  Fifty- 
third.  In  1894  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election 
and  received  a  certificate  of  election  by  a  small 
majority  over  Hugh  R.  Belknap  (Republican). 
An  investigation  having  shown  his  defeat,  he 


t 


1 

- 


u 

> 

i 


niSTOIJICAL    KXfYrLOPKDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


MeDOXOnW  rOl'XTT.  organized  under  an 
act  passed.  Jan.  'i~>.  IS'-'li,  aii<l  attached,  for  judicial 

|iur|ioses.  to  Schnyler  County  until  1s:>n.  IN 
present  arra  is  iiso  square  miles— named  in  honor 
nf  Cpmitiadoro  McDonougll.  The  iirst  settlement 
in  the  county  was  at  Industry,  on  the  site  of 
which  William  Carter  (the  pioneer  of  the 
county)  built  a  caliin  in  !*','<>.  James  and  John 
Vaneo  and  William  Joli  settled  in  the  vicinity  in 
the  following  year.  ( )nt  of  this  settlement  grew 
Hlandinsville  William  Penniiigton  located  MI 
spring  Creek  in  1--.'S  and,  in  \v'.'-\.  James  M 
Campbell  erected  (he  Iirst  frame  house  on  the 
-!!<•  of  the  present  city  of  MacoinV  The  lir-t 
-crmon,  preached  h\  a  Protestant  minister  in  the 

•  oitnty,  was  delivered    in   tin-  Job  settlement   by 
IJi-v.  John   Logan,    a   Baptist       Aiming  the  early 

•  •llicers   wen;    John    Huston.   County  Treasurer. 
William   Southward     Sheriff;  1'cter   Hale.    Coro- 
ner,   and    Jesse     llartlctt.    Surveyor.      The    first 
term  of  the  Circuit  Court  was  held  in  IS.TO.  ami 
(.resided  over  liy   lion    Richard  M    Young.     The 
:ir-t  railway  to  cross  the  county  was  the  Chicago. 
Uurlington  &   i.inincv  (isr,7).     Since  then  other 
lilies  have  penetrated  it.  and  there  are  numerous 
railroad  centers  and  shipping  points  of  consider 
:il.le     importance       1'opulation      (ISKOi.      'i'i.(i:!7; 

IS'.WM,  27,-lfiT:  (I'.Miin,  i.s.412. 
McDOnui.l,.  James  Alexander,  lawyer  and 
I'nilcil  States  Senator,  was  liorn   in   IVthlchcm. 

Ubany  County  X  V  .  Nov.  111.  1*17;  educated 
:tt  the  Albany  grammar  school,  studied  law  and 
-••tiled  in  Pike  County.  Ill  .  in  1s:!7;  was  Atlor- 
ney-(!eneral  of  Illinois  four  years  (|S|:!-|7>:  then 
••"gaged  in  engineering  and.  in  IslO.  orgaiii/.ed 
and  led  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  Rio  del 
Norte.  (iila  and  Colorado  Rivers,  finally  settling 
at  San  Francisco  and  engaging  in  the  practice  of 
Uw.  In  is.'d)  lie  was  elected  Attorney-General  of 
California,  served  several  terms  in  the  Slate 
Legislature,  and.  in  |s.*»^,  was  chosen,  as  a  Demo- 
crat, to  Congress,  hut  declined  a  re-election ;  in 
isr,0  was  elected  Tinted  States  Senator  from  ( 'ali- 
tornia.  serving  a-  a  War  Democrat  until  1*07. 

\t  thi'  expiration  of  his  senatorial  term  he  retired 
to  Alhany,  N  Y  .  where  he  died.  Sept.  :!.  ls(!7. 
Though  somewhat  irregular  in  hahits.  he  was.  at 
limes,  a  brilliant  and  effective  speaker,  anil.  <lur 
ing  the  War  of  the  Rcliellion.  rendered  valuable 
aid  to  the  Union  cause 

McFARLAM).  Andrew,  M.I».,  alienist,  was 
l>orn  in  Concord.  N.  II..  July  M,  1S17,  grailuated 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College.  Philadelphia,  in 
1*11.  and.  after  being  engaged  in  general  practice 
fora  few  years,  was  invited  to  assume  the  man- 


agement of  the  New  Hampshire*  Asylum  for  the 
Irsane  at  Concord.  Here  he  remained  -i.im 
eight  years,  during  which  he  acquired  consider 
able  reputation  in  the  treatment  of  nervous  and 
mental  di-ordcr-.  In  Is.'il  he  was  offered  and 
accepted  the  position  of  Medical  Superintendent 
of  the  Illinois  Stjite  (now  Central)  I  l..-|iiial  for 
the  Insaiie  at  Jacksonville,  entering  ii|«>n  his 
duties  in  June  of  thai  \.-ar,  and  continuing  hi~ 
connection  with  il^al  inslitntion  fora  |>eriod  of 

more  than  sixl years      Having  resigned    hi- 

l«"-ili.in  in  the  Stale  Hospital  in  June.  |s7n  |M. 
sixni  after  cstahlishi-il  the  Daklawn  l.Vnval.  at 
Jacksonville,  a  pri\ale  insl  ilnl  ion  for  I  lie  treat 

meiit    "I     insane   patients,    \\lndi     In inlucted 

wilh  a  great  degp-e  of  Miccess,  and  with  which 
he   was  associated  during   the   remainder  of    hi- 
life,  living.  Nov    •>-.'.  ISIM       | ),-.  McKai  la-hl's  S.TV 
ices  were  in  frc<[iicnt   rr.jiiest  as  a  medical  «-x|Miri 
in  cases  I ief ore  the  court-,    invariably.  !i..u.-\.-i 
on  tlie  side  of  the  defense      The  last  case  in  which 
he  appeared  88  U  v\  it  ness  was  at  the  trial  of  Charle- 
F.    (luiteail.    the   assassin   of  President   (•arliidd 
whom  he  lielieved  to  !»•  insiine. 

Mci;  MII'.V,  Daviil,  settle.l  iii  Crawford  CoiinU 
III  ,  in  ls'17.  antl  served  as  llepresenlative  from 
that  County  in  the  Third  and  Fourth  (ieneral 
.Assemblies  ( IS'.'-.'-'J'il.  and  as  Senator  in  the 
F.ighth  and  Ninth  (|s:!-j  ::ii)  Although  a  native 
of  Tennessee.  Mr  Mcliahey  w;isa  stroiigop|K.neiit 
of  slavery,  and.  at  the  session  of  isii.  was  one  of 
t  hose  who  voted  against  the  pro-slavery  ( 'onstitu- 
tiou  resolution.  He  continued  to  reside  in  l.aw 
rence  County  until  his  death  in  l>*"il  James  I> 
iMc(!aheyt.  a  sou  of  the  preceding,  was  elected 
to  the  Ninth  (General  Assembly  from  Crawford 
County,  in  ls:!l,  but  died  during  his  term  of 
service. 

MHJAXX,  I.a«renre  Ednard,  ex-Congressman 
was  Uirn  in  Ireland,  Feb  ->.  Is-V,'  His  father 
having  died  in  1SS4.  the  following  year  his 
mother  ('migrated  to  the  I'niled  States,  settling 
at  Milford.  Mass  .  where  he  attended  the  public 
schools.  In  I  Mitt  he  came  to  Chicago,  and.  for 
fourteen  years,  found  employment  as  a  shoe- 
maker In  1N7!)  he  entered  the  municipal  service 
as  a  clerk,  ami.  on  Jan  I.  lss."j.  \\-as  ap|>ointcd 
City  Superintendent  of  Streets,  resigning  in  May. 
isill.  He  was  elected  in  IS'.l-J.  as  a  Democrat,  to 
represent  the  Second  Illinois  District  in  the 
Fifty-second  Congress,  and  re-elected  to  the  Fifty 
third.  In  l*'.'l  he  was  a  candidate  for  re  election 
and  received  a  certificate  of  election  by  a  small 
majority  over  Hugh  K  Bclknap  (Republican) 
An  investigation  having  shown  his  defeat  he 


364 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


magnanimously  surrendered  his  seat  to  his  com- 
petitor without  a  contest.  He  has  large  business 
interests  in  Chicago,  especially  in  street  railroad 
property,  being  President  of  an  important  elec- 
trio  line. 

McHENRY,  a  village  in  McHenry  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Fox  River  and  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway.  The  river  is  here  navigable  for 
steamboats  of  light  draft,  which  ply  between  the 
town  and  Fox  Lake,  a  favorite  resort  for  sports- 
men. The  town  has  bottling  works,  a  creamery, 
marble  and  granite  works,  cigar  factory,  flour 
mills,  brewery,  bank,  four  churches,  and  one 
weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1890),  979;  (1900),  1,013. 

MeHENRY,  William,  legislator  and  soldier  of 
the  Black  Hawk  War,  came  from  Kentucky  to 
Illinois  in  1809,  locating  in  White  County,  and 
afterwards  became  prominent  as  a  legislator  and 
soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War  of  1833,  serving  in  the  latter  as  Major  of 
the  "Spy  Battalion"  and  participating  in  the 
battle  of  Bad  Axe.  He  also  served  as  Represent- 
ative in  the  First,  Fourth,  Fifth  and  Ninth  Gen- 
eral Assemblies,  and  as  Senator  in  the  Sixth  and 
Seventh.  While  serving  his  last  term  in  the 
House  (183ft),  he  died  and  was  buried  at  Vandalia, 
then  the  State  capital.  McHenry  County — organ- 
ized by  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  at  a  second 
session  during  the  winter  of  1835-36 — was  named 
in  his  honor 

MeHENRT  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wis- 
consin— named  for  Gen.  William  McHenry.  Its 
area  is  624  square  miles.  With  what  is  now  the 
County  of  I  .-ike,  it  was  erected  into  a  county  in 
1836,  the  county-seat  being  at  McHenry.  Three 
years  later  the  eastern  part  was  set  off  as  the 
County  of  Lake,  and  the  county-seat  of  McHenry 
County  removed  to  Woodstock,  the  geograph- 
ical center.  The  soil  is  well  watered  by  living 
springs  and  is  highly  productive.  Hardwood 
groves  are  numerous.  Fruits  and  berries  are 
extensively  cultivated,  but  the  herbage  is  espe- 
cially adapted  to  dairying,  Kentucky  blue  grass 
being  indigenous.  Large  quantities  of  milk  are 
daily  shipped  to  Chicago,  and  the  annual  pro- 
duction of  butter  and  cheese  reaches  into  the 
millions  of  pounds.  The  geological  formations 
comprise  the  drift  and  the  Cincinnati  and  Niagara 
groups  of  rocks.  Near  Fox  River  are  found 
gravel  ridges.  Vegetable  remains  and  logs  of 
wood  have  been  found  at  various  depths  in  the 
drift  deposits ;  in  one  instance  a  cedar  log,  seven 
inches  in  diameter,  having  been  discovered  forty- 
two  feet  below  the  surface.  Peat  is  found  every- 


where, although  the  most  extensive  deposits  are 
in  the  northern  half  of  the  county,  where  they 
exist  in  sloughs  covering  several  thousands  of 
acres.  Several  lines  of  railroad  cross  the  county, 
and  every  important  village  is  a  railway  station. 
Woodstock,  Marengo,  and  Harvard  are  the  prin- 
cipal towns.  Population  (1880),  24,908;  (1890), 
26,114;  (1900),  29,759. 

McINTOSH.  (Capt.)  Alexander,  was  born  in 
Fulton  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1823;  at  19  years  of 
age  entered  an  academy  at  Galway  Center, 
remaining  three  years;  in  1845  removed  to  Joliet, 
111.,  and,  two  years  later,  started  "The  Joliet 
True  Democrat,"  but  sold  out  the  next  year,  and, 
in  1849,  went  to  California.  Returning  in  1852,  he 
U nigh t  back  "The  True  Democrat,"  which  he 
edited  until  1857,  meanwhile  (1856)  having  been 
elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  and  Recorder 
of  Will  County.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Lincoln  Captain  and  Assistant  Quarter 
master,  serving  under  General  Sherman  in  1864 
and  in  the  "March  to  the  Sea,"  and,  after  the 
war,  being  for  a  time  Post  Quartermaster  at 
Mobile.  Having  resigned  in  1866,  he  engaged  in 
mercantile  business  at  Wilmington,  Will  Comity; 
but,  in  1869,  bought  "The  Wilmington  Independ- 
ent," which  he  published  until  1873.  The  next 
year  he  returned  to  Joliet,  and,  a  few  months 
after,  became  political  editor  of  "The  Joliet 
Republican,''  and  was  subsequently  connected,  in 
a  similar  capacity,  with  other  papers,  including 
"The  Phoenix"  and  "The  Sun"  of  the  same  city. 
Died,  in  Joliet,  Feb  2,  1899. 

McKENDREE,  William,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1757,  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  but  later 
served  as  Adjutant  and  in  the  commissary  depart- 
ment. He  was  converted  at  30  years  of  age,  and 
the  next  year  began  preaching  in  his  native 
State,  being  advanced  to  the  position  of  Presiding 
Elder ;  in  1800  was  transferred  to  the  West,  Illi- 
nois falling  within  his  District  Here  he  remained 
until  his  elevation  to  the  episcopacy  in  1808. 
McKendree  College,  at  Lebanon,  received  its 
name  from  him,  together  with  a  donation  of  480 
acres  of  land.  Died,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  March 
5,  1835. 

McKENDREE  COLLEGE,  one  of  the  earliest  of 
Illinois  colleges,  located  at  Lebanon  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1835.  Its  founding  was  suggested  by 
Rev.  Peter  Cartwright,  and  it  may  be  said  to 
have  had  its  inception  at  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Conference  held  at  Mount  Carmel,  in  September. 
1827.  The  first  funds  for  its  establishment  were 
subscribed  by  citizens  of  Lebanon,  who  contrib- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


365 


u ted  from  their  scanty  means,  $1,385.  Instruc- 
tion began,  Nov.  24,  1838,  under  Rev.  Edward 
Ames,  afterwards  a  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  In  1830  Bishop  McKendree  made 
a  donation  of  land  to  the  infant  institution,  and 
the  school  was  named  in  his  honor.  It  cannot  be 
said  to  have  become  really  a  college  until  1836, 
and  its  first  class  graduated  in  1841.  University 
powers  were  granted  it  by  an  amendment  to  its 
charter  in  1839.  At  present  the  departments  are 
as  follows:  Preparatory,  business,  classical, 
scientific,  law,  music  and  oratory.  The  institu- 
tion owns  property  to  the  value  of  $90,000,  includ- 
ing an  endowment  of  $25.000,  and  has  about  200 
students,  of  both  sexes,  and  a  faculty  of  ten 
instructors.  (See  Colleges,  Early.) 

McLAREN,  William  Edward, Episcopal  Bishop, 
was  born  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13,  1831 ;  gradu- 
ated at  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  (Wash- 
ington, Pa.)  in  1851,  and,  after  six  years  spent  in 
teaching  and  in  journalistic  work,  entered  Alle- 
gheny Theological  Seminary,  graduating  and 
entering  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1860.  For 
three  years  he  was  a  missionary  at  Bogota,  South 
America,  and  later  in  charge  of  churches  at 
Peoria,  111.,  and  Detroit,  Mich.  Having  entered 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  he  was  made  a 
deacon  in  July,  1872,  and  ordained  priest  the  fol- 
lowing October,  immediately  thereafter  assuming 
the  pastorate  of  Trinity  Church,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
In  July,  1875,  he  was  elected  Bishop  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Diocese  of  Illinois,  which  then 
included  the  whole  State.  Subsequently,  the 
dioceses  of  Quincy  and  Springfield  were  erected 
therefrom,  Bishop  McLaren  remaining  at  the 
head  of  the  Chicago  See.  During  his  episcopate, 
church  work  has  been  active  and  effective,  and 
the  Western  Theological  Seminary  in  Chicago 
lias  been  founded.  His  published  works  include 
numerous  sermons,  addresses  and  poems,  besides 
a  volume  entitled  "Catholic  Dogma  the  Antidote 
to  Doubt"  (New  York,  1884). 

MCLAUGHLIN,  Robert  K.,  early  lawyer  and 
State  Treasurer,  was  born  in  Virginia,  Oct.  25, 
1779;  before  attaining  his  majority  went  to  Ken- 
tucky, and,  about  1815,  removed  to  Illinois,  set- 
tling finally  at  Belleville,  where  he  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law.  The  first  public  position 
held  by  him  seems  to  have  been  that  of  Enrolling 
and  Engrossing  Clerk  of  both  Houses  of  the  Third 
(or  last)  Territorial  Legislature  (1816-18).  In 
August,  1819,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  State 
Treasurer,  as  successor  to  John  Thomas,  who  had 
been  Treasurer  during  the  whole  Territorial 
period,  serving  until  January,  1823.  Becoming  a 


citizen  of  Vandalia.  by  the  removal  thither  of  the 
State  capital  a  few  months  later,  he  continued  to 
reside  there  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  subse- 
quently represented  the  Fayette  District  as 
Representative  in  the  Fifth  General  Assembly, 
and  as  Senator  in  the  Sixth,  Seventh  and  Tenth, 
and,  in  1837,  became  Register  of  the  Land  Office 
at  Vandalia,  serving  until  1845.  Although  an 
uncle  of  Gen.  Joseph  Duncan,  he  became  a  can- 
didate for  Governor  against  the  latter,  in  1834, 
standing  third  on  the  list.  He  married  a  Miss 
Bond,  a  niece  of  Gov.  Shadrach  Bond,  under 
whose  administration  he  served  as  State  Treasurer. 
Died,  at  Vandalia,  May  29,  1862. 

MeLEAN,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  14  miles  southwest  of 
Bloomington,  in  a  farming,  dairying  and  stock- 
growing  district;  has  one  weekly  {taper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  500;  (1900),  532. 

McLEAN,  John,  early  United  States  Senator, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1791,  brought  l>r 
his  father  to  Kentucky  when  four  years  old,  ami 
at  23,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  removed  to 
Illinois,  settling  at  Shawneetown  in  1815.  Pos- 
sessing oratorical  gifts  of  a  high  order  and  un 
almost  magnetic  power  over  men,  coupled  with 
strong  common  sense,  a  keen  sense  of  humor  and, 
great  command  of  language,  he  soon  attained 
prominence  at  the  bar  and  as  a  popular  speaker 
In  1818  he  was  elected  the  first  Representative  in 
Congress  from  the  new  State,  defeating  Daniel  !' 
Cook,  but  served  only  a  few  months,  being  de- 
feated by  Cook  at  the  next  election.  He  was 
three  times  elected  to  the  Legislature,  serving 
once  as  Speaker.  In  1824  he  was  chosen  Unite- 1 
States  Senator  to  succeed  Governor  Edwards  (who 
had  resigned),  serving  one  year.  In  1828  he  was 
elected  for  a  second  time  by  a  unanimous  vote. 
but  lived  to  serve  only  one  session,  dying  at 
Shawneetown,  Oct.  4,  1830.  In  testimony  of  the 
public  appreciation  of  the  loss  which  the  State 
had  sustained  by  his  death.  McLean  County  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

McLEAN  COUNTY,  the  largest  county  of  the 
State,  having  an  area  of  1166  square  miles,  is 
central  as  to  the  region  north  of  the  latitude  of 
St.  Louis  and  about  midway  between  that  city 
and  Chicago — was  named  for  John  McLean,  an 
early  United  States  Senator.  The  early  immi- 
grants were  largely  from  Ohio,  although  Ken- 
tucky and  New  York  were  well  represented.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1830,  the  population  at 
that  time  being  about  1,200.  The  greater  portion 
of  the  surface  is  high,  undulating  prairie,  will 
occasional  groves  and  belts  of  timber.  On  the 


366 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


creek  bottoms  are  1 1  mini  black  walnut,  sycamore, 
buckeye,  black  ash  and  elm,  while  the  sandy 
ridges  are  covered  with  scrub  oak  and  black-jack. 
The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  (generally  a  rich, 
brown  loam),  and  the  entire  county  is  underlaid 
with  coal.  The  chief  occupations  are  stock-rais- 
ing, coal-mining,  agriculture  and  manufactures. 
Sugar  and  Mackinaw  Creeks,  with  their  tribu- 
taries, afford  thorough  drainage.  Sand  and 
gravel  beds  are  numerous,  but  vary  greatly  in 
depth.  At  Chenoa  one  has  been  found,  in  boring 
for  coal,  thirty  feet  thick,  overlaid  by  forty-five 
feet  of  the  clay  common  to  this  formation.  The 
upper  seam  of  coal  in  the  Bloomington  shafts  is 
No.  6  of  the  general  section,  and  the  lower,  No.  4 ; 
the  latter  averaging  four  feet  in  thickness.  The 
principal  towns  are  Bloomington  (the  county- 
seat).  Normal,  Lfxington,  LeRoy  and  Chenoa. 
Population  (1890),  Cy.036;  (1'JOO),  67,843. 

McLEANKBORO,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of 
Hamilton  County,  upon  a  branch  of  the  Louis- 
ville &  Nashville  Railroad,  103  miles  east  south- 
east of  St.  Louis  and  about  48  miles  southeast  of 
Centralia.  The  people  are  enterprising  and  pro- 
gressive, the  city  is  up-to-date  and  prosperous, 
supporting  three  banks  and  six  churches.  Two 
weekly  newspapers  are  published  here.  Popula- 
tion (1880).  1,341;  (1890).  1,355;  (1900),  1,758. 

McXULLIN,  James  0.,  Railway  Manager,  was 
born  at  Watertown.  N.  Y.,  Feb.  13,  1836;  began 
work  as  Freight  and  Ticket  Agent  of  the  Great 
Western  Railroad  (now  Wabash),  at  Decatur,  111., 
Hay,  1857,  remaining  until  1860,  when  he 
accepted  the  position  of  Freight  Agent  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  at  Springfield.  Here  he  re- 
mained until  Jan.  1,  1863,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred in  a  similar  capacity  to  Chicago;  in 
September,  1864,  became  Superintendent  of  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton,  after- 
wards successively  filling  the  positions  of  Assist- 
ant General  Superintendent  (1867),  General 
Superintendent  (1868-78)  aod  General  Manager 
(1878-83).  The  latter  year  he  was  elected  Vice- 
President,  remaining  in  office  some  ten  years, 
when  ill-health  compelled  his  retirement  Died, 
in  Chicago,  Dec.  30.  1896. 

McMURTRY,  William,  Lieutenant-Governor, 
was  born  in  Mercer  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  20,  1801 ; 
removed  from  Kentucky  to  Crawford  County, 
I tid.,  and,  in  1829,  came  to  Knox  County,  111., 
settling  in  Henderson  Township.  He  was  elected 
Representative  in  the  Tenth  General  Assembly 
1 1*56),  and  to  the  Senate  in  1842,  serving  in  the 
Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth  General  Assemblies. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  on 


the  same  ticket  with  Gov.  A.  C.  French,  being 
the  first  to  hold  the  office  under  the  Constitution 
adopted  that  year.  In  1863  he  assisted  in  raising 
the  One  Hundred  and  Second  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers,  and,  although  advanced  in  years, 
was  elected  Colonel,  but  a  few  weeks  later  was 
compelled  to  accept  a  discharge  on  account  of 
failing  health.  Died,  April  10,  1875. 

McNEELEY,  Thompson  W.,  lawyer  and  ex-Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Jacksonville,  111.,  Oct.  5, 
1835,  and  graduated  at  Lombard  University, 
Galesburg,  at  the  age  of  21.  The  following  year 
he  was  licensed  to  practice,  but  continued  to  pur- 
sue his  professional  studies,  attending  the  Law 
University  at  Louisville,  Ky . ,  from  which  insti- 
tution he  graduated  in  1859.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1878.  From  1869  to  1873  he  represented 
his  District  in  Congress,  resuming  his  practice 
at  Petersburg,  Menard  County,  after  his  retire- 
ment. 

McNULTA,  John,  soldier  and  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  Nov.  9,  1837,  received 
an  academic  education,  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  settled  at  Bloomington,  in  this  State,  while 
yet  a  young  man.  On  May  3,  1861,  he  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  the  Union  army,  and  served  until 
August  9,  1865,  rising,  successively,  to  the  rank 
of  Captain,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Colonel  and 
Brevet  Brigadier-General.  From  1869  to  1873  he 
was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  McLean  County,  and,  in  1872,  was 
elected  to  the  Forty-third  Congress,  as  a  Repub- 
lican. General  McNulta  has  been  prominent  in 
the  councils  of  the  Republican  party,  standing 
second  on  the  ballot  for  a  candidate  for  Governor, 
in  the  State  Convention  of  1888,  and  serving  as 
Permanent  President  of  the  State  Convention  of 
1890.  In  1896  he  was  one  of  the  most  earnest 
advocates  of  the  nomination  of  Mr.  McKinley  for 
President.  Some  of  his  most  important  work, 
within  the  past  few  years,  has  been  performed  in 
connection  with  receiverships  of  certain  railway 
und  other  corporations,  especially  that  of  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railroad,  from  1884 
to  1890.  He  is  now  (1898)  Receiver  of  the  National 
Bank  of  Illinois,  Chicago.  Died  Feb.  22.  1900. 

MePHERSON,  Simeon  J.,  clergyman,  de- 
scended from  the  Clan  McPherson  of  Scotland, 
was  born  at  Mumford,  Monroe  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
19,  1850 ;  prepared  for  college  at  Leroy  and  Fulton, 
and  graduated  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  1874.  Then, 
after  a  year's  service  as  teacher  of  mathematics 
at  his  Alma  Mater,  he  entered  the  Theological 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


:J67 


Seminary  there,  and  graduated  from  that  depart- 
ment in  1879,  having  in  the  meantime  traveled 
through  Europe,  Egypt  and  Palestine.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Rochester  Presbytery 
in  1877,  and  spent  three  years  (1879-82)  in  pas- 
toral labor  at  East  Orange,  N.  J. ,  when  he  ac- 
cepted a  call  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Chicago,  remaining  until  the  early  part  of  1899, 
when  he  tendered  his  resignation  to  accept  the 
position  of  Director  of  the  Lawrenceville  Prepar- 
atory Academy  of  Princeton  College,  N.  J. 

McROBERTS,  Josiah,  jurist,  was  bom  in 
Monroe  County,  111.,  June  12,  1820;  graduated 
from  St.  Mary's  College  (Mo.)  in  1839;  studied 
law  at  Danville,  111.,  with  his  brother  Samuel, 
and,  in  1842,  entered  the  law  department  of 
Transylvania  University,  graduating  in  1844, 
after  which  he  at  once  began  practice.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  for  the  Cham- 
paign and  Vermilion  District,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term  removing  to  Joliet.  In  1852  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Matteson  Trustee  of  the 
Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  which  office  he  held 
for  four  years.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  Circuit 
Court  Judge  by  Governor  Oglesby,  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, and  was  re-elected  in  1867,  '73,  '79,  and  '85, 
but  died  a  few  months  after  his  last  election. 

McROBERTS,  Samnel,  United  States  Sena- 
tor, was  born  in  Monroe  County,  111.,  Feb.  20, 
1799;  graduated  from  Transylvania  University  in 
1819;  in  1821,  was  elected  the  first  Circuit  Clerk 
of  his  native  county,  and,  in  1825,  appointed 
Circuit  Judge,  which  office  he  held  for  three 
years.  In  1828  he  was  elected  State  Senator, 
representing  the  district  comprising  Monroe, 
Clinton  and  Washington  Counties.  Later  he  was 
appointed  United  States  District  Attorney  by 
President  Jackson,  but  soon  resigned  to  become 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  at  Danville,  by 
appointment  of  President  Van  Buren,  and,  in 
1839,  Solicitor  of  the  General  Land  Office  at 
Washington.  Resigning  the  latter  office  in  the 
fall  of  1841,  at  the  next  session  of  the  Illinois 
Legislature  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator 
to  succeed  John  M.  Robinson,  deceased.  Died,  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March  22,  1843.  being  suc- 
ceeded by  James  Semple. 

McYICKER,  James  Robert,  actor  and  theat- 
rical manager,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Feb. 
14,  1822;  thrown  upon  his  own  resources  by  the 
death  of  his  father  in  infancy  and  the  necessity 
of  assisting  to  support  his  widowed  mother,  he 
early  engaged  in  various  occupations,  until,  at 
the  age  of  15,  he  became  an  apprentice  in  the 
office  of  "The  St.  Louis  Republican."  three  years 


later  becoming  a  journeyman  printer.  He  tirsl 
appeared  on  the  stage  in  the  St.  diaries  Theater. 
New  Orleans,  in  1843;  two  years  later  was  priii 
cipal  comedian  in  Rice's  Theater,  Chicago,  re- 
maining until  1852,  when  he  made  a  tour  of  tin- 
country,  appearing  in  Yankee  characters.  About 
1855  he  made  a  tour  of  England  and,  on  In- 
return,  commenced  building  his  first  Chicago 
theater,  which  was  opened,  Nov.  3,  1857,  and  was 
conducted  with  varied  fortune  until  burned  down 
in  the  great  fire  of  1871.  Rebuilt  and  remodeled 
from  time  to  time,  it  burned  down  a  second  time 
in  August,  1890,  the  losses  from  these  several  fires 
having  imposed  upon  Mr.  McVicker  a  heavy 
burden.  Although  an  excellent  comedian,  Mr. 
McVicker  did  not  appear  on  the  stage  after  1882. 
from  that  date  giving  his  attention  entirely  to 
management.  He  enjoyed  in  an  eminent  degree 
the  respect  and  confidence,  not  only  of  the 
profession,  but  of  the  general  public.  Died  in 
Chicago,  March  7,  1896. 

He  WILLIAMS,  David,  banker.  Dwight,  IlL, 
was  born  in  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  Jan.  14,  1834 . 
was  brought  to  Illinois  in  infancy  and  grew  up  on 
a  farm  until  14  years  of  age,  when  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  Pittsfield  (Pike  County)  "Free  Press" 
as  an  apprentice.  In  1849  he  engaged  in  the 
lumber  trade  with  his  father,  the  management  of 
which  devolved  upon  him  a  few  years  later.  In 
the  early  50's  he  was,  for  a  time,  a  student  in 
Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville,  but  did  not 
graduate;  in  1855  removed  to  Dwight,  Livingston 
County,  then  a  new  town  on  the  line  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Alton  Railroad,  which  had  been  completed 
to  that  point  a  few  months  previous.  Here  he 
erected  the  first  store  building  in  the  town,  and 
put  in  a  $2,000  stock  of  goods  on  borrowed  capi- 
tal, remaining  in  the  mercantile  business  for 
eighteen  years,  and  retaining  an  interest  in  the 
establishment  seven  years  longer.  In  the  mean- 
time, while  engaged  in  merchandising,  he  began 
a  banking  business,  which  was  enlarged  on  his 
retirement  from  the  former,  receiving  his  entire 
attention.  The  profits  derived  from  his  banking 
business  were  invested  in  farm  lands  until  he 
became  one  of  the  largest  land  owners  in  Living- 
ston County.  Mr.  McWilliams  is  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  first  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  organized  at  Dwight,  and  has  served  as  :i 
lay  delegate  to  several  General  Conferences  of 
that  denomination,  as  well  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Ecumenical  Council  in  London  in  1881 ;  has  also 
been  a  liberal  contributor  to  the  support  of  vari 
ous  literary  and  theological  institutions  of  the 
church,  and  has  served  for  many  years  as  a  Trus- 


368 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


tee  of  the  Northwestern  University  at  Evanston. 
In  politics  he  is  a  zealous  Republican,  and  has 
repeatedly  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  State  Con- 
ventions of  that  party,  including  the  Bloomington 
Convention  of  1856,  and  was  a  candidate  for 
Presidential  Elector  for  the  Ninth  District  on  the 
Blaine  ticket  in  1884.  He  has  made  several  ex- 
tended tours  to  Europe  and  other  foreign  coun- 
tries, the  last  including  a  trip  to  Egypt  and  the 
Holy  Land,  during  1898  99. 

MECHANICSBURU,  a  village  of  Sangamon 
County,  near  the  Wabash  Railway.  13  miles  east 
of  Springfield.  Population  (1880),  396;  (1890), 
436;  (1900),  476. 

MEDILL,  JoMeph,  editor  and  newspaper  pub- 
lisher, was  born.  April  6, 1823,  in  the  vicinity  (now 
a  part  of  the  city)  of  St.  John,  N.  B.,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  parentage,  but  remotely  of  Huguenot 
descent.  At  nine  years  of  age  he  accompanied 
his  parents  to  Stark  County,  Ohio,  where  he 
enjoyed  such  educational  advantages  as  belonged 
to  that  region  anil  period.  He  entered  an  acad- 
emy with  a  view  to  preparing  for  college,  but  his 
family  having  suffered  from  a  fire,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  turn  his  attention  to  business;  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  began 
practice  at  New  Philadelphia,  in  Tuscarawas 
County.  Here  he  caught  the  spirit  of  journalism 
by  frequent  visits  to  the  office  of  a  local  paper, 
learned  to  set  type  and  to  work  a  hand-press.  In 
1849  he  bought  a  paper  at  Coshocton,  of  which  he 
assumed  editorial  charge,  employing  his  brothers 
as  assistants  in  various  capacities.  The  name  of 
this  paper  was  "The  Coshocton  Whig,"  which 
he  soon  changed  to  "The  Republican,"  in  which 
he  dealt  vigorous  blows  at  political  and  other 
abuses,  which  several  times  brought  upon  him 
assaults  from  his  political  opponents — that  being 
the  style  of  political  argument  in  those  days. 
Two  years  later,  having  sold  out  "The  Repub- 
lican," he  established  "The  Daily  Forest  City"  at 
Cleveland — a  Whig  paper  with  free-soil  proclivi- 
ties. The  following  year  "The  Forest  City"  was 
consolidated  with  "The  Free-Democrat,"  a  Free- 
Soil  paper  under  the  editorship  of  John  C. 
Vaughan,  a  South  Carolina  Abolitionist,  the  new 
paper  taking  the  name  of  "The  Cleveland 
Leader."  Mr.  Medill,  with  the  co-operation  of 
Mr.  Vaughan,  then  went  to  work  to  secure  the 
consolidation  of  the  elements  opposed  to  slavery 
in  one  compact  organization.  In  this  he  was 
aided  by  the  introduction  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill  in  Congress,  in  December,  1853,  and.  before 
its  passage  in  May  following,  Mr.  Medill  had 
begun  to  agitate  the  question  nf  a  union  of  all 


opposed  to  that  measure  in  a  new  party  under  the 
name  "Republican."  During  the  winter  of 
1854-55  he  received  a  call  from  Gen.  J.  D.  Web- 
ster, at  that  time  part  owner  of  "The  Chicago 
Tribune, "  which  resulted  in  his  visiting  Chicago 
a  few  months  later,  and  his  purchase  of  an  inter- 
est in  the  paper,  his  connection  with  the  concern 
dating  from  June  18,  1855.  He  was  almost 
immediately  joined  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Ray,  who 
had  been  editor  of  "The  Galena  Jeffersonian," 
and,  still  later,  by  J.  C.  Vaughan  and  Alfred 
Cowles.  who  bad  been  associated  with  him  on 
"The  Cleveland  Leader."  Mr.  Medill  assumed 
the  position  of  managing  editor,  and,  on  the 
retirement  of  Dr.  Ray,  in  1863,  became  editor-in- 
chief  until  1866,  when  he  gave  place  to  Horace 
White,  now  of  "The  New  York  Evening  Post." 
During  the  Civil  War  period  he  was  a  zealous 
supporter  of  President  Lincoln's  emancipation 
policy,  and  served,  for  a  time,  as  President  of  the 
"Loyal  League,"  which  proved  such  an  influ- 
ential factor  in  upholding  the  hands  of  the  Gov- 
ernment during  the  darkest  period  of  the 
rebellion.  In  1869  Mr.  Medill  was  elected  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention,  and,  in  that 
body,  was  the  leading  advocate  of  the  principle 
of  "minority  representation"  in  the  election  of 
Representatives,  as  it  was  finally  incorporated 
in  the  Constitution.  In  1871  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Grant  a  member  of  the  first  Civil 
Service  Commission,  representing  a  principle  to 
which  lie  ever  remained  thoroughly  committed. 
A  few  weeks  after  the  great  fire  of  the  same 
year,  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 
The  financial  condition  of  the  city  at  the  time, 
and  other  questions  in  issue,  involved  great  diffi- 
culties and  responsibilities,  which  he  met  in  a 
way  to  command  general  approval.  During  his 
administration  the  Chicago  Public  Library  was 
established,  Mr.  Medill  delivering  the  address  at 
its  opening,  Jan.  1,  1873.  Near  the  close  of  his 
term  as  Mayor,  he  resigned  the  office  and  spent 
the  following  year  in  Europe.  Almost  simultane- 
ously with  his  return  from  his  European  trip,  he 
secured  a  controlling  interest  in  "The  Tribune," 
resuming  control  of  the  paper,  Nov.  9,  1874, 
which,  as  editor-in-chief,  he  retained  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life  of  nearly  twenty-five  years. 
The  growth  of  the  paper  in  business  and  influence, 
from  the  beginning  of  his  connection  with  it,  was 
one  of  the  marvels  of  journalism,  making  it  easily 
one  of  the  most  successful  newspaper  ventures 
in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world.  Early 
in  December,  1898,  Mr.  Medill  went  to  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  hoping  to  receive  relief  in  that 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


369 


mild  climate  from  a  chronic  disease  which  had 
been  troubling  him  for  years,  but  died  in  that 
city,  March  16,  1899,  within  three  weeks  of  hav- 
ing reached  his  76th  birthday.  The  conspicuous 
features  of  his  character  were  a  strong  individu- 
ality and  indomitable  perseverance,  which  led 
him  never  to  accept  defeat.  A  few  weeks  previ- 
ous to  his  death,  facts  were  developed  going  to 
show  that,  in  1881,  he  was  offered,  by  President 
I'.arlield.  the  position  of  Postmaster-General, 
which  was  declined,  when  he  was  tendered  the 
choice  of  any  position  in  the  Cabinet  except  two 
which  had  been  previously  promised;  also,  that 
he  was  offered  a  position  in  President  Harrison's 
Cabinet,  in  1889. 

MEDILL,  (Maj.i  William  II..  soldier,  was 
born  at  Massillon,  Ohio,  Nov.  5,  1835;  in  1855, 
came  to  Chicago  and  was  associated  with  "The 
Prairie  Farmer."  Subsequently  he  was  editor  of 
"The  Stark  County  (Ohio)  Republican,"  but 
again  returning  to  Chicago,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war,  was  employed  on  "The  Tribune,"  of 
which  his  brother  (Hon.  Joseph  Medill)  was 
editor.  After  a  few  months'  service  in  Barker's 
Dragoons  (a  short-time  organization),  in  Septem- 
ber, 1861,  he  joined  the  Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry 
(Colonel  Farnsworth's),  and,  declining  an  election 
as  Major,  was  chosen  Senior  Captain.  The  regi- 
ment soon  joined  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  By 
the  promotion  of  his  superior  officers  Captain 
Medill  was  finally  advanced  to  the  command, 
and,  during  the  Peninsular  campaign  of  1862,  led 
his  troops  on  a  reconnoissance  within  twelve  miles 
of  Richmond.  At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  he 
had  command  of  a  portion  of  his  regiment,  acquit- 
ting himself  with  great  credit.  A  few  days  after, 
while  attacking  a  party  of  rebels  who  were 
attempting  to  build  a  bridge  across  the  Potomac 
at  Williamsburg,  he  received  a  fatal  wound 
through  the  lungs,  dying  at  Frederick  City,  July 
16,  1863. 

MEF.k'EK,  Moses,  pioneer,  was  liorn  in  New- 
ark, N.  J.,  June  17,  1790;  removed  to  Cincinnati. 
Ohio,  in  1817,  engaging  in  the  manufacture  of 
white  lead  until  1822,  when  he  headed  a  pioneer 
expedition  to  the  frontier  settlement  at  Galena. 
111.,  to  enter  upon  the  business  of  smelting  lead- 
ore.  He  served  as  Captain  of  a  company  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  later  removing  to  Iowa 
County,  Wis.,  where  he  built  the  first  smelting 
works  in  that  Territory,  served  in  the  Territorial 
Legislature  (1840-43)  and  in  the  first  Constitu- 
tional Convention  (1846).  A  "History  of  the 
Early  Lead  Regions,"  by  him.  appears  in  the 
sixth  volume  of  "The  Wisconsin  Historical  Soci- 


ety Collections."  Died,  at  Shullsburg,  Wis., 
July  7,  1865. 

MELROSE,  a  suburb  of  Chicago,  11  miles  west 
of  the  initial  station  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railroad,  upon  which  it  is  located.  It 
has  two  or  three  churches,  some  manufacturing 
establishments  and  one  weekly  paper  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,050;  (1900),  2,592. 

MEMBRE,  Zenobins,  French  missionary,  was 
born  in  France  in  1645 ;  accompanied  La  Salle  on 
his  expedition  to  Illinois  in  1679,  and  remained  at 
Fort  Creve-Coeur  with  Henry  de  Tonty ;  descended 
the  Mississippi  with  La  Salle  in  1682 .  returned  to 
France  and  wrote  a  history  of  the  expedition, 
and,  in  1684,  accompanied  La  Salle  on  his  final 
expedition ;  is  supposed  to  have  landed  with  La 
Salle  in  Texas,  and  there  to  have  been  massacred 
by  the  natives  in  1687.  (See  /."  Salle  and  Tonty. ) 

MENARD,  Pierre,  French  pioneer  and  first 
Lieutenant-governor,  was  born  at  St.  Antoine. 
Can.,  Oct.  7,  1766;  settled  at  Kaskaskia,  in  1790, 
and  engaged  in  trade.  Becoming  interested  in 
politics,  he  was  elected  to  the  Territorial  Council 
of  Indiana,  and  later  to  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Illinois  Territory,  being  presiding  officer  of  the 
latter  until  the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State. 
He  was,  for  several  years,  Government  Agent, 
and  in  this  capacity  negotiated  several  important 
treaties  with  the  Indians,  of  whose  characteris- 
tics he  seemed  to  have  an  intuitive  perception.  He 
was  of  a  nervous  temperament,  impulsive  and 
generous.  In  1818  he  was  elected  the  first  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  new  State.  His  term  of 
office  having  expired,  he  retired  to  private  life 
and  the  care  of  his  extensive  business.  He  died 
at  Kaskaskia,  in  June,  1844,  leaving  what  was 
then  considered  a  large  estate.  Among  his  assets, 
however,  were  found  a  large  number  of  promis- 
sory notes,  which  he  had  endorsed  for  personal 
friends,  besides  many  uncollectablt  accounts 
from  poor  people,  to  whom  he  had  sold  goods 
through  pure  generosity.  Menard  County  was 
named  for  him,  and  a  statue  in  his  honor  stands 
in  the  capitol  grounds  at  Springfield,  erected  by 
the  son  of  his  old  partner — Charles  Pierre  Chou- 
teau.  of  St.  Louis. 

MENARD  COUNTY,  near  the  geographical 
center  of  the  State,  and  originally  a  part  of 
Sangamon,  but  separately  organized  in  1839,  the 
Provisional  Commissioners  being  Joseph  Wat- 
kins,  William  Engle  and  George  W.  Simpson. 
The  county  was  named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Menard. 
who  settled  at  Kaskaskia  prior  to  the  Territorial 
organization  of  Illinois.  (See  Menard.  Pierre.) 
Cotton  was  an  important  crop  until  1830,  when 


370 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


agriculture  underwent  a  change.  Stock-raising 
is  now  extensively  carried  on.  Three  fine  veins 
of  bituminous  coal  underlie  the  county.  Among 
early  American  settlers  may  be  mentioned  the 
Clarys,  Matthew  Rogers,  Amor  Batterton.  Solo- 
mon Pruitt  and  William  Gideon.  The  names  of 
Meadows.  Montgomery,  Green,  Boyer  and  Grant 
are  also  familiar  to  early  settlers.  The  county 
furnished  a  company  of  eighty-six  volunteers  for 
the  Mexican  War.  The  county-seat  is  at  Peters- 
burg. The  area  of  the  county  is  320  square  miles, 
and  its  population,  under  the  last  census,  14,336. 
In  1829  was  laid  out  the  town  of  Salem,  now 
extinct,  but  for  some  years  the  home  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  who  was  once  its  Postmaster,  and  who 
marched  thence  to  the  Black  Hawk  War  as 
Captain  of  a  company. 

MENDON,  a  town  of  Adams  County,  on  the 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  15  miles  northeast 
of  Quincy ;  has  a  bank  and  a  newspaper ;  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  farming  and  stock-raising  district. 
Population  (1880),  652;  (1890).  640;  (1900),  627. 

MENDOTA,  a  city  in  La  Salle  County,  founded 
in  1853,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington 
&  Quincy  with  its  Rochelle  and  Fulton  branches 
and  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  80  miles  south- 
west of  Chicago.  It  has  eight  churches,  three 
graded  and  two  high  schools,  and  a  public  li- 
brary Wartburg  Seminary  (Lutheran,  opened 
in  1853)  is  located  here.  The  chief  industrial 
plants  are  two  iron  foundries,  machine  shops, 
plow  works  and  a  brewery.  The  city  has  three 
banks  and  four  weekly  newspapers.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  agricultural  and  the  city  has 
considerable  local  trade.  Population  (1890), 
3,642;  (1900).  3,736. 

MERCER  COUNTY,  a  western  county,  with  an 
area  of  555  square  miles  and  a  population  (1900) 
of  20,945— named  for  Gen.  Hugh  Mercer.  The 
Mississippi  forms  the  western  boundary,  and 
along  this  river  the  earliest  American  settlements 
were  made.  William  Dennison,  a  Pennsy  Ivanian, 
settled  in  New  Boston  Township  in  1828,  and, 
before  the  expiration  of  a  half  dozen  years,  the 
Vannattas,  Keith,  Jackson.  Wilson,  Farlow, 
Bridges,  Perry  and  Fleharty  had  arrived.  Mer- 
cer County  was  separated  from  Warren,  and 
specially  organized  in  1825.  The  soil  is  a  rich, 
black  loam,  admirably  adapted  to  the  cultivation 
of  cereals.  A  good  quality  of  building  stone  is 
found  at  various  points.  Aledo  is  the  county- 
seat.  The  county  lies  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
Illinois  coal  fields  and  mining  was  commenced 
in  1845. 


MERCY  HOSPITAL,  located  in  Chicago,  and 
the  first  permanent  hospital  in  the  State — char- 
tered in  1847  or  1848  as  -the  "Illinois  General 
Hospital  of  the  Lakes."  No  steps  were  taken 
toward  organization  until  1850,  when,  with  a 
scanty  fund  scarcely  exceeding  $150,  twelve  beds 
were  secured  and  placed  on  oiie  floor  of  a  board 
ing  house,  whose  proprietress  was  engaged  as 
nurse  and  stewardess.  Drs.  N.  S.  Davis  anil 
Daniel  Brainard  were,  respectively,  the  first 
physician  and  surgeon  in  charge.  In  1851  the 
hospital  was  given  in  charge  of  the  Sisters  o>~ 
Mercy,  who  at  once  enlarged  and  improved  the 
accommodations,  and,  in  1852,  changed  its  name 
to  Mercy  Hospital.  Three  or  four  years  later,  a 
removal  was  made  to  a  building  previously  occu- 
pied as  an  orphan  asylum.  Being  the  only  pub- 
lic hospital  in  the  city,  its  wards  were  constantly 
overcrowded,  and,  in  1869,  a  more  capacious  and 
better  arranged  building  was  erected.  This 
edifice  it  has  continued  to  occupy,  although  many 
additions  and  improvements  have  been,  and  are 
still  being,  made.  The  Sisters  of  Mercy  own  the 
grounds  and  buildings,  and  manage  the  nursing 
and  all  the  domestic  and  financial  affairs  of  the 
institution.  The  present  medical  staff  (1896) 
consists  of  thirteen  physicians  and  surgeons, 
besides  three  internes,  or  resident  practitioners. 

MEREDOSI4,  a  town  in  Morgan  County,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Illinois  River  and  on  the 
Wabash  Railway,  some  58  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field; is  a  grain  shipping  point  and  fishing  and 
hunting  resort.  It  was  the  first  Illinois  River 
point  to  be  connected  with  the  State  capital  by 
railroad  in  1838.  Population  (1890),  621 ;  (1900),  700. 

HERRIAM,  (Col.)  Jonathan,  soldier,  legisla- 
tor and  farmer,  was  born  in  Vermont,  Nov.  1, 
1834;  was  brought  to  Springfield,  111.,  when  two 
years  old,  living  afterwards  at  Alton,  his  parents 
finally  locating,  in  1841,  in  Tazewell  County, 
where  he  now  resides — when  not  officially  em- 
ployed— pursuing  the  occupation  of  a  farmer.  He 
was  educated  at  Wesleyan  University,  Blooming- 
ton,  and  at  McKendree  College;  entered  the 
Union  army  in  1862,  being  commissioned  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of  the  One  Hundred  and  Seven- 
teenth Illinois  Infantry,  and  serving  to  the  close 
of  the  war.  During  the  Civil  War  period  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Union  League  of 
America,"  which  proved  so  influential  a  factor 
in  sustaining  the  war  policy  of  the  Government. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1869-70;  an  unsuccessful  Repub- 
lican nominee  for  Congress  in  1870;  served  as 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Springfield 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


371 


District  from  1873  to  '83,  was  a  Representative  in 
the  Thirty-ninth  and  Fortieth  General  Assem- 
blies, and,  in  1897,  was  appointed,  by  President 
McKinley,  Pension  Agent  for  the  State  of  Illinois, 
with  headquarters  in  Chicago.  Thoroughly  pa- 
triotic and  of  incorruptible  integrity,  he  has  won 
the  respect  and  confidence  of  all  in  every  public 
position  he  has  been  called  to  fill. 

MERRILL,  Stephen  Mason,  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Bishop,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Ohio, 
Sept.  16.  1825,  entered  the  Ohio  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  1864,  as  a  travel- 
ing preacher,  and,  four  years  later,  became  editor 
of  "The  Western  Christian  Advocate,"  at  Cin- 
cinnati. He  was  ordained  Bishop  at  Brooklyn  in 
1872,  and,  after  two  years  spent  in  Minnesota, 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  still  resides.  The 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University,  in  1868,  and  that  of  LL.D. 
by  the  Northwestern  University,  in  1886.  He  has 
published  "Christian  Baptism"  (Cincinnati, 
1876);  "New  Testament  Idea  of  Hell"  (1878); 
"Second  Coming  of  Christ"  (1879);  "Aspects  of 
Christian  Experience"  (1882) ;  "Digest  of  Metho- 
dist Law"  (1885);  and  "Outlines  of  Thought  on 
Probation"  (1886). 

MERRITT,  Jobn  W.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  July  4,  1806;  studied  law  and 
practiced,  for  a  time,  with  the  celebrated  James 
T.  Brady  as  a  partner.  In  1841  he  removed  to 
St.  Clair  County,  111.,  purchased  and,  from  1848 
to  '51,  conducted  "The  Belleville  Advocate"; 
later,  removed  to  Salem,  111. ,  where  he  established 
"The  Salem  Advocate" ;  served  as  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1862,  and  as  Representative  in  the  Twenty-third 
General  Assembly.  In  1864  he  purchased  "The 
State  Register"  at  Springfield,  and  was  its  editor 
for  several  years.  Died,  Nov.  16,  1878. — Thomas 
E.  (Merritt),  son  of  the  preceding,  lawyer  and 
politician,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  April  29, 
1834;  at  six  years  of  age  was  brought  by  his 
father  to  Illinois,  where  he  attended  the  common 
schools  and  later  learned  the  trade  of  carriage- 
painting.  Subsequently  he  read  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  at  Springfield,  in  1862.  In 
1868  he  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  General  Assembly  from  the  Salem 
District,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  same  body  in 
1870,  '74,  '76,  '86  and  '88.  He  also  served  two 
terms  in  the  Senate  (1878-'86),  making  an  almost 
continuous  service  in  the  General  Assembly  of 
eighteen  years.  He  has  repeatedly  been  a  mem- 
ber of  State  conventions  of  his  party,  and  stands 
as  one  of  its  trusted  representatives. — Maj .-( J en . 


Wesley  (Merritt),  another  son,  was  born  in  New 
York,  June  16,  1836,  came  with  his  father  to  Illi- 
nois in  childhood,  and  was  appointed  a  cadet  at 
West  Point  Military  Academy  from  this  State, 
graduating  in  1860 ;  became  a  Second  Lieutenant 
in  the  regular  army,  the  same  year,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  First  Lieutenant,  a  year 
later.  After  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  he 
was  rapidly  promoted,  reaching  the  rank  of 
Brigadier -General  of  Volunteers  in  1862,  and 
being  mustered  out,  in  1866,  with  the  brevet  rank 
of  Major-General.  He  re-entered  the  regular 
army  as  Lieutenant-Colonel,  was  promoted  to  a 
colonelcy  in  1876,  and,  in  1887,  received  a  com- 
mission as  Brigadier-General,  in  1897  becoming 
Major-General.  He  was  in  command,  for  a  time, 
of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  but,  on  his 
last  promotion,  was  transferred  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  East,  with  headquarters  at  Gov- 
ernor's Island,  N.  Y.  Soon  after  the  beginning 
of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  land  forces  destined  for  the 
Philippines,  and  appointed  Military  Governor  of 
the  Islands.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  he 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  resumed  his  old 
command  at  New  York. 

MKSSI \<;KH,  John,  pioneer  surveyor  and  car- 
tographer, was  born  at  West  Stockbridge,  Mass. . 
in  1771,  grew  up  on  a  farm,  but  secured  a  good 
education,  especially  in  mathematics.  Going  t<> 
Vermont  in  1783,  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  car- 
penter and  mill-wright;  removed  to  Kentucky  in 
1799,  and,  in  1802,  to  Illinois  (then  a  part  of  Indi- 
ana Territory),  locating  first  in  the  American 
Bottom  and,  later,  at  New  Design  within  the 
present  limits  of  Monroe  County.  Two  years 
later  he  became  the  proprietor  of  a  mill,  and. 
between  1804  and  1806,  taught  one  of  the  earliest 
schools  in  St.  Clair  Count}-.  The  latter  year  he 
took  up  the  vocation  of  a  surveyor,  which  he  fol- 
lowed for  many  years  as  a  sub-contractor  under 
William  Rector,  surveying  much  of  the  land  in 
St.  Clair  and  Randolph  Counties,  and,  still  later, 
assisting  in  determining  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  State.  He  also  served  for  a  time  as  a 
teacher  of  mathematics  in  Rock  Spring  Seminary ; 
in  1821  published  "A  Manual,  or  Hand-Book, 
intended  for  Convenience  in  Practical  Survey- 
ing," and  prepared  some  of  the  earlier  State  and 
county  maps.  In  1808  he  was  elected  to  the 
Indiana  Territorial  Legislature,  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
and  took  part  in  the  steps  which  resulted  in  set- 
ting up  a  separate  Territorial  Government  for 
Illinois,  the  following  year.  He  also  received  an 
appointment  as  the  first  Surveyor  of  St.  Clair 


372 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


County  under  the  new  Territorial  Government; 
was  chosen  a  Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County  to 
the  Convention  of  1818,  which  framed  the  first 
State  Constitution,  and,  the  same  year,  was 
elected  a  Representative  in  the  First  General 
Assembly,  serving  as  Speaker  of  that  body. 
After  leaving  New  Design,  the  later  years  of  hi.s 
life  were  spent  on  a  farm  two  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  Belleville,  where  he  died  in  1846. 

METAMORA,  a  town  of  Woodford  County,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad.  19 
miles  east-northeast  of  Peoria  and  some  thirty 
miles  northwest  of  Bloomington;  is  center  of  a 
fine  farming  district.  The  town  has  a  creamery, 
soda  factory,  one  bank,  three  churches,  two 
newspapers,  schools  and  a  park.  Population 
(1880),  828;  (1900),  758.  Metamora  was  the 
county-seat  of  Woodford  County  until  1899,  when 
the  seat  of  justice  was  removed  to  Eureka. 

HETCALF,  Andrew  W.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Guernsey  County,  Ohio,  August  6,  1828 ;  educated 
at  Madison  College  in  his  native  State,  graduating 
in  1846,  and,  after  studying  law  at  Cambridge, 
Ohio,  three  years,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1850.  The  following  year  he  went  to  Appleton, 
Wis.,  but  remained  only  a  year,  when  he  removed 
to  St.  Louis,  then  to  Edwardsville,  and  shortly 
after  to  Alton,  to  take  charge  of  the  legal  busi- 
ness of  George  T.  Brown,  then  publisher  of  "The 
Alton  Courier."  In  1853  he  returned  to  Edwards- 
ville to  reside  permanently,  and,  in  1859,  was 
uppointed  by  Governor  Bissell  State's  Attorney 
for  Madison  County,  serving  one  year.  In  1864 
he  was  elected  State  Senator  for  a  term  of  four 
years;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention  of  1872,  and,  in  1876,  a  lay  delegate 
from  the  Southern  Illinois  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  to  the  General  Con- 
ference at  Baltimore ;  has  also  been  a  Trustee  of 
McKendree  College,  at  Lebanon,  111.,  for  more 
than  twenty-five  years. 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  one  of 
the  most  numerous  Protestant  church  organiza- 
tions in  the  United  States  and  in  Illinois.  Rev. 
Joseph  Lillard  was  the  first  preacher  of  this  sect 
to  settle  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  and  Capt. 
Joseph  Ogle  was  the  first  class-leader  (1795).  It 
is  stated  that  the  first  American  preacher  in  the 
American  Bottom  was  Rev.  Hosea  Riggs  (1796). 
Rev.  Benjamin  Young  took  charge  of  the  first 
Methodist  mission  in  1803,  and,  in  1804,  this  mis- 
sion was  attached  to  the  Cumberland  (Tenn.) 
circuit.  Rev».  Joseph  Oglesby  and  Charles  R. 
Matheny  were  among  the  early  circuit  riders.  In 
1820  there  were  seven  circuits  in  Illinois,  and,  in 


1830,  twenty-eight,     the    actual     membership 
exceeding  10,000.    The  first  Methodist  service  in 
Chicago  was  held  by  Rev.  Jesse  Walker,  in  1826. 
The  first  Methodist   society  in   that   city    was 
organized  by  Rev.  Stephen  R.  Beggs,  in  June, 

1831.  By  1835  the  number  of   circuits  had  in- 
creased to  61,  with  370  ministers  and  15,000  mem- 
bers.    Rev.  Peter  Cartwright   was   among   the 
early  revivalists.     The  growth  of  this  denomi- 
nation in  the  State  has  been  extraordinary.     By 
1890,  it  had  nearly  2,000  churches,  937  ministers, 
and  151,000  members — the  total  number  of  Metho- 
dists in  the  United  States,  by  the  same  census, 
being  4,980,240.     The  church  property  owned  in 
1890  (including  parsonages)  approached  $111,000,- 
000,  and  the  total  contributions  were  estimated 
at  $3,073,923.     The  denomination  in  Illinois  sup- 
ports two  theological  seminaries  and  the  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute  at  Evanston.      "The   North- 
western Christian  Advocate,"  with  a  circulation 
of  some  30,000,  is  its  official  organ  in  Illinois. 
(See  also  Religious  Denominations.) 

METROPOLIS  CITY,  the  county  -seat  of  Massac 
County,  156  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis,  situated 
on  the  Ohio  River  and  on  the  St.  Louis  and 
Paducah  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road. The  city  was  founded  in  1839,  on  the  site 
of  old  Fort  Massac,  which  was  erected  by  the 
French,  aided  by  the  Indians,  about  1711.  Its 
industries  consist  largely  of  various  forms  of 
wood-working.  Saw  and  planing  mills  are  a 
commercial  factor;  other  establishments  turn 
out  wheel,  buggy  and  wagon  material,  barrel 
staves  and  heads,  boxes  and  baskets,  and  veneers. 
There  are  also  flouring  mills  and  potteries  The 
city  has  a  public  library,  two  banks,  water- 
works, electric  lights,  numerous  churches,  high 
school  and  graded  schools,  and  three  papers. 
Population  (1880).  2,668;  (1890),  3,573;  (1900),  4,069. 

MEXICAN  WAR.  Briefly  stated,  this  war 
originated  in  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the 
United  States,  early  in  1846.  There  was  a  dis- 
agreement as  to  the  western  boundary  of  Texas. 
Mexico  complained  of  encroachment  upon  her 
territory,  and  hostilities  began  with  the  battle  of 
Palo  Alto,  May  8,  and  ended  with  the  treaty  of 
peace,  concluded  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  near  the 
City  of  Mexico,  Feb.  2,  1848.  Among  the  most 
prominent  figures  were  President  Polk,  under 
whose  administration  annexation  was  effected, 
and  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  who  was  chief  in  com- 
mand in  the  field  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  and 
was  elected  Folk's  successor.  Illinois  furnished 
more  than  her  full  quota  of  troops  for  the  strug- 
gle. May  13,  1846,  war  was  declared.  On  May 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


373 


35,  Governor  Ford  issued  his  proclamation  calling 
for  the  enlistment  of  three  regiments  of  infantry, 
the  assessed  quota  of  the  State.  The  response 
was  prompt  and  general.  Alton  was  named  as 
the  rendezvous,  and  Col.  (afterwards  General) 
Sylvester  Churchill  was  the  mustering  officer. 
The  regiments  mustered  in  were  commanded, 
respectively,  by  Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  Col.  Wm.  H. 
Bissell  (afterwards  Governor)  and  Col.  Ferris 
Forman.  An  additional  twelve  months'  regiment 
(the  Fourth)  was  accepted,  under  command  of 
Col.  E.  D.  Baker,  who  later  became  United  States 
Senator  from  Oregon,  and  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Ball's  Bluff,  in  October,  1861.  A  second  call  was 
made  in  April,  1847,  under  which  Illinois  sent 
two  more  regiments,  for  the  war,  towards  the 
Mexican  frontier.  These  were  commanded  by 
Col.  Edward  W.  B.  Newby  and  Col.  James 
Collins.  Independent  companies  were  also 
tendered  and  accepted.  Besides,  there  were 
Nome  150  volunteers  who  joined  the  regiments 
already  in  the  field.  Commanders  of  the  inde- 
pendent companies  were  Capts.  Adam  Dunlap, 
of  Schuyler  County;  Wyatt  B.  Stapp,  of  War- 
ren; Michael  K.  Lawler,  of  Shawneetown,  and 
Josiah  Little.  Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  of  the  First, 
was  killed  at  Buena  Vista,  and  the  official  mor- 
tuary list  includes  many  names  of  Illinois'  best 
and  bravest  sons.  After  participating  in  the 
battle  of  Buena  Vista,  the  Illinois  troops  shared 
in  the  triumphal  entry  into  the  City  of  Mexico, 
on  Sept.  16,  1847,  and  (in  connection  with  those 
from  Kentucky)  were  especially  complimented  in 
(teneral  Taylor's  official  report.  The  Third  and 
Fourth  regiments  won  distinction  at  Vera  Cruz, 
Cerro  Gordo  and  the  City  of  Mexico.  At  the 
second  of  these  battles,  General  Shields  fell 
severely  (and,  as  supposed  for  a  time,  mortally) 
wounded.  Colonel  Baker  succeeded  Shields,  led 
a  gallant  charge,  and  really  turned  the  day  at 
Cerro  Gordo.  Among  the  officers  honorably 
named  by  General  Scott,  in  his  official  report,  were 
Colonel  Forman,  Major  Harris,  Adjutant  Fondey, 
Capt.  J.  S.  Post,  and  Lieutenants  Hammond  and 
Davis.  All  the  Illinois  troops  were  mustered  out 
lietween  May  25,  1847  and  Nov.  7,  1848,  the  inde- 
pendent companies  being  the  last  to  quit  the 
service.  The  total  number  of  volunteers  was 
6.123,  of  whom  86  were  killed,  and  160  wounded, 
12  of  the  latter  dying  of  their  wounds.  Gallant 
service  in  the  Mexican  War  soon  became  a  pass- 
port to  political  preferment,  and  some  of  the 
brave  soldiers  of  1846-47  subsequently  achieved 
merited  distinction  in  civil  life.  Many  also  be- 
came distinguished  soldiers  in  the  War  of  the 


Rebellion,  including  such  names  as  John  A. 
Logan,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  M.  K.  Lawler,  James 
D.  Morgan,  W.  H.  L.  Wallace,  B.  M.  Prentiss, 
W.  R.  Morrison,  L.  F.  Ross,  and  others.  The 
cost  of  the  war,  with  $15,000,000  paid  for  territory 
annexed,  is  estimated  at  $166,500,000  and  the 
extent  of  territory  acquired,  nearly  1,000,000 
square  miles  —  considerably  more  than  the 
whole  of  the  present  territory  of  the  Republic  of 
Mexico. 

METER,  John,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was  born 
in  Holland,  Feb.  27,  1852 ;  came  to  Chicago  at  the 
age  of  12  years ;  entered  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, supporting  himself  by  labor  during  vaca- 
tions and  by  teaching  in  a  night  school,  until  his 
third  year  in  the  university,  when  he  became  a 
student  in  the  Union  College  of  Law,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1879;  was  elected  from 
Cook  County  to  the  Thirty-fifth  General  Assembly 
(1884),  and  re-elected  to  the  Thirty-sixth,  Thirty- 
eighth  and  Thirty-ninth,  being  chosen  Speaker  of 
the  latter  (Jan.  18,  1895).  Died  in  office,  at  Free- 
port,  111.,  July  3,  1895,  during  a  special  session  of 
the  General  Assembly. 

MIAMIS,  The.  The  preponderance  of  author- 
ity favors  the  belief  that  this  tribe  of  Indians  was 
originally  a  part  of  the  Ill-i-ni  or  Illinois,  but  the 
date  of  their  separation  from  the  parent  stock 
cannot  be  told.  It  is  likely,  however,  that  it 
occurred  before  the  French  pushed  their  explo- 
rations from  Canada  westward  and  southward, 
into  and  along  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Father 
Dablon  alludes  to  the  presence  of  Miamis  (whom 
he  calls  Ou-mi-a-mi)  in  a  mixed  Indian  village, 
near  the  mouth  of  Fox  River  of  Wisconsin,  in 
1670.  The  orthography  of  their  name  is  varied. 
The  Iroquois  and  the  British  generally  knew 
them  as  the  "Twightwees, "  and  so  they  were 
commonly  called  by  the  American  colonists. 
The  Weas  and  Piankeshaws  were  of  the  same 
tribe  When  La  Salle  founded  his  colony  at 
Starved  Rock,  the  Miamis  had  villages  which 
could  muster  some  1,950  warriors,  of  which  the 
Weas  had  500  and  the  Piankeshaws  150,  the  re- 
maining 1,300  being  Miamis  proper.  In  1671 
(according  to  a  written  statement  by  Charlevoix 
in  1721),  the  Miamis  occupied  three  villages- 
—one  on  the  St.  Joseph  River,  one  on  the  Mau- 
mee  and  one  on  the  "Ouabache"  (Wabash). 
They'  were  friendly  toward  the  French  until 
1694,  when  a  large  number  of  them  were 
massacred  by  a  party  of  Sioux,  who  carried 
firearms  which  had  been  furnished  them  by 
the  Frenchmen.  The  breach  thus  caused  was 
never  closed.  Having  become  possessed  of  guns 


374 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


themselves,  the  Miamis  were  able,  not  only  to 
hold  their  own,  but  also  to  extend  their  hunting 
grounds  as  far  eastward  as  the  Scioto,  alternately 
warring  with  the  French,  British  and  Americans. 
General  Harrison  says  of  them  that,  ten  years 
before  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  they  could  have 
brought  upon  the  field  a  body  of  3,000  "of  the 
finest  light  troops  in  the  world,"  but  lacking  in 
discipline  and  enterprise.  Border  warfare  and 
smallpox,  however,  had,  by  that  date  (1795), 
greatly  reduced  their  numerical  strength.  The 
main  seat  of  the  Miamis  was  at  Fort  Wayne, 
whose  residents,  because  of  their  superior  num- 
bers and  intelligence,  dominated  all  other  bands 
except  the  Piankeshaws.  The  physical  and 
moral  deterioration  of  the  tribe  began  immedi- 
ately after  the  treaty  of  Greenville.  Little  by 
little,  they  ceded  their  lands  to  the  United  States, 
the  money  received  therefor  being  chiefly  squan- 
dered in  debauchery.  Decimated  by  vice  and 
disease,  the  remnants  of  this  once  powerful  abo- 
riginal nation  gradually  drifted  westward  across 
the  Mississippi,  whence  their  valorous  sires  had 
emigrated  two  centuries  before.  The  small  rem- 
nant of  the  band  finally  settled  in  Indian  Terri- 
tory, but  they  have  made  comparatively  little 
progress  toward  civilization.  (See  also  fianke- 
s/iaics;  Weas.) 

MICHAEL  REESE  HOSPITAL,  located  in 
Chicago,  under  care  of  the  association  known  as 
the  United  Hebrew  Charities.  Previous  to  1871 
this  association  maintained  a  small  hospital  for 
the  care  of  some  of  its  beneficiaries,  but  it  was 
destroyed  in  the  conflagration  of  that  year,  and  no 
immediate  effort  to  rebuild  was  made.  In  1880, 
however,  Michael  Reese,  a  Jewish  gentleman 
who  had  accumulated  a  large  fortune  in  Cali- 
fornia, bequeathed  $97,000  to  the  organization. 
With  this  sum,  considerably  increased  by  addi- 
tions from  other  sources,  an  imposing  building 
was  erected,  well  arranged  and  thoroughly 
equipped  for  hospital  purposes.  The  institution 
thus  founded  was  named  after  its  principal  bene- 
factor. Patients  are  received  without  discrimi- 
nation as  to  race  or  religion,  and  more  than  half 
those  admitted  are  charity  patients.  The  present 
medical  staff  consists  of  thirteen  surgeons  and 
physicians,  several  of  whom  are  eminent 
specialists. 

MICHIGAN  CENTRAL  RAILROAD.  The 
main  line  of  this  road  extends  from  Chicago 
to  Detroit,  270  miles,  with  trackage  facilities 
from  Kensington,  14  miles,  over  the  line  of  the 
Illinois  Central,  to  its  terminus  in  Chicago. 
Branch  lines  (leased,  proprietary  and  operated)  in 


Canada,  Michigan,  Indiana  and  Illinois  swell  the 
total  mileage  to  1,643.56  miles.— (HlSTOBY.)  The 
company  was  chartered  in  1846,  and  purchased 
from  the  State  of  Michigan  the  line  from  Detroit 
to  Kalamazoo,  144  miles, of  which  construction  had 
been  begun  in  1836.  The  road  was  completed  to 
Michigan  City  in  1850,  and,  in  May,  1852,  reached 
Kensington,  111.  As  at  present  constituted,  the 
road  (with  its  auxiliaries)  forms  an  integral  part 
of  what  is  popularly  known  as  the  "Vanderbilt 
System."  Only  35  miles  of  the  entire  line  are 
operated  in  Illinois,  of  which  29  belong  to  the 
Juliet  &  Northern  Indiana  branch  (which  see). 
The  outstanding  capital  stock  (1898)  was  $18,- 
738,000  and  the  funded  debt,  §19,101,000.  Earn- 
ings in  Illinois  the  same  year,  $484,002;  total 
operating  expenses,  $540,905;  taxes,  824,250. 

MICHIGAN,  LAKE.    (See  Lake  Michigan.) 

MIHALOTZY,  Geza,  soldier,  a  native  of  Hun- 
gary and  compatriot  of  Kossuth  in  the  Magyar 
struggle:  came  to  Chicago  in  1848,  in  1861  enlisted 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-fourth  Illinois 
Volunteers  (first  "Hecker  regiment"),  and,  on 
the  resignation  of  Colonel  Hecker,  a  few  weeks 
later,  was  promoted  to  the  Colonelcy.  A  trained 
soldier,  he  served  with  gallantry  and  distinction, 
but  was  fatally  wounded  at  Buzzard's  Roost,  Feb. 
24,  1864,  dying  at  Chattanooga,  March  11,  1864. 

MILAN,  a  town  of  Rock  Island  County,  on  the 
Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railway,  six  miles  south  of 
Rock  Island.  It  is  located  on  Rock  River,  has 
several  mills,  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  845;  (1890),  692;  (1900),  719. 

M1LBURN,  (Rev.)  William  Henry,  clergy- 
man, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  26,  1820. 
At  the  age  of  five  years  he  almost  totally  lost 
sight  in  both  eyes,  as  the  result  of  an  accident, 
and  subsequent  malpractice  in  their  treatment. 
For  a  time  he  was  able  to  decipher  letters  with 
difficulty,  and  thus  learned  to  read.  In  the  face 
of  such  obstacles  he  carried  on  his  studies  until 
12  years  of  age,  when  he  accompanied  his  father's 
family  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  and,  five  years  later, 
became  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher.  For  a 
time  he  rode  a  circuit  covering  200  miles,  preach- 
ing, on  an  average,  ten  times  a  week,  for  $100  per 
year.  In  1845,  while  on  a  Mississippi  steamboat, 
he  pu'olicly  rebuked  a  number  of  Congressmen, 
who  were  his  fellow  passengers,  for  intemperance 
and  gaming.  This  resulted  in  his  being  made 
Chaplain  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  From 
1848  to  1850  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Mont- 
gomery, Ala.,  during  which  time  he  was  tried 
for  heresy,  and  later  became  pastor  of  a  "Free 
Church."  Again,  in  1853,  he  was  chosen  Chap- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


lain  of  Congress.  While  in  Europe,  in  1859,  lie 
took  orders  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  but  returned 
to  Methodism  in  1871.  He  has  since  l>een  twice 
Chaplain  of  the  House  (1885  and  '87)  and  three 
times  (1893,  '95  and  '97)  elected  to  the  same  posi- 
tion in  the  Senate  He  is  generally  known  as 
"the  blind  preacher"  and  achieved  considerable 
prominence  by  his  eloquence  as  a  lecturer  on 
"What  a  Blind  Man  Saw  in  Europe."  Among 
his  published  writings  are.  "Rifle.  Axe  and  Sad- 
dlebags" (1856),  "Ten  Yeaps  of  Preacher  Life" 
(1858)  and  "Pioneers.  Preachers  and  People  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley"  (I860). 

MILCHRIST,  Thomas  £.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
the  Isle  of  Man  in  1839,  and,  at  the  age  of  eight 
years,  came  to  America  with  his  parents,  who 
settled  in  Peoria,  111.  Here  he  attended  school 
and  worked  on  a  farm  until  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  lie  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twelfth  Illinois  Volunteers,  serving  until 
1865,  and  being  discharged  with  the  rank  of  Cap- 
tain. After  the  war  he  read  law  with  John  I. 
Bennett — then  of  Galena,  but  later  Master  in 
Chancery  of  the  United  States  Court  at  Chicago 
—was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867,  and,  for  a 
number  of  years,  served  as  State's  Attorney  in 
Henry  County.  In  1888  he  was  a  delegate  from 
Illinois  to  the  Republican  National  Convention, 
and  the  following  year  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison  United  States  District  Attorney 
for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois.  Since 
retiring  from  office  in  1893,  Mr.  Milchrist  has  been 
engaged  in  private  practice  in  Chicago.  In  1898 
he  was  elected  a  State  Senator  for  the  Fifth  Dis- 
trict (city  of  Chicago)  in  the  Forty-first  General 
Assembly. 

MILES,  Nelson  A.,  Major-General.  was  born 
at  Westminster,  Mass.,  August  8,  1839,  and,  at 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  was  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits  in  the  city  of  Boston.  In 
October,  1861,  he  entered  the  service  as  a  Second 
Lieutenant  in  a  Massachusetts  regiment,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks, 
Charles  City  Cross  Roads  and  Malvern  Hill, 
in  one  of  which  he  was  wounded  In  Sep- 
tember, 1862,  he  was  Colonel  of  the  Sixty- 
first  New  York,  which  he  led  at  Fredericksburg 
and  at  Chancellorsville.  where  he  was  again 
severely  wounded.  He  commanded  the  First 
Brigade  of  the  First  Division  of  the  Second  Army 
Corps  in  the  Richmond  campaign,  and  was  made 
Brigadier-General,  May  12,  1864.  and  Major- 
General,  by  brevet,  for  gallantry  shown  at  Ream's 
Station,  in  December  of  the  same  year.  At  the 
rlose  of  the  war  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of 


the  Fortieth  United  States  Infantry,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  caiujKugns  against  the  Indians; 
became  a  Brigadier-General  in  1880,  and  Major- 
General  in  1890,  in  the  interim  being  in  command 
of  the  Department  of  the  Columbia,  and.  after 
1890,  of  the  Missouri,  with  headquarters  at  Chi- 
cago. Here  he  did  much  to  give  efficiency  anil 
importance  to  the  post  at  Fort  Sheridan,  and,  in 
1894,  rendered  valuable  sen-ice  in  checking  the 
strike  riots  about  Chicago.  Near  the  close  of  the 
year  he  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  tin- 
East,  and,  on  the  retirement  <>('  General  Schofield 
in  1895,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  anuv. 
with  headquarters  in  Washington.  During  the 
Spanish- American  war  ( 1«»8)  General  Miles  gave 
attention  to  the  fitting  out  of  troops  for  the  Cuban 
and  Porto  Rican  campaigns,  and  visited  Santiago 
during  the  siege  conducted  by  General  Shatter, 
but  took  no  active  command  in  the  field  until  the 
occupation  of  Porto  Rico,  which  was  conducted 
with  rare  discrimination  and  good  judgment,  and 
with  comparatively  little  loss  of  life  or  suffering 
to  the  troops. 

XILFORD,  a  prosperous  village  of  Iroquois 
County,  on  the  Chicago  i  Eastern  Illinois  Rail- 
road, 88  miles  south  of  Chicago;  is  in  a  rich  farm- 
ing region ;  has  water  and  sewerage  systems, 
electric  lights,  two  brick  and  tile  works,  three 
large  grain  elevators.  Hour  mill,  three  churches, 
good  schools,  a  public  library  and  a  weekly  news- 
paper. It  is  an  important  shipping  point  for 
grain  and  live-stock  Population  (1890),  957; 
(1900).  1.077. 

MILITARY  BOU>TV  LANDS.  (See  Military 
Tract. ) 

MILITARY  TRACT,  a  |*.|mlai  name  given  to 
a  section  of  the  State,  set  apart  under  an  act  of 
Congress.  j>assed.  May  <i,  1812.  as  tiounty-lands  for 
soldiers  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain  commenc- 
ing the  same  year.  Similar  reservations  in  the 
Territories  of  Michigan  and  Ixmisiana  (now 
Arkansas)  were  provided  for  in  the  same  act. 
The  lauds  in  Illinois  embraced  in  this  act  were 
situated  between  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi 
Rivers,  ami  extended  from  the  junction  of  these 
streams  due  north,  by  the  Fourth  Principal  Merid 
ian.  to  the  northern  Inundary  of  Township  1.1 
north  of  the  "Base  Line."  This  "base  line" 
started  alxnit  opposite  the  present  site  of  Beards- 
town,  and  extended  to  a  point  on  the  Mississippi 
about  seven  miles  north  of  yuincy  The  north- 
ern border  of  the  "Tract"  was  identical  with 
the  northern  boundary  of  Mercer  County,  which, 
extended  eastward,  reached  the  Illinois  about 
the  present  village  of  De  Pue  in  the  southeastern 


376 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


part  of  Bureau  County,  where  the  Illinois  makes 
a  great  bend  towards  the  south,  a  few  miles  west 
of  the  city  of  Peru.  The  distance  between  the 
Illinois  and  the  Mississippi,  by  this  line,  was  about 
90  miles,  and  the  entire  length  of  the  "Tract," 
from  its  northern  boundary  to  the  junction  of 
the  two  rivers,  was  computed  at  169  miles, — con- 
sisting of  90  miles  north  of  the  "base  line"  and  79 
miles  south  of  it,  to  the  junction  of  the  rivers. 
The  "Tract"  was  surveyed  in  1815-16.  It  com- 
prised 207  entire  townships  of  six  miles  square, 
each,  and  61  fractional  townships,  containing  an 
area  of  5,360,000  acres,  of  which  3,500,000  acres— 
a  little  less  than  two-thirds — were  appropriated  to 
military  bounties.  The  residue  consisted  partly 
of  fractional  sections  bordering  on  rivers,  partly  of 
fractional  quarter-sections  bordering  on  township 
lines,  and  containing  more  or  less  than  160  acres, 
and  partly  of  lands  that  were  returned  by  the  sur- 
veyors as  unfit  for  cultivation.  In  addition  to 
this,  there  were  large  reservations  not  coming 
within  the  above  exceptions,  being  the  overplus 
of  lands  after  satisfying  the  military  claims,  and 
subject  to  entry  and  purchase  on  the  same  con- 
ditions as  other  Government  lands.  The  "Tract" 
thus  embraced  the  present  counties  of  Calhoun, 
Pike,  Adams,  Brown,  Schuyler,  Hancock,  Mc- 
Oonough,  Fulton,  Peoria,  Stark,  Knox,  Warren, 
Henderson  and  Mercer,  with  parts  of  Henry, 
Bureau,  Putnam  and  Marshall— or  so  much  of 
them  as  was  necessary  to  meet  the  demand  for 
bounties.  Immigration  to  this  region  set  in  quite 
actively  about  1823,  and  the  development  of  some 
portions,  for  a  time,  was  very  rapid ;  but  later,  its 
growth  was  retarded  by  the  conflict  of  "tax- 
titles"  and  bounty -titles  derived  by  purchase 
from  the  original  holders.  This  led  to  a  great 
deal  of  litigation,  and  called  for  considerable 
legislation;  but  since  the  adjustment  of  these 
questions,  this  region  has  kept  pace  with  the  most 
favored  sections  of  the  State,  and  it  now  includes 
some  of  the  most  important  and  prosperous  towns 
and  cities  and  many  of  the  finest  farms  in 
Illinoia 

MILITIA.  Illinois,  taught  by  the  experiences 
of  the  War  of  1812  and  the  necessity  of  providing 
for  protection  of  its  citizens  against  the  incur- 
sions of  Indians  on  its  borders,  began  the  adop- 
tion, at  an  early  date,  of  such  measures  as  were 
then  common  in  the  several  States  for  the  main- 
tenance of  a  State  militia.  The  Constitution  of 
1818  made  the  Governor  "Commander  in-Chief 
of  the  army  and  navy  of  this  State,"  and  declared 
that  the  militia  of  the  State  should  "consist  of 
all  free  male  able-bodied  persons  (negroes,  mu 


lattoes  and  Indians  excepted)  resident  in  the 
State,  oetween  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years,"  and 
this  classification  was  continued  in  the  later  con- 
stitutions, except  that  of  1870,  which  omits  all 
reference  to  the  subject  of  color.  In  each  there 
is  the  same  general  provision  exempting  persons 
entertaining  "conscientious  scruples  against 
bearing  arms,"  although  subject  to  payment  of 
an  equivalent  for  such  exemption.  The  first  law 
on  the  subject,  enacted  by  the  first  General 
Assembly  (1819),  provided  for  the  establishment 
of  a  general  militia  system  for  the  State ;  and  the 
fact  that  this  was  modified,  amended  or  wholly 
changed  by  acts  passed  at  the  sessions  of  1821, 
•23,  '25,  '26,  '27,  '29,  '33,  '37  and  '39,  shows  the 
estimation  in  which  the  subject  was  held.  While 
many  of  these  acts  were  of  a  special  character, 
providing  for  a  particular  class  of  organization, 
the  general  law  did  little  except  to  require  per- 
sons subject  to  military  duty,  at  stated  periods,  U> 
attend  county  musters,  which  were  often  con- 
ducted in  a  very  informal  manner,  or  made  the 
occasion  of  a  sort  of  periodical  frolic.  The  act  of 
July,  1833  (following  the  Black  Hawk  War), 
required  an  enrollment  of  "all  free,  white,  male 
inhabitants  of  military  age  (except  such  as  might 
be  exempt  under  the  Constitution  or  laws)"; 
divided  the  State  into  five  divisions  by  counties, 
each  division  to  be  organized  into  a  certain  speci- 
fied number  of  brigades.  This  act  was  quite 
elaborate,  covering  some  twenty-four  pages,  and 
provided  for  regimental,  battalion  and  company 
musters,  defined  the  duties  of  officers,  manner  of 
election,  etc.  The  act  of  1837  encouraged  the 
organization  of  volunteer  companies.  The  Mexi- 
can War  (1845-47)  gave  a  new  impetus  to  this 
class  of  legislation,  as  also  did  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion  (1861-65).  While  the  office  of  Adju- 
tant-General had  existed  from  the  first,  its  duties 
— except  during  the  Black  Hawk  and  Mexican 
Ware — were  rather  nominal,  and  were  discharged 
without  stated  compensation,  the  incumbent 
being  merely  Chief -of-staff  to  the  Governor  as 
Commander-in-Chief.  The  War  of  the  Rebellion 
at  once  brought  it  into  prominence,  as  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  State  Government,  which  it  has 
since  maintained.  The  various  measures  passed, 
during  this  period,  belong  rather  to  the  history  of 
the  late  war  than  to  the  subject  of  this  chapter. 
In  1865,  however,  the  office  was  put  on  a  different 
footing,  and  the  important  part  it  had  played, 
during  the  preceding  four  years,  was  recognized 
by  the  passage  of  "an  act  to  provide  for  the  ap- 
pointment, and  designate  the  work,  fix  the  pay 
and  prescribe  the  duties,  of  the  Adjutant-General 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


377 


of  Illinois."  During  the  next  four  years,  its 
most  important  work  was  the  publication  of 
eight  volumes  of  war  records,  containing  a  com- 
plete roster  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  various 
regiments  and  other  military  organizations  from 
Illinois,  with  an  outline  of  their  movements  and 
a  list  of  the  battles  in  which  they  were  engaged. 
To  the  Adjutant-General's  office,  as  now  adminis- 
tered, is  entrusted  the  custody  of  the  war- 
records,  battle-flags  and  trophies  of  the  late  war. 
A  further  step  was  taken,  in  1877,  in  the  passage 
of  an  act  formulating  a  military  code  and  provid- 
ing for  more  thorough  organization.  Modifying 
amendments  to  this  act  were  adopted  in  1879  and 
1885.  While,  under  these  laws,  "all  able-bodied 
male  citizens  of  this  State,  between  the  ages  of  18 
and  45"  (with  certain  specified  exceptions),  are 
declared  "subject  to  military  duty,  and  desig- 
nated as  the  Illinois  State  Militia,"  provision  is 
made  for  the  organization  of  a  body  of  "active 
militia,"  designated  as  the  "Illinois  National 
Ouard,"  to  consist  of  "not  more  than  oighty-four 
companies  of  infantry,  two  batteries  of  artillery 
and  two  troops  of  cavalry,"  recruited  by  volun- 
tary enlistments  for  a  period  of  three  years,  with 
right  to  re-enlist  for  one  or  more  years.  The 
National  Guard,  as  at  present  constituted,  con- 
sists of  three  brigades,  with  a  total  force  of  about 
9,000  men,  organized  into  nine  regiments,  besides 
the  batteries  and  cavalry  already  mentioned. 
Gatling  guns  are  used  by  the  artillery  and  breech- 
loading  rifles  by  the  infantry.  Camps  of  instruc- 
tion are  held  for  the  regiments,  respectively — one 
or  more  regiments  participating  —  each  year, 
usually  at  "Camp  Lincoln"  near  Springfield, 
when  regimental  and  brigade  drills,  competitive 
rifle  practice  and  mock  battles  are  had.  An  act 
establishing  the  "Naval  Militia  of  Illinois,"  to 
consist  of  "not  more  than  eight  divisions  or  com- 
panies," divided  into  two  battalions  of  four  divi- 
sions each,  was  passed  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  1893 — the  whole  to  be  under  the  command  of 
an  officer  with  the  rank  of  Commander.  The 
commanding  officer  of  each  battalion  is  styled  a 
"Lieutenant-Commander,"  and  both  the  Com- 
mander and  Lieutenant-Commanders  have  their 
respective  staffs — their  organization,  in  other 
respects,  being  conformable  to  the  laws  of  the 
United  States.  A  set  of  "Regulations,"  based 
upon  these  several  laws,  has  been  prepared  by  the 
Adjutant-General  for  the  government  of  the 
various  organizations.  The  Governor  is  author- 
ized, by  law,  to  call  out  the  militia  to  resist  inva- 
sion, or  to  suppress  violence  and  enforce  execution 
of  the  laws,  when  called  upon  by  the  civil  author- 


ities of  any  city,  town  or  county.  This  authority, 
however,  is  exercised  with  great  discretion,  and 
only  when  the  local  authorities  are  deemed  unable 
to  cope  with  threatened  resistance  to  law.  The 
officers  of  the  National  Guard,  when  called  into 
actual  service  for  the  suppression  of  riot  or  the 
enforcement  of  the  laws,  receive  the  same  com- 
pensation paid  to  officers  of  the  United  States 
army  of  like  grade,  while  the  enlisted  men  receive 
$2  per  day.  During  the  time  they  are  at  any 
encampment,  the  officers  and  men  alike  receive 
$1  per  day.  with  necessary  subsistence  and  cost 
of  transportation  to  and  from  the  encampment. 
(For  list  of  incumbents  in  Adjutant-General's 
office,  see  Adjutants-General;  see,  also,  Spanish - 
American  War ) 

MILLER,  James  H.,  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  was  born  in  Ohio,  May  29,  1843 ; 
in  early  life  came  to  Toulon,  Stark  County,  III., 
where  he  finally  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Rebellion  he  enlisted  in 
the  Union  army,  but  before  being  mustered  into 
the  service,  received  an  injury  which  rendered 
him  a  cripple  for  life.  Though  of  feeble  physical 
organization  and  a  sufferer  from  ill-health,  lie 
was  a  man  of  decided  ability  and  much  influence. 
He  served  as  State's  Attorney  of  Stark  County 
(1872-76)  and,  in  1884,  was  elected  Representative 
in  the  Thirty-fourth  General  Assembly,  at  the 
following  session  being  one  of  the  most  zealous 
supporters  of  Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  in  the  cele- 
brated contest  which  resulted  in  the  election  of 
the  latter,  for  the  third  time,  to  the  United  States 
Senate.  By  successive  re-elections  he  also  served 
in  the  Thirty-fifth  and  Thirty-sixth  General 
Assemblies,  during  the  session  of  the  latter  being 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  as  successor  to 
A.  C.  Matthews,  who  had  been  appointed,  during 
the  session,  First  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  at 
Washington.  In  the  early  part  of  the  summer 
of  1890,  Mr.  Miller  visited  Colorado  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  health,  but,  a  week  after  his  arrival  at 
Manitou  Springs,  died  suddenly,  June  27,  1890. 

HILLS,  Benjamin,  lawyer  and  early  poli- 
tician, was  a  native  of  Western  Massachusetts, 
and  described  by  his  contemporaries  as  a  highly 
educated  and  accomplished  lawyer,  as  well  as  a 
brilliant  orator.  The  exact  date  of  his  arrival  in 
Illinois  cannot  be  determined  with  certainty,  but 
he  appears  to  have  been  in  the  "Lead  Mine 
Region"  about  Galena,  as  early  as  1828  or  '27,  and 
was  notable  as  one  of  the  first  "Yankees"  to 
locate  in  that  section  of  the  State.  He  was 
elected  a  Representative  in  the  Eighth  General 
Assembly  (1832).  his  district  embracing  the 


378 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


counties  of  Peoria,  Jo  Daviess,  Putnam,  La  Sallr 
and  Cook,  including  all  the  State  north  of  Sangu- 
mon  (as  it  then  stood),  and  extending  from  the 
Mississippi  River  to  the  Indiana  State  line.  At 
this  session  occurred  the  impeachment  trial  of 
Theophilus  W.  Smith,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Mr. 
Mills  acting  as  Chairman  of  the  Impeachment 
Committee,  anil  delivering  a  speech  of  great 
]x>wer  and  brilliancy,  which  lasted  two  or  three 
days.  In  1834  1m  watt  a  candidate  for  Congress 
from  the  Northern  District,  but  was  defeated  by 
William  I.  May  (Democrat),  as  claimed  by  Mr. 
Mill's  friends,  unfairly.  He  early  fell  a  victim 
to  consumption  and,  returning  to  Massachusetts, 
died  in  Berkshire  County,  in  that  State,  in  1841 
Hon.  R.  H.  McClellan,  of  Galena,  says  of  him : 
"He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  ability,  learning 
and  eloquence,"  while  Governor  Ford,  in  his 
"History  of  Illinois,"  testifies  that,  "by  common 
consent  of  all  his  contemporaries.  Mr.  Mills  was 
regarded  as  the  most  popular  ami  brilliant  lawyer 
of  his  day  at  the  Galena  bar." 

MILLS,  Henry  A.,  State  Senator,  was  born  at 
New  Hartford,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1827; 
located  at  Mount  Carroll,  Carroll  County,  111.,  in 
185G,  finally  engaging  in  the  banking  business  at 
that  place.  Having  served  in  various  local 
offices,  he  was,  in  1874,  chosen  State  Senator  for 
the  Eleventh  District,  but  died  at  Galesburf; 
liefore  the  expiration  of  his  term,  July  7,  1877. 

MILLS,  Luther  Laflln,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
North  Adams,  Mass.,  Sept.  :l,  1S4K;  brought  to 
Chicago  in  infancy,  and  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  city  and  at  Michigan  State  Uni- 
versity. In  1868  he  Ixsgan  the  study  of  law,  was 
admitted  to  practice  three  years  later.,  and,  in 
187<i.  was  elected  Suite's  Attorney,  being  re 
fleeted  in  188(1.  While  in  this  office  he  was  con- 
nected with  some  of  the  most  important  cases 
ever  brought  before  the  Chicago  courts 
Although  he  has  held  no  official  position  except 
that  already  mentioned,  his  abilities  at  the  bar 
and  on  the  rostrum  are  widely  recognized,  and 
his  services,  as  an  attorney  and  an  orator,  have 
lieen  in  frequent  demand 

M1LLSTADT,  H  town  in  St.  Clair  County,  on 
i, ranch  of  Mohita  A  Ohio  Railroad  14  miles  south 
southeast  of  St.  Louis;  has  electric  lights, 
churches,  schools,  bank.  newspaper,  coal  mines, 
and  manufactures  flour,  beer  and  butter.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,186;  (1900),  1,172. 

MILWAUKEE  &  ST.  PAUL  RAILWAY.  (See 
'  'hieago,  Miliraiikrr  if'  ,S7.  Piinl  Ha  Hint//.) 

MINER,  Orlin  H.,  State  Auditor,  was  lx>rn  in 
Vermont.  Mav  IS.  1825:  from  18.14  to  '51  he  lived 


in  Ohio,  the  latter  year  coming  to  Chicago,  where 
lie  worked  at  his  trade  of  watch-maker.  In  1855 
lie  went  to  Central  America  and  was  with  Gen- 
eral William  Walker  at  Greytown.  Returning  to 
Illinois,  he  resumed  his  trade  at  Springfield;  in 
1857  he  was  appointed,  by  Auditor  Dubois,  chief 
clerk  in  the  Auditor's  office,  serving  until  1864, 
when  he  was  elected  State  Auditor  as  successor 
to  his  chief.  Retiring  from  office  in  1869,  he 
gave  attention  to  his  private  business.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  and  a  Director  of  the  Spring- 
field Iron  Company.  Died  in  1879. 

MINIER,  a  village  of  Tazewell  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Jacksonville  Division  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  and  the  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria 
Railroads.  -'ii  miles  southeast  of  Peoria;  is  in  fine 
farming  district  and  has  several  grain  elevators, 
some  manufactures,  two  banks  and  a  newspaper. 
Population  (1890).  064;  (1900),  74«. 

MINONK,  a  city  in  Woodford  County,  29  miles 
north  of  Bloomington  and  53  miles  northeast  of 
Peoria,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and 
the  Illinois  Central  Railways.  The  surrounding 
region  is  agricultural,  though  much  coal  is 
mined  in  the  vicinity.  The  city  has  brick  yards, 
tile  factories,  steam  flouring-mills,  several  grain 
elevators,  two  private  )>anks  and  two  weekly 
newspapers.  Population  (1880),  1,913;  (1890), 
2,316;  (1900),  2,546. 

MINORITY  REPRESENTATION,  a  method  of 
choosing  members  of  the  General  Assembly  and 
other  deliberative  bodies,  designed  to  secure  n-|> 
resentation,  in  such  bodies,  to  minority  parties. 
In  Illinois,  this  method  is  limited  to  the  election 
of  members  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly  —  except  as  to  private  corporations, 
which  may,  at  their  option,  apply  it  in  the  election 
of  Trustees  or  Directors.  In  the  apportionment 
of  members  of  the  General  Assembly  (see  Legis- 
lative Apportionment),  the  State  Constitution 
requires  that  the  Senatorial  and  Representative 
Districts  shall  be  identical  in  territory,  each  of 
such  Districts  being  entitled  to  choose  one  Sena- 
tor and  three  Representatives.  The  provisions  of 
the  Constitution,  making  specific  application  of 
the  principle  of  "minority  representation"  (or 
"cumulative  voting,"  as  it  is  sometimes  called), 
declares  that,  in  the  election  of  Representatives, 
"each  qualified  voter  may  cast  as  many  votes  for 
one  candidate  as  there  are  Representatives,  or 
(he)  may  distribute  the  same,  or  equal  parts 
thereof,  among  the  candidates  as  he  shall  see 
fit."  (State  Constitution,  Art.  IV,  sections  7  and 
8.)  In  practice,  this  provision  gives  the  voter 
]K>wertocast  three  votes  for  one  candidate :  two 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


379 


votes  for  one  candidate  and  one  for  another,  or 
one  and  a  half  votes  to  each  of  two  candidates, 
or  he  may  distribute  his  vote  equally  among 
three  candidates  (giving  one  to  each);  but  no 
other  division  is  admissible  without  invalidating 
his  ballot  as  to  this  office.  Other  forms  of  minor- 
ity representation  liave  been  proixwed  by  various 
writers,  among  whom  Mr.  Thomas  Hare,  John 
Stuart  Mill,  and  Mr.  Craig,  of  England,  are  most 
prominent;  but  that  adopted  in  Illinois  seems  to 
be  the  simplest  and  most  easy  of  application. 

XI3SHALL,  William  A.,  legislator  and  jurist, 
a  native  of  Ohio  who  came  to  Kushville.  111.,  at 
an  early  day,  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
law;  served  as  Representative  in  the  Eighth. 
Tenth  and  Twelfth  General  Assemblies,  and  a* 
Delegate  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1847.  He  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  for  the  Fifth  Circuit,  under  the  new  Con- 
stitution, in  184H,  and  died  in  office,  early  in  1853. 
being  succeeded  by  the  late  Judge  Pinkney  II. 
Walker. 

MISSIONARIES,  EARLY.  The  earliest  Chris- 
tian missionaries  in  Illinois  were  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith.  As  a  rule,  these  accompanied  the 
French  explorers  and  did  not  a  little  toward  the 
extension  of  French  dominion.  They  were  usually 
members  of  one  of  two  orders — the  "Recollects," 
founded  by  St.  Francis,  or  the  "Jesuits,"  founded 
by  Loyola.  Between  these  two  bodies  of  ecclesi- 
astics existed,  at  times,  a  strong  rivalry;  the 
former  having  been  earlier  in  the  field,  but  hav- 
ing been  virtually  subordinated  to  the  latter  by 
Cardinal  Richelieu.  The  controversy  between 
the  two  orders  gradually  involved  the  civil 
authorities,  and  continued  until  the  suppression 
of  the  Jesuits,  in  France,  in  1764.  The  most  noted 
of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  were  Fathers  Allouez. 
Oravier,  Marquette,  Dablon.  Pinet,  Rasle,  Lamo- 
ges,  Binneteau  ami  Marest.  Of  the  Recollects, 
the  most  conspicuous  were  Fathers  Membre, 
Douay,  Le  Clerq,  Hennepin  and  Ribourde 
Besides  these,  there  were  also  Father  Bergier  and 
Montigny,  who,  l«longing  to  no  religious  order, 
were  called  secular  priests.  The  first  Catholic 
mission,  founded  in  Illinois,  was  probably  that  at 
the  original  Kaskaskia.  on  the  Illinois,  in  the 
present  county  of  La  Salle,  where  Father  Mar- 
ijuette  did  missionary  work  in  1673,  followed  by 
Allouez  in  1677.  (See  Allouez,  Claude  Jean.} 
The  latter  was  succeeded,  in  1688.  by  Father  Gra\  • 
ier,  who  was  followed,  in  Ifi'.i'-'.  by  Father  Sebas- 
tian Rasle.  but  who.  returning  in  Iti'.il  remained 
until  1695.  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Pinet 
and  Binneteau.  In  1700  Father  Marest  was 


in  charge  of  the  mission,  and  the  number  of 
Indians  among  whom  he  labored  was,  that  year 
considerably  diminished  by  the  emigration  of  the 
Kaskaskias  to  the  south.  Father  Gravier,  about 
this  time,  labored  among  the  Peorias.  but  was 
incapacitated  by  a  wound  received  from  the 
medicine  man  of  the  tribe,  which  finally  resulted 
in  his  death,  at  Mobile,  in  1706.  The  Peoria  station 
remained  vacant  for  a  time,  but  was  finally  filled 
by  Father  Deville.  Another  early  Catholic  mis- 
sion in  Illinois  was  that  at  Cahokia  While  the 
precise  date  of  its  establishment  cannot  be  fixed 
with  certainty,  there  is  evidence  that  it  was  in 
existence  in  1700.  being  the  earliest  in  tliat  region. 
Among  the  early  Fathers,  who  ministered  to  the 
savages  there,  were  Pinet.  St.  Cosme.  Bergier  and 
l.amiiges.  This  mission  was  at  first  called  the 
Tamaroa,  and.  later,  the  mission  of  St.  Sulpice. 
It  was  probably  the  first  permanent  mission  in  the 
Illinois  Country.  Among  those  in  charge,  down 
to  1718,  were  Fathers  de  Montigny,  Damon  (prob- 
ably), Varlet,  de  la  Source,  and  le  Mercier.  In 
1707,  Father  Mermet  assisted  Father  Marest  at 
Kaskaskia.  and,  in  17iO,  that  mission  became  a 
regularly  constituted  parish,  the  incumbent  being 
Father  de  Beaubois.  Rev.  Philip  Boucher 
preached  and  administered  the  sacraments  at 
Fort  St.  Louis,  where  he  died  in  1719.  liaving 
been  preceded  by  Fathers  Membre  and  Ribourde 
in  1680,  and  by  Fathers  Douay  and  Le  Clerq  in 
1687-88.  The  persecution  and  banishment  of  the 
early  Jesuit  missionaries,  by  the  Superior  Council 
of  Louisiana  (of  which  Illinois  had  formerly  been 
:i  part),  in  1763,  is  a  curious  chapter  in  State  his- 
tory. That  body,  following  the  example  of  some 
provincial  legislative  bodies  in  France,  officially 
declared  the  order  a  dangerous  nuisance,  and 
decreed  the  confiscation  of  all  its  property,  in- 
cluding plate  and  vestments,  and  the  razing  of 
its  churche*.  as  well  as  the  banishment  of  it* 
members.  This  decree  the  Louisiana  Council 
undertook  to  enforce  in  Illinois,  disregarding  the 
fact  that  that  territory  had  passed  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  Great  Britain.  The  Jesuits  seem 
to  have  offered  no  resistance,  either  physical  or 
legal,  and  all  members  of  the  order  in  Illinois 
were  ruthlessly,  and  without  a  shadow  of  author- 
ity, carried  to  New  Orleans  and  thence  deported 
to  France.  Only  one — Father  Sebastian  Louis 
Meurin — was  allowed  to  return  to  Illinois ;  and  he. 
only  after  promising  to  recognize  the  ecclesiastical 
authority  of  the  Superior  Council  as  supreme, 
and  to  hold  no  communication  with  Quebec  or 
Rome.  The  labors  of  the  missionaries,  apart 
from  spiritual  results,  were  of  great  value  They 


380 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


perpetuated  the  records  of  early  discoveries, 
reduced  the  language,  and  even  dialects,  of  the 
aborigines,  to  grammatical  rules,  and  preserved 
the  original  traditions  and  described  the  customs 
of  the  savages.  (Authorities:  Shea  and  Kip's 
"Catholic  Missions,"  "Magazine  of  Western  His- 
tory," Winsor's  "America,"  and  Shea's  "Catholic 
Church  in  Colonial  Days.") 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER.  (Indian  name,  "Missi 
Sipi,"  the  "Great  Water.")  Its  head  waters  are 
in  the  northern  part  of  Minnesota,  1,680  feet 
above  tide-water.  Its  chief  source  is  Itasca 
Lake,  which  is  1,575  feet  higher  than  the  sea, 
and  which  is  fed  by  a  stream  having  its  source 
within  one  mile  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Red 
River  of  the  North.  From  this  sheet  of  water  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  distance  is  variously 
estimated  at  from  3,000  to  3,160  miles.  Lake 
Itasca  is  in  lat.  47°  10'  north  and  Ion.  95°  20'  west 
from  Greenwich.  The  river  at  first  runs  north- 
ward, but  soon  turns  toward  the  east  and  expands 
into  a  series  of  small  lakes.  Its  course,  as  far  as 
Crow  Wing,  is  extremely  sinuous,  below  which 
point  it  runs  southward  to  St.  Cloud,  thence  south- 
eastward to  Minneapolis,  where  occur  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  establishing  a  complete  barrier  to 
navigation  for  the  lower  Mississippi.  In  less  than 
a  mile  the  river  descends  66  feet,  including  a  per- 
pendicular fall  of  17  feet,  furnishing  an  immense 
water-power,  which  is  utilized  in  operating  flour- 
ing-mills  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. A  few  miles  below  St.  Paul  it  reaches 
the  western  boundary  of  Wisconsin,  where  it 
expands  into  the  long  and  beautiful  Lake  Pepin, 
bordered  by  picturesque  limestone  bluffs,  some 
400  feet  high.  Below  Dubuque  its  general  direc- 
tion is  southward,  and  it  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  States  ot  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas 
and  the  northern  part  of  Louisiana,  on  the 
west,  and  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  east.  After  many  sinuous  turn- 
ings in  its  southern  course,  it  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  by  three  principal  passes,  or  mouths,  at 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  Plaquemines 
Parish,  La.,  in  lat.  29°  north  and  Ion.  89°  12' 
west.  Its  principal  affluents  on  the  right  are  the 
Minnesota,  Iowa,  Des  Moines,  Missouri,  Arkansas 
and  Red  Rivers,  and,  on  the  left,  the  Wisconsin, 
Illinois  and  Ohio.  The  Missouri  River  is  longer 
than  that  part  of  the  Mississippi  above  the  point 
of  junction,  the  distance  from  its  source  to  the 
delta  of  the  latter  being  about  4,300  miles,  which 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  river  in  the  world. 
The  width  of  the  stream  at  St.  Louis  is  about 
8,500  feet,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  nearly  4,600 


feet,  and  at  New  Orleans  about  2,500  feet.  The 
mean  velocity  of  the  current  between  St.  Louis 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  about  five  to  five  and 
one-half  miles  per  hour.  The  average  depth 
below  Red  River  is  said  to  be  121  feet,  though,  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans,  the  maximum  is  said 
to  reach  150  feet.  The  principal  rapids  below  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony  are  at  Rock  Island  and  the 
Des  Moines  Rapids  above  Keokuk,  the  former 
having  twenty-two  feet  fall  and  the  latter 
twenty-four  feet.  A  canal  around  the  Des 
Moines  Rapids,  along  the  west  bank  of  the  river, 
aids  navigation.  The  alluvial  banks  which  pre- 
vail on  one  or  both  shores  of  the  lower  Mississippi, 
often  spread  out  into  extensive  "bottoms"  which 
are  of  inexhaustible  fertility.  The  most  impor- 
tant of  these  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  is  the 
"American  Bottom,"  extending  along  the  east 
bank  from  Alton  to  Chester.  Immense  sums 
have  been  spent  in  the  construction  of  levees  for 
the  protection  of  the  lands  along  the  lower  river 
from  overflow,  as  also  in  the  construction  of  a 
system  of  jetties  at  the  mouth,  to  improve  navi- 
gation by  deepening  the  channel. 

MISSISSIPPI  BITER  BRIDGE,  THE,  one  of 
the  best  constructed  railroad  bridges  in  the  West, 
spanning  the  Mississippi  from  Pike,  111.,  to  Loui- 
siana, Mo.  The  construction  company  was  char- 
tered, April  25,  1872,  and  the  bridge  was  ready  for 
the  passage  of  trains  on  Dec.  24,  1873.  On  Dec. 
8,  1877,  it  was  leased  in  perpetuity  by  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railway  Company,  which  holds  all  its 
stock  and  f  150,000  of  its  bonds  as  an  investment, 
payingarental  of  $60,000  per  annum,  to  be  applied 
in  the  payment  of  7  per  cent  interest  on  stock  and 
6  per  cent  on  bonds.  In  1894,  $71,000  was  paid  for 
rental,  $16,000  going  toward  a  sinking  fund. 

MOBILE  &  OHIO  RAILROAD.  This  company 
operates  160.6  miles  of  road  in  Illinois,  of  which 
151.6  are  leased  from  the  St.  Louis  &  Cairo  Rail- 
road. (See  St.  Louis  db  Cairo  Railroad.) 

MOM* E,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  city  in 
Rock  Island  County,  incorporated  in  1872,  on  the 
Mississippi  above  Rock  Island  and  opposite 
Davenport,  Iowa;  is  168  miles  south  of  west  from 
Chicago,  and  the  intersecting  point  of  three 
trunk  lines  of  railway.  Moline,  Rock  Island  and 
Davenport  are  connected  by  steam  and  street 
railways,  bridges  and  ferries.  All  three  obtain 
water-power  from  the  Mississippi.  The  region 
around  Moline  is  rich  in  coal,  and  several  pro- 
ductive mines  are  operated  in  the  vicinity.  It  is 
an  important  manufacturing  point,  its  chief  out- 
puts being  agricultural  implements,  filters,  malle- 
able iron,  steam  engines,  vehicles,  lumber,  organs 


HISTOKICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


381 


(pipe  and  reed),  paper,  lead-roofing,  wind-mills, 
milling  machinery,  and  furniture.  The  city  has 
admirable  water-works,  several  churches,  good 
schools,  gas  and  electric  light  plants,  a  public 
library,  five  banks,  three  daily  and  weekly 
papers.  It  also  has  an  extensive  electric  power 
plant,  electric  street  cars  and  interurban  line. 
Population  (1890),  12,000;  (1900),  17,948. 

MOLONEY,  Maurice  T.,  ex-Attorney-General, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1849;  came  to  America  in 
1867,  and,  after  a  course  in  the  Seminary  of  '  'Our 
Lady  of  the  Angels"  at  Niagara  Falls,  studied 
theology ;  then  taught  for  a  time  in  Virginia  and 
studied  law  at  the  University  of  that  State, 
graduating  in  1871,  finally  locating  at  Ottawa, 
111. ,  where  he  served  three  years  as  State's  Attor- 
ney of  La  Salle  County,  and,  in  1892,  was  nomi- 
nated and  elected  Attorney-General  on  the 
Democratic  State  ticket,  serving  until  January, 
1897. 

MOMENCE,  a  town  in  Kankakee  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kankakee  River  and  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  and  the 
Indiana,  Illinois  &  Iowa  Railroads,  54  miles  south 
of  Chicago;  has  water  power,  a  flouring  mill, 
enameled  brick  factory,  railway  repair  shops,  two 
banks,  two  newspapers,  five  churches  and  two 
schools.  Population  (1890),  1,635;  (1900),  2,026. 

MONMOUTH,  the  county-seat  of  Warren 
County,  26  miles  east  of  the  Mississippi  River;  at 
point  of  intersection  of  two  lines  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Iowa  Central  Rail- 
ways. The  Santa  Fe  enters  Monmouth  on  the 
Iowa  Central  lines.  The  surrounding  country  is 
agricultural  and  coal  yielding.  The  city  lias 
manufactories  of  agricultural  implements,  sewer- 
pipe,  pottery,  paving  brick,  and  cigars.  Mon- 
mouth College  (United  Presbyterian)  was 
chartered  in  1857,  and  the  library  of  this  institu- 
tion, with  that  of  Warren  County  (also  located 
at  Monmouth)  aggregates  30,000  volumes.  There 
are  three  national  banks,  two  daily,  three  weekly 
and  two  other  periodical  publications.  An  ap- 
propriation was  made  by  the  Fifty-fifth  Congress 
for  the  erection  of  a  Government  building  at 
Monmouth.  Population  (1890),  5,936;  (1900),  7,460. 

MONMOUTH  COLLEGE,  an  educational  insti- 
tution, controlled  by  the  United  Presbyterian 
denomination,  but  non-sectarian ;  located  at  Mon- 
mouth. It  was  founded  in  1856,  its  first  class 
graduating  in  1858.  Its  Presidents  have  been 
Drs.  D.  A.  Wallace  (1856-78)  and  J.  B.  McMichael, 
the  latter  occupying  the  position  from  1878  until 
1897.  In  1896  the  faculty  consisted  of  fifteen 
instructors  and  the  number  of  students  was  289. 


The  college  campus  covers  ten  acres,  tastefully 
laid  out.  The  institution  confers  four  degrees— 
A.B.,  B.S.,  M.B.,  and  B.L.  For  the  conferring 
of  the  first  three,  four  years'  study  is  required , 
for  the  degree  of  B.L.,  three  years. 

MONROE,  George  D.,  State  Senator,  was  born 
in  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1844,  and 
came  with  his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1849.  His 
father  having  been  elected  Sheriff  of  Will  County 
in  1864,  he  became  a  resident  of  Juliet,  serving 
as  a  deputy  in  his  father's  office.  In  1865  he 
engaged  in  merchandising  as  the  partner  of  his 
father,  which  was  exchanged,  some  fifteen  years 
later,  for  the  wholesale  grocery  trade,  and,  finally, 
for  the  real-estate  and  mortgage-loan  business,  in 
which  he  is  still  employed.  He  has  also  been 
extensively  engaged  in  the  stone  business  some 
twenty  years,  being  a  large  stockholder  in  the 
Western  Stone  Company  and  Vice-President  of 
the  concern.  In  1894  Mr.  Monroe  was  elected,  as 
a  Republican,  to  the  State  Senate  from  the 
Twenty-fifth  District,  serving  in  the  Thirty -ninth 
and  Fortieth  General  Assemblies,  and  proving 
himself  one  of  the  most  influential  members  «( 
that  body. 

MONROE  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southwest 
part  of  the  State,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi — 
named  for  President  Monroe.  Its  area  is  about 
380  square  miles.  It  was  organized  in  1816  and 
included  within  its  boundaries  several  of  the 
French  villages  which  constituted,  for  many 
years,  a  center  of  civilization  in  the  West 
American  settlers,  however,  began  to  locate  in 
the  district  as  early  as  1781.  The  county  has  a 
diversified  surface  and  is  heavily  timbered.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  embracing  both  upland  and  river 
bottom.  Agriculture  and  the  manufacture  and 
shipping  of  lumber  constitute  leading  occupations 
of  the  citizens.  Waterloo  is  the  county-seat. 
Population  (1890),  12,948;  (1900),  13,847. 

MONTGOMERY  COUNTY,  an  interior  county, 
situated  northeast  of  St.  Louis  and  south  of 
Springfield;  area  702  square  miles,  population 
(1900),  30,836— derives  its  name  from  Gen.  Richard 
Montgomery.  The  earliest  settlements  by  Ameri- 
cans were  toward  the  close  of  1816,  county  organi- 
zation being  effected  five  years  later.  The  entire 
population,  at  that  time,  scarcely  exceeded  100 
families.  The  surface  is  undulating,  well  watered 
and  timbered.  The  seat  of  county  government  is 
located  at  Hillsboro.  Litchfield  is  an  important 
town.  Here  are  situated  car-shops  and  some 
manufacturing  establishments.  Conspicuous  in 
the  county's  history  as  pioneers  were  Harris 
Reavis.  Henry  Pyatt.  John  Levi,  Aaron  Casey 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


John  Tillson.  Hiraiu  Rountree.  the  Wrights 
(Joseph  and  Charles),  the  Hills  (John  and 
Henry),  William  McDavid  and  John  Russell. 

MOM  IT K l.l.O,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of 
I'iatt  County,  on  the  Sangamon  River,  midway 
lietween  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  on  the  Kaukaker 
und  Blooinington  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central, 
and  the  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Division  of  the 
Wabash  Railways.  It  lies  within  the  "corn  belt," 
and  stock-raising  is  extensively  carried  on  in  the 
surrounding  country.  Among  the  city  industries 
are  a  foundry  and  machine  shoj>s.  steam  Hour  and 
planing  mills,  broom,  cigar  and  harness-making, 
and  patent  fence  and  tile  works.  The  city  is 
lighted  by  electricity,  has  several  elevators,  an 
excellent  water  system,  numerous  churches  and 
good  schools,  with  l>anks  and  three  weekly 
papers.  Population  (1890),  1,043;  (1900),  1,982. 

MOXTICELLO  FEMALE  SEMINARY,  the 
second  institution  established  in  Illinois  for  the 
higher  education  of  women — Jacksonville  Female 
Seminary  being  the  first.  It  was  founded 
through  the  munificence  of  Capt.  Benjamin 
<  Jodfrey.  who  donated  fifteen  acres  for  a  site,  at 
(Jodfrey.  Madison  County,  and  gave  $53,00(1 
toward  erecting  and  equipping  the  buildings. 
The  institution  was  oj>eiu>d  on  April  11,  1838. 
with  sixteen  young  lady  pupils.  Rev.  Theron 
Itjildwin,  one  of  the  celebrated  "Vale  Hand," 
being  the  first  Principal.  In  \X4~>  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Miss  I'hilena  Folws,  and  she.  in  turn, 
by  Miss  Harriet  X.  Haskell,  in  INdti.  who  still 
remains  in  charge.  In  November.  1883,  the 
seminary  building,  with  its  contents.  was  burned  : 
tiut  the  institution  continued  its  sessions  in  tern 
porary  quarters  until  the  erection  of  a  new  build- 
ing, which  was  soon  accomplished  through  the 
generosity  of  alumna1  and  friends  of  female  edu- 
cation throughout  the  country.  The  new  struc 
ture  is  of  stone,  three  stories  in  height,  and 
thoroughly  modern.  The  average  nunilwr  of 
pupils  is  150,  with  fourteen  instructors,  and  the 
standard  of  the  institution  is  of  a  high  diameter. 

MOORE,  Clifton  H.,  lawyer  and  financier,  was 
born  at  Kirtland.  Lake  County.  Ohio.  Oct.  2fi. 
1817;  after  a  brief  season  spent  in  two  academies 
and  one  term  in  the  Western  Reserve  Teachers' 
Seminary,  at  Kirtland,  in  1839  he  came  west 
and  engaged  in  teaching  at  Pekin.  111.,  while 
giving  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  law.  He  spent 
the  next  year  at  Tremont  as  Deputy  County  and 
Circuit  Clerk,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Spring 
lield  in  1841,  and  located  soon  after  at  Clinton 
DeWitt  County,  which  has  since  been  his  home. 
In  partnership  with  the  late  Judge  David  Davis. 


of  Hloomington,  Mr.  Moore,  a  few  years  later, 
began  operating  extensively  in  Illinois  lands,  and 
is  now  one  of  the  largest  land  proprietors  in 
the  State,  besides  being  interested  in  a  number 
of  manufacturing  ventures  and  a  local  bank. 
The  only  official  position  of  importance  he  has 
held  is  that  of  Delegate  to  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1869-70.  He  is  an  enthusi- 
astic collector  of  State  historical  and  art  treasures, 
of  which  he  possesses  one  of  the  most  valuable 
private  collections  in  Illinois. 

MOORE,  Henry,  pioneer  lawyer,  came  to  Chi- 
cago from  Concord,  Mass.,  in  1834.  and  was 
almost  immediately  admitted  to  the  bar,  also 
acting  for  a  time  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  Col. 
Richard  J.  Hamilton,  who  held  pretty  much  all 
the  county  offices  on  the  organization  of  Cook 
County.  Mr.  Moore  was  one  of  the  original 
Trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College,  and  obtained 
from  the  Legislature  the  first  charter  for  a  gas 
company  in  Chicago.  In  1838  he  went  to  Ha- 
vana, Cuba,  for  the  benefit  of  his  failing  health, 
but  subsequently  returned  to  Concord,  Mass., 
where  lie  died  some  years  afterward. 

MOORE,  .lames,  pioneer,  was  born  in  the  State 
of  Maryland  in  1750;  was  married  in  his  native 
State,  about  1772.  to  Miss  Catherine  Biggs,  later 
removing  to  Virginia.  In  1777  he  came  to  the 
Illinois  Country  as  a  spy,  preliminary  to  the  con- 
templated expedition  of  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  which  captured  Kaskaskia  in  July,  1778. 
After  the  Clark  expedition  (in  which  he  served 
:is  Captain,  by  appointment  of  Oov.  Patrick 
Henry),  he  returned  to  Virginia,  where  he 
remained  until  1781,  when  he  organized  a  party 
of  emigrants,  which  he  acconi|>anied  to  Illinois. 
s)iendiiig  the  winter  at  Kaskaskia.  The  following 
year  they  located  at  a  |>oiiit  in  the  northern  part 
of  Monroe  County,  which  afterwards  received 
the  name  of  Bellefontaine.  After  his  arrival  in 
Illinois,  he  organized  a  company  of  "Minute 
Men."  of  which  he  was  chosen  Captain.  He  was 
a  man  of  prominence  and  influence  among  the 
early  settlers,  but  died  in  1788.  A  numerous  and 
influential  family  of  his  descendants  have  grown 
up  in  Southern  Illinois? — John  (Moore),  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  Ixirn  in  Maryland  in  1773,  and 
brought  by  his  father  to  Illinois  eight  years  later. 
He  married  a  sister  of  (ien.  John  D.  Whiteside. 
who  afterwards  became  State  Treasurer,  and  also 
served  as  Fund  Commissioner  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois under  the  internal  improvement  system 
Moore  was  un  officer  of  the  State  Militia,  and 
served  in  u  company  of  rangers  during  the  War 
of  1H12;  was  also  the  first  County  Treasurer  of 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Monroe  County.  Died,  July  4,  1833.— James  B. 
(Moore),  the  third  son  of  Capt.  James  Moore,  was 
born  in  1780,  and  brought  to  Illinois  by  his  par- 
ents; in  his  early  manhood  he  followed  the 
business  of  keel-boating  on  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio  Rivers,  visiting  New  Orleans,  Pittsburg  and 
other  points ;  became  a  prominent  Indian  fighter 
during  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  commissioned 
Captain  by  Governor  Edwards  and  authorized  to 
raise  a  company  of  mounted  rangers;  also 
served  as  Sheriff  of  Monroe  County,  by  appoint- 
ment of  Governor  Edwards,  in  Territorial  days ; 
was  Presidential  Elector  in  1820,  and  State  Sena- 
tor for  Madison  County  in  1836-40,  dying  in  the 
latter  year. — Enoch  (Moore),  fourth  son  of  Capt. 
James  Moore,  the  pioneer,  was  born  in  the  old 
block-house  at  Bellefontaine  in  1782,  being  the 
first  child  born  of  American  parents  in  Illinois ; 
served  as  a  "ranger"  in  the  company  of  bis 
brother,  James  B. ;  occupied  the  office  of  Clerk  of 
the  Circuit  Court,  and  afterwards  that  of  Judge 
of  Probate  of  Monroe  County  during  the  Terri- 
torial period ;  was  Delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1818,  and  served  as  Representative 
from  Monroe  County  in  the  Second  General 
Assembly,  later  filling  various  county  offices  for 
some  twenty  years.  He  died  in  1848. 

MOORE,  Jesse  II..  clergyman,  soldier  and  Con- 
gressman, born  near  Lebanon,  St.  Clair  County, 
111.,  April  22,  1817,  and  graduated  from  McKen-  . 
dree  College  in  1842.  For  thirteen  years  he  was 
a  teacher,  during  portions  of  this  period  being 
successively  at  the  head  of  three  literary  insti- 
tutions in  the  West.  In  1849  he  was  ordained  a 
minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  but 
resigned  pastorate  duties  in  1862,  to  take  part  in 
the  War  for  the  Union,  organizing  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Fifteenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers, 
of  which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel, also  serving 
as  brigade  commander  during  the  last  year  of  the 
war,  and  being  brevetted  Brigadier-General  at  its 
close.  After  the  war  he  re-entered  the  ministry, 
but,  in  1868,  while  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Decatur 
District,  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty-first  Con- 
gress as  a  Republican,  being  re-elected  in  1870; 
afterwards  served  as  Pension  Agent  at  Spring- 
field, and,  in  1881,  was  appointed  United  States 
Consul  at  Callao,  Peru,  dying  in  office,  in  that 
city,  July  11,  1883. 

MOORE,  John,  Lieutenant-Governor  (1842-46) ; 
Was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  Sept.  8,  1793; 
came  to  America  and  settled  in  Illinois  in  1830, 
spending  most  of  his  life  as  a  resident  of  Bloom- 
ington.  In  1838  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Eleventh  General  Assembly  from 


the  McLean  District,  and,  in  1840,  to  the  Senate, 
but  before  the  close  of  his  term,  in  1842,  was 
elected  Lieutenant-Governor  with  Gov.  Thouiu- 
Ford.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  War  he 
took  a  conspicuous  part  in  recruiting  the  Fourth 
Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers  (Col.  E.  D.  Baker's), 
of  which  he  was  chosen  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
serving  gallantly  throughout  the  struggle.  In 
1848  he  was  appointed  State  Treasurer,  as  succev 
sor  of  Milton  Carpenter,  who  died  in  office.  In 
1850  he  was  elected  to  the  same  office,  and  con- 
tinued to  discharge  its  duties  until  1857,  when  he 
was  succeeded  by  James  Miller.  Died,  Sept.  23, 
1863. 

MOORE,  RlsdoD,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Dela- 
ware in  1760;  removed  to  North  Carolina  in  178!i. 
and,  a  few  years  later,  to  Hancock  County,  Ga. . 
where  he  served  two  terms  in  the  Legislature 
He  emigrated  from  Georgia  in  1812,  and  settleil 
In  St.  Clair  County,  111. — besides  a  family  of  fif- 
teen white  persons,  bringing  with  him  eighteen 
colored  people — the  object  of  his  removal  being 
to  get  rid  of  slavery.  He  purchased  a  farm  in 
what  was  known  as  the  "Turkey  Hill  Settle- 
ment," about  four  miles  east  of  Belleville,  when' 
he  resided  until  his  death  in  1828.  Mr.  Moon- 
became  a  prominent  citizen,  was  elected  to  the 
Second  Territorial  House  of  Representatives,  and 
was  chosen  Speaker,  serving  as  such  for  two  ses- 
sions (1814-15).  He  was  also  Representative  from 
St.  Clair  County  in  the  First.  .Second  and  Thin! 
General  Assemblies  after  the  admission  of  Illinois 
into  the  Union.  In  the  last  of  these  he  was  one 
of  the  most  zealous  opponents  of  the  pro-slavery 
Convention  scheme  of  1822-24.  He  left  a  numei 
ous  and  highly  resected  family  of  descendants, 
who  were  afterwards  prominent  in  public  affairs.- — 
William  (Moore),  his  son,  served  as  a  Captain  in 
the  War  of  1812,  and  also  commanded  a  company 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  He  represented  St 
Clair  County  in  the  lower  branch  of  the  Nintli 
and  Tenth  General  Assemblies;  was  a  local 
preacher  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  McKendree  Col 
lege  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  IM'.i.  — Risdon 
(Moore),  Jr.,  a  cousin  of  the  first  named  Risdon 
Moore,  was  a  Representative  from  St.  Clair  County 
in  the  Fourth  General  Assembly  and  Senator  in 
the  Sixth,  but  died  l>efore  the  expiration  of  his 
term,  being  succeeded  at  the  next  session  by 
Adam  W.  Snyder. 

MOORE,  Stephen  Richey,  lawyer,  was  born  of 
Scotch  ancestry,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  22. 
1832;  in  1851,  entered  Farmers'  College  near  Cin- 
cinnati, graduating  in  1856,  and.  having  qualified 


384 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS 


himself  fur  the  practice  of  law,  located  the  fol- 
lowing year  at  Kunkakee,  111.,  which  has  since 
it-en  his  home.  In  1858  he  was  employed  in 
defense  of  the  late  Father  Chiniquy,  who  recently 
died  in  Montreal,  in  one  of  the  celebrated  suits 
begun  against  him  by  dignitaries  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Mr.  Moore  is  a  man  of  strik- 
ing appearance  and  great  independence  of  char- 
acter, a  Methodist  in  religious  belief  and  has 
generally  acted  |x>litically  in  co-operation  with 
the  Democratic  party,  though  strongly  anti- 
slavery  in  bis  views.  In  1873  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Liberal  Republican  Convention  at  Cin- 
cinnati which  nominated  Mr.  Greeley  for  the 
Presidency,  and,  in  1896,  participated  in  the  same 
way  in  the  Indianapolis  Convention  which  nomi- 
nated Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  for  the  same  office,  in 
the  following  campaign  giving  the  "Gold  Democ- 
racy" a  vigorous  support. 

MORAN,  Thomas  A.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Bridgeport,  Conn. ,  Oct.  7,  1839 ;  received 
his  preliminary  cilur.-ition  in  the  district  schools 
of  Wisconsin  (to  which  State  his  father's  family 
had  removed  in  1846),  and  at  an  academy  at 
Salem,  Wig. ;  began  reading  law  at  Kenosha  in 
1859,  meanwhile  supporting  himself  by  teaching. 
In  May,  1865,  he  graduated  from  the  Albany 
(N.  Y.)  Law  School,  and  the  same  year  com- 
menced practice  in  Chicago,  rapidly  rising  to  the 
front  rank  of  his  profession.  In  1879  he  was 
elected  a  Judge  of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court, 
and  re-elected  in  1885.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
second  term  he  resumed  private  practice.  While 
on  the  bench  he  at  first  heard  only  common  law 
cases,  but  later  divided  the  business  of  the  equity 
side  of  the  court  with  Judge  Tuley.  In  June, 
1886,  he  was  assigned  to  the  bench  of  the  Appel- 
late Court,  of  which  tribunal  he  was,  for  a  year, 
Chief  Justice. 

MORGAN,  James  Dady,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  August  1,  1810,  and,  at  16  years  of 
age,  went  for  a  three  years'  trading  voyage  on 
the  ship  "Beverly."  When  thirty  days  out  a 
mutiny  arose,  and  .shortly  afterward  the  vessel 
was  burned.  Morgan  escaped  to  South  America, 
and.  after  many  hardships,  returned  to  Boston. 
In  1834  he  removed  to  Quincy,  111.,  and  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits;  aided  in  raising  the 
"Quincy  Grays"  during  the  Mormon  difficulties 
( 1844-45) ;  during  the  Mexican  War  commanded  a 
company  in  the  First  Regiment  Illinois  Volun- 
teers; in  1861  became  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
Tenth  Regiment  in  the  three  months'  service, 
and  Colonel  on  reorganization  of  the  regiment 
for  three  years;  was  promoted  Brigadier-General 


in  July,  1862,  for  meritorious  service ;  commanded 
a  brigade  at  Nashville,  and,  in  March,  1865,  was 
brevetted  Major-General  for  gallantry  at  Benton- 
ville,  N.  C.,  being  mustered  out,  August  24,  1865. 
After  the  war  he  resumed  business  at  Quincy, 
111.,  being  President  of  the  Quincy  Gas  Company 
and  Vice-President  of  a  bank;  was  also  Presi- 
dent, for  some  time,  of  the  Society  of  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  Died,  at  Quincy,  Sept.  12, 1896. 

MORGAN  COUNTY,  a  central  county  of  the 
State,  lying  west  of  Sangamon,  and  bordering  on 
the  Illinois  River — named  for  Gen.  Daniel  Mor- 
gan; area,  580  square  miles;  population  (1900), 
35,006.  The  earliest  American  settlers  were 
probably  Elisha  and  Seymour  Kellogg,  who 
located  on  Mauvaisterre  Creek  in  1818.  Dr.  George 
Caldwell  came  in  1820,  and  was  the  first  phy- 
sician, and  Dr.  Ero  Chandler  settled  on  the  pres- 
ent site  of  the  city  of  Jacksonville  in  1821. 
Immigrants  began  to  arrive  ill  large  numbers 
about  1822,  and,  Jan.  31,  1823.  the  county  was 
organized,  the  first  election  being  held  at  the 
house  of  James  G.  Swinerton,  six  miles  south- 
west of  the  present  city  of  Jacksonville.  Olm- 
stead's  Mound  was  the  first  county-seat,  but  this 
choice  was  only  temporary.  Two  years  later, 
Jacksonville  was  selected,  and  has  ever  since  so 
continued.  (See  Jacksonville. )  Cass  Countj 
was  cut  off  from  Morgan  in  1837,  and  Scott 
County  in  1839.  About  1837  Morgan  was  the 
most  populous  county  in  the  State.  The  county 
is  nearly  equally  divided  between  woodland  and 
prairie,  and  is  well  watered.  Besides  the  Illinois 
River  on  its  western  border,  there  are  several 
smaller  streams,  among  them  Indian,  Apple, 
Sandy  and  Mauvaisterre  Creeks.  Bituminous 
coal  underlies  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and 
thin  veins  crop  out  along  the  Illinois  River 
bluffs.  Sandstone  has  also  been  quarried. 

MORGAN  PARK,  a  suburban  village  of  Cook 
County,  13  miles  south  of  Chicago,  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway ;  is  the  seat 
of  the  Academy  (a  preparatory  branch)  of  the 
University  of  Chicago  and  the  Scandinavian  De- 
partment of  the  Divinity  School  connected  with 
the  same  institution.  Population  (1880),  187; 
(1890),  1.037;  (1900),  2,329. 

MORMONS,  a  religious  sect,  founded  by  Joseph 
Smith,  Jr.,  at  Fayette,  Seneca  County.  N.  Y., 
August  0,  1830,  sty  ling  themselves  the  "Church  of 
Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-Day  Saints. "  Memliership 
in  1892  was  estimated  at  230,000,  of  whom  some 
20,000  were  outside  of  the  United  States.  Their 
religious  teachings  are  peculiar.  They  avow  faith 
in  the  Trinity  and  in  the  Bible  (as  by  them 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


385 


interpreted).  They  believe,  however,  that  the 
"Book  of  Mormon" — assumed  to  be  of  divine 
origin  and  a  direct  revelation  to  Smith — is  of 
equal  authority  with  the  Scriptures,  if  not  supe- 
rior to  them.  Among  their  ordinances  are 
liaptism  and  the  laying-on  of  hands,  and,  in  their 
church  organization,  they  recognize  various  orders 
— apostles,  prophets,  pastors,  teachers,  evangel- 
ists, etc.  They  also  believe  in  the  restoration  of 
the  Ten  Tribes  and  the  literal  re  assembling  of 
Israel,  the  return  and  rule  of  Christ  in  person, 
and  the  rebuilding  of  Zion  in  America.  Polyg- 
amy is  encouraged  anil  made  an  article  of  faith, 
though  professedly  not  practiced  under  existing 
laws  in  the  United  States.  The  supreme  power 
is  vested  in  a  President,  who  has  authority  in 
temporal  and  spiritual  affairs  alike;  although 
there  is  less  effort  now  than  formerly,  on  the  part 
of  the  priesthood,  to  interfere  in  temporalities. 
Driven  from  New  York  in  1831,  Smith  and  his 
followers  first  settled  at  Kirtland,  Ohio.  There, 
for  a  time,  the  sect  flourished  and  built  a  temple; 
but,  within  seven  years,  their  doctrines  and  prac- 
tioes  excited  so  much  hostility  that  they  were 
forced  to  make  another  removal.  Their  next 
settlement  was  at  Far  West,  Mo. ;  but  here  the 
hatred  toward  them  became  so  intense  as  to 
result  in  open  war.  From  Missouri  they 
recrossed  the  Mississippi  and  founded  the  city 
of  Nauvoo,  near  Commerce,  in  Hancock  County, 
111.  The  charter  granted  by  the  Legislature  was 
an  extraordinary  instrument,  and  well-nigh  made 
the  city  independent  of  the  State.  Nauvoo  soon 
obtained  commercial  importance,  in  two  years 
becoming  a  city  of  some  16,000  inhabitants.  The 
Mormons  rapidly  became  a  powerful  factor  in 
State  politics,  when  there  broke  out  a  more 
bitter  public  enmity  than  the  sect  had  yet  en- 
countered. Internal  dissensions  also  sprang  up, 
and.  in  ISM.  a  discontented  Mormon  founded  a 
newspaper  at  Nauvoo,  in  which  he  violently 
assailed  the  prophet  and  threatened  him  with 
exposure.  Smith's  answer  to  this  was  the  de- 
struction of  the  printing  office,  and  the  editor 
promptly  secured  a  warrant  for  his  arrest,  return- 
able at  Carthage.  Smith  went  before  a  friendly 
justice  at  Nauvoo,  who  promptly  discharged  him, 
but  he  positively  refused  to  appear  before  the 
Carthage  magistrate.  Thereupon  the  latter 
issued  a  second  warrant,  charging  Smith  with 
treason.  This  also  was  treated  with  contempt. 
The  militia  was  called  out  to  make  the  arrest,  and 
the  Mormons,  who  had  formed  a  strong  military 
organization,  armed  to  defend  their  leader. 
After  a  few  trifling  clashes  between  the  soldiers 


and  the  "Saints,"  Smith  was  persuaded  to  sur- 
render and  go  to  Cartilage,  the  county-seat,  where 
he  was  incarcerated  in  the  county  jail.  Within 
twenty-four  hours  (on  Sunday,  June  27,  1844),  a 
mob  attacked  the  prison.  Joseph  Smith  and  his 
brother  Hyrum  were  killed,  and  some  of  their 
adherents,  who  had  accompanied  them  to  jail, 
were  wounded.  Brigham  Young  (then  an 
apostle)  at  once  assumed  the  leadership  and. 
after  several  months  of  intense  popular  excite- 
ment, in  the  following  year  led  his  followers 
across  the  Mississippi,  finally  locating  (IB-IT)  in 
Utah.  (See  also  Nauvoo.)  There  their  history 
has  not  been  free  from  charges  of  crime;  but, 
whatever  may  be  the  character  of  the  leaders, 
they  have  succeeded  in  building  up  a  prosperous 
community  in  a  region  which  they  found  a  vir- 
tual desert,  a  little  more  than  forty  years  ago. 
The  polity  of  the  Church  has  been  greatly  modi- 
fied in  consequence  of  restrictions  placed  upon  it 
by  Congressional  legislation,  especially  in  refer- 
ence to  polygamy,  and  by  contact  with  other 
communities.  (See  Smith,  Joseph.) 

MORRIS;  a  city  and  the  county -seat  of  Grundy 
County,  on  the  Illinois  River,  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railroad,  61  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
It  is  an  extensive  grain  market,  and  the  center  of 
a  region  rich  in  bituminous  coal.  There  is  valu- 
able water-power  here,  and  much  manufacturing 
is  done,  including  builders'  hardware,  plows,  iron 
specialties,  paper  car-wheels,  brick  and  tile,  flour 
and  planing  mills,  oatmeal  and  tanned  leather. 
There  are  also  a  normal  and  scientific  school,  two 
national  banks  and  three  daily  and  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1880),  3,486;  (1890),  3,653; 
(1900).  4,27i 

MORRIS,  Buckner  Smith,  early  lawyer  born 
at  Augusta,  Ky.,  August  19,  1800;  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1827,  and,  for  seven  years  thereafter, 
continued  to  reside  in  Kentucky,  serving  two 
terms  in  the  Legislature  of  that  State.  In  1834 
he  removed  to  Chicago,  took  an  active  part  in 
the  incorporation  of  "the  city,  and  was  elected  its 
second  Mayor  in  1838.  In  1840  he  was  a  Whig 
candidate  for  Presidential  Elector.  Abraham 
Lincoln  running  on  the  same  ticket,  and,  in 
1852,  was  defeated  as  the  Whig  candidate  for 
Secretary  of  State.  He  was  elected  a  Judge  of 
the  Seventh  Circuit  in  1851,  but  declined  a  re- 
nomination  in  1855.  In  1856  he  accepted  the 
American  (or  Know-Nothing)  nomination  for 
Governor,  and,  in  1860,  that  of  the  Bell-Everett 
party  for  the  same  office.  He  was  vehemently 
opposed  to  the  election  of  either  Lincoln  or 


386 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Breckenridge  to  the  Presidency,  believing  that 
civil  war  would  result  in  either  event.  A  shadow 
was  thrown  across  his  life,  in  1864,  by  his  arrest 
and  trial  for  alleged  complicity  in  a  rebel  plot  to 
burn  and  pillage  Chicago  and  liberate  the 
prisoners  of  war  held  at  Camp  Douglas.  The 
trial,  however,  which  was  held  at  Cincinnati, 
resulted  in  his  acquittal.  Died,  in  Kentucky, 
Dec.  18,  1879.  Those  who  knew  Judge  Morris,  in 
his  early  life  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  describe  him 
as  a  man  of  genial  and  kindly  disposition,  in  spite 
of  his  opposition  to  the  abolition  of  slavery — a 
fact  which,  no  doubt,  had  much  to  do  with  his 
acquittal  of  the  charge  of  complicity  with  the 
Camp  Douglas  conspiracy,  as  the  evidence  of  his 
being  in  communication  with  the  leading  con- 
spirators appears  to  have  been  conclusive.  (See 
Camp  Douglas  Conspiracy.) 

MORRIS,  Freeman  P.,  lawyer  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Cook  County,  111.,  March  19,  1854, 
labored  on  a  farm  and  attended  the  district 
school  in  his  youth,  but  completed  his  education 
in  Chicago,  graduating  from  the  Union  College 
of  Law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1874, 
when  he  located  at  Watseka,  Iroquois  County. 
In  1884  he  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  from  the  Iroquois  Dis- 
trict, and  has  since  been  re-elected  in  1888,  '94, 
'96,  being  one  of  the  most  influential  members  of 
his  party  in  that  body.  In  1893  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Altgeld  Aid-de-Camp,  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  on  his  personal  staff,  but  resigned  in 
1896. 

MORRIS,  Isaac  Newton,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Bethel,  Clermont  County. 
Ohio,  Jan.  22,  1812;  educated  at  Miami  Univer- 
sity, admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835,  and  the  next 
year  removed  to  Quincy,  111. ;  was  a  member  and 
President  of  the  Board  of  Canal  Commissioners 
(1842-43),  served  in  the  Fifteenth  General  Assem- 
bly ( 1846-48) ;  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat in  1856,  and  again  in  1858,  but  opposed  the 
admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  Con- 
stitution; in  1868  supported  General  Grant — who 
had  been  his  friend  in  boyhood — for  President, 
and,  in  1870,  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  Commission.  Died,  Oct. 
29,  1879. 

MORRISON,  a  city,  the  county -seat  of  White- 
side  County,  founded  in  185.");  is  a  station  on  the 
Chicago  <fc  Northwestern  Railroad,  124  miles 
west  of  Chicago.  Agriculture,  dairying  and 
stock-raising  are  the  principal  pursuits  in  the 
surrounding  region.  The  city  lias  good  water- 
works, sewerage,  electric  lighting  and  several 


manufactories,  including  carriage  and  refriger 
utor  works;  also  has  numerous  churches,  a  large 
graded  school,  a  public  library  and  adequate 
banking  facilities,  and  two  weekly  papers. 
Greenhouses  for  cultivation  of  vegetables  for 
winter  market  are  carried  on.  Pop.  (1900),  2,308. 
MORRISON,  Isaac  L..  lawyer  and  legislator, 
born  in  Barren  County,  Ky..  in  1826;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  the  Masonir 
Seminary  of  his  native  State;  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  came  to  Illinois  in  1851,  locating  at 
Jacksonville,  where  he  has  become  a  leader  of 
the  bar  and  of  the  Republican  party,  which  he 
assisted  to  organize  as  a  member  of  its  first  State 
Convention  at  Bloomington,  in  1856.  He  was  also 
a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Convention 
.of  1864,  which  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for 
the  Presidency  a  second  time.  Mr.  Morrison  was 
three  times  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  tin- 
General  Assembly  (1876,  '78  and  '82),  and,  by  his 
clear  judgment  and  incisive  iiowers  as  a  public 
speaker,  took  a  high  rank  as  a  leader  in  that 
body.  Of  late  years,  he  has  given  his  attention 
solely  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Jacksonville. 

MORRISON,  James  Lower)  Donaldson,  poli 
tician,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was  born  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  111.,  April  12,  1810;  at  the  age  of  16  was 
appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
Navy,  but  leaving  the  service  in  1836,  read  law 
with  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,  and  was  admitted  t<> 
the  bar,  practicing  at  Belleville.  He  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  from 
St.  Clair  County,  in  1844,  and  to  the  State  Senate 
in  1848,  and  again  in  °54.  In  1852  lie  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernorship on  the  Whig  ticket,  but.  on  the  disso- 
lution of  that  party,  allied  himself  with  the 
Democracy,  and  was,  for  many  years,  its  leader  in 
Southern  Illinois.  In  1855  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  LymanTrumbull,  who  had  been  elected  i 
the  United  States  Senate.  In  1860  he  was  a  can- 
didate before  the  Democratic  State  Convention 
for  the  nomination  for  Governor,  but  was  defeated 
l<y  James  C.  Allen.  After  that  year  he  took  no 
prominent  part  in  public  affairs.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Mexican  War  he  was  among  the  first  to 
raise  a  company  of  volunteers,  and  was  commis- 
sioned Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Second  Regiment 
(Colonel  Bissell's).  For  gallant  services  at  Buena 
Vista,  the  Legislature  presented  him  with  11 
sword.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  incor- 
poration of  railroads,  and,  it  is  claimed,  drafted 
and  introduced  in  the  Legislature  the  charter  of 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


387 


the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  in  1851.  Died,  at 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  August  14,  1888. 

MORRISON,  William,  pioneer  merchant,  came 
from  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  to  Kaskaskia,  111.,  in  1790, 
as  representative  of  the  mercantile  house  of 
Bryant  &  Morrison,  of  Philadelphia,  and  finally 
established, an  extensive  trade  throughout  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  supplying  merchants  at  St. 
Louis,  St.  Genevieve,  Cape  Girardeau  and  New 
Madrid.  He  is  also  said  to  have  sent  an  agent 
with  a  stock  of  goods  across  the  plains,  with  a 
view  to  opening  up  trade  with  the  Mexicans  at 
Santa  Fe,  about  1804,  but  was  defrauded  by  the 
agent,  who  appropriated  the  goods  to  his  own 
benefit  without  accounting  to  his  employer. 
He  became  the  principal  merchant  in  the  Terri- 
tory, doing  a  thriving  business  in  early  days, 
when  Kajifamlria.  was  the  principal  supply  point 
for  merchants  throughout  the  valley.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  a  public-spirited,  enterprising  man,  to 
whom  was  due  the  chief  part  of  the  credit  for 
securing  construction  of  a  bridge  across  the  Kas- 
kaskia  River  at  the  town  of  that  name.  He  died 
at  KaaVaalria  in  1837,  and  was  buried  in  the  ceme- 
tery there. — Robert  (Morrison),  a  brother  of  the 
preceding,  came  to  Kaskaskia  in  1793,  was 
appointed  Clerk  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court  in 
1801,  retaining  the  position  for  many  years, 
besides  holding  other  local  offices.  He  was  the 
father  of  Col.  James  L.  D.  Morrison,  politician 
and  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War,  whose  sketch  is 
given  elsewhere. — Joseph  (Morrison),  the  oldest 
son  of  William  Morrison,  went  to  Ohio,  residing 
there  several  years,  but  finally  returned  to  Prairie 
du  Rocher,  where  he  died  •  in  1845.  —  James, 
another  son,  went  to  Wisconsin ;  William  located 
at  Belleville,  dying  there  in  1843;  while  Lewis, 
another  son,  settled  at  Covington,  Washington 
County,  111.,  where  he  practiced  medicine  up  to 
1851;  then  engaged  in  mercantile  business  at 
Chester,  dying  there  in  1856. 

MORRISON,  William  Rails,  ex-Congressman, 
Inter-State  Commerce  Commissioner,  was  born, 
Sept.  14,  1825,  in  Monroe  County,  111.,  and  edu- 
cated at  McKendree  College;  served  as  a  private 
in  the  Mexican  War,  at  its  close  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1855;  in  1853  was 
elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Monroe 
County,  but  resigned  before  the  close  of  his  term, 
accepting  the  office  of  Representative  in  the  State 
Legislature,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1854;  was 
re-elected  in  1856,  and  again  in  1858,  serving  as 
Speaker  of  the  House  during  the  session  of  1859. 
In  1861  he  assisted  in  oiganizing  the  Forty-ninth 
Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers  and  was  commis- 


sioned Colonel.  The  regiment  was  mastered  in, 
Dec.  31,  1861,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Fort 
Donelson  in  February  following,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded.  While  yet  in  the  service,  in 
1862,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat, 
when  he  resigned  his  commission,  but  was  de- 
feated for  re-election,  in  1864,  by  Jehu  Baker,  as 
he  was  again  in  1866.  In  1870  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  General  Assembly,  and,  two  years 
later  (1872),  returned  to  Congress  from  the  Belle- 
ville District,  after  which  he  served  in  that  body, 
by  successive  re-elections,  nine  terms  and  until 
1887,  being  for  several  terms  Chairman  of  the 
House  Ways  and  Means  Committee  and  promi- 
nent in  the  tariff  legislation  of  that  period.  In 
March,  1887,  President  Cleveland  appointed  him 
a  member  of  the  first  Inter-State  Commerce  Com- 
mission for  a  period  of  five  years;  at  the  close  of 
his  term  he  was  reappointed,  by  President  Harri- 
son, for  a  full  term  of  six  years,  serving  a  part  of 
the  time  as  President  of  the  Board,  and  retiring 
from  office  in  1898. 

MORRISON VILLE,  a  town  in  Christian 
County,  situated  on  the  Wabash  Railway,  40 
miles  southwest  of  Decatur  and  20  miles  north 
northeast  of  Litchfield.  Grain  is  extensively 
raised  in  the  surrounding  region,  and  Morrison - 
ville,  with  its  elevators  and  mill,  is  an  important 
shipping-point  It  has  brick  and  tile  works, 
electric  lights,  two  banks,  five  churches,  graded 
and  high  schools,  and  a  weekly  paper.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  844;  (.1900),  934;  (1903,  est),  1,200. 

MORTON,  a  village  of  Tazewell  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
and  the  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria  Railroads.  10  miles 
southeast  of  Peoria;  has  factories,  a  bank  and  a 
newspaper.  Population  (1890),  657;  (1900),  894. 

MORTON,  Joseph,  pioneer 'farmer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Virginia,  August  1,  1801 ;  came 
to  Madison  County,  III,  in  1819,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  to  Morgan  County,  when  he  engaged  in 
farming  in  the  vicinity  of  Jacksonville.  He 
served  as  a  member  of  the  House  in  the  Tenth 
and  Fifteenth  General  Assemblies,  and  as  Senator 
in  the  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth.  He  was  a 
Democrat  in  politics,  but,  on  questions  of  State 
and  local  policy,  was  non-partisan,  faithfully 
representing'  the  interests  of  his  constituents. 
Died,  at  his  home  near  Jacksonville,  March  2, 1881 . 

MOSES,  Adolph,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Speyer, 
Germany,  Feb.  37,  1837,  and,  until  fifteen  years 
of  age,  was  educated  in  the  public  and  Latin 
schools  of  his  native  country ;  in  the  latter  part 
of  1852,  came  to  America,  locating  in  New 
Orleans,  and,  for  some  years,  being  a  law  student 


388 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  Louisiana  University,  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Randall  Hunt  and  other  eminent  lawyers  of 
that  State.  In  the  early  days  of  the  Civil  War 
lie  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Confederacy,  serving 
some  two  years  as  an  officer  of  the  Twenty-first 
Louisiana  Regiment.  Coming  north  at  the  expi- 
ration of  this  period,  he  resided  for  a  time  in 
yuincy,  111.,  but,  in  1869,  removed  to  Chicago, 
where  he  took  a  place  in  the  front  rank  at  the 
bar,  and  where  he  has  resided  ever  since. 
Although  in  sympathy  with  the  general  princi- 
ples of  the  Democratic  party,  Judge  Moses  is  an 
independent  voter,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  he 
voted  for  General  Grant  for  President  in  1868, 
.mil  supported  the  leading  measures  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  in  1896.  He  is  the  editor  and  pub- 
lisher of  "The  National  Corporation  Reporter," 
established  in  1890,  and  which  is  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  business  corporations. 

MOSES,  John,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  at 
Niagara  Falls,  Canada,  Sept.  18,  1825;  came  to 
Illinois  in  1837,  his  family  locating  first  at  Naples, 
Scott  County.  He  pursued  the  vocation  of  a 
teacher  for  a  time,  studied  law,  was  elected  Clerk 
of  the  Circuit  Court  for  Scott  County  in  1856,  and 
served  as  County  Judge  from  1857  to  1861.  The 
latter  year  he  became  the  private  secretary  of 
Governor  Yates,  serving  until  1863,  during  that 
period  assisting  in  the  organization  of  seventy- 
seven  regiments  of  Illinois  Volunteers.  While 
serving  in  this  capacity,  in  company  with  Gov- 
ernor Yates,  he  attended  the  famous  conference 
of  loyal  Governors,  held  at  Altoona,  Pa.,  in  Sep 
tember,  1862,  and  afterwards  accompanied  the 
Governors  in  their  call  upon  President  Lincoln,  a 
few  days  after  the  issue  of  the  preliminary  proc- 
lamation of  emancipation.  Having  received  the 
appointment,  from  President  Lincoln,  of  Assessor 
of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Tenth  Illinois  Dis- 
trict, he  resigned  the  position  of  private  secretary 
to  Governor  Yates.  In  1874  he  was  chosen 
Representative  in  the  Twenty-ninth  General 
Assembly  for  the  District  composed  of  Scott, 
Pike  and  Calhoun  Counties ;  served  as  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Republican  Convention  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  1872,  and  as  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commissioners  for 
three  yean  (1880-83).  He  was  then  appointed 
Special  Agent  of  the  Treasury  Department,  and 
assigned  to  duty  in  connection  with  the  customs 
revenue  at  Chicago.  In  1887  he  was  chosen  Sec- 
retary of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  serving 
until  1893.  While  connected  with  the  Chicago 
Historical  Library  he  brought  out  the  most  com- 
plete History  of  Illinois  yet  published,  in  two 


volumes,  and  also,  in  connection  with  the  late 
Major  Kirk  kind,  edited -a  History  of  Chicago  in 
two  large  volumes.  Other  literary  work  done  by 
Judge  Moses,  includes  "Personal  Recollections  of 
Abraham  Lincoln"  and  "Richard  Yates,  the 
War  Governor  of  Illinois, "  in  the  form  of  lectures 
or  addresses.  Died  in  Chicago,  July  3,  1898. 

MOULTON,  Samnel  W.,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  bom  at  Wenham,  Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1822, 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  -public  schools. 
After  spending  some  years  in  the  South,  he 
removed  to  Illinois  (1845),  where  he  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  commencing  prac- 
tice at  Shelbyville.  From  1852  to  1859  he  was  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly; in  1857,  was  a  Presidential  Elector  on  the 
Buchanan  ticket,  and  was  President  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education  from  1859  to  1876.  In  1864 
he  was  elected,  as  a  Republican,  Representative  in 
Congress  for  the  State-at-large,  being  elected 
again,  as  a  Democrat,  from  the  Shelbyville  Dis- 
trict, in  1880  and  '82.  During  the  past  few  yeans 
(including  the  campaign  of  1896)  Mr.  Moulton 
has  acted  in  cooperation  with  the  Republican 
party. 

MOULTRIE  COUNTY,  a  comparatively  small 
county  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  middle  tier  of 
the  State — named  for  a  revolutionary  hero.  Area, 
340  square  miles,  and  population  (by  the  census 
of  1900).  15,324.  Moultrie  was  one  of  the  early 
"stamping  grounds"  of  the  Kickapoos,  who  were 
always  friendly  to  English-speaking  settlers.  The 
earliest  immigrants  were  from  the  Southwest, 
but  arrivals  from  Northern  States  soon  followed. 
County  organization  was  effected  in  1843,  both 
Shelby  and  Macon  Counties  surrendering  a  portion 
of  territory.  A  vein  of  good  bituminous  coal 
underlies  the  county,  but  agriculture  is  the  more 
important  industry.  Sullivan  is  the  county-seat, 
selected  in  1845.  In  1890  its  population  was  about 
1,700.  Hon.  Richard  J.  Oglesby  (former  Gover- 
nor, Senator  and  a  Major-General  in  the  Civil 
War)  began  the  practice  of  law  here. 

MOUND-BUILDERS,  WORKS  OF  THE.  One 
of  the  most  conclusive  evidences  that  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  was  once  occupied  by  a  people 
different  in  customs,  character  and  civilization 
from  the  Indians  found  occupying  the  soil  when 
the  first  white  explorers  visited  it,  is  the  exist- 
ence of  certain  artificial  mounds  and  earthworks, 
of  the  origin  and  purposes  of  which  the  Indiana 
seemed  to  have  no  knowledge  or  tradition.  These 
works  extend  throughout  the  valley  from  the 
Allegheny  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  being  much 
more  numerous,  however,  in  some  portions  than 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


389 


in  others,  and  also  varying  greatly  in  form.  This 
fact,  with  the  remains  found  in  some  of  them,  has 
been  regarded  as  evidence  that  the  purposes  of 
their  construction  were  widely  variant.  They 
have  consequently  been  classified  by  archaeolo- 
gists as  sepulchral,  religious,  or  defensive,  while 
some  seem  to  have  had  a  purpose  of  which 
writers  on  the  subject  are  unable  to  form  any 
satisfactory  conception,  and  which  are,  therefore, 
still  regarded  as  an  unsolved  mystery.  Some  of 
the  most  elaborate  of  these  works  are  found  along 
the  eastern  border  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
especially  in  Ohio;  and  the  fact  that  they  appear 
to  belong  to  the  defensive  class,  has  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  this  region  was  occupied  by  a  race 
practically  homogeneous,  and  that  these  works 
were  designed  to  prevent  the  encroachment  of 
hostile  races  from  beyond  the  Alleghenies.  Illi- 
nois being  in  the  center  of  the  valley,  compara- 
tively few  of  these  defensive  works  are  found 
here,  those  of  this  character  which  do  exist  being 
referred  to  a  different  era  and  race.  (See  Forti- 
fications, Prehistoric.)  While  these  works  are 
numerous  in  some  portions  of  Illinois,  their  form 
and  structure  give  evidence  that  they  were 
erected  by  a  peaceful  people,  however  bloody 
may  have  been  some  of  the  rites  performed  on 
those  designed  for  a  religious  purpose.  Their 
numbers  also  imply  a  dense  population.  This  is 
especially  true  of  that  portion  of  the  American 
Bottom  opposite  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  which  is 
the  seat  of  the  most  remarkable  group  of  earth 
works  of  this  character  on  the  continent.  The 
central,  or  principal  structure  of  this  group,  is 
known,  locally,  as  the  great  "Cahokia  Mound," 
being  situated  near  the  creek  of  that  name  which 
empties  into  the  Mississippi  just  below  the  city 
of  East  St.  Louis.  It  is  also  called  "Monks' 
Mound,"  from  the  fact  that  it  was  occupied  early 
in  the  present  century  by  a  community  of  Monks 
of  La  Trappe.  a  portion  of  whom  succumbed  to 
the  malarial  influences  of  the  climate,  while  the 
.survivors  returned  to  the  original  seat  of  their 
order.  This  mound,  from  its  form  and  com- 
manding size,  has  been  supposed  to  belong  to  the 
class  called  "temple  mounds,"  and  has  been  de- 
scribed as  "the  monarch  of  all  similar  structures" 
and  the  "best  representative  of  its  class  in  North 
America."  The  late  William  Me  Adams,  of 
Alton,  who  surveyed  this  group  some  years  since, 
in  his  "Records  of  Ancient  Races,"  gives  the  fol- 
lowing description  of  this  principal  structure: 

"In  the  center  of  a  great  mass  of  mounds  and 
earth-works  there  stands  a  mighty  pyramid 
whose  base  covers  nearly  sixteen  acres  of  ground. 


It  is  not  exactly  square,  being  a  parallelogram  a 
little  longer  north  and  south  than  east  and  west. 
Some  thirty  feet  above  the  base,  on  the  south  side, 
is  an  apron  or  terrace,  on  which  now  grows  an 
orchard  of  considerable  size.  This  terrace  is 
approached  from  the  plain  by  a  graded  roadway. 
Thirty  feet  above  this  terrace,  and  on  the  west 
side,  is  another  much  smaller,  on  which  are  non- 
growing  some  forest  trees.  The  top,  which  con- 
tains an  acre  and  a  half,  is  divided  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts,  the  northern  part  being  four 
or  five  feet  the  higher.  ...  On  the  north, 
east  and  south,  the  structure  still  retains  its 
straight  side,  that  probably  has  changed  but  little 
since  the  settlement  of  the  country  by  white 
men,  but  remains  in  appearance  to-day  the  same 
as  centuries  ago.  The  west  side  of  the  pyramid, 
however,  has  its  base  somewhat  serrated  and 
seamed  by  ravines,  evidently  made  by  rainstorms 
and  the  elements.  From  the  second  terrace  a 
well,  eighty  feet  in  depth,  penetrates  the  base  of 
the  structure,  which  is  plainly  seen  to  be  almost 
wholly  composed  of  the  black,  sticky  soil  of  the 
surrounding  plain.  It  is  not  an  oval  or  conic*! 
mound  or  hill,  but  a  pyramid  with  straight 
sides."  The  approximate  height  of  this  mound 
is  ninety  feet.  When  first  seen  by  white  men, 
this  was  surmounted  by  a  small  conical  mound 
some  ten  feet  in  height,  from  which  human 
remains  and  various  relics  were  taken  while 
being  leveled  for  the  site  of  a  house.  Messrs 
Squier  and  Davis,  in  their  report  on  "Ancient 
Monuments  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  published 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institute  (1848),  estimate  the 
contents  of  the  structure  at  30,000,000  cubic  feet. 
A  Mr.  Breckenridge,  who  visited  these  mounds 
in  1811  and  published  a  description  of  them,  esti- 
mates that  the  construction  of  this  principal 
mound  must  have  required  the  work  of  thousands 
of  laborers  and  years  of  time.  The  upper  terrace, 
at  the  time  of  his  visit,  was  occupied  by  the 
Trappists  as  a  kitchen  garden,  and  the  top  of  the 
structure  was  sown  in  wheat.  He  also  found 
numerous  fragments  of  flint  and  earthern  ves- 
sels, and  concludes  that  "a  populous  city  once 
existed  here,  similar  to  those  of  Mexico  described 
by  the  first  conquerors.  The  mounds  were  sites 
of  temples  or  monuments  to  great  men. "  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  McAdams,  there  are  seventy-two 
mounds  of  considerable  size  within  two  miles  of 
the  main  structure,  the  group  extending  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Cahokia  and  embracing  over  one 
hundred  in  all.  Most  of  these  are  square,  rang 
ing  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  a  few  are 
oval  and  one  or  two  conical  Scattered  among 


390 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  mounds  are  also  a  number  of  small  lakes, 
evidently  of  artificial  origin.  From  the  fact 
that  'there  were  a  number  of  conspicuous 
mounds  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  river, 
on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
and  its  environs,  it  is  believed  that  they  all 
belonged  to  the  same  system  and  had  a  common 
purpose;  the  Cahokia  Hound,  from  its  superior 
size,  being  the  center  of  the  group— and  probably 
used  for  sacrificial  purposes.  The  whole  number 
of  these  structures  in  the  American  Bottom, 
whose  outlines  were  still  visible  a  few  years  ago, 
was  estimated  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Foster  at  nearly  two 
hundred,  and  the  presence  of  so  large  a  number 
in  close  proximity,  has  been  accepted  as  evidence 
of  a  large  population  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Mr.  Me  Adams  reports  the  finding  of  numerous 
specimens  of  pottery  and  artificial  ornaments  and 
implements  in  the  Cahokia  mounds  and  in  caves 
and  mounds  between  Alton  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Illinois  River,  as  well  as  on  the  latter  some 
twenty-five  miles  from  its  mouth.  Among  the 
relics  found  in  the  Illinois  River  mounds  was  a 
burial  vase,  and  Mr.  McAdams  says  that,  in 
thirty  yeans,  he  has  unearthed  more  than  a 
thousand  of  these,  many  of  which  closely 
resemble  those  found  in  the  mounds  of  Europe. 
Dr.  Foster  also  makes  mention  of  an  ancient 
cemetery  near  Chester,  in  which  "each  grave, 
when  explored,  is  found  to  contain  a  cist  enclos- 
ing a  skeleton,  for  the  most  part  far  gone  in 
decay.  These  cists  are  built  up  and  covered  with 
slabs  of  limestone,  which  here  abound. ' ' — Another 
noteworthy  group  of  mounds — though  far  inferior 
to  the  Cahokia  group — exists  near  Hutsonville  in 
Crawford  County.  As  described  in  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  this  group  consists  of  fifty- 
five  elevations,  irregularly  dispersed  over  an  area 
of  1,000  by  1,400  to  1,500  feet,  and  varying  from 
fourteen  to  fifty  feet  in  diameter,  the  larger  ones 
having  a  height  of  five  to  eight  feet.  From  their 
form  and  arrangement  these  are  believed  to  have 
been  mounds  of  habitation.  In  the  southern  por- 
tion of  this  group  are  four  mounds  of.  peculiar 
construction  and  larger  size,  each  surrounded 
by  a  low  ridge  or  earthwork,  with  openings  facing 
towards  each  other,  indicating  that  they  were 
defense-works.  The  location  of  this  group — a 
few  miles  from  a  prehistoric  fortification  at 
Merom,  on  the  Indiana  side  of  the  Wabash,  to 
which  the  name  of  "Fort  Azatlan"  has  been 
given — induces  the  belief  that  the  two  groups, 
like  those  in  the  American  Bottom  and  at  St. 
Louis,  were  parts  of  the  same  system. — Professor 
Engelman,  in  the  part  of  the  State  Geological 


Survey  devoted  to  Massac  County,  alludes  to  a 
remarkable  group  of  earthworks  in  the  Black 
Bend  of  the  Ohio,  as  an  "extensive"  system  of 
"fortifications  and  mounds  which  probably 
belong  to  the  same  class  as  those  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Bottom  opposite  St.  Louis  and  at  other 
points  farther  up  the  Ohio."  In  the  report  of 
Government  survey  by  Dan  W.  Beck  with,  in  1834, 
mention  is  made  of  a  very  large  mound  on  the 
Kankakee  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Rock  Creek, 
now  a  part  of  Kankakee  County.  This  had  a 
base  diameter  of  about  100  feet,  with  a  height  of 
twenty  feet,  and  contained  the  remains  of  a 
large  number  of  Indians  killed  in  a  celebrated 
battle,  in  which  the  Illinois  and  Chippewas,  and 
the  Delawares  and  Shawnees  took  part.  Near 
by  were  two  other  mounds,  said  to  contain  the 
remains  of  the  chiefs  of  the  two  parties.  In  this 
case,  mounds  of  prehistoric  origin  had  probably 
been  utilized  as  burial  places  by  the  aborigines  at 
a  comparatively  recent  period.  Related  to  the 
Kankakee  mounds,  in  location  if  not  in  period  of 
construction,  is  a  group  of  nineteen  in  number  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Morris,  in  Grundy 
County.  Within  a  circuit  of  three  miles  of 
Ottawa  it  has  been  estimated  that  there  were 
3,000  mounds — though  many  of  these  are  believed 
to  have  been  of  Indian  origin.  Indeed,  the  whole 
Illinois  Valley  is  full  of  these  silent  monuments 
of  a  prehistoric  age,  but  they  are  not  generally  of 
the  conspicuous  character  of  those  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  St.  Louis  and  attributed  to  the  Mound 
Builders. — A  very  large  and  numerous  group  of 
these  monuments  exists  along  the  bluffs  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  in  the  western  part  of  Rock 
Island  and  Mercer  Counties,  chiefly  between 
Drury's  Landing  and  New  Boston.  Mr.  J.  E. 
Stevenson,  in  "The  American  Antiquarian,"  a 
few  years  ago,  estimated  that  there  were  2,500  of 
these  within  a  circuit  of  fifty  miles,  located  in 
groups  of  two  or  three  to  100,  varying  in  diameter 
from  fifteen  to  150  feet,  with  an  elevation  of  two 
to  fifteen  feet.  There  are  also  numerous  burial 
and  sacrificial  mounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Chilli- 
cothe,  on  the  Illinois  River,  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Peoria  County. — There  are  but  few  speci- 
mens of  the  animal  or  efligy  mounds,  of  which  so 
many  exist  in  Wisconsin,  to  be  found  in  Illinois ; 
and  the  fact  that  these  are  found  chiefly  on  Rock 
River,  leaves  no  doubt  of  a  common  origin  with 
the  Wisconsin  groups.  The  most  remarkable  of 
these  is  the  celebrated  "Turtle  Mound,"  within 
the  present  limits  of  the  city  of  Rockford — though 
some  regard  it  as  having  more  resemblance  to  an 
alligator.  This  figure,  which  is  maintained  in  a 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


391 


good  state  of  preservation  by  the  citizens,  has  an 
extreme  length  of  about  150  feet,  by  fifty  in 
width  at  the  front  legs  and  thirty-nine  at  the 
hind  legs,  and  an  elevation  equal  to  the  height 
of  a  man.  There  are  some  smaller  mounds  in 
the  vicinity,  and  some  bird  effigies  on  Rock  River 
some  six  miles  below  Rockford.  There  is  also  an 
animal  effigy  near  the  village  of  Hanover,  in  Jo 
Daviess  County,  with  a  considerable  group  of 
round  mounds  and  embankments  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity,  besides  a  smaller  effigy  of  a  similar 
character  on  the  north  side  of  the  Pecatonica  in 
Stephenson  County,  some  ten  miles  east  of  Free- 
port.  The  Rock  River  region  seems  to  have  been 
a  favorite  field  for  the  operations  of  the  mound- 
builders,  as  shown  by  the  number  and  variety  of 
these  structures,  extending  from  Sterling,  in 
Whiteside  County,  to  the  Wisconsin  State  line.  A 
large  number  of  these  were  to  be  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Kishwaukee  River  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Winnehago  County.  The  famous 
prehistoric  fortification  on  Rock  River,  just 
beyond  the  Wisconsin  boundary — which  seems  to 
have  been  a  sort  of  counterpart  of  the  ancient 
Fort  Azatlan  on  the  Indiana  side  of  the  Wabash 
— appears  to  have  had  a  close  relation  to  the 
works  of  the  mound-builders  on  the  same  stream 
in  Illinois. 

MOUND  CITY,  the  county-seat  of  Pulaski 
County,  on  the  Ohio  River,  seven  miles  north  of 
Cairo;  is  on  a  branch  line  of  the  Illinois  Central 
and  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad.  The  chief  industries  are  lumber- 
ing and  ship-building;  also  has  furniture,  canning 
and  other  factories.  One  of  the  United  States 
National  Cemeteries  is  located  here.  The  town 
has  a  bank  and  two  weekly  papers.  Population 
(1890).  2,550;  (1900),  2,705;  (1903,  est.),  3,500. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  city  and  the  county-seat 
of  Wabash  County;  is  the  point  of  junction  of 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
and  the  Southern  Railroads,  182  miles  northeast 
of  Cairo,  and  24  miles  southwest  of  Vincennes, 
Ind. ;  situated  on  the  Wabash  River,  which  sup- 
plies good  water-power  for  saw  mills,  flouring 
mills,  and  some  other  manufactures.  The  town 
has  railroad  shops  and  two  daily  newspapers. 
Agriculture  and  lumbering  are  the  principal 
pursuits  of  the  people  of  the  surrounding  district. 
Population  (1890),  3,376;  (1900),  4,311. 

MOUNT  CARROLL,  the  county-seat  of  Carroll 
County,  an  incorporated  city,  founded  in  1843; 
is  128  miles  southwest  of  Chicago,  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad.  Fanning, 
stock-raising  and  mining  are  the  principal  indus- 


tries. It  has  five  churches,  excellent  schools, 
good  libraries,  two  daily  and  two  semi-weekly 
newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  1,836;  (1900),  1,965. 

MOUNT  CARBOLL  SEMINARY,  a  young 
ladies'  seminary,  located  at  Mount  Carroll,  Carroll 
County;  incorporated  in  1852;  had  a  faculty  of 
thirteen  members  in  1896,  with  126  pupils,  prop- 
erty valued  at  $100,000,  and  a  library  of  5,000 
volumes. 

MOUNT  MORRIS,  a  town  in  Ogle  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Chicago  &  Iowa  Division  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  108  miles 
west  by  north  from  Chicago,  and  24  miles  south- 
west of  Rockford;  is  the  seat  of  Mount  Morris 
College  and  flourishing  public  school ;  has  hand- 
some stone  and  brick  buildings,  three  churches 
and  two  newspapers.  Population  (1900),  1.048. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  village  of  Macoupin  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  and  the 
Wabash  Railways,  68  miles  southwest  of  Decatur ; 
in  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal-mining  region. 
Population  (1880),  709;  (1890),  1,986  ;(1900), 2,935. 

MOUNT  PULASKI,  a  village  and  railroad  junc- 
tion in  Logan  County,  21  miles  northwest  of 
Decatur  and  24  miles  northeast  of  Springfield. 
Agriculture,  coal-mining  and  stock-raising  are 
leading  industries.  It  is  also  an  important  ship- 
ping point  for  grain,  and  contains  several 
elevators  and  flouring  mills.  Population  (1880), 
1,125;  (1890),  1,357;  (1900),  1,643. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  a  city,  the  county -seat  of 
Brown  County,  midway  between  Quincy  and 
Jacksonville,  on  the  Wabash  Railway.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich  farming  country,  and  has  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  clay  and  coal.  It  contains  six 
churches  and  four  schools  (two  large  public,  and 
two  parochial).  The  town  is  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity and  has  public  water-works.  Wagons, 
brick,  tile  and  earthenware  are  manufactured 
here,  and  three  weekly  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished. Population  (1880),  1,445;  (1890),  1,655; 
(1900),  1,960. 

MOUNT  TERNON,  a  city  and  county-seat  of 
Jefferson  County,  on  three  trunk  lines  of  railroad, 
77  miles  east-southeast  of  St.  Louis;  is  the  center 
of  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal  region;  has  many 
flourishing  manufactories,  including  car-works,  a 
plow  factory,  flouring  mills,  pressed  brick  fac- 
tory, canning  factory,  and  is  an  important  ship- 
ping-point for  grain,  vegetables  and  fruits.  The 
Appellate  Court  for  the  Southern  Grand  Division 
is  held  here,  and  the  city  has  nine  churches,  fine 
school  buildings,  a  Carnegie  library,  two  banks, 
heating  plant,  two  daily  and  three  weekly  papers. 
Population  (1890),  3,233;  (1900),  5,216. 


392 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


MOUNT  VERNON  &GRAYYILLE  RAILROAD. 

(See  Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evangville  Railway.) 

MOWK.  V(JUA,  a  village  of  Shelby  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  16  miles  south  of 
Decatur;  is  in  rich  agricultural  and  stock-raising 
section;  has  coal  mine,  three  banks  and  two 
newspapers.  Population  (1890),  848;  (1900).  1,478. 
MUDD,  (Col.)  John  .1.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
St.  Charles  County,  Mo..  Jan.  9,  1830;  his  father 
having  died  in  1833,  his  mother  removed  to  Pike 
County,  111. .  to  free  her  children  from  the  influ- 
ence of  slavery.  In  1849,  and  again  in  1850,  he 
made  the  overland  journey  to  California,  each 
time  returning  by  the  Isthmus,  his  last  visit  ex- 
tending into  1851.  In  1854  he  engaged  in  the 
commission  business  in  St.  Louis,  as  head  of  the 
firm  of  Mudd  &  Hughes,  but  failed  in  the  crash 
of  1857:  then  removed  to  Chicago,  and,  in  1861, 
was  again  in  prosperous  business.  While  on  a 
business  visit  in  New  Orleans,  in  December,  1860, 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  learning  the  growing 
spirit  of  secession,  being  advised  by  friends  to 
leave  the  St.  Charles  Hotel  in  order  to  escape  a 
mob.  In  September,  1861,  he  entered  the  army 
as  Major  of  the  Second  Illinois  Cavalry  (Col. 
Silas  Noble),  and,  in  the  next  few  months,  was 
stationed  successively  at  Cairo,  Bird's  Point  and 
Paducah,  Ky.,  and,  in  February,  1862,  led  the 
advance  of  General  McClernand's  division  in  the 
attack  on  Fort  Donelson.  Here  he  was  severely 
wounded ;  but,  after  a  few  weeks  in  hospital  at  St. 
Louis,  was  sufficiently  recovered  to  rejoin  his 
regiment  soon  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  Unable 
to  perform  cavalry  duty,  he  was  attached  to  the 
staff  of  General  McCIernand  during  the  advance 
on  Corinth,  but,  in  October  following,  at  the  head 
of  400  men  of  his  regiment,  was  transferred  to 
the  command  of  General  McPherson.  Early  in 
1863  he  was  promoted  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and 
soon  after  to  a  colonelcy,  taking  part  in  the 
movement  against  Vicksburg.  June  13,  he  was 
again  severely  wounded,  but,  a  few  weeks  later, 
was  on  duty  at  New  Orleans,  and  subsequently 
participated  in  the  operations  in  Southwestern 
Louisiana  and  Texas.  On  May  1,  1864,  he  left 
Baton  Rouge  for  Alexandria,  as  Chief  of  Staff  to 
General  HcClernand,  but  two  days  later,  while 
approaching  Alexandria  on  board  the  steamer, 
was  shot  through  the  head  and  instantly  killed. 
He  was  a  gallant  soldier  and  greatly  beloved  by 
his  troops. 

MULBERRY"  GROVE,  a  village  of  Bond  County, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis  (Vandalia) 
Railroad,  8  miles  northeast  of  Greenville;  has  a 
local  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  750;  (1900).  632. 


MULLIGAN,  James  A.,  soldier,  was  born  of 
Irish  parentage  at  Utica,  N.  V  June  25,  1830;  in 
1836  accompanied  his  parents  to  Chicago,  and, 
after  graduating  from  the  University  of  St. 
Mary's  of  the  Lake,  in  1850,  began  the  study  of 
law.  In  1851  he  accompanied  John  Lloyd  Ste- 
phens on  his  expedition  to  Panama,  and  on  his 
return  resumed  his  professional  studies,  at  the 
same  time  editing  "The  Western  Tablet,"  a 
weekly  Catholic  paper.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Rebellion  he  recruited,  and  was  made  Colonel  of 
the  Twenty-third  Illinois  Regiment,  known  as 
the  Irish  Brigade.  He  served  with  great  gallan- 
try, first  in  the  West  and  later  in  the  East,  beinx 
severely  wounded  and  twice  captured.  He 
declined  a  Brigadier-Generalship,  preferring  to 
remain  with  his  regiment.  He  was  fatally 
wounded  during  a  charge  at  the  battle  of  Win- 
chester. While  being  carried  off  the  field  he 
noticed  that  the  colors  of  his  brigade  were  en 
dangered.  "Lay  me  down  and  save  the  flag,"  he 
ordered.  His  men  hesitated,  but  he  repeated  the 
command  until  it  was  obeyed.  Before  they 
returned  he  had  been  borne  away  by  the  enemy, 
and  died  a  prisoner,  at  Winchester,  Va.,  July  2fi, 
1864. 

MUNN,  Daniel  W.,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
born  in  Orange  County,  Vt. ,  in  1834;  graduated 
at  Thetford  Academy  in  1852,  when  he  taught 
two  years,  meanwhile  beginning  the  study  nf 
law.  Removing  to  Coles  County,  III.,  in  1855,  he 
resumed  his  law  studies,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1858,  and  began  practice  at  Hillsboro,  Mont- 
gomery County.  In  1862  he  joined  the  One 
Hundred  and  Twenty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers,  with  the  rank  of  Adjutant,  but  the 
following  year  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  First 
Alabama  Cavalry.  Compelled  to  retire  from  the 
service  on  account  of  declining  health,  he  re- 
turned to  Cairo,  111. ,  where  he  became  editor  of 
"The  Daily  News";  in  1866  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate,  serving  four  years;  served  as  Presi 
dential  Elector  in  1868;  was  the  Republican  nomi- 
nee for  Congress  in  1870,  and  the  following  year 
was  appointed  by  President  Grant  Supervisor  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  District  including  the 
States  of  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
Removing  to  Chicago,  he  began  practice  there  in 
1875,  in  which  he  has  since  been  engaged.  He 
has  been  prominently  connected  with  a  number 
of  important  cases  before  the  Chicago  courts. 

MUNN,  Sylvester  W.,  lawyer,  soldier  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  about  1818,  and  came  from  Ohio 
at  thirty  years  of  age,  settling  at  Wilmington. 
Will  County,  afterwards  removing  to  Joliet. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


393 


where  he  practiced  law.  During  the  War  he 
served  as  Major  of  the  Yates  Phalanx  (Thirty- 
ninth  Illinois  Volunteers) ;  later,  was  State's 
Attorney  for  Will  County  and  State  Senator  in 
the  Thirty-first  and  Thirty-second  General 
Assemblies.  Died,  at  Joliet,  Sept.  11,  1888.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Associ- 
ation from  its  organization. 

MURPHY,  Everett  J.,  ex-Member  of  Con- 
gress, was  born  in  Nashville,  111.,  July  24,  1852; 
in  early  youth  removed  to  Sparta,  where  he  was 
educated  in  the  high  schools  of  that  place ;  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  he  became  clerk  in  a  store;  in 
1877  was  elected  City  Clerk  of  Sparta,  but  the 
next  year  resigned  to  become  Deputy  Circuit 
Clerk  at  Chester,  remaining  until  1882,  when  lie 
was  elected  Sheriff  of  Randolph  County.  In 
1886  he  was  chosen  a  Representative  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  and,  in  1889,  was  appointed,  by 
Governor  Fifer,  Warden  of  the  Southern  Illinois 
Penitentiary  at  Chester,  but  retired  from  this 
position  in  1892,  and  removed  to  East  St.  Louis. 
Two  years  later  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican 
to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the  Twenty -first 
District,  but  was  defeated  for  re-election  by  a 
small  majority  in  1896,  by  Jehu  Baker,  Democrat 
and  Populist.  In  1899  Mr.  Murphy  was  appointed 
Warden  of  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet,  to 
succeed  Col.  R.  W.  McClaughry. 

MURPHTSBORO,  the  county  seat  of  Jackson 
County,  situated  on  the  Big  Muddy  River  and  on 
main  line  of  the  Mobile  &  Ohio,  the  St.  Louis 
Division  of  the  Illinois  Central,  and  a  branch  of 
the  St.  Louis  Valley  Railroaas,  52  miles  north  of 
Cairo  and  90  miles  south-southeast  of  St.  Louis. 
Coal  of  a  superior  quality  is  extensively  mined  in 
the  'vicinity.  The  city  has  a  foundry,  machine 
shops,  skewer  factory,  furniture  factory,  flour 
and  saw  mills,  thirteen  churches,  four  schools, 
three  banks,  two  daily  and  three  weekly  news- 
papers, city  and  rural  free  mail  delivery.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  3.380;  (1900).  6,463;  (1903,  est.),  7,500. 

MURPHTSBORO  it  SHAWNEETOWN  RAIL. 
ROAD.  (See  Carbondale  &  Shawneetoum,  St. 
Louis  Southern  and  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre 
Haute  Railroads.) 

NAPERVILLE,  a  city  of  Du  Page  County,  on 
the  west  branch  of  the  Du  Page  River  and  on  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  30  miles 
west-south  west  of  Chicago,  and  9  miles  east  of 
Aurora.  It  has  three  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper, 
stone  quarries,  couch  factory,  and  nine  churches; 
is  also  the  seat  of  the  Northwestern  College,  an 
institution  founded  in  1861  by  the  Evangelical 


Association;  the  college  now  has  a  normal  school 
department.  Population  (1890),  2,216;  (1900),  2,629 

NAPLES,  a  town  of  Scott  County,  on  the  Illi- 
nois River  and  the  Hannibal  and  Naples  branch 
of  the  Wabash  Railway,  21  miles  west  of  Jackson- 
ville. Population  (1890).  452;  (1900),  398. 

NASHVILLE,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Washington  County,  on  the  Centralist  <t 
Chester  and  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railways; 
is  120  miles  south  of  Springfield  and  50  miles  east 
by  south  from  St.  Louis.  It  stands  in  a  coal- 
producing  and  rich  agricultural  region  There 
are  two  coal  mines  within  the  corporate  limit*, 
and  two  large  flouring  mills  do  a  considerable 
business.  There  are  numerous  churches,  public 
schools,  including  a  high  school,  a  State  bank, 
and  four  weekly  papers.  Population  (1880 1, 
2,222;  (1890),  2,084;  (1900),  2,184. 

NAUVOO,  a  city  in  Hancock  County,  at  the 
head  of  the  Lower  Rapids  on  the  Mississippi, 
between  Fort  Madison  and  Keokuk,  Iowa.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Mormons  in  1840,  and  its 
early  growth  was  rapid.  After  the  expulsion  of 
the  "Saints"  in  1846,  it  was  settled  by  a  colony  of 
French  Icarians,  who  introduced  the  culture  of 
grapes  on  a  large  scale.  They  were  a  sort  of 
communistic  order,  but  their  experiment  did  not 
prove  a  success,  and  in  a  few  years  they  gave 
place  to  another  class,  the  majority  of  the  popu- 
lation now  being  of  German  extraction.  The 
chief  industries  are  agriculture  and  horticulture. 
Large  quantities  of  grapes  and  strawberries  are 
raised  and  shipped,  and  considerable  native  wine 
is  produced.  Population  (1880),  1,402;  (1890). 
1,208;  (per  census  1900),  1,321.  (See  also  Jfor- 
mont. ) 

NAVIGABLE  STREAMS  in  Statute).  Fol- 
lowing the  example  of  the  French  explorers,  who 
chiefly  followed  the  water-ways  in  their  early 
explorations,  the  early  permanent  settlers  of  Illi- 
nois, not  only  settled,  to  a  great  extent,  on  the 
principal  streams,  but  later  took  especial  pains  to 
maintain  their  navigable  character  by  statute. 
This  was,  of  course,  partly  due  to  the  absence  of 
improved  highways,  but  also  to  the  belief  that, 
as  the  country  developed,  the  streams  would 
become  extremely  valuable,  if  not  indispensable, 
especially  in  the  transportation  of  heavy  oommod 
ities.  Accordingly,  for  the  first  quarter  century 
after  the  organization  of  the  State  Government, 
one  of  the  questions  receiving  the  attention  of 
the  Legislature,  at  almost  every  session,  was  the 
enactment  of  laws  affirming  the  navigability  of 
certain  streams  now  regarded  as  of  little  impor- 
tance, or  utterly  insignificant,  as  channels  of 


394 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


transportation.  Legislation  of  this  character 
began  with  the  first  General  Assembly  (1819), 
and  continued,  at  intervals,  with  reference  to 
one  or  two  of  the  more  important  interior  rivers 
of  the  State,  as  late  as  1867.  Besides  the  Illinois 
and  Wabash,  still  recognized  as  navigable 
streams,  the  following  were  made  the  subject  of 
legislation  of  this  character:  Beaucoup  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Big  Muddy,  in  Perry  and  Jackson 
Counties  (law  of  1819);  Big  Bay,  a  tributary  of 
the  Ohio  in  Pope  County  (Act*  of  1833);  Big 
Muddy,  to  the  junction  of  the  East  and  West 
Forks  in  Jefferson  County  (1835),  with  various 
subsequent  amendments;  Big  Vermilion,  declared 
navigable  (1831);  Bon  Pas,  a  branch  of  the 
Wabash,  between  Wabash  and  Edwards  Coun- 
ties (1831) ;  Cache  River,  to  main  fork  in  Johnson 
County  (1819);  Des  Plaines,  declared  navigable 
(1839);  Embarras  (1831),  with  various  subsequent 
acts  in  reference  to  improvement;  Fox  River, 
declared  navigable  to  the  Wisconsin  line  (1840), 
and  Fox  River  Navigation  Company,  incorpo- 
rated (1856) ;  Kankakee  and  Iroquois  Navigation 
&  Manufacturing  Company,  incorporated  (1847), 
with  various  changes  and  amendments  (1851-65) ; 
Kaskaskia  (or  Okaw),  declared  navigable  to  a 
point  in  Fayette  County  north  of  Vandalia  (1819), 
with  various  modifying  acts  (1823-67) ;  Macoupin 
Creek,  to  Carrollton  and  Alton  road  (1837); 
Piasa,  declared  navigable  in  Jersey  and  Madison 
Counties  (1861);  Rock  River  Navigation  Com- 
pany, incorporated  (1841),  with  subsequent  acts 
(1845-67);  Sangamon  River,  declared  navigable 
to  Third  Principal  Meridian — east  line  of  Sanga- 
mon County — (1822),  and  the  North  Fork  of  same 
to  Champaign  County  (1845) ;  Sny-Carty  (a  bayou 
of  the  Mississippi),  declared  navigable  in  Pike 
and  Adams  Counties  (1859) ;  Spoon  River,  navi- 
gable to  Cameron's  mill  in  Fulton  County  (1835), 
with  various  modifying  acts  (1845-53);  Little 
Wabash  Navigation  Company,  incorporated 
and  river  declared  navigable  to  Me  Caw  ley's 
bridge— probably  in  Clay  County— (1826),  with 
various  subsequent  acts  making  appropriations 
for  its  improvement;  Skillet  Fork  (a  branch 
of  the  Little  Wabash),  declared  navigable 
to  Slocum's  Mill  in  Marion  County  (1837),  and 
to  Ridgway  Mills  (1846).  Other  acts  passed  at 
various  times  declared  a  number  of  unim- 
portant streams  navigable,  including  Big  Creek 
in  Fulton  County,  Crooked  Creek  in  Schuyler 
County,  Lusk's  Creek  in  Pope  County,  McKee's 
Creek  in  Pike  County,  Seven  Mile  Creek  in  Ogle 
County,  besides  a  number  of  others*  of  similar 
character. 


NEALE,  THOMAS  M.,  pioneer  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va.,  1796;  while  yet  a 
child  removed  with  his  parents  to  Bowling  Green, 
Ky  ,  and  became  a  common  soldier  in  the  War  of 
1812;  came  to  Springfield,  111.,  in  1824,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law;  served  as  Colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment raised  in  Sangamon  and  Morgan  Counties 
for  the  Winnebago  War  (1827),  and  afterwards  as 
Surveyor  of  Sangamon  County,  appointing 
Abraham  Lincoln  as  his  deputy.  He  also  served 
as  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  for  a  number  of  years, 
at  Springfield.  Died,  August  7,  1840. 

XKECK,  William  H.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born,  Feb.  26,  1831,  in  what  is  now  a  part  of 
Logan  County,  111. ,  but  which  was  then  within  the 
limits  of  Sangamon ;  was  reared  on  a  farm  and 
attended  the  public  schools  in  McDonough 
County;  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1858,  and  has  been  ever  since  engaged  in 
practice.  His  political  career  began  in  1861, 
when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  City  Coun. 
cil  of  Macomb.  In  1864  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature,  and,  in  1869,  a  member  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention.  In  1871  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly, and,  in  1878,  to  the  State  Senate.  From  1883 
to  1887  he  represented  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Dis- 
trict in  Congress,  as  a  Democrat,  but  was  defeated 
for  re-election  in  1890  by  William  H.  Gest, 
Republican. 

NEGROES.    (See  Slavery  and  Slave  Lawt. ) 

NEOtiA,  a  village  of  Cumberland  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Toledo, 
St.  Louis  &  Western  Railways,  20  miles  southwest 
of  Charleston ;  has  a  bank,  two  newspapers,  some 
manufactories,  and  ships  grain,  hay,  fruit  and 
live-stock.  Pop.  (1890),  829;  (1900),  1,126 

NEPONSET,  a  village  and  station  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  in  Bureau 
County,  4  miles  southwest  of  Mendota  Popula- 
tion (1880),  652;  (1890),  542;  (1900),  516. 

NEW  ALBANY  A  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 
(See  Loiiisrille,  Evansrille  A  St.  Louis  (Consoli- 
dated) Railroad.) 

NEW  ATHENS,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County, 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  Cairo  "Short  Line"  (now  Illi- 
nois Central)  Railroad,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia River,  31  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis ;  has 
one  newspaper  and  considerable  grain  trade. 
Population  (1880),  603;  (1890),  624;  (1900).  856. 

NEW  BERLIN,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County, 
on  the  Wabash  Railway,  17  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field. Population  (1880),  403;  (1900),  533. 

NEWBERRY  LIBRARY,  a  large  reference  li- 
brary, located  in  Chicago,  endowed  by  Walter  L. 


n 


c 

> 


n 


304 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


transportation.  Legislation  of  this  character 
began  with  the  first  General  Assembly  (1819), 
and  continued,  at  intervals,  with  reference  to 
one  or  two  of  the  more  important  interior  rivers 
of  the  State,  as  late  as  1867.  Besides  the  Illinois 
and  Wabash,  still  recognized  as  navigable 
.streams,  the  following  were  made  the  subject  of 
legislation  of  this  character:  Beaucoup  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Big  Muddy,  in  Perry  and  Jackson 
Counties  (law  of  IKlli);  Big  Bay,  a  tributary  of 
the  Ohio  in  Po[ve  County  (Acts  of  1833);  Big 
Muddy,  to  the  junction  of  the  East  and  West 
Forks  in  Jefferson  County  (1835).  with  various 
subsequent  amendments;  Big  Vermilion,  declared 
navigable  (1831);  Bon  Pas.  a  branch  of  the 
Wabash,  between  Wabash  and  Edwards  Coun- 
ties (1831) ;  Cache  River,  to  main  fork  in  Johnson 
County  (1819);  Des  Plaines,  declared  navigable 
(1839);  Embarras  (1X31),  with  various  subsequent 
acts  in  reference  t<>  improvement;  Fox  River, 
declared  navigable  to  the  Wisconsin  line  (1840). 
and  Fox  River  Navigation  Company,  incorpo 
rated  (1855);  Kankakee  and  Iroquois  Navigation 
fc  Manufacturing  Company,  incorporated  (1847), 
with  various  changes  and  amendments  (1851-65) ; 
Kaskaskia  (or  Okaw).  declared  navigable  to  a 
point  in  Fayette  County  north  of  Vaiulalia  (1H19), 
with  various  modifying  acts  (1823-67) ;  Macoupin 
Creek,  to  Carrollton  and  Alton  road  (1837); 
Piasa,  declared  navigable  in  Jersey  and  Madison 
Counties  (1861);  Rock  River  Navigation  Com- 
pany, incorporated  (1841).  with  subsequent  acts 
( 1845-67) ;  Sangamon  River,  declared  navigable 
to  Third  Principal  Meridian — east  line  of  Sanga- 
mon County — (IH93).  and  the  North  Fork  of  same 
to  Champaign  County  (1845);  Sny-Carty  (a  bayou 
of  the  Mississippi),  declared  navigable  in  Pike 
and  Adams  Counties  (1H59);  Spoon  River,  navi- 
gable to  Cameron's  mill  in  Fulton  County  (1835), 
with  various  modifying  acts  (1845-53);  Little 
Wabash  Navigation  Company,  incorporated 
and  river  declared  navigable  to  McCawley's 
bridge — proliably  in  Clay  County — (1826),  with 
various  sutxsequent  acts  making  appropriations 
for  its  improvement;  Skillet  Fork  (a  branch 
•  •f  the  Little  Wabash),  declared  navigable 
to  Slocum's  Mill  in  Marion  County  (1837).  and 
to  Ridgway  Mills  (lK46i.  Other  acts  passed  at 
various  times  declared  a  numl>er  of  unim- 
portant streams  navigable,  including  Big  Creek 
in  Fulton  County,  Crooked  Creek  in  Schuyler 
County,  I.nsk's  Creek  in  Pope  County,  McKee's 
Creek  in  Pike  County.  Seven  Mile  Creek  in  Ogle 
County,  besides  a  number  of  others"  of  similar 
'•haracter 


NEALE,  THOMAS  M.,  pioneer  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va.,  1796;  while  yet  a 
child  removed  with  his  parents  to  Bowling  Green. 
Ky.,  and  became  a  common  soldier  in  the  War  of 
1812;  came  to  Springfield.  111.,  in  1824,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law ;  served  as  Colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment raised  in  Sangamon  and  Morgan  Counties 
for  the  Winnelwgo  War  (1827),  and  afterwards  as 
Surveyor  of  Sangamon  County,  appointing 
Abraham  Lincoln  as  his  deputy.  He  also  served 
as  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  for  a  number  of  years, 
at  Springfield.  Died,  August  7,  1840. 

NEECE,  William  II..  ex-Congressman,  was 
ixirn.  Feb.  26,  1831,  in  what  is  now  a  part  of 
Logan  County.  111.,  but  which  was  then  within  the 
limits  of  Sangamon;  was  reared  on  a  farm  and 
attended  the  public  schools  in  McDonough 
County ;  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
liar  in  1H.1H,  and  has  I  wen  ever  since  engaged  in 
practice.  His  political  career  began  in  1861, 
when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  City  Coun. 
cil  of  Macomb.  In  1H64  he  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature,  and,  in  1869,  a  member  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention.  In  1871  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly, and.  in  1878,  to  the  State  Senate.  From  1883 
to  18H7  he  represented  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Dis- 
trict in  Congress,  as  a  Democrat,  but  was  defeated 
for  re-election  in  1890  by  William  H.  Gest, 
Republican. 

NEGROES.    (See  Slavery  and  Slave  Laws.) 

>EO(iA,a  village  of  Cumberland  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Toledo. 
St.  Louis  A:  Western  Railways,  20  miles  southwest 
of  Charleston  ;  has  a  bank,  two  newspapers,  some 
manufactories,  ami  ships  grain,  rhay,  fruit  and 
live-stock.  Pop.  (1890),  829;  (1900),  1,136 

NEPONSET,  a  village  and  station  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  in  Bureau 
County,  4  miles  southwest  of  Mendota.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  652;  (1890),  542;  (1900),  516. 

NEW  ALBANY  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY. 
(See  Louisville,  Evausrillt  <t  St.  Louis  (Consoli- 
dated) Railmarl.) 

NEW  ATHENS,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County, 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  Cairo  "Short  Line"  (now  Illi- 
nois Central)  Railroad,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Kas- 
kaskia River,  31  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis;  has 
one  newspa|>er  and  considerable  grain  trade. 
Population  (188(1),  603;  (1890),  624;  (1900),  856. 

NEW  BERLIN,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County, 
on  the  Wabash  Railway,  17  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field. Population  (1880),  403;  (1900),  533. 

NEWBERRY  LIBRARY,  a  large  reference  li- 
brary, located  in  Chicago,  endowed  by  Walter  L. 


r. 


Art  Institute. 


Public  Library. 

Armour  Institute. 
PUBLIC   BUILDINGS. 


Court-House. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


395 


New  berry,  an  early  business  man  of  Chicago,  who 
left  half  of  his  estate  (aggregating  over  12,000,000) 
for  the  purpose.  The  property  bequeathed  was 
largely  in  real  estate,  which  has  since  greatly  in- 
creased in  value.  The  library  was  established  in 
temporary  quarters  in  1887,  and  the  first  section 
of  a  permanent  building  was  opened  in  the 
autumn  of  1893.  By  that  time  there  had  been 
accumulated  about  160,000  books  and  pamphlets. 
A  collection  of  nearly  fifty  portraits — chiefly  of 
eminent  Americans,  including  many  citizens  of 
Chicago — was  presented  to  the  library  by  G.  P.  A. 
Healy,  a  distinguished  artist,  since  deceased. 
The  site  of  the  building  occupies  an  entire  block, 
and  the  original  design  contemplates  a  handsome 
front  on  each  of  the  four  streets,  with  a  large 
rectangular  court  in  the  center.  The  section 
already  completed  is  massive  and  imposing,  and 
its  interior  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  a  library,  and  at  the  same  time  rich  and 
beautiful.  When  completed,  the  building  will 
have  a  capacity  for  four  to  six  million  vokomes. 

XE  WHERRY,  Walter  C.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Sangerfield,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y  .  Dec. 
33,  1835.  Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a 
private,  and  rose,  step  by  step,  to  a  colonelcy,  and 
was  mustered  out  as  Brevet  Brigadier-General. 
In  1890  he  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  represent 
the  Fourth  Illinois  District  in  the  Fifty-second 
Congress  (1891-93).  His  home  is  in  Chicago. 

NEWBERKT,  Walter  L.,  merchant,  banker  and 
philanthropist,  was  born  at  East  Windsor,  Conn., 
Sept.  18,  1804,  descended  from  English  ancestry. 
He  was  President  Jackson's  personal  appointee 
to  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  but  was  prevented  from  taking  the  exami- 
nation by  sickness.  Subsequently  he  embarked  in 
business  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y  ,  going  to  Detroit  in 
1838,  and  settling  at  Chicago  in  1833.  After 
engaging  in  general  merchandising  for  several 
years,  he  turned  his  attention  to  banking,  in 
which  he  accumulated  a  large  fortune.  He  was 
a  prominent  and  influential  citizen,  serving 
several  terms  as  President  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and  being,  for  six  years,  the  President  of 
the  Chicago  Historical  Society.  He  died  at  sea, 
Nov.  6,  1868,  leaving  a  large  estate,  one-half  of 
which  he  devoted,  by  will,  to  the  founding  of  a 
free  reference  library  in  Chicago.  (See  Newberry 
Library.) 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  city  of  Mercer  County,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  western  terminus  of 
the  Galva  and  New  Boston  Division  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway.  Population 
(1890),  445;  (1900),  703. 


NEW  BRIGHTON,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County 
and  suburb  of  East  St.  Louis.  Population  (1890), 
868. 

NEW  BURNSIDE,  a  village  of  Johnson  County, 
on  the  Cairo  Division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  53  miles 
northeast  of  Cairo.  Population  (1880),  650; 
(1890),  596;  (1900),  468. 

NEW  DOUGLAS,  a  village  in  Madison  County, 
on  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  Railroad ;  in 
farming  and  fruit-growing  region ;  has  coal  mine, 
flour  mill  and  newspaper.  Population  (1900),  469. 

NEWELL,  John,  Railway  President,  was  born 
at  West  Newbury,  Mass.,  March  31,  1830,  being 
directly  descended  from  "Pilgrim"  stock.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  entered  the  employment  of  the 
Cheshire  Railroad  in  New  Hampshire.  Eighteen 
months  later  he  was  appointed  an  assistant  engi- 
neer on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  and  placed 
in  charge  of  the  construction  of  a  10-mile  section 
of  the  line.  His  promotion  was  rapid,  and,  in 
1850,  he  accepted  a  responsible  position  on  the 
Champlain  &  St.  Lawrence  Railroad.  From  1850 
to  1856  he  was  engaged  in  making  surveys  for 
roads  in  Kentucky  and  New  York,  and,  during 
the  latter  year,  held  the  position  of  engineer  of 
the  Cairo  City  Company,  of  Cairo,  111.  In  1857  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road Company,  as  Division  Engineer,  where  his 
remarkable  success  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
owners  of  the  old  Winona  &  St.  Peter  Railroad 
(now  a  part  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
system),  who  tendered  him  the  presidency.  This 
he  accepted,  but,  in  1864,  was  made  President  of 
the  Cleveland  &  Toledo  Railroad.  Four  years 
later,  he  accepted  the  position  of  General  Superin- 
tendent and  Chief  Engineer  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  but  resigned,  in  1869,  to  become 
Vice-President  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
In  1871  he  was  elevated  to  the  presidency,  but 
retired  in  September,  1874,  to  accept  the  position 
of  General  Manager  of  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan 
Southern  Railroad,  of  which  he  was  elected 
President,  in  May,  1883,  and  continued  in  office 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  at 
Youngstown,  Ohio,  August  35,  1894. 

NEWHALL,  (Dr.)  Horatio,  early  physician 
and  newspaper  publisher,  came  from  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  to  Galena,  111.,  in  1827,  and  engaged  in  min- 
ing and  smelting,  but  abandoned  this  business, 
the  following  year,  for  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion; soon  afterward  became  interested  in  the 
publication  of  "The  Miners'  Journal, "and  still 
later  in  "The  Galena  Advertiser,"  with  which 
Hooper  Warren  and  Dr.  Philleo  were  associated. 


Art 


1'iililic  l.ihr.iry. 

Arm< >nr  Instil utr. 

I'l'lll.lC    111   II. DIM. S. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Newberry,  an  early  business  man  of  Chicago,  who 
left  half  of  his  estate  (aggregating  over  $2,000.000) 
for  the  purpose.  The  property  bequeathed  was 
largely  in  real  estate,  which  has  since  greatly  in- 
creased in  value.  The  library  was  established  in 
temporary  quarters  in  1887,  and  the  first  section 
of  a  permanent  building  was  opened  in  the 
uituiiiii  of  1893.  By  that  time  there  had  been 
accumulated  about  160,000  books  and  pamphlets. 
A  collection  of  nearly  fifty  portraits — chiefly  of 
eminent  Americans,  including  many  citizens  of 
Chicago — was  presented  to  the  library  by  G.  P.  A. 
I  [faly.  a  distinguished  artist,  since  deceased. 
The  site  of  the  building  occupies  an  entire  block, 
imd  the  original  design  contemplates  a  handsome 
front  on  each  of  the  four  streets,  with  a  large 
rectangular  court  in  the  center.  The  section 
ulready  completed  is  massive  and  imposing,  and 
its  interior  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  a  library,  and  at  the  same  time  rich  and 
beautiful.  When  completed,  the  building  will 
have  a  capacity  for  four  to  six  million  volumes. 

NEWBERRV,  Walter  0  ,  ex-Congressman,  was 
Imrn  at  SangerfieM.  Oneida  County,  N.  Y  ,  Dec. 
23.  1835.  Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a 
private,  and  rose,  step  by  step,  to  a  colonelcy,  and 
was  mustered  out  as  Brevet  Brigadier-General. 
In  1H90  he  was  elected,  us  a  Democrat,  to  represent 
the  Fourth  Illinois  District  in  the  Fifty-second 
<  'ongress  (1H91-93).  His  home  is  in  Chicago. 

NEWBERK  V.Walter  L.,  m.Tc-hant,  banker  and 
philanthropist,  was  UH-II  at  Kust  Windsor,  Conn., 
Sept.  18,  1*04,  descended  from  English  ancestry. 
He  was  President  Jackson's  personal  appointee 
tn  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  but  was  prevented  from  taking  the  exami- 
nation by  sickness.  Subsequently  he  embarked  in 
business  at  Buffalo.  N.  Y.,  going  to  Detroit  in 
1*28,  and  settling  at  Chicago  in  1H:!:!.  After 
engaging  in  general  merchandising  for  several 
years,  he  turned  his  attention  to  banking,  in 
which  he  accumulated  a  large  fortune.  He  was 
:i  prominent  and  influential  citizen,  serving 
several  terms  as  President  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, ami  being,  for  six  years,  the  President  of 
the  Chicago  Historical  Society.  He  died  at  sea. 
Xov.  C,  180H,  leaving  a  large  estate,  one-half  of 
which  he  devoted,  by  will,  to  the  founding  of  a 
free  reference  library  in  Chicago.  (See  Xeirlirrry 
Library.) 

\EW  BOSTON,  a  city  of  Mercer  County,  on 
the  Mississippi  Hiver.  at  the  western  terminus  of 
the  Galva  and  New  Boston  Division  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  (juincy  Railway.  Population 
(1890),  44.1;  (1900),  703. 


NEW  BRIGHTON,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County 
and  suburb  of  East  St.  Louis.  Population  (1HBO). 
*6». 

NEW  Bt'RNSIDE,  a  village  of  Johnson  County 
on  the  Cairo  Division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincin 
nati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  53  miles 
northeast  of  Cairo.  Population  (1880).  650; 
(1890).  596;  (1900),  468. 

NEW  DOUGLAS,  a  village  in  Madison  County, 
on  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  Railroad;  in 
farming  and  fruit-growing  region;  has  coal  mine. 
Hour  mill  and  newspaper.  Population  (l!KX)).  4fi9. 

NEWELL,  John,  Railway  President,  was  born 
at  West  Newbury.  Mass..  March  31,  1*10,  being 
directly  descended  from  "Pilgrim"  stock.  At 
the  age  of  16  be  entered  the  employment  of  the 
Cheshire  Railroad  in  New  Hampshire.  Eighteen 
months  later  he  was  ap|>ointed  an  assistant  engi 
neer  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  .and  placed 
in  charge  of  the  construction  of  a  10-mile  section 
of  the  line.  His  promotion  was  rapid,  and.  in 
1850,  he  accepted  a  res|>onsible  |iosition  on  the 
Champlain  &  St.  Lawrence  Railroad.  From  1850 
to  1856  he  was  engaged  in  making  surveys  for 
roads  in  Kentucky  and  New  York.  anil,  during 
the  latter  year,  helil  the  position  of  engineer  of 
the  Cairo  City  Coni]Kiny,  of  Cairo.  111.  In  1857  be 
entered  the  service  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road Coni]>any,  as  Division  Engineer,  where  his 
remarkable  success  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
owners  of  the  old  Winona  &  St.  Peter  Railroad 
(now  a  part  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
system),  who  tendered  him  the  presidency  This 
he  accepted,  but,  in  1H(!4,  was  made  President  of 
the  Cleveland  &  Toledo  Railroad.  Four  years 
later,  he  accepted  the  position  of  General  Superin- 
tendent ami  Chief  Engineer  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  but  resigned,  in  18B9,  to  become 
Vice- President  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
In  1871  he  was  elevated  to  the  presidency,  but 
retired  in  Septemlwr,  1874,  to  accept  the  position 
of  General  Manager  of  the  Lake  Shore  \-  Michigan 
Southern  Railroad,  of  which  he  was  elected 
President,  in  May,  1883,  and  continued  in  office 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  at 
Youngstown.  Ohio.  August  25.  1H94. 

NEWHALL,  (Dr.)  Horatio,  early  physician 
and  newspaper  publisher,  came  from  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  to  Galena,  111.,  in  1K27.  and  engaged  in  min- 
ing and  smelting,  but  abandoned  this  business, 
the  following  year,  for  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion; soon  afterward  became  interested  in  the 
publication  of  "The  Miners'  Journal,"  and  still 
later  in  "The  Galena  Advertiser,"  with  which 
Hooper  Warren  and  Dr.  Philleo  were  associated. 


396 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


In  1830  he  became  a  Surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army,  and  was  stationed  at  Fort  Winnebago, 
but  retired  from  the  service,  in  1832,  and  returned 
to  Galena.  When  the  Black  Hawk  War  broke 
out  he  volunteered  his  services,  and,  by  order  of 
General  Scott,  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  military 
hospital  at  Galena,  of  which  he  had  control  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  The  difficulties  of  the  posi- 
tion were  increased  by  the  appearance  of  the 
Asiatic  cholera  among  the  troops,  but  he  seems 
to  have  discharged  his  duties  with  satisfaction 
to  the  military  authorities.  He  enjoyed  a  wide 
reputation  for  professional  ability,  and  had  an 
extensive  practice.  Died,  Sept.  19,  1870. 

NEWMAN,  a  village  of  Douglas  County,  on  the 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton  Railway,  52  miles 
east  of  Decatur;  has  a  bank,  a  newspaper,  can- 
ning factory,  broom  factory,  electric  lights,  and 
large  trade  in  agricultural  products  and  live- 
stock. Population  (1890),  990;  (1900),  1,166. 

NEWSPAPERS,  EARLY.  The  first  newspaper 
published  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  of  which 
the  present  State  of  Illinois,  at  the  time,  com- 
posed a  part,  was  "TheCentinel  of  the  Northwest 
Territory."  established  at  Cincinnati  by  William 
Maxwell,  the  first  issue  appearing  in  November, 
1793.  This  was  also  the  first  newspaper  published 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  In  1796  it  was 
sold  to  Edmund  Freeman  and  assumed  the  name 
of  "Freeman's  Journal."  Nathaniel  Willis 
(grandfather  of  N.  P.  .Willis,  the  poet)  estab- 
lished "The  Scioto  Gazette."  at  Chillicothe.  in 
1796.  "The  Western  Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette" 
was  the  third  paper  in  Northwest  Territory  (also 
within  the  limits  of  Ohio),  founded  in  1799. 
Willis's  paper  became  the  organ  of  the  Terri- 
torial Government  on  the  removal  of  the  capital 
to  Chillicothe,  in  1800. 

The  first  newspaper  in  Indiana  Territory  (then 
including  Illinois)  was  established  by  Elihu  Stout 
at  Vincennes,  beginning  publication.  July  4, 1804. 
It  took  the  name  of  "The  Western  Sun  and  Gen- 
eral Advertiser,"  but  is  now  known  as  "The 
Western  Sun,"  having  had  a  continuous  exist- 
ence for  ninety-five  years. 

The  first  newspaper  published  in  Illinois  Terri- 
tory was  "The  Illinois  Herald,"  but,  owing  to  the 
absence  of  early  files  and  other  specific  records, 
the  date  of  its  establishment  has  been  involved 
in  some  doubt.  Its  founder  was  Matthew  Dun- 
can (a  brother  of  Joseph  Duncan,  who  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  Congress  and  Governor  of  the 
State  from  1834  to  1838),  and  its  place  of  pub- 
lication Kaskaskia,  at  that  time  the  Territorial 
capital.  Duncan,  who  was  a  native  of  Kentucky, 


brought  a  press  and  a  primitive  printer's  outfit 
with  him  from  that  State.  Gov.  John  Reynolds, 
who  came  as  a  boy  to  the  "Illinois  Country"  in 
1800,  while  it  was  still  a  part  of  the  "Northwest 
Territory."  in  his  "Pioneer  History  of  Illinois." 
has  fixed  the  date  of  the  first  issue  of  this 
paper  in  1809,  the  same  year  in  which  Illinois 
was  severed  from  Indiana  Territory  and  placed 
under  a  separate  Territorial  Government.  There 
is  good  reason,  however,  for  believing  that  the 
Governor  was  mistaken  in  this  statement.  If 
Duncan  brought  his  press  to  Illinois  in  1809 — 
which  is  probable — it  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
employed  at  once  in  the  publication  of  a  news- 
paper, as  Hooper  Warren  (the  founder  of  the 
third  paper  established  in  Illinois)  says  it  "was 
for  years  only  used  for  the  public  printing." 
The  earliest  issue  of  "The  Illinois  Herald"  known 
to  be  in  existence,  is  No.  32  of  Vol.  II,  and  bears 
date,  April  18,  1816.  Calculating  from  these 
ilata,  if  the  paper  was  issued  continuously  from 
its  establishment,  the  date  of  the  first  issue  would 
have  been  Sept.  6,  1814.  Corroborative  evidence 
of  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  "The  Missouri 
Gazette, ' '  the  original  of  the  old  "  Missouri  Repub- 
lican" (now  "The  St.  Louis  Republic"),  which 
was  established  in  1808,  makes  no  mention  of  the 
Kaskaskia  paper  before  1814,  although  communi- 
cation between  Kaskaskia  and  St.  Louis  was 
most  intimate,  and  these  two  were,  for  several 
years,  the  only  papers  published  west  of  Vin- 
cennes, Ind. 

In  August,  1817,  "The  Herald"  was  sold  to 
Daniel  P.  Cook  and  Robert  Blackwell,  and  the 
name  of  the  paper  was  changed  to  "The  Illinois 
Intelligencer."  Cook — who  had  previously  been 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  for  the  Territory,  and 
afterwards  became  a  Territorial  Circuit  Judge, 
the  first  Attorney-General  under  the  new  State 
Government,  and,  for  eight  years,  served  as  the 
only  Representative  in  Congress  from  Illinois — 
for  a  time  officiated  as  editor  of  "The  Intelli- 
gencer," while  Blackwell  (who  had  succeeded 
to  the  Auditorship)  had  charge  of  the  publication. 
The  size  of  the  paper,  which  had  been  four  pages 
of  three  wide  columns  to  the  page,  was  increased, 
by  the  new  publishers,  to  four  columns  to  the 
page.  On  the  removal  of  the  State  capital  to 
Vandalia,  in  1820,  "The  Intelligencer"  was 
removed  thither  also,  and  continued  under  its 
later  name,  afterwards  becoming,  after  a  change 
of  management,  an  opponent  of  the  scheme  for 
the  calling  of  a  State  Convention  to  revise  the 
State  Constitution  with  a  view  to  making  Illinois 
a  slave  State.  (See  Slavery  and  Slave  Laws.) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


397 


The  second  paper  established  on  Illinois  soil 
was  "The  Shawnee  Chief,"  which  began  publica- 
tion at  Shawneetown,  Sept.  5,  1818,  with  Henry 
Eddy — who  afterwards  became  a  prominent  law- 
yer of  Southern  Illinois — as  its  editor.  The  name 
of  "The  Chief"  was  soon  afterwards  changed  to 
"The  Illinois  Emigrant,"  and  some  years  later, 
became  "The  Shawneetown  Gazette."  Among 
others  who  were  associated  with  the  Shawnee- 
town paper,  in  early  days,  was  James  Hall,  after- 
wards a  Circuit  Judge  and  State  Treasurer,  and, 
without  doubt,  the  most  prolific  and  popular 
writer  of  his  day  in  Illinois.  Later,  he  estab- 
lished "The  Illinois  Magazine"  at  Vandalia.  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Cincinnati,  and  issued  under 
the  name  of  "The  Western  Monthly  Magazine.1' 
He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  other  maga- 
zines of  that  period,  and  author  of  several  vol- 
umes, including  "Legends  of  the  West"  and 
"Border  Tales."  During  the  contest  over  the 
slavery  question,  in  1823-24,  "The  Gazette" 
rendered  valuable  service  to  the  anti-slavery 
party  by  the  publication  of  articles  in  opposition 
to  the  Convention  scheme,  from  the  pen  of  Morris 
Birkbeck  and  others. 

The  third  Illinois  paper— and,  in  1823-24,  the 
strongest  and  most  influential  opponent  of  the 
scheme  for  establishing  slavery  in  Illinois — was 
"The  Edwardsville  Spectator,"  which  began  pub- 
lication at  Edwardsville,  Madison  County,  May 
23,  1819.  Hooper  Warren  was  the  publisher  and 
responsible  editor,  though  he  received  valuable 
aid  from  the  pens  of  Governor  Coles,  George 
Churchill,  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott,  Judge 
Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Morris  Birkbeck  and 
others.  (See  Warren,  Hooper.)  Warren  sold 
"The  Spectator"  to  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott  in 
1825,  and  was  afterwards  associated  with  papers 
at  Springfield,  Galena,  Chicago  and  elsewhere. 

The  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  (in  part, 
at  least)  led  to  the  establishment  of  two  new 
papers  in  1822.  The  first  of  these  was  "The 
Republican  Advocate,"  which  began  publication 
at  Kaskaskia,  in  April  of  that  year,  under  the 
management  of  Elias  Kent  Kane,  then  an  aspir- 
ant to  the  United  States  Senatorship.  After  his 
election  to  that  office  in  1824,  "The  Advocate" 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Robert  K.  Fleming,  who, 
after  a  period  of  suspension,  established  "The 
Kaskaskia  Recorder,"  but,  a  year  or  two  later, 
removed  to  Vandalia.  "The  Star  of  the  West" 
was  established  at  Edwardsville,  as  an  opponent 
of  Warren's  "Spectator."  the  first  issue  making 
its  appearance,  Sept.  14,  1822,  with  Theophilus  W. 
Smith,  afterwards  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 


Court,  as  its  reputed  editor.  A  few  months  later 
it  passed  into  new  hands,  and,  in  August,  1828. 
assumed  the  name  of  "The  Illinois  Republican." 
Both  "The  Republican  Advocate"  and  "The 
Illinois  Republican"  were  zealous  organs  of  the 
pro-slavery  party. 

With  the  settlement  of  the  slavery  question  in 
Illinois,  by  the  election  of  1824,  Illinois  journal- 
ism may  be  said  to  have  entered  upon  a  new  era 
At  the  close  of  this  first  period  there  were  only 
five  papers  published  in  the  State — all  established 
within  a  period  of  ten  years :  and  one  of  these 
("The  Illinois  Republican."  at  Edwardsville) 
promptly  ceased  publication  on  the  settlement  of 
the  slavery  question  in  opposition  to  the  views 
which  it  had  advocated.  The  next  period  of  fif 
teen  years  (1825-40)  was  prolific  in  the  establish- 
ment of  new  newspaper  ventures,  as  might  !»• 
expected  from  the  rapid  increase  of  the  State  in 
population,  and  the  development  in  the  art  of 
printing  during  the  same  period.  "The  Western 
Sun,"  established  at  Belleville  (according  to  one 
report,  in  December,  1825,  and  according  to 
another,  in  the  winter  of  1827-28)  by  Dr.  Joseph 
Green,  appears  to  have  been  the  first  paper  pub- 
lished in  St.  ( 'lair  County.  This  was  followed 
by  "The  Pioneer,"  begun,  April  25,  1829,  at  Rock 
Spring,  St.  ('lair  County,  with  the  indomitable 
Dr.  John  M.  Peck,  author  of  "Peck's  Gazetteer," 
as  its  editor.  It  was  removed  in  1836  to  Upper 
Alton,  when  it  took  the  name  of  "The  Western 
Pioneer  and  Baptist  Banner."  Previous  to  this, 
however,  Hooper  Warren,  having  come  into  pos- 
session of  the  material  upon  which  he  had  printed 
"The  Edwardsville  Spectator,"  removed  it  to 
Springfield,  and,  in  the  winter  of  1826-27,  began 
the  publication  of  the  first  ]>aper  at  the  present 
State  capital,  which  he  named  "The  Sangamo 
Gazette."  It  had  but  a  brief  existence.  During 
1830,  George  Forquer,  then  Attorney-General  of 
the  State,  in  conjunction  with  his  half-brother. 
Thomas  Ford  (afterwards Governor),  was  engaged 
in  the  publication  of  a  paper  called  "The  Cour- 
ier," at  Springfield,  which  was  continued  only  a 
short  time.  The  earliest  paper  north  of  Spring- 
field appears  to  have  been  "The  Hennepin  Jour- 
nal," which  began  publication,  Sept.  15,  1827. 
"The  Sangamo  Journal"  —  now  "The  Illinois 
State  Journal,"  and  the  oldest  paper  of  continu- 
ous existence  in  the  State — was  established  at 
Springfield  by  Simeon  and  Josiah  Francis  (cous- 
ins from  Connecticut),  the  first  issue  bearing 
date,  Nov.  10.  1831.  Before  the  close  of  the  same 
year  James  G.  Edwards,  afterwards  the  founder 
of  "The  Burlington  (Iowa)  Hawkeye,"  began  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


publication  of  "The  Illinois  Patriot"  at  Jackson- 
ville. Another  paper,  established  the  same  year, 
was  "The  Gazette"  at  Vandalia,  then  the  State 
capital.  (See  Forquer,  George;  Ford,  Thomas; 
Francis,  Simeon.) 

At  this  early  date  the  development  of  the  lead 
mines  about  Galena  had  made  that  place  a  center 
of  great  business  activity.  On  July  8,  1828, 
James  Jones  commenced  the  issue  of  "The 
Miners' Journal,  "the  first  paper  at  Galena.  Jones 
died  of  cholera  in  1833,  and  his  paper  passed  into 
other  hands.  July  30,  1839,  "The  Galena  Adver- 
tiser and  Upper  Mississippi  Herald"  began  pub- 
lication, with  Drs.  Horatio  New-hall  and  Addison 
Philleo  as  editors,  and  Hooper  Warren  as  pub- 
lisher, but  appears  to  have  been  discontinued 
before  the  expiration  of  its  first  year.  "The 
Galenian"  was  established  as  a  Democratic  paper 
by  Philleo,  in  May,  1833,  but  ceased  publication  in 
September,  1836.  "The  Northwestern  Gazette 
and  Galena  Advertiser,"  founded  in  November, 
1834,  by  Loring  and  Bartlett  (the  last  named 
afterwards  one  of  the  founders  of  "The  Quincy 
Whig"),  has  had  a  continuous  existence,  being 
now  known  as  "The  Galena  Advertiser."  Benja- 
min Mills,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  lawyers  of 
his  time,  was  editor  of  this  paper  during  a  part 
of  the  first  year  of  its  publication. 

Robert  K.  Fleming,  who  has  already  been 
mentioned  as  the  successor  of  Elias  Kent  Kane 
in  the  publication  of  "The  Republican  Advocate," 
at  Kaskaskia,  later  published  a  paper  for  a  short 
time  at  Vandalia,  but,  in  1827,  removed  his 
establishment  to  Edwardsville,  where  he  began 
the  publication  of  "The  Corrector."  The  latter 
was  continued  a  little  over  a  year,  when  it  was 
suspended.  He  then  resumed  the  publication  of 
"The  Recorder"  at  Kaskaskia.  In  December, 
1833,  he  removed  to  Belleville  and  began  the  pub- 
lication of  "The  St.  Clair  Gazette,"  which  after- 
wards passed,  through  various  changes  of  owners, 
under  the  names  of  "The  St.  Clair  Mercury"  and 
"Representative  and  Gazette."  This  was  suc- 
ceeded, in  1889,  by  "The  Belleville  Advocate," 
which  has  been  published  continuously  to  the 
present  time. 

Samuel  S.  Brooks  (the  father  of  Austin  Brooks, 
afterwards  of  "The  Quincy  Herald")  at  differ- 
ent times  published  papers  at  various  points 
in  the  State.  His  first  enterprise  was  "The 
Crisis"  at  Edwardsville,  which  he  changed 
to  "The  Illinois  Advocate,"  and,  at  the  close 
of  his  first  year,  sold  out  to  Judge  John 
York  Sawyer,  who  united  it  with  "The  Western 
Plowboy,"  which  he  had  established  a  few 


months  previous.  "The  Advocate"  was  removed 
to  Vandalia,  and,  on  the  death  of  the  owner  (who 
had  been  appointed  State  Printer),  was  consoli- 
dated with  "The  Illinois  Register,"  which  had 
been  established  in  1836.  The  new  paper  took  the 
name  of  "The  Illinois  Register  and  People's 
Advocate,"  in  1839  was  removed  to  Springfield, 
and  is  now  known  as  "The  Illinois  State  Regis- 
ter." 

Other  papers  established  between  1830  and  1840 
include:  "The  Vandalia  Whig"  (1831);  "The 
Alton  Spectator,"  the  first  paper  published  in 
Alton  (January,  1834);  "The  Chicago  Demo- 
crat," by  John  Calhoun  (Nov.  28,  1833);  "The 
Beardstown  Chronicle  and  Illinois  Bounty  Land 
Advertiser,"  by  Francis  A.  Arenz  (July  29,  1833) ; 
"The  Alton  American"  (1833);  "The  White 
County  News,"  at  Carmi  (1833);  "The  Danville 
Enquirer"  (1833);  "The  Illinois  Champion,"  at 
Peoria  (1834) ;  "The  Mount  Carmel  Sentinel  and 
Wabash  Advocate"  (1834);  "The  Illinois  State 
Gazette  and  Jacksonville  News,"  at  Jacksonville 
(1835);  "The  Illinois  Argus  and  Bounty  Land 
Register,"  at  Quincy  (1835);  "The  Rushville 
Journal  and  Military  Tract  Advertiser"  (1835); 
"The  Alton  Telegraph"  (1836);  "The  Alton 
Observer"  (1836);  "The  Carthaginian,"  at  Car- 
thage (1836) ;  "The  Bloomington  Observer"  (1837) ; 
"The  Backwoodsman,"  founded  by  Prof.  John 
Russell,  at  Grafton,  and  the  first  paper  published 
in  Greene  County  (1837);  "The  Quincy  Whig" 
(1838) ;  "The  Illinois  Statesman,"  at  Paris,  Edgar 
County  (1838);  "The  Peoria  Register"  (1838). 
The  second  paper  to  be  established  in  Chicago 
was  "The  Chicago  American,"  whose  initial 
number  was  issued,  June  8,  1835,  with  Thomas  O. 
Davis  as  proprietor  and  editor.  In  July,  1837,  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  William  Stuart  &  Co. , 
and,  on  April  9,  1839,  its  publishers  began  the 
issue  of  the  first  daily  ever  published  in  Chicago. 
"The  Chicago  Express"  succeeded  "The  Ameri- 
can" in  1842,  and,  in  1844,  became  the  forerunner 
of  "The  Chicago  Journal."  The  third  Chicago 
paper  was  "The  Commercial  Advertiser," 
founded  by  Hooper  Warren,  in  1838.  It  lived 
only  about  a  year.  Zebina  Eastman,  who  was 
afterwards  associated  with  Warren,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  influential  journalistic  opponents 
of  slavery,  arrived  in  the  State  in  1839,  and,  in 
the  latter  part  of  that  year,  was  associated  with 
the  celebrated  Abolitionist,  Benjamin  Lundy,  in 
the  preliminary  steps  for  the  issue  of  "The 
Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,"  projected 
by  Lundy  at  Lowell,  in  La  Salle  County.  Lundy's 
untimely  death,  in  August,  1839,  however,  pre- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


390 


vented  him  from  seeing  the  consummation  of  his 
plan,  although  Eastman  lived  to  carry  it  out  in 
part.  A  paper  whose  career,  although  extending 
only  a  little  over  one  year,  marked  an  era  in  Illi- 
nois journalism,  was  "The  Alton  Observer,"  its 
history  closing  with  the  assassination  of  its 
editor,  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Love  joy,  on  the  night  of 
Nov.  8,  1837,  while  unsuccessfully  attempting  to 
protect  his  press  from  destruction,  for  the  fourth 
time,  by  a  pro-slavery  mob.  Humiliating  as  was 
this  crime  to  every  law-abiding  Illinoisan,  it 
undoubtedly  strengthened  the  cause  of  free 
speech  and  assisted  in  hastening  the  downfall  of 
the  institution  in  whose  behalf  it  was  committed. 

That  the  development  in  the  field  of  journal- 
ism, within  the  past  sixty  years,  has  more  than 
kept  pace  with  the  growth  in  population,  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  there  is  not  a  county  in 
the  State  without  its  newspaper,  while  every 
town  of  a  few  hundred  population  has  either  one 
or  more.  According  to  statistics  for  1898,  there 
were  605  cities  and  towns  in  the  State  having 
periodical  publications  of  some  sort,  making  a 
total  of  1,709,  of  which  174  were  issued  daily,  34 
semi-weekly,  1,205  weekly,  38  semi-monthly,  238 
monthly,  and  the  remainder  at  various  periods 
ranging  from  tri-weekly  to  eight  times  a  year. 

NEWTON,  the  county-seat  of  'Jasper  County, 
situated  on  the  Embarras  River,  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  subsidiary  lines  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  from  Peoria  and  Effingham;  is  an  in- 
corporated city,  was  settled  in  1828,  and  made  the 
county-seat  in  1836.  Agriculture,  coal-mining 
and  dairy  farming  are  the  principal  pursuits  in 
the  surrounding  region.  The  city  has  water- 
power,  which  is  utilized  to  some  extent  in  manu- 
facturing, but  most  of  its  factories  are  operated 
by  steam.  Among  these  establishments  are  flour 
and  saw  mills,  and  grain  elevators.  There  are  a 
half-dozen  churches,  a  good  public  school  system, 
including  parochial  school  and  high  school, 
besides  two  banks  and  three  weekly  papers. 
Population  (1890),  1,428;  (1900),  1.630. 

NEW  TORE,  CHICAGO  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAIL- 
WAY (Nickel  Plate),  a  line  522.47  miles  in  length, 
of  which  (1898)  only  9.96  miles  are  operated  in 
Illinois.  It  owns  no  track  in  Illinois,  but  uses 
the  track  of  the  Chicago  &  State  Line  Railroad 
(9.96  miles  in  length),  of  which  it  has  financial 
control,  to  enter  the  city  of  Chicago.  The  total 
capitalization  of  the  New  York,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis,  in  1898,  is  $50,222,568,  of  which  $19,425,000 
is  in  bonds.— (HISTORY.)  The  New  York,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  Railroad  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 


Indiana  and  Illinois  in  1881,  construction  begun 
immediately,  and  the  road  put  in  operation  in 
1882.  In  1885  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1887,  and 
reorganized  by  the  consolidation  of  Tarious  east' 
ern  lines  with  the  Fort  Wayne  &  Illinois  Railroad, 
forming  the  line  under  its  present  name.  The 
road  between  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  the  west  line  of 
Indiana  is  owned  by  the  Company,  but,  for  its 
line  in  Illinois,  it  uses  the  track  of  the  Chicago  & 
State  Line  Railroad,  of  which  it  is  the  lessee,  as 
well  as  the  owner  of  its  capital  stock.  The  main 
line  of  the  "Nickel  Plate"  is  controlled  by  the 
Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Railway,  which 
owns  more  than  half  of  both  the  preferred  and 
common  stock. 

NIANTIC,  a  town  in  Macon  County,  on  the 
Wabash  Railway,  27  miles  east  of  Springfield. 
Agriculture  is  the  leading  industry.  The  town 
has  three  elevators,  three  churches,  school,  coal 
mine,  a  newspaper  and  a  bank.  Pop.  (1900),  654. 

MCOLAY,  John  George,  author,  was  born  in 
Essingen,  Bavaria,  Feb.  26,  1832;  at  6  years  of  age 
was  brought  to  the  United  States,  lived  for  a 
time  in  Cincinnati,  attending  the  public  schools 
there,  and  then  came  to  Illinois;  at  16  entered  the 
office  of  "The  Pike  County  Free  Press"  at  Pitts- 
field,  and,  while  still  in  his  minority,  became 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  paper.  In  1857  he 
became  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  under  O.  M. 
Hatch,  the  first  Republican  Secretary,  but  during 
Mr.  Lincoln's  candidacy  for  President,  in  1860. 
aided  him  as  private  secretary,  also  acting  as  a 
correspondent  of  "The  St.  Louis  Democrat." 
After  the  election  he  was  formally  selected  by 
Mr.  Lincoln  as  his  private  secretary,  accompany- 
ing him  to  Washington  and  remaining  until  Mr. 
Lincoln's  assassination.  In  1865  he  was  appointed 
United  States  Consul  at  Paris,  remaining  until 
1869;  on  his  return  for  some  time  edited  "The 
Chicago  Republican";  was  also  Marshal  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  in  Washington 
from  1872  to  1887.  Mr.  Nicolay  is  author,  in  col- 
laboration with  John  Hay,  of  "Abraham  Lincoln : 
A  History,"  first  published  serially  in  "The  Cen- 
tury Magazine,"  and  later  issued  in  ten  volumes; 
of  "The  Outbreak  of  the  Rebellion"  in  "Cam- 
paigns of  the  Civil  War,"  besides  numerous  maga- 
zine articles.  He  lives  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

NICOLET,  Jean,  early  French  explorer,  came 
from  Cherbourg,  France,  in  1618,  and,  for  several 
years,  lived  among  the  Algonquins,  whose  lan- 
guage he  learned  and  for  whom  he  acted  an 
interpreter.  On  July  4,  1634,  he  discovered  Lake 
Michigan,  then  called  the  "Lake  of  the  Illinois  " 


4(K) 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


and  visited  the  Chippewas,  Menominees  and 
Winnebague*.  in  the  region  about  Green  Bay. 
;imong  whom  he  was  received  kindly.  From  the 
Mascoutins,  on  the  Fox  River  (of  Wisconsin),  he 
learned  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  some  of  whose 
northern  villages  he  also  visited.  He  subse- 
quently returned  to  Quebec,  where  he  was 
drowned,  in  October,  1642.  He  was  probably  the 
first  Caucasian  to  visit  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

NILES,  Nathaniel,  lawyer,  editor  and  soldier. 
iKjrnat  Plainfield.  Otsego  County,  N.  Y..  Feb.  4. 
1817;  attended  an  academy  at  Albany,  from  1830 
to  '34,  was  licensed  to  practice  law  and  removed 
west  in  1837,  residing  successively  at  Delphi  and 
Frankfort,  Ind. .  and  at  Owensburg,  Ky.,  until 
1843,  when  he  settled  in  Belleville,  111.  In  is-iii 
he  was  commissioned  u  First  Lieutenant  in  the 
Second  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers  (Colonel 
Uissell's)  for  the  Mexican  War,  but,  after  the 
liattle  of  Buena  Vista,  was  promoted  by  General 
Wool  to  the  captaincy  of  an  independent  com- 
l>any  of  Texas  foot.  He  was  elected  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  at  the  session  of 
1849,  and  the  same  year  was  chosen  County 
Judge  of  St.  Clair  County,  serving  until  1861. 
With  the  exception  of  brief  periods  from  1851  to 
'59,  he  was  editor  and  part  owner  of  "The  Belle- 
ville Advocate. "  :i  paper  originally  Democratic, 
but  which  became  Republican  on  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Republican  party.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  Colonel  of  the  Fifty -fourth  Illinois 
Volunteer  Infantry,  but  the  completion  of  its 
organization  having  been  delayed,  he  resigned, 
and,  the  following  year,  was  commissioned  Colo- 
nel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirtieth,  serving 
until  May,  1864,  when  he  resigned — in  March. 
1865,  receiving  the  compliment  of  a  brevet  Briga- 
dier-Generalship. During  the  winter  of  1862  6.". 
he  was  in  command  at  Memphis,  but  later  took 
part  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and  in  the  cam- 
paigns on  Red  River  and  Bayou  Teche.  After 
trie  war  he  served  as  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  from  St.  Clair  County  (1865-66) ; 
as  Trustee  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Jacksonville;  on  the  Commission  for 
building  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet,  and  as 
Commissioner  (by  appointment  of  Governor 
Oglesby)  for  locating  the  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home.  His  later  years  have  been  spent  chiefly 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  with  occasional 
excursions  into  journalism.  Originally  an  anti- 
slavery  Democrat,  he  became  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Southern  Illinois. 
NIXON,  William  Penn,  journalist,  Collector  of 
'ustoms,  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Ind.,  of 


North  Carolina  and  Quaker  ancestry,  early  in 
1832.  In  1853  he  graduated  from  Farmers'  (now 
Belmont)  College,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  After 
devoting  two  years  to  teaching,  he  entered  the 
law  department  of  the  University  i>i  Pennsyl- 
vania (1855),  graduating  in  1859.  For  nine  years 
thereafter  he  practiced  law  at  Cincinnati,  during 
which  period  he  was  thrice  elected  to  the  Ohio 
Legislature.  In  1868  he  embarked  in  journalism 
he  and  his  older  brother,  Dr.  O.  W.  Nixon,  with 
a  few  friends,  founding  "The  Cincinnati  Chron- 
icle." A  few  years  later  "The  Times"  was  pur- 
chased, and  the  two  papers  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  "The  Times-Chronicle."  In 
May,  1872,  having  disposed  of  his  interests  in 
Cincinnati,  he  assumed  the  business  manage- 
ment of  "The  Chicago  Inter  Ocean,"  then  a  new 
venture  and  struggling  for  a  foothold.  In  1875 
he  and  his  brother,  Dr.  O.  W.  Nixon,  secured  a 
controlling  interest  in  the  paper,  when  the 
former  assumed  the  position  of  editor-in-chief, 
which  he  continued  to  occupy  until  1897,  when 
he  was  appointed  Collector  of  Customs  for  the 
City  of  Chicago — a  position  which  he  now  holds. 

NO kOM  IS,  a  city  of  Montgomery  County,  on 
the  "Big  Four"  main  line  and  "  "Frisco"  Rail- 
roads, HI  miles  east  by  north  from  St.  Louis  and 
52  miles  west  of  Mattoon;  in  important  grain- 
growing  and  hay -producing  section;  has  water- 
works, electric  lights,  three  flour  mills,  two 
machine  shops,  wagon  factory,  creamery,  seven 
churches,  high  school,  two  banks  and  three 
papers;  is  noted  for  shipments  of  poultry,  butter 
and  eggs.  Population  (1890),  1,305;  (1900),  1,371. 

NORMAL,  a  city  in  McLean  County,  2  miles 
north  of  Bloomington  and  124  southwest  of  Chi- 
cago; at  intersecting  point  of  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroads.  It  lies 
in  a  rich  coal  and  agricultural  region,  and  has 
extensive  fruit-tree  nurseries,  two  canning  fac- 
tories, one  bank,  hospital,  and  four  periodicals. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home, 
founded  in  1869,  and  the  Illinois  State  Normal 
University,  founded  in  1857;  has  city  and  rural 
mail  delivery.  Pop.  (1890).  3,459;  (1900).  8,795. 

NORMAL  UNIVERSITIES.  (See  Southern 
Illinois  Normal  Unirrrsity:  State  Normal  Uni- 
versity. ) 

NORTH  ALTON,  a  village  of  Madison  County 
and  suburb  of  the  city  of  Alton.  Population 
(1880),  838;  (1890).  762;  (1900),  904. 

NORTHCOTT,  William  A.,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,  was  born  in  Murfreesboro,  Term.,  Jan.  28, 
1854— the  son  of  Gen.  R.  S.  Northcott,  whose 
loyalty  to  the  Union,  at  the  beginning  of  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


401 


Rebellion,  compelled- him  to  leave  his  Southern 
home  and  seek  safety  for  himself  and  family  in 
the  North.  He  went  to  West  Virginia,  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  a  regiment  and  served 
through  the  war,  being  for  some  nine  months  a 
prisoner  in  Libby  Prison.  After  acquiring  his 
literary  education  in  the  public  schools,  the 
younger  Northcott  spent  some  time  in  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  after  which  he  was 
engaged  in  teaching.  Meanwhile,  he  was  prepar- 
ing for  the  practice  of  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1877,  two  years  later  coming  to  Green- 
ville, Bond  County,  111.,  which  has  since  been  his 
home.  In  1880,  by  appointment  of  President 
Hayes,  he  served  as  Supervisor  of  the  Census  for 
the  Seventh  District ;  in  1882  was  elected  State's 
Attorney  for  Bond  County  and  re-elected  suc- 
cessively in  '84  and  '88 ;  in  1890  was  appointed  on 
the  Board  of  Visitors  to  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy,  and,  by  selection  of  the  Board, 
delivered  the  annual  address  to  the  graduating 
•  •lass  of  that  year.  In  1892  he  was  the  Repub- 
lican nominee  for  Congress  for  the  Eighteenth  Dis- 
trict, but  was  defeated  in  the  general  landslide  of 
that  year.  In  1896  he  was  more  fortunate,  being 
elected  Lieutenant-Governor  by  the  vote  of  the 
State,  receiving  a  plurality  of  over  137,000  over 
his  Democratic  opponent. 

.NORTH  PEORIA,  formerly  a  suburban  village 
in  Peoria  County.  ~  miles  north  of  the  city  of 
Peoria;  annexed  to  the  city  of  Peoria  in  1900. 

NORTHERN  BOUNDARY  QUESTION,  THE. 
The  Ordinance  of  1787,  making  the  first  specific 
provision,  by  Congress,  for  the  government  of  the 
country  lying  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River  and 
east  of  the  Mississippi  (known  as  the  Northwest 
Territory),  provided,  among  other  things  (Art. 
V.,  Ordinance  1787),  that  "there  shall  be  formed 
in  the  said  Territory  not  less  than  three  nor  more 
than  five  States."  It  then  proceeds  to  fix  the 
boundaries  of  the  proposed  States,  on  the  assump- 
tion that  there  shall  be  three  in  number,  adding 
thereto  the  following  proviso:  "Provided,  how- 
ever, and  it  is  further  understood  and  declared, 
that  the  boundaries  of  these  three  States  shall  be 
subject  so  far  to  be  altered  that,  if  Congress  shall 
hereafter  find  it  expedient,  they  shall  have 
authority  to  form  one  or  two  States  in  that  part 
of  the  said  Territory  which  lies  north  of  an  east 
and  west  line  drawn  through  the  southerly  bend 
or  extreme  of  Lake  Michigan."  On  the  basis  of 
this  provision  it  has  been  claimed  that  the  north- 
ern boundaries  of  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Ohio 
should  have  been  on  the  exact  latitude  of  the 
southern  limit  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  that  the 


failure  to  establish  this  boundary  was  a  violation 
of  the  Ordinance,  inasmuch  as  the  fourteenth  sec- 
tion of  the  preamble  thereto  declares  that  "the 
following  articles  shall  be  considered  as  articles 
of  compact  between  the  original  States  and  the 
people  and  States  in  the  said  Territory,  and  for- 
ever remain  unalterable,  unless  by  common  con- 
sent."— In  the  limited  state  of  geographical 
knowledge,  existing  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of 
the  Ordinance,  there  seems  to  have  been  con- 
siderable difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  latitude 
of  the  southern  limit  of  Lake  Michigan.  The 
map  of  Mitchell  (1755)  had  placed  it  on  the  paral- 
lel of  42°  20',  while  that  of  Thomas  Hutchins 
(1778)  fixed  it  at  41°  37'.  It  was  officially  estab- 
lished by  Government  survey,  in  1835,  at  41"  37' 
07.9".  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  neither  of  the  three  States  named  was  finally 
fixed  on  the  line  mentioned  in  the  proviso  above 
quoted  from  the  Ordinance— that  of  Ohio,  where 
it  meets  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  being  a  little 
north  of  41°  44' ;  that  of  Indiana  at  41°  46'  (some 
10  miles  north  of  the  southern  bend  of  the  lake), 
and  that  of  Illinois  at  42°  30' — about  61  miles 
north  of  the  same  line.  The  boundary  line 
between  Ohio  and  Michigan  was  settled  after  a 
bitter  controversy,  on  the  admission  of  the  latter 
State  into  the  Union,  in  1837,  in  the  acceptance 
by  her  of  certain  conditions  proposed  by  Congress. 
These  included  the  annexation  to  Michigan  of 
what  is  known  as  the  "Upper  Peninsula," 
lying  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior, 
in  lieu  of  a  strip  averaging  six  miles  on  her 
southern  border,  which  she  demanded  from 
Ohio. — The  establishment  of  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  Illinois,  in  1818,  upon  the  line  which  now 
exists,  is  universally  conceded  to  have  been  due 
to  the  action  of  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,  then  the 
Delegate  in  Congress  from  Illinois  Territory. 
While  it  was  then  acquiesced  in  without  ques- 
tion, it  has  since  been  the  subject  of  considerable 
controversy  and  has  been  followed  by  almost 
incalculable  results.  The  "enabling  act,"  as 
originally  introduced  early  in  1818,  empowering 
the  people  of  Illinois  Territory  to  form  a  State 
Government,  fixed  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
proposed  State  at  41°  39',  then  the  supposed  lati- 
tude of  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan. 
While  the  act  was  under  consideration  in  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole,  Mr.  Pope  offered  an  amend- 
ment advancing  the  northern  boundary  to  42° 
30'.  The  object  of  his  amendment  (as  he  ex- 
plained) was  to  gain  for  the  new  State  a  coast 
line  on  Lake  Michigan,  bringing  it  into  political 
and  commercial  relations  with  the  States  east  of 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


it — Indiana,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  New  York — 
thus  ''affording  additional  security  to  the  per- 
petuity of  the  Union."  He  argued  that  the 
location  of  the  State  between  the  Mississippi, 
Wabash  and  Ohio  Rivers— all  flowing  to  the 
south — would  bring  it  in  intimate  communica- 
tion with  the  Southern  States,  and  that,  in  the 
event  of  an  attempted  disruption  of  the  Union,  it 
was  important  that  it  should  be  identified  with 
the  commerce  of  the  Lakes,  instead  of  being  left 
entirely  to  the  waters  of  the  south-flowing 
rivers.  "Thus, "  said  he,  "a  rival  interest  would  be 
created  to  check  the  wish  for  a  Western  or  South- 
ern Confederacy.  Her  interests  would  thus  be 
balanced  and  her  inclinations  turned  to  the 
North."  He  recognized  Illinois  as  already  "the 
key  to  the  West,"  and  he  evidently  foresaw  that 
the  time  might  come  when  it  would  be  the  Key- 
stone of  the  Union.  While  this  evinced  wonder- 
ful foresight,  scarcely  less  convincing  was  his 
argument  that,  in  time,  a  commercial  emporium 
would  grow  up  upon  Lake  Michigan,  which  would 
demand  an  outlet  by  means  of  a  canal  to  the  Illi- 
nois River — a  work  which  was  realized  in  the 
completion  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
thirty  years  later,  but  which  would  scarcely  have 
been  accomplished  had  the  State  been  practically 
cut  off  from  the  Lake  and  its  chief  emporium 
left  to  grow  up  in  another  commonwealth,  or  not 
at  all.  Judge  Pope's  amendment  was  accepted 
without  division,  and,  in  this  form,  a  few  days 
later,  the  bill  became  a  law. — The  almost  super- 
human sagacity  exhibited  in  Judge  Pope's  argu- 
ment, has  been  repeatedly  illustrated  in  the 
commercial  and  political  history  of  the  State 
since,  but  never  more  significantly  than  in  the 
commanding  position  which  Illinois  occupied 
during  the  late  Civil  War,  with  one  of  its  citi- 
zens in  the  Presidential  chair  and  another  leading 
its  250,000  citizen  soldiery  and  the  armies  of  the 
Union  in  battling  for  the  perpetuity  of  the 
Republic — a  position  which  more  than  fulfilled 
every  prediction  made  for  it  —  The  territory 
affected  by  thia  settlement  of  the  northern 
boundary,  includes  all  that  part  of  the  State 
north  of  the  northern  line  of  La  Salle  County, 
and  embraces  the  greater  portion  of  the  fourteen 
counties  of  Cook,  Dupage,  Kane,  Lake,  McHenry, 
Boone,  DeKalb,  Lee,  Ogle,  Winnebago,  Stephen- 
son,  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll  and  Whiteside,  with  por- 
tions of  Kendall,  Will  and  Rock  Island— estimated 
at  8,500  square  miles,  or  more  than  one-seventh 
of  the  present  area  of  the  State.  It  has  been 
argued  that  this  territory  belonged  to  the  State 
of  Wisconsin  under  the  provisions  of  the  Ordi- 


nance of  1787,  and  there  were  repeated  attempts 
made,  on  the  part  of  the  Wisconsin  Legislature 
and  its  Territorial  Governor  (Doty),  between  1839 
and  1843,  to  induce  the  people  of  these  counties  to 
recognize  this  claim.  These  were,  in  a  few 
instances,  partially  successful,  although  no  official 
notice  was  taken  of  them  by  the  authorities  of  Illi- 
nois. The  reply  made  to  the  Wisconsin  claim  by 
Governor  Ford — who  wrote  his  "History  of  Illi- 
nois" when  the  subject  was  fresh  in  the  public 
mind — was  that,  while  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
gave  Congress  power  to  organize  a  State  north  of 
the  parallel  running  through  the  southern  bend 
of  Lake  Michigan,  "there  is  nothing  in  the  Ordi- 
nance requiring  such  additional  State  to  be 
organized  of  the  territory  north  of  that  line. "  In 
other  words,  that,  when  Congress,  in  1818, 
authorized  the  organization  of  an  additional 
State  north  of  and  in  (i.  e.,  within)  the  line 
named,  it  did  not  violate  the  Ordinance  of  1787, 
but  acted  in  accordance  with  it — in  practically 
assuming  that  the  new  State  "need  not  neces- 
sarily include  the  whole  of  the  region  north  of 
that  line. "  The  question  was  set  at  rest  by  Wis- 
consin herself  in  the  action  of  her  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1847-48,  in  framing  her  first  con- 
stitution, in  form  recognizing  the  northern 
boundary  of  Illinois  as  fixed  by  the  enabling  act 
of  1818. 

NORTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE, 
an  institution  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
created  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved,  April 
16,  1869.  The  Commissioners  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Palmer  to  fix  its  location  consisted  of 
August  Adams,  B.  F.  Shaw,  W.  R.  Brown,  M.  L. 
Joslyn,  1).  S.  Hammond  and  William  Adams. 
After  considering  many  offers  and  examining 
numerous  sites,  the  Commissioners  finally  selected 
the  Chisholm  farm,  consisting  of  about  155  acres, 
\Vi  miles  from  Elgin,  on  the  west  side  of  Fox 
River,  and  overlooking  that  stream,  as  a  site — 
this  having  been  tendered  as  a  donation  by  the 
citizens  of  Elgin.  Plans  were  adopted  in  the 
latter  part  of  1869,  the  system  of  construction 
chosen  conforming,  in  the  main,  to  that  of  the 
United  States  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  By  January,  1872,  the  north  wing 
and  rear  building  were  so  far  advanced  as  to  per- 
mit the  reception  of  sixty  patients.  The  center 
building  was  ready  for  occupancy  in  April,  1873, 
and  the  south  wing  before  the  end  of  the  follow- 
ing year.  The  total  expenditures  previous  to 
1879  had  exceeded  $637,000,  and  since  that  date 
liberal  appropriations  have  been  made  for  addi- 
tions, repairs  and  improvements,  including  the 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


it — I n  ii.ni.i  Ohio.  Pennsylvania  and  New  York — 
thus  "affording  additional  security  to  the  per 
petuity  of  the  Union."  He  argued  that  the 
location  of  the  State  between  the  Mississippi, 
Waliash  and  Ohio  Rivers— all  flowing  to  the 
south — would  bring  it  in  intimate  communica- 
tion with  the  Southern  States,  and  that,  in  the 
event  of  an  attempted  disruption  of  the  Union,  it 
was  important  that  it  should  l>e  identified  with 
the  commerce  of  the  Lakes,  instead  of  being  left 
entirely  to  the  waters  of  the  soutli-tlowing 
rivers.  "Thus,"  said  he.  "a  rival  interest  would  be 
created  to  check  the  wish  for  a  Western  or  South- 
ern Confederacy.  Her  interests  would  thus  !«• 
balanced  ami  her  inclinations  turned  to  the 
North  "  He  recognized  Illinois  as  already  "the 
key  to  the  West."  and  he  evidently  foresaw  that 
the  time  might  come  when  it  would  be  the  Key- 
stone of  the  Union.  AVhile  this  evinced  wonder- 
ful foresight,  scarcely  less  convincing  was  his 
argument  that,  in  time,  a  commercial  emporium 
would  grow  up  upon  Lake  Michigan,  which  would 
demand  an  outlet  by  means  of  a  canal  to  the  Illi- 
nois River — a  work  which  was  realized  in  the 
completion  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
thirty  years  later,  but  which  would  scarcely  have 
been  accomplished  had  the  State  been  practically 
cut  olf  from  the  Lake  and  its  chief  emporium 
left  to  grow  up  in  another  commonwealth,  or  not 
at  all.  Judge  Pope's  amendment  was  accepted 
without  division,  and.  in  this  form,  a  few  days 
later,  the  bill  became  a  law. — The  almost  sujier- 
human  sagacity  exhibited  in  Judge  Pope's  argu- 
ment, has  been  repeatedly  illustrated  in  the 
commercial  and  political  history  of  the  State 
since,  but  never  more  significantly  than  in  the 
commanding  position  which  Illinois  occupied 
during  the  late  Civil  War,  with  one  of  its  citi- 
zens in  the  Presidential  chair  and  another  leading 
its  25(1.0(10  citizen  soldiery  and  the  armies  of  the 
Union  in  K-ittling  for  the  perpetuity  of  the 
Republic — a  position  which  more  than  fulfilled 
every  prediction  made  for  it. — The  territory 
affected  by  this  settlement  of  the  northern 
boundary,  includes  all  that  part  of  the  State 
north  of  the  northern  line  of  I-i  Salle  County, 
and  embraces  the  greater  |>ortion  of  the  fourteen 
counties  of  Cook,  Dupage,  Kane,  Lake.  McIIenry, 
Roone,  DeKalb.  Lee.  Ogle.  Winnebago.  Stephen- 
son.  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll  ami  Wliiteside.  with  por- 
tions of  Kendall,  Will  and  Rock  Island— estimated 
at  N.500  square  miles,  or  more  than  one-seventh 
of  the  present  area  of  the  State.  It  has  liecn 
argued  that  this  territory  liclonged  to  the  State 
of  Wisconsin  under  the  provisions  of  the  Ordi- 


nance of  1787,  and  there  were  repeated  attempts 
made,  on  the  part  of  the  Wisconsin  Legislature 
and  its  Territorial  Governor  (Doty),  between  1S3!» 
and  1S4IJ,  to  induce  the  people  of  these  counties  t<i 
recognize  this  claim.  These  were,  in  a  few 
instances,  partially  successful,  although  no  official 
notice  was  taken  of  them  by  the  authorities  of  Illi 
uois.  The  reply  made  to  the  Wisconsin  claim  by 
(iovernor  Ford — who  wrote  his  "History  of  Illi- 
nois" when  the  subject  was  fresh  in  the  public- 
mind — was  that,  while  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
gave  Congress  power  to  organize  a  State  north  of 
the  parallel  running  through  the  southern  bend 
ff  Lake  Michigan,  "there  is  nothing  in  the  Ordi- 
nance requiring  such  additional  State  to  be 
organized  of  the  territory  north  of  that  line."  In 
other  words,  that,  when  Congress,  in  181". 
authorizeil  the  organization  of  an  additional 
Slate  north  of  and  in  (i.  ••  within*  the  line 
named,  it  did  not  violate  t  lie  Ordinance  of  1787, 
but  acteil  in  accordance  with  it — in  practically 
assuming  that  the  new  State  "need  not  neces 
sarily  include  the  whole  of  the  region  north  "f 
that  line."  The  question  was  set  at  rest  by  Wis- 
consin herself  in  the  action  of  her  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1847-48,  in  framing  her  first  con- 
stitution, in  form  recognizing  the  northern 
boundary  of  Illinois  as  fixed  by  the  enabling  act 
of  1818. 

NORTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  IXSAXK, 
an  institution  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
created  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved,  April 
Hi.  ls69.  The  Commissioners  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Palmer  to  fix  its  location  consisted  of 
August  Adams,  B.  F.  Shaw.  W.  R.  Brown,  M.  1. 
Joslyn.  l>  S.  Hammond  and  William  Adams 
After  considering  many  oilers  and  examining 
numerous  sites,  the  Commissioners  finally  selected 
the  Chisholm  farm,  consisting  of  air. mi  155  acres. 
1'i  miles  from  Elgin,  on  the  west  side  of  Fox 
River,  ami  overlooking  that  stream,  as  a  site- 
this  having  been  tendered  as  a  donation  by  the 
citizens  of  Elgin.  Plans  were  adopted  in  the 
latter  part  of  1869,  the  system  of  construction 
chosen  conforming,  in  the  main,  to  that  of  the 
United  States  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  By  January,  1«7'J.  the  north  wing 
and  rear  building  were  so  far  advanced  as  to  per- 
mit the  reception  of  sixty  patients.  The  center 
building  was  ready  for  occupancy  in  April.  187:!. 
and  the  south  wing  before  the  end  of  the  follow- 
ing year.  The  total  expenditures  previous  to 
1876  had  exceeded  Sfi37. («>(».  and  since  that  date 
liberal  appropriations  have  been  made  for  addi- 
tions, repairs  and  improvements,  including  the 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


403 


addition  of  between  300  and  400  acres  to  the  lands 
connected  with  the  institution  The  first  Board 
of  Trustees  consisted  of  Charles  N.  Holden, 
Oliver  Everett  and  Henry  "W.  Sherman,  with  Dr. 
E.  A.  Kilbourne  as  the  first  Superintendent,  and 
Dr.  Richard  A.  Dewey  (afterwards  Superintend- 
ent of  the  Eastern  Hospital  at  Kankakee)  as  his 
Assistant.  Dr.  Kilbourne  remained  at  the  head 
of  the  institution  until  his  death,  Feb.  27,  1890, 
covering  a  period  of  nineteen  years.  Dr.  Kil- 
bourne was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Henry  J.  Brooks, 
and  he,  by  Dr.  Loewy,  in  June,  1893,  and  the 
latter  by  Dr.  John  B.  Hamilton  (former  Super- 
vising Surgeon  of  the  United  States  Marine  Hos- 
pital Service)  in  1897.  Dr.  Hamilton  died  in 
December,  1898.  (See  Hamilton,  John  B.)  The 
total  value  of  State  property,  June  30,  1894,  was 
1882,745.66,  of  which  $701,330  was  in  land  and 
buildings.  Under  the  terms  of  the  law  estab- 
lishing the  hospital,  provision  is  made  for  the 
care  therein  of  the  incurably  insane,  so  that  it  is 
both  a  hospital  and  an  asylum.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  patients  under  treatment,  for  the  two  years 
preceding  June  30,  1894,  was  1,797,  the  number 
of  inmates,  on  Dec.  1,  1897,  1,054,  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  for  treatment,  for  the  year  1896, 
1,296.  The  following  counties  comprise  the  dis- 
trict dependent  upon  the  Elgin  Hospital:  Boone, 
Carroll,  Cook,  DeKalb,  Jo  Daviess,  Kane.  Ken- 
dall, Lake,  Stephenson,  Whiteside  and  Winne- 
bago. 

NORTHERN  ILLINOIS  NORMAL  SCHOOL, 
an  institution,  incorporated  in  1884,  at  Dixon,  Lee 
County,  111.,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction 
in  branches  related  to  the  art  of  teaching.  Its 
last  report  claims  a  total  of  1,639  pupils,  of  whom 
885  were  men  and  744  women,  receiving  instruc- 
tion from  thirty-six  teachers.  The  total  value  of 
property  was  estimated  at  more  than  $200,000,  of 
which  $160,000  was  in  real  estate  and  $45,000  in 
apparatus.  Attendance  on  the  institution  has 
been  affected  by  the  establishment,  under  act  of 
the  Legislature  of  1895,  of  the  Northern  State 
Normal  School  at  DeKalb  (which  see). 

NORTHERN  PENITENTIARY,  THE,  an  insti- 
tution for  the  confinement  of  criminals  of  the 
State,  located  at  Joliet,  Will  County.  The  site 
was  purchased  by  the  State  in  1857,  and  com- 
prises some  seventy-two  acres.  Its  erection  was 
found  necessary  because  of  the  inadequacy  of  the 
first  penitentiary,  at  Alton.  (See  Alton  Peni- 
tentiary.) The  original  plan  contemplated  a 
cell-house  containing  1,000  cells,  which,  it  was 
thought,  would  meet  the  public  necessities  for 
many  years  to  come.  Its  estimated  cost  was 


$550,000;  but,  within  ten  years,  there  had  been 
expended  upon  the  institution  the  sum  of  $934.- 
000,  and  its  capacity  was  taxed  to  the  utmost. 
Subsequent  enlargements  have  increased  the 
cost  to  over  $1,600,000,  but  by  1877.  the  institution 
had  become  so  overcrowded  that  the  erection  of 
another  State  penal  institution  became  positivnly 
necessary.  (See  Southern  Penitentiary.)  The 
prison  has  always  been  conducted  on  "the 
Auburn  system,"  which  contemplates  associate 
labor  in  silence,  silent  meals  in  a  common  refec- 
tory, and  (as  nearly  as  practicable)  isolation  at 
night.  The  system  of  labor  has  varied  at  differ- 
ent times,  the  "lessee  system,"  the  "contract 
system"  and  the  "State  account  plan"  being 
successively  in  force.  (See  Convict  Labor. )  The 
whole  number  of  convicts  in  the  institution,  at 
the  date  of  the  official  report  of  1895,  was  1,566. 
The  total  assets  of  the  institution,  Sept.  30,  1894, 
were  reported  at  $2,121,308.86,  of  which  $1,644,- 
601.11  was  in  real  estate. 

NORTH  &  SOUTH  RAILROAD.  (See  St. 
Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Railway.) 

NORTHERN  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  an 
institution  for  the  education  of  teachers  of  the 
common  schools,  authorized  to  be  established  liy 
act  of  the  Legislature  passed  at  the  session  of 
1895.  The  act  made  an  appropriation  of  $50,000 
for  the  erection  of  buildings  and  other  improve- 
ments. The  institution  was  located  at  DeKalb. 
DeKalb  County,  in  the  spring  of  1896,  and  the 
erection  of  buildings  commenced  soon  after- 
Isaac  F.  Ellwood,  of  DeKalb,  contributing  $20.- 
000  in  cash,  and  J.  F.  Glidden,  a  site  of  sixty 
seven  acres  of  land.  Up  to  Dec.  1,  1897,  the 
appropriations  and  contributions,  in  land  and 
money,  aggregated  $175,000.  The  school  was 
expected  to  be  ready  for  the  reception  of  pupils 
in  the  latter  part  of  1899,  and,  it  is  estimated,  will 
accommodate  1.000  students. 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORY.  The  name 
formerly  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  Unite<l 
States  north  and  west  of  the  Ohio  River  and  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  comprising  the  present  States 
of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wiscon- 
sin. The  claim  of  the  Government  to  the  land 
had  been  acquired  partly  through  conquest,  by 
the  expedition  of  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark 
(which  see),  under  the  auspices  of  the  State  of 
Virginia  in  1778 ;  partly  through  treaties  with  the 
Indians,  and  partly  through  cessions  from  those 
of  the  original  States  laying  claim  thereto.  The 
first  plan  for  the  government  of  this  vast  region 
was  devised  and  formulated  by  Thomas  Jefferson, 
in  his  proposed  Ordinance  of  1784,  which  failed 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


4":; 


addition  of  between  :!OO  and  -100  acres  to  the  lands 
connected  with  the  institution  The  first  Kuanl 
of  Trustees  consisted  of  Charles  X.  Holden. 
Oliver  Kverett  and  Henry  W  Sherman,  with  Dr. 
E.  A.  Killiourne  as  the  first  Superintendent,  and 
Dr.  Richard  A.  Dewey  (afterwards  Suj«rintend- 
ent  of  the  Eastern  Hospital  at  Kankakee)  as  his 
Assistant.  Dr.  Ki  I  bourne  remained  at  the  head 
of  the  institution  until  his  death.  Feb.  27.  1*9O, 
covering  a  i>eriod  of  nineteen  years  Dr  Kil- 
bourne  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Henry  J.  Hntoks. 
and  he.  by  Dr.  Uoewy.  in  June  1H9JI.  and  the 
latter  by  Dr.  John  1!.  Hamilton  (former  Super- 
vising Surgeon  of  the  United  States  Marine  Hos- 
pital Service"  in  1*97.  Dr.  Hamilton  died  in 
December.  IH'.IS.  (See  Hamilton,  ./.i/i/i  />'  I  Tlie 
total  value  of  State  property,  June  ItO.  1*94.  was 
$**•.>.  74.V6I..  of  which  $7tll. :130  was  in  land  and 
buildings.  Under  the  terms  of  the  law  estab 
lishing  the  hospital,  provision  is  made  for  the 
care  therein  of  the  incurably  insane,  so  that  it  is 
l)oth  a  hospital  and  an  asylum.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  patients  under  treatment,  for  the  two  years 
preceding  June  '!",  1*94.  was  1,71*7.  the  numl»cr 
of  inmates,  on  Dec.  1.  1*97,  l,or>4,  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  for  treatment,  for  the  year  l*9f>. 
I.2W>.  The  following  counties  comprise  the  dis- 
trict de|MMident  U|HIII  the  Elgin  Hospital:  lioone, 
Carroll.  Cook.  DeKalb.  Jo  Daviess.  Kane.  Ken- 
dall Lake,  Stepbenson.  \Vbitesiile  and  Winne- 

hago. 

NOI;  I  III  I;N     ILLINOIS   NORMAL    SCHOOL. 

an  institution.  ineor|iorated  in  I— •(  at  Dixon.  1  •  •• 
County.  III.,  for  the  pur|M>se  of  giving  instruction 
in  branches  related  to  the  art  of  teaching.  Its 
last  report  claims  a  total  of  I.IKMI  pupils,  of  whom 
**•">  wen-  men  and  744  women,  receiving  inslrue 
lion  from  thirty-six  teachers  The  total  value  of 
property  was  estimated  at  more  than  8500, MU,  c,f 
which  ¥1(1(1.000  was  in  real  estate  and  S4.1.00O  in 
apparatus.  Attendance  on  the  institution  has 
lieen  affected  by  the  establishment,  under  act  of 
the  Legislature  of  1*9.'.,  of  the  Northern  State 
Normal  School  at  DeKalb  (which  seel. 

NORTHERN  PENITENTIARY,  THE,  an  iiist,- 
tution  lor  the  confinement  of  criminals  .  i  the 
State,  located  at  Joliet.  Will  County.  The  site 
was  purchased  by  the  State  in  1s."i7.  and  com- 
prises some  seventy-two  acres  Its  erection  was 
found  necessary  heeaiise  of  tin-  inadeijuacv  of  tin- 
first  |M-niteiitiary.  at  Alton.  (See  .-!//..»  I'm! 
tfiifini'1/.}  The  original  plan  contemplated  a 
cell-house,  containing  I.OOO  cells,  which,  it  was 
thought,  would  meet  the  pnblie  necessities  for 
many  years  to  come.  Its  estimated  cost  was 


$.V>0.0<ki.  but.  within  ten  years,  there  had  been 
expended  u|mi>  the  institution  the  sum  of  S'.i:;i  • 
000  and  its  capacity  was  taxed  to  the  utmost 
Subsequent  enlargements  have  increased  the 
cost  to  over*l.<!00.(HMI.  but  by  1*77  the  institution 
had  In-come  so  overcrowded  that  the  erection  of 
another  State  penal  institution  la-came  positixely 
necessary  (See  Stiitthrrii  71'  ni(t  utiary  )  The 
prison  has  always  Ix-cn  conducted  on  "the 
Auburn  system."  which  contemplates  associate 
labor  in  silence,  silent  meals  in  a  common  refec- 
tory, and  (as  nearly  as  practicable!  isolation  at 
night.  The  system  of  lalior  has  varied  at  differ- 
ent times,  the  "lessee  system."  the  "contraet 
system"  and  the  "State  account  plan"  licing 
successively  in  force  (See  <  'tiurirt  Ijiluir. )  The 
whole  number  of  convictK  in  the  institution,  at 
the  date  of  the  official  rcjiort  of  1*95.  was  1..VW. 
The  total  assets  of  the  institution.  Sept.  .TO.  1*91 
were  rejiorted  at  *.'.  rjf,:to*sii.  <if  which  S1.GII.- 
(MM.ll  was  in  real  estate 

\OKTH    .V     SOUTH     i:\ll.liit\n.     (S,.f    si 
Limit,  l*coriit  A-  \tirthtTn  liuiltriiy.) 

NORTHKKN  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  an 
institution  lor  the  education  of  teachers  of  tin- 
common  schools,  autborixed  to  lie  established  by 
act  of  the  Legislature  passed  at  the  session  <»l 
1XM.V  The  act  niaile  an  appropriation  of  S50.OOO 
for  t he  erection  of  buildings  and  other  improve 
ments  The  institution  was  located  at  DeKalb 
DeKalb  County,  in  the  spring  of  1WMJ,  and  the 
erection  of  buildings  commenced  soon  after 
Isaac  F.  Ellwood.  of  DeKalb,  contributing  S'.'o 
000  in  cash,  and  J  i  (Midden,  a  site  of  si*t\ 
seven  acres  of  land  Up  to  Dec  1  IS97.  I  he 
appropriations  and  contributions,  in  land  ami 
money,  aggregated  SI75.0OO.  Tin-  seli<«.l  «a« 
expecteil  to  lie  ready  for  the  reception  of  pupil* 
in  the  latter  part  of  1*99.  and.  it  i-  estimated  «  ill 
accommodate  I.OOO  student^ 

XORTIIWKST  TERRITORY.  The  name 
formerly  applied  to  that  (Kirlioii  «l  the  Unite. I 
States  north  and  west  "f  the  Ohio  K'iver  ami  eaM 
of  the  Mississippi,  comprising  the  present  State- 
of  Ohio.  Indiana.  Illinois.  Michigan  and  \\V  . 
sin  The  claim  of  the  (iovernnient  to  the  land 
hail  lieen  acijuired  [tirtly  through  coni|iiest.  In 
the  cupeilition  of  Col  (Jcorge  Uogers  Clark 
(which  seel  under  the  auspices  of  the  State  i  if 
Virginia  in  177*;  partly  through  treaties  wit li  the 
Indians,  and  partly  through  cessions  from  those 
of  the  urigiiial  States  laying  claim  thereto.  The 
lir>!  plan  for  tin-  government  of  this  vast  region 
wa-.  devised  and  formulated  by  Thomas  Jefferson 
in  his  | li,, |, 0-, -d  OrdiiKUice  of  17*4.  which  failed 


404 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  ultimate  passage.  But  three  years  later  a 
broader  scheme  was  evolved,  and  the  famous 
Ordinance  of  1787,  with  its  clause  prohibiting  the 
extension  of  slavery  beyond  the  Ohio  River, 
passed  the  Continental  Congress.  This  act  has 
been  sometimes  termed  "The  American  Magna 
Charta,"  because  of  its  engrafting  upon  the 
organic  law  the  principles  of  human  freedom  and 
equal  rights.  The  plan  for  the  establishment  of 
a  distinctive  territorial  civil  government  in  a 
new  Territory — the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  new 
republic — was  felt  to  be  a  tentative  step,  and  too 
much  power  was  not  granted  to  the  residents. 
All  the  officers  were  appointive,  and  each  official 
was  required  to  be  a  land-owner.  The  elective 
franchise  (but  only  for  members  of  the  General 
Assembly)  could  first  be  exercised  only  after  the 
population  had  reached  5,000.  Even  then,  every 
elector  must  own  fifty  acres  of  land,  and  every 
Representative,  200  acres.  More  liberal  provisions, 
however,  were  subsequently  incorporated  by 
amendment,  in  1809.  The  first  civil  government 
in  the  Northwest  Territory  was  established  by  act 
of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  in  the  organization 
of  all  the  country  west  of  the  Ohio  under  the 
name  "Illinois  County,"  of  which  the  Governor 
was  authorized  to  appoint  a  "County  Lieuten- 
ant" or  "Commandant-in-Chief. "  The  first 
"Commandant"  appointed  was  Col.  John  Todd, 
of  Kentucky,  though  he  continued  to  discharge 
the  duties  for  only  a  short  period,  being  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Blue  Licks,  in  1782.  After  that  the 
Illinois  Country  was  almost  without  the  semblance 
of  an  organized  civil  government,  until  1788, 
when  Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  appointed  the 
first  Governor  of  Northwest  Territory,  under  the 
Ordinance  of  1787,  serving  until  the  separation  of 
this  region  into  the  Territories  of  Ohio  and  Indi- 
ana in  1800,  when  William  Henry  Harrison 
became  the  Governor  of  the  latter,  embracing  all 
that  portion  of  the  original  Northwest  Territory 
except  the  State  of  Ohio.  During  St.  Clair's 
administration  (1790)  that  part  of  the  present  State 
of  Illinois  between  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois 
Rivers  on  the  west,  and  a  line  extending  north 
from  about  the  Bite  of  old  Fort  Massac,  on  the 
Ohio,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackinaw  River,  in  the 
present  county  of  Tazewell,  on  the  east,  was 
erected  into  a  county  under  the  name  of  St. 
Clair,  with  three  county -seats,  viz. :  Cahokia, 
Kaskaskia  and  Prairie  du  Roclier.  (See  St.  Clair 
County.)  Between  1830 and  1834  the  name  North- 
west Territory  was  applied  to  an  unorganized 
region,  embracing  the  present  State  of  Wisconsin, 
attached  to  Michigan  Territory  for  governmental 


purposes.    (See  Illinoit  County;  St  Clair,  Arthur; 
and  Todd,  John.) 

NORTHWESTERN  COLLEGE,  located  at 
Naperville,  Du  Page  County,  and  founded  in 
1865,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Evangelical  Asso- 
ciation. It  maintains  business,  preparatory  and 
collegiate  departments,  besides  a  theological 
school.  In  1898  it  had  a  faculty  of  nineteen  profes- 
sors and  assistants,  with  some  360  students,  less 
than  one-third  of  the  latter  being  females,  though 
both  sexes  are  admitted  to  the  college  on  an  equal 
footing.  The  institution  owns  property  to  the 
value  of  $207,000,  including  an  endowment  of 
$85,000. 

NORTHWESTERN    GRAND   TRUNK   RAIL-. 
WAY.    (See  Chicago  A  Grand  Trunk  Railway. ) 

NORTHWESTERN  NORMAL,  located  at  Gene 
seo,  Henry  County,  111. ,  incorporated  in  1884 ;  in 
1894  had  a  faculty  of  twelve  teachers  with  171 
pupils,  of  whom  ninety  were  male  and  eighty-one 
female. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY,  an  impor- 
tant educational  institution,  established  at 
Evanston,  in  Cook  County,  in  1851.  In  1898  it 
reported  2,599  students  (1,980  male  and  619 
female),  and  a  faculty  of  234  instructors. 
It  embraces  the  following  departments,  all  of 
which  confer  degrees:  A  College  of  Liberal 
Arts;  two  Medical  Schools  (one  for  women 
exclusively);  a  Law  School;  a  School  of  Phar- 
macy and  a  Dental  College.  The  Garrett  Bibli- 
cal Institute,  at  which  no  degrees  are  con- 
ferred, constitutes  the  theological  department  of 
the  University.  The  charter  of  the  institution 
requires  a  majority  of  the  Trustees  to  be  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  the 
University  is  the  largest  and  wealthiest  of  the 
schools  controlled  by  that  denomination.  The 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  the  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute  are  at  Evanston ;  the  other  departments 
(all  professional)  are  located  in  Chicago.  In  the 
academic  department  (Liberal  Arts  School),  pro- 
vision is  made  for  both  graduate  and  post-gradu- 
ate courses.  The  Medical  School  was  formerly 
known  as  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  and  its 
Law  Department  was  originally  the  Union  Col- 
lege of  Law,  both  of  which  have  been  absorbed 
by  the  University,  as  have  also  its  schools  of 
dentistry  and  pharmacy,  which  were  formerly 
independent  institutions.  The  property  owned  by 
the  University  is  valued  at  $4,870,000,  of  which 
$1.100,000  is  real  estate,  and  $2,250,000  in  endow- 
ment funds.  Its  income  from  fees  paid  by  students 
in  1898  was  $215,288,  and  total  receipts  from  all 
sources,  $482,389.  Co-education  of  the  sexes  pre- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


405 


vails  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts.    Dr.  Henry 
Wade  Rogers  is  President. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL 
SCHOOL,  located  in  Chicago;  was  organized  in 
1859  as  Medical  School  of  the  Lind  (now  Lake 
Forest)  University.  Three  annual  terms,  of  five 
months  each,  at  first  constituted  a  course, 
although  attendance  at  two  only  was  compul- 
sory. The  institution  first  opened  in  temporary 
quarters,  Oct.  9,  1859,  with  thirteen  professors 
and  thirty-three  students.  By  1863  more  ample 
accommodations  were  needed,  and  the  Trustees 
of  the  land  University  being  unable  to  provide  a 
building,  one  was  erected  by  the  faculty.  In 
1864  the  University  relinquished  all  claim  to  the 
institution,  which  was  thereupon  incorporated  as 
the  Chicago  Medical  College.  In  1868  the  length 
of  the  annual  terms  was  increased  to  six  months, 
and  additional  requirements  were  imposed  on 
candidates  for  both  matriculation  and  gradu- 
ation. The  same  year,  the  college  building  was 
sold,  and  the  erection  of  a  new  and  more  commo- 
dious edifice,  on  the  grounds  of  the  Mercy  Hos- 
pital, was  commenced.  This  was  completed  in 
1870,  and  the  college  became  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Northwestern  University.  The 
number  of  professorships  had  been  increased  to 
eighteen,  and  that  of  undergraduates  to  107. 
Since  that  date  new  laboratory  and  clinical  build- 
ings have  been  erected,  and  the  growth  of  the 
institution  has  been  steady  and  substantial. 
Mercy  and  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  the  South 
Side  Free  Dispensary  afford  resources  for  clinical 
instruction.  The  teaching  faculty,  as  constituted 
in  1898,  consists  of  about  fifty  instructors,  in- 
cluding professors,  lecturers,  demonstrators,  and 
assistants. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  WOMAN'S 
MEDICAL  SCHOOL,  an  institution  for  the  pro 
fessional  education  of  women,  located  in 
Chicago.  Its  first  corporate  name  was  the 
"Woman's  Hospital  Medical  College  of  Chicago, " 
and  it  was  in  close  connection  with  the  Chicago 
Hospital  for  Women  and  Children.  Later,  it 
severed  its  connection  with  the  hospital  and  took 
the  name  of  the  "Woman's  Medical  College  of 
Chicago."  Co-education  of  the  sexes,  in  medicine 
and  surgery,  was  experimentally  tried  from  1868 
to  1870,  but  the  experiment  proved  repugnant  to 
t  Im  male  students,  who  unanimously  signed  a 
protest  against  the  continuance  of  the  system. 
The  result  was  the  establishment  of  a  separate 
school  for  women  in  1870,  with  a  faculty  of  six- 
teen professors.  The  requirements  for  graduation 
were  fixed  at  four  years  of  medical  study,  includ- 


ing three  annual  graded  college  terms  of  six 
months  each.  The  first  term  opened  in  the 
autumn  of  1870,  with  an  attendance  of  twenty 
students.  The  original  location  of  the  school 
was  in  the  "North  Division"  of  Chicago,  in  tem- 
porary quarters.  After  the  fire  of  1871  a  removal 
was  effected  to  the  "West  Division,"  where  (in 
1878-79)  a  modest,  but  well  arranged  building  was 
erected.  A  larger  structure  was  built  in  1884, 
and,  in  1891,  the  institution  became  a  part  of  the 
Northwestern  University.  The  college,  in  all  its 
departments,  is  organized  along  the  lines  of  the 
best  medical  schools  of  the  country.  In  1896 
there  were  twenty-four  professorships,  all  capably 
filled,  and  among  the  faculty  are  some  of  the 
best  known  specialists  in  the  country. 

NORTON,  Jesse  0.,  lawyer,  Congressman  and 
Judge,  was  born  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  April  25, 
1813,  and  graduated  from  Williams  College  in 
1835.  He  settled  at  Joliet  in  1839,  and  soon 
became  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  Will  County. 
His  first  public  office  was  that  of  City  Attorney, 
after  which  he  served  as  County  Judge  (1846-50). 
Meanwhile,  he  was  chosen  a  Delegate  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1847.  In  1850  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1852,  to  Con- 
gress, as  a  Whig.  His  vigorous  opposition  to  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  resulted  in 
his  re-election  as  a  Representative  in  1854.  At 
the  expiration  of  his  second  term  (1857)  he  was 
chosen  Judge  of  the  eleventh  circuit,  to  fill  the 
unexpired  term  of  Judge  Randall,  resigned.  He 
was  once  more  elected  to  Congress  in  1862,  but 
disagreed  with  his  party  as  to  the  legal  status  of 
the  States  lately  in  rebellion.  President  Johnson 
appointed  him  United  States  Attorney  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Illinois,  which  office  he  filled 
until  1869.  Immediately  upon  his  retirement  he 
began  private  practice  at  Chicago,  where  he  died. 
August  3,  1875. 

NORWOOD  PARE,  a  village  of  Cook  County, 
on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad  (Wis- 
consin Division),  11  miles  northwest  of  Chicago. 
Incorporated  in  City  of  Chicago,  1893. 

NOYES,  George  Clement,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Landaff,  N.  H.,  August  4,  1833,  brought  by 
his  parents  to  Pike  County,  111.,  in  1844,  and,  at 
the  age  of  16,  determined  to  devote  his  life  to  the 
ministry ;  in  1851,  entered  Illinois  College  at  Jack- 
sonville, graduating  with  first  honors  in  the  class 
of  1855.  In  the  following  autumn  he  entered 
Union  Theological  Seminary  in  New  York,  and. 
having  graduated  in  1858,  was  ordained  the  same 
year,  and  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church  at  Laporte,  Ind.  Here  he  remained 


406 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ten  years,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Evanston,  111.,  then  a 
small  organization  which  developed,  during  the 
twenty  years  of  his  pastorate,  into  one  of  the 
strongest  and  most  influential  churches  in  Evans- 
ton.  For  a  number  of  years  Dr.  Noyes  was  an 
editorial  writer  and  weekly  correspondent  of 
"The  New  York  Evangelist,"  over  the  signature 
of  "Clement."  He  was  also,  for  several  years,  an 
active  and  very  efficient  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  Knox  College.  The  liberal  bent  of 
his  mind  was  illustrated  in  the  fact  that  he  acted 
as  counsel  for  Prof.  David  Swing,  during  the  cele- 
brated trial  of  the  latter  for  heresy  before  the 
Chicago  Presbytery  —  his  argument  on  that 
occasion  winning  encomiums  from  all  classes  of 
people.  His  death  took  place  at  Evanston,  Jan. 
14,  1889,  as  the  result  of  an  attack  of  pneumonia, 
and  was  deeply  deplored,  not  only  by  his  own 
church  and  denomination,  but  by  the  whole  com- 
munity. Some  two  weeks  after  it  occurred  a 
union  meeting  was  held  in  one  of  the  churches  at 
Evanston,  at  which  addresses  in  commemoration 
of  his  services  were  delivered  by  some  dozen 
ministers  of  that  village  and  of  Chicago,  while 
various  social  and  literary  organizations  and  the 
press  bore  testimony  to  his  high  character.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Literary  Society  of  Chicago, 
and,  during  the  last  year  of  his  life,  served  as  its 
President.  Dr.  Noyea  was  married,  in  1858,  to  a 
daughter  of  David  A.  Smith,  Esq.,  an  honored 
citizen  and  able  lawyer  of  Jacksonville. 

OAKLAND,  a  city  of  Coles  County  on  the  Van- 
dalia  Line  and  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western 
Railroad,  15  miles  northeast  of  Charleston;  is  in 
grain  center  and  broom-corn  belt ;  the  town  has 
two  banks  and  one  daily  and  two  weekly  papers. 
Pop.  (1890),  995;(1900),  1,198. 

OAK  PARK,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  and 
popular  residence  suburb  of  Chicago,  0  miles 
west  of  the  initial  station  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railroad,  on  which  it  is  located ;  is 
also  upon  the  line  of  the  Wisconsin  Central  Rail- 
road. The  place  has  numerous  churches,  pros- 
perous schools,  a  public  library,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  banks  and  two  local  papers. 
Population  (1880),  1.888;  (1890),  4,771. 

OBERLT,  John  II .,  journalist  and  Civil  Serv- 
ice Commissioner,  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  Dec.  6,  1837;  spent  part  of  his  boyhood  in 
Allegheny  County,  Pa.,  but,  in  1853,  began  learn- 
ing the  printer's  trade  in  the  office  of  "The  Woos- 
ter  (Ohio)  Republican, "  completing  it  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  and  becoming  a  journeyman  printer  in 


1857.  He  worked  in  various  offices,  including 
the  Wooster  paper,  where  he  also  began  the  study 
of  law,  but,  in  1860,  became  part  proprietor  of 
"The  Bulletin"  job  office  at  Memphis,  in  which 
he  had  been  employed  as  an  apprentice,  and. 
later,  as  foreman.  Having  been  notified  to  leave 
Memphis  on  account  of  his  Union  principles 
after  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  he  returned 
to  Wooster,  Ohio,  and  conducted  various  papers 
there  during  the  next  four  years,  but,  in  1865, 
came  to  Cairo,  111. ,  where  he  served  for  a  time  as 
foreman  of  "The  Cairo  Democrat,"  three  years 
later  establishing '  'The  Cairo  Bulletin. ' '  Although 
the  latter  paper  was  burned  out  a  few  months  later, 
it  was  immediately  re-established.  In  1873  lie 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  Twenty -eighth 
General  Assembly,  and,  in  1877,  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Cullom  the  Democratic  member  of 
the  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commission,  serving 
four  years,  meanwhile  (in  1880)  being  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  Secretary  of  State.  Other 
positions  held  by  him  included  Mayor  of  the  city 
of  Cairo  (1869) ;  President  of  the  National  Typo- 
graphical Union  at  Chicago  (1865),  and  at  Mem- 
phis (1866);  delegate  to  the  Democratic  National 
Convention  at  Baltimore  (1872),  and  Chairman  of 
the  Democratic  State  Central  Committee 
(1882-84).  After  retiring  from  the  Railroad  ami 
Warehouse  Commission,  he  united  in  founding 
"The  Bloomington  (111.)  Bulletin,"  of  which  he 
was  editor  some  three  years.  During  President 
Cleveland's  administration  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission,  being 
later  transferred  to  the  Commissionership  of 
Indian  Affairs.  He  was  subsequently  connected 
in  an  editorial  capacity  with  "The  Washington 
Post,"  "The  Richmond  (Va.)  State,"  "The  Con- 
cord (N.  H. )  People  and  Patriot"  and  "The  Wash- 
ington Times."  While  engaged  in  an  attempt  to 
reorganize  "The  People  and  Patriot,"  he  died  at 
Concord,  N.  H.,  April  15,  1899. 

ODD  FELLOWS.  "Western  Star"  Lodge,  No. 
1,  I.  0.  0.  F.,  was  instituted  at  Alton,  June  11. 
1836.  In  1838  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Illinois  was 
instituted  at  the  same  place,  and  reorganized,  at 
Springfield,  in  1842.  S.  C.  Pierce  was  the  first 
Grand  Master,  and  Samuel  L.  Miller,  Grand  Sec- 
retary. Wildey  Encampment,  No.  1,  was  organ- 
ized at  Alton  in  1838,  and  the  Grand  Encampment, 
at  Peoria,  in  1850,  with  Charles  H.  Constable 
Grand  Patriarch.  In  1850  the  subordinate  brandies 
of  the  Order  numbered  seventy-six,  with  3,2!tl 
members,  and  $25,392.87  revenue.  In  1895  the 
Lodges  numbered  888,  the  membership  50,54-1. 
with  $475,252.18  revenue,  of  which  $185,018.40 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


407 


was  expended  for  relief.  The  Encampment 
branch,  in  1895,  embraced  179  organizations  with 
a  membership  of  6,812  and  123,865.25  revenue,  of 
which  $6,781.40  was  paid  out  for  relief.  The 
Rebekah  branch,  for  the  same  year,  comprised  422 
Lodges,  with  22,000  members  and  $43,215.65 
revenue,  of  which  $3,122.79  was  for  relief.  The 
total  sum  distributed  for  relief  by  the  several 
organizations  (1895)  was  $144,972.59.  The  Order 
was  especially  liberal  in  its  benefactions  to  the 
sufferers  by  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871,  an  appeal  to 
its  members  calling  forth  a  generous  response 
throughout  the  United  States.  (See  Odd  Fellows 
Orphan*'  Home. ) 

ODD  FELLOWS'  ORPHANS'  HOME,  a  benevo- 
lent institution,  incorporated  in  1889,  erected  at 
Lincoln,  HI.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Daughters 
of  Rebekah  (see  Odd  Fellows),  and  dedicated 
August  19,  1892.  The  building  is  four  stories  in 
height,  has  a  capacity  for  the  accommodation  of 
fifty  children,  and  cost  $36,524.76,  exclusive  of 
forty  acres  of  land  valued  at  $8,000. 

01)  ELL,  a  village  of  Livingston  County,  and 
station  on  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  82 
miles  south-southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  in  a 
grain  and  stock-raising  region.  Population  (1880) , 
908;  (1890),  800;  (1900),  1,000. 

ODIN,  a  village  of  Marion  County,  at  the  cross- 
ing of  the  Chicago  branch  of  the  Illinois  Central 
and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Rail- 
ways, 244  miles  south  by  west  from  Chicago ;  in 
fruit  belt;  has  coal-mine,  two  fruit  evaporators, 
hank  and  a  newspaper.  Fop.  (1900),  1,180. 

O'FALLON,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County,  on 
the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railway,  18 
miles  east  of  St.  Louis :  has  interurban  railway, 
electric  lights,  water-works,  factories,  coal-mine, 
bank  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  1,267. 

06DEW,  William  Bntler,  capitalist  and  Rail- 
way President,  born  at  Walton,  N.  Y.,  June  15, 
1805.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Legis- 
lature in  1834,  and,  the  following  year,  removed 
to  Chicago,  where  he  established  a  land  and  trust 
agency.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  various 
enterprises  centering  around  Chicago,  and,  on 
the  incorporation  of  the  city,  was  elected  its  first 
Mayor,  He  was  prominently  identified  with  the 
construction  of  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union 
Railroad,  and,  in  1847.  became  its  President. 
While  visiting  Europe  in  1853,  he  made  a  careful 
study  of  the  canals  of  Holland,  which  convinced 
him  of  the  desirability  of  widening  and  deepen- 
ing the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  and  of  con- 
structing a  ship  canal  across  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Michigan.  In  1855  lie  became  Presi- 


dent of  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac 
Railroad,  and  effected  its  consolidation  with  the 
Galena  &  Chicago  Union.  Out  of  this  consoli- 
dation sprang  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
way Company,  of  which  he  was  elected  President. 
In  1850  he  presided  over  the  National  Pacific 
Railroad  Convention,  and,  upon  the  formation  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  he  became 
its  President.  He  was  largely  connected  with 
the  inception  of  the  Northern  Pacific  line,  in  the 
success  of  which  he  was  a  firm  believer.  He 
also  controlled  various  other  interests  of  public 
importance,  among  them  the  great  lumbering 
establishments  at  Peshtigo,  Wis.,  and,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  was  the  owner  of  what  was  probably 
the  largest  plant  of  that  description  in  the  world. 
His  benefactions  were  numerous,  among  the 
recipients  being  the  Rush  Medical  College,  of 
which  he  was  President;  the  Theological  Semi- 
nary of  the  Northwest,  the  Chicago  Historical 
Society,  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  University 
of  Chicago,  the  Astronomical  Society,  and  many 
other  educational  and  benevolent  institutions 
and  organizations  in  the  Northwest.  Died,  in 
New  York  City,  August  3,  1877.  (See  Chicago  A 
Northwestern  Railroad. ) 

OGLE,  Joseph,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Virginia 
in  1741,  came  to  Illinois  in  1785,  settling  in  the 
American  Bottom  within  the  present  County  of 
Monroe,  but  afterwards  removed  to  St.  Clair 
County,  about  the  site  of  the  present  town  of 
O'Fallon,  8  miles  north  of  Belleville ;  was  selected 
by  his  neighbors  to  serve  as  Captain  in  their 
skirmishes  with  the  Indians.  Died,  at  his  home 
in  St.  Clair  County,  in  February,  1821.  Captain 
Ogle  had  the  reputation  of  being  the  earliest  con- 
vert to  Methodism  in  Illinois.  Ogle  County,  in 
Northern  Illinois,  was  named  in  his  honor. — 
.laculi  (Ogle),  son  of  the  preceding,  also  a  native 
of  Virginia,  was  born  about  1772,  came  to  Illinois 
with  his  father  in  1785,  and  was  a  '•Ranger"  in 
the  War  of  1812.  He  served  as  a  Representative 
from  St.  Clair  County  in  the  Third  General 
Assembly  (1822).  and  again  in  the  Seventh 
(1830),  in  the  former  being  an  opponent  of  the 
pro-slavery  convention  scheme.  Beyond  two 
terms  in  the  Legislature  he  seems  to  have  held 
no  public  office  except  that  of  Justice  of  the 
Peace.  Like  his  father,  he  was  a  zealous  Metho- 
dist and  highly  respected.  Died,  in  1844,  aged  72 
years. 

OGLE  COUNTY,  next  to  the  "northern  tier"  of 
counties  of  the  State  and  originally  a  part  of  Jo 
Daviess.  It  was  separately  organized  in  1837. 
and  Lee  County  was  carved  from  its  territory  in 


408 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


1839.  In  1900  its  area  was  780  square  miles,  and 
its  population  29,129.  Before  the  Black  Hawk 
War  immigration  was  slow,  and  life  primitive. 
Peoria  was  the  nearest  food  market.  New  grain 
was  "ground"  on  a  grater,  and  old  pounded 
with  an  extemporized  pestle  in  a  wooden  mortar. 
Rock  River  flows  across  the  county  from  north- 
east to  southwest.  A  little  oak  timber  grow.s 
along  its  banks,  but,  generally  speaking,  the  sur- 
face is  undulating  prairie,  with  soil  of  a  rich 
loam.  Sandstone  is  in  ample  supply,  and.  all  the 
limestones  abound.  An  extensive  peat<bed  has 
been  discovered  on  the  Killbuck  Creek.  Oregon, 
the  county-seat,  has  fine  water-power.  The  other 
principal  towns  are  Rochelle,  Polo,  Forreston  and 
Mount  Morris. 

OGLESBY,  Richard  James,  Governor  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Oldham 
County,  Ky.,  July  25,  1824;  left  an  orphan  at  the 
age  of  8  years ;  in  1836  accompanied  an  uncle  to 
Decatur,  111.,  where,  until  1844,  he  worked  at 
farming,  carpentering  and  rope-making,  devoting 
his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  law.  In  1845  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at 
Sullivan,  in  Moultrie  County.  In  1846  he  was 
commissioned  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Fourth  Regi- 
ment, Illinois  Volunteers  (Col.  E.  D.  Baker's  regi- 
ment), and  served  through  the  Mexican  War, 
taking  part  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the 
battle  of  Cerro  Gordo.  In  1847  he  pursued  a 
course  of  study  at  the  Louisville  Law  School, 
graduating  in  1848.  He  was  a  "forty-niner"  in 
California,  but  returned  to  Decatur  in  1851.  In 
1858  he  made  an  unsuccessful  campaign  for  Con- 
gress in  the  Decatur  District.  In  1860  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate,  but  early  in  1861 
resigned  his  seat  to  accept  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Eighth  Illinois  Volunteers.  Through  gallantry 
(notably  at  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson  and  at 
Corinth)  he  rose  to  be  Major-General,  being  se- 
verely wounded  in  the  last-named  battle.  He 
resigned  his  commission  on  account  of  disability, 
in  May,  1864,  and  the  following  November  was 
elected  Governor,  as  a  Republican.  In  1872  he 
was  re-elected  Governor,  but,  two  weeks  after 
his  inauguration,  resigned  to  accept  a  seat  in  the 
United  States  Senate,  to  which  he  was  elected 
by  the  Legislature  of  1873.  In  1884  he  was 
elected  Governor  for  the  third  time— being  the 
only  man  in  the  history  of  the  State  who  (up  to 
the  present  time— 1899)  has  been  thus  honored. 
After  the  expiration  of  his  last  term  as  Governor, 
he  devoted  his  attention  to  his  private  affairs  at 
his  home  at  Elkhart,  in  Logan  County,  where  he 
died,  April  24.  1899,  deeply  mourned  by  personal 


and  political  friends  in  all  parts  of  the  Union, 
who  admired  his  strict  integrity  and  sterling 
patriotism. 

OHIO,  INDIANA  £  WESTERN  RAILWAY. 
(See  Peoria  &  Eastern  Railroad.) 

OHIO  RITER,  an  affluent  of  the  Mississippi, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Allegheny  Rivers,  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  At  this  point 
it  becomes  a  navigable  stream  about  400  yards 
wide,  with  an  elevation  of  about  700  feet  above 
sea-level.  The  beauty  of  the  scenery  along  its 
banks  secured  for  it,  from  the  early  French 
explorers  (of  whom  La  Salle  was  one),  the  name 
of  "La  Belle  Riviere."  Its  general  course  is  to 
the  southwest,  but  with  many  sinuosities,  form- 
ing the  southern  boundary  of  the  States  of  Ohio. 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  the  western  and  north- 
ern boundary  of  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky, 
until  it  enters  the  Mississippi  at  Cairo,  in  latitude 
37°  N.,  and  about  1,200  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  latter  stream.  The  area  which  it  drains  is 
computed  to  be  214,000  square  miles.  Its  mouth 
is  268  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  current 
is  remarkably  gentle  and  uniform,  except  near 
Louisville,  where  there  is  a»  descent  of  twenty- 
two  feet  within  two  miles,  which  is  evaded  by 
means  of  a  canal  around  the  falls.  Large  steam- 
boats can  navigate  its  whole  length,  except  in  low 
stages  of  water  and  when  closed  by  ice  in  winter. 
Its  largest  affluents  are  the  Tennessee,  the  Cum- 
berland, the  Kentucky,  the  Great  Kanawha  and 
the  Green  Rivers,  from  the  south,  and  the  Wa- 
bash,  the  Miami,  Scioto  and  Muskingum  from  the 
north.  The  principal  cities  on  its  banks  are  Pitts- 
burg,  Wheeling,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Evans- 
ville,  New  Albany,  Madison  and  Cairo.  It  is 
crossed  by  bridges  at  Wheeling,  Cincinnati  and 
Cairo.  The  surface  of  the  Ohio  is  subject  to  a 
variation  of  forty-two  to  fifty-one  feet  between 
high  and  low  water.  Its  length  is  975  miles,  and 
its  width  varies  from  400  to  1,000  yards.  (See 
Inundations.  Remarkable.) 

OHIO  &  MISSISSIPPI  RAILWAY.  (See  Bal- 
timore <t  OAio  Southwestern  Railroad. ) 

OLNEY,  an  incorporated  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Richland  County,  31  miles  west  of  Vin- 
cennes,  Ind.,  and  117  miles  east  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
at  the  junction  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western and  the  Peoria  Division  of  the  Illinois 
Central  and  the  Ohio  River  Division  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati. Hamilton  &  Dayton  Railroad;  is  in  the 
center  of  the  fruit  belt  and  an  important  shipping 
point  for  farm  produce  and  live-stock;  has  flour 
mills,  a  furniture  factory  and  railroad  repair 
shops,  banks,  a  public  library,  churches  and  five 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


409 


newspapers,  one  issuing  daily  and  another  semi- 
weekly  editions.  Population  (1890),  3,831 ;  (1900), 
4,260. 

OMELYENY,  John,  pioneer  and  head  of  a 
numerous  family  which  became  prominent  in 
Southern  Illinois;  was  a  native  of  Ireland  who 
came  to  America  about  1798  or  1799.  After  resid- 
ing in  Kentucky  a  few  years,  he  removed  to  Illi- 
nois, locating  in  what  afterwards  became  Pope 
County,  whither  his  oldest  son,  Samuel,  had 
preceded  him  about  1797  or  1798.  The  latter  for 
a  time  followed  the  occupation  of  flat-boating, 
carrying  produce  to  New  Orleans.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1818 
from  Pope  County,  being  the  colleague  of  Hamlet 
Ferguson.  A  year  later  he  removed  to  Randolph 
County,  where  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
County  Court,  but,  in  1820-22,  we  find  him  a 
member  of  the  Second  General  Assembly  from 
Union  County,  having  successfully  contested  the 
seat  of  Samuel  Alexander,  who  had  received  the 
certificate  of  election.  He  died  in  1828.—  Edward 
(Umelveny).  another  member  of  this  family,  and 
grandson  of  the  elder  John  Omelveny,  represented 
Monroe  County  in  the  Fifteenth  General  Assem- 
bly (1846-48),  and  was  Presidential  Elector  in 
1852,  but  died  sometime  during  the  Civil  War. — 
Harvcv  K.  S.  (Omelveny),  the  fifth  son  of  Wil- 
liam Omelveny  and  grandson  of  John,  was  born 
in  Todd  County,  Ky.,  in  1823,  came  to  Southern 
Illinois,  in  1852,  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law,  being  for  a  time  the  partner  of  Senator 
Thomas  E.  Merritt,  at  Salem.  Early  in  1858  he 
was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Circuit  Court  to 
succeed  Judge  Breese,  who  had  been  promoted  to 
the  Supreme  Court,  but  resigned  in  1861.  He 
gained  considerable  notoriety  by  his  intense 
hostility  to  the  policy  of  the  Government  during 
the  Civil  War,  was  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1862,  and  was  named  as  a 
member  of  the  Peace  Commission  proposed  to  be 
appointed  by  the  General  Assembly,  in  1863,  to 
secure  terms  of  peace  with  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy. He  was  also  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
peace  meeting  held  at  Peoria,  in  August,  1863. 
In  1869  Mr.  Omelveny  removed  to  Los  Angeles, 
Cal.,  which  has  since  been  his  home,  and  where 
he  has  carried  on  a  lucrative  law  practice. 

ONARGA,  a  town  in  Iroquois  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  85  miles  south  by  west 
from  Chicago,  and  43  miles  north  by  east  from 
Champaign.  It  is  a  manufacturing  town,  flour, 
wagons,  wire-fencing,  stoves  and  tile  being 
among  the  products.  It  has  a  bank,  eight 
churches,  a  graded  school,  a  commercial  college, 


and   a   weekly    newspaper.     Population   (1880), 
1,061;  (1890),  994;  (1900),  1,270. 

ONEIDA,  a  city  in  Knox  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  12  miles 
northeast  of  Galesburg;  has  wagon,  pump  and 
furniture  factories,  two  banks,  electric  lights, 
several  churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a  weekly 
paper.  The  surrounding  country  is  rich  prairie, 
where  coal  is  mined  about  twenty  feet  below  the 
surface.  Pop.  (1890),  699;  (1900),  785. 

OqUAWKA,  the  county  seat  of  Henderson 
County,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
15  miles  above  Burlington,  Iowa,  and  32  miles 
west  of  Galesburg.  It  is  in  a  farming  region, 
but  has  some  manufactories.  The  town  has 
five  churches,  a  graded  school,  a  bank  and  three 
newspapers.  Population  (1900),  1,010. 

ORDINANCE  OF  1787.  This  is  the  name 
given  to  the  first  organic  act,  passed  by  Congress, 
for  the  government  of  the  territory  northwest  of 
the  Ohio  River,  comprising  the  present  States  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
The  first  step  in  this  direction  was  taken  in  the 
appointment,  by  Congress,  on  March  1,  1784,  of  a 
committee,  of  which  Thomas  Jefferson  was  Chair 
man,  to  prepare  a  plan  for  the  temporary  govern- 
ment of  the  region  which  had  been  acquired,  by 
the  capture  of  Kaskaskia,  by  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  nearly  six  years  previous.  The  necessity 
for  some  step  of  this  sort  had  grown  all  the  more 
urgent,  in  consequence  of  the  recognition  of  the 
right  of  the  United  States  to  this  region  by  the 
Treaty  of  Paris  of  1783.  and  the  surrender,  by  Vir- 
ginia, of  the  title  she  had  maintained  thereto  on 
account  of  Clark's  conquest  under  her  auspices — 
a  right  which  she  had  exercised  by  furnishing 
whatever  semblance  of  government  so  far  existed 
northwest  of  the  Ohio.  The  report  submitted 
from  Jefferson's  committee  proposed  the  division 
of  the  Territory  into  seven  States,  to  which  was 
added  the  proviso  that,  after  the  year  1800,  "there 
shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude 
in  any  of  said  States,  otherwise  than  in  punish- 
ment of  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
duly  convicted."  This  report  failed  of  adoption, 
however,  Congress  contenting  itself  with  the 
passage .  of  a  resolution  providing  for  future 
organization  of  this  territory  into  States  by  the 
people — the  measures  necessary  for  temporary 
government  being  left  to  future  Congressional 
action.  While  the  postponement,  in  the  reso- 
lution as  introduced  by  Jefferson,  of  the  inhi- 
bition of  slavery  to  the  year  1800,  has  been 
criticised,  its  introduction  was  significant,  as 
coming  from  a  representative  from  a  slave  State. 


410 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  being  the  first  proposition  in  Congress  look- 
ing to  restriction,  of  any  character,  on  the  subject 
of  slavery.  Congress  having  taken  no  further 
step  under  the  resolution  adopted  in  1784,  the 
condition  of  the  country  (thus  left  practically 
without  a  responsible  government,  while  increas- 
ing in  population)  became  constantly  more 
deplorable.  An  appeal  from  the  people  about 
Kaskaskia  for  some  better  form  of  government, 
in  1786,  aided  by  the  influence  of  the  newly 
organized  "Ohio  Company,"  who  desired  to  en- 
courage emigration  to  the  lands  which  they  were 
planning  to  secure  from  the  General  Government, 
at  last  brought  about  the  desired  result,  in  the 
I>assage  of  the  famous  "Ordinance,"  on  the  13th 
day  of  July,  1787.  While  making  provision  for  a 
mode  of  temporary  self-government  by  the 
people,  its  most  striking  features  are  to  be  found 
in  the  six  "articles" — a  sort  of  "Bill  of  Rights" — 
with  which  the  document  closes.  These  assert: 
(1)  the  right  of  freedom  of  worship  and  religious 
opinion;  (2)  the  right  to  the  benefit  of  habeas 
corpus  and  trial  by  jury ;  to  proportionate  repre- 
sentation, and  to  protection  in  liberty  and  prop- 
erty; (3)  that  "religion,  morality  and  knowledge, 
being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the 
happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of 
education  shall  forever  be  encouraged";  (4)  that 
the  States,  formed  within  the  territory  referred 
to.  "shall  forever  remain  a  part  of  this  confeder- 
acy of  the  United  States  of  America,  subject  to 
the  Articles  of  Confederation  and  to  such  alter- 
ations therein  as  shall  be  constitutionally  made' ' ; 
(5)  prescribe  the  boundaries  of  the  States  to  be 
formed  therein  and  the  conditions  of  their  admis- 
sion into  the  Union ;  and  (6 — and  most  significant 
of  all)  repeat  the  prohibition  regarding  the 
introduction  of  slavery  into  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, as  proposed  by  Jefferson,  but  without  any 
qualification  as  to  time.  There  has  been  consider- 
able controversy  regarding  the  authorship  of  this 
portion  of  the  Ordinance,  into  which  it  is  not 
necessary  to  enter  here.  While  it  has  been  char- 
acterized as  a  second  and  advanced  Declaration 
of  Independence — and  probably  no  single  act  of 
Congress  was  ever  fraught  with  more  important 
and  far-reaching  results — it  seems  remarkable 
that  a  majority  of  the  States  supporting  it  and 
securing  its  adoption,  were  then,  and  long  con- 
tinued to  be,  slave  States. 

ORE6ON,  the  county-seat  of  Ogle  County, 
situated  on  Rock  River  and  the  Minneapolis 
Branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Rail- 
road. 100  miles  west  from  Chicago.  The  sur- 
rounding region  is  agricultural;  the  town  has 


water  power  and  manufactures  flour,  pianos,  steel 
tanks,  street  sprinklers,  and  iron  castings.  It  has 
two  banks,  water-works  supplied  by  flowing 
artesian  wells,  cereal  mill,  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers ;  has  also  obtained  some  repute  as  a  summer 
resort.  Pop. (1880),  1,088;  (1890),  1,566;  (1900),1,577. 

ORION,  a  village  of  Henry  County,  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Rock  Island  Division  of  the  Chicago 
Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  Railways,  19  miles  southeast  of 
Rock  Island.  Pop.  (1890),  624;  (1900),  584. 

OSBORN,  William  Henry,  Railway  President, 
was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Dec.  21,  1820.  After 
receiving  a  high  school  education  in  his  native 
town,  he  entered  the  counting  room  of  the  East 
India  house  of  Peele,  Hubbell  &  Co. ;  was  subse- 
quently sent  to  represent  the  firm  at  Manila, 
finally  engaging  in  business  on  his  own  account, 
during  which  he  traveled  extensively  in  Europe. 
Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1853,  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  New  York,  and,  having  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Jonathan  Sturges,  one  of  the 
original  incorporators  and  promoters  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad,  he  soon  after  became  asso- 
ciated with  that  enterprise.  In  August,  1854,  be 
was  chosen  a  Director  of  the  Company,  and,  on 
Dec.  1,  1855,  became  its  third  President,  serving 
in  the  latter  position  nearly  ten  years  (until  July 
11,  1865),  and,  as  a  Director,  until  1877— in  all, 
twenty-two  years.  After  retiring  from  his  con- 
nection with  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  Mr. 
Osborn  gave  his  attention  largely  to  enterprises 
of  an  educational  and  benevolent  character  in  aid 
of  the  unfortunate  classes  in  the  State  of  New 
York. 

OSBORN,  Thomas  0.,  soldier  and  diplomatist, 
was  born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  August  11. 
1832;  graduated  from  the  Ohio  University  at 
Athens,  in  1854;  studied  law  at  Crawfordsville, 
Ind.,  with  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  began  practice  in  Chicago.  Early  in 
the  war  for  the  Union  he  joined  the  "Yates 
Phalanx,"  which,  after  some  delay  on  account  of 
the  quota  being  full,  was  mustered  into  the  serv- 
ice, in  August,  1861,  as  the  Thirty-ninth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  being  com- 
missioned its  Lieutenant-Colonel.  His  promotion 
to  the  colonelcy  soon  followed,  the  regiment 
being  sent  east  to  guard  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  where  it  met  the  celebrated  Stonewall 
Jackson,  and  took  part  in  many  important  en- 
gagements, including  the  battles  of  Winchester. 
Bermuda  Hundreds,  and  Drury's  Bluff,  besides 
the  sieges  of  Charleston  and  Petersburg.  At 
Bermuda  Hundreds  Colonel  Osborn  was  severely 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


411 


wounded,  losing  the  use  of  his  right  arm.  He 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  operations  about 
Richmond  which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the 
rebel  capital,  his  services  being  recognized  by 
promotion  to  the  brevet  rank  of  Major-General. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Chicago,  but,  in  1874,  was  appointed 
Consul-Oeneral  and  Minister-Resident  to  the 
Argentine  Republic,  remaining  in  that 'position 
until  June,  1885,  when  he  resigned,  resuming  his 
residence  in  Chicago. 

OSWEGO,  a  village  in  Kendall  County,  on  the 
Aurora  and  Streator  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railway,  6  miles  south  of 
Aurora.  Population  (1890),  641;  (1900),  618. 

OTTAWA,  the  county-seat  and  principal  city 
of  La  Salle  County,  being  incorporated  as  a  vil- 
lage in  1838,  and,  as  a  city,  in  1853.  It  is  located 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Illinois  and  Fox  Rivers 
and  on  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  It  is  the 
intersecting  point  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railway  and  the  Streator  bran'oh  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  98  miles  east  of 
Rock  Island  and  83  miles  west-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago. The  surrounding  region  abounds  in  coal. 
Sand  of  a  superior  quality  for  the  manufacture  of 
glass  is  found  in  the  vicinity  and  the  place  has 
extensive  glass  works.  Other  manufactured 
products  are  brick,  drain-tile,  sewer-pipe,  tile- 
roofing,  pottery,  pianos,  organs,  cigars,  wagons 
and  carriages,  agricultural  implements,  hay 
carriers,  hay  presses,  sash,  doors,  blinds,  cabinet 
work,  saddlery  and  harness  and  pumps.  The  city 
has  some  handsome  public  buildings  including 
the  Appellate  (formerly  Supreme)  Court  House 
for  the  Northern  Division.  It  also  has  several 
public  parks,  one  of  which  (South  Park)  contains 
a  medicinal  spring.  There  are  a  dozen  churches 
and  numerous  public  school  buildings,  including 
a  high  school.  The  city  is  lighted  by  gas  and 
electricity,  has  electric  street  railways,  good 
sewerage,  and  water-works  supplied  from  over 
150  artesian  wells  and  numerous  natural  springs. 
It  has  one  private  and  two  national  banks,  five 
libraries,  and  eight  weekly  newspapers  (three 
German),  of  which  four  issue  daily  editions.  Pop. 
(1890),  9,985;  (1900),  10,588. 

OTTAWA,  CHICAGO  &  FOX  RIVER  VALLEY 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad.) 

OCTAQAMIES,  a  name  given,  by  the  French, 
to  the  Indian  tribe  known  as  the  Foxes.  (See 
.Sacs  and  Foxes. ) 

OWEN,  Thomas  J.  V.,  early  legislator  and 
Indian  Agent,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  April  5, 


1801;  came  to  Illinois  at  an  early  day,  and,  in 
1830,  was  elected  to  the  Seventh  General  Assem 
bly  from  Randolph  County;  the  following  year 
was  appointed  Indian  Agent  at  Chicago,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Dr.  Alexander  Wolcott,  who  had  died  in 
the  latter  part  of  1830.  Mr.  Owen  served  as 
Indian  Agent  until  1833;  was  a  member  of  the 
first  Board  of  Town  Trustees  of  the  village  of  Chi- 
cago, Commissioner  of  School  Lands,  and  one  of 
the  Government  Commissioners  who  conducted 
the  treaty  with  the  Pottawatomie  and  other 
tribes  of  Indians  at  Chicago,  in  September,  1833. 
Died,  in  Chicago.  Oct.  15,  1835. 

PADDOCK,  Galas,  pioneer,  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  1758;  at  the  age  of  17  he 
entered  the  Colonial  Army,  serving  until  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  and  being  in 
Washington's  command  at  the  crossing  of  the 
Delaware.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  Ver- 
mont; but,  in  1815,  went  to  Cincinnati,  and,  a 
year  later,  to  St.  Charles,  Mo.  Then,  after  hav- 
ing spent  about  a  year  at  St.  Louis,  in  1818  he 
located  in  Madison  County,  111.,  at  a  point  after- 
wards known  as  "Paddock's  Grove,"  and  which 
became  one  of  the  most  prosperous  agricultural 
sections  of  Southern  Illinois.  Died,  in  1831. 

PAINE,  (Gen.)  Eleazer  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Parkman,  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  10.  1815; 
graduated  at  West  Point  Military  Academy,  in 
1839,  and  was  assigned  to  the  First  Infantry, 
serving  in  the  Florida  War  (1839-40),  but  resigned, 
Oct.  11,  1840.  He  then  studied  law  and  practiced 
at  Painesville,  Ohio,  (1843-48),  and  at  Monmouth, 
111.,  (1848-61),  meanwhile  sen-ing  in  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Eighteenth  General  Assembly 
(1853-53).  Before  leaving  Ohio,  he  had  been 
Deputy  United  States  Marshal  and  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the  State  Militia,  and.  in  Illinois, 
became  Brigadier-General  of  Militia  (1845-48). 
He  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  Ninth  Illinois  in 
April,  1861,  and  served  through  the  war,  being 
promoted  Brigadier-General  in  September.  1861. 
The  first  duty  performed  by  his  regiment,  after 
this  date,  was- the  occupation  of  Paducah,  Ky.. 
where  he  was  in  command.  Later,  it  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson, 
the  battles  of  Shiloh.  New  Madrid  and  Corinth, 
and  also  in  the  various  engagements  in  Northern 
Georgia  and  in  the  "march  to  the  sea."  From 
November,  1862,  to  May.  1864,  General  Paine  was 
guarding  railroad  lines  in  Central  Tennessee, 
and,  during  a  part  of  1864,  in  command  of  the 
Western  District  of  Kentucky.  He  resigned, 
April  5,  18G.~>,  and  died  in  Jersey  City,  Dec.  16, 


412 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


1882.  A  sturdy  Union  man,  he  performed  his 
duty  as  a  soldier  with  great  zeal  and  efficiency. 

PALATINE,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on  the 
Wisconsin  Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwest- 
ern Railroad,  26  miles  northwest  from  Chicago. 
There  are  flour  and  planing  mills  here;  dairying 
and  farming  are  leading  industries  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Population  (1880),  731;  (1890), 
891;  (1900),  1,020. 

PALESTINE,  a  town  in  Crawford  County,  about 
2  miles  from  the  Wabash  River,  7  miles  east  of 
Robinson,  and  35  miles  southwest  of  Terre  Haute, 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railway ;  has  five  churches, 
a  graded  school,  a  bank,  weekly  newspaper,  flour 
mill,  cold  storage  plant,  canning  factory,  garment 
factory,  and  municipal  light  and  power  plant. 
Pop.  (1890),  732;  (1900),  979. 

PALMER,  Frank  W.,  journalist,  ex-Congress- 
man and  Public  Printer,  was  born  at  Manchester, 
Dearborn  County,  Ind.,  Oct.  11,  1827;  learned  the 
printer's  trade  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  afterwards 
edited  "The  Jamestown  Journal,"  and  served 
two  terms  in  the  New  York  Legislature ;  in  1858 
removed  to  Dubuque,  Iowa,  and  edited  "The 
Dubuque  Times,"  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1860, 
and  again  in  1868  and  1872,  meanwhile  having 
purchased  "The  Des  Moines  Register,"  which  he 
edited  for  several  years.  In  1873  he  removed  to 
Chicago  and  became  editor  of  "The  Inter  Ocean," 
remaining  two  years;  in  1877  was  appointed  Post- 
master of  the  city  of  Chicago,  serving  eight  years. 
Shortly  after  the  accession  of  President  Harrison, 
in  1889,  he  was  appointed  Public  Printer,  continu- 
ing in  office  until  the  accession  of  President  Cleve- 
land in  1893,  when  he  returned  to  newspaper  work, 
but  resumed  his  old  place  at  the  head  of  the 
Government  Printing  Bureau  after  the  inaugura- 
tion of  President  McKinley  in  1897. 

PALMER,  John  McAnley,  lawyer,  soldier  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  Scott  County, 
Ky.,  Sept.  13,  1817;  removed  with  his  father  to 
Madison  County,  111.,  in  1831,  and,  four  years 
later,  entered  Shurtleff  College,  at  Upper  Alton, 
as  a  student ;  later  taught  and  studied  law,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839.  In  1843  he  was 
elected  Probate  Judge  of  Macoupin  County,  also 
served  in  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1847 ;  after  discharging  the  duties  of  Probate  and 
County  Judge,  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  to 
nil  a  vacancy,  in  1852,  and  re-elected  in  1854,  as 
an  Anti-Nebraska  Democrat,  casting  his  vote  for 
Lyman  Trumbull  for  United  States  Senator  in 
1855,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  1856 ;  was  President 
of  the  first  Republican  State  Convention,  held  at 
Bloomington  in  the  latter  year,  and  appointed  a 


delegate  to  the  National  Convention  at  Philadel- 
phia ;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress 
in  1859,  and  chosen  a  Presidential  Elector  on  the 
Republican  ticket  in  1860;  served  as  a  member  of 
the  National  Peace  Conference  of  1861 ;  entered 
the  army  as  Colonel  of  the  Fourteenth  Regiment 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry ;  was  promoted  Briga- 
dier General,  in  November,  1861,  taking  part  in 
the  campaign  in  Tennessee  up  to  Chickamauga, 
assuming  the  command  of  the  Fourteenth  Army 
Corps  with  the  rank  of  Major-General,  but  was 
relieved  at  his  own  request  before  Atlanta.  In 
1865  he  was  assigned,  by  President  Lincoln,  to 
command  of  the  Military  Department  of  Ken- 
tucky, but,  in  September,  1866,  retired  from  the 
service,  and,  in  1867,  became  a  citizen  of  Spring- 
field. The  following  year  he  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor, as  a  Republican,  but,  in  1872,  supported 
Horace  Greeley  for  President,  and  has  since  co- 
operated with  the  Democratic  party.  He  was 
three  times  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  his 
party  for  United  States  Senator,  and  was  their 
nominee  for  Governor  in  1888,  but  defeated.  In 
1890  he  was  nominated  for  United  States  Senator 
by  the  Democratic  State  Convention  and  elected 
in  joint  session  of  the  Legislature,  March  11, 1891. 
receiving  on  the  154th  ballot  101  Democratic  and 
two  Farmers'  Mutual  Alliance  votes.  He  became 
an  important  factor  in  the  campaign  of  1896  as 
candidate  of  the  "Sound  Money"  Democracy  for 
President,  although  receiving  no  electoral  votes, 
proving  his  devotion  to  principle.  His  last  years 
were  occupied  in  preparation  of  a  volume  of 
personal  recollections,  which  was  completed, 
under  the  title  of  "The  Story  of  an  Earnest  Life," 
a  few  weeks  before  his  death,  which  occurred  at 
his  home  in  Springfield,  September  25,  1900. 

PALMER,  Potter,  merchant  and  capitalist, 
was  born  in  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1825; 
received  an  English  education  and  became  a 
junior  clerk  in  a  country  store  at  Durham, 
Greene  County,  in  that  State,  three  years  later 
being  placed  in  charge  of  the  business,  and  finally 
engaging  in  business  on  his  own  account.  Com- 
ing to  Chicago  in  1852,  he  embarked  in  the  dry- 
goods  business  on  Lake  Street,  establishing  the 
house  which  afterwards  became  Field,  Leiter  & 
Co.  (now  Marshall  Field  &  Co. ) ,  from  which  he  re- 
tired, in  1865,  with  the  basis  of  an  ample  fortune, 
which  has  since  been  immensely  increased  by 
fortunate  operations  in  real  estate.  Mr.  Palmer 
was  Second  Vice-President  of  the  first  Board  of 
Local  Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition in  1891.— Mrs.  Bertha  M.  Honore  (Palmer), 
wife  of  the  preceding,  is  the  daughter  of  H.  H. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


413 


Honore,  formerly  a  prominent  real-estate  owner 
and  operator  of  Chicago.  She  is  a  native  of 
Louisville,  Ky.,  where  her  girlhood  was  chiefly 
spent,  though  she  was  educated  at  a  convent  near 
Baltimore,  Md.  Later  she  came  with  her  family 
to  Chicago,  and,  in  1870,  was  married  to  Potter 
Palmer.  Mrs.  Palmer  has  been  a  recognized 
leader  in  many  social  and  benevolent  movements, 
but  won  the  highest  praise  by  her  ability  and 
administrative  skill,  exhibited  as  President  of  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  of  1893. 

PALMYRA,  a  village  of  Macoupin  County,  on 
the  Springfield  Division  of  the  St.  Louis,  Chicago 
&  St.  Paul  Railway,  33  miles  southwest  from 
Springfield ;  has  some  local  manufactories,  a  bank 
and  a  newspaper.  Population  (1900),  813. 

PANA,  an  important  railway  center  and  prin- 
cipal city  of  Christian  County,  situated  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  County,  and  at  the  inter- 
secting point  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwest- 
ern, the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Cleveland, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroads,  35 
miles  south  by  west  from  Decatur,  and  42  miles 
southeast  of  Springfield.  It  is  an  important  ship- 
ping-point for  grain  and  has  two  elevators.  Its 
mechanical  establishments  include  two  flouring 
mills,  a  foundry,  two  machine  shops  and  two 
planing  mills.  The  surrounding  region  is  rich  in 
coal,  which  is  extensively  mined.  Pana  has 
banks,  several  churches,  graded  schools,  and 
three  papers  issuing  daily  and  weekly  editions. 
Population  (1890),  5,077;  (1900),  5,530. 

PANA,  SPRINGFIELD  &  NORTHWESTERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western Railroad.) 

PARIS,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  city,  the 
county-seat  of  Edgar  County.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center,  situated  on  the  "Big  Four"  and 
the  Vandalia  Line,  160  miles  south  of  Chicago, 
and  170  miles  east-northeast  of  St.  Louis;  is  in 
the  heart  of  a  wealthy  and  populous  agricultural 
region,  and  has  a  prosperous  trade.  Its  industries 
include  foundries,  three  elevators,  flour,  saw  and 
planing  mills,  glass,  broom,  and  corn  product 
factories.  The  city  has  three  banks,  three  daily 
and  four  weekly  newspapers,  a  court  house,  ten 
churches,  and  graded  schools.  Pop.  (1890),  4,996; 
(1900),  6,106. 

PARIS  &  DECATUR  RAILROAD.  (See  Terre 
Haute  &  Peoria  Railroad. ) 

PARIS  &  TERRE  HAUTE  RAILROAD.  (See 
Terre  Haute  <t  Peoria  Railroad. ) 

PARKS,  Gavion  D.  A.,  lawyer,  was  bom  at 
Bristol,  Ontario  Courity,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  17,  1817; 


went  to  New  York  City  in  1838,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  legal  studies  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  removing  to  Lockport,  111.,  in  1842.  Here 
he  successively  edited  a  paper,  served  as  Master 
in  Chancery  and  in  an  engineering  corps  on  the 
Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal;  was  elected  County 
Judge  in  1849,  removed  to  Joliet,  and,  for  a  time, 
acted  as  an  attorney  of  the  Chicago  &  Rock 
Island,  the  Michigan  Central  and  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroads;  was  also  a  Trustee  of  the 
Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jackson- 
ville ;  was  elected  Representative  in  1852,  became 
a  Republican  and  served  on  the  first  Republican 
State  Central  Committee  (1856);  the  same  year 
was  elected*  to  the  State  Senate,  and  was  a 
Commissioner  of  the  State  Penitentiary  in  1864 
In  1872  Mr.  Parks  joined  in  the  Liberal-Repub- 
lican movement,  was  defeated  for  Congress,  an<l 
afterwards  acted  with  the  Democratic  party 
Died,  Dec.  28,  1895. 

PARKS,  Lawson  A.,  journalist,  was  bom  at 
Mecklenburg,  N.  C.,  April  15,  1813;  learned  the 
printing  trade  at  Charlotte,  in  that  State;  came 
to  St.  Louis  in  1833,  and,  in  1836,  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing "The  Alton  Telegraph,"  but  sold  his 
interest  a  few  years  later.  Then,  having  offi- 
ciated as  pastor  of  Presbyterian  churches  for  some 
years,  in  1854  he  again  became  associated  with 
"The  Telegraph,"  acting  as  its  editor.  Died  at 
Alton,  March  31,  1875. 

PARK  RIDGE,  a  suburban  village  on  the  Wis- 
consin Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroad,  13  miles  northwest  of  Chicago.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  457;  (1890),  987;  (1900),  1,340. 

PARTRIDGE,  Charles  Addison,  journalist  and 
Assistant  Adjutant-General  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  was  born  in  Westford,  Chittenden 
County,  Vt.,  Dec.  8,  1843;  came  with  his  parents 
to  Lake  County,  111.,  in  1844,  and  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  a  farm,  receiving  his  education  in  the 
district  school,  with  four  terms  in  a  high  school 
at  Burlington,  Wis.  At  16  he  taught  a  winter 
district  school  near  his  boyhood  home,  and  at  18 
enlisted  in  what  became  Company  C  of  the 
Ninety-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  being 
mustered  into  the  service  as  Eighth  Corporal  at 
Rockford.  His  regiment  becoming  attached  to 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  he  participated 
with  it  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  as  well  as  those  of  Franklin 
and  Nashville,  and  lias  taken  a  just  pride  in  the 
fact  that  he  never  fell  out  on  the  march,  took 
medicine  from  a  doctor  or  was  absent  from  his 
regiment  during  its  term  of  service,  except  for 
four  months  while  recovering  from  a  gun-shot 


414 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


wound  received  av  Chickamauga.  He  was  pro- 
moted successively  to  Sergeant,  Sergeant-Major, 
and  commissioned  Second  Lieutenant  of  •  his  old 
company,  of  which  his  father  was  First  Lieuten- 
ant for  six  months  and  until  forced  to  resign  on 
account  of  impaired  health.  Receiving  his  final 
discharge,  June  38,  1865,  he  returned  to  the  farm, 
where  he  remained  until  1869,  in  the  meantime 
being  married  to  Miss  Jennie  E.  Earle,  in  1866, 
and  teaching  school  one  winter.  In  1869  he  was 
elected  County  Treasurer  of  Lake  County  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  and  re-elected  in  1871;  in 
January  of  the  latter  year,  purchased  an  interest 
in  "The  Waukegan  Gazette,"  with  which  he 
remained  associated  some  fifteen  years,  at  first  as 
the  partner  of  Rev.  A.  K.  Fox,  and  later  of  his 
younger  brother,  H.  E.  Partridge.  In  1877  he 
was  appointed,  by  President  Hayes,  Postmaster 
at  Waukegan,  serving  four  years;  in  1886  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  serving  (by  successive 
elections)  as  Representative  in  the  Thirty-fifth, 
Thirty-sixth  and  Thirty-seventh  General  Assem- 
blies, being  frequently  called  upon  to  occupy  the 
Speaker's  chair,  and,  especially  during  the  long 
Senatorial  contest  of  1891,  being  recognized  as  a 
leader  of  the  Republican  minority.  In  1888  he 
was  called  to  the  service  of  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee  (of  which  he  had  previously 
been  a  member),  as  assistant  to  the  veteran  Secre- 
tary, the  late  Daniel  Shepard,  remaining  until 
the  death  of  his  chief,  when  he  succeeded  to  the 
secretaryship.  During  the  Presidential  campaign 
of  1892  he  was  associated  with  the  late  William 
J.  Campbell,  then  the  Illinois  member  of  the 
Republican  National  Committee,  and  was  en- 
trusted by  him  with  many  important  and  confi- 
dential missions.  Without  solicitation  on  his 
part,  in  1894  he  was  again  called  to  assume  the 
secretaryship  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee,  and  bore  a  conspicuous  and  influ- 
ential part  in  winning  the  brilliant  success 
achieved  by  the  party  in  the  campaign  of  that 
year.  From  1898  to  189,'i  he  served  as  Mayor  of 
Waukegan ;  in  1896  became  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  for 
the  Department  of  Illinois — a  position  which  he 
held  in  1889  under  Commander  James  S.  Martin, 
and  to  which  he  has  been  re-appointed  by  succes- 
sive Department  Commanders  up  to  the  present 
time.  Mr.  Partridge's  service  in  the  various 
public  positions  held  by  him,  has  given  him  an 
acquaintance  extending  to  every  county  in  the 
State. 

I'ATOK  A .  a  village  of  Marion  County,  on  the 
Western  branch  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway, 


15  miles  south  of  Vandalia.  There  are  flour  and 
saw  mills  here ;  the  surrounding  country  is  agri- 
cultural. Population  (1890),  502;  (1900),  640. 

PATTERSON,  Robert  Wilson,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
clergyman,  was  born  in  Blount  County,  Tenn., 
Jan.  21,  1814;  came  to  Bond  County,  111.,  with 
his  parents  in  1832,  his  father  dying  two  years 
later ;  at  18  had  had  only  nine  months'  schooling, 
but  graduated  at  Illinois  College  in  1837 ,  spent  a 
year  at  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  another  as 
tutor  in  Illinois  College,  and  then,  after  two  years 
more  at  Lane  Seminary  and  preaching  in  Chicago 
and  at  Monroe,  Mich.,  in  1842  established  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  of  which 
he  remained  the  pastor  over  thirty  years.  In 
1850  he  received  a  call  to  the  chair  of  Didactic 
Theology  at  Lane  Seminary,  as  successor  to  Dr. 
Lyman  Beecher,  but  it  was  declined,  as  was  a 
similar  call  ten  years  later.  Resigning  his  pastor- 
ship in  1873,  he  was,  for  several  years.  Professor  of 
Christian  Evidences  and  Ethics  in  the  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Northwest ;  in  1876-78  served  as 
President  of  Lake  Forest  University  (of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  founders),  and,  in  1880-83,  as 
lecturer  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary.  He 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, N.  Y.,  in  1854,  that  of  LL.D.  from  Lake 
Forest  University,  and  was  Moderator  of  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly  (N.  S.)at  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  in  1859.  Died,  at  Evanston,  111., 
Feb.  24,  1894. 

PATEY,  Charles  W.,  soldier  and  ex-State 
Auditor,  was  born  in  Highland  County,  Ohio, 
Nov.  8,  1835 ;  removed  to  Illinois  in  1859,  settling 
in  the  vicinity  of  Mount  Vernon,  and,  for  a  time, 
followed  the  occupation  of  a  farmer  and  stock- 
raiser.  In  August,  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  Eighti- 
eth Illinois  Volunteers  for  the  Civil  War,  and 
became  First  Lieutenant  of  Company  E.  He  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  I  at  tic  of  Sand  .Mountain 
and.  having  been  captured,  was  confined  in  Libby 
Prison,  at  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  and  at  Danville, 
Va.,  for  a  period  of  nearly  two  years,  enduring 
great  hardship  and  suffering.  Having  been 
exchanged,  he  served  to  the  close  of  the  war  as 
Assistant  Inspector-General  on  the  Staff  of  Gen- 
eral Rousseau,  in  Tennessee.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1880, 
which  nominated  General  Garfield  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  was  one  of  the  famous  "306"  who 
stood  by  General  Grant  in  that  struggle.  In  1882 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  Collector 
of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Southern  District, 
and,  in  1888,  was  nominated  and  elected  State 
Auditor  on  the  Republican  ticket,  but  was  de- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


415 


feated  for  re-election  in  the  "land-slide"  of  1892. 
General  Pavey  has  been  prominent  in  "G.  A.  R." 
councils,  and  held  the  position  of  Junior  Vice- 
Commander  for  the  Department  of  Illinois  in 

1878,  and   that  of   Senior  Vice-Commander    in 

1879.  He  also  served  as  Brigadier-General  of  the 
National  Guard,  for  Southern  Illinois,  during  the 
railroad  strike  of  1877.     In  1897  he  received  from 
President  McKinley  the  appointment  of  Special 
Agent  of  the  Treasury  Department.     His  home 
is  at  Mount  Vernon,  Jefferson  County. 

PAWNEE,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County,  at 
the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Auburn  &  Pawnee 
Railroad,  19  miles  south  of  Springfield.  The  town 
has  a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1900), 
595;  (1903,  est.),  1,000. 

PAWNEE  RAILROAD,  a  short  line  in  Sanga- 
mon County,  extending  from  Pawnee  to  Auburn 
(9  miles),  where  it  forms  a  junction  with  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad.  The  company  was 
organized  and  procured  a  charter  in  December, 
1888,  and  the  road  completed  the  following  year. 
The  cost  was  $101,774.  Capital  stock  authorized, 
$100,000;  funded  debt  (1895),  $50,000. 

PAW  PAW,  a  village  of  Lee  County,  at  the 
junction  of  two  branches  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railway,  8  miles  northwest  of 
Earlville.  The  town  is  in  a  farming  region,  but 
has  a  bank  and  one  weekly  paper.  Population 
(1890),  635;  (1900),  765. 

PAXTON,  the  county-seat  of  Ford  County,  is 
situated  at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  Divi- 
sion of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Lake  Erie  & 
Western  Railroads,  103  miles  south  by  west  from 
Chicago,  and  49  miles  east  of  Bloomington.  It 
contains  a  court  house,  two  schools,  water- works, 
electric  light  and  water-heating  system,  two 
banks,  nine  churches,  and  one  daily  newspaper. 
It  is  an  important  shipping-point  for  the  farm 
products  of  the  surrounding  territory,  which  is  a 
rich  agricultural  region.  Besides  brick  and  tile 
works  and  flour  mills,  factories  for  the  manu- 
facture of  carriages,  buggies,  hardware,  cigars, 
brooms,  and  plows  are  located  here.  Pop.  (1890), 
2,187;  (1900),  3,036. 

PAYSON,  a  village'in  Adams  County,  15  miles 
southeast  of  Quincy ;  the  nearest  railroad  station 
being  Fall  Creek,  on  the  Quincy  and  Louisiana 
Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railway ;  has  one  newspaper.  Population  (1900), 
465. 

PAYSON,  Lewis  E.,  lawyer  and  ex-Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  17, 
1840;  came  to  Illinois  at  the  age  of  12,  and,  after 
passing  through  the  common  schools,  attended 


Lombard  University,  at  Galesburg,  for  two  years. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Ottawa  in  1862, 
and,  in  1865,  took  up  his  residence  at  Pontiac. 
From  1869  to  1873  he  was  Judge  of  the  Livingston 
County  Court,  and,  from  1881  to  1891,  represented 
his  District  in  Congress,  being  elected  as  a 
Republican,  but,  in  1890,  was  defeated  by  his 
Democratic  opponent,  Herman  W.  Snow.  Since 
retiring  from  Congress  he  has  practiced  his  pro- 
fession in  Washington,  D.  C. 

PEABODY,  Selim  Hobart,  educator,  was  born 
in  Rockingham  County,  Vt.,  August  20,  1829; 
after  reaching  13  years  of  age,  spent  a  year  iu  a 
Boston  Latin  School,  then  engaged  in  various 
occupations,  including  teaching,  until  1848,  when 
he  entered  the  University  of  Vermont,  graduat- 
ing third  in  his  class  in  1852 ;  was  appointed  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  and  Engineering  in  the 
Polytechnic  College  at  Philadelphia,  in  1854, 
remaining  three  years,  when  he  spent  five  years 
in  Wisconsin,  the  last  three  as  Superintendent  of 
Schools  at  Racine.  From  1865  to  1871  l»e  was 
teacher  of  physical  science  in  Chicago  High 
School,  also  conducting  night  schools  for  work- 
ing men ;  in  1871  became  Professor  of  Physics  and 
Engineering  in  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, but  returned  to  the  Chicago  High  School  in 
1874 ;  in  1876  took  charge  of  the  Chicago  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  and,  in  1878,  entered  the  Illinois 
Industrial  University  (now  University  of  Illinois  )$ 
at  Champaign,  first  as  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering,  in  1880  becoming  President,  but 
resigning  in  1891.  During  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  at  Chicago,  Professor  Peabody 
was  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Liberal  Arts, 
and,  on  the  expiration  of  his  service  there, 
assumed  the  position  of  Curator  of  the  newly 
organized  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  from 
which  he  retired  some  two  years  later. 

PEARL,  a  village  of  Pike  County,  on  the  Kan- 
sas City  branch  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad, 
14  miles  west  of  Roodhouse.  Population  (1890), 
928;  (1900),  722. 

PEARSON,  Isaac  N.,  ex-Secretary  of  State,  was 
torn  at  Centreville,  Pa.,  July  27,  1842;  removed 
to  Macomb,  McDonough  County,  111.,  in  1858.  and 
has  ever  since  resided  there.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and  re-elected 
in  1876.  Later  he  engaged  in  real-estate  and 
banking  business.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  in  the  Thirty -third,  and  of  the  Senate  in 
the  Thirty-fifth,  General  Assembly,  but  before  the 
expiration  of  fts  term  in  the  latter,  was  el«.-ted 
Secretary  of  State,  on  the  Republican  ticket,  in 
1888.  In  1892  Tie  was  a  candidate  for  re-election, 


416 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


hut  was  defeated,  although,  next  to  Governor 
Fifer,  he  received  Hit;  largest  vote  cast  for  any 
candidate  for  a  political  office  on  the  Republican 
State  ticket. 

PEARSON,  John  M.,  ex-Railway  and  Ware 
house  Commissioner,  born  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  in  1832— the  son  of  a  ship-carpenter;  was 
educated  in  his  native  State  and  came  to  Illinois 
in  1849,  locating  at  the  city  of  Alton,  where  he 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implements.  In  1873  he  was  ap- 
iKiintcd  a  member  of  the  first  Railway  and  Ware- 
house Commission,  serving  four  years;  in  1878 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  Thirty-first 
General  Assembly  from  Madison  County,  and 
was  re-elected,  successively,  in  1880  and  '82.  He 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of 
Live-Stock  Commissioners  in  1885,  sen-ing  until 
1893,  for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  time  as 
President  of  the  Board.  Mr.  Pearson  is  a  life- 
long Republican  and  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity.  His  present  home  is  at 
Godfrey. 

PEARSONS,  Daniel  K .,  M.D.,  real-estate  oper- 
ator and  capitalist,  was  born  at  Bradfordton,  Vt., 
April  14,  1820 ;  began  teaching  at  16  years  of  age, 
and,  at  21,  entered  Dartmouth  College,  taking  a 
two  years'  course.  He  then  studied  medicine, 
and,  after  practicing  a  short  time  in  his  native 
State,  removed  to  Chicopee,  Mass.,  where  he 
remained  from  1843  to  1857.  The  latter  year  he 
came  to  Ogle  County,  111.,  and  began  operating 
in  real  estate,  finally  adding  to  this  a  loan  busi- 
ness for  Eastern  parties,  but  discontinued  this 
line  in  1877.  He  owns  extensive  tracts  of  timber 
lands  in  Michigan,  is  a  Director  in  the  Chicago 
City  Railway  Company  and  American  Exchange 
Kank,  besides  being  interested  in  other  financial 
institutions.  He  has  been  one  of  the  most  liberal 
supporters  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  and 
a  princely  contributor  to  various  benevolent  and 
educational  institutions,  his  gifts  to  colleges,  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  aggregating  over  a 
million  dollars. 

PECATONICA,  a  town  in  Pecatonica  Township, 
Winnebago  County,  on  the  Pecatonica  River.  It 
is  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  mid- 
way beween  Freeport  and  Rockford,  being  14 
miles  from  each.  It  contains  a  carriage  factory, 
machine  shop,  condensed  milk  factory,  a  bank, 
six  churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a  weekly  news- 
paper. Pop.  (1890),  1,059;  (1900),  1,045. 

PECATONICA  RIVER,  a  stream  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  two  branches,  both  of  which  rise 
in  Iowa  County,  Wis.  They  unite  a  little  north 


of  the  Illinois  State  line,  whence  the  river  runs 
southeast  to  Freeport,  then  east  and  northeast, 
until  it  enters  Rock  River  at  Rockton.  From  the 
headwaters  of  either  branch  to  the  mouth  of  the 
river  is  about  50  miles. 

PECK,  Ebenezer,  early  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Portland,  Maine,  May  22,  1805;  received  an  aca- 
demical education,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Canada  in  1827.  He  was  twice 
elected  to  the  Provincial  Parliament  and  made 
King's  Counsel  in  1833;  came  to  Illinois  in  1835, 
settling  in  Chicago;  served  in  the  State  Senate 
(1838-40),  and  in  the  House  (1840-42  and  1858-60); 
was  also  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  (1841-45), 
Reporter  of  Supreme  Court  decisions  (1849-63), 
and  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1869-70.  Mr.  Peck  was  an  intimate  personal 
friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  at 
Washington,  serving  until  1875.  Died,  May  25, 
1881. 

PECK,  Ferdinand  Wythe,  lawyer  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  in  Chicago,  July  15,  1848 — the  son 
of  Philip  F.  W.  Peck,  a  pioneer  and  early  mer- 
chant of  the  metropolis  of  Illinois ;  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools,  the  Chicago  University 
and  Union  College  of  Law,  graduating  from 
both  of  the  last  named  institutions,  and  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869.  For  a  time  he 
engaged  in  practice,  but  his  father  having  died  in 
1871,  the  responsibility  of  caring  for  a  large 
estate  devolved  upon  him  and  has  since  occupied 
his  time,  though  he  has  given  much  attention  to 
the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  poor  of 
his  native  city,  and  works  of  practical  benevo- 
lence and  public  interest.  He  is  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Illinois  Humane  Society,  has  been 
President  and  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Control 
of  the  Chicago  Athenaeum,  member  of  the  Board 
of  Education,  President  of  the  Chicago  Union 
League,  and  was  an  influential  factor  in  securing 
the  success  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
at  Chicago,  in  1893,  serving  as  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Directors,  Chair- 
man of  the  Finance  Committee,  and  member  of 
the  Board  of  Reference  and  Control.  Of  late 
years,  Mr.  Peck  has  been  connected  with  several 
important  building  enterprises  of  a  semi-public 
character,  which  have  added  to  the  reputation  of 
Chicago,  including  the  Auditorium,  Stock  Ex- 
change Building  and  others  in  which  he  is  a 
leading  stockholder,  and  in  the  erection  of  which 
he  has  been  a  chief  promoter.  In  1898  he  was 
appointed,  by  President  McKinley,  the  United 
States  Commissioner  to  the  International  Expo- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


417 


-it ion  at  Paris  of  1900,  as  successor  to  the  late 
Maj.  M.  P.  Handy,  and  the  success  which  has 
followed  .^his  discharge  of  the  duties  of  that 
position,  has  demonstrated  the  fitness  of  his 
selection. 

PECK,  George  E.,  railway  attorney,  born  in 
Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1843;  was  early  taken 
to  Wisconsin,  where  he  assisted  in  clearing  his 
father^s  farm;  at  16  became  a  country  school- 
teacher to  aid  in  freeing  the  same  farm  from 
debt ;  enlisted  at  10  in  the  First  Wisconsin  Heavy 
Artillery,  later  becoming  a  Captain  in  the  Thirty- 
first  Wisconsin  Infantry,  with  which  he  joined  in 
"Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea."  Returning  home 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  began  the  study  of 
law  at  Janesville,  spending  six  years  there  as  a 
student,  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  and  in  prac- 
tice. From  there  he  went  to  Kansas  and,  between 
1871  and  '74,  practiced  his  profession  at  Independ- 
ence, when  he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant 
United  States  District  Attorney  for  the  Kansas 
District,  but  resigned  this  position,  in  1879,  to 
return  to  general  practice.  In  1881  he  became 
(ieneral  Solicitor  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railroad,  removing  to  Chicago  in 
1893.  In  1895  he  resigned  his  position  with  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  to  accept 
a  similar  position  with  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&'St.  Paul  Railway  Company,  which  (1898)  he 
still  holds.  Mr.  Peck  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  gifted  orators  in  the  West,  and,  in  1897,  was 
chosen  to  deliver  the  principal  address  at  the  un- 
veiling of  the  Logan  equestrian  stactte  in  Lake 
Front  Park,  Chicago;  has  also  officiated  as  orator 
on  a  number  of  other  important  public  occasions, 
always  acquitting  himself  with  distinction. 

PECK,  John  Mason,  D.D.,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Oct.  31,  1789; 
removed  to  Greene  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1811,  where 
he  united  with  the  Baptist  Church,  the  same 
year  entering  on  pastoral  work,  while  prosecuting 
his  studies  and  supporting  himself  by  teaching. 
In  1814  he  became  pastor  of  a  church  at  Ainenia, 
N.  Y.,  and,  in  1817,  was  sent  west  as  a  mission- 
ary, arriving  in  St.  Louis  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
same  year.  During  the  next  nine  years  he  trav- 
eled extensively  through  Missouri  and  Illinois,  as 
an  itinerant  preacher  and  teacher,  finally  locating 
at  Rock  Spring.  St.  Clair  County,  where,  in  1826, 
he  established  the  Rock  Spring  Seminary  for  the 
education  of  teachers  and  ministers.  Out  of  this 
grew  Shurtleff  College,  founded  at  Upper  Alton 
in  1835,  in  securing  the  endowment  of  which  Dr. 
Peck  traveled  many  thousands  of  miles  and  col- 
lected $20.000,  and  of  which  he  served  as  Trustee 


for  many  years.  Up  to  1843  he  devoted  much 
time  to  aiding  in  the  establishment  of  a  theolog- 
ical institution  at  Covington,  Ky.,  and,  for  two 
years  following,  was  Corresponding  Secretary  and 
Financial  Agent  of  the  American  Baptist  Publi- 
cation Society,  with  headquarters  in  Philadelphia. 
Returning  to  the  West,  he  served  as  pastor  of  sev- 
eral important  churches  in  Missouri,  Illinois  and 
Kentucky.  A  man  of -indomitable  will,  unflag- 
ging industry  and  thoroughly  upright  in  conduct, 
for  a  period  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  in  the  early 
history  of  the  State,  probably  no  man  exerted  a 
larger  influence  for  good  and  the  advancement 
of  the  cause  of  education,  among  the  pioneer  citi- 
zens of  all  classes,  than  Dr.  Peck.  Though  giving 
his  attention  so  constantly  to  preaching  and 
teaching,  he  found  time  to  write  much,  not  only 
for  the  various  publications  with  which  he  was, 
from  time  to  time,  connected,  but  also  for  other 
periodicals,  besides  publishing  "A  Guide  for  Emi- 
grants" (1831),  of  which  a  new  edition  appeared 
in  1836,  and  a  "Gazetteer  of  Illinois"  (Jackson- 
ville, 1834,  and  Boston,  1837),  which  continue  to 
be  valued  for  the  information  they  contain  of  the 
condition  of  the  country  at  that  time.  He  was 
an  industrious  collector  of  historical  records  in 
the  form  of  newspapers  and  pamphlets,  which 
were  unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire  a  few  years 
before  his  death.  In  1852  he  received  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  from  Harvard  University.  Died,  at  Rock 
Spring,  St.  Clair  County,  March  15,  1858. 

PECK,  Philip  F.  W.,  pioneer  merchant,  was 
born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1809,  the  son  of  a 
wholesale  merchant  who  had  lost  his  fortune  by 
indorsing  for  a  friend.  After  some  years  spent 
in  a  mercantile  house  in  New  York,  he  came£p 
Chicago  on  a  prospecting  tour,  in  1830;  the  f*I 
lowing  year  brought  a  stock  of  goods  to  the 
embryo  emporium  of  the  Northwest — then  a  small 
backwoods  hamlet — and,  by  trade  and  fortunate 
investments  in  real  estate,  laid  the  foundation  ojf 
what  afterwards  became  a  large  fortune.  He 
died,  Oct.  23,  1871,  as  the  result  of  an  accident 
occurring  about  the  time  of  the  great  fire  of  two 
weeks  previous,  from  which  he  was  a  heavy 
sufferer  pecuniarily.  Three  of  his  sons,  Walter  L^ 
Clarence  I.  and  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  are  amoiy* 
Chicago's  most  substantial  citizens.  * 

I'EKIX,  a  flourishing  city,  the  coonty-seat  of 
Tazewell  County,  and  an  important  railway  cen- 
ter, located  on  the  Illinois  River,  10  miles  south 
of  Peoria  and  56  miles  north  of  Springfield. 
Agriculture  and  coal-mining  are  the  chief  occu- 
pations in  the  surrounding  country,  but  the  city 
itself  is  an  important  grain  market  with  large 


418 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


general  shipping  interests.  It  has  several  dis- 
tilleries, besides  grain  elevators,  malt-houses, 
brick  and  tile  works,  lumber  yards,  planing  mills, 
marble  works,  plow  and  wagon  works,  and  a 
factory  for  corn  products.  Its  banking  facilities 
are  adequate,  and  its  religious  and  educational 
advantages  are  excellent.  The  city  has  a  public 
library,  park,  steam-heating  plant,  three  daily 
and  four  weekly  papers.  Pop.  (1890),  6,347;  (1900), 
8,420. 

PEKIN,  LINCOLN  &  DECATUR  RAILROAD. 
(See  Peoria.  Decatur  &  Eransrille  Railway.) 

PELL,  Gilbert  T.,  Representative  in  the  Third 
Illinois  General  Assembly  (1822)  from  Edwards 
County,  and  an  opponent  of  the  resolution  for  a 
State  Convention  adopted  by  the  Legislature  at 
that  [session,  designed  to  open  the  door  for  the 
admission  of  slavery.  Mr.  Pell  was  a  son-in-law 
of  Morris  Birkbeck,  who  was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  opposition  to  the  Convention  scheme,  and  very 
naturally  sympathized  with  his  father-in-law. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  for  a  second 
term,  in  1828,  but  subsequently  left  the  State, 
dying  elsewhere,  when  his  widow  removed  to 
Australia. 

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD.  As  to  oper- 
ations of  this  corporation  in  Illinois,  see  Calumet 
River;  Pittsburg.  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago;  South 
Chicago  &  Southern,  and  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railways.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  miles  owned,  leased  and  operated  by  the 
Pennsylvania  System,  in  1898,  was  1,987.21,  of 
which  only  61.34  miles  were  in  Illinois.  It  owns, 
however,  a  controlling  interest  in  the  stock  of 
the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railway  (which 
see). 

PEORIA,  the  second  largest  city  of  the  State 
and  the  county -seat  of  Peoria  County,  is  160  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago,  and  at  the  foot  of  an  expan- 
sion of  the  Illinois  River  known  as  Peoria  Lake. 
The  site  of  the  town  occupies  an  elevated  plateau, 
having  a  water  frontage  of  four  miles  and  extend- 
ing back  to  a  bluff,  which  rises  230  feet  above  the 
river  level  and  about  120  feet  above  the  highest 
point  of  the  main  site.  It  was  settled  in  1778  or 
'79,  although,  as  generally  believed,  the  French 
missionaries  had  a  station  there  in  1711.  There 
was  certainly  a  settlement  there  as  early  as  1725, 
when  Renault  received  a  grant  of  lands  at  Pimi- 
teoui,  facing  the  lake  then  bearing  the  same 
name  as  the  village.  From  t  hat  date  until  1812, 
the  place  was  continuously  occupied  as  a  French 
village,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  most  impor- 
tant point  for  trading  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  original  village  was  situated  about  a  mile  and 


a  half  above  the  foot  of  the  lake ;  but  later,  the  pres- 
ent site  was  occupied,  at  first  receiving  the  name 
of  "La  Ville  de  Maillet,"  froma  French  Canadian 
who  resided  in  Peoria,  from  1765  to  1801  (the  time 
of  his  death),  and  who  commanded  a  company  of 
volunteers  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  old  town  removed  to  the  new  site, 
and  the  present  name  was  given  to  the  place  by 
American  settlers,  from  the  Peoria  Indians,  who 
were  the  occupants  of  the  country  when  it  was 
first  discovered,  but  who  had  followed  their  cog- 
nate tribes  of  the  Illinois  family  to  Cahokia  and 
Kaskaskia,  about  a  century  before  American 
occupation  of  this  region.  In  1812  the  town  is 
estimated  to  have  contained  about  seventy  dwell- 
ings, with  a  population  of  between  200  and 
300,  made  up  largely  of  French  traders, 
hunters  and  voyageurs,  with  a  considerable 
admixture  of  half-breeds  and  Indians,  and  a  few 
Americans.  Among  the  latter  were  Thomas 
Forsyth,  Indian  Agent  and  confidential  adviser 
of  Governor  Edwards;  Michael  La  ('mix,  son-in- 
law  of  Julian  Dubuque,  founder  of  the  city  of 
Dubuque ;  Antoine  Le  Claire,  founder  of  Daven- 
port, and  for  whom  Le  Claire,  Iowa,  is  named; 
William  Arundel,  afterwards  Recorder  of  St. 
Clair  County,  and  Isaac  Darnielle,  the  second  law- 
yer in  Illinois. — In  November,  1812,  about  half 
the  town  was  burned,  by  order  of  Capt.  Thomas 
E.  Craig,  who  had  been  directed,  by  Governor 
Edwards,  to  proceed  up  the  river  in  boats  with 
materials  to  build  a  fort  at  Peoria.  At  the  same 
time,  the  Governor  himself  was  at  the  head  of  a 
force  marching  against  Black  Partridge's  vil- 
lage, which  he  destroyed.  Edwards  had  no  com- 
munication with  Craig,  who  appears  to  have 
acted  solely  on  his  own  responsibility.  That  the 
hitter's  action  was  utterly  unjustifiable,  there  can 
now  be  little  doubt.  He  alleged,  by  way  of 
excuse,  that  his  boats  had  been  fired  upon  from 
the  shore,  at  night,  by  Indians  or  others,  who 
were  harbored  by  the  citizens.  The  testimony 
of  the  French,  however,  is  to  the  effect  that  it 
was  an  unprovoked  and  cowardly  assault,  insti- 
gated by  wine  which  the  soldiers  had  stolen  from 
the  cellars  of  the  inhabitants.  The  bulk  of  those 
who  remained  after  the  fire  were  taken  by  Craig 
to  a  point  below  Alton  and  put  ashore.  This 
occurred  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  and  the 
people,  being  left  in  a  destitute  condition,  were 
subjected  to  great  suffering.  A  Congressional 
investigation  followed,  and  the  French,  having 
satisfactorily  established  the  fact  that  they  were 
not  hostile,  were  restored  to  their  possessions. — In 
1813  a  fort,  designed  for  permanent  occupancy, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


419 


was  erected  and  named  Fort  Clark,  in  honor  of 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark.  It  had  one  (if  not 
two)  block-houses,  with  magazines  and  quarters 
for  officers  and  men.  It  was  finally  evacuated  in 
1818,  and  was  soon  afterwards  burned  by  the 
Indians.  Although  a  trading-post  had  been 
maintained  here,  at  intervals,  after  the  affair  of 
1812,  there  was  no  attempt  made  to  rebuild  the 
town  until  1819,  when  Americans  began  to 
arrive. — In  1824  a  post  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany was  established  here  by  John  Hamlin,  the 
company  having  already  had,  for  five  years,  a 
station  at  Wesley  City,  three  miles  farther  down 
the  river.  Hamlin  also  traded  in  pork  and  other 
products,  and  was  the  first  to  introduce  keel- 
boats  on  the  Illinois  River.  By  transferring  his 
cargo  to  lighter  draft  boats,  when  necessary,  he 
made  the  trip  from  Peoria  to  Chicago  entirely  by 
water,  going  from  the  Des  Plaines  to  Mud  Lake, 
and  thence  to  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  without  unloading.  In  1834  the  town  had 
but  seven  frame  houses  and  twenty-one  log 
cabins.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1835 
(Rudolphus  Rouse  being  the  first  President),  and, 
as  the  City  of  Peoria,  ten  years  later  (Wm.  Hale 
being  the  first  Mayor). — Peoria  is  an  important 
railway  and  business  center,  eleven  railroad  lines 
concentrating  here.  It  presents  many  attractive 
features,  such  as  handsome  residences,  fine  views 
of  river,  bluff  and  valley  scenery,  with  an  elab- 
orate system  of  parks  and  drives.  An  excellent 
school  system  is  liberally  supported,  and  its  public 
buildings  (national,  county  and  city)  are  fine  and 
costly.  Its  churches  are  elegant  and  well 
attended,  the  leading  denominations  being 
Methodist  Episcopal,  Congregational,  Presby- 
terian, Baptist,  Protestant  and  Reformed  Episco- 
pal, Lutheran,  Evangelical  and  Roman  Catholic. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute,  a 
young  and  flourishing  scientific  school  affiliated 
with  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  richly  en- 
dowed through  the  munificence  of  Mrs.  Lydia 
Bradley,  who  devotes  her  whole  estate,  of  at 
least  a  million  dollars,  to  this  object.  Right  Rev. 
John  L.  Spaulding,  Bishop  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic diocese  of  Peoria,  is  erecting  a  handsome  and 
costly  building  for  the  Spaulding  Institute,  a 
school  for  the  higher  education  of  young  men. — 
At  Bartonville,  a  suburb  of  Peoria,  on  an  eleva- 
tion commanding  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Illi- 
nois River  valley  for  many  miles,  the  State  has 
located  an  asylum  for  the  incurable  insane.  It  is 
now  in  process  of  erection,  and  is  intended  to  be 
one  of  the  most  complete  of  its  kind  in  t  he,  world. 
Peoria  lies  in  a  corn  and  coal  region,  is  noted  for 


the  number  and  extent  of  its  distilleries,  and,  in 
1890,  ranked  eighth  among  the  grain  markets  of 
the  country.  It  also  has  an  extensive  commerce 
with  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  other  important 
cities ;  was  credited,  by  the  census  of  1890,  with 
554  manufacturing  establishments,  representing 
90  different  branches  of  industry,  with  a  capital 
of  $15,072,567  and  an  estimated  annual  product  of 
$55,504,523.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  manu- 
facture of  distilled  and  malt  liquors,  agricultural 
implements,  glucose  and  machine-shop  products. 
Its  contributions  to  the  internal  revenue  of  the 
country  are  second  only  to  those  of  the  New  York 
district.  Population  (1870),  22,849;  (1880),  29,259; 
(1890),  41,  024;  (1900),  56,100. 

PEORIA  COUNTY,  originally  a  part  of  Fulton 
County,  but  cut  off  in  1825.  It  took  its  name 
from  the  Peoria  Indians,  who  occupied  that  region 
when  it  was  first  discovered.  As  first  organized, 
it  included  the  present  counties  of  Jo  Daviess  and 
Cook,  with  many  others  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  State.  At  that  time  there  were  leas  than 
1,500  inhabitants  in  the  entire  region;  and  John 
Hamlin,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  on  his  return 
from  Green  Bay  (whither  he  had  accompanied 
William  S.  Hamilton,  a  son  of  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, with  a  drove  of  cattle  for  the  fort  there), 
solemnized,  at  Chicago,  the  marriage  of  Alex- 
ander Wolcott,  then  Indian  Agent,  with  a 
daughter  of  John  Kinzie.  The  original  Peoria 
County  has  been  subdivided  into  thirty  counties 
among  them  being  some  of  the  largest  and  rich- 
est in  the  State.  The  first  county  officer  was 
Norman  Hyde,  who  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Probate  Court  by  the  Legislature  in  January, 
1825.  His  commission  from  Governor  Coles  was 
dated  on  the  eighteenth  of  that  month,  but  he 
did  not  qualify  until  June  4,  following,  when  he 
took  the  oath  of  office  before  John  Dixon,  Circuit 
Clerk,  who  founded  the  city  that  bears  his  name. 
Meanwhile,  Mr.  Hyde  had  been  appointed  the 
first  Clerk  of  the  County  Commissioners'  Court, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  until  entering  upon 
his  duties  as  Probate  Judge.  The  first  election 
of  county  officers  was  held,  March  7,  1825,  at  the 
house  of  William  Rids.  Nathan  Dillon,  Joseph 
Smith,  and  William  Holland  were  chosen  Com- 
missioners; Samuel  Fulton  Sheriff,  and  William 
Phillips  Coroner.  The  first  County  Treasurer 
was  Aaron  Hawley,  and  the  first  general  election 
of  officers  took  place  in  1826.  The  first  court 
house  was  a  log  cabin,  and  the  first  term  of 
the  Circuit  Court  began  Nov.  14,  1825,  John 
York  Sawyer  sitting  on  the  bench,  with  John 
Dixon,  Clerk;  Samuel  Fulton,  Sheriff;  and  John 


420 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Twiney,  the  Attorney-General,  present.  Peoria 
County  18,  at  present,  one  of  the  wealthiest  and 
most  populous  counties  in  the  State.  Its  soil  is 
fertile  and  its  manufactures  numerous,  especially 
at  Peoria,  the  county-seat  and  principal  city 
(which  see) .  The  area  of  the  county  is  615  square 
miles,  and  its  population  (1880),  55,353;  (1890), 
70,378;  (1900),  88.608. 

PEORIA  LAKE,  an  expansion  of  the  Illinois 
River,  forming  the  eastern  boundary  of  Peoria 
County,  which  it  separates  from  the  counties  of 
Woodford  and  Tazewell.  It  is  about  20  miles 
long  and  2'/z  miles  broad  at  the  widest  part. 

PEORIA,  ATLANTA  &  DECATCR  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Terre  Haute  <£  Peoria  Railroad. ) 

PEORIA,  DECATUR  *  EVANSVILLE  RAIL- 
WAT.  The  total  length  of  this  line,  extending 
from  Peoria,  111.,  to  Evansville,  Ind.,  is  330.87 
miles,  all  owned  by  the  company,  of  which  273 
miles  are  in  Illinois.  It  extends  from  Pekin, 
southeast  to  Grayville,  on  the  Wabash  River — is 
single  track,  unballasted,  and  of  standard  gauge. 
Between  Pekin  and  Peoria  the  company  uses  the 
tracks  of  the  Peoria  &  Pekin  Union  Railway,  of 
which  it  is  one-fourth  owner.  Between  Hervey 
City  and  Midland  Junction  it  has  trackage  privi 
leges  over  the  line  owned  jointly  by  the  Peoria. 
Decatur  &  Evansville  and  the  Terre  Haute  & 
Peoria  Companies  (7.5  miles).  Between  Midland 
Junction  and  Decatur  (2.4  miles)  the  tracks  of 
the  Illinois  Central  are  used,  the  two  lines  having 
terminal  facilities  at  Decatur  in  common.  The 
rails  are  of  fifty-two  and  sixty-pound  steel.— 
(HISTORY.)  The  main  line  of  the  Peoria,  Decatur 
&  Evansville  Railway  is  the  result  of  the  consoli- 
dation of  several  lines  built  under  separate  char- 
ters. (1)  The  Pekin,  Lincoln  &  Decatur  Railroad, 
chartered  in  1867.  built  in  1869-71,  and  operated 
the  latter  year,  was  leased  to  the  Toledo,  Wabash 
&  Western  Railway,  but  sold  to  representatives 
of  the  bond-holders,  on  account  of  default  on 
interest,  in  1876,  and  reorganized  as  the  Pekin, 
Lincoln  &  Decatur  Railway.  (2)  The  Decatur. 
Sullivan  &  Mattoon  Railroad,  (projected  from 
Decatiir  to  Mattoon).  was  incorporated  in  1871, 
completed  from  Mattoon  to  Hervey  City,  in  1872. 
:ind,  the  same  year,  consolidated  with  the  Chi- 
cago &  Great  Southern;  in  January.  1874,  the 
Decatur  line  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver, 
and,  in  1877,  having  been  sold  under  foreclosure, 
was  reorganized  as  the  Decatur,  Mattoon  &  South 
'•rn  Railroad.  In  1879  it  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  trustees,  but  the  Pekin,  Lincoln  &  Decatur 
Railway  having  acquired  a  controlling  interest 
during  the  same  year,  the  two  lines  were  con- 


solidated under  the  name  of  the  Peoria,  Decatur 
&  Evansville  Railway  Company.  (3)  The  Gray- 
ville &  Mattoon  Railroad,  chartered  in  1857,  was 
consolidated  in  1872  with  the  Mount  Vernon  ft 
Grayville  Railroad  (projected),  the  new  corpo- 
ration taking  the  name  of  the  Chicago  &  Illinois 
Southern  (already  mentioned).  In  1872  the  latter 
corporation  was  consolidated  with  the  Decatur, 
Sullivan  &  Mattoon  Railroad,  under  the  name  of 
the  Chicago  &  Illinois  Southern  Railway.  Both 
consolidations,  however,  were  set  aside  by  decree 
of  the  United  States  District  Court,  in  1876,  and 
the  partially  graded  road  and  franchises  of  the 
Grayville  &  Mattoon  lines  sold,  under  foreclosure, 
to  the  contractors  for  the  construction ;  20  miles 
of  the  line  from  Olney  to  Newton,  were  completed 
during  the  month  of  September  of  that  year,  and 
the  entire  line,  from  Grayville  to  Mattoon,  in 
1878.  In  1880  this  line  was  sold,  under  decree  of 
foreclosure,  to  the  Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville 
Railway  Company,  which  Iiad  already  acquired 
the  Decatur  &  Mattoon  Division— thus  placing 
the  entire  line,  from  Peoria  to  Grayville,  in  the 
hands  of  one  corporation.  A  line  under  the  name 
of  the  Evansville  &  Peoria  Railroad,  chartered  in 
Indiana  in  1880,  was  consolidated,  the  same  year, 
with  the  Illinois  corporation  under  the  name  of 
the  latter,  and  completed  from  Grayville  to 
Evansville  in  1882.  (4)  The  Chicago  &  Ohio 
River  Railroad— chartered,  in  1869,  as  the  Dan- 
ville, Olney  &  Ohio  River  Railroad — was  con- 
structed, as  a  narrow-gauge  line,  from  Kansas  to 
West  Liberty,  in  1878-81 ;  in  the  latter  year  was 
changed  to  standard  gauge  and  completed,  in 
1883,  from  Sidell  to  Olney  (86  miles).  The  same 
year  it  went  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  was  sold 
under  foreclosure,  in  February,  1886,  and  reorgan- 
ized, in  May  following,  as  the  Chicago  &  Ohio 
River  Railroad ;  was  consolidated  with  the  Peoria, 
Decatur  &  Evansville  Railway,  in  1893.  and  used 
as  the  Chicago  Division  of  that  line.  The  property 
and  franchises  of  the  entire  line  passed  into  tin. 
hands  of  receivers  in  1894.  and  are  still  (1898) 
under  their  management. 

PEORIA,  PEKIN  &  JACKSONVILLE  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago.  Peoria  &  St.  Loitis  Rail- 
road of  Illinois. ) 

PEORIA  &  BUREAU  VALLEY  RAILROAD,  a 
short  line,  46.7  miles  in  length,  operated  by  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany, extending  from  Peoria  to  Bureau  Junction, 
111.  It  was  incorporated.  Feb.  12,  1853,  com- 
pleted the  following  year,  and  leased  to  the  Rock 
Island  in  perpetuity,  April  14.  1854,  the  annual 
rental  being  $125.000.  The  par  value  of  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


421 


capital  stock  is  $1,500,000.  Annual  dividends  of 
8  per  cent  are  guaranteed,  payable  semi -annu- 
ally. (See  Chicago,  Rock  Island  <t  Pacific 
Railway. ) 

PEORIA  &  EASTERN  RAILROAD.  Of  this 
line  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad  Company  is  the  lessee.  Its  total 
length  is  350 ,'i  miles,  132  of  which  lie  in  Illinois 
—183  being  owned  by  the  Company.  That  por- 
tion within  this  State  extends  east  from  Pekin  to 
the  Indiana  State  line,  in  addition  to  which  the 
Company  has  trackage  facilities  over  the  line  of 
the  Peoria  &  Pekin  Union  Railway  (9  miles)  to 
Peoria.  The  gauge  is  standard.  The  track  is 
single,  laid  with  sixty  and  sixty-seven-pound 
steel  rails  and  ballasted  almost  wholly  with 
gravel.  The  capital  stock  is  $10,000,000.  In  1895 
it  had  a  bonded  debt  of  $13,603,000  and  a  floating 
debt  of  $1,261,130,  making  a  total  capitalization 
of  $34,864,130.— (HISTORY.)  The  original  of  this 
corporation  was  the  Danville,  Urbana,  Blooming- 
ton  &  Pekin  Railroad,  which  was  consolidated, 
in  July,  1869,  with  the  Indianapolis,  Crawfords- 
ville  &  Danville  Railroad— the  new  corporation 
taking  the  name  of  the  Indianapolis,  Blooming- 
ton  &  Western — and  was  opened  to  Pekin  the 
same  year.  In  1874  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  :t 
receiver,  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1879,  ami 
reorganized  as  the  Indiana,  Bloomington  & 
Western  Railway  Company.  The  next  change 
occurred  in  1881,  when  it  was  consolidated  with 
an  Ohio  corporation  (the  Ohio,  Indiana  &  Pacific. 
Railroad),  again  undergoing  a  slight  change  of 
name  in  its  reorganization  as  the  Indiana,  Bloom- 
ington &  Western  Railroad  Company.  In  1886 
it  again  got  into  financial  straits,  was  placed  in 
charge  of  a  receiver  and  sold  to  a  reorganization 
committee,  and,  in  January,  1887,  took  the  name 
of  the  Ohio,  Indiana  &  Western  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  final  reorganization,  under  its  present 
name,  took  place  in  .February,  1890.  when  it  was 
leased  to  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  & 
St.  Louis  Railway,  by  which  it  is  operated. 
(See  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  rf-  St.  Lcmii 
Railway.) 

PEORIA  &  HANNIBAL  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad. ) 

PEORIA  &  OqUAWKA  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.) 

PEORIA  &  PEKIN  CNION  RAILWAY.  A  line 
connecting  the  cities  of  Peoria  and  Pekiu,  which 
are  only  8  miles  apart.  It  was  chartered  in  1880, 
und  acquired,  by  purchase,  the  tracks  of  the  Peoria, 
Pekin  &  Jacksonville  and  the  Peoria  &  Spring- 
field Railroads,  between  the  two  cities  named  in 


its  title,  giving  it  control  of  two  lines,  which  are 
used  by  nearly  all  the  railroads  entering  both 
cities  from  the  east  side  of  the  Illinois  River.  The 
mileage,  including  both  divisions,  is  18. 14  miles, 
second  tracks  and  sidings  increasing  the  total  to 
nearly  60  miles.  The  track  is  of  standard  gauge, 
about  two-thirds  being  laid  with  steel  rails.  The 
total  cost  of  construction  was  $4,350,987.  Its 
total  capitalization  (1898)  was  $4,177,763,  includ- 
ing $1,000,000  in  stock,  and  a  funded  debt  of 
$2,904,000.  The  capital  stock  is  held  in  equal 
amounts  (each  2,500  shares)  by  the  Wabash,  the 
Peoria.  Decatur  &  Evansville.  the  Chicago. 
Peoria  &  St.  Louis  and  the  Peoria  &  Eastern  com- 
panies, with  1.000  shares  by  the  Lake  Erie  & 
Western.  Terminal  charges  and  annual  rentals 
are  also  paid  by  the  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria  and 
the  Iowa  Central  Railwavs.  , 

PEORIA  &  SPRINGFIELD  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Peoria  <fc  St.  Louis  Railroad  of  Illinois  ) 

PEOTONE,  a  village  of  Will  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  41  miles  south-southwest 
from  Chicago;  has  some  manufactures,  a  bank 
and  a  newspaper.  The  surrounding  country  is 
agricultural.  Population  (1890),  717;  (1900),  1,003. 

PERCY,  a  village  of  Randolph  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Wabash.  Chesapeake  &  West- 
ern and  the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railways.  Population 
(1890),  360;  (1900).  660. 

PERROT,  Nicholas,  a  French  explorer,  wno 
visited  the  valley  of  the  For  River  (of  Wisconsin) 
and  the  country  around  the  great  lakes,  at  various 
times  between  1670  anil  1690.  He  was  present, 
as  a  guide  and  interpreter,  at  the  celebrated  con- 
ference held  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  in  1671,  which 
was  attended  by  fifteen  Frenchmen  and  repre- 
sentatives from  seventeen  Indian  tribes,  and  at 
which  the  Sieur  de  Lnsson  took  formal  possession 
of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  with  the  surround- 
ing region  and  "all  the  country  southward  to  the 
sea,"  in  the, name  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
Perrot  was  the  first  to  discover  lead  in  the  West, 
and,  for  several  years,  was  Commandant  in  the 
Green  Bay  district.  As  a  chronicler  he  was 
intelligent,  interesting  and  accurate.  His  writ- 
ings were  not  published  until  1864,  but  have 
always  been  highly  prized  as  authority. 

PERRY,  a  town  of  Pike  County ;  has  a  bank 
and  a  newspaper.  Population  (1880).  770;  (1890V 
705;  (1900),  642. 

PERRY  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  southwest  quarter 
of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  440  square  miles  and 
a  population  (1900)  of  19,830.  It  was  organized 
as  a  county  in  1827.  and  named  for  Com.  Oliver 
H.  Perry.  The  general  surface  is  rolling. 


422 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP   ILLINOIS. 


although  flat  prairies  occupy  a  considerable  por- 
tion, interspersed  with  "post-oak  flats."  Limestone 
is  found  in  the  southern,  and  sandstone  in  the 
northern,  sections,  but  the  chief  mineral  wealth 
of  the  county  is  coal,  which  is  abundant,  and,  at 
several  points,  easily  mined,  some  of  it  being  of 
a  superior  quality.  Salt  is  manufactured,  to  some 
extent,  and  the  chief  agricultural  output  is 
wheat.  Pinckneyville,  the  county-seat,  has  a 
central  position  and  a  population  of  about  1,300. 
Duquoir  is  the  largest  city.  Beaucoup  Creek  is 
the  principal  stream,  and  the  county  is  crossed 
by  several  lines  of  railroad. 

PERU,  a  city  in  La  Salle  County,  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Illinois  River,  which  is  here 
spanned  by  a  handsome  bridge.  It  is  distant  100 
miles  southwest  from  Chicago,  and  the  same  dis- 
tance north-northeast  from  Springfield.  It  is 
connected  by  street  cars  with  La  Salle,  one  mile 
distant,  which  is  the  terminus  of  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  coal- 
mining region,  is  an  important  trade  center,  and 
has  several  manufacturing  establishments,  includ- 
ing zinc  "smelting  works,  rolling  mills,  nickeloid 
factory,  metal  novelty  works,  gas  engine  factory, 
tile  works,  plow,  scale  and  patent-pump  factories, 
foundries  and  machine  shops,  flour  and  .saw  mills, 
clock  factory,  etc.  Two  national  banks,  with  a 
rombined  capital  of  $200,000,  are  located  at  Peru, 
and  one  daily  and  one  weekly  paper.  Population 
(1870),  3,650;  (1880).  4,682;  (1890),  5,550,  (1900), 
6.863. 

PESOTCM,  a  village  in  Champaign  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  5  miles  south  of 
Tolono.  Population  (1890),  575. 

PETERSBURG,  a  city  of  Menard  County,  and 
the  county-seat,  on  the  Sangamon  River,  at  the 
intersection  Chicago  &  Alton  with  the  Chicago, 
Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railway ;  23  miles  northwest 
of  Springfield  and  28  miles  northeast  of  Jackson- 
ville. The  town  was  surveyed  and  platted  by 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  1837,  and  is  [the  seat  of  the 
"Old  Salem"  Chautauqua.  It  has  machine  shops, 
two  banks,  two  weekly  papers  and  nine  churches. 
The  manufactures  include  woolen  goods,  brick 
and  drain-tile,  bed-springs,  mattresses,  and 
canned  goods.  Pop.  (1890),  2,342,  (1900),  2,807. 

PETERS,  Onslow,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
in  Massachusetts,  graduated  at  Brown  Univer- 
sity, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  practiced 
law  in  his  native  State  until  1837,  when  he  set- 
tled at  Peoria,  111.  He  served  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847,  was  elected  to  the 
bench  of  the  Sixteenth  Judicial  Circuit  in  1853, 
and  re-elected  in  1855.  Died,  Feb.  28,  1856. 


PHILLIPS,  Itavid  L.,  journalist  and  politician, 
was  born  where  the  town  of  Marion,  Williamson 
County,  111.,  now  stands,  Oct.  28,  1823;  came  to 
St.  Clair  County  in  childhood,  his  father  settling 
near  Belleville;  began  teaching  at  an  early  age, 
and,  when  about  18,  joined  the  Baptist  Church, 
and,  after  a  brief  course  with  the  distinguished 
Dr.  Peck,  at  his  Rock  Spring  Seminary,  two  years 
later  entered  the  ministry,  serving  churches  in 
Washington  and  other  Southern  Illinois  counties, 
finally  taking  charge  of  a  church  at  Jonesboro. 
Though  originally  a  Democrat,  his  advanced 
views  on  slavery  led  to  a  disagreement  with  his 
church,  and  he  withdrew ;  then  accepted  a  posi- 
tion as  paymaster  in  the  construction  department 
of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  finally  being 
transferred  to  that  of  Land  Agent  for  the  South- 
ern section,  in  this  capacity  visiting  different 
parts  of  the  State  from  one  end  of  the  main  line 
to  the  other.  About  1854  he  became  associated 
with  the  management  of  "The  Jonesboro  Ga- 
zette, ' '  a  Democratic  paper,  which,  during  his  con- 
nection with  it  (some  two  years),  he  made  an 
earnest  opponent  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 
At  the  Anti-Nebraska  Editorial  Convention 
(which  see),  held  at  Decatur,  Feb.  22,  1856,  lie 
was  appointed  a  member  of  their  State  Central 
Committee,  and,  as  such,  joined  in  the  call  for  the 
first  Republican  State  Convention,  held  at  Bloom- 
ington  in  May  following,  where  he  served  as 
Vice-President  for  his  District,  and  was  nomi- 
nated for  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Fremont 
ticket.  Two  years  later  (1858)  he  was  the 
unsuccessful  Republican  candidate  for  Congress 
in  the  Southern  District,  being  defeated  by  John 
A.  Logan ;  was  again  in  the  State  Convention  of 
1860,  and  a  delegate  to  the  National  Convention 
which  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  President 
the  first  time;  was  appointed,  by  Mr.  Lincoln 
United  States  Marshal  for  the  Southern  District 
in  1861,  and  re-appointed  in  1865,  but  resigned 
after  Andrew  Johnson's  defection  in  1866.  Dur- 
ing 1862  Mr.  Phillips  became  part  proprietor  of 
"The  State  Journal"  at  Springfield,  retaining 
this  relation  until  1878,  at  intervals  performing 
editorial  service ;  also  took  a  prominent  part  in 
organizing  and  equipping  the  One  Hundred  and 
Ninth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers  (sometimes 
called  the  "Phillips  Regiment"),  and,  in  1865, 
was  one  of  the  committee  of  citizens  sent  to 
escort  the  remains  of  President  Lincoln  to 
Springfield.  He  joined  in  the  Liberal  Republican 
movement  at  Cincinnati  in  1872,  but,  in  1876. 
was  in  line  with  his  former  party  associates,  and 
served  in  that  year  as  an  unsuccessful  candidate 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


423 


for  Congress,  in  the  Springfield  District,  in  oppo- 
sition to  'William  M.  Springer,  early  the  following 
year  receiving  the  appointment  of  Postmaster 
for  the  city  of  Springfield  from  President  Hayes. 
Died,  at  Springfield,  June  19,  1880. 

PHILLIPS,  George  S.,  author,  was  born  at 
Peterborough,  England,  in  January,  1816;  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge,  and  came  to  the  United 
States,  engaging  in  journalism.  In  1845  he 
returned  to  England,  and,  for  a  time,  was  editor 
of  "The  Leeds  Times,"  still  later  being  Principal 
of  the  People's  College  at  Huddersfield.  Return- 
ing to  the  United  States,  he  came  to  Cook  County, 
and,  about  1866-68,  was  a  writer  of  sketches  over 
the  worn  de  plume  of  "January  Searle"  for  "The 
Chicago  Republican" — later  was  literary  editor 
of  "The  New  York  Sun"  for  several  years.  His 
mind  becoming  impaired,  he  was  placed  in  an 
asylum  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  finally  dying  at  Morris- 
town,  N.  J.,  Jan.  14.  1889.  Mr.  Phillips  was  the 
author  of  several  volumes,  chiefly  sketches  of 
travel  and  biography. 

PHILLIPS,  Jesse  J.,  lawyer,  soldier  and 
jurist,  was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  111., 
May  22,  1837.  Shortly  after  graduating  from  the 
Hillsboro  Academy,  he  read  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860.  In  1861  he  organized 
a  company  of  volunteers,  of  which  he  was 
chosen  Captain,  and  which  was  attached  to  the 
Ninth  Illinois  Infantry.  Captain  Phillips  was 
successively  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Major, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel;  resigned  on 
account  of  disability,  in  August,  1864,  but  was 
brevetted  Brigadier-General  at  the  close  of  the 
war.  His  military  record  was  exceptionally 
brilliant.  He  was  wounded  three  times  at 
Shiloh,  and  was  personally  thanked  and  compli- 
mented by  Generals  Grant  and  Oglesby  for  gal- 
lantry and  efficient  service.  At  the  termination 
of  the  struggle  he  returned  to  Hillsboro  and 
engaged  in  practice.  In  1866,  and  again  in  1868, 
he  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  State  Treas- 
urer, but  was  both  times  defeated.  In  1879  he 
was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Fifth  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  re-elected  in  1885.  In  1890  he  was 
assigned  to  the  bench  of  the  Appellate  Court  of 
the  Fourth  District,  and,  in  1893,  was  elected  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
created  by  the  death  of  Justice  John  M.  Scholfield, 
his  term  expiring  in  1897,  when  he  was  re-elected 
to  succeed  himself.  Judge  Phillips'  present  term 
will  expire  in  1906. 

PHILLIPS,  Joseph,  early  jurist,  was  born  in 
Tennessee,  received  a  classical  and  legal  edu- 
cation, and  served  as  a  Captain  in  the  War  of 


;  in  1816  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Illinois 
Territory,  serving  until  the  admission  of  Illinois 
as  a  State,  when  he  became  the  first  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court,  serving  until  July, 
1822,  when  he  resigned,  being  succeeded  on  the 
bench  by  John  Reynolds,  afterwards  Governor. 
In  1822  he  was  a  candidate  for  Governor  in  the 
interest  of  the  advocates  of  a  pro-slavery  amend- 
ment of  the  State  Constitution,  but  was  defeated 
by  Edward  Coles,  the  leader  of  the  anti-sUvery 
party.  (See  Coles,  Edward,  and  Slavery  and  Slave 
Laics.)  He  appears  from  the  "Edwards  Papers" 
to  have  been  in  Illinois  as  late  as  1832,  but  is 
said  eventually  to  have  returned  to  Tennessee. 
The  date  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

J'l  AMiKSH  A  WS,  THE,  a  branch  of  the  Miami 
tribe  of  Indians.  Their  name,  like  those  of  their 
brethren,  underwent  many  mutations  of  orthog- 
raphy, the  tribe  being  referred  to,  variously,  aa 
the  "Pou-an-ke-kiahs,"  the  "Pi-an-gie-shaws, " 
the  "Pi-an-qui-shaws,"  and  the  "Py-an-ke- 
shaws. "  They  were  less  numerous  than  the 
Weas,  their  numerical  strength  ranking  lowest 
among  the  bands  of  the  Miami*.  At  the  time  La 
Salle  planted  his  colony  around  Starved  Rock, 
their  warriors  numbered  150.  Subsequent  to  the 
dispersion  of  this  colony  they  (alone  of  the  Miamis) 
occupied  portions  of  the  present  territory  of  Illi- 
nois, having  villages  on  the  Vermilion  and 
Wa  hasli  Rivers.  Their  earliest  inclinations 
toward  the  whites  were  friendly,  the  French 
traders  having  intermarried  with  women  of  the 
tribe  soon  after  the  advent  of  the  first  explor- 
ers. Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  experienced  little 
difficulty  in  securing  their  allegiance  to  the  new 
government  which  he  proclaimed.  In  the  san- 
guinary raids  (usually  followed  by  reprisals), 
which  marked  Western  history  during  the  years 
immediately  succeeding  the  Revolution,  the 
Piankeshaws  took  no  part ;  yet  the  outrages,  per- 
petrated upon  peaceable  colonists,  had  so  stirred 
the  settlers'  blood,  that  all  Indians  were  included 
in  the  general  thirst  for  vengeance,  and  each  was 
unceremoniously  dispatched  as  soon  as  seen.  The 
Piankeshaws  appealed  to  Washington  for  protec- 
tion, and  the  President  issued  a  special  procla- 
mation in  their  behalf.  After  the  cession  of  the 
last  remnant  of  the  Miami  territory  to  the  United 
States,  the  tribe  was  removed  to  a  Kansas  reser- 
vation, and  its  last  remnant  finally  found  a  home 
in  Indian  Territory.  (See  also  Miamis;  Weas.) 

"PIASA  BIRD,"  I.K.F.M)  OF  THE.  When 
the  French  explorers  first  descended  the  Upper 
Mississippi  River,  they  found  some  remarkable 
figures  depicted  upon  the  face  of  the  bluff,  just 


424 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


above  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Alton,  which 
excited  their  wonder  and  continued  to  attract 
interest  long  after  the  country  was  occupied  by 
the  whites.  The  account  given  of  the  discov- 
ery by  Marquette,  who  descended  the  river  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  in  June,  1673,  is  as 
follows:  "As  we  coasted  along"  (after  passing 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois)  "rocks  frightful  for 
their  height  and  length,  we  saw  two  monsters 
painted  on  one  of  the  rocks,  which  startled  us  at 
first,  and  upon  which  the  boldest  Indian  dare  not 
gaze  long.  They  are  as  large  as  a  calf ,  with  horns 
on  the  head  like  a  deer,  a  frightful  look,  red 
eyes,  bearded  like  a  tiger,  the  face  somewhat 
like  a  man's,  the  body  covered  with  scales,  and 
the  tail  so  long  that  it  twice  makes  the  turn  of 
the  body,  passing  over  the  head  and  down  be- 
tween the  legs,  ending  at  last  in  a  fish's  tail. 
Green,  red  and  black  are  the  colors  employed. 
On  the  whole,  these  two  monsters  are  so  well 
painted  that  we  could  not  believe  any  Indian  to 
have  been  the  designer,  as,  good  painters  in 
France  would  find  it  hard  to  do  as  well.  Besides 
this,  they  are  painted  so  high  upon  the  rock  that 
it  is  hard  to  get  conveniently  at  them  to  paint 
them."  As  the  Indians  could  give  no  account  of 
the  origin  of  these  figures,  but  had  their  terror 
even  more  excited  at  the  sight  of  them  than  Mar- 
quette himself,  they  are  supposed  to  have  been 
the  work  of  some  prehistoric  race  occupying  the 
country  long  before  the  arrival  of  the  aborigines 
whom  Marquette  and  his  companions  found  in 
Illinois.  There  was  a  tradition  that  the  figures 
were  intended  to  represent  a  creature,  part  beast 
and  part  bird,  which  destroyed  immense  numbers 
of  the  inhabitants  by  swooping  down  upon  them 
from  its  abode  upon  the  rocks.  At  last  a  chief  is 
said  to  have  offered  himself  a  victim  for  his 
people,  and  when  the  monster  made  its  appear- 
ance, twenty  of  his  warriors,  concealed  near  by, 
discharged  their  arrows  at  it,  killing  it  just 
before  it  reached  its  prey.  In  this  manner  the 
life  of  the  chief  was  saved  and  his  people  were 
preserved  from  further  depredations ;  and  it  was 
to  commemorate  this  event  that  the  figure  of  the 
bird  was  painted  on  the  face  of  the  cliff  on  whose 
summit  the  chief  stood.  This  story,  told  in  a 
paper  by  Mr.  John  Russell,  a  pioneer  author  of 
Illinois,  obtained  wide  circulation  in  this  country 
and  in  Europe,  about  the  close  of  the  first 
quarter  of  the  present  century,  as  the  genuine 
"Legend  of  the  Piasa  Bird. "  It  is  said,  however, 
that  Mr.  Russell,  who  was  a  popular  writer  of 
fiction,  acknowledged  that  it  was  drawn  largely 
from  his  imagination.  Many  prehistoric  relics 


and  human  remains  are  said,  by  the  late  William 
McAdams,  the  antiquarian  of  Alton,  to  have 
been  found  in  caves  in  the  vicinity,  and  it  seems 
a  well  authenticated  fact  that  the  Indians,  when 
passing  the  spot,  were  accustomed  to  discharge 
their  arrows — and,  later,  their  firearms — at  the 
figure  on  the  face  of  the  cliff.  Traces  of  this 
celebrated  pictograph  were  visible  as  late  as  1N40 
to  1845.  but  have  since  been  entirely  quarried 
away. 

PIATT  COUNTY,  organized  in  1841.  consist- 
ing of  parts  of  Macon  and  Dewitt  Counties.  Its 
area  is  440  square  miles:  population  (1900),  17,706. 
The  first  Commissioners  were  John  Hughes.  W. 
Bailey  and  E.  Peck.  John  Piatt,  after  whose 
family  the  county  was  named,  was  the  first 
Sheriff.  The  North  Fork  of  the  Sangamon  River 
flows  centrally  through  the  county  from  north- 
east to  southwest,  and  several  lines  of  railroad 
afford  transportation  for  its  products.  Its  re- 
sources and  the  occupation  of  the  people  are 
almost  wholly  agricultural,  the  surface  beiiiL' 
level  prairie  and  the  soil  fertile.  Monticello,  the 
county-seat,  has  a  population  of  about  1,700. 
Other  leading  towns  are  Cerro  Gordo  (939)  and 
I  ten icnt  (1,129). 

PICKETT,  Thomas  Johnson,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  17,  1821;  spent 
six  years  (1830-36)  in  St.  Louis,  when  his  family 
removed  to  Peoria;  learned  the  printer's  trade  in 
the  latter  city,  and,  in  1840,  began  the  publica- 
tion of  "The  Peoria  News,"  then  sold  out  and 
established  "The  Republican"  (afterwards  "The 
Transcript") ;  was  a  member  of  the  Anti-Nebraska 
Editorial  Convention  held  at  Decatur,  Feb.  22, 
1856,  serving  on  the  Committee  on  Resolutions, 
and  being  appointed  on  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee, which  called  the  first  Republican  State 
Convention,  held  at  Bloomington,  in  May  follow- 
ing, and  was  there  appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Convention  at  Philadelphia,  which 
nominated  General  Fremont  for  President. 
Later,  he  published  papers  at  Pekin  and  Rock 
Island,  at  the  latter  place  being  one  of  the  first  to 
name  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency ;  was 
elected  State  Senator  in  1860,  and,  in  1862,  com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Sixty-ninth 
Illinois  Volunteers,  being  transferred,  as  Colonel, 
to  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-second  Illinois 
(100-days'  men),  and  serving  at  Camp  Douglas 
during  the  "Conspiracy"  excitement.  After  the 
war,  Colonel  Pickett  removed  to  Paducah,  Ky., 
published  a  paper  there  called  "The  Federal 
Union."  was  appointed  Postmaster,  and,  later. 
Clerk  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  and 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF 


was  the  Republican  nominee  for  Congress,  in  that 
District,  in  1874.  Removing  to  Nebraska  in  1879, 
he  at  different  times  conducted  several  papers  in 
that  State,  residing  for  the  most  part  at  Lincoln. 
Died,  at  Ashland.  Neb.,  Dec.  24,  1891. 

PIERSON,  David,  pioneer  banker,  was  born  at 
Cazenovia,  N.  V  .  July  9,  1806;  at  the  age  of  13 
removed  west  with  his  parents,  arriving  at  St. 
Louis,  June  3,  1820.  The  family  soon  after  set- 
tled near  Collinsville,  Madison  County,  111.,  where 
the  father  having  died,  they  removed  to  the  vi- 
cinity of  Carrollton,  Greene  County,  in  1821.  Here 
they  opened  a  farm,  but,  in  1827,  Mr.  Pierson 
went  to  the  lead  mines  at  Galena,  where  he  re- 
mained a  year,  then  returning  to  Carrollton.  In 
1834,  having  sold  his  farm,  he  began  merchandis- 
ing, still  later  being  engaged  in  the  pork  and 
grain  trade  at  Alton.  In  1854  he  added  the  bank- 
ing business  to  his  dry -goods  trade  at  Carrollton, 
also  engaged  in  milling,  and,  in  1862-63,  erected 
a  woolen  factory,  which  was  destroyed  by  an 
incendiary  fire  in  1872.  Originally  an  anti-slavery 
Clay  Whig,  Mr.  Pierson  became  a  Republican  on 
the  organization  of  that  party  in  1856,  served  for 
a  time  as  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Convention 
at  Philadelphia  in  1872,  and  a  prominent  candi- 
date for  the  Republican  nomination  for  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  in  1876.  Of  high  integrity  and 
unswerving  patriotism,  Mr.  Pierson  was  generous 
in  his  benefactions,  being  one  of  the  most  liberal 
contributors  to  the  establishment  of  the  Langston 
School  for  the  Education  of  Freedmen  at  Holly 
Springs,  Hiss.,  soon  after  the  war.  He  died  at 
Carrollton,  May  8,  1891.— Oman  (Pierson),  a  son 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  a  member  of 
the  Thirty-second  General  Assembly  (1881)  from 
Greene  County,  and  is  present  cashier  of  the 
Greene  County  National  Bank  at  Carrollton. 

PI6GOTT,  Isaac  N.,  early  politician,  was  born 
about  1792;  served  as  an  itinerant  Methodist 
preacher  in  Missouri  and  Illinois,  between  1819 
and  1824,  but  finally  located  southwest  of  Jersey - 
ville  and  obtained  a  license  to  run  a  ferry  be- 
tween Graf  ton  and  Alton;  in  1828  ran  as  a 
candidate  for  the  State  Senate  against  Thomas 
Carlin  (afterwards  Governor);  removed  to  St. 
Louis  in  1858,  and  died  there  in  1874. 

PIKE  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  western  por- 
tion of  the  State,  lying  between  the  Illinois  and 
Mississippi  Rivers,  having  an  area  of  795  square 
miles— named  in  honor  of  the  explorer,  Capt. 
Zebulon  Pike  The  first  American  settlers  came 
about  1820,  and.  in  1821,  the  county  was  organ- 
ized, at  first  embracing  all  the  country  north  and 


west  of  the  Illinois  River,  including  the  present 
county  of  Cook.  Out  of  this  territory  were  finally 
organized  about  one  fourth  of  the  counties  of  the 
State.  Coles'  Grove  (now  Gilead,  in  Calhoun 
County)  was  the  first  county-seat,  but  the  seat  of 
justice  was  removed,  in  1824,  to  Atlas,  and  to 
Pittsfield  in  1833.  The  surface  is  undulating,  in 
some  portions  is  hilly,  and  diversified  with  prai 
ries  and  hardwood  timber.  Live-stock,  cereals 
and  hay  are  the  staple  products,  while  coal  and 
Niagara  limestone  are  found  in  abundance. 
Population  (1890),  31,000;  (1900),  31,595. 

PILLSBURY,  Nathaniel  Joy,  lawyer  and 
judge,  was  born  in  York  County,  Maine,  Oct.  21, 
1834;  in  1855  removed  to  Illinois,  and,  in  1858, 
began  farming  in  Livingston  County.  He  began 
the  study  of  law  in  1863,  and,  after  admission  to 
the  bar,  commenced  practice  at  Pontiac.  He 
represented  La  Salle  and  Livingston  Counties  in 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  and.  in 
1873,  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Thirteenth 
Judicial  Circuit.  He  was  re-elected  in  1879  and 
again>  in  1885.  He  was  assigned  to  the  bench  of 
the  Appellate  Court  in  1H77,  and  again  in  1879 
and  '85.  He  was  severely  wounded  by  a  shot 
received  from  strikers  on  the  line  of  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad,  near  Chicago,  in  1886,  resulting 
in  his  being  permanently  disabled  physically,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  declined  a  re-election  to 
the  bench  in  1*91 

PINCKNEYVILLE,acity  and  the  county-seat 
of  Perry  County,  situated  at  the  intersection  of 
the  Paducah  Division  Illinois  Central  and  the 
Wabash,  Chester  &  Western  Railways,  10  miles 
west-northwest  of  Duquoin.  Coal-mining  is 
carried  on  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  and  flour, 
carriages,  plows  and  dressed  lumber  are  among 
the  manufactured  products.  Pinckneyville  has 
two  banks — one  of  which  is  national — two  weekly 
newspapers,  seven  churches,  a  graded  and  a  high 
school.  Population  (18SO),  964;  (1890),  1,298; 
(1900),  2,357. 

PITTSBl*R(i,  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO  A. 
ST.  LOL'IS  RAILROAD,  one  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Company's  lines,  operating  1,403  miles  of 
road,  of  which  1,090  miles  are  owned  and  the 
remainder  leased — length  of  line  in  Illinois,  28 
miles.  The  Company  is  the  outgrowth  of  a  con- 
solidation, in  1890,  of  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  & 
St.  Louis  Railway  with  the  Chicago.  St.  Louis  & 
Pittsburg,  the  Cincinnati  &  Richmond  and  the 
Jeffersonville,  Madison  &  Indianapolis  Railroads. 
The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  controls 
the  entire  line  through  ownership  of  stock. 
Capital  stock  outstanding,  in  1898.  $47,791,601; 


426 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


funded  debt,  $48,438,000;  floating  debt,  $2,314,703 
—total  capital  $98,500,584.  —  (HISTORY.)  The 
Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  Pittsburg  Railroad,  em- 
bracing the  Illinois  division  of  this  line,  was  made 
up  of  various  corporations  organized  under  the 
laws  of  Illinois  and  Indiana.  One  of  its  compo- 
nent parts  was  the  Chicago  &  Oreat  Eastern 
Railway,  organized,  in  1865,  by  consolidation  of 
the  Galena  &  Illinois  River  Railroad  (chartered 
in  1857),  the  Chicago  &  Oreat  Eastern  Railway 
of  Indiana,  the  Cincinnati  ft  Chicago  Air-Line 
(organized  1860),  and  the  Cincinnati,  Logans- 
port  A  Chicago  Railway.  In  1869,  the  consoli- 
dated line  was  leased  to  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati 
&  St.  Louis  Railway  Company,  and  operated 
under  the  name  of  the  Columbus,  Chicago  & 
Indiana  Central  between  Bradford,  Ohio,  and 
Chicago,  from  1869  until  its  consolidation,  under 
the  present  name,  in  1890.  (See  Pennsylvania 
Railroad. ) 

PITTSBURG,  FORT  WAYNE  *  CHICAGO 
RAILROAD.  (See  Pittiburg,  Fort  Wayne  A  Chi- 
0190  Kit  Unity. ) 

PITTSBURG,  FORT  WAYNE  A  CHICAGO 
RAILWAY.  The  total  length  of  this  line  is 
nearly  470  miles,  but  only  a  little  over  16  miles 
are  within  Illinois.  It  was  operated  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company  as  lessee.  The  entire 
capitalization  in  1898  was  $53,549,990;  and  the 
earnings  in  Illinois,  $472,228.— (HISTORY.)  The 
Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  Railway  is  the 
result  of  the  consolidation,  August  1,  1856,  of  the 
Ohio  &  Pennsylvania,  the  Ohio  &  Indiana  and 
the  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  Railroad  Companies, 
under  the  name  of  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  ft 
Chicago  Railroad.  The  road  was  opened  through 
its  entire  length,  Jan.  1,  1859;  was  sold  under 
foreclosure  in  1861 ;  reorganized  under  its  present 
title,  in  1863,  and  leased  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company,  for  999  years,  from  July  1, 
1869.  (See  Pennsylvania  Railroad.) 

PITTSFIELD,  the  county -seat  of  Pike  County, 
situated  on  the  Hannibal  &  Naples  branch  of  the 
Wabash  Railway,  about  40  miles  southeast  of 
Quincy,  and  about  the  same  distance  south  of 
west  from  Jacksonville.  Its  public  buildings 
include  a  handsome  court  house  and  graded  and 
high  school  buildings.  The  city  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  city  water-works,  a  flour  mill,  a 
National  and  a  State  hank,  nine  churches,  and 
four  weekly  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  2,395; 
(1900),  2,393. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  village  of  Will  County,  on  the 
Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Railroad  and  an  interur- 
ban  electric  line.  8  miles  northwest  of  Joliet;  is 


in  a  dairying  section;  has  a  bank  and  one  news- 
paper. Pop.  (1890).  85?;  (1900),  930. 

PLANO,  a  city  in  Kendall  County,  situated 
near  the  Fox  River,  and  on  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railroad,  14  miles  west-southwest 
of  Aurora.  There  are  manufactories  of  agri- 
cultural implements  and  bedsteads.  The  city  has 
banks,  several  churches,  graded  and  high  schools, 
and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  1,825; 
(1900).  1,684;  (1908,  est.),  3,250. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  village  of  Sangamon 
County,  on  Springfield  Division  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
S.  W.  Railroad,  16  miles  northwest  of  Spring- 
field; in  rich  farming  region;  has  coal-shaft, 
bank,  five  churches,  college  and  two  newspapers. 
Population  (1890),  518;  (1900).  575. 

PLEASANTS,  George  Washington,  jurist,  was 
born  in  Harrodsburg,  Ky  ,  Nov.  24,  1833;  received 
a  classical  education  at  Williams  College,  Mass. . 
graduating  in  1843;  studied  law  in  New  York 
City,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rochester, 
N.  V  ,  in  1845,  establishing  himself  in  practice  at 
Williamstown,  Mass.,  where  he  remained  until 
1849.  In  1851  he  removed  to  Washington,  D.  C., 
and,  after  residing  there  two  years,  came  to  Illi- 
nois, locating  at  Rock  Island,  which  has  since 
been  his  home.  In  1861  he  was  elected,  as  a 
Republican,  to  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion which  met  at  Springfield  in  January  follow- 
ing, and,  in  1867.  was  chosen  Judge  for  the  Sixth 
(now  Tenth)  Judicial  Circuit,  having  served  by 
successive  re-elections  until  June,  1897,  retiring 
at  the  close  of  his  fifth  term— a  record  for  length 
of  service  seldom  paralleled  in  the  judicial  his- 
tory of  the  State.  The  last  twenty  years  of  this 
period  were  spent  on  the  Appellate  bench.  For 
several  years  past  Judge  Pleasants  has  been  a 
sufferer  from  failing  eyesight,  but  has  been  faith- 
ful in  attendance  on  his  judicial  duties.  As  a 
judicial  officer  and  a  man,  his  reputation  stands 
among  the  highest. 

PLUMB,  Ralph,  soldier  and  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  in  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  March  39, 
1816.  After  leaving  school  he  became  a  mer- 
chant's clerk,  and  was  himself  a  merchant  for 
eighteen  years.  From  New  York  he  removed  to 
Ohio,  where  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  in  1855,  later  coming  to  Illinois. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  served  four  years  in  the 
Union  army  as  Captain  and  Quartermaster,  being 
brevetted  Lieutenant-Colonel  at  its  close.  He 
made  his  home  at  Streator,  where  he  was  elected 
Mayor  (1881-1888).  There  he  engaged  in  coal- 
mining and  has  been  connected  with  several 
important  enterprises.  From  1885  to  1889  he 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


427 


represented  the  Eighth  Illinois  District  in  Con- 
gress, after  which  he  retired  to  private  life. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  village  of  Hancock  County,  on 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  41 
miles  northeast  of  Quincy ;  is  trade  center  of  rich 
farming  district ;  has  two  banks,  electric  lights, 
water-works,  and  one  paper.  Pop.  (1900),  854. 

POINTE  DE  SAIBLE,  Jean  Baptlste,  a  negro 
and  Indian-trader,  reputed  to  have  been  the  first 
settler  on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of  San  Domingo, 
but  is  described  by  his  contemporaries  as  "well 
educated  and  handsome,"  though  dissipated.  He 
appears  to  have  been  at  the  present  site  of  Chi- 
cago as  early  as  1794,  his  house  being  located  on 
the  north  side  near  the  junction  of  the  North  and 
South  branches  of  the  Chicago  River,  where  he 
carried  on  a  considerable  trade  with  the  Indians. 
About  1796  he  is  said  to  have  sold  out  to  a  French 
trader  named  Le  Mai,  and  joined  a  countryman 
of  liis,  named  Glamorgan,  at  Peoria,  where  he  died 
soon  after.  Glamorgan,  who  was  the  reputed 
owner  of  a  large  Spanish  land-grant  in  the  vicin- 
.  ity  of  St.  Louis,  is  said  to  have  been. associated 
\  with  Point  de  Saible  in  trade  among  the  Peorias, 
before  the  latter  came  to  Chicago. 

POLO,  a  city  in  Ogle  County,  at  intersection 
of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Chicago.  Burling- 
ton &  Northern  Railways,  23  miles  south  of  Free- 
l»>rt  and  12  miles  north  of  Dixon.  The 
surrounding  region  is  devoted  to  agriculture  and 
stock-raising,  and  Polo  is  a  shipping  point  for 
large  quantities  of  cattle  and  hogs.  Agricultural 
implements  (including  harvesters)  and  buggies 
are  manufactured  here.  The  city  hag  banks,  one 
weekly  and  one  semi -weekly  paper,  seven 
churches,  a  graded  public  and  high  school,  and  a 
public  library.  Pop.  (1890),  1,728;  (1900),  1,869. 

PONTIAC,  an  Ottawa  chief,  born  on  the 
Ottawa  River,  in  Canada,  about  1720.  While  yet 
a  young  man  he  became  the  principal  Chief  of 
the  allied  Ottawas,  Ojibways  and  Pottawatoraies. 
He  was  always  a  firm  ally  of  the  French,  to 
whose  interests  he  was  devotedly  attached, 
defending  them  at  Detroit  against  an  attack  of 
the  Northern  tribes,  and  (it  is  generally  believed) 
leading  the  Ottawas  in  the  defeat  of  Braddock. 
He  reluctantly  acquiesced  in  the  issue  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War,  although  at  first  strongly 
disposed  to  dispute  the  progress  of  Major  Rogers, 
the  British  officer  sent  to  take  possession  of  the 
western  forts.  In  1762  he  dispatched  emissaries 
to  a  large  number  of  tribes,  whom  he  desired  to 
unite  in  a  league  for  the  extermination  of  the 
English.  His  proposals  were  favorably"reoeived. 


and  thus  was  organized  what  is  commonly 
spoken  of  as  the  "Conspiracy  of  Pontiac."  He 
himself  undertook  to  lead  an  assault  upon  Detroit. 
The  garrison,  however,  was  apprised  of  his  inten- 
tion, and  made  preparations  accordingly.  Pontiac 
thereupon  laid  siege  to  the  fort,  but  was  unable 
to  prevent  the  ingress  of  provisions,  the  Canadian 
settlers  furnishing  supplies  to  both  besieged  and 
besiegers  with  absolute  impartiality.  Finally  a 
boat-load  of  ammunition  and  supplies  was  landed 
at  Detroit  from  Lake  Erie,  and  the  English  made 
an  unsuccessful  sortie  on  July  31,  1763.  After  a 
desultory  warfare,  lasting  for  nearly  three 
months,  the  Indians  withdrew  into  Indiana, 
where  Pontiac  tried  in  vain  to  organize  another 
movement.  Although  Detroit  had  not  been 
taken,  the  Indians  captured  Forts  Sandusky,  St. 
Joseph,  Miami,  Ouiatanon,  LeBoeuf  and  Venango, 
besides  the  posts  of  Mackinaw  and  Preeque  Isle. 
The  garrisons  at  all  these  points  were  massacred 
and  innumerable  outrages  perpetrated  elsewhere. 
Additional  British  troops  were  sent  west,  and 
the  Indians  finally  brought  under  control. 
Pontiac  wag  present  at  Oswego  when  a  treaty  was 
signed  with  Sir  William  Johnson,  but  remained 
implacable.  His  end  was  tragic.  Broken  in 
heart,  but  still  proud  in  spirit  and  relentless  in 
purpose,  he  applied  to  the  former  (and  last) 
French  Governor  of  Illinois,  the  younger  St. 
Ange,  who  was  then  at  St.  Louis,  for  co-operation 
and  support  in  another  raid  against  the  British. 
Being  refused  aid  or  countenance,  according  to  a 
story  long  popularly  received,  he  returned  to  the 
vicinity  of  Cabokia,  where,  in  1769,  he  was  mur- 
dered by  a  Kaskaskia  Indian  in  consideration  of 
a  barrel  of  liquor.  X.  Matson,  author  of  several 
volumes  bearing  on  early  history  in  Illinois,  cit- 
ing Col.  Joseph  N.  Bourassa,  an  educated  half- 
breed  of  Kansas,  as  authority  for  his  statement, 
asserts  that  the  Indian  killed  at  Cahokia  was  an 
impostor,  and  that  the  true  Pontiac  was  assassi- 
nated by  Kineboo,  the  Head  Chief  of  the  Illinois, 
in  a  council  held  on  the  Des  Plaines  River,  near 
the  present  site  of  Joliet.  So  well  convinced,  it 
is  said,  was  Pierre  Chouteau,  the  St.  Louis  Indian 
trader,  of  the  truth  of  this  last  story,  that  he 
caused  a  monument,  which  he  had  erected  over 
the  grave  of  the  false  Pontiac,  to  be  removed. 
Out  of  the  murder  of  Pontiac,  whether  occurring 
at  Cahokia  or  Joliet.  it  is  generally  agreed, 
resulted  the  extermination  of  the  Illinois  and  the 
tragedy  of  "Starved  Rock."  (See  Starved  Bode. ) 
PONTIAC,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Livingston  County.  It  stands  on  the 
bank  of  the  Vemillion  River,  and  is  also  a  point 


428 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton,  the 
Wabash  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroads.  It  is 
:u(  miles  north-northeast  from  Bloomington  and 
93  miles  south-southwest  of  Chicago.  The  sur- 
rounding region  is  devoted  to  agriculture,  stock- 
raising  and  coal-mining.  Pontiac  has  four  banks 
and  four  weekly  newspapers  (two  issuing  daily 
editions),  numerous  churches  and  good  schools. 
Various  kinds  of  manufacturing  are  conducted, 
among  the  principal  establishments  being  flour- 
ing mills,  three  shoe  factories,  straw  paper  and 
candy  factories  and  a  foundry.  The  State  Re- 
formatory for  Juvenile  Offenders  is  located  here. 
Pop.  (1890),  2,784;  (1900),  4,266. 

POOL,  Orval,  merchant  and  banker,  was  born 
in  Union  County,  Ky.,  near  Shawneetcwn,  111., 
Feb.  17, 1809,  but  lived  in  Shawneetown  from  seven 
years  of  age;  in  boyhood  learned  the  saddler's 
trade,  but,  in  1843,  engaged  in  the  dry-goods 
business,  J.  McKee  Peeples  and  Thomas  S.  Ridg- 
way  becoming  his  partners  in  1846.  In  1800  he 
retired  from  the  dry-goods  trade  and  became  an 
extensive  dealer  in  produce,  pork  and  tobacco. 
In  1871  he  established  the  Gallatin  County 
National  Bank,  of  which  he  was  the  first  Presi- 
dent. Died,  June  30,  1871. 

POOLE,  William  Frederick,  bibliographer, 
librarian  and  historical  writer,  was  born  at 
Salem,  Mass.,  Dec.  24,  1821,  graduated  from  Yale 
College  in  1849,  and,  at  the  close  of  his  sophomore 
year,  was  appointed  assistant  librarian  of  his  col- 
lege society,  which  owned  a  library  of  10,000  vol- 
umes. Here  he  prepared  and  published  the  first 
edition  of  his  now  famous  "Index  to  Periodical 
Literature."  A  second  and  enlarged  addition 
was  published  in  1853,  and  secured  for  its  author 
wide  fame,  in  both  America  and  Europe.  In  1852 
he  was  made  Librarian  of  the  Boston  Mercantile 
Library,  and,  from  1856  to  1869,  had  charge  of  the 
Boston  Athenaeum,  then  one  of  the  largest  li- 
braries in  the  United  States,  which  he  relinquished 
to  engage  in  expert  library  work.  He  organized 
libraries  in  several  New  England  cities  and 
towns,  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy,  and 
the  Cincinnati  Public  Library,  finally  becoming 
Librarian  of  the  latter  institution.  In  October, 
1873,  he  assumed  charge  of  the  Chicago  Public 
Library,  then  being  organized,  and,  in  1887, 
became  Librarian  of  the  Newberry  Library, 
organizing  this  institution  and  remaining  at  its 
head  until  his  death,  which  occurred,  March  1, 
1894.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  the  Northwestern  University  in  1882.  Dr. 
Pi  Kile  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  organization 
of  library  associations,  and  was  one  of  the  Vice- 


President1!  of  the  International  Conference  of 
Librarians,  held  in  London  in  1871.  His  advice 
was  much  sought  in  relation  to  library  architec- 
turt  and  management.  He  wrote  much  on  topics 
connected  with  his  profession  and  on  historical 
subjects,  frequently  contributing  to  "The  North 
American  Review."  In  1874-75  he  edited  a  liter- 
ary paper  at  Chicago,  called  "The  Owl,"  and  was 
later  a  constant  contributor  to  "The  Dial."  He 
was  President  of  the  American  Historical  Society 
and  member  of  State  Historical  Societies  and  of 
other  kindred  associations. 

POPE,  Nathaniel,  first  Territorial  Secretary  of 
Illinois,  Delegate  in  Congress  and  jurist,  was  born 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1774;  graduated  with  high 
honor  from  Transylvania  University,  at  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  read  law  with  his  brother,  Senator  John 
Pope,  and,  in  1804,  emigrated  to  New  Orleans, 
later  living,  for  a  time,  at  Ste.  Genevieve,  Mo.  In 
1808  he  became  a  resident  of  Kaskaskia  and,  the 
next  year,  was  appointed  the  first  Territorial 
Secretary  of  Illinois.  His  native  judgment  was 
strong  and  profound  and  his  intellect  quick  and 
far-reaching,  while  both  were  thoroughly  trained 
and  disciplined  by  study.  In  1816  he  was  elected 
a  Territorial  Delegate  to  Congress,  and  proved 
himself,  not  only  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his 
constituents,  but  also  a  shrewd  tactician.  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  passage  of 
the  act  authorizing  the  formation  of  a  State 
government,  and  it  was  mainly  through  his 
efforts  that  the  northern  boundary  of  Illinois  was 
fixed  at  Int.  42°  30'  north,  instead  of  the  southern 
bend  of  Lake  Michigan.  Upon  the  admission  of 
Illinois  into  the  Union,  he  was  made  United 
States  Judge  of  the  District,  which  then  embraced 
the  entire  State.  This  office  he  filled  with  dig- 
nity, impartiality  and  acceptability  until  his 
death,  at  the  home  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Lu- 
cretia  Yeatman,  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Jan.  23,  1850. 
Pope  County  was  named  in  his  honor. — (jen.  John 
(Pope),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  March  16, 1822 ;  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  1842,  and  appointed 
brevet  Second  Lieutenant  of  Topographical 
Engineers;  served  in  Florida  (1842-44),  on  the 
northeast  boundary  survey,  and  in  the  Mexican 
War  (1846-47),  being  promoted  First  Lieutenant 
for  bravery  at  Monterey  and  Captain  at  Buena 
Vista.  In  1849  he  conducted  an  exploring  expe- 
dition in  Minnesota,  was  in  charge  of  topograph- 
ical engineering  service  in  New  Mexico  (1851-53), 
and  of  the  surrey  of  a  route  for  the  Union  Pacific 
Railway  (1853-59),  meanwhile  experimenting  on 
the  feasibility  of  artesian  wells  on  the  "Staked 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


429 


Plains"  in  Northwestern  Texas.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  the  political 
campaign  of  1860,  and  was  court-martialed  for 
criticising  the  policy  of  President  Buchanan,  in  a 
paper  read  before  a  literary  society  in  Cincinnati, 
the  proceedings  being  finally  dropped  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  (then)  Secretary  of  War, 
Joseph  Holt.  In  1861  he  was  one  of  the  officers 
detailed  by  the  War  Department  to  conduct  Mr. 
Lincoln  to  the  capital,  and,  in  May  following, 
was  made  Brigadier-General  of  Volunteers  and 
assigned  to  command  in  Missouri,  where  he  per- 
formed valuable  service  in  protecting  railroad 
communications  and  driving  out  guerrillas,  gain- 
ing an  important  victory  over  Sterling  Price  at 
Black wat IT,  in  December  of  that  year;  in  1862 
had  command  of  the  land  forces  co-operating 
with  Admiral  Foote,  in  the  expedition  against 
New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10.  resulting  in  the 
capture  of  that  stronghold  with  6.500  prisoners, 
125  cannon  and  7,000  small  arms,  thereby  win- 
ning a  Major-General's  commission.  Later,  hav- 
ing participated  in  the  operations  against  Corinth, 
he  was  transferred  to  command  of  the  Army  of 
Virginia,  and  soon  after  commissioned  Briga- 
dier-General in  the  regular  army.  Here,  being 
forced  to  meet  a  greatly  superior  force  under 
General  Lee,  he  was  subjected  to  reverses  which 
led  to  his  falling  back  on  Washington  and  a 
request  to  be  relieved  of  his  command.  For  fail- 
ure to  give  him  proper  support,  Gen.  Fitzjohn 
Porter  was  tried  by  court-martial,  and,  having 
been  convicted,  was  cashiered  and  declared  for- 
ever disqualified  from  holding  any  office  of  trust 
or  profit  under  the  United  States  Government — 
although  this  verdict  was  finally  set  aside  and 
Porter  restored  to  the  army  as  Colonel,  by  act  of 
Congress,  in  August,  1886.  General  Pope's  sub- 
sequent service  was  performed  chiefly  against 
the  Indians  in  the  Northwest,  until  1865,  when  he 
took  command  of  the  military  division  of  Mis- 
souri, and,  in  June  following,  of  the  Department 
of  the  Missouri,  including  all  the  Northwestern 
States  and  Territories,  from  which  he  was 
relieved  early  in  1866.  Later,  he  held  command, 
under  the  Reconstruction  Acts,  in  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama and  Florida  ( 1 867-68 ) ;  the  Department  of  the 
Lakes  (1868-70) ;  Department  of  the  Missouri  (1870- 
84) ;  and  Department  of  the  Pacific,  from  1884  to 
his  retirement,  March  16,  1886.  General  Pope 
published  "Explorations  from  the  Red  River  to 
the  Rio  Grande''  and  "Campaigns  in  Virginia" 
(1868).  Died,  at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Sept  23,  1892. 

POPE  COUNTT,  lies  on  the  southern  border  of 
the  State,  and   contains  an  area  of  about    360 


square  miles — named  in  honor  of  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope.  It  was  erected  in  1816  (two  years  before 
the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State)  from  parts  of 
Gallatin  and  Johnson  Counties.  The  county-seat 
was  first  located  at  Sandsville,  Imt  later  changed 
to  Golconda.  Robert  Lacy,  Benoni  Lee  and 
Thomas  Ferguson  were  the  first  Commissioners ; 
Hamlet  Ferguson  was  chosen  Sheriff;  John  Scott, 
Recorder;  Thomas C.  Browne,  Prosecuting- Attor- 
ney, and  Samuel  Omelveney.  Treasurer.  The 
highest  land  in  Southern  Illinois  is  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  this  county,  reaching  an  elevation 
of  1,046  feet.  The  bluffs  along  the  Ohio  River  are 
bold  in  outline,  and  the  ridges  are  surmounted  by 
a  thick  growth  of  timber,  notably  oak  and  hick- 
ory,. Portions  of  the  bottom  lands  are  submerged, 
at  times,  during  a  part  of  the  year  and  are 
covered  with  cypress  timber.  The  remains  of 
Indian  mounds  and  fortifications  are  found,  and 
some  interesting  relics  have  l«en  exhumed.  Sand- 
stone is  quarried  in  abundance,  and  coal  is  found 
here  and  there.  Mineral  springs  (with  copperas 
as  the  chief  ingredient)  are  numerous.  Iron  is 
found  in  limited  quantities,  among  the  rocks 
toward  the  south,  while  spar  and  kaolin  clay  are 
found  in  the  north.  The  chief  agricultural 
products  are  potatoes,  corn  and  tobacco.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  14,016;  (UKW),  13,585. 

PORT  BYRON,  a  village  of  Rock  Island  County, 
on  the  Mississippi  River  anil  the  Chicago.  Mil- 
waukee &•  St.  Paul  Railway,  16  miles  above  Rock 
Island;  has  lime  kilns,  grain  elevator,  two  banks, 
academy,  public  schools,  and  a  newspaper.  Pop. 
(1900).  732.  The  (Illinois)  Western  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  is  located  at  Watertown,  twelve  mile-* 
below  Port  Byron. 

PORTER,  (Rer.)  .li-rrmiali,  pioneer  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Hadley,  Mass.,  in  1804;  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  College  in  1S25,  and  studied 
theology  at  both  Andover  and  Princeton  semi 
naries,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1831.  The 
same  year  he  made  the  (then)  long  and  perilous 
journey  to  Fort  Brady,  a  military  post  at  the 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  where  he  began  his  work  as  a 
missionary.  In  1833  he  came  to  Chicago,  where 
he  remained  for  two  years,  organizing  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  with  a  member- 
ship of  twenty-six  persons.  Afterwards  he  had 
pastoral  charge  of  churches  at  Peoria  and  Farni- 
ington.  While  in  Chicago  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Eliza  Chappell,  one  of  the  earliest  teachers 
in  Chicago.  From  1840  to  '58  he  was  located  at 
Green  Bay,  Wis.,  accepting  a  call  from  a  Chicago 
Church  in  the  year  last  named.  In  1861  he  was 
commissioned  Chaplain  in  the  volunteer  service 


430 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


by  Governor  Vates,  and  mustered  out  in  1865. 
The  next  five  years  were  divided  between  labors 
at  Brownsville,  Tex.,  in  the  service  of  the  Sani- 
tary Commission,  and  a  pastorate  at  Prairie  du 
Chien.  In  1870  he  was  commissioned  Chaplain 
in  the  regular  army,  remaining  in  the  service 
(with  occasional  leaves  of  absence)  until  1888, 
when  he  was  retired  from  active  service  on 
account  of  advanced  age.  His  closing  years  were 
spent  at  the  homes  of  his  children  in  Detroit  and 
Beloit;  died  at  the  latter  city,  July  25,  1893,  at 
the  age  of  89  years. 

I'OSEY,  (Gen.)  Thomas,  Continental  and 
Revolutionary  soldier,  was  born  in  Virginia,  July 
9, 1750 ;  in  1774  took  part  in  Lord  Dunmore's  expe- 
dition against  the  Indians,  and,  later,  in  various 
engagements  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  being 
part  of  the  time  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Washington ;  was  with  General  Wayne  in  the 
assault  on  Stony  Point  and  present  at  CornwaluV 
surrender  at  Yorktown ;  also  served,  after  the  war, 
with  Wayne  as  a  Brigadier-General  in  the  North- 
west Territory-  Removing  to  Kentucky,  he 
served  in  the  State  Senate,  for  a  time  being 
presiding  officer  and  acting  Lieutenant-Goveraor ; 
later  (1812),  was  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  Louisiana,  and,  from  1813  to  '16,  served  as 
Territorial  Governor  of  Indiana  Died,  at  the 
home  of  his  son-in-law,  Joseph  M.  Street,  at 
Shawneetown,  111. ,  March  18,  1818,  where  he  lies 
buried.  At  the  time  of  his  death  General  Posey 
was  serving  as  Indian  Agent. 

POST,  Joel  8.,  lawyer  and  soldier  of  the  Mexi- 
can War;  was  born  in  Ontario  (now  Wayne) 
County,  N.  Y.,  April  27,  1816;  in  1828  removed 
with  his  father  to  Washtenaw  County,  Mich., 
remaining  there  until  1839,  when  he  came  to 
Macon  County,  111.  The  following  year,  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  law  with  Judge  Charles 
Emmerson,  of  Decatur,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1841.  In  1  Mr,  he  enlisted  in  the  Mexican 
War,  and  served  as  Quartermaster  of  the  Fourth 
Regiment  (Col.  E.  D.  Baker's) ;  in  1856  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate,  and,  at  the  following  session, 
was  a  leading  supporter  of  the  measures  which 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Bloomington.  Capt.  Post's  later 
years  were  spent  at  Decatur,  where  he  died, 
June  7.  1886. 

POST,  Philip  Sidney,  soldier  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Florida,  Orange  County,  N.  Y., 
March  19,  1833;  at  the  age  of  22  graduated  from 
Union  College,  studied  law  at  Poughkeepsie  Law 
School,  and,  removing  to  Illinois,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  iu  1856  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 


War  he  enlisted,  and  was  commissioned  Second 
Lieutenant  in  the  Fifty-ninth  Illinois  Volunteers. 
He  was  a  gallant,  fearless  soldier,  and  was  re- 
peatedly promoted  for  bravery  and  meritorious 
service,  until  he  attained  the  rank  of  brevet 
Brigadier-General  He  participated  in  many 
important  battles  and  was  severely  wounded  at 
Pea  Ridge  and  Nashville.  In  1865  he  was  in  com- 
mand in  Western  Texas.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  being 
appointed  Consul-General  to  Austria-Hungary 
in  1874,  but  resigned  in  1879,  and  returned  to  his 
home  in  Galesburg.  From  1882  to  1886  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Republican  State  Central  Com- 
mittee, and,  during  1886,  waa  Commander  of  the 
Department  of  Illinois,  G.  A.  R.  He  was  elected 
to  Congress  from  the  Tenth  District  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket  in  1886,  serving  continuously  by  re- 
election until  his  death,'  which  occurred  in 
Washington,  Jan.  6,  1895. 

POST,  Truman  Ma  reeling,  D.D.,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Middlebury,  Vt..  June  3, 1810;  gradu- 
ated at  Middlebury  College  in  1829,  was  Principal 
of  Castleton  Academy  for  a  year,  and  a  tutor  at 
Middlebury  two  years,  meanwhile  studying  law. 
After  a  winter  spent  in  Washington,  listening  to 
the  orators  of  the  time  in  Congress  and  before  the 
Supreme  Court,  including  Clay,  Webster,  Wirt 
and  their  contemporaries,  he  went  west  in  1833, 
first  visiting  St.  Louis,  but  finally  settling  at 
Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  but  soon  after  accepted  the  Professorship  of 
Classical  Languages  in  Illinois  College,  and 
later  that  of  History;  then  began  the  study  of 
theology,  was  ordained  in  1840,  and  assumed  the 
pastorship  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Jack- 
sonville. In  1847  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate 
of  the -Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  St.  Louis, 
and,  in  1851,  to  the  First  Congregational  Church, 
of  which  the  former  furnished  the  nucleus.  For 
a  year  or  two  after  removing  to  St.  Louis,  he 
continued  his  lectures  on  history  at  Illinois  Col- 
lege for  a  short  period  each  year ;  also  held  the 
professorship  of  Ancient  and  Modem  History  in 
Washington  University,  in  St.  Louis;  in  1873-75 
was  Southworth  lecturer  on  Congregationalism 
in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  and,  for  sev- 
eral years,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  His  splendid 
diction  and  his  noble  style  of  oratory  caused 
him  to  be  much  sought  after  as  a  public  lecturer 
or  platform  speaker  at  college  commencements, 
while  his  purity  of  life  and  refinement  of  charac- 
ter attracted  to  him  all  with  whom  he  came  in 
personal  contact.  He  received  the  degree  of 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


431 


D  D.  from  Middlebury  College  in  1855;  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  "The  Biblical  Repository" 
and  other  religious  publications,  and,  besides 
numerous  addresses,  sermons  and  pamphlets,  he 
was  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  "The  Skep- 
tical Era  in  Modern  History"  (New  York,  1856). 
Be  resigned  his  pastorate  in  January,  1882,  but 
continued  to  be  a  frequent  speaker,  either  in  the 
pulpit  or  on  the  lecture  platform,  nearly  to  the 
period  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  St.  Louis, 
Dec.  31,  1886.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  was 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  Monticello  Female  Semi- 
nary, at  Godfrey,  111.,  being,  for  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  time,  President  of  the  Board. 

POTTAWATOMIES,  THE,  an  Indian  tribe, 
one  of  the  three  subdivisions  of  the  Ojibwas  (or 
Ojibbeways),  who,  in  turn,  constituted  a  numer- 
ous family  of  the  Algonquins.  The  other 
branches  were  the  Ottawa  and  the  Chippewas. 
The  latter,  however,  retained  the  family  name, 
and  hence  some  writers  have  regarded  the  "Ojib- 
beways" and  ,the  "Chippewas"  as  essentially 
identical.  This  interchanging  of  names  has  been 
a  prolific  source  of  error.  Inherently,  the  dis- 
tinction was  analogous  to  that  existing  between 
genus  and  species,  although  a  confusion  of 
nomenclature  has  naturally  resulted  in  errors 
more  or  less  serious.  These  three  tribes  early 
separated,  the  Pottawatomies  going  south  from 
Green  Bay  along  the -western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan.  The  meaning  of  the  name  is,  "we  are 
making  a  fire,"  and  the  word  is  a  translation  into 
the  Pottawatomie  language  of  the  name  first 
given  to  the  tribe  by  the  Miamis.  These  Indians 
were  tall,  fierce  and  haughty,  and  the  tribe  was 
divided  into  four  branches,  or  clans,  called  by 
names  which  signify,  respectively,  the  golden 
carp,  the  tortoise,  the  crab  and  the  frog.  Accord- 
ing to  the  "Jesuit  Relations,"  the  Pottawatomies 
were  first  met  by  the  French,  on  the  north  of 
Lake  Huron,  in  1639-40.  More  than  a  quarter  of 
a  century  later  (1666)  Father  Allouez  speaks  of 
them  as  dwellers  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan. 
The  same  Father  described  them  as  idolatrous 
and  polygamous,  yet  as  possessing  a  rude  civility 
and  as  being  kindly  disposed  toward  the  French. 
This  friendship  continued  unbroken  until  the 
expulsion  of  the  latter  from  the  Northwest. 
About  1678  they  spread  southward  from  Green 
Bay  to  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  a  portion  of 
the  tribe  settling  in  Illinois  as  far  south  as  the 
Kankakee  and  Illinois  Rivers,  crowding  the 
Winnebagoes  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  on  the  west, 
and  advancing,  on  the  east,  into  the  country  of 
the  Miamis  as  far  as  the  Wabash  and  the 


Maumee.  They  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
French  in  the  French  and  Indian  War,  and 
later  took  part  in  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac 
to  capture  and  reduce  the  British  posts,  and 
were  so  influenced  by  Tecumseh  and  the  Prophet 
that  a  considerable  number  of  their  warri- 
ors fought  against  General  Harrison  at  Tippe- 
canoe.  During  the  War  of  1812  they  actively 
supported  the  British.  They  were  also  prominent 
at  the  Chicago  massacre.  Schoolcraft  says  of 
them,  "They  were  foremost  at  all  treaties  where 
lands  were  to  be  ceded,  clamoring  for  the  lion's 
share  of  all  presents  and  annuities,  particularly 
where  these  last  were  the  price  paid  for  the  sale 
of  other  lands  than  their  own."  The  Pottawato- 
mies were  parties  to  the  treaties  at  Chicago  in 
1832  and  1833,  and  were  among  the  last  of  the 
tribes  to  remove  beyond  the  Mississippi,  their 
final  emigration  not  taking  place  until  1838.  In 
1846  the  scattered  fragments  of  this  tribe  coalesced 
with  those  of  the  Chippewas  and  Ottawas,  and 
formed  the  Pottawatomie  nation.  They  ceded  all 
their  lands,  wherever  located,  to  the  United  States, 
for  $850,000,  agreeing  to  accept  576,000  acres  in 
Kansas  in  lieu  of  $87,000  of  this  amount.  Through 
the  rapacity  and  trespasses  of  white  settlers,  this 
reservation  was  soon  dismembered,  and  the  lands 
passed  into  other  hands.  In  1867,  under  an  ena- 
bling act  of  Congress,  1,400  of  the  nation  (then 
estimated  at  2,500)  became  citizens.  Their  pres- 
ent location  is  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Okla- 
homa. 

POWELL,  John  Wesley,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  geolo- 
gist and  anthropologist,  was  born  at  Mount  Morris 
N.  Y.,  March  24,  1834,  the  son  of  a  Methodist 
itinerant  preacher,  passing  his  early  life  at  vari- 
ous places  in  Ohio,  Wisconsin  and  Illinois ;  studied 
for  a  time  in  Illinois  College  (Jacksonville),  and 
subsequently  in  Wheaton  College,  but,  in  1854, 
began  a  special  course  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  teaching 
at  intervals  in  public  schools.  Having  a  predi- 
lection for  the  natural  sciences,  he  spent  much 
time  in  making  collections,  which  he  placed  in 
various  Illinois  institutions.  Entering  the  army 
in  1861  as  a  private  of  the  Twentieth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  he  later  became  a  Captain  of  the 
Second  Illinois  Artillery,  being  finally  promoted 
Major.  He  lost  his  right  arm  at  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  but  returned  to  his  regiment  as  soon  as 
sufficiently  recovered,  and  continued  in  active 
service  to  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1865  he  became 
Professor  of  Geology  and  Curator  of  the  Museum 
in  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  at  Bloomington, 
but  resigned  to  accept  a  similar  position  in  the 
State  Normal  University.  In  1867  he  began  his 


432 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


greatest  work  in  connection  with  science  by 
leading  a  class  of  pupils  to  the  mountains  of 
Colorado  for  the  study  of  geology,  which  he  fol- 
lowed, a  year  later,  by  a  more  thorough  survey  of 
the  cafion  of  the  Colorado  River  than  had  ever 
before  been  attempted.  This  led  to  provision  by 
Congress,  in  1870,  for  a  topographical  and  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  Colorado  and  its  tributaries, 
which  was  appropriately  placed  under  his  direc- 
tion. Later,  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology  in  connection  with  the 
Smithsonian  Institute,  and,  again  in  1881.  was 
assigned  to  the  directorship  of  the  United  States 
( leological  Survey,  later  becoming  Director  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  in  connection  with  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  In  Washington  City, 
where  (1899)  he  still  remains.  In  1886  Major 
Powell  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Heidel- 
berg University,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Har- 
vard the  same  year.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
leading  scientific  associations  of  the  country, 
while  his  reports  and  addresses  fill  numerous 
volumes  issued  by  the  Government. 

POWELL,  William  Henry,  soldier  and  manu- 
facturer, was  born  in  South  Wales,  May  10,  1825 ; 
came  to  America  in  1830.  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  of  Tennessee,  and  (1856-61)  was 
manager  of  a  manufacturing  company  at  Iron- 
ton.  Ohio;  in  1861,  became  Captain  of  a  West 
Virginia  cavalry  comi>any,  and  was  advanced 
through  the  grades  of  Major,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
.1  ml  Colonel,  was  wounded  while  leading  a  charge 
at  Wytheville,  Va. ,  left  on  the  field,  captured  and 
confined  in  Libby  Prison  six  months.  After  ex- 
change he  led  a  cavalry  division  in  the  Army  of 
the  Shenandoah ;  was  made  Brigadier-General  in 
October,  1864;  after  the  war  settled  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  a  Republican  Presidential  Elector 
in  1868.  He  is  now  at  the  head  of  a  nail  mill  and 
foundry  in  Belleville,  and  was  Commander  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  for  the  Department 
of  Illinois  during  1895  116. 

PRAIRIE  CITY,  a  village  in  McDonough 
County,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  23  miles  southwest  from  Galesburg  and 
IT  miles  northeast  of  Macomb;  has  a  carriage 
factory,  flour  mill,  elevators,  lumber  and  stock 
yards,  a  nursery,  u  bank,  four  churches  and  two 
weekly  papers.  Pop.  (1890).  812;  (1900).  H18. 

PRAIRIE  DU  PONT,  (in  English,  Bridge 
Prairie),  an  early  French  settlement,  one  mile 
south  of  Cahokia.  It  was  commenced  about  1760, 
located  on  the  banks  of  a  creek,  on  which  was 
the  first  mill,  operated  by  water-power,  in  that 
section,  having  l>.-.  i  erected  by  missionaries 


from  St.  Sulpice.  in  1754.  In  1765  the  village 
contained  fourteen  families.  In  1844  it  was 
inundated  and  nearly  destroyed. 

PRAIRIE  dn  ROCHER,  (in  English.  Prairie  of 
the  Rock),  an  early  French  village  in  what  is 
now  Monroe  County,  which  began  to  spring  up 
near  Fort  Chartres  (see  Fort  Chartres),  and  by 
1T22  had  grown  to  be  a  considerable  settlement. 
It  stood  at  the  foot  of  the  Mississippi  bluffs,  about 
four  miles  northeast  of  the  fort.  Like  other 
French  villages  in  Illinois,  it  had  its  church  and 
priest,  its  common  field  and  commons.  Many  of 
the  houses  were  picturesque  cottages  built  of 
limestone.  The  ancient  village  is  now  extinct; 
yetyfeear  the  outlet  of  a  creek  which  runs  through 
the  bluff,  may  be  seen  the  vestiges  of  a  water  mill, 
said  to  have  been  erected  by  the  Jesuits  during 
the  days  of  French  occupation. 

PRENTICE,  William  S.,  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman,  was  born  in  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  in 
1819;  licensed  as  a  Methodist  preacher  in  1849, 
and  filled  pastorates  at  Paris.  Danville,  Carlin- 
ville,  Springfield,  Jacksonville  and  other  places — 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  serving  as  Presiding 
Elder ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  General  Conference 
of  1860,  and  regularly  re-elected  from  1872  to  the 
end  of  his  life.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
his  home  was  in  Springfield.  Died,  June  28.  1887. 

I'RKM  ISS.  Benjamin  Maj  l.crry,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Belleville,  Wood  County.  Va..  Nov.  23, 
1819;  in  1835  accompanied  his  parents  to  Mis- 
souri, and,  in  1841,  removed  to  Quincy,  111.,  where 
he  learned  a  trade,  afterwards  embarking  in  the 
commission  business.  In  1844-45  he  was  Lieuten- 
ant of  a  company  sent  against  the  Mormons  at 
Nauvoo,  later  serving  as  Captain  of  Volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  War.  In  1860  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful Republican  candidate  for  Congress;  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  tendered  his  services 
to  Governor  Yates,  and  was  commissioned  Colonel 
of  the  Tenth  Illinois  Volunteers,  was  almost 
immediately  promoted  to  Brigadier-General  and 
placed  in  command  at  Cairo,  so  continuing  until 
relieved  by  General  Grant,  in  September,  1861. 
At  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  in  April  following,  he 
was  captured  with  most  of  his  command,  after  a 
most  vigorous  fight  with  a  superior  rebel  force, 
but,  in  1862,  was  exchanged  and  brevetted  Major 
General  of  Volunteers.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
court-martial  that  tried  Gen.  Fitzjohn  Porter, 
and,  as  commander  at  Helena,  Ark. ,  defeated  the 
Confederate  Generals  Holmes  and  Price  on  July 
3,  1863.  He  resigned  his  commission,  Oct.  28. 
1863.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant  Pension  Agent  at  Quincy.  serving  four 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


433 


years.  At  present  (1898)  General  Prentiss"  resi- 
dence is  at  Bethany.  Mo.,  where  he  served  as 
Postmaster,  during  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Benjamin  Harrison,  and  was  reappointed  by 
President  McKinley.  Died  Feb.  8,  1901. 
PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTORS.  (See  Elections. ) 
PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITAL,  located  at  Chi- 
cago, was  organized  in  1883  by  a  number  of 
wealthy  and  liberal  Presbyterians,  "for  the  pur- 
pose of  affording  medical  and  surgical  aid  to  sick 
and  disabled  persons,  and  to  provide  them,  while 
inmates  of  the  hospital,  with  the  ministrations 
of  the  gospel,  agreeably  to  the  doctrines  and 
forms  of  the  Presbyterian  Church."  Rush  Med- 
ical College  offered  a  portion  of  its  ground  as  a  site 
(see  Rush  Medical  College) ,  and  through  generous 
subscriptions,  a  well-planned  building  was 
erected,  capable  of  accommodating  about  250 
patients.  A  corridor  connects  the  college  and 
hospital  buildings.  The  medical  staff  comprises 
eighteen  of  Chicago's  l>est  known  physicians  and 
surgeons. 

PRESBYTERIANS,  THE.  The  first  Presby- 
terian society  in  Illinois  was  organized  by  Rev. 
James  McGready,  of  Kentucky,  in  1816.  at 
Sharon,  White  County.  Revs.  Samuel  J.  Mills 
and  Daniel  Smith,  also  Presbyterians,  had  visited 
the  State  in  1814,  as  representatives  of  the  Massa- 
rhusetts  Missionary  Society,  but  had  formed  no 
society.  The  members  of  the  Sharon  church 
were  almost  all  immigrants  from  the  South,  and 
were  largely  of  Scotch-Irish  extraction.  Two 
other  churches  were  established  in  1H19 — one  at 
Shoal  Creek,  Bond  County,  and  the  other  at 
Edwardsville.  In  1825  there  were  but  three 
Presbyterian  ministers  in  Illinois— Revs.  Stephen 
Bliss,  John  Brich  and  B.  F.  Spilman.  Ten  years 
later  there  were  80  churches,  with  a  membership 
of  2,500  and  60  ministers.  In  1880  the  number  of 
churches  had  increased  to  487;  but,  in  1890,  (as 
shown  by  the  United  States  census)  there  were 
less.  In  the  latter  year  there  were  405  ministers 
and  52,945  members.  The  Synod  of  Illinois  is  the 
highest  ecclesiastical  court  of  the  denomination 
in  the  State,  and,  under  its  jurisdiction,  the 
church  maintains  two  seminaries:  one  (the  Me 
Cormick)  at  Chicago,  and  the  other  (the  Black- 
burn University)  at  Carlinville.  The  organ  of 
the  denomination  is  "The  Interior,"  founded  by 
Cyrus  H.  McConnick.  and  published  weekly  at 
Chicago,  with  William  C.  Gray  as  editor.  The 
Illinois  Synod  embraced  within  its  jurisdiction 
( 1895)  eleven  Presbyteries,  to  which  were  attached 
483  churches.  464  ministers  and  a  membership  of 
63,247.  (See  also  Religion*  Denomination*.) 


I'RICK KIT,  Abraham,  pioneer  merchant,  was 
born  near  Lexington.  Ky. .  came  to  Madison 
County.  Ill,  in  1808;  was  employed  for  a  time  in 
the  drug  business  in  St.  Louis,  then  opened  a 
store  at  Edwardsville,  where,  in  1813,  he  received 
from  the  first  County  Court  of  Madison  County, 
a  license  to  retail  merchandise.  In  1818,  he  served 
as  one  of  the  three  Delegates  from  Madison 
County  to  the  Convention  which  framed  the  first 
State  Constitution,  and,  the  same  year,  was 
elected  a  Representative  in  the  First  General 
Assembly;  was  also  Postmaster  of  the  town  of 
Edwardsville  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1825  he 
removed  to  Adams  County  and  laid  out  an  addi- 
tion to  the  city  of  Quincy;  was  also  engaged 
there  in  trade  with  the  Indians.  In  1836,  while 
engaged  on  a  Government  contract  for  the  re- 
moval of  snags  and  other  obstructions  to  the  navi- 
gation of  Red  River,  be  died  at  Natchitoches.  La. 
— George  W.  (Prickett)  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  afterwards  a  citizen  of  Chicago,  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  white  child  born  in  Edwards- 
ville.— Isaac  (Prickett),  a  brother  of  Abraham, 
came  to  St.  Louis  in  1815,  and  to  Edwardsville  in 
1818,  where  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness with  his  brother  and,  later,  on  his  own 
account.  He  held  the  offices  of  Postmaster,  Pub- 
lic Administrator,  Quartermaster-General  of 
State  Militia.  Inspector  of  the  State  Penitentiary, 
and,  from  1838  to  '-42.  was  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  at  Edwardsville,  dying  in  1844. 

PRICKETT,  David,  pioneer  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Franklin  County,  Ga.,  Sept.  21.  1800;  in  early 
childhood  was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Kentucky 
and  from  there  to  Edwardsville,  111.  He  gradu 
ated  from  Transylvania  University,  and,  in  1831, 
began  the  practice  of  law ;  was  the  first  Supreme 
Court  Reporter  of  Illinois,  Judge  of  the  Madison 
County  Probate  Court,  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  (1826-28),  Aid-de-Camp  to  . 
General  Whiteside  in  the  Black  Hawk  War. 
State's  Attorney  for  Springfield  Judicial  Circuit 
(1837),  Treasurer  of  the  Board  of  Canal  Commis- 
sioners (1840),  Director  of  the  State  Bank  of  Illi- 
nois (1842).  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
for  ten  sessions  and  Assistant  Clerk  of  the  same 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  March  1,  1847. 

PRINCE,  David,  physician  and  surgeon,  was 
born  in  Brooklyne,  Windham  County,  Conn., 
June  21,  1816;  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y  .  and  was  educated  in  the 
academy  there ;  began  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New 
York,  finishing  at  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  was  associated,  for  a  year  and  a 


434 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


half,  with  the  celebrated  surgeon,  Dr.  Huzzy.  In 
1843  he  came  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  and,  for  two 
years,  was  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  Illinois  College;  later,  spent  five 
years  practicing  in  St.  Louis,  and  lecturing  on 
surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  when, 
returning  to  Jacksonville  in  1852,  he  established 
himself  in  practice  there,  devoting  special  atten- 
tion to  surgery,  in  which  he  had  already  won  a 
wide  reputation.  During  the  latter  part  of  the 
Civil  War  he  served,  for  fourteen  months,  as 
Brigade  Surgeon  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and,  on  the  capture  of  a  portion  of  his  brigade, 
voluntarily  surrendered  himself  that  he  might 
attend  the  captives  of  his  command  in  Libby 
Prison.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
employed  for  some  months,  by  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, in  writing  a  medical  history  of  the  war. 
He  visited  Europe  twice,  first  in  1881  as  a  dele- 
gate to  the  International  Medical  Congress  in 
London,  and  again  as  a  member  of  the  Copen- 
hagen Congress  of  1884 — at  each  visit  making 
careful  inspection  of  the  hospitals  in  London, 
Paris,  and  Berlin.  About  1867  he  established  a 
Sanitarium  in  Jacksonville  for  the  treatment  of 
surgical  cases  and  chronic  diseases,  to  which  he 
gave  the  closing  years  of  his  life.  Thoroughly 
devoted  to  his  profession,  liberal,  public-spirited 
and  sagacious  in  the  adoption  of  new  methods,  he 
stood  in  the  front  rank  of  his  profession,  and  his 
death  was  mourned  by  large  numbers  who  had 
received  the  benefit  of  his  ministrations  without 
money  and  without  price.  He  was  member  of 
a  number  of  leading  professional  associations, 
besides  local  literary  and  social  organizations. 
Died,  at  Jacksonville,  Dec.  19,  1889. 

PRINCE,  Edward,  lawyer,  was  born  at  West 
Bloomfield,  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  8,  1832; 
attended  school  at  Pay  son.  111.,  and  Illinois  Col- 
lege, Jacksonville,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1852 ;  studied  law  at  Quincy,  and  after  admission 
to  the  bar  in  1858,  began  dealing  in  real  estate. 
In  1861  he  offered  his  services  to  Governor  Yates, 
was  made  Captain  and  Drill-master  of  cavalry 
and,  a  few  months  later,  commissioned  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Cavalry,  tak- 
ing part,  as  second  in  command,  in  the  celebrated 
"Orierson  raid"  through  Mississippi,  in  1863, 
serving  until  discharged  with  the  rank  of  Colonel 
of  his  regiment,  in  1864.  After  the  war  he  gave 
considerable  attention  to  engineering  and  the 
construction  of  a  system  of  water- works  for  the 
city  of  Quincy.  where  he  now  resides. 

PRINCE,  Weorge  W.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
born  in  Tazewell  County,  111.,  March  4,  1854;  was 


educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at  Knoi  Col- 
lege, graduating  from  the  latter  in  1878.  He 
then  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1880 ;  was  elected  City  Attorney  of  Galesburg  the 
following  year ;  served  as  chairman  of  the  Knoz 
County  Republican  Central  Committee  in  1884, 
and,  in  1888,  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  and  re-elected  two  years  later. 
In  1893  he  was  the  Republican  nominee  for 
Attorney -General  of  the  .State  of  Illinois,  but  was 
defeated  with  the  rest  of  the  State  ticket;  at 
a  special  election,  held  in  April,  1895,  he  was 
chosen  Representative  in  Congress  from  the 
Tenth  District  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Col.  Philip  Sidney  Post,  which  had 
occurred  in  January  preceding.  In  common  with 
a  majority  of  his  colleagues,  Mr.  Prince  wai* 
re-elected  in  1896,  receiving  a  plurality  of  nearly 
16,000  votes,  and  was  elected  for  a  third  term  in 
November,  1898. 

PRINCETON,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of 
Bureau  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  22  miles  west-southwest  of 
Mendota,  and  104  miles  west-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago; has  a  court  house,  gas-works,  electric 
lights,  graded  and  high  schools,  numerous 
churches,  three  newspapers  and  several  banks. 
Coal  is  mined  five  miles  east,  and  the  manufac- 
tures include  flour,  carriages  and  farm  imple- 
ments. Pop.  (1890),  3,396;  (1900),  4,023.  Prince- 
ton is  populated  with  one  of  the  most  intelligent 
and  progressive  communities  in  the  State.  It 
was  the  home  of  Owen  Love  joy  during  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  Illinois. 

PRINCETON  &  WESTERN  RAILWAY.  (See 
Chicago  <ft  fforthwestern  Railway. ) 

PRINCETILLE,  a  village  of  Peoria  County,  oc 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Rock 
Island  &  Peoria  Railways,  22  miles  northwest  of 
Peoria;  is  a  trade  center  for  a  prosperous  agricul- 
tural region.  Population  (1890),  641;  (1900),  735 

PROPHETSTOWN,  a  town  in  Whiteside 
County,  on  Rock  River  and  the  Fulton  Branch 
of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  45 
miles  northwest  of  Mendota;  has  some  manu- 
factures, three  banks  and  two  newspapers.  Pop. 
(1890),  694;  (1900),  1,143. 

PROPORTIONAL  REPRESENTATION.  (See 
Minority  Representation. ) 

PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  The 
pioneer  Episcopal  clergyman  in  this  State  was  the 
Rt.  Rev.  Philander  Chase,  who  was  made  Bishop 
of  Illinois  in  1835,  and  was  the  founder  of  Jubi- 
lee College.  (See  Chase,  Rev.  Philander.)  The 
State  at  present  is  organized  under  the  provincial 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


435 


system,  the  province  comprising  the  dioceses  of 
Chicago,  Quincy  and  Springfield.  At  its  head 
(1898)  is  the  Rt.  Rev.  William  E.  McLaren,  Bishop 
of  Chicago.  Rev.  George  F.  Seymour  of  Spring- 
field  is  Bishop  of  the  Springfield  Diocese,  with 
C.  R.  Hale,  Coadjutor  at  Cairo,  and  Rev.  Alex- 
ander Burgess,  Bishop  of  the  Quincy  Diocese,  with 
residence  at  Peoria.  The  numerical  strength  of 
the  church  in  Illinois  is  not  great,  although 
between  1880  and  1890  its  membership  was  almost 
doubled.  In  1840  there  were  but  eighteen 
I  larishes,  with  thirteen  clergymen  and  a  member- 
ship of  367.  By  1880  the  number  of  parishes  had 
increased  to  89,  there  being  127  ministers  and 
9,842  communicants.  The  United  States  Census 
of  1890  showed  the  following  figures:  Parishes, 
197;  clergymen,  150.  membership,  18,609.  Total 
contributions  (1890)  for  general  church  and  mis- 
sion work,  $373,798.  The  chief  educational  insti- 
tution of  the  denomination  in  the  West  is  the 
Western  Theological  Seminary  at  Chicago.  (See 
also  Religious  Denominations.) 

PRVOR,  Joseph  Everett,  pioneer  and  early 
steamboat  captain,  was  born  in  Virginia,  August 
10,  1787— the  son  of  a  non-commissioned  officer  of 
the  Revolution,  who  emigrated  to  Kentucky  about 
1790  and  settled  near  Louisville,  which  was  then 
a  fort  with  some  twenty  log  cabins.  In  1813  the 
son  located  where  Golconda,  Pope  County,  now 
stands,  and  early  in  life  adopted  the  calling  of  a 
boatman,  which  he  pursued  some  forty  years.  ' 
At  this  time  he  held  a  commission  as  a  '  'Falls 
Pilot,"  and  piloted  the  first  steamer  that  ascended 
the  Ohio  River  from  New  Orleans.  During  his 
long  service  no  accident  happened  to  any  steamer 
for  which  he  was  responsible,  although  the  Mis- 
sissippi then  bristled  with  snags.  He  owned  and 
commanded  the  steamer  Telegraph,  which  was 
sunk,  in  1835,  by  collision  with  the  Duke  of 
Orleans  on  the  Mississippi,  but,  owing  to  his  pres- 
ence of  mind  and  the  good  discipline  of  his  crew, 
no  lives  were  lost.  The  salient  features  of  his 
character  were  a  boundless  benevolence  mani- 
fested to  others,  and  his  dauntless  courage,  dis- 
played not  only  in  the  face  of  dangers  met  in  his 
career  as  a  boatman,  but  in  his  encounters  with 
robbers  who  then  infested  portions  of  Southern 
Illinois.  He  had  a  reputation  as  a  skillful  pilot 
and  popular  commander  not  excelled  by  any  of 
his  contemporaries.  He  died,  at  his  home  in  Pope 
County,  Oct.  5,  1851,  leaving  one  daughter,  now 
Mrs.  Cornelia  P.  Bozman,  of  Cairo,  III. 

PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION,  SUPERINTEND- 
ENTS  OF.  (See  Superintendents  of  Public 
Instruction.) 


PUGH,  Isaac  C.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Christian 
County,  Ky.,  Nov.  23,  1805;  came  to  Illinois,  in 
1821,  with  his  father,  who  first  settled  in  Shelby 
County,  but,  in  1829,  removed  to  Macon  County, 
where  the  subject  of  this  sketch  resided  until  his 
death,  at  Decatur,  Nov.  14,  1874.  General  Pugh 
served  in  three  wars — first  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War  of  1832 ;  then,  with  the  rank  of  Captain  and 
Field  Officer  in  the  Fourth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers  (Col.  E.  D.  Baker's)  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  and,  during  the  Civil  War,  entering  upon 
the  latter  as  Colonel  of  the  Forty-first  Illinois 
Volunteer  Infantry,  in  September,  IMlf,  and 
being  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of  full  Briga- 
dier-General in  August.  1864,  when  his  regiment 
was  consolidated  with  the  Fifty-third.  He  took 
part  with  his  regiment  in  the  battles  of  Fort 
Donelson  and  Shiloh,  and  in  the  operations 
around  Vicksburg,  being  wounded  at  the  latter. 
In  the  year  of  his  retirement  from  the  army 
(1864)  he  was  elected  a  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-fourth  General  Assembly,  and,  the  fol- 
lowing year,  was  chosen  County -Clerk  of  Macon 
County,  serving  four  years. 

Pt'liH ,  Jonathan  H..  pioneer  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Bath  County,  Ky.,  came  to  Bond  County,  III., 
finaUy  locating  at  Springfield  in  1823,  and  being 
the  second  lawyer  to  establish  himself  in  practice 
in  that  city.  He  served  in  the  Third,  Fifth, 
Sixth  and  Seventh  General  Assemblies,  and  was 
defeated  for  Congress  by  Joseph  Duncan  (after- 
wards Governor),  in  1831.  Died,  in  1833.  Mr. 
Pugh  is  described  by  his  contemporaries  as  a  man 
of  brilliant  parts,  an  able  lawyer  and  a  great  wit. 

PULASKI  COUNTY,  an  extreme  southern 
county  and  one  of  the  smallest  in  the  State, 
bordering  on  the  Ohio  River  and  liaving  an  area 
of  190  square  miles  and  a  population  (1900),  of 
14,554.  It  was  cut  off  from  Alexander  County  in 
1843,  and  named  in  honor  of  a  Polish  patriot  who 
had  aided  the  Americans  during  the  Revolution. 
The  soil  is  generally  rich,  and  the  surface  varied 
with  much  low  land  along  the  Cache  and  the  Ohio 
Rivers.  Wheat,  corn  and  fruit  are  the  principal 
crops,  while  considerable  timber  is  cut  upon  the 
bottom  lands.  Mound  City  is  the  county-seat 
and  was  conceded  a  population,  by  the  census  of 
1890,  of  2,550.  Only  the  lowest,  barren  portion  of 
the  carboniferous  formation  extends  under  the 
soil,  the  coal  measures  being  absent.  Traces  of 
iron  have  been  found  and  sulphur  and  copperas 
springs  abound. 

PULLMAN,  a  former  suburb  (now  a  part  of 
the  South  Division)  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  13.8 
miles  south  of  the  initial  station  of  the  Illinois 


436 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Central  Railroad.  The  Pullman  Palace  Car  Com- 
pany began  the  erection  of  buildings  here  in  1880, 
and,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1881,  the  first  family 
settled  in  the  future  manufacturing  city.  Within 
the  next  few  years,  it  became  the  center  of  the 
largest  manufacturing  establishments  in  the 
country,  including  the  Pullman  Car  Works,  the 
Allen  Paper  Car  Wheel  Works  and  extensive 
steel  forging  works,  employing  thousands  of 
mechanics.  Large  numbers  of  sleeping  and  din- 
ing cars,  besides  ordinary  passenger  coaches  and 
freight  cars,  were  manufactured  here  every  year, 
not  only  for  use  on  the  railroads  of  the  United 
States,  but  for  foreign  countries  as  well.  The 
town  was  named  for  the  late  George  M.  Pullman, 
the  founder  of  the  car-works,  and  was  regarded 
as  a  model  city,  made  up  of  comfortable  homes 
erected  by  the  Palace  Car  Company  for  the  use  of 
its  employes.  It  was  well  supplied  with  school- 
houses,  and  churches,  and  a  public  library  was 
established  there  and  opened  to  the  public  in 
1883.  The  town  was  annexed  to  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago in  1890. 

PULLMAN,  George  Mortimer,  founder  of  the 
Pullman  Palace  Car  Company,  was  born  at  Broc- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1831,  enjoyed  ordinary  edu- 
cational advantages  in  his  boyhood  and,  at 
fourteen  years  of  age,  obtained  employment  as  a 
clerk,  but  a  year  later  joined  his  brother  in  the 
cabinet-making  business  at  Albion.  His  father, 
who  was  a  house-builder  and  house-mover,  hav- 
ing died  in  1853,  young  Pullman  assumed  the 
responsibility  of  caring  for  the  family  and,  hav- 
ing secured  a  contract  for  raising  a  number  of 
buildings  along  the  Erie  Canal,  made  necessary 
by  the  enlargement  of  that  thoroughfare,  in  this 
way  acquired  some  capital  and  experience  which 
was  most  valuable  to  him  in  after  years.  Com- 
ing to  Chicago  in  1850,  when  the  work  of  raising 
the  grade  of  the  streets  in  the  business  portion  of 
the  city  had  been  in  progress  for  a  year  or  two, 
he  found  a  new  field  for  the  exercise  of  his 
inventive  skill,  achieving  some  marvelous  trans- 
formations in  a  number  of  the  principal  business 
blocks  in  that  part  of  the  city.  As  early  as  1858, 
Mr.  Pullman  had  had  his  attention  turned  to 
devising  some  means  for  increasing  the  comforts 
of  night-travel  upon  railways,  and,  in  1859,  he 
remodeled  two  old  day-coaches  into  a  species  of 
sleeping-cars,  which  were  used  upon  the  Alton 
Road.  From  1860  to  1863  he  spent  in  Colorado 
devoting  his  engineering  skill  to  mining;  but 
returning  to  Chicago  the  latter  year,  entered 
upon  his  great  work  of  developing  the  idea  of  the 
sleeping-car  into  practical  reality.  The  first 


car  was  completed  and  received  the  name  of  the 
"Pioneer."  This  car  constituted  a  part  of  the 
funeral  train  which  took  the  remains  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  to  Springfield,  111. ,  after  his  assassination 
in  April,  1865.  The  development  of  the  "Pull- 
man palace  sleeping-car,"  the  invention  of  the 
dining-car,  and  of  vestibule  trains,  and  the  build- 
ing up  of  the  great  industrial  town  which  bears 
his  name,  and  is  now  a  part  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, constituted  a  work  of  gradual  development 
which  resulted  in  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
achievements  in  the  history  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  both  in  a  business  sense  and  in  promot- 
ing the  comfort  and  safety  of  the  traveling  pub- 
lic, as  well  as  in  bettering  the  conditions  of 
workingmen.  He  lived  to  see  the  results  of  his 
inventive  genius  and  manufacturing  skill  in  use 
upon  the  principal  railroads  of  the  United  States 
and  introduced  upon  a  number  of  important  lines 
in  Europe  also.  Mr.  Pullman  was  identified  with 
a  number  of  other  enterprises  more  or  less  closely 
related  to  the  transportation  business,  but  the 
Pullman  Palace  Car  Company  was  the  one  with 
which  he  was  most  closely  connected,  and  by 
which  he  will  he  longest  remembered.  He  was 
also  associated  with  some  of  the  leading  educa- 
tional and  benevolent  enterprises  about  the  city 
of  Chicago,  to  which  he  contributed  in  a  liberal 
manner  during  his  life  and  in  his  will.  His 
death  occurred  suddenly,  from  heart  disease,  at 
his  home  in  Chicago,  Oct.  19,  1897. 

PURPLE,  Norman  II.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  read  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Tioga  County,  Pa., 
settled  at  Peoria,  111.,  in  1836,  and  the  following 
year  was  appointed  Prosecuting  Attorney  for  the 
Ninth  Judicial  District,  which  then  embraced 
the  greater  portion  of  the  State  east  of  Peoria. 
In  1844  he  was  a  Presidential  Elector,  and,  in 
1845,  (iovrrimr  Ford  appointed  him  a  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  vice  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr., 
who  had  resigned.  As  required  by  law,  he  at  the 
same  time  served  as  Circuit  Judge,  his  district 
embracing  all  the  counties  west  of  Peoria,  and 
his  home  being  at  Quincy.  After  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  of  1848  he  returned  to  Peoria  and 
resumed  practice.  He  compiled  the  Illinois 
Statutes  relating  to  real  property,  and,  in  1857, 
made  a  compilation  of  the  general  laws,  gener- 
ally known  to  the  legal  profession  as  the  "Purple 
Statutes."  He  subsequently  undertook  to  com- 
pile and  arrange  the  laws  passed  from  1857  to  '63, 
and  was  engaged  on  this  work  when  overtaken 
by  death,  at  Chicago,  Aug  9,  1863.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


437 


and,  during  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life,  promi- 
nent at  the  Chicago  bar. 

PUTERBAU6H,  Sabln  D.,  judge  and  author, 
was  born  in  Miami  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  28,  1834 ; 
at  8  years  of  age  removed  with  his  parents  to  Taze- 
well  County,  111 ;  settled  in  Pekin  in  1853,  where 
he  read  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  he  was  commis- 
sioned, by  Governor  Yates,  Major  of  the  Eleventh 
Illinois  Cavalry,  and  took  part  in  numerous 
engagements  in  Western  Tennessee  and  Missis- 
sippi, including  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and  Corinth. 
Resigning  his  commission  in  1862,  he  took  up  his 
residence  at  Peoria,  where  he  resumed  practice 
and  began  the  preparation  of  his  first  legal  work 
— "Common  Law  Pleading  and  Practice."  In 
1864  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Col.  Robert  G. 
Ingersoll,  which  continued  until  1867,  when  Mr. 
Puterbaugh  was  elected  Circuit  Court  Judge. 
He  retired  from  the  bench  in  1873  to  resume  pri- 
vate practice  and  pursue  his  work  as  an  author. 
His  first  work,  having  already  run  through  three 
editions,  was  followed  by  "Puterbaugh's  Chan- 
cery Pleading  and  Practice,"  the  first  edition  of 
which  appeared  in  1874,  and  "Michigan  Chancery 
Practice,"  which  appeared  in  1881.  In  1880  he 
was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republi- 
can ticket.  Died,  Sept.  25,  1892.  Leslie  D. 
(Puterbaugh),  a  son  of  Judge  Puterbaugh,  is 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  Peoria  Circuit. 

PUTNAM  COUNTY,  the  smallest  county  in  the 
State,  both  as  to  area  and  population,  containing 
only  170  square  miles;  population  (1900),  4,746. 
It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  north  half  of  the 
State,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Israel 
Putnam.  The  first  American  to  erect  a  cabin 
within  its  limits  was  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard,  who 
was  in  business  there,  as  a  fur-trader,  as  early  as 
1825,  but  afterwards  became  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Chicago.  The  county  was  created  by  act  of 
the  Legislature  in  1825,  although  a  local  govern- 
ment was  not  organized  until  some  years  later. 
Since  that  date,  Bureau,  Marshall  and  Stark 
Counties  have  been  erected  therefrom.  It  is 
crossed  and  drained  by  the  Illinois  River.  The 
surface  is  moderately  undulating  and  the  soil 
fertile.  Corn  is  the  chief  staple,  although  wheat 
and  oats  are  extensively  cultivated.  Coal  is 
mined  and  exported.  Hennepin  is  the  county- 
seat 

(JUINCY,  the  principal  city  of  Western  Illinois, 
and  the  county  seat  of  Adams  County.  It  was 
founded  in  1822 — the  late  Gov.  John  Wood  erect- 
ing the  first  log-cabin  there — and  was  incorporated 


in  1839.  The  site  is  naturally  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful in  the  State,  the  principal  part  of  the  city  being 
built  on  a  limestone  bluff  having  an  elevation 
of  125  to  150  feet,  and  overlooking  the  Mississippi 
for  a  long  distance.  Its  location  is  112  miles  west 
of  Springfield  and  264  miles  southwest  of  Chi- 
cago. Besides  being  a  principal  shipping  point 
for  the  river  trade  north  of  St.  Louis,  it  is  the 
converging  point  of  several  important  railway 
lines,  including  the  Wabash,  four  branches  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  and  the  Quincy, 
Omaha  &  Kansas  City,  giving  east  and  west,  as 
well  as  north  and  south,  connections.  At  the 
present  time  (1904)  several  important  lines,  or 
extensions  of  railroads  already  constructed,  are  in 
contemplation,  which,  when  completed,  will  add 
largely  to  the  commercial  importance  of  the  city. 
The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  the  streets  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles,  and  being 
lighted  with  gas  and  electricity.  Water  is 
obtained  from  the  Mississippi.  There  are  several 
electric  railway  lines,  four  public  parks,  a  fine 
railway  bridge  across  the  Mississippi,  to  which  a 
wagon  bridge  has  been  added  within  the  past  two 
years ;  two  fine  railway  depots,  and  several  elegant 
public  buildings,  including  a  handsome  county 
court-house,  a  Government  building  for  the  use 
of  the  Post-office  anil  the  United  States  District 
Court.  The  Illinois  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home 
is  located  here,  embracing  a  large  group  of  cot- 
tages occupied  by  veterans  of  the  Civil  War. 
besides  hospital  and  administration  buildings  for 
the  use  of  the  officers.  The  city  has  more  than 
thirty  churches,  three  libraries  (one  free-public 
and  two  college),  with  excellent  schools  and 
other  educational  advantages.  Among  the 
higher  institutions  of  learning  are  the  Chaddock 
College  (Methodist  Episcopal)  and  the  St.  Francis 
Solanus  College  (Roman  Catholic).  There  are 
two  or  three  national  banks,  a  State  bank  with  a 
capital  of  $300,000,  beside  two  private  banks,  four 
or  five  daily  papers,  with  several  weekly  and  one 
or  two  monthly  publications.  Its  advantages  as  a 
shipping  point  by  river  and  railroad  have  made  it 
one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  cen- 
ters west  of  Chicago.  The  census  of  1890  showed 
a  total  of  374  manufacturing  establishments, 
having  an  aggregate  capital  of  $6,187,845,  employ- 
ing 5,058  persons,  and  turning  out  an  annual 
product  valued  at  $10.160,492.  The  cost  of 
material  used  was  $5,597,990,  and  the  wages  paid 
$2,383,571.  The  number  of  different  industries 
reported  aggregated  seventy -six,  the  more  impor- 
tant being  foundries,  carriage  and  wagon  fac- 
tories, agricultural  implement  works,  cigar  and 


438 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


tobacco  factories,  flour-mills,  breweries,  brick- 
yards, lime  works,  saddle  and  harness  shops, 
paper  mills,  furniture  factories,  organ  works,  and 
artificial-ice  factories.  Population  (1880),  37,268; 
(1890),  31,494;  (1900),  36,252. 

QUINCY,  ALTON  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago,  Burlington  <t  Qitiney  Railroad.) 

(JUINCY  &  CHICAUO  RAILROAD.  (See  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  «t  Quincy  Railroad.) 

qCINCY  &  TOLEDO  RAILROAD.  (See 
\\~iibnsli  Railroad.) 

qUINCY  &  WARSAW  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Burlington  A-  Qitincy  Railroad.) 

RAAB,  Henry,  ex-State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  was  bom  in  Wetzlar,  Rhen- 
ish Prussia,  June  20.  1837;  learned  the  trade  of  a 
currier  with  his  father  and  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1833,  finally  locating  at  Belleville,  111., 
where,  in  1857,  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  pub- 
lic schools;  in  1873  was  made  Superintendent  of 
schools  for  that  city,  and.  in  1882,  was  elected 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  on 
nocratic  ticket,  declined  a  renomination 
was  nominated  a  second  time  in  1890, 
i-elected,  but  defeated  by  S.  M.  Inglis  in 
In  the  administration  of  his  office,  Pro- 
;Raab  showed  a  commendable  freedom  from 
IKurtisanship.  After  retiring  from  the  office  of 
State  Superintendent,  he  resumed  a  position  in 
connection  with  the  public  schools  of  Belleville. 

RADISSON,  Pierre  Esprit,  an  early  French 
traveler  and  trader,  who  is  said  to  have  reached 
the  Upper  Mississippi  on  his  third  voyage  to  the 
West  in  1658-59.  The  period  of  his  explorations 
extended  from  1652  to  1684,  of  which  he  prepareil 
a  narrative  which  was  published  by  the  Prince 
Society  of  Boston  in  1885,  under  the  title  of 
"Radisson's  Voyages."  He  and  his  brother-in- 
law,  Medard  Chouart,  first  conceived  the  idea  of 
planting  a  settlement  at  Hudson's  Bay.  (See 
Chouart,  Medard.) 

RAILROAD  AND  WAREHOUSE  COMMIS- 
SION, a  Board  of  three  Commissioners,  appointed 
by  the  executive  ( by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Senate),  under  authority  of  an  act  ap- 
proved, April  13,  1871,  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
provisions  of  the  Constitution  and  laws  in  relation 
to  railroads  and  warehouses.  The  Commission's 
powers  are  partly  judicial,  partly  executive.  The 
following  is  a  summary  of  its  powers  and  duties : 
To  establish  a  schedule  of  maximum  rates,  equi- 
table to  shipper  and  carrier  alike;  to  require 
yearly  reports  from  railroads  and  warehouses; 
to  hear  and  pass  upon  complaints  of  extortion  and 


unjust  discrimination,  and  (if  necessary)  enforce 
prosecutions  therefor;  to  secure  the  safe  condi- 
tion of  railway  road-beds,  bridges  and  trestles :  to 
hear  and  decide  all  manner  of  complaints  relative 
to  intersections  and  to  protect  grade-crossings; 
to  insure  the  adoption  of  a  safe  interlocking  sys- 
tem, to  be  approved  by  the  Commission;  to 
enforce  proper  rules  for  the  inspection  and  regis- 
tration of  grain  throughout  the  State.  The  prin- 
cipal offices  of  the  Commission  are  at  the  State 
capital,  where  monthly  sessions  are  held.  For 
the  purpose  of  properly  conducting  the  grain 
inspection  department,  monthly  meetings  are 
also  held  at  Chicago,  where  the  offices  of  a  Grain 
Inspector,  appointed  by  the  Board,  are  located. 
Here  all  business  relating  to  this  department  is 
discussed  and  necessary  special  meetings  are 
held.  The  inspection  department  has  no  revenue 
outside  of  fees,  but  the  latter  are  ample  for  its 
maintenance.  Fees  for  inspection  on  arrival 
("inspection  in")  are  twenty-five  cents  per  car- 
load, ten  cents  per  wagon-load,  and  forty  cents 
l»r  1,000  bushels  from  canal-boat  or  vessels.  For 
inspection  from  store  ("inspected  out")  the  fees 
are  fifty  cents  per  1,000  bushels  to  vessels; 
thirty-five  cents  per  car-load,  and  ten  cents  |ier 
wagon-load  to  teams.  While  there  are  never 
wanting  some  cases  of  friction  between  the  trims 
portation  companies  and  warehousemen  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  Commission  on  the  other, 
there  can  be  no  question  that  the  formation  of 
the  latter  has  been  of  great  value  to  the  receiv 
ITS.  shippers,  forwarders  and  tax-payers  of  the 
State  generally.  Similar  regulations  in  reganl  to 
the  inspection  of  grain  in  warehouses,  at  East  St. 
Louis  and  Peoria,  are  also  in  force.  The  (irst 
Board,  created  under  the  act  of  1871,  consisted  of 
Gustavus  Koerner,  Ricliard  P.  Morgan  and  David 
S.  Hammond,  holding  office  until  1873.  Other 
Boards  have  been  as  follows:  1873-77 — Henry  D. 
Cook  (deceased  1873,  and  succeeded  by  James 
Steele),  David  A.  Brown  and  John  M.  Pearson ; 
1877-83— William  M.  Smith.  George  M.  Bogue  and 
John  H.  Oberly  (retired  1881  and  succeeded  by 
William  H.  Robinson);  1883-85— Wm.  N.  Brain- 
ard,  E.  C.  Lewis  and  Charles  T.  Stratton ;  1885-80 
— John  I.  Rinaker,  Benjamin  F.  Marsh  and  Wm.  T. 
Johnson  (retired  in  1887  and  succeeded  by  Jason 
Rogers);  1889-93— John  R.  Wheeler,  Isaac  N. 
Phillips  and  W.  S.  Crim  (succeeded,  1891,  by  John 
R.  Tanner) ;  1893-97— W.  S.  Cantrell,  Thomas  F. 
Gahan  and  Charles  F.  Lape  (succeeded,  1895,  by 
George  W.  Fithian) ;  1897-99— Cicero  J.  Lindley, 
Charles  S.  Rannells  and  James  E.  Hid  well  (See 
also  (! ruin  Inspection.) 


4:;.s 


IIISTOUH'AL    KNCY(  LOI'KDIA    <)F    ILLINOIS. 


tolKicro  factories,  flour-mills,  breweries,  brick- 
yards, lime  works,  saddle  and  harness  shops. 
|>apci  mills,  furnit  nre  factories.  or};an  works,  and 
art iticial-ice  factories  Population  (1MSU).  :>7. ,!»»<: 
(1H!MI).  :il.4!M;  (I'.tOOi,  :»;.•>:>?. 

qriNTV,  AI/TOX  &  ST.  ions  RAII,KOAI>. 

(See  '  'Itiftli/it.   Hin-liHi/ttni  iV"  1ffnitiry  Itu  ilnnlil. } 

OU\<  V  \  <  IIM  AI.O  RAILROAD.  (See  <V,,- 
rnifu.  Hitrlittt/tttti  (V'  (tininfy  f-ftiilrtnitl. I 

<{1IN<Y  \  lnl.l  ]n>  RAILROAD.  .See 
\\~(itmslt  l!ttili'»inl  } 

<jn>TV  \  WARSAW  i:\ll. l.'dMi.  i  See 
t 'liii-ttffii.  Iliii-ltH'flfni  it'  (Jitincif  Ifiiitrtmd. ) 

I.'VVH,  llenr.v,  ex-State  Sujierintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  was  horn  in  Wetzlar.  Klien- 
i-.li  Prussia  June  •,'(>.  |x:!7:  learned  the  trade  of  a 
currier  wit h  his  father  and  came  to  the  I'nited 
States  in  I*.V!.  finally  locating  at  Helleville.  Ill 
where,  in  lN."i7.  lie  became  a  teacher  ill  the  |-nl 
lie  SC|HH>!S ;  ill  1x7'!  was  made  Superintendent  of 
schools  for  that  city  and.  in  INNi,  was  elected 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  on 
the  Democratic  ticket,  declined  a  reiiomination 
in  l*Wi;  was  nominated  a  second  time  in  IMM). 
and  re-elected,  but  defeated  by  S.  M.  IngUs  in 
1*91.  In  the  administration  of  his  office.  I'ro- 
i-  --.I  K':iah  showed  a  commendable  freedom  from 
partisanship  After  retiring  from  the  office  of 
State  Superintendent,  he  resumed  a  jHtsition  in 
connection  with  the  public  schools  of  Helleville. 

KAIMSSOM,  IMerre  ».-prit.  an  early  French 
traveler  and  trader,  who  is  said  to  have  reached 
t.lie  '  |'|»  i  Mississippi  on  his  third  voyage  to  the 
West  in  KM*  ."ill  The  |icriod  of  his  explorations 
extended  from  Hi.V.'  to  ItisM.  of  which  he  prepared 
a  narrative  which  was  published  by  the  Prince 
Society  of  Host  on  in  IMS.-,,  under  the  title  of 
"IJadisson's  Voyages."  lie  and  liis  brother  in 
law.  Medard  Choiiart.  lirst  conceived  the  idea  of 
planting  a  settlement  at  Hudson's  Hay  (See 
<  'liiniiirt.  Meilitnl.) 

I.'MI. I.-OMI  \M>  WAREHOUSE  COMMIS- 
SIO\9  a  Hoard  of  t  hrcc  '  'i>mmissioncrs.  appointed 
by  t  he  executive  (  by  :ind  wit  h  the  ad  \  ice  and  con- 
f-ent  of  the  Sen. iti-  •  iimlei  authority  of  an  act  ap- 
proved, April  lit,  1*71.  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
provisions  of  the  Constitution  and  laws  in  relation 
to  railroads  and  warehouses  The  Commission 's 
(Hiwers  are  partly  judicial,  partly  executive.  The 
following  is  a  summary  ol  its  IKIWITS  and  duties: 
To  establish  a  schedule  ol  maximum  rales,  equi- 
table to  shipper  and  carrier  alike:  to  require 
yearly  rejiorts  from  railroads  and  warehouses; 
to  hear  and  pa-s  upon  complaints  of  extortion  and 


unjust  discrimination,  and  (if  necessary)  enforce 
prosecutions  therefor,  to  secure  the  safe  condi- 
tion of  railway  road  l>eds.  bri>l>;esand  trestles;  to 
hear  and  decide  all  manner  of  complaints  relative 
to  intersections  and  to  protect  j^rade-crossincs. 
to  insure  the  adoption  of  a  safe  interlocking  syx- 
tem.  to  be  approved  by  the  Commission .  to 
enforce  projier  rules  for  the  inspection  and  re^'is 
tration  of  Krai"  throughout  the  State.  The  prin- 
cipal offices  of  the  Commission  are  at  the  Slate 
capital,  where  monthly  sessions  are  held,  l-'oi 
tin-  purpose  of  properly  conducting  the  jjniin 
inspection  tlepartmeiit.  monthly  meetings  are 
also  held  at  Chicago,  where  the  offices  of  a  (Jrain 
lns|>ector.  appointed  by  the  Hoard,  are  located 
Here  all  business  relating  to  this  department  is 
discussed  and  necessary  sjiecia!  meetings  are 
held.  The  inspection  department  has  no  revenue 
outside  of  fees,  but  the  latter  are  ample  for  its 
maintenance.  Fees  for  insjiection  on  arrival 
("insjiection  in")  are  twenty  live  cents  per  car- 
load,  ten  cents  per  wa^on-load.  and  forty  cent- 
IKT  1,000  bushels  from  canal-lxiat  or  vessels.  1-W 
insjiection  from  store  ("inspected  out">  the  fee^ 
are  fifty  cents  per  1.IMHI  bushels  to  vessels. 
thirty-five  cents  per  car-load,  ami  ten  cents  per 
wa^on  load  to  teams.  While  there  are  ne\ei 
wanting  some  cases  of  friction  U-tween  the  trans 
portation  companies  ami  warehousemen  on  tin- 
one  hand,  and  the  Commission  on  the  other 
there  can  lie  no  question  that  the  formation  •  i 
the  latter  has  IH-CII  of  j^reat  value  to  the  recciv 
ers.  ship|HTs.  forwarders  and  tax-payers  of  the 
State  generally.  Similar  regulations  in  regard  !<• 
the  inspection  of  ^rain  in  warehouses,  at  Kast  Si 
Louis  and  I'eoria.  are  also  in  force.  The  lirst 
Hoard,  created  under  the  act  of  1871,  consisted  of 
liiistavus  Koerner.  Kichard  P.  Morgan  and  David 
S  Hammond,  holding  oflicc  until  |x7:i  Utliei 
Hoards  have  lii-eii  as  follows:  1N7S-77 — Henry  |i 
Cook  (deceased  lw7;t,  and  succeeded  by  .lames 
Steele).  David  A.  Hrow  n  and  .lohn  M.  Pearson 
IX77-SII— William  M.  Smith  Ceor^e  M.  HOKUC  and 
.lohn  II.  <)l>erly  (retired  ISM|  anil  succeeded  by 
William  H.  Robinson);  |ss:j.s.-(_Wm.  X.  Hrain 
aril,  K.  C  Lewis  and  Charles  T.  St  ration;  isx.ys'.t 

.lohn  I   Hinaker.  Henjaniin  I'  Marsh  and  Win    ! 
.Johnson  (retired   in    INX7  anil  succeeded  by  .[HSOII 
|{o«ers);     ISNiMK! — lohn     If.    Wheeler.     Isaac    N 
Phillips  and  W   S.  Crim  isiici'eeded.  1WI1,  by  John 
I,'    Tanner);  ls!i:)-!»7— W.  S    Cantrell.  Thomas  T 
(ialian  and  Charles  I'   l.a|«- (succeeded.  ls!»"i.  by 
(icor^'e  W.  Kithian):   IWI7-!I!I— Cicero  J.   Lindley, 
Charles  S.  Hannells  and  .James  E.  Bidwell       (See 
also  tfriitii  litMjH'ctiiHi.) 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


RAILROADS  (IN  GENERAL).  The  existing 
railroad  system  of  Illinois  had  its  inception  in  the 
mania  for  internal  improvement  which  swept 
over  the  country  "in  1836-37,  the  basis  of  the  plan 
adopted  in  Illinois  (as  in  the  Eastern  States)  being 
that  the  State  should  construct,  maintain,  own 
and  operate  an  elaborate  system.  Lines  were  to 
be  constructed  from  Cairo  to  Galena,  from  Alton 
to  Mount  Carmel,  from  Peoria  to  Warsaw,  from 
Alton  to  the  Central  Railroad,  from  Belleville 
to  Mount  Carmel,  from  Bloomington  to  Mack- 
inaw Town,  and  from  Meredosia  to  Springfield. 
The  experiment  proved  extremely  unfortunate 
to  the  financial  interests  of  the  State,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  an  immense  debt  under  which  it 
staggered  for  many  years.  The  Northern  Cross 
Railroad,  extending  from  Meredosia  to  Spring- 
field, was  the  only  one  so  far  completed  as  to  be  in 
operation.  It  was  sold,  in  1847,  to  Nicholas  H. 
Ridgely,  of  Springfield  for  $21,100,  he  being  the 
highest  bidder.  This  line  formed  a  nucleus  of 
the  existing  Wabash  system.  The  first  road  to 
be  operated  by  private  parties  (outside  of  a  prim- 
itive tramway  in  St.  ( 'lair  County,  designed  for 
the  transportation  of  coal  to  St.  Louis)  was  the 
Galena  &  Chicago  Union,  chartered  in  1836.  This 
was  the  second  line  completed  in  the  State,  and 
the  first  to  run  from  Chicago.  The  subsequent 
development  of  the  railway  system  of  Illinois 
was  at  first  gradual,  then  steady  and  finally 
rapid.  A  succinct  description  of  the  various 
lines  now  in  operation  in  the  State  may  be  found 
under  appropriate  headings.  At  present  Illinois 
leads  all  the  States  of  the  Union  in  the  extent  of 
railways  in  operation,  the  total  mileage  (1897)  of 
main  track  being  10,785.43 — or  19  miles  for  each 
100  square  miles  of  territory  and  25  miles  for  each 
10,000  inhabitants — estimating  the  population 
( 1898)  at  four  and  a  quarter  millions.  Every  one 
of  the  102  counties  of  the  State  is  traversed  by  at 
least  one  railroad  except  three — Calhoun,  Hardin 
and  Pope.  The  entire  capitalization  of  the  111 
companies  doing  business  in  the  State  in  189C, 
(including  capital  stock,  funded  debt  and  current 
liabilities),  was  $2,669,164,142— equal  to  $67,556 
per  mile.  In  1894,  fifteen  owned  and  ten  leased 
lines  paid  dividends  of  from  four  to  eight  per 
cent  on  common,  and  from  four  to  ten  per  cent 
on  preferred,  stock — the  total  amount  thus  paid 
aggregating  $25,321,752.  The  total  earnings  and 
income,  in  Illinois,  of  all  lines  operated  in  the 
State,  aggregated  $77,508,537,  while  the  total 
expenditure  within  the  State  was  $71,463,367. 
Of  the  58,263,860  tons  of  freight  carried,  11,611,- 
798  were  of  agricultural  products  and  17,179,366 


mineral  products.  The  number  of  passengers 
(earning  revenue)  carried  during  the  year,  was 
83,281,655.  The  total  number  of  railroad  em- 
ployes (of  all  classes)  was  61,200.  The  entire 
amount  of  taxes  paid  by  railroad  companies  for 
the  year  was  $3,846,379.  From  1836,  when  the 
first  special  charter  was  granted  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  in  Illinois,  until  1869 — 
after  which  all  corporations  of  this  character 
came  under  the  general  incorporation  laws  of  the 
State  in  accordance  with  the  Constitution  of  1870 
— 293  special  charters  for  the  construction  of 
railroads  were  granted  by  the  Legislature,  besides 
numerous  amendments  of  charters  already  in 
existence.  (For  the  history  of  important  indi- 
vidual lines  see  each  road  under  its  corporate 
name.) 

RALSTON,  Virgil  Young,  editor  and  soldier, 
was  born,  July  16,  1828,  at  Vanceburg,  Ky. ;  was 
a  student  in  Illinois  College  one  year  (1846-47). 
after  which  he  studied  law  in  Quincy  and  prac- 
ticed for  a  time .  also  resided  some  time  in  Cali- 
fornia; 1855-57  was  one  of  the  editors  of  "The 
Quincy  Whig,"  and  represented  that  paper  in  the 
Editorial  Convention  at  Decatur,  Feb.  22,  1856. 
(See  Anti-ytbraska  Editorial  Convention.)  In 
1861,  he  was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the  Six- 
teenth Illinois  Volunteers,  but  soon  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health;  later,  enlisted  in  an  Iowa 
regiment,  but  died  in  hospital  at  St.  Louis,  from 
wounds  and  exposure,  April  19,  1864. 

RAMSAY,  Rnfog  > ..  State  Treasurer,  was  born 
on  a  farm  in  Clinton  County,  111. .  May  20,  1838 ; 
received  a  collegiate  education  at  Illinois  and 
McKendree  Colleges,  and  at  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity; studied  law  with  ex-Gov.  A.  C.  French, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  law  for  banking,  in  which  he  was 
engaged  both  at  Lebanon  and  Carlyle,  limiting 
his  business  to  the  latter  place  about  1890.  He 
served  one  term  (from  1865)  as  County  Clerk,  and 
two  terms  (1889  and  '91)  as  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly,  and.  in  1892,  was  nominated 
as  a  Democrat  and  elected  State  Treasurer.  Died 
in  office,  at  Carlyle,  Nov.  11,  1894. 

RAMSEY,  a  village  of  Fayette  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Toledo. 
St.  Louis  &  Western  Railroads,  12  miles  north  of 
Vandalia;  the  district  is  agricultural;  lias  one 
newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  598;  (1900),  747. 

RANDOLPH  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  southwest 
section  of  the  State,  and  borders  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River;  area  560  square  miles;  named  for 
Beverly  Randolph.  It  was  set  off  from  St.  Clair 
County  in  1795,  being  the  second  county  organ- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


RAILROADS  IN  <;E\F,RAL).  The  existing 
railroad  system  of  Illinois  had  its  inception  in  the 
mania  for  internal  improvement  which  swept 
over  the  country -in  1*36-87.  the  basis  of  the  plan 
adopted  in  Illinois  (as  in  the  Eastern  States)  linim 
that  the  State  should  i-oustruct,  maintain,  own 
and  operate  an  elalmrate  system  Lines  were  to 
l>e  constructed  from  Cairo  to  Galena,  from  Alton 
to  Mount  Carmel.  from  Peoria  to  Warsaw,  from 
Alton  to  the  Central  Itailroad.  from  Belleville 
tn  Mount  Carmel.  from  Bloomingtou  to  Mack 
inaw  Town,  and  from  Meredosia  to  Springfield. 
The  experiment  proved  extremely  unfortunate 
tn  the  financial  interests  of  the  State,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  an  immense  del>t  under  which  il 
staggered  for  many  years.  The  Northern  Cross 
Kailroad.  extending  from  Meredosia  to  Spring- 
lield.  was  the  only  one  so  far  completed  as  to  lie.  in 
operation.  It  was  sold,  in  1W47.  to  Nicholas  H 
Uidgely,  of  Springfield  for  §31.100.  he  being  the 
highest  bidder.  This  line  formed  a  nucleus  ol 
the  existing  \\~aliasli  system  The  tirst  road  to 
lie  operated  by  private  parties  (olitside  of  a  prim- 
itive tramway  in  St  Clair  County,  designed  for 
the  transportation  of  coal  to  St.  Louis)  was  the 
(ialena  iV  Chicago  Union  chartered  in  ls:!ti.  This 
was  the  second  line  completed  in  the  State,  and 
the  lirst  to  run  from  Chicago  The  subsequent 
development  of  the  railway  system  of  Illinois 
was  at  tirst  gradual,  then  steady  and  linalU 
rapid  A  succinct  description  of  the  various 
lines  now  in  o(ieration  in  the  Slate  may  lie  found 
under  appropriate  headings  At  present  Illinois 
leads  all  the  States  of  the  I'ninii  in  the  extent  of 
railways  in  ojieration.  the  total  mileage  { |N'.t7)  of 
main  track  lieing  10.7*."i.4-> — or  II*  miles  for  each 
MHI  square  miles  of  territory  and  2o  miles  for  each 
Iti  IHHI  inhabitants — estimating  the  population 
tlSilSt  :ii  four  and  a  quarter  millions.  L'verv  one 
«»f  the  102  counties  of  (he  State  is  traversed  bv  at 
least  one  railroad  except  three — Calhoim.  llanlin 
and  Pope  The  entire  capitalisation  of  the  III 
companies  doing  business  in  the  State  in  is'ji,. 
I  including  capital  stock  funded  debt  and  cnrrenl 
liabilities),  was  $2.liliU.  Hit.  14-'— ei|iial  to  >n;7..Vii; 
per  mile.  In  1HSM.  fifteen  owned  and  ten  leased 
lines  paid  dividends  of  from  four  to  eight  jier 
cent  on  common,  and  from  four  to  ten  |ier  cent 
"U  preferred,  stock — the  total  amount  thus  |iaid 
aggregating  $2.i.:!21.7.VJ  The  total  earnings  and 
income,  in  Illinois,  of  all  lines  operated  in  the 
State,  aggregated  S77.r,IIM..-,:!T.  while  the  total 
expenditure  within  the  State  was  $71.  Ili:!.:t(i7 
Of  the  r,S,2fi3..%0  tons  of  freight  carried.  11. till 
7(IH  were  of  agricultural  products  and  1T.17!I.:MM1 


mineral  products  The  number  of  passengers 
(earning  revenue)  carried  during  the  year,  was 
N3.2H1.II55.  The  total  number  of  railroad  em- 
ployes (of  all  classes i  was  til, 20(1  The  entire 
amount  of  taxes  paid  by  railroad  companies  for 
the  year  was  $J.S4fi  :!7!t  From  1*36,  when  the 
tirst  special  charter  was  granted  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  in  Illinois,  until  IHIiH — 
after  which  all  corporations  of  this  character 
came  under  the  general  incorporation  laws  of  the 
State  in  accordance  with  the  Constitution  of  1870 
— 2M3  special  charters  for  the  construction  of 
railroads  were  granted  by  the  Legislature,  liesides 
numerous  amendments  of  charters  already  in 
existence  (For  the  history  of  important  indi- 
vidual lilies  see  each  road  under  its  <-or|x>rate 
name.  > 

I!  U  TON.  Virfril  Young,  editor  and  soldier, 
was  INIHI.  July  IB.  1S2*.  at  Vanceburg.  Ky. ;  was 
a  student  iii  Illinois  College  one  year  (1846-47). 
after  which  he  studied  law  in  Vuincy  and  prac- 
ticed for  a  time,  also  resided  some  time  in  Cali- 
fornia. lx.V»-57  was  one  of  the  editors  of  "The 
Quincy  Whig."  and  represented  that  paper  in  the 
Editorial  Convention  at  Decatur.  Feb.  22.  185«. 
(See  .t/i//-.\Wi;vr%7.vi  f.V/iVorm/  f'tiin'fnfttm  I  In 
isiil.  he  was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the  Six- 
teenth Illinois  Volunteers,  but  soon  resigned  on 
account  of  ill  health,  later,  enlisted  in  ail  Iowa 
regiment  but  died  in  hospital  at  St  Ixiui.s.  from 
wounds  and  ex|K»sure.  April  l!l.  I**i4. 

RAMSA  V.  Kufn*  >'..  State  Treasurer,  was  horn 
on  a  farm  in  Clinton  County  III  May  20,  ivjs 
received  ;i  collegiate  education  at  Illinois  and 
McKendree  Colleges,  and  at  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity, studied  law  with  ex-tiov.  \.  C.  French, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  liar  in  W>'>.  but  soon 
abandoned  the  law  for  banking  iti  which  he  was 
engaged  lull  hat  Lebanon  and  t'.uKle.  limiting 
his  business  to  tlie  latter  place  about  |s!HI  Hi- 
served  one  term  i  from  isii.'.i  as  <  'oiinly  <  'lerk  and 
tw:i  terms  i  |ssy  .-mil  '!M  )  as  Representative  in  the 
lieneral  Assembly,  and  in  IMicj.  was  nominated 
as  a  Democrat  ami  elected  State  Treasurer.  Itied 
in  ullice.  at  Cailyle  Nov  II  IMH 

RA.MSKV.  a  village  ot  Kayette  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  lllin«  is  ( 'entral  and  the  Toleilo. 
St  Louis  A  Westein  Uailroitils.  12  miles  north  ot 
V.ni.|;ili;i  the  ilistriel  i  a'_'i •icnltiiral .  lias  one 
ne\vs|iii|ier.  Pop.  il*'.'"'.  "i'.is:  niHIoi.  Mr 

K.tMMtU'H  i  (II  N  M  lies  in  the  southwest 
section  of  the  State,  and  borders  on  the  Missis 
sippi  Itivcr:  area  -Mill  sijuare  miles,  named  for 
Iteverly  Randolph  It  was  set  off  from  St  Clair 
County  in  17!l.">.  l»-ing  the  secoinl  county  organ- 


440 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ized  in  the  territory  which  now  constitutes  the 
State  of  Illinois.  From  the  earliest  period  of  Illi- 
nois history,  Randolph  County  has  been  a  pivotal 
point.  In  the  autumn  of  1700  a  French  and 
Indian  settlement  was  established  at  KaskasHa, 
which  subsequently  became  the  center  of  French 
influence  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  In  1722 
Prairie  du  Rocher  was  founded  by  the  French. 
It  was  in  Randolph  County  that  Fort  Chartres 
was  built,  in  1720,  and  it  was  here  that  Col. 
George  Rogers  Clark's  expedition  for  the  seizure 
of  the  "Illinois  Country"  met  with  success  in  the 
capture  of  Kaskasltia.  American  immigration 
began  with  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Among  the  early  settlers  were  the  Cranes  (Icha- 
bod  and  George),  Gen.  John  Edgar,  the  Dodge 
family,  the  Morrisons,  and  John  Rice  Jones. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  century  came  Shadrach 
Bond  (afterwards  the  first  Governor  of  the  State) 
with  his  uncle  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
Menards  (Pierre  and  Hippolyte),  the  first  of 
whom  subsequently  became  Lieutenant -Gov- 
ernor. (See  Bond,  Shadrach;  Menard,  Pierre.) 
In  outline,  Randolph  County  is  triangular,  while 
its  surface  is  diversified.  Timber  and  building 
stone  are  abundant,  and  coal  underlies  a  consid- 
erable area.  Chester,  the  county-seat,  a  city  of 
3,000  inhabitants,  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade 
and  the  seat  of  the  Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary. 
The  county  is  crossed  by  several  railroad  lines, 
and  transportation  facilities  are  excellent.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  25,049;  (1900),  28,001. 

RANSOM,  (Gen.)  Thomas  Edward  GreenBeld, 
soldier,  was  born  at  Norwich,  Vt. ,  Nov.  29,  1834 ; 
educated  at  Norwich  University,  an  institution 
under  charge  of  his  father,  who  was  later  an 
officer  of  the  Mexican  War  and  killed  at  Chapul- 
tepec.  Having  learned  civil  engineering,  he 
entered  on  his  profession  at  Peru,  111.,  in  1851; 
in  1855  became  a  member  of  the  real-estate  firm 
of  A.  J.  Galloway  &  Co.,  Chicago,  soon  after 
removing  to  Fayette  County,  where  he  acted  as 
agent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  Under 
the  first  call  for  volunteers,  in  April,  1861,  he 
organized  a  company,  which  having  been  incor- 
porated in  the  Eleventh  Illinois,  he  was  elected 
Major,  and,  on  the  reorganization  of  the  regiment 
for  the  three-years'  service,  was  commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  in  this  capacity  having  com- 
mand of  his  regiment  at  Fort  Donelson,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded  and  won  deserved  pro- 
motion to  a  colonelcy,  as  successor  to  Gen.  W.  II 
I.  Wallace,  afterwards  killed  at  Shiloh.  Here 
Colonel  Ransom  again  distinguished  himself  by 
his  bravery,  and  though  again  wounded  while 


leading  his  regiment,  remained  in  command 
through  the  day.  His  service  was  recognized  by 
promotion  as  Brigadier  -  General.  He  bore  a 
prominent  part  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  and  in 
the  Red  River  campaign,  and,  later,  commanded 
the  Seventh  Army  Corps  in  the  operations  about 
Atlanta,  but  finally  fell  a  victim  to  disease  and 
his  numerous  wounds,  dying  in  Chicago,  Oct.  29, 
1864,  having  previously  received  the  brevet  rank 
of  Major-General.  General  Ransom  was  con- 
fessedly one  of  the  most  brilliant  officers  contrib- 
uted by  Illinois  to  the  War  for  the  Union,  and 
was  pronounced,  by  both  Grant  and  Sherman,  one 
of  the  ablest  volunteer  generals  in  their  com- 
mands. 

RANTOCL,  a  city  in  Champaign  County,  at 
the  junction  of  the  main  line  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  with  its  West  Lebanon  and  Leroy 
branch,  14  miles  north-northeast  of  Champaign 
and  114  miles  south  by  west  of  Chicago.  It  has 
a  national  bank,  seven  churches,  opera  house, 
graded  school,  two  weekly  papers,  machine  shops, 
flouring  and  flax  mills,  tile  factories,  and  many 
handsome  residences.  Pop.  (1900),  1,207. 

RASLE,  Sebastian,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  born 
in  France,  in  1658;  at  his  own  request  was 
attached  to  the  French  missions  in  Canada  in 
1689,  and,  about  1691  or  '92,  was  sent  to  the  Illi- 
nois Country,  where  he  labored  for  two  years, 
traveling  much  and  making  a  careful  study  of 
the  Indian  dialects.  He  left  many  manuscripts 
descriptive  of  his  journey  ings  and  of  the  mode  of 
life  and  character  of  the  aborigines.  From  Illi- 
nois he  was  transferred  to  Norridgewock,  Maine, 
where  he  prepared  a  dictionary  of  the  Abenaki 
language  in  three  volumes,  which  is  now  pre- 
served in  the  library  of  Harvard  College.  His 
influence  over  his  Indian  parishioners  was  great, 
and  his  use  of  it,  during  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  so  incensed  the  English  colonists  in  Massa- 
chusetts that  the  Governor  set  a  price  upon  his 
head.  On  August  12,  1724,  he  was  slain,  with 
seven  Indian  chiefs  who  were  seeking  to  aid  his 
escape,  during  a  night  attack  upon  Norridge- 
wock by  a  force  of  English  soldiers  from  Fort 
Richmond,  his  mutilated  body  being  interred  the 
next  day  by  the  Indians.  In  1833,  the  citizens  of 
Norridgewock  erected  a  monument  to  his  mem- 
ory on  the  spot  where  he  fell. 

RASTER,  Herman,  journalist,  was  born  in  Ger- 
many in  1828 ;  entered  journalism  and  came  to 
America  in  1851,  being  employed  on  German 
papers  in  Buffalo  and  New  York  City;  in  1867 
accepted  the  position  of  editor-in-chief  of  "The 
Chicago  Staats  Zeitung,"  which  he  continued  to 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


441 


fill  until  June,  1890,  when  he  went  to  Europe  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health,  dying  at  Dresden,  July 
24,  1891.  While  employed  on  papers  in  this 
country  during  the  Civil  War,  he  acted  as  the 
American  correspondent  of  papers  at  Berlin, 
Bremen,  Vienna,  and  other  cities  of  Central 
Europe.  He  served  as  delegate  to  both  State  and 
National  Conventions  of  the  Republican  party, 
and,  in  1869,  received  from  President  Grant  the 
appointment  of  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for 
the  Chicago  District,  but,  during  the  later  years 
of  his  life,  cooperated  with  the  Democratic 
party. 

RAUCH,  John  Henry,  physician  and  sanitary 
expert,  born  in  Lebanon,  Pa.,  Sept.  4,  1838,  and 
graduated  in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1849.  The  following  year  he  removed 
to  Iowa,  settling  at  Burlington.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Iowa  State  Medical  Society, 
and,  in  1851,  prepared  and  published  a  "Report 
on  the  Medical  and  Economic  Botany  of  Iowa," 
and,  later,  made  a  collection  of  ichthyologic 
remains  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Missouri  for 
Professor  Agassiz.  From  1857  to  1860  he  filled 
the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Medical  Botany 
at  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  occupying  the 
same  position  in  1859  in  the  Chicago  College  of 
Pharmacy,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers. During  the  Civil  War  he  served,  until 
1864,  as  Assistant  Medical  Director,  first  in  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  later  in  Louisiana, 
being  bre vetted  Lieutenant-Colonel  at  the  close  of 
the  struggle.  Returning  to  Chicago,  he  aided  in 
reorganizing  the  city's  health  service,  and,  in 
1867,  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  new  Board 
of  Health  and  Sanitary  Inspector,  serving  until 
1876.  The  latter  year  he  was  chosen  President  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association,  and, 
in  1877,  a  member  of  the  newly  created  State 
Board  of  Health  of  Illinois,  and  elected  its  first 
President.  Later,  he  became  Secretary,  and  con- 
tinued in  tliiit  office  during  his  connection  with 
the  Board.  In  1878-79  he  devoted  much  attention 
to  the  yellow-fever  epidemic,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  the  formation  of  the  Sanitary  Council 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  in  securing  the  adoption 
of  a  system  of  river  inspection  by  the  National 
Board  of  Health.  He  was  a  member  of  many 
scientific  bodies,  and  the  author  of  numerous 
monographs  and  printed  addresses,  chiefly  in  the 
domain  of  sanitary  science  and  preventive  med- 
icine. Among  them  may  be  noticed  "Intra- 
mural Interments  and  Their  Influence  on  Health 
and  Epidemics,"  "Sanitary  Problems  of  Chi- 
cago." "Prevention  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in  North 


America,"  and  a  series  of  reports  as  Secretary  of 
the  State  Board  of  Health.  Died,  at  Lebanon. 
Pa.,  March  24,  1894. 

RAl'M,  (Gen.)  (ireen  Berry,  soldier  and  author, 
was  born  at  Golconda,  Pope  County,  HI.,  Dec.  3. 
1829,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1853,  but,  three  years  later,  removed  with  his 
family  to  Kansas.  His  Free-State  proclivities 
rendering  him  obnoxious  to  the  pro  -  slavery  party 
there,  he  returned  to  Illinois  in  1857,  settling  at 
Harrisburg,  Saline  County.  Early  in  the  Civil 
War  he  was  commissioned  a  Major  in  the  Fifty 
sixth  Illinois  Volunteers,  was  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  a  Lieutenant-Colonelcy,  and.  later, 
advanced  to  a  Brigadier-Generalship,  resigning 
his  commission  at  the  close  of  the  war  (May  6, 
1865).  He  was  with  Rosecrans  in  the  Mississippi 
campaign  of  1862.  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
battle  of  Corinth,  participated  in  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg  and  was  wounded  at  Missionary  Ridge. 
He  also  rendered  valuable  service  during  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  keeping  lines  of  communi- 
cation open,  re-enforcing  Resaca  and  repulsing  an 
attack  by  General  Hood.  He  was  with  Sherman 
in  the  "March  to  the  Sea,"  and  with  Hancock,  in 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  when  the  war  closed.  In 
1866  General  Raum  became  President  of  the  pro- 
jected Cairo  &  Vincennes  Railroad,  an  enterprise 
of  which  he  had  been  an  active  promoter.  He 
was  elected  to  Congress  in  1866  from  the  South- 
ern Illinois  District  (then  the  Thirteenth),  serv- 
ing one  term,  and  the  same  year  presided  over  the 
Republican  State  Convention,  as  he  did  again  in 
1876  and  in  1880— was  also  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Conventions  at  Cincinnati  and  Chicago 
the  last  two  years  just  mentioned.  From  August 
2,  1876,  to  May  31,  1883,  General  Raum  served  as 
Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  at  Washing- 
ton, in  that  time  having  superintended  the  col- 
lection of  $800,000,000  of  revenue,  and  the 
disbursement  of  $30,000,000.  After  retiring  from 
the  Commissionership,  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  law  in  Washington.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Pensions,  remaining  to  the 
close  of  President  Harrison's  administration, 
when  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  again  engaged 
in  practice.  During  the  various  political  cam- 
paigns of  the  past  thirty  years,  his  services  have 
been  in  frequent  request  as  a  campaign  speaker, 
and  he  has  canvassed  a  number  of  States  in  the 
interest  of  the  Republican  party.  Besides  his 
official  reports,  he  is  author  of  "The  Existing 
Conflict  Between  Republican  Government  and 
Southern  Oligarchy"  (Washington,  1884),  and  a 
number  of  magazine  articles. 


442 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


K  A 1TM,  John,  pioneer  and  early  legislator,  was 
born  in  Hummelstown,  Pa.,  July  14,  1793,  and 
died  at  Ooloonda,  111.,  March  14,  1869.  Having 
received  a  liberal  education  in  his  native  State, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  settled  at  Shawneetown, 
111.,  in  1823,  but  removed  to  Qolconda,  Pope 
County,  in  1836.  He  had  previously  served  three 
years  in  the  War  of  1812,  as  First  Lieutenant  of 
the  Sixteenth  Infantry,  and,  while  a  resident  of 
Illinois,  served  in  the  Block  Hawk  War  of  1832  as 
Brigade  Major.  He  was  also  elected  Senator 
from  the  District  composed  of  Pope  and  Johnson 
Counties  in  the  Eighth  General  Assembly  (1833). 
as  successor  to  Samuel  Alexander,  who  had 
resigned.  The  following  year  he  was  appointed 
Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Pope  County,  and 
was  also  elected  Clerk  of  the  County  Court  the 
same  year,  holding  both  offices  for  many  years, 
and  retaining  the  County  Clerkship  up  to  his 
death,  a  period  of  thirty-five  years.  He  was 
married  March  22.  1827,  to  Juliet  C.  Field,  and 
was  father  of  Brig.  -Gen.  Green  B.  Raum,  and 
Maj.  John  M.  Raum.  both  of  whom  served  in  the 
volunteer  army  from  Illinois  during  the  Civil 
War. 

K  AH  I.I  NS,  John  Aaron,  soldier,  Secretary  of 
War,  was  born  at  East  Galena,  Feb.  13,  1831,  the 
son  of  a  small  farmer,  who  was  also  a  charcoal- 
burner.  The  son.  after  irregular  attendance  on 
the  district  schools  and  a  year  passed  at  Mount 
Morris  Academy,  began  the  study  of  law.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Galena  in  1854,  and  at 
once  began  practice.  In  1807  he  was  elected  City 
Attorney  of  Galena,  and  nominated  on  the  Doug- 
las electoral  ticket  in  1860.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  he  favored,  and  publicly  advocated, 
coercive  measures,  and  it  is  said  that  it  was 
partly  through  his  influence  that  General  Grant 
early  tendered  his  services  to  the  Government. 
He  served  on  the  staff  of  the  latter  from  the  time 
General  Grant  was  given  command  of  a  brigade 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  most  of  the  time  being 
its  chief,  and  rising  in  rank,  step  by  step,  until, 
in  1863,  he  became  a  Brigadier-General,  and,  in 
1865»a  Major-General.  His  long  service  on  the 
.staff  of  General  Grunt  indicates  the  estimation 
in  which  lie  was  held  by  his  chief.  Promptly  on 
the  assumption  of  the  Presidency  by  General 
Grant,  in  March,  1869.  he  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  War,  but  consumption  had  already 
obtained  a  hold  upon  his  constitution,  and  he  sur- 
vived only  six  months,  dying  in  office,  Sept.  6, 
1869. 

BAT,  Charles  II.,  journalist,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Chenango  County.  N.  Y.,  March  12,  1821; 


came  west  in  1843,  studied  medicine  and  began 
practice  at  Muscatine,  Iowa,  afterwards  locating 
in  Tazewell  County,  111.,  also  being  associated, 
for  a  time,  with  the  publication  of  a  temperance 
paper  at  Springfield.  In  1847  he  removed  to 
Galena,  soon  after  becoming  editor  of  "The 
Galena  Jeffersonian, "  a  Democratic  paper,  with 
which  he  remained  until  1854.  He  took  strong 
ground  against  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  and,  at 
the  session  of  the  Legislature  of  1855,  served  as 
Secretary  of  the  Senate,  also  acting  as  corre- 
spondent of  "The  New  York  Tribune";  a  few 
months  later  became  associated  with  Joseph 
Medill  and  John  C.  Vaughan  in  the  purchase  and 
management  of  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  Dr.  Ray 
assuming  the  position  of  editor-in-chief.  Dr. 
Ray  was  one  of  the  most  trenchant  and  powerful 
writers  ever  connected  with  the  Illinois  press, 
and  his  articles  exerted  a  wide  influence  during 
the  period  of  the  organization  of  the  Republican 
party,  in  which  he  was  an  influential  factor.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Convention  of  Anti-Neb- 
raska editors  held  at  Decatur,  Feb.  22,  1856,  and 
served  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Reso- 
lutions. (See  Anti-Nebraska  Editorial  Conven- 
tion.) At  the  State  Republican  Convention  held 
at  Bloomington,  in  May  following,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee for  that  year ;  was  also  Canal  Trustee  by 
appointment  of  Governor  Bissell,  serving  from 
1857  to  1861.  In  November,  1863,  he  severed  his 
connection  with  "The  Tribune"  and  engaged  in 
oil  speculations  in  Canada  which  proved  finan- 
cially disastrous.  In  1865  he  returned  to  the  paper 
as  an  editorial  writer,  remaining  only  for  a  short 
time.  In  1868  he  assumed  the  management  of 
"The  Chicago  Evening  Post."  with  which  he 
remained  identified  until  his  death.  Sept.  23, 
1870. 

RAT,  l.jimtn  Hforlicr,  ex  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,  was  born  in  Crittenden  County,  Vt., 
August  17,  1831;  removed  to  Illinois  in  1852,  and 
has  since  been  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in 
this  State.  After  filling  several  local  offices  he 
was  elected  to  represent  Grundy  County  in  the 
lower  house  of  the  Twenty-eighth  General 
Assembly  (1872),  and,  ten  years  later,  was  chosen 
State  Senator,  serving  from  1883  to  1887,  anil 
being  one  of  the  recognized  party  leaders  on  the 
floor.  In  1888,  he  was  elected  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor  on  the  Republican  ticket,  his  term  expiring 
in  1893.  His  home  is  at  Morris,  Grundy  County. 

RAT,  William  H.,  Congressman,  was  born  in 
Dutchess  County.  N.  Y..  Dec.  14,  1812;  grew  to 
manhood  in  his  native  State,  receiving  a  limited 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


443 


education;  in  1834  removed  to  Rushville.  111., 
engaging  in  business  as  a  merchant  and,  later,  as 
a  banker;  was  a  member  of  the  first  State  Board 
of  Equalization  (1)467-69),  and,  in  1872,  was 
elected  to  Congress  as  a  Republican,  representing 
his  District  from  1873  to  1875.  Died,  Jan.  25, 
1881. 

RAYMOND,  a  village  of  Montgomery  County, 
on  the  St.  Louis  Division  of  the  Wabasli  Railway, 
50  miles  southwest  of  Decatur ;  has  electric  lights, 
some  manufactures  and  a  weekly  paper.  Con- 
siderable coal  is  mined  here  and  grain  and  fruit 
grown  in  the  surrounding  country.  Population 
(1880),  543;  (1890),  841;  (1900),  906. 

RAYMOND,  (Ret.)  Miner,  D.D.,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  born  in  New  York  City. 
August  29.  1811.  being  descended  from  a  family 
of  Huguenots  (known  by  the  name  of  "Rai- 
monde"),  who  were  expelled  from  France  on 
account  of  their  religion.  In  his  youth  he 
learned  the  trade  of  a  shoemaker  with  his  father, 
at  Rensselaerville,  N.  Y.  He  united  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  the  age  of  17. 
later  taking  a  course  in  the  Wesleyan  Academy 
at  Wilbraham,  Mass..  where  he  afterwards 
became  a  teacher.  In  1838  he  joined  the  New 
England  Conference  and,  three  years  later,  began 
pastoral  work  at  Worcester,  subsequently  occu- 
pying pulpits  in  Boston  and  Westfield.  In  1848, 
on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Robert  Allyn  (after- 
wards President  of  McKendree  College  and  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Normal  University  at  Carbon- 
dale),  Dr.Raymond  succeeded  to  the  principalship 
of  the  Academy  at  Wilbraham,  remaining  there 
until  1864,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
systematic  theology  in  the  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute at  Evanston,  111.,  his  connection  with  the 
latter  institution  continuing  until  1895,  when  he 
resigned.  For  some  three  years  of  this  period  he 
served  as  pastor  of  the  First  Methodist  Church 
at  Evanston.  His  death  occurred,  Nov.  25,  1897. 

REAVIS,  Logan  Uriah,  journalist,  was  born 
in  the  Sangamon  Bottom,  Mason  County,  111.. 
March  26,  1831 ;  in  1855  entered  the  office  of  "The 
Beardsto  wn  Gazette, ' '  later  purchased  an  interest 
in  the  paper  and  continued  its  publication  under 
the  name  of  "The  Central  Illinoian,"  until  1857. 
when  he  sold  out  and  went  to  Nebraska.  Return- 
ing, in  1860,  he  repurchased  his  old  paper  and 
conducted  it  until  1866.  when  he  sold  out  for  the 
last  time.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was  devoted 
chiefly  to  advocating  the  removal  of  the  National 
Capital  to  St.  Louis,  which  he  did  by  lectures  and 
the  publication  of  pamphlets  and  books  on  the 
subject;  also  published  a  "Life  of  Horace 


Greeley."  another  of  General  Harney.  and  two 
or  three  other  volumes.  Died  in  St.  Louis, 
April  25,  1889. 

RECTOR,  the  name  of  a  prominent  and  influ- 
ential family  who  lived  at  Kaskaskia  in  Terri- 
torial days.  According  to  Governor  Reynolds, 
who  has  left  the  most  detailed  account  of  them  in 
his  "Pioneer  History  of  Illinois."  they  consisted 
of  nine  brothers  and  four  daughters,  all  of  whom 
were  born  in  Fauquier  County,  Va..  some  of 
them  emigrating  to  Ohio,  while  others  came  to 
Illinois,  arriving  at  Kaskaskia  in  1806.  Reynolds 
describes  them  as  passionate  and  impulsive,  but 
possessed  of  a  high  standard  of  integrity  and  a 
chivalrous  and  patriotic  spirit. — William,  the 
oldest  brother,  and  regarded  as  the  head  of  the 
family,  became  a  Deputy  Surveyor  soon  after 
coming  to  Illinois,  and  took  part  in  the  Indian 
campaigns  between  1812  and  1814.  In  1816  he 
was  appointed  Surveyor-General  of  Illinois,  Mis 
souri  and  Arkansas,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
St.  Louis. — Stephen,  another  of  the  brothers, 
was  a  Lieutenant  in  Captain  Moore's  Company 
of  Rangers  in  the  War  of  1812,  while  Charles 
commanded  one  of  the  two  regiments  organized 
by  Governor  Edwards,  in  1812,  for  the  expedition 
against  the  Indians  at  the  head  of  Peoria  Lake. 
— Nelson,  still  another  brother,  served  in  the 
same  expedition  on  the  staff  of  Governor 
Edwards.  Stephen,  already  mentioned,  was  a 
member  of  the  expedition  sent  to  strengthen 
Prairie  du  Chien  in  1814,  and  showed  great  cour- 
age in  a  fight  with  the  Indians  at  Rock  Island. 
During  the  same  year  Nelson  Rector  and  Captain 
Samuel  Whiteside  joined  Col.  Zachary  Taylor 
(afterwards  President)  in  an  expedition  on  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  in  which  they  came  in  conflict 
with  the  British  and  Indians  at  Rock  Island,  in 
which  Captain  Rector  again  displayed  the  cour- 
age so  characteristic  of  his  family.  On  the  1st  of 
March.  1814,  while  in  charge  of  a  surveying  party 
on  Saline  Creek,  in  Gallatin  County,  according  to 
Reynolds,  Nelson  was  ambushed  by  the  Indians 
and,  though  severely  wounded,  was  carried  away 
by  his  horse,  and  recovered. — F.lias.  another  mem- 
ber of  the  family,  was  Governor  Edwards'  first 
Adjutant-General,  serving  a  few  months  in  1800, 
when  he  gave  place  to  Robert  Morrison,  but  was 
reappointed  in  1810,  serving  for  more  than  three 
years. — Thomas,  one  of  the  younger  members, 
had  a  duel  with  Joshua  Barton  on  "Bloody 
Island,"  sometime  between  1812  and  1814,  in 
which  he  killed  Ms  antagonist.  (See  Duel*.)  A 
jxirtion  of  this  historic  family  drifted  into  Arkan- 
sas, where  they  became  prominent,  one  of  their 


444 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


descendants  serving  as  Governor  of  that  State 
during  the  Civil  War  period. 

RED  HI 'II.  a  city  in  Randolph  County,  on  the 
Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad,  some  37  miles  south- 
southeast  of  St.  Louis,  and  21  miles  south  of  Belle- 
ville: has  a  carriage  factory  and  two  flouring 
mills,  electric  lights,  a  hospital,  two  banks,  five 
churches,  a  graded  school  and  a  weekly  news- 
paper. Pop.  (1890),  1,176;  (1900),  1,169. 

REEVES,  Owen  T.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Ross  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  18,  1829;  gradu- 
ated at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  at  Dela- 
ware, in  1850,  afterwards  serving  as  a  tutor  in 
that  institution  and  as  Principal  of  a  High 
School  at  Chillicothe.  In  1854  he  came  to  Bloom- 
ington,  111.,  and,  as  a  member  of  the  School 
Board,  assisted  in  reorganizing  the  school  system 
of  that  city;  also  has  served  continuously,  for 
over  40  years,  as  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Illi- 
nois Wesleyan  University,  being  a  part  of  the 
time  President  of  the  Board.  In  the  meantime,  he 
had  begun  the  practice  of  law,  served  as  City 
Attorney  and  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervis- 
ors. July  1,  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  Seventieth 
Illinois  Volunteers  (a  100-days'  emergency  regi- 
ment), was  elected  Colonel  and  mustered  out, 
with  his  command,  in  October,  1862.  Colonel 
Reeves  was  subsequently  connected  with  the 
construction  of  the  Lafayette,  Bloomington  & 
Mississippi  Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the  Illinois 
Central),  and  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Law  Department  of  the  Wesleyan  University. 
In  1877  he  was  elected  to  the  Circuit  bench,  serv- 
ing continuously,  by  repeated  re-elections,  until 
1891 — during  the  latter  part  of  his  incumbency 
being  upon  the  Appellate  bench. 

REEVES,  Walter,  Member  of  Congress  and 
lawyer,  was  born  near  Brownsville,  Pa.,  Sept.  25, 
1848 ;  removed  to  Illinois  at  8  years  of  age  and 
was  reared  on  a  farm;  later  became  a  teacher 
and  lawyer,  following  his  profession  at  Streator ; 
in  1894  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  of 
the  Eleventh  District  for  Congress,  as  successor  to 
the  Hon.  Thomas  J.  Henderson,  and  was  elected, 
receiving  a  majority  over  three  competitors. 
Mr.  Reeves  was  re-elected  in  1896,  and  again  in 
1898. 

REFORMATORY,  ILLINOIS  STATE,  a  prison 
for  the  incarceration  of  male  offenders  under  21 
years  of  age,  who  are  believed  to  be  susceptible  of 
reformation.  It  is  the  successor  of  the  "State 
Reform  School,''  which  was  created  by  act  of 
the  Legislature  of  1867,  but  not  opened  for  the 
admission  of  inmates  until  1871.  It  is  located  at 
Pontiac.  The  number  olPtnmates,  in  1872,  was  165, 


which  was  increased  to  324  in  1890.  The  results, 
while  moderately  successful,  were  not  altogether 
satisfactory.  The  appropriations  made  for  con- 
struction, maintenance,  etc.,  were  not  upon  a 
scale  adequate  to  accomplish  what  was  desired, 
and,  in  1891,  a  radical  change  was  effected. 
Previous  to  that  date  the  limit,  as  to  age,  was  16 
years.  The  law  establishing  the  present  reforma- 
tory provides  for  a  system  of  indeterminate  sen- 
tences, and  a  release  upon  parole,  of  inmates 
who,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Board  of  Managers, 
may  be  safely  granted  conditional  liberation. 
The  inmates  are  divided  into  two  classes.  (1) 
those  between  the  ages  of  10  and  16,  and(2)  those 
between  16  and  21.  The  Board  of  Managers  is 
composed  of  five  members,  not  more  than  three  of 
whom  shall  be  of  the  same  party,  their  term  of 
office  to  be  for  ten  years.  The  course  of  treat- 
ment is  educational  (intellectually,  morally  and 
industrially),  schools  being  conducted,  trades 
taught,  and  the  inmates  constantly  impressed 
with  the  conviction  that,  only  through  genuine 
and  unmistakable  evidence  of  improvement,  can 
they  regain  their  freedom.  The  reformatory 
influence  of  tho  institution  may  be  best  inferred 
from  the  results  of  one  year's  operation.  Of  146 
inmates  paroled,  15  violated  their  parole  and 
became  fugitives,  6  were  returned  to  the 
Reformatory,  1  died,  and  124  remained  in 
employment  and  regularly  reporting.  Among 
the  industries  carried  on  are  painting  and  glaz- 
ing, masonry  and  plastering,  gardening,  knit- 
ting, chair-caning,  broom-making,  carpentering, 
tailoring  and  blacksmithing.  The  grounds  of  the 
Reformatory  contain  a  vein  of  excellent  coal, 
which  it  is  proposed  to  mine,  utilizing  the  clay, 
thus  obtained,  in  the  manufacture  of  brick, 
which  can  be  employed  in  the  construction  of 
additional  needed  buildings.  The  average  num- 
ber of  inmates  is  about  800,  and  the  crimes  for 
which  they  are  sentenced  range,  in  gravity,  from 
simple  assault,  or  petit  larceny,  to  the  most  seri- 
ous offenses  known  to  the  criminal  code,  with 
the  exception  of  homicide.  The  number  of 
inmates,  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1895,  was 
812.  An  institution  of  a  similar  character,  for 
the  confinement  of  juvenile  female  offenders,  was 
established  under  an  act  of  the  Legislature 
passed  at  the  session  of  1893,  and  located  at  Gen- 
eva, Kane  County.  (See  Home  for  Juvenile 
Female  Offender*.) 

RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS.  The  State 
constitution  contains  the  familiar  guaranty  of 
absolute  freedom  of  conscience.  The  chief 
denominations  have  grown  in  like  ratio  with  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


145 


population,  as  may  be  seen  from  figures  given 
below.  The  earliest  Christian  services  held  were 
conducted  by  Catholic  missionaries,  who  attested 
the  sincerity  of  their  convictions  (in  many 
instances)  by  the  sacrifice  of  their  lives,  either 
through  violence  or  exposure.  The  aborigines, 
however,  were  not  easily  Christianized;  and, 
shortly  after  the  cession  of  Illinois  by  France  to 
Great  Britain,  the  Catholic  missions,  being  gener- 
ally withdrawn,  ceased  to  exert  much  influence 
upon  the  red  men,  although  the  French,  who 
remained  in  the  ceded  territory,  continued  to 
adhere  to  their  ancient  faith.  (See  Early  Mis- 
sionaries.) One  of  the  first  Protestant  sects  to 
hold  service  in  Illinois,  was  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal :  Rev.  Joseph  Lillard  coming  to  Illinois  in 
1793,  and  Rev.  Hosea  Riggs  settling  in  the 
American  Bottom  in  1796.  (For  history  of 
Methodism  in  Illinois,  see  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.)  The  pioneer  Protestant  preacher, 
however,  was  a  Baptist — Elder  James  Smith — 
who  came  to  New  Design  in  1787.  Revs.  David 
Badgley  and  Joseph  Chance  followed  him  in 
1796,  and  the  first  denominational  association 
was  formed  in  1807.  (As  to  inception  and  growth 
of  this  denomination  in  Illinois,  see  also  Bap- 
tists.) In  1814  the  Massachusetts  Missionary 
Society  sent  two  missionaries  to  Illinois — Revs. 
Samuel  J.  Mills  and  Daniel  Smith.  Two  years 
later  (1816),  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  was 
organized  at  Sharon,  by  Rev.  James  McGready, 
of  Kentucky.  (See  also  Presbyterians.)  The 
Congregationalists  began  to  arrive  with  the  tide 
of  immigration  that  set  in  from  the  Eastern 
States,  early  in  the  '30's.  Four  churches  were 
organized  in  1833,  and  the  subsequent  growth  of 
the  denomination  in  the  State,  if  gradual,  has 
been  steady.  (See  Congregationalists.)  About 
the  same  time  came  the  Disciples  of  Christ  (some- 
times railed,  from  their  founder,  "Campbellites"). 
They  encouraged  free  discussion,  were  liberal  and 
warm  hearted,  and  did  not  require  belief  in  any 
particular  creed  as  a  condition  of  membership. 
The  sect  grew  rapidly  in  numerical  strength. 
(See  Disciples  of  Christ.)  The  Protestant  Episco- 
palians obtained  their  first  foothold  in  Illinois,  in 
1835,  when  Rev.  Philander  Chase  (afterward  con- 
secrated Bishop)  immigrated  to  the  State  from 
the  East.  (See  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.) 
The  Lutherans  in  Illinois  are  chiefly  of  German 
or  Scandinavian  birth  or  descent,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that,  out  of  sixty-four 
churches  in  Chicago  under  care  of  the  Missouri 
Synod,  only  four  use  the  English  language.  They 
are  the  only  Protestant  sect  maintaining  (when- 


ever possible)  a  system  of  parochial  schools.  (See 
Lutherans. )  There  are  twenty -six  other  religious 
bodies  in  the  State,  exclusive  of  the  Jews,  who 
have  twelve  synagogues  and  nine  rabbis.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  statistics  of  1890,  these 
twenty-six  sects,  with  their  numerical  strength, 
number  of  buildings,  ministers,  etc.,  are  as  fol- 
lows: Anti-Mission  Baptists.  2,800  members,  78 
churches  and  63  ministers;  Church  of  God,  1,200 
members,  39  churches,  34  ministers;  Dunkards, 
121,000  members,  155  churches,  83  ministers: 
Friends  ("Quakers")  2,655  members,  25  churches: 
Free  Methodists,  1,805  members,  38  churches,  84 
ministers;  Free- Will  Baptists.  4,694  members,  107 
churches,  72  ministers;  Evangelical  Association, 
15,904  members,  143  churches,  152  ministers; 
Cumberland  Presbyterians,  11,804  members,  198 
churches,  149  ministers;  Methodist  Episcopal 
(South)  3,927  members,  34  churches,  33  minis- 
ters; Moravians,  720  members,  3  churches,  3 
ministers;  New  Jerusalem  Church  (Swedenborgi- 
ans),  662  members,  14  churches,  8  ministers: 
Primitive  Methodist,  230  members,  2  churches.  2 
ministers;  Protestant  Methodist,  5,000  members. 
91  churches,  106  ministers ;  Reformed  Church  in 
United  States,  4,100  members,  34  churches,  19 
ministers;  Reformed  Church  of  America,  2,200 
members,  24  churches,  23  ministers;-  Reformed 
Episcopalians,  2,150  members,  13  churches,  11 
ministers;  Reformed  Presbyterians,  1,400  mem- 
bers, 7  churches,  6  ministers;  Salvation  Army. 
1,980  members;  Second  Advent  1st s.  4,500  mem- 
bers, 64  churches,  35  ministers;  Seventh  Day 
Baptists,  320  members,  7  churches,  11  ministers: 
Universalists,  3,160  members,  45  churches,  37 
ministers;  Unitarians,  1,225  members.  19 
churches,  14  ministers;  United  Evangelical, 
30,000  members,  129  churches,  108  ministers: 
United  Brethren,  16,500  members,  275  churches. 
260  ministers ;  United  Presbyterians,  11, 250  mem- 
bers, 203  churches,  199  ministers;  Wesleyan 
Methodists,  1,100  members,  16  churches.  33  min- 
isters. (See  various  Churches  under  their  proper 
names;  also  Roman  Catholic  Church.) 

REND,  William  Patrick,  soldier,  capitalist, 
and  coal-operator,  was  born  in  County  Leitrim, 
Ireland,  Feb.  10,  1840.  brought  to  Lowell.  Mass.. 
in  boyhood,  and  graduated  from  the  high  school 
there  at  17;  taught  for  a  time  near  New  York 
City  and  later  in  Maryland,  where  he  began  a 
course  of  classical  study.  The  Civil  War  coming 
on,  he  enlisted  in  the  Fourteenth  Regiment  New 
York  Volunteers,  serving  most  of  the  time  as  a 
.  non-commissioned  officer,  and  participating  in  the 
battles  of  the  second  Bull  Run.  Malvern  Hill, 


44' 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Antietam,  Frederic ksburg  and  Chancellorsville. 
After  the  war  lie  came  to  Chicago  and  secured 
employment  in  a  railway  surveyor's  office,  later 
acting  sa  foreman  of  the  Northwestern  freight 
depot,  and  finally  embarking  in  the  coal  business, 
which  was  conducted  with  such  success  that  he 
became  the  owner  of  some  of  the  most  valuable 
mining  properties  in  the  country.  Meanwhile 
he  has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare  of 
miners  and  other  classes  of  laborers,  and  has 


sought  to  promote  arbitration  and  conciliation 
between  employers  and  employed,  as  a  means  of 
averting  disastrous  strikes.  He  was  especially 
active  during  the  long  strike  of  1897,  in  efforts  to 
bring  about  an  understanding  between  the 
miners  and  the  operators.  For  several  years 
he  held  a  commission  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of 
the  Illinois  National  Guard  until  compelled,  by 
the  demands  of  his  private  business,  to  tender 
his  resignation. 


REPRESENTATIVES  IN  CONGRESS. 

'Hi-  following  table  presents  the  names,  residence.  Districts  represented,  politics  (except  as  to  earlier  ones),  and  lenirth  of 
term  or  terms  of  service  of  Illinois  Representatives  in  the  lower  House  of  Congress,  from  the  organization  of  Illinois 
as  a  Territory  down  to  the  present  time;  (D.  Democrat;  W,  Whig;  R,  Republican;  G-B,  Greenback;  P,  Populist). 


NAMK. 

REHIDKWCIC. 

DlHT. 

TCMH. 

REMARKS. 

Hhadrach  Bond  
Benjamin  Stephenson  

Kaakaskia  
Kdwardsville     ... 

Territory  
Territory  

1*12-14.... 

IMM>;     

1816-18  

Made  Rec'r  of  Pub.  Moneys. 
Made  Rec'r  of  Pub.  Moneys. 

Kaakaskia  

State  

1818-19 

Elected  U.  s.  Senator,  1824  am)  •_"• 

Daniel  P  Cook  

Kaskaskla  

State  

1819-27  

Jacltsotkt  Morgan  Cos 
Jacksonville  
Springfield  
Belleville  
Belleville  

1827-33 

Joseph  Duncan  
William  L.  M  **>•  .  1  '  
Charles  Blade  

Third  
Third  
First  

1833-34  

1834-  W.... 
1883-34  
1834-37 

Elected  Governor;  resigned. 
To  succeed  Duncan. 
Died;  term  completed  by  Reynolds. 
One  and  one-half  terms. 

John  Ray  colds,  i  >  
/i*ijnc  Casey,  D  
Adam  w  .  Snyder,  D  

Hellevllle  

First  

18*8.43  

Mt.  Vernoii  
Belleville 

Second  
Pint 

1838-43  



Third  

1838-43 

John  T.  Stuart,  O.  P.  

Springfield  

Eighth  .  .  . 

1863-6A  

First  

i-i  i  r<           

John  A.  McClernand.  Ji... 
John  A  .  McClernand.  V  .  .  . 

Second  

1843-61  

Springfield         ...  . 

Sixth  

1859-62 

HMitfiifU.  1  >!•<•..  M  ;  succeeded  by  A.  L.  Knapp. 

Third  

1843-49 

Orlando  B.  Flcklln,  I>  ,.  . 

Third  

1851-53  

1843-51              .   . 

John  Wentworth,  D  

Chicago  

Second  

185.1-5.~>  

1865-67 

.Stephen  A.  Douglas,  D  
William  A.  Richardson,  I  > 
William  A.  Rlchardfton.  D. 
Joseph  P.  Hoce,  D  
John  J.  Hardln,  W  
Kdward  D.  Baker,  W  
Kdward  IX  Bakpr,  W  
John  Henry,  W  
Thomas  J.  Turner,  D  
Abraham  Lincoln,  W  
William  H.  fiissell.  D  
William  H.BIssell.D  
Timothy  R.  Young.  1>  
Thomas  L.  H  arris,  I)  
Thomas  L.  Harris,  Jl  
Willis  Allen,  D  

Quhicy  
RuHhvllle  andUulncy 

Fifth  
Fifth  
Sixth  

1*43-47  
1847-56  : 
180143 

KI'dU.a  Sen.  ,Apr..'47;suc.byW.  A.  Richardson 
ResUAug.,  •-'•..;  term  tilled  by  Jacob  C.  Dmvls. 

Ualena  
Jacksonville  
airlngfield...   
fcle:.a  
Jacksonville  

Sixth  
Seventh  
Seventh  
Sixth  

1843-45  
1843-45  
I845-4f>  

Resigned,  Dec.,  '4tt;  succeeded  by  John  Henry. 

1848-01 

Seventh  
Sixth  

Feb.  to  Mar..  1847. 
1847-48  

Served  Raker's  unexplred  term. 

Springfield  
Belleville 

Seventh  
Pint  

1847-4'J  
1849-53 

Jtelleville.  
Marshall  

Eighth  
Third  

1853-.V>  

1848-51 

seventh  

1849-51  

Petersburg  
Marlon  

Sixth  
Second  

1855-5H  
1851  -S3  

Died.  Nov.24.  -5H;  sue.  by  1'hait.  1>.  Hodges. 

Wlllia  Allen,  D  
Richard  S.  Maloney,  l>  
Thompson  CarnuhHl,  ]>  
Richard  Yates.  W  
Richard  Yates.  W  
E.B.  WMhburne,K.... 
E.  B.  Washburoe,  R  
Jesse  O.  Norton.  R  

Marlon       .                  .  . 

Ninth  

1853-55 

Belvidere  

Fourth  

1851-53  

Oalena    

31xth  

1851-5.1 

Jacksonville  
Jacksonville  

Seventh  
Sixth  
First  

1851-53.... 
1853-55  
1853-43 

I!....!!  '....'.  ......'..'.'..'. 

Galena  
Joliet  
joliet  

Third  
Third  
Slxlh  

1863-39...    
1853-57 

-,  ReMignd.  March  9.  '&*  to  accept  French  mis- 
J     slon;  term  rilled  by  H.  C.  Burchard. 

l863-tt*>.  .  . 

Fourth  

1853-67  

James  C.  Allen,  D  
Jam  CM  C.  Allen.  1*  

Palestine  

Seventh  

1853-57  

Palestine  

State-ut-large  . 

1863-65  

James  H.  Wood  worth,  R.. 
Jacob  C.  Davis,  D  

Second  

1855-57  

(julncy  

Belleville 

Fifth  
Eighth  

1856-67  
1855 

To  till  unexplred  term  of  Richardson. 
Chonen  r    8.  Senator;  reaigned. 
Filled  Trumbull'i  unexplred  term. 

J.  L.  I>.  Morrison,  D  
Samuel  H.  Marshall,  D  
Sam  i  ir  1  8.  Marshall.  1  >  
SamuelS,  Marshall,  D  
John  F.  Farnsworth.  R  
John  K  Farnsworth,  H  .... 
OWPII  Love)oy,R  
Owen  Loveloy.  R  
William  Kellogg.  R  
Isaac  N.  Morris,  U  
CharlesD.Hodgea.lt   .... 
Aaron  Shaw,  D  

Belleville  
Me  Leans  boro  
McLeanshoro  

Eighth  
Ninth  
Kiev.  -Hill  

185W7  
1855-59  
1865*7.1  

McLeansboro  
Chicago  

Second  

1X57-61  

1863-74  

Princeton   
Princeton  
Canton  

Third  
Fifth  

1857<63  

1883-65  

Died,  Mar    "64;  term  filled  by  E  C  Ingmoll 

Fourth  
Fifth  

1857-63  
1857-61.... 

Rlvth                             .Inn    (<.   M:.r      I'-!'   . 

Filled  unexpired  term  of  Thos.  L.  Harris. 

Lawrenceville  Seventh  1857-58  

HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


447 


NAME. 

Kl  MPKM    K. 

DIST. 

TEKM. 

REMARK« 

Sixteenth  

1883-K5  

James  C'.  Roniuson,  |i  
James  C.  Robinson.  l>  
James  C.  Robitmon,  1  '  
James  C.  Robinson,  U  
Philip  B.  Fouke.  D  
John  A.  Logan,  R  

Marshall  

1059-63 

Marshall     

lMtt-6.>  

Springfield  

Eighth  

1871-73  

Twelfth 

1873-  7.1 

Belleville  
Ben  ton  

Carbondale  

Eighth  is.Vt.  t::;  

Ninth  

stauj-at-large 
Second  

1859-&  
1869-71   

Res'd,  Apr.  VJ;  term  tilled  by  W.  J.  Allen. 
<  Chosen  U.  S.  Senator,  1871;  resigned,  term 
-      til  If  i  by  John  L.  Beveridge. 

Isaac  N.  Arnold,  B  
Isaac  N.  Arnold.  R  
William  J.Allen,  D  
William  J.  Allen,  D  

]  Mil  -.';..  . 

pint  

1863-65 

Marion  
Marion  
Jersey  ville  

Ninth  
Thirteenth.... 

1862-63  

1863-65 

Served  Logan's  iincxpired  term. 

Fifth  
Tenth 

1861-«33  Served  McCta-naml's  ntiexnlred  term. 
1863-65                        1 

Charles  M.Harris,  R  

Fourth 

1SB3.B.1 

Ebon  C.  Ingersoll,  R  
John  R.  Eden,  D  

Peoria  
Sullivan  

Fifth,  11864-71  
Seventh  1865-65  

1864-'65  filled  Lovpjoy'*  unexplred  term 

John  R.  Eden,  D  
Lewis  W   Rom   D  

Sullivan  

Seventeenth... 
Ninth.  

1885-87  

18MMI9 

William  R.  Morrison,  D.... 
William  R.  Morrison,  I>  ... 
William  R.  Morrison,  D.... 
s.  W.  Moulton,  R  

Waterloo  
Waterloo  
Waterloo  
SbelbyvUle  
Shelbyvllle  

Twelfth  
Seventeenth... 

1863-65  
1873-83.  .  .  . 

1883-87 

State-at-large. 

1965-67  
1881-83  

aW.  Moulton,  D  
Abner  C.  Harding.  R  
Burton  (J.  Cook,  R  
H.  P.  H.  Broumell.R  
Shelby  M.  Cullom,  R  
Anthony  Thornton,  D  

Sbelbyville  
Monmouth  
Ottawa  
Charleston  
Springfield  
Shelbyville  

Seventeenth... 

1883-85  
1865-69       ..    . 

Sixth  

1865-71  

IS65-69 

Re-elected,  *7U  but  iWd  in»run»  beg'ugof  li-rm. 

Eighth  
Tenth,  

1865-71  '  
1865-67  

Belleville  

Twelfth  

Ih65-6y.. 

Jehu  Baker,  R  
Jehu  Baker,  P  
A.  J.  Kuykemlall,  R  

Belleville  
Belleville  
Vienna  

1887-89                           1                          •* 

Twenty-first  .. 

1897-99  

First 

A  n«i  »  fj   R         Ti      "        * 

Green  B.  Raum,  R  
Horatio  C.  Burchard,  R.... 
HoralioC.  Burcbard,  P..... 
John  H.  Hawley,  R  
John  B.  Hawley,  R  

Metropolis  
Freeport  

Thirteenth  
Third  

18C7-69  
1869-73  

Filled  unexpiml  term  »r  Washburn**. 

1869-73 

Rock  Island  

Sixth  

1873-75  

Jesse  11.  Moore,  R  
Thomas  W.  McNeeley.   D.. 

Decatnr  
Petersburg  
Belleville  

Ninth  
Twelfth  

1869  73  
1869  73  

John  M.  Crebs,  D  .. 
John  L.  Beveridge,  R  
Charles  B.  Farwell.  R  
Charles  B.  Farwell,  R  
Charles  B.  Farwel  l,  R  

Carmi  
Evanston  

Thirteenth  
Slate-al-large. 

1869-73  
1871-73  

Served  uitexpire«l  u-rni  .  .1   l^gan. 

Chicago  

Third  
Third  

1873-76  

May,  '76,  seat  awarded  to  J.  V.  Le  Moyne  . 

Fifth  

Henry  Snapp,  R  
Edward  Y.  Rice,  D  
John  B  Ric«,R       

Joliet  

Sixth  
Tenth  

1871  73  
1871  "3 

Filled  unexpired  term  of  B.  C.  Cook. 

Chicago  
Chicago  

First  
First  
Second... 

187374  
1874-77  
1878-75.  

Died  Dec..  74  :    ffiicce*»ded  by  B.  U.  Caulrteld. 
From  1S74-75  served  out  Rice's  term 

Stephen  A.  Hurlbut,  R  
Franklin  Corwin,  R  
Greenbury  L.  Fort,  R  

Peru  
Lacon  

Seventh  
Eighth  

1873-75  



Ninth... 

1873-75  

William  H.  Ray.  R  
Robert  M.  Knapp,  1>  
Robert  M.  Knapn,  D  
John  MVXiilta,  K  
Joseph  U.  Cannon,  R  
Joseph  G.  Cannon,  R  
Joseph  G.  Cannon,  R.  
Joseph  G.  Cannon.  R  

Rushville  (Tenth  
Jersey  ville  Eleventh  
Jersevville  Eleventh  
Bloomtngton  Thirteenth  .... 
Tuscolaand  Danville.   Fourteenth.... 
Danville  Fifteenth  
Danville  Fifteenth  
Danville  1  Twelfth  

1873-75  
1873-75  
1877-79  
1873-75  
1873-83  

1895  

Isaac  Clements,  R.  
Carter  H.  Harrison,  J'  
John  V.  Le  Moyne,  1>.  
T.  J.  Henderson,  R  

Carbondale  
Chicago  
Chicago  
Princeton  A  Geneseo.  . 

Second  
Third  
Sixth  

Seventh.... 

1875  79  
187677  
1K75  83  
(883  95  

Awarded  seat,  vk-e  Far\veli. 

Richard  H.  Whttinf,  R-  .  .  •  - 

John  C.  Baghy  .  I>  

Peoria  
Rush  vine  

Ninth  

1875-77  

Scott  Wike,  D  
William  M.  Springer.  IX... 
William  M.  Springer,  D.    . 
Adlai  K.  Stevenson.  D  
Adlal  E.  Stevenson,  1  >  
William  A  J.  Sparks.  !>.... 
William  Hartzell.D  ..      .. 
William  B.  Anderson,  D   .. 
William  Aldrlch.  R  
Carter  H    Harrison,  1»  
Lorenz  Brentano,  R  
William  Lathrop.  R  
Philip  C.  Hayes.  R  
Thomas  A,  Boyd.  R  
Benjamin  F   Marsh,  R.  .. 

PittsHeld  

Twelfth  

1889  93 

Twelfth  

Springfield  
Bloomington.  
Bloomington  
Carlyle  
Chester  
Mt.  Vernon  
Chicago  

Sixteenth  

l-::.--  ;  

'-«. 

First  1877-K3.  

-  

Chicago  .Third.  

1877-79  ... 



Morris  
Lewi  s  ion  
Warsaw  

1877-81       

Ninth  
Tenth  

1877-81  
1S77-H3.  



448 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


NAME. 

Rcai  DENG  E. 

DlST. 

TERM. 

REMARKS. 

Benjamin  P.  Marsh.  R  
Thomas  F.  Tip  ton,  R  
R.  W.  Townshend,  I>  

Warsaw  

Fifteenth  

18K—  

Shawneetown  

Thirteenth.... 

1877-79.  

George  R.  I  >n  vi  a  .  R.  
Hiram  Barber,  B  
John  C.  Sherwln,  R  
It.  MA    Hawk,  R  
Janieti  W  .  Singleton.  i>  
A.  P.  Foray  the.  O.  B  
JotmR.  Thomas,  R  
John  R.  Thomas.  R  
William  Cullen.K  

Chicago  
Geneva  and  Elgin  
Mt.  Carroll  

Third  

1879-81  



Fifth  

1879-82.  
1879-83  

Died,  '82;  succeeded  by  R.  R.  Hltt. 

Isabel 

Metropolis  

1881-83  

William  Cullen,  R  

Eighth  .  , 

1881-83  

Lewis  E.  Payson,  R  
John  H.  Lewis.  R  
Dietrich  C.  Smith.  R  
R  W.  Dunham.  R  
Jnhn  F.  Flnerty.  R.  
<JeorgeE.  Adams.  R  

Ninth 

1883-91           

Knoxvlllf  
Pekin  

Ninth  

1881-83  
1881-83  



First    .  . 

1883-89  

Second 

1883-85        .     . 

Fifth     .     . 

&82-8S. 

Cohort  R.  HItt.R  
Robert  R.  Hitt,  R-  
N.  E.  Worthington,  I)  
William  H.  Neece.  \>  

Mt.  Morris  
Mt.  Morris  

Sixth  
Ninth    

1882-96  
896—  

Succeeded  R.  M.  A.  Hawk,  deceased. 

Tenth 

1883-87  

Macomb  

Eleventh  

883-87  

Jonathan  H.  Rowell.  R  

Winchester  

liloomington 

Twelfth  

1W*3-91..   . 

Chicago  .                         •ftpawmH  ..  .          188&-B1  

James  H.  Ward,  I)  
Albert  J.  Hopkins  R  

Third  

1885-87  

R-iflh     . 

!-•«.',-:•.", 

Albert  J.  Hopklnn.  R  

Ralph  Plumb,  R  

MMi 

Silas  G.  Landes,  D  

1886-SO 

William  E.  Manon,  1C  

Third  

1887-91  |  

Philip  Hldney  Post.  R  
William  H.Gest,  R  
George  A  Anderson,  J*  
Edward  Lane,  D  

Caletibiirg  

Tenth  

1887-96  
1887-91  

Died,  Jan.  6,  1806. 

Twelfth  

1887-89.  .  .  . 

Hillsboro  

Seventeenth... 
First  

1887-95  
1869-93  

A  liner  Taylor,  R  

Charles  A.  Bill.  R  

Toilet  

Eighth  - 

1889-91  

u  1  11mm  s.  Forman.  It  
James  R.  Williams,  1)  
JameaR.  Williams.  1>  
George  W.  Smith.  R  
George  W.  Smith,  R  
Lawrence  E.  McQann.  I  >      . 

1889-95 

1889-9i  

Nineteenth.... 

1899—  

Murphysboro  

Twentieth  
Twenty  -sec'  nd 
second  

l-vi-'i,  

1895- 



1891-95  

Chicago  

Third  

1891-93 

1  ,f  \v  w  Steward,  1  nd  
Herman  W.  Snow  R  ... 

Eighth     

!  891  -93 

Ninth 

1:91-93 

BfiijaminT.  Cable.  l>  

1^91.93  

Kloomington  
I'rhana 

1891-93 

Samuel  T.  Busey,  1*  
JolmC.  Black.D  
Andrew  J.  Hunter.  I)  

Firr«H>nth  ..    . 

1891-93  

;tJW-U5  

Paris  State-at-large. 

1893-95  
1897-99 



J.  Frank  A  Id  rich.  R  
Julius  Goldzler  D  
Robert  A.  Chllds.  R  
Hamilton  K.  Wheeler.  R  .. 
John  J.  McDannold,  D  

893-97    , 

Chicago  .Fourtb  

I893-W5  

Hinsdale  Kik'hili  

1893-95  
1893-95 

1893-95  

..... 

1893-95 

1895— 

Hugh  R.  Bel  knap.  R  Chicago  
Charles  W.  Woodman.   It.  .  Chicago  

Third  
Fourth  

1895-99  
1895-97  

A  warded  seat  after  con.  with  1-   K  McGann. 

ftlward  D.  Cooke.  R  
George  HL  Foss,  R  
Of  urge  W.  Prince,  R  

Chicago  j&xth  
Chicago  'Seventh  

1805-98  
1895-  
1895 

i>led,  J  tine  4.  '98;  aucU  by  Henry  s.  Boutell. 

[895— 

Vespasian  Warner,  R  .  .  . 
J.  V.  Graff.  R  
Fi  ills  K.  IX)  wning,  1  >  
James  A.  Connolly,  R.  .  
Frederick  Remann,  R  
Win.  F.  1  -  Had  ley.  R  .  .  . 
Benson  Wood.  R.  

1895—  

1895— 

Virginia  
SpriiiBlield  

Sixteenth  
Seventeenth... 

1895-97  
1895-9U  
1895 

Died;  July  iV/wVsuc'd.'  by  'wVFVil'HJMiiey. 
Elected  to  fill  vacancy. 

ftlwardavllle  

Eighteenth  

Io9o 

1895-97 

18U5-U7    

Kverett  J.  Murphy,  R  Bant  Kt.  Ix>uis  
James  R.  Mann,  R  Chicago  
Daniel  W.  Mills,  R  Chicago,... 

ThomtUI  M.  Jett,  D.                     »f  fllnhnm 

Twenty-first.. 
First  

1895-97  
U»7-  
1897 



1897—  

James  R.  Campbell,  !>.... 
George  P.  Foster.  K  
Thorna*  Cuaack,  D  
KdgarT.  Noonan.  I>  
Henry  M.  Jioutell.  R  
W.  E.  Williams.  D  
B.  F.  Caldwell.  D  
Joseph  B.  Crowley,  l»  

McLeans  boro  

rtur.l 

1899            

Chicago  Fourth  

Chicago  Fifth  
Chicago  iHixth  
Pit  (afield  Sixteenth  
Chatham  Seventeenth  .  .  . 
Rohlnwin  Nineteenth  .... 

1899—  

18V9     

1898-  
1899—  
1899—  
1899—  

Succeeded  E.  D.  Cooke,  deceased. 

HISTOBICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


REYNOLDS,  John,  Justice  of  Supreme  Court 
and  fourth  Governor  of  Illinois,  was  born  of  Irish 
ancestry,  in  Montgomery  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  26, 
1789.  and  brought  by  his  parents  to  Kaskaskia, 
111.,  in  1800,  spending  the  first  nine  years  of  his 
life  in  Illinois  on  a  farm.  After  receiving  a  com- 
mon school  education,  and  a  two  years'  course  of 
study  in  a  college  at  Knoxville,  Tenn. ,  he  studied 
law  and  began  practice.  In  1813-13  he  served  as 
a  scout  in  the  campaigns  against  the  Indians, 
winning  for  himself  the  title,  in  after  life,  of  "The 
Old  Ranger."  Afterwards  he  removed  to 
Cahokia,  where  he  began  the  practice  of 
law,  and,  in  1818,  became  Associate  Justice  of  the 
first  Supreme  Court  of  the  new  State.  Retiring 
from  the  bench  in  1825,  he  served  two  terms  in 
the  Legislature,  and  was  elected  Governor  in 
1830,  in  1832  personally  commanding  the  State 
volunteers  called  for  service  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War.  Two  weeks  before  the  expiration  of  his 
term  (1834),  he  resigned  to  accept  a  seat  in  Con- 
gress, to  which  he  had  been  elected  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Charles  Slade,  who  had  died  in  office, 
and  was  again  elected  in  1838,  always  as  a  Demo- 
crat. He  also  served  as  Representative  in  the 
Fifteenth  General  Assembly,  and  again  in  the 
Eighteenth  (1852-54),  being  chosen  Speaker  of  the 
latter.  In  1858  he  was  the  administration  (or 
Buchanan)  Democratic  candidate  for  State  Su- 
|>erintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  as  opposed  to 
the  Republican  and  regular  (or  Douglas)  Demo- 
cratic candidates.  For  some  years  he  edited  a 
daily  paper  called  "The  Eagle,"  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Belleville.  While  Governor  Reynolds 
acquired  some  reputation  as  a  "classical  scholar," 
from  the  time  spent  in  a  Tennessee  College  at 
that  early  day,  this  was  not  sustained  by  either 
his  colloquial  or  written  style.  He  was  an 
ardent  champion  of  slavery,  and,  in  the  early 
days  of  the  Rebellion,  gained  unfavorable  notori- 
ety in  consequence  of  a  letter  written  to  Jefferson 
Davis  expressing  sympathy  with  the  cause  of 
"secession."  Nevertheless,  in  spite  of  intense 
prejudice  and  bitter  partisanship  on  some  ques- 
tions, he  possessed  many  amiable  qualities,  as 
shown  by  his  devotion  to  temperance,  and  his 
popularity  among  persons  of  opposite  political 
opinions.  Although  at  times  crude  in  style,  and 
not  always  reliable  in  his  statement  of  historical 
facts  and  events,  Governor  Reynolds  has  rendered 
a  valuable  service  to  posterity  by  his  writings 
relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  State,  espe- 
cially those  connected  with  his  own  times.  His 
Itest  known  works  are:  "Pioneer  History  of  Illi- 
nois" (Belleville,  1848);  "A  Glance  at  theCrystal 


Palace,  and  Sketches  of  Travel"  (1854);  and  "My 
Life  and  Times"  (1855).  His  death  occurred  at 
Belleville,  May  8.  1865. 

REYNOLDS,  John  Parker,  Secretary  and 
President  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  was  bom 
at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  March  1,  1820,  and  graduated 
from  the  Miami  University  at  the  age  of  18.  In 
1840  he  graduated  from  the  Cincinnati  Law 
School,  and  soon  afterward  began  practice.  He 
removed  to  Illinois  in  1854,  settling  first  in  Win- 
nebago  County,  later,  successively  in  Marion 
County,  in  Springfield  and  in  Chicago.  From 
1860  to  1870  he  was  Secretary  of  the  State  Agri- 
cultural Society,  and,  upon  the  creation  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1871,  was  elected 
its  President,  filling  that  position  until  1888, 
when  he  resigned.  He  has  also  occupied  numer- 
ous other  posts  of  honor  and  of  trust  of  a  public 
or  semi-public  character,  having  been  President 
of  the  Illinois  State  Sanitary  Commission  during 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  a  Commissioner  to  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1867,  Chief  Grain  Inspector 
from  1878  to  1882,  and  Secretary  of  the  Inter- 
State  Industrial  Exposition  Company  of  Chicago, 
from  the  date  of  its  organization  (1873)  until  its 
final  dissolution.  His  most  important  public 
service,  in  recent  years,  was  rendered  asDirector- 
in-Chief  of  the  Illinois  exhibit  in  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  of  1893. 

REYNOLDS,  Joseph  Smith,  soldier  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  at  New  Lenox,  111.,  Dec.  3,  1839; 
at  17  years  of  age  went  to  Chicago,  was  educated 
in  the  high  school  there,  within  a  month  after 
graduation  enlisting  as  a  private  in  the  Sixty- 
fourth  Illinois  Volunteers.  From  the  ranks  he 
rose  to  a  colonelcy  through  the  gradations  of 
Second-Lieutenant  and  Captain,  and,  in  July, 
1865,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General.  He  was 
a  gallant  soldier,  and  was  thrice  wounded.  On 
his  return  home  after  nearly  four  years'  service, 
he  entered  the  law  department  of  the  Chicago 
University,  graduating  therefrom  and  beginning 
practice  in  1866.  General  Reynolds  has  been 
prominent  in  public  life,  having  served  as  a 
member  of  both  branches  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly, and  having  been  a  State  Commissioner  to  the 
Vienna  Exposition  of  1873.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  G.  A.  R.,  and,  in  1875,  was  elected  Senior 
Vice-Commander  of  the  order  for  the  United 
States. 

REYNOLDS,  William  Morton,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  March  4,  1812;  after 
graduating  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1832,  was 
connected  with  various  institutions  in  that  State, 
as  well  as  President  of  Capital  University  at 


450 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


Columbus,  Ohio, ;  then,  coming  to  Illinois,  was 
President  of  the  Illinois  State  University  at 
Springfield,  1857-60,  after  which  he  became  Prin- 
cipal of  a  female  seminary  in  Chicago.  Previ- 
ously a  Lutheran,  he  took  orders  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  1864,  and  served  several 
parishes  until  his  death.  In  his  early  life  he 
founded,  and,  for  a  time,  conducted  several  reli- 
gious publications  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  besides 
issuing  a  number  of  printed  addresses  and  other 
published  works.  Died  at  Oak  Park,  near  Chi- 
cago, Sept.  5,  1876. 

RHOADS,  (Col.)  Franklin  Lawrence,  soldier 
and  steamboat  captain,  was  born  in  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  Oct.  11,  1824;  brought  to  Pekin.  Tazewell 
County,  111. ,  in  1836,  where  he  learned  the  print- 
er's trade,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Mexican  War,  enlisted,  serving  to  the  close. 
Returning  home  he  engaged  in  the  river  trade, 
and,  for  fifteen  years,  commanded  steamboats  on 
the  Illinois,  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Rivers.  In 
April,  1861.  he  was  commissioned  Captain  of  a 
company  of  three  months'  men  attached  to  the 
Eighth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  and,  on  the 
reorganization  of  the  regiment  for  the  three- 
years'  service,  was  commissioned  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  soon  after  being  promoted  to  the  colo- 
nelcy, as  successor  to  Col.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  who 
had  been  promoted  Brigadier-General.  After 
serving  through  the  spring  campaign  of  1862  in 
Western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  he  was  com- 
pelled by  rapidly  declining  health  to  resign,  when 
he  located  in  Shawneetown,  retiring  in  1874  to 
his  farm  near  that  city.  During  the  latter  years 
of  his  life  he  was  a  confirmed  invalid,  dying  at 
Shawneetown,  Jan.  6,  1879. 

BHOADS,  Joshua,  M.D.,  A.M.,  physician  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Sept.  14, 
1806;  studied  medicine  and  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  with  the  degree  of 
M.D.,  also  receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.,  from 
Princeton ;  after  several  years  spent  in  practice 
as  a  physician,  and  as  Principal  in  some  of  the 
public  schools  of  Philadelphia,  in  1839  he  was 
elected  Principal  of  the  Pennsylvania  Institution 
for  the  Blind,  and,  in  1850,  took  charge  of  the 
State  Institution  for  the  Blind  at  Jacksonville, 
111.,  then  in  its  infancy.  Here  he  remained  until 
1874,  when  he  retired.  Died,  February  1,  1876. 

RICE,  Edward  Y.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  born  in 
Logan  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  8,  1820,  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  and  at  Shurtleff  College, 
after  which  he  read  law  with  John  M.  Palmer  at 
Carlinville,  and  was  admitted  to  practice,  in  1845, 
at  llilUI«.ro ;  in  1847  was  elected  County  Recorder 


of  Montgomery  County,  and,  in  1848,  to  the  Six- 
teenth General  Assembly,  serving  one  term. 
Later  he  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Montgom- 
ery County,  was  Master  in  Chancery  from  1853  to 
1857,  and  the  latter  year  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Eighteenth  Circuit,  being  re-elected  in  1861  and 
again  in  1867.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  and,  at  the 
election  of  the  latter  year,  was  chosen  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Forty-second  Congress  as  a 
Democrat.  Died,  April  16,  1883. 

RICE,  John  B.,  theatrical  manager,  Mayor  of 
Chicago,  and  Congressman,  was  born  at  Easton, 
Md.,  in  1809.  By  profession  he  was  an  actor, 
and,  coming  to  Chicago  in  1847,  built  and  opened 
there  the  first  theater.  In  1857  he  retired  from 
the  stage,  and,  in  1865,  was  elected  Mayor  of 
Chicago,  the  city  of  his  adoption,  and  re-elected 
in  1867.  He  was  also  prominent  in  the  early 
stages  of  the  Civil  War  in  the  measures  taken  to 
raise  troops  in  Chicago.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
to  the  Forty-third  Congress  as  a  Republican,  but, 
before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  died,  at  Nor- 
folk, Va.,  on  Dec.  6,  1874.  At  a  special  election 
to  fill  the  vacancy,  Bernard  G.  Caulfield  was 
chosen  to  succeed  him. 

RICHARDSON,  William  A.,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, born  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  11, 
1811,  was  educated  at  Transylvania  University, 
came  to  the  bar  at  .19,  and  settled  in  Schuyler 
County,  111.,  becoming  State's  Attorney  in  1835; 
was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Legislature 
in  1836,  to  the  Senate  in  1838,  and  to  the  House 
again  in  1844,  from  Adams  County — the  latter 
year  being  also  chosen  Presidential  Elector  on 
the  Polk  and  Dallas  ticket,  and,  at  the  succeeding 
session  of  the  General  Assembly,  serving  as 
Speaker  of  the  House.  He  entered  the  Mexican 
War  as  Captain,  and  won  a  Majority  through 
gallantry  at  Buena  Vista.  From  1847  to  1856 
(when  he  resigned  to  become  a  candidate  for 
Governor),  he  was  a  Democratic  Representative 
in  Congress  from  the  Quincy  District ;  re-entered 
Congress  in  1861,  and,  in  1863,  was  chosen 
United  States  Senator  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Democratic  Convention  of  1868,  but 
after  that  retired  to  private  life,  acting,  for  a 
short  time,  as  editor  of  "The  Quincy  Herald." 
Died,  at  Quincy,  Dec.  27,  1875. 

RICHLAND  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  south- 
east quarter  of  the  State,  and  lias  an  area  of  361 
square  miles.  It  was  organized  from  Edwards 
County  in  1841.  Among  the  early  pioneers  may 
be  mentioned  the  Evans  brothers.  Thaddeug 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


451 


Morebouse,  Hugh  Calhoun  and  son,  Thomas 
Gardner,  James  Parker,  Cornelius  De  Long, 
James  Gilmore  and  Elijah  Nelson.  In  1820 
there  were  but  thirty  families  in  the  district. 
The  first  frame  houses — the  Nelson  and  More- 
house  homesteads — were  built  in  1821,  and,  some 
years  later,  James  Laws  erected  the  first  brick 
house.  The  pioneers  traded  at  Vincennes,  but, 
in  1825,  a  store  was  opened  at  Stringtown  by 
Jacob  May ;  and  the  same  year  the  first  school  was 
opened  at  Watertown,  taught  by  Isaac  Chaun- 
cey.  The  first  church  was  erected  by  the  Bap- 
tists in  1822,  and  services  were  conducted  by 
William  Martin,  a  Kentuckian.  For  a  long  time 
the  mails  were  carried  on  horseback  by  Louis 
and  James  Beard,  but,  in  1824.  Mills  and  Whet- 
sell  established  a  line  of  four-horse  stages.  The 
principal  road,  known  as  the  "trace  road,"  lead- 
ing from  Louisville  to  Cahokia,  followed  a 
buffalo  and  Indian  trail  about  where  the  main 
street  of  Olney  now  is.  Olney  was  selected  as 
the  county-seat  upon  the  organization  of  the 
county,  and  a  Mr.  Lilly  built  the  first  house 
there.  The  chief  branches  of  industry  followed 
by  the  inhabitants  are  agriculture  and  fruit- 
growing. Population  (1880),  15,545;  (1890). 
15,019;  (1900),  16,391. 

RIDGE  FARM,  a  village  of  Vermillion  County, 
at  junction  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago 
&  St.  Louis  and  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western 
Railroads,  174  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis;  has 
electric  light  plant,  planing  mill,  elevators,  bank 
and  two  papers.  Pop.  (1900).  938;  (1904),  1.300. 

RIDGELY,  a  manufacturing  and  mining  Mil >- 
urb  of  the  city  of  Springfield.  An  extensive 
rolling  mill  is  located  there,  and  there  are  several 
coal-shafts  in  the  vicinity.  Population(1900),  1,169. 

RIDGELY,  Charles,  manufacturer  and  capi- 
talist, born  in  Springfield,  111.,  Jan.  17.  1836;  was 
educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Illinois  Col- 
lege ;  after  leaving  college  spent  some  time  as  a 
clerk  in  his  father's  bank  at  Springfield,  finally 
becoming  a  member  of  the  firm  and  successively 
Cashier  and  Vice-President.  In  1870  he  was 
Democratic  candidate  for  State  Treasurer,  but 
later  has  affiliated  with  the  Republican  party. 
About  1872  he  became  identified  with  the  Spring- 
field Iron  Company,  of  which  he  has  been  Presi- 
dent for  many  years ;  has  also  been  President  of 
the  Consolidated  Coal  Company  of  St.  Louis  and. 
for  some  time,  was  a  Director  of  the  Wabash  Rail- 
road. Mr.  Ridgely  is  also  one  of  the  Trustees  of 
Illinois  College. 

RIDGELY,  Nicholas  H.,  early  banker,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  27,  1800;  after 


leaving  school  was  engaged,  for  a  time,  in  the 
dry-goods  trade,  but,  in  1829,  came  to  St.  Louis 
to  assume  a  clerkship  in  the  branch  of  the 
United  States  Bank  just  organized  there.  In 
1835  a  branch  of  the  State  Bank  of  Illinois  was 
established  at  Springfield,  and  Mr.  Ridgely 
became  its  cashier,  and,  when  it  went  into  liqui- 
dation, was  appointed  one  of  the  trustees  to  wind 
up  its  affairs.  He  subsequently  became  Presi- 
dent of  the  Clark's  Exchange  Bank  in  that  city, 
but  this  having  gone  into  liquidation  a  few  years 
later,  he  went  into  the  private  banking  business 
as  head  of  the  "Ridgely  Bank,"  which,  in  1866, 
became  the  "Ridgely  National  Bank,"  one  of  the 
strongest  financial  institutions  in  the  State  out- 
side of  Chicago.  After  the  collapse  of  the  inter- 
nal improvement  scheme,  Mr.  Ridgely  became 
one  of  the  purchasers  of  the  "Northern  Cross 
Railroad"  (now  that  part  of  the  Wabash  system 
extending  from  the  Illinois  river  to  Springfield), 
when  it  was  sold  by  the  State  in  1847,  paying 
therefor  $21,100.  He  was  also  one  of  the  Spring- 
field bankers  to  tender  a  loan  to  the  State  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war  in  1861.  He  was  one  of  th« 
builders  and  principal  owner  of  the  Springfield 
gas-light  system.  His  business  career  was  an 
eminently  successful  one,  leaving  an  estate  at 
his  death,  Jan.  31,  1888.  valued  at  over  $2,000,000. 

RIDGWAY,  a  village  of  Gallatin  County,  on  the 
Shawneetown  Division  of  the  Baltimore  A  Ohio 
Southwestern  Railway,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Shawneetown:  has  a  bank  and  one  newspaper. 
Pop.  (1890),  523;  (1900),  839;  (1903,  est),  1,000. 

RIDGWAY,  Thomas  S.,  merchant,  banker  and 
politician,  was  born  at  Carmi,  111.,  August  30, 
1826.  His  father  having  died  when  he  was  but  4 
years  old  and  his  mother  when  he  was  14,  his 
education  was  largely  acquired  through  contact 
with  the  world,  apart  from  such  as  lie  received 
from  his  mother  and  during  a  year's  attendance 
at  a  private  school.  When  he  was  6  years  of  age 
the  family  removed  to  Shawneetown.  where  he 
ever  afterwards  made  his  home.  In  1845  he  em- 
barked in  business  as  a  merchant,  and  the  firm 
of  Peeples  &  Ridgway  soon  became  one  of  the 
most  prominent  in  Southern  Illinois.  In  1865  the 
partners  closed  out  their  business  and  organized 
the  first  National  Bank  of  Shawneetown.  of 
which,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Peeples  in  1875, 
Mr.  Ridgway  was  President.  He  was  one  of 
the  projectors  of  the  Springfield  &  Illinois  South- 
eastern Railway,  now  a  part  of  the  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Southwestern  system,  and.  from  1867  to 
1874,  served  as  its  President.  He  was  an  ardent 
and  active  Republican,  and  served  as  a  delegate 


452 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


to  every  State  and  National  Convention  of  his 
!>:u-ty  from  1868  to  1896.  In  1874  he  was  elected 
State  Treasurer,  the  candidate  for  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction  on  the  same  ticket  being 
defeated.  In  1876  and  1880  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  his  party's  nomination  for  Gov- 
ernor. Three  times  he  consented  to  lead  the 
forlorn  hope  of  the  Republicans  as  a  candidate 
for  Congress  from  an  impregnably  Democratic 
stronghold.  For  several  years  he  was  a  Director 
of  the  McCormick  Theological  Seminary,  at  Chi- 
cago, and,  for  nineteen  years,  was  a  Trustee  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Normal  University  at  Carbon- 
dale,  resigning  in  1893.  Died,  at  Shawneetown, 
Nov.  17,  1897. 

K  l(i(JS.  James  M.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  Scott  County,  111.,  April  17,  1839,  where  he 
received  a  common  school  education,  supple- 
mented by  a  partial  collegiate  course.  Be  is  a 
practicing  lawyer  of  Winchester.  In  1864  he  was 
elected  Sheriff,  serving  two  years.  In  1871-72  he 
represented  Scott  County  in  the  lower  house  of 
the  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly,  and  was 
State's  Attorney  from  1872  to  1876.  In  1882,  and 
again  in  1884,  he  was  the  successful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Congress  in  the  Twelfth  Illinois 
District. 

RI6OS,  Scott,  pioneer,  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  about  1790:  removed  to  Crawford 
County,  111,  early  in  1815,  and  represented  that 
county  in  the  First  General  Assembly  (1818-20). 
In  1885  he  removed  to  Scott  County,  where  he 
continued  to  reside  until  his  death,  Feb.  24,  1872. 

RINAKER,  John  I.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
liorn  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  18,  1S:!0.  Left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age.  he  came  to  Illinois  in 
1836.  and,  for  several  years,  lived  on  farms  in 
Siingamon  and  Morgan  Counties;  was  educated 
at  Illinois  and  McKendree  Colleges,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1851 ;  in  1852  began  reading 
law  with  John  M.  Palmer  at  Carlinville,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854.  In  August,  1862,  he 
recruited  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-second 
Illinois  Volunteers,  of  which  he  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel.  Four  months  later  he  was 
wounded  in  battle,  but  served  with  his  regiment 
through  the  war,  and  was  brevetted  Brigadier- 
General  at  its  close.  Returning  from  the  war  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Carlin- 
ville. Since  1858  he  has  been  an  active  Repub- 
lican ;  has  twice  (1872  and  '76)  served  his  party 
as  a  Presidential  Elector — the  latter  year  for  the 
State -at-large — and,  in  1874,  accepted  a  nomina- 
tion for  Congress  against  William  R.  Morrison, 
largely  reducing  the  normal  Democratic  major- 


ity. At  the  State  Republican  Convention  of  1880 
he  was  a  prominent,  but  unsuccessful,  candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  Governor.  In 
1894  he  made  the  race  as  the  Republican  candi- 
date for  Congress  in  the  Sixteenth  District  and, 
although  his  opponent  was  awarded  the  certifi- 
cate of  election,  on  a  bare  majority  of  60  votes  on 
the  face  of  the  returns,  a  re-count,  ordered  by  the 
Fifty-fourth  Congress,  showed  a  majority  for 
General  Rinaker,  and  he  was  seated  near  the 
close  of  the  first  session.  He  was  a  candidate 
for  re-election  in  1896,  but  defeated  in  a  strongly 
Democratic  District. 

RIPLEV,  Edward  Paygon,  Railway  President, 
was  born  in  Dorchester  (now  a  part  of  Boston), 
Mass..  Oct.  30, 1845,  being  related,  on  his  mother's 
side,  to  the  distinguished  author,  Dr.  Edward 
Payson.  After  receiving  his  education  in  the 
high  school  of  his  native  place,  at  the  age  of  17 
he  entered  upon  a  commercial  life,  as  clerk  in  a 
wholesale  dry-goods  establishment  in  Boston. 
About  the  time  he  became  of  age,  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  as  a 
clerk  in  the  freight  department  in  the  Boston 
office,  but,a  few  years  later, assumed  a  responsible 
position  in  connection  with  the  Chicago.  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  line,  finally  becoming  General 
Agent  for  the  business  of  that  road  east  of 
Buffalo,  though  retaining  his  headquarters  at 
Boston.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Chicago  to  accept 
the  position  of  General  Freight  A  gent  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  System,  with  which 
he  remained  twelve  years,  serving  successively  as 
General  Traffic  Manager  and  General  Manager, 
until  June  1,  1890,  when  he  resigned  to  become 
Third  Vice-President  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&  St.  Paul  line.  This  relation  was  continued 
until  Jan.  1,  1896,  when  Mr.  Ripley  accepted 
the  Presidency  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroad,  which  (1899)  he  now  holds.  Mr. 
Ripley  was  a  prominent  factor  in  securing  the 
location  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at 
Chicago,  and,  in  April,  1891,  was  chosen  one  of 
the  Directors  of  the  Exposition,  serving  on  the 
Executive  Committee  and  the  Committee  of 
Ways  and  Means  and  Transportation,  being  Chair- 
man of  the  latter. 

RIVERSIDE,  a  suburban  town  on  the  Des 
Plaines  River  and  the  Chicago.  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railway,  11  miles  west  of  Chicago,  has 
handsome  parks,  several  churches,  a  bank, 
two  local  papers  and  numerous  fine  residences. 
Population  (1890),  1,000;  (1900),  1,551. 

RIVERTON,  a  village  in  Clear  Creek  Town- 
ship, Sangamon  County,  at  the  crossing  of  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Wabash  Railroad  over  the  Sangamon  River.  6)4 
miles  east-northeast  of  Springfield.  It  has  four 
churches,  a  nursery,  and  two  coal  mines.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  705:  (1890),  1,127,  (1900),  1,511 ;  (1903, 
est.),  about  C.OOO. 

BITES,  John  Cook,  early  banker  and  journal- 
ist, was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Va.,  May  24, 
1795;  in  1806  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he 
grew  up  under  care  of  an  uncle,  Samuel  Casey. 
He  received  a  good  education  and  was  a  man  of 
high  character  and  attractive  manners.  In  his 
early  manhood  he  came  to  Illinois,  and  was  con- 
nected, for  a  time,  with  the  Branch  State  Bank 
at  Edwardsville,  but,  about  1824,  removed  to 
Shawneetown  and  held  a  position  in  the  bank 
there;  also  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
practice.  Finally,  having  accepted  a  clerkship 
in  the  Fourth  Auditor's  Office  in  Washington, 
he  removed  to  that  city,  and,  in  1830,  became 
associated  with  Francis  P.  Blair,  Sr.,  in  the 
establishment  of  "The  Congressional  Globe"  .(the 
predecessor  of  ''The  Congressional  Record"),  of 
which  he  finally  became  sole  proprietor,  so 
remaining  until  1864.  Like  his  partner,  Blair, 
although  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  life-long 
Democrat,  he  was  intensely  loyal,  anil  contrib- 
uted liberally  of  his  means  for  the  equipment  of 
soldiers  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  for 
the  support  of  their  families,  during  the  Civil 
War.  His  expenditures  for  these  objects  have 
been  estimated  at  some  $30,000.  Died,  in  Prince 
George's  County,  Md.,  April  10,  1864. 

ROVXOKE,  a  village  of  Woodford  County,  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway,  28 
miles  northeast  of  Peoria;  is  in  a  coal  district: 
has  two  banks,  a  coal  mine,  and  one  newspaper. 
Population  (1880),  355;  (1890),  831;  (1900).  966. 

BOBB,  Thomas  Patten,  Sanitary  Agent,  was 
born  in  Bath,  Maine,  in  1819;  came  to  Cook 
County,  III,  in  1838,  and,  after  arriving  at  man- 
hood, established  the  first  exclusive  wholesale 
grocery  house  in  Chicago,  remaining  in  the  busi- 
ness until  1850.  He  then  went  to  California, 
establishing  himself  in  mercantile  business  at 
Sacramento,  where  he  remained  seven  years, 
meanwhile  being  elected  Mayor  of  that  city. 
Returning  to  Chicago  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war,  he  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  Governor 
Vates  with  the  rank  of  Major,  and.  while  serv- 
ing in  this  capacity,  was  instrumental  in  giving 
General  Grant  the  first  duty  he  performed  in  the 
office  of  the  Adjutant-General  after  his  arrival 
from  Galena.  Later,  he  was  assigned  to  duty  as 
Inspector-General  of  Illinois  troops  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  having  general  charge  of  sanitary 


affairs  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  was 
appointed  Cotton  Agent  for  the  State  of  Georgia, 
and,  still  later.  President  of  the  Board  of  Tax 
Commissioners  for  that  State.  Other  positions 
held  by  him  were  those  of  Postmaster  and  Col- 
lector of  Customs  at  Savannah,  Ga. ;  he  was  also 
one  of  the  publishers  of  "The  New  Era,"  a 
Republican  paper  at  Atlanta,  and  a  prominent 
actor  in  reconstruction  affairs.  Resigning  the 
Collectorship,  he  was  appointed  by  the  President 
United  States  Commissioner  to  investigate  Mexi- 
can outrages  on  the  Rio  Grande  border :  was  sub- 
sequently identified  with  Texas  railroad  interests 
as  the  President  of  the  Corpus  Christi  &  Rio 
Grande  Railroad,  and  one  of  the  projectors  of  the 
Chicago,  Texas  &  Mexican  Central  Railway,  being 
thus  engaged  until  1872.  Later  he  returned  to 
California,  dying  near  Glen  wood,  in  that  State, 
April  10,  1895,  aged  7">  years  and  10  months. 

BOBEBTS,  William  Charles,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  a  small  village  of  Wales, 
England.,  Sept.  23,  1H32:  received  his  primary 
education  in  that  country,  but,  removing  to 
America  during  his  minority,  graduated  from 
Princeton  College  in  1855,  and  from  Princeton 
Theological  Seminary  in  1858.  After  filling  vari- 
ous pastorates  in  Delaware,  New  Jersey  and  Ohio, 
in  1881  he  was  elected  Corresponding  Secretary 
of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
the  next  year  being  offered  the  Presidency  of 
Rutgers  College,  which  he  declined.  In  1887  he 
accepted  the  presidency  of  Lake  Forest  Univer- 
sity, which  he  still  retains.  From  1859  to  1*6:! 
he  was  a  Trustee  of  Lafayette  College,  and,  in 
1866,  was  elected  to  a  trusteeship  of  his  Alma 
Mater.  He  has  traveled  extensively  in  the 
Orient,  and  was  a  member  of  the  first  and  third 
councils  of  the  Reformed  Churches,  held  at  Edin- 
burgh ami  Belfast.  Besides  occasional  sermons 
and  frequent  contributions  to  English,  Ameri- 
can, German  and  Welsh  periodicals,  Dr.  Roberts 
has  published  a  Welsh  translation  of  the  West- 
minster shorter  catechism  and  a  collection  of 
letters  on  the  great  preachers  of  Wales,  which 
appeared  in  Utica,  1868.  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.,  from  Union  College  in  1872.  and  that  of 
LL.D..  from  Princeton,  in  1887. 

BOBIXSO.V,  an  incorporated  city  and  the 
county -seat  of  Crawford  County,  25  miles  north- 
west of  Vincennes,  Ind. ,  and  44  miles  south  of 
Paris.  111. ;  is  on  two  lines  of  railroad  and  in  the 
heart  of  a  fruit  and  agricultural  region.  The 
city  has  water-works,  electric  lights,  two  banks 
and  three  weekly  newspapers  Population  (1890;. 
1,387;  (1900),  1,683;  (1904),  about  2,000. 


454 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ROBINSON,  James  ('..  lawyer  and  former 
Congressman,  was  born  in  Edgar  County,  111. ,  in 
1822,  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1850.  He  served  as  a  private  during  the  Mexican 
War,  and,  in  1858,  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a 
Democrat,  as  he  was  again  in  1860,  '62,  'TO  and 
'72.  In  1864  he  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
Governor.  He  was  a  fluent  speaker,  and  attained 
considerable  distinction  as  an  advocate  in  crimi- 
nal practice.  Died,  at  Springfield,  Nov.  3,  1886. 

ROBINSON,  John  M.,  United  States  Senator, 
born  in  Kentucky  in  1793,  was  liberally  educated 
and  became  a  lawyer  by  profession.  In  early  life 
he  settled  at  Carmi,  111.,  where  he  married.  He 
was  of  fine  physique,  of  engaging  manners,  and 
personally  popular.  Through  his  association 
with  the  State  militia  he  earned  the  title  of 
"General. "  In  1830  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  John 
McLean.  His  immediate  predecessor  was  David 
Jewett  Baker,  appointed  by  Governor  Edwards, 
who  served  one  month  but  failed  of  election  by 
the  Legislature.  In  1834  Mr.  Robinson  was  re- 
elected  for  a  full  term,  which  expired  in  1841. 
In  1843  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  upon  the  Illinois 
Supreme  bench,  but  died  at  Ottawa,  April  27.  of 
the  same  year,  within  three  months  after  his 
elevation. 

ROCHELLE,  a  city  of  Ogle  County  and  an 
intersecting  point  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railways. 
It  is  75  miles  west  of  Chicago,  27  miles  south  of 
Rockford,  and  23  miles  east  by  north  of  Dizon. 
It  is  in  a  rich  agricultural  and  stock-raising 
region,  rendering  Rochelle  an  important  ship- 
ping point.  Among  its  industrial  establish- 
ments are  water-works,  electric  lights,  a  flouring 
mill  and  silk-underwear  factory-  The  city  has 
three  banks,  five  churches  and  three  newspapers. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,789;  (1900),  2,078;  (1903),  2,500. 

ROCHESTER,  a  village  and  early  settlement 
in  Sangamon  County,  laid  out  in  1819;  in  rich 
agricultural  district,  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern  Railroad,  7>£  miles  southeast  of 
Springfield ;  has  a  bank,  two  churches,  one  school, 
and  a  newspaper.  Population  (1900).  365 

ROCK  FALLS,  a  city  in  Whiteside  County,  on 
Rock  River  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad;  has  excellent  water-power,  a  good 
public  school  system  with  a  high  school,  banks 
and  a  weekly  newspaper.  Agricultural  imple- 
ments, barbed  wire,  furniture,  flour  and  paper  are 
its  chief  manufactures.  Water  for  the  navigable 
feeder  of  the  Hennepin  Canal  is  taken  from  Rock 
River  at  this  point.  Pop.  (1900),  2,176. 


ROCKFORD,  a  flourishing  manufacturing 
city,  the  county -seat  of  Winnebago  County ;  lies 
on  both  sides  of  the  Rock  River,  92  miles  west  of 
Chicago.  Four  trunk  lines  of  railroad — the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy,  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western, the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul — intersect  here.  Excellent 
water-power  is  secured  by  a  dam  across  the  river, 
and  communication  between  the  two  divisions  of 
the  city  is  facilitated  by  three  railway  and  three 
highway  bridges.  Water  is  provided  from  five 
artesian  wells,  a  reserve  main  leading  to  the 
river.  The  city  is  wealthy,  prosperous  and  pro- 
gressive. The  assessed  valuation  of  property,  in 
1893,  was  16,531,235.  Churches  are  numerous  and 
schools,  both  public  and  private,  are  abundant 
and  well  conducted.  The  census  of  1890  showed 
$7,715,069  capital  invested  in  246  manufacturing 
establishments,  which  employed  5, 223  persons  and 
turned  out  an  annual  product  valued  at  $8, 888,- 
904.  The  principal  industries  are  the  manufac- 
ture of  agricultural  implements  and  furniture, 
though  watches,  silver-plated  ware,  paper,  flour 
and  grape  sugar  are  among  the  other  products. 
Pop.  (1880),  13,129;  (1890),  23,584;  (1900),  31,051. 

ROCKFORD  COLLEGE,  located  at  Rockford, 
111.,  incorporated  in  1847;  in  1898  had  a  faculty 
of  21  instructors  with  161  pupils.  The  branches 
taught  include  the  classics,  music  and  fine  arts. 
It  has  a  library  of  6,150  volumes,  funds  and  en- 
dowment aggregating  $50,880  and  property 
valued  at  $240,880,  of  which  $150,000  is  real 
estate. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  the  principal  city  and  county- 
seat  of  Rock  Island  County,  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  182  miles  west  by  south  from  Chicago ;  is 
the  converging  point  of  five  lines  of  railroad,  and 
the  western  terminus  of  the  Hennepin  Canal. 
The  name  is  derived  from  an  island  in  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  opposite  the  city,  3  miles  long,  which 
belongs  to  the  United  States  Government  and 
contains  an  arsenal  and  armory.  The  river 
channel  north  of  the  island  is  navigable,  the 
southern  channel  having  been  dammed  by  the 
Government,  thereby  giving  great  water  power 
to  Rock  Island  and  Moline.  A  combined  railway 
and  highway  bridge  spans  the  river  from  Rock 
Island  to  Davenport,  Iowa,  crossing  the  island, 
while  a  railway  bridge  connects  the  cities  a  mile 
below.  The  island  was  the  site  of  Fort  Arm- 
strong during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  was  also 
a  place  for  the  confinement  of  Confederate  prison- 
ers during  the  Civil  War.  Rock  Island  is  in  a  re- 
gion of  much  picturesque  scenery  and  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  lumber,  agricultural  imple- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


455 


iiii-ii ts,  iron,  carriages  and  wagons  and  oilcloth; 
also  five  banks  and  three  newspapers,  two  issuing 
daily  editions.  Pop.  (1890),  13,634;  (1900),  19,493. 

ROCK  ISLAND  COUNTY,  in  the  northwestern 
section  of  the  State  bordering  upon  the  Missis- 
sippi River  (which  constitutes  its  northwestern 
boundary  for  more  than  60  miles),  and  having  an 
area  of  440  square  miles.  In  1816  the  Govern- 
ment erected  a  fort  on  Rock  Island  (an  island  in 
the  Mississippi,  3  miles  long  and  one-half  to 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide),  naming  it  Fort 
Armstrong.  It  has  always  remained  a  military 
post,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  an  extensive  arsenal 
and  work-shops.  In  the  spring  of  1828,  settle- 
ments were  made  near  Port  Byron  by  John  and 
Thomas  Kinney,  Archibald  Allen  and  George 
Harlan.  Other  early  settlers,  near  Rock  Island 
and  Rapids  City,  were  J.  W.  Spencer,  J.  W.  Bar- 
r it-Is,  Benjamin  F.  Pike  and  Conrad  Leak;  and 
among  the  pioneers  were  Wells  and  Michael  Bart- 
lett,  Joel  Thompson,  the  Simms  brothers  and 
George  Davenport.  The  country  was  full  of 
Indians,  this  being  the  headquarters  of  Black 
Hawk  and  the  initial  point  of  the  Black  Hawk 
War.  (See  Black  Hawk,  and  Black  Hawk  War.) 
By  1829  settlers  were  increased  in  number  and 
county  organization  was  effected  in  1835,  Rock 
Island  (then  called  Stephenson)  being  made  the 
county-seat.  Joseph  Con  way  was  the  first 
County  Clerk,  and  Joel  Wells,  Sr.,  the  first  Treas- 
urer. The  first  court  was  held  at  the  residence 
of  John  W.  Barriels,  in  Farnhamsburg.  The 
county  is  irregular  in  shape,  and  the  soil  and 
scenery  greatly  varied.  Coal  is  abundant,  the 
water-power  inexhaustible,  and  the  county's 
mining  and  manufacturing  interests  are  very 
extensive.  Several  lines  of  railway  cross  the 
county,  affording  admirable  transportation  facili- 
ties to  both  eastern  and  western  markets.  Rock 
Island  and  Moline  (which  see)  are  the  two  prin- 
cipal cities  in  the  county,  though  there  are 
several  other  important  points.  Coal  Valley  is 
the  center  of  large  mining  interests,  and  Milan  is 
also  a  manufacturing  center.  Port  Byron  is  one 
of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  county,  and  has  con- 
siderable lime  and  lumber  interests,  while  Water- 
town  is  the  seat  of  the  Western  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  Population  of  the  county  (1880),  38.302; 
(1890),  41,917;  (1900),  55,249. 

ROCK  ISLAND  &  PEORIA  RAILWAY,  a 
standard-guage  road,  laid  with  steel  rails,  extend- 
ing from  Rock  Island  to  Peoria,  91  miles.  It  is 
lessee  of  the  Rock  Island  &  Mercer  County  Rail- 
road, running  from  Milan  to  Cable,  111.,  giving  it 
a  total  length  of  118  miles— with  Peoria  Terminal, 


121.10  miles. — (HISTORY.)  The  company  is  a 
reorganization  (Oct.  9,  1877)  of  the  Peoria  & 
Rock  Island  Railroad  Company,  whose  road  was 
sold  under  foreclosure,  April  4,  1877.  The  latter 
Road  was  the  result  of  the  consolidation,  in  1869, 
of  two  corporations — the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria 
and  the  Peoria  &  Rock  Island  Railroad  Compa- 
nies— the  new  organization  taking  the  latter 
name.  The  road  was  opened  through  its  entire 
length,  Jan.  1,  1872,  its  sale  under  foreclosure  and 
reorganization  under  its  present  name  taking 
place,  as  already  stated,  in  1877.  The  Cable 
Branch  was  organized  in  1876,  as  the  Rock  Island 
&  Mercer  County  Railroad,  and  opened  in  De- 
cember of  the  same  year,  sold  under  foreclosure  in 
1877,  and  leased  to  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Rail- 
road, July  1,  1885,  for  999  years,  the  rental  for 
the  entire  period  being  commuted  at  §450,000.— 
(FINANCIAL.)  The  cost  of  the  entire  road  and 
equipment  was  $2,654,487.  The  capital  stock 
(1898)  is  $1,500.000;  funded  debt,  $600,000;  other 
forms  of  indebtedness  increasing  the  total  capital 
invested  to  $2, 181, 066. 

ROCK  RIVER,  a  stream  which  rises  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Wis.,  and  flows  generally  in  a 
southerly  direction,  a  part  of  its  course  being  very 
sinuous.  After  crossing  the  northern  boundary 
of  Illinois,  it  runs  southwestward,  intersecting 
the  counties  of  Winnebago,  Ogle,  Lee.  Whiteside 
and  Rock  Island,  and  entering  the  Mississippi 
three  miles  below  the  city  of  Rock  Island. 
It  is  about  375  miles  long,  but  its  navigation  is 
partly  obstructed  by  rapids,  which,  however, 
furnish  abundant  water-power.  The  principal 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Rockford.  Dixon  and 
Sterling.  Its  valley  is  wide,  and  noted  for  its 
beauty  and  fertility. 

ROCKTOX,  a  village  in  Winnebago  County,  at 
the  junction  of  two  branches  of  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad,  on  Rock  River. 
13  miles  north  of  Rockford ;  has  manufactures  of 
paper  and  agricultural  implements,  a  feed  mill, 
and  local  paper.  Pop.  (1890).  892;  (1900),  936. 

ROE,  Edward  Reynolds,  A. II..  M.I).,  physician, 
soldier  and  author,  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Ohio, 
June  22,  1813;  removed  with  his  father,  in  1819, 
to  Cincinnati,  and  graduated  at  Louisville  Med- 
ical Institute  in  1842 ;  began  practice  at  Anderson, 
Ind.,  but  soon  removed  to  Shawneetown,  III., 
where  he  gave  much  attention  to  geological 
research  and  made  some  extensive  natural  his- 
tory collections.  From  1848  to  '52  he  resided  at 
Jacksonville,  lectured  extensively  on  his  favorite 
science,  wrote  for  the  press  and,  for  two  yeans 
(1850-52),  edited  "The  Jacksonville  Journal, "  still 


456 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


later  editing  the  newly  established  "Constitu- 
tionalist" for  a  few  months.  During  a  part  of 
this  period  he  was  lecturer  on  natural  science  at 
Shurtleff  College ;  also  delivered  a  lecture  before 
the  State  Legislature  on  the  geology  of  Illinois, 
which  was  immediately  followed  by  the  passage 
of  the  act  establishing  the  State  Geological 
Department.  A  majority  of  both  houses  joined 
in  a  request  for  his  appointment  as  State  Geolo- 
gist, but  it  was  rejected  on  partisan  grounds — 
he,  then,  being  a  Whig.  Removing  to  Blooming 
ton  in  1852,  Dr.  Roe  became  prominent  in  educa- 
tional matters,  being  the  first  Professor  of  Natural 
Science  in  the  State  Normal  University,  and  also 
a  Trustee  of  the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University. 
Having  identified  himself  with  the  Democratic 
party  at  this  time,  he  became  its  nominee  for 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in 
1860,  but,  on  the  inception  of  the  war  in  1861,  he 
promptly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Union,  raised 
three  companies  (mostly  Normal  students)  which 
were  attached  to  the  Thirty-third  Illinois  (Nor- 
mal) Regiment :  was  elected  Captain  and  succes- 
sively promoted  to  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Having  been  dangerously  wounded  in  the  assault 
at  Vicksburg,  on  May  22,  1863,  and  compelled  to 
return  home,  he  was  elected  Circuit  Clerk  by  the 
combined  vote  of  both  parties,  was  re-elected 
four  years  later,  became  editor  of  "The  Bloom- 
ington  Pantagraph"  and.  in  1870,  was  elected  to 
the  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly,  where 
he  won  distinction  by  a  somewhat  notable 
humorous  speech  in  opposition  to  removing  the 
State  Capital  to  Peoria.  In  1871  he  was  ap- 
pointed Marshal  for  the  Southern  District  of  Illi- 
nois, serving  nine  years.  Dr.  Roe  was  a  somewhat 
prolific  author,  having  produced  more  than  a 
dozen  works  which  have  appeared  in  book  form. 
One  of  these,  "Virginia  Rose;  a  Tale  of  Illinois 
in  Early  Days,"  first  appeared  as  a  prize  serial  in 
"The  Alton  Courier"  in  1852.  Others  of  his  more 
noteworthy  productions  are :  "The  Gray  and  the 
Blue";  "Brought  to  Bay";  "From  the  Beaten 
Path";  "G.  A.  R. ;  or  How  She  Married  His 
Double";  "Dr.  Caldwell;  or  the  Trail  of  the 
Serpent";  and  "Prairie-Land  and  Other  Poems." 
He  died  in  Chicago,  Nov.  6,  1893. 

ROGERS,  George  Clarke,  soldier,  was  born  in 
(irafton  County,  N  H.,  Nov.  22,  1838;  but  was 
educated  in  Vermont  and  Illinois,  having  re- 
moved to  the  latter  State  early  in  life.  While 
teaching  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1860;  was  the  first,  in  1861,  to  raise  a  com- 
pany in  Lake  County  for  the  war.  which  was 
mustered  into  the  Fifteenth  Illinois  Volunteers ; 


was  chosen  Second-Lieutenant  and  later  Captain 
was  wounded  four  times  at  Shiloh,  but  refused  to 
leave  the  field,  and  led  his  regiment  in  the  final 
charge:  was  promoted  Lieutenant-Colonel  and 
soon  after  commissioned  Colonel  for  gallantry  at 
Hatchie.  At  Champion  Hills  he  received  three 
wounds,  from  one  of  which  he  never  fully  re- 
covered ;  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  operations 
at  Allatoona  and  commanded  a  brigade  nearly 
two  years,  including  the  Atlanta  campaign, 
retiring  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. Since  the  war  has  practiced  law  in  Illinois 
and  in  Kansas. 

ROGERS,  Henry  Wade,  educator,  lawyer  and 
author,  was  born  in  Central  New  York  in  1853; 
entered  Hamilton  College,  but  the  following 
year  became  a  student  in  Michigan  University, 
graduating  there  in  1874,  also  receiving  the 
degree  of  A.M.,  from  the  same  institution,  in 
1877.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  a  professorship 
in  the  Ann  Arbor  Law  School,  and,  in  1885,  was 
made  Dean  of  the  Faculty,  succeeding  Judge 
Cooley,  at  the  age  of  32.  Five  years  later  he  was 
tendered,  and  accepted,  the  Presidency  of  the 
Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston,  being  the 
first  layman  chosen  to  the  position,  and  succeed- 
ing a  long  line  of  Bishops  and  divines.  The  same 
year  (1890),  Wesleyan  University  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Bar  Association,  has  served 
for  a  number  of  years  on  its  Committee  on  Legal 
Education  and  Admission  to  the  Bar,  and  was 
the  first  Chairman  of  the  Section  on  Legal  Edu- 
cation. President  Rogers  was  the  General  Chair- 
man of  the  Conference  on  the  Future  Foreign 
Policy  of  the  United  States,  held  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  N.  V.,  in  August,  1898.  At  the  Con- 
gress held  in  1893,  as  auxiliary  to  the  Columbian 
Exposition,  he  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Law  Reform  and  Jurisprudence,  ami 
was  for  a  time  associate  editor  of  '  "The  American 
Law  Register,"  of  Philadelphia.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  a  treatise  on  "Expert  Testimony." 
which  has  passed  through  two  editions,  and  has 
edited  a  work  entitled  "Illinois  Citations." 
besides  doing  much  other  valuable  literary  work 
of  a  similar  character. 

ROGERS,  John  Gorln,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Glasgow,  Ky.,  Dec.  28,  1818,  of  English  and  early 
Virginian  ancestry ;  was  educated  at  Center  Col- 
lege, Danville,  Ky.,  and  at  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity, graduating  from  the  latter  institution  in 
1841,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws.  For 
sixteen  years  he  practiced  in  his  native  town, 
and,  in  1857,  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  soon 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


457 


attained  professional  prominence.  In  1870  he 
was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Cook  County  Circuit 
Court,  continuing  on  the  bench,  through  repeated 
re-elections,  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
suddenly,  Jan.  10,  1887,  four  years  before  the 
expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he  had  been 
elected. 

ROGERS  PARK,  a  village  and  suburb  9  miles 
north  of  Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railways ;  has  a  bank  and  two 
weekly  newspapers ;  is  reached  by  electric  street- 
car line  from  Chicago,  and  is  a  popular  residence 
suburb.  Annexed  to  City  of  Chicago,  1893. 

ROLL,  John  F.,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Green 
Village,  N.  J.,  June  4,  1814;  came  to  Illinois  in 
1830,  and  settled  in  Sangamon  County.  He 
assisted  Abraham  Lincoln  in  the  construction  of 
the  flat-boat  with  which  the  latter  descended  the 
Mississippi  River  to  New  Orleans,  in  1831.  Mr. 
Roll,  who  was  a  mechanic  and  contractor,  built 
a  number  of  houses  in  Springfield,  where  he  has 
since  continued  to  reside. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  The  earliest 
Christians  to  establish  places  of  worship  in  Illi- 
nois were  priests  of  the  Catholic  faith.  Early 
Catholic  missionaries  were  explorers  and  histori- 
ans as  well  as  preachers.  (See  Allouez;  Bergier; 
Early  Missionaries;  Oravier;  Marquette.)  The 
church  went  hand  in  hand  with  the  represent- 
atives of  the  French  Government,  carrying  in 
one  hand  the  cross  and  in  the  other  the  flag  of 
France,  simultaneously  disseminating  the  doc- 
trines of  Christianity  and  inculcating  loyalty  to 
the  House  of  Bourbon.  For  nearly  a  hundred 
years,  the  self-sacrificing  and  devoted  Catholic 
clergy  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies ministered  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  the 
early  French  settlers  and  the  natives.  They  were 
not  without  factional  jealousies,  however,  and  a 
severe  blow  was  dealt  to  a  branch  of  them  in  the 
order  for  the  banishment  of  the  Jesuits  and  the 
confiscation  of  their  property.  (See  Early  Mis- 
sionaries.) The  subsequent  occupation  of  the 
country  by  the  English,  with  the  contemporane- 
ous emigration  of  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
French  west  of  the  Mississippi,  dissipated  many 
congregations.  Up  to  1H30  Illinois  was  included 
in  the  diocese  of  Missouri;  but  at  that  time  it  was 
constituted  a  separate  diocese,  under  the  episco- 
pal control  of  Rt.  Rev.  Joseph  Rosatti.  At  that 
date  there  were  few,  if  any,  priests  in  Illinois. 
But  Bishop  Rosatti  was  a  man  of  earnest  purpose 
and  rare  administrative  ability.  New  parishes 
were  organized  as  rapidly  as  circumstances 


would  permit,  and  the  growth  of  the  church  has 
been  steady.  By  1840  there  were  thirty-one 
parishes  and  twenty  priests.  In  1896  there  are 
reported  698  parishes,  764  clergymen  and  a 
Catholic  population  exceeding  850,000.  (See  also 
Religious  Denominations.) 

ROODHOUSE,  a  city  in  Greene  County,  21 
miles  south  of  Jacksonville,  and  at  junction  of 
three  divisions  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad ; 
is  in  fertile  agricultural  and  coal-mining  region . 
city  contains  a  flouring  mill,  grain-elevator,  stock- 
yards, railway  shops,  water-works,  electric  light 
plant,  two  private  banks,  fine  opera  house,  good 
school  buildings,  one  daily  and  two  weekly 
papers.  Pop.  (1890),  2,360;  (1900),  2,351. 

ROODHOUSE,  John,  farmer  and  founder  of 
the  town  of  Roodhouse,  in  Greene  County,  111., 
was  born  in  Yorkshire.  England,  brought  to 
America  in  childhood,  his  father  settling  in 
Greene  County,  111.,  in  1831.  In  his  early  man- 
hood he  opened  a  farm  in  Tazewell  County,  but 
finally  returned  to  the  paternal  home  in  Greene 
County,  where,  on  the  location  of  the  Jackson- 
ville Division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad, 
he  laid  out  the  town  of  Roodhouse,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Louisiana  and  Kansas  City  branch 
with  the  main  line. 

ROOT,  George  Frederick,  musical  composer 
and  author,  was  born  at  Sheffield,  Mass. ,  August 
30,  1820.  He  was  a  natural  musician,  and,  while 
employed  on  his  father's  farm,  learned  to  play  on 
various  instruments.  In  1838  he  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, where  he  began  his  life-work.  Besides 
teaching  music  in  the  public  schools,  he  was 
employed  to  direct  the  musical  service  in  two 
churches.  From  Boston  he  removed  to  New 
York,  and.  in  1850,  went  to  Paris  for  purposes  of 
musical  study.  In  1853  he  made  his  first  public 
essay  as  a  composer  in  the  song.  "Hazel  Dell." 
which  became  popular  at  once.  From  this  time 
forward  his  success  as  a  song-writer  was  assured. 
His  music,  while  not  of  a  high  artistic  character, 
captivated  the  popular  ear  and  appealed  strongly 
to  the  heart.  In  1860  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
Chicago,  where  he  conducted  a  musical  journal 
and  wrote  those  "war  songs"  which  created  and 
perpetuated  his  fame.  Among  the  best  known 
are  "Rally  Round  the  Flag";  "Just  Before  the 
Battle,  Mother";  and  "Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp." 
Other  popular  songs  by  him  are  "Rosalie,  the 
Prairie  Flower";  "A  Hundred  Years  Ago";  and 
"The  Old  Folks  are  Gone."  Besides  songs  In- 
con?  posed  several  cantatas  and  much  sacred 
music,  also  publishing  many  books  of  instruction 
and  numerous  collections  of  vocal  and  instru- 


458 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


mental  music.  In  1872  the  University  of  Chicago 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  Died, 
near  Portland,  Maine,  August  6,  1895. 

ROOTS,  Benajah  Guernsey,  civil  engineer, 
and  educator,  was  born  in  Onondaga  County 
N.  Y.,  April  20,  1811,  and  educated  in  the  schools 
and  academies  of  Central  New  York;  began 
teaching  in  1827,  and.  after  spending  a  year  at 
sea  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  took  a  course  in 
law  and  civil  engineering.  He  was  employed  as 
a  civil  engineer  on  the  Western  Railroad  of 
Massachusetts  until  1838,  when  he  came  to  Illi- 
nois and  obtained  employment  on  the  railroad 
projected  from  Alton  to  Shawneetown,  under 
the  "internal  improvement  system"  of  1837. 
When  that  was  suspended  in  1839,  he  settled  on 
a  farm  near  the  present  site  of  Tamaroa,  Perry 
County,  and  soon  after  opened  a  boarding  school, 
continuing  its  management  until  1846,  when  he 
became  Princijial  of  a  seminary  at  Sparta.  In 
1851  he  went  into  the  service  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  first  as  resident  engineer  in 
charge  of  surveys  and  construction,  later  as  land 
agent  and  attorney.  He  was  prominent  in  the 
introduction  of  the  graded  school  system  in  Illi- 
nois and  in  the  establishment  of  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Bloomington  and  the  University  of 
Illinois  at  Champaign :  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education  from  its  organization, 
and  served  as  delegate  to  the  National  Repub- 
lican Convention  of  1868.  Died,  at  his  home  in 
Perry  County,  111.,  May  9, 1888.— Philander  Keep 
(Roots),  son  of  the  preceding,  born  in  Tolland 
County,  Conn.,  June  4,  1838,  brought  to  Illinois 
the  same  year  and  educated  in  his  father's  school, 
and  in  an  academy  at  Carrollton  and  the  Wes- 
leyan  University  at  Bloomington ;  at  the  age  of 
17  belonged  to  a  corps  of  engineers  employed  on 
a  Southern  railroad,  and,  during  the  war,  served 
as  a  civil  engineer  in  the  construction  and  repair 
of  military  roads.  Later,  he  was  Deputy  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Nebraska;  in  1871  became  Chief 
Engineer  on  the  Cairo  &  Fulton  (now  a  part  of 
the  Iron  Mountain)  Railway;  then  engaged  in 
the  banking  business  in  Arkansas,  first  as  cashier 
of  a  bank  at  Fort  Smith  and  afterwards  of  the 
Merchants'  National  Bank  at  Little  Rock,  of 
which  his  brother,  Logan  H.,  was  President. — 
Logan  H.  (Roots),  another  son,  born  near  Tama- 
roa. Perry  County,  111.,  March  22,  1841,  was  edu- 
cated at  home  and  at  the  State  Normal  at 
Bloomington,  meanwhile  serving  as  principal 
of  a  high  school  at  Duquoin ;  in  1802  enlisted  in 
the  Eighty-first  Illinois  Volunteers,  serving 
through  the  war  and  acting  as  Chief  Commissary 


for  General  Sherman  on  the  "March  to  the  Sea," 
and  participating  in  the  great  review  in  Wash- 
ington, in  May,  1865.  After  the  conclusion  of 
the  war  he  was  appointed  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  the  First  Arkansas  District,  was 
elected  from  that  State  to  the  Fortieth  and 
Forty-first  Congresses  (1868  and  1870)— being,  at 
the  time,  the  youngest  member  in  that  body — and 
was  appointed  United  States  Marshal  by  Presi- 
dent Grant.  He  finally  became  President  of  the 
Merchants'  National  Bank  at  Little  Rock,  with 
which  he  remained  nearly  twenty  years.  Died, 
suddenly,  of  congestion  of  the  brain,  May  30, 
1893,  leaving  an  estate  valued  at  nearly  one  and 
a  half  millions,  of  which  he  gave  a  large  share  to 
charitable  purposes  and  to  the  city  of  Little 
Rock,  for  the  benefit  of  its  hospitals  and  the  im- 
provement of  its  parks. 

ROSE,  James  A.,  Secretary  of  State,  was  born 
at  Golconda,  Pope  County,  111.,  Oct.  13,  1850. 
The  foundation  of  his  education  was  secured  in 
the  public  schools  of  his  native  place,  and,  after 
a  term  in  the  Normal  University  at  Normal,  111., 
at  the  age  of  18  he  took  charge  of  a  country 
school.  Soon  he  was  chosen  Principal  of  the 
Golconda  graded  schools,  was  later  made  County 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  re-elected  -for  a 
second  term.  During  his  second  term  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and,  resigning  the  office  of 
Superintendent,  was  elected  State's  Attorney 
without  opposition,  being  re-elected  for  another 
term.  In  1889,  by  appointment  of  Governor 
Fifer,  he  became  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Pontiac  Reformatory,  serving  until  the  nest 
year,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  of  the  Southern  Illinois  Peniten- 
tiary at  Chester,  which  position  he  continued  to 
occupy  until  1893.  In  1896  he  was  elected  Secre- 
tary of  State  on  the  Republican  ticket,  his  term 
extending  to  January,  1901. 

ROSEVILLE,  a  village  in  Warren  County,  on 
the  Rock  Island  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railroad,  17  miles  northwest  of 
Bushnell ;  has  water  and  electric-light  plants,  two 
banks,  public  library  and  one  newspaper  Region 
agricultural  and  coal-mining.  Pop.  (1900),  1,014. 

ROSS,  Leonard  Fnlton,  soldier,  born  in  Fulton 
County,  111.,  July  18,  1823;  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Illinois  College,  Jackson- 
ville, studied  law  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845; 
the  following  year  enlisted  in  the  Fourth  Illinois 
Volunteers  for  the  Mexican  War,  became  First 
Lieutenant  and  was  commended  for  services  at 
Vera  Cruz  and  Cerro  Gordo ;  also  performed  im- 
portant service  as  bearer  of  dispatches  for  Gen- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


459 


eral  Taylor.  After  the  war  he  served  six  years 
as  Probate  Judge.  In  May,  1861,  he  enlisted  in 
the  war  for  the  Union,  and  was  chosen  Colonel 
of  the  Seventeenth  Illinois  Volunteers,  serving 
with  it  in  Missouri  and  Kentucky ;  was  commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General  a  few  weeks  after  the 
capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  and,  after  the  evacu- 
ation of  Corinth,  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  a  division  with  headquarters  at  Bolivar,  Tenn. 
He  resigned  in  July,  1863,  and,  in  1867,  was 
appointed  by  President  Johnson  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  Ninth  District;  has 
been  three  times  a  delegate  to  National  Repub- 
lican Conventions  and  twice  defeated  as  a  candi- 
date for  Congress  in  a  Democratic  District. 
Since  the  war  he  has  devoted  his  attention 
largely  to  stock-raising,  having  a  large  stock- 
farm  in  Iowa.  In  his  later  years  was  President 
of  a  bank  at  Lewistown,  111.  Died  Jan.  17,  1901. 
ROSS,  (Col.)'  William,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Monson,  Hampden  County,  Mass.,  April  24,  1792; 
removed  with  his  father's  family,  in  1805,  to 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  his 
twentieth  year,  when  he  was  commissioned  an 
Ensign  in  the  Twenty-first  Regiment  United 
States  Infantry,  serving  through  the  War  of 
1812-14,  and  participating  in  the  battle  of  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  serv- 
ice he  acted  as  drill-master  at  various  points. 
Then,  returning  to  Pittsfield,  he  carried  on  the 
business  of  blacksmithing  as  an  employer,  mean- 
while rilling  some  local  offices.  In  1820,  a  com- 
pany consisting  of  himself  and  four  brothers, 
with  their  families  and  a  few  others,  started  for 
the  West,  intending  to  settle  in  Illinois.  Reach- 
ing the  head-waters  of  the  Allegheny  overland, 
they  transferred  their  wagons,  teams  and  other 
property  to  flat-boats,  descending  that  stream 
and  the  Ohio  to  Shawneetown,  111.  Here  they 
disembarked  and,  crossing  the  State,  reached 
Upper  Alton,  where  they  found  only  one  house, 
that  of  Maj.  Charles  W.  Hunter.  Leaving  their 
families  at  Upper  Alton,  the  brothers  proceeded 
north,  crossing  the  Illinois  River  near  its  mouth, 
until  they  reached  a  point  in  the  western  part  of 
the  present  county  of  Pike,  where  the  town  of 
Atlas  was  afterwards  located.  Here  they 
erected  four  rough  log-cabins,  on  a  beautiful 
prairie  not  far  from  the  Mississippi,  removing 
their  families  thither  a  few  weeks  later.  They 
suffered  the  usual  privations  incident  to  life  in  a 
new  country,  not  excepting  sickness  and  deatli 
of  some  of  their  number.  At  the  next  session  of 
the  Legislature  (1820-21)  Pike  County  was  estab- 
lished, embracing  all  that  part  of  the  State  west 


and  north  of  the  Illinois,  and  including  the 
present  cities  of  Galena  and  Chicago.  The  Ross 
settlement  became  the  nucleus  of  the  town  of 
Atlas,  laid  out  by  Colonel  Ross  and  his  associates 
in  1823,  at  an  early  day  the  rival  of  Quincy,  and 
becoming  the  second  county-seat  of  Pike  County, 
so  remaining  from  1824  to  1833,  when  the  seat  of 
justice  was  removed  to  Pittsfield.  During  this 
period  Colonel  Ross  was  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent citizens  of  the  county,  holding,  simultane- 
ously or  successively,  the  offices  of  Probate 
Judge,  Circuit  and  County  Clerk,  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  others  of  a  subordinate  character. 
As  Colonel  of  Militia,  in  1832,  he  was  ordered  by 
Governor  Reynolds  to  raise  a  company  for  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  and,  in  four  days,  reported  at 
Beardstown  with  twice  the  number  of  men 
called  for.  In  1834  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  General  Assembly,  also  serving  in 
the  Senate  during  the  three  following  sessions,  a 
part  of  the  time  as  President  pro  tern,  of  the  last- 
named  body.  While  in  the  General  Assembly  he 
was  instrumental  in  securing  legislation  of  great 
importance  relating  to  Military  Tract  lands. 
The  year  following  the  establishment  of  the 
county-seat  at  Pittsfield  (1834)  he  became  a  citi- 
zen of  that  place,  which  be  had  the  privilege  of 
naming  for  his  early  home.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Republican  State  Convention  of  1856,  and  a 
delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Convention 
of  1860,  which  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  Presi- 
dent the  first  time.  Beginning  life  poor  he 
acquired  considerable  property;  was  liberal,  pub- 
lic-spirited and  patriotic,  making  a  handsome 
donation  to  the  first  company  organized  in  Pike 
County,  for  the  suppression  of  the  Rebellion. 
Died,  at  Pittsfield.  May  31,  1873. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  village  of  Vermillion  County, 
on  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  19 
miles  north  of  Danville ;  has  electric-light  plant, 
water- works,  tile  and  brick-works,  two  banks  and 
two  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  879;  (1900),  1,435. 

ROUNDS,  Sterling  Parker,  public  printer, 
was  born  in  Berkshire,  Vt.,  June  27,  1828;  about 
1840  began  learning  the  printer's  trade  at  Ken- 
osha,  Wis.,  anil,  in  1S4T>.  was  foreman  of  the  State 
printing  office  at  Madison,  afterward  working  in 
offices  in  Milwaukee.  Racine  and  Buffalo,  going 
to  Chicago  in  18.51.  Here  he  finally  established 
a  printer's  warehouse,  to  which  he  later  added  an 
electrotype  foundry  and  the  manufacture  of 
presses,  also  commencing  the  issue  of  "Round's 
Printers'  Cabinet,"  a  trade-paper,  which  was 
continued  during  his  life.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Garfield  Public  Printer  at 


460 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Washington,  sen-ing  until  1885,  when  he  removed 
to  Omaha,  Neb.,  and  was  identified  with  "The 
Republican, "  of  that  city,  until  his  death,  Dec. 
17,  1887. 

ROUNTREE,  Hiram,  County  Judge,  born  in 
Rutherford  County,  N.  C.,  Dec.  22,  1794;  was 
brought  to  Kentucky  in  infancy,  where  he  grew 
to  manhood  and  served  as  an  Ensign  in  the  War 
of  1812  under  General  Shelby.  In  1817  he  re- 
moved to  Illinois  Territory,  first  locating  in 
Hadison  County,  where  he  taught  school  for  two 
years  near  Edwardsville,  but  removed  to  Fayette 
County  about  the  time  of  the  removal  of  the 
State  capital  to  Vandalia.  On  the  organization 
of  Montgomery  County,  in  1821,  he  was  appointed 
to  office  there  and  ever  afterwards  resided  at 
Hillsboro.  For  a  number  of  years  in  the  early 
history  of  the  county,  he  held  (at  the  same  time) 
the  offices  of  Clerk  of  the  County  Commissioners 
Court,  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  County 
Recorder,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Notary  Public, 
Master  in  Chancery  and  Judge  of  Probate,  besides 
that  of  Postmaster  for  the  town  of  Hillsboro.  In 
1826  he  was  elected  Enrolling  and  Engrossing 
Clerk  of  the  Senate  and  re-elected  in  1830 ;  served 
as  Delegate  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1847,  and  the  next  year  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate,  serving  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teenth General  Assemblies.  On  retiring  from 
the  Senate  (1852),  he  was  elected  County  Judge 
without  opposition,  was  re-elected  to  the  same 
office  in  1861,  and  again,  in  1865,  as  the  nominee 
of  the  Republicans.  Judge  Rountree  was  noted 
for  his  sound  judgment  and  sterling  integrity. 
Died,  at  Hillsboro,  March  4,  1873. 

ROUTT,  John  L.,  soldier  and  Governor,  was 
born  at  Eddyville,  Ky.,  April  23,  1826,  brought 
to  Illinois  in  infancy  and  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools.  Soon  after  coming  of  age  he  was 
elected  and  served  one  term  as  Sheriff  of  McLean 
County ;  in  1862  enlisted  and  became  Captain  of 
Company  E,  Ninety-fourth  Illinois  Volunteers. 
After  the  war  he  engaged  in  business  in  Bloom- 
ington,  and  was  apjxjinted  by  President  Grant, 
successively,  United  States  Marshal  for  the 
Southern  District  of  Illinois,  Second  Assistant 
Postmaster-General  and  Territorial  Governor  of 
Colorado.  On  the  admission  of  Colorado  as  a 
State,  he  was  elected  the  first  Governor  under  the 
State  Government,  and  re-elected  in  1890 — serv- 
ing, in  all,  three  years.  His  home  is  in  Denver. 
He  lias  been  extensively  and  successfully  identi- 
fied with  mining  enterprises  in  Colorado. 

Utitt  i:i.l..  Jonathan  II.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  Feb.  10,  1833.  He  is  a 


graduate  of  Eureka  College  and  of  the  Law 
Department  of  the  Chicago  University.  During 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion  he  served  three  years  as 
company  officer  in  the  Seventeenth  Illinois 
Infantry.  In  1868  he  was  elected  State's  Attor- 
ney for  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit,  and,  in  1880, 
was  a  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican 
ticket.  In  1882  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from 
the  Fourteenth  Illinois  District  and  three  times 
re-elected,  serving  until  March,  1891.  His  home 
is  at  Bloomington. 

ROWETT,  Richard,  soldier,  was  born  in  Corn- 
wall, England,  in  1830,  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1851,  finally  settling  on  a  farm  near 
Carlinville,  111.,  and  becoming  a  breeder  of 
thorough-bred  horses.  In  1861  he  entered  the 
service  as  a  Captain  in  the  Seventh  Illinois 
Volunteers  and  was  successively  promoted 
Major,  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel;  was 
wounded  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Corinth  and 
Allatoona,  especially  distinguishing  himself  at  the 
latter  and  being  brevetted  Brigadier-General  for 
gallantry.  After  the  war  lie  returned  to  his 
stock-farm,  but  later  held  the  positions  of  Canal 
Commissioner,  Penitentiary  Commissioner,  Rep- 
resentative in  the  Thirtieth  General  Assem- 
bly and  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the 
Fourth  (Quincy)  District,  until  its  consolidation 
with  the  Eighth  District  by  President  Cleveland. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  July  13,  1887. 

RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  located  in  Chi- 
cago; incorporated  by  act  of  March  2,  1837,  the 
charter  having  been  prepared  the  previous  year 
by  Drs.  Daniel  Brainard  and  Josiah  C.  Goodhue. 
The  extreme  financial  depression  of  the  following 
year  prevented  the  organization  of  a  faculty 
until  1843.  The  institution  was  named  in  honor 
of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  the  eminent  practitioner, 
medical  author  and  teacher  of  Philadelphia  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  The  first 
faculty  consisted  of  four  professors,  and  the  first 
term  opened  on  Dec.  4,  1843,  with  a  class  of 
twenty-two  students.  Three  years'  study  was 
required  for  graduation,  but  only  two  annual 
terms  of  sixteen  weeks  each  need  be  attended  at 
the  college  itself.  Instruction  was  given  in  a 
few  rooms  temporarily  opened  for  that  purpose. 
The  next  year  a  small  building,  costing  between 
§3,000  and  $4,000,  was  erected.  This  was  re-ar- 
ranged and  enlarged  in  1855  at  a.  cost  of  $15,000. 
The  constant  and  rapid  growth  of  the  college 
necessitated  the  erection  of  a  new  building  in 
1867,  the  cost  of  which  was  S70.000.  This  was 
destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1H71.  and  another,  costing 
$54,000,  was  erected  in  1876  and  a  free  dispensary 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


added.  In  1844  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  was 
located  on  a  portion  of  the  college  lot,  and  the 
two  institutions  connected,  thus  insuring  abun- 
dant and  stable  facilities  for  clinical  instruction. 
Shortly  afterwards,  Rush  College  became  the 
medical  department  of  Lake  Forest  University. 
The  present  faculty  (1898)  consists  of  95  profes-  . 
sors,  adjunct  professors,  lecturers  and  instructors 
of  all  grades,  and  over  600  students  in  attend- 
ance. The  length  of  the  annual  terms  is  six 
months,  and  four  years  of  study  are  required  for 
graduation,  attendance  upon  at  least  three  col- 
lege terms  being  compulsory. 

EUSHVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Schuyler 
County,  50  miles  northeast  of  Quincy  and  11 
miles  northwest  of  Beardstown ;  is  the  southern 
terminus  of  the  Buda  and  Rush ville  branch  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.  The 
town  was  selected  as  the  county-seat  in  1826, 
the  seat  of  justice  being  removed  from  a  place 
called  Beardstown,  about  five  miles  eastward 
(not  the  present  Beardstown  in  Cass  County), 
where  it  had  been  located  at  the  time  of  the 
organization  of  Schuyler  County,  a  year  previous. 
At  first  the  new  seat  of  justice  was  called  Rush- 
ton,  in  honor  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  but  after- 
wards took  its  present  mime.  It  is  a  coal-mining, 
grain  and  fruit-growing  region,  and  contains 
several  manufactories,  including  flour-mills,  brick 
and  tile  works;  also  lias  two  banks  (State  and 
private)  and  a  public  library.  Four  periodicals 
(one  daily)  are  published  here.  Population 
(1880),  1,662;  (1890),  2,031;  (1900),  2,292. 

RUSSELL,  John,  pioneer  teacher  and  author, 
was  born  at  Cavendish,  Vt.,  July  31,  1793.  and 
educated  in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
State  and  at  Middlebury  College,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1818 — having  obtained  means  to  support 
himself,  during  his  college  course,  by  teaching 
and  by  the  publication,  before  he  had  reached  his 
20th  year,  of  a  volume  entitled  "The  Authentic 
History  of  Vermont  State  Prison. "  After  gradu- 
ation he  taught  for  a  short  time  in  Georgia ;  but, 
early  in  the  following  year,  joined  his  father  on 
the  way  to  Missouri.  The  next  five  years  he 
spent  in  teaching  in  the  "Bonhommie  Bottom" 
on  the  Missouri  River.  During  this  period  he 
published,  anonymously,  in  "The  St.  Charles  Mis- 
sourian,"  a  temperance  allegory  entitled  "The 
Venomous  Worm"  (or  "The  Worm  of  the  Still"), 
which  gained  a  wide  popularity  and  was  early 
recognized  by  the  compilers  of  school-readers  as 
a  sort  of  classic.  Leaving  this  locality  he  taught 
a  year  in  St.  Louis,  when  he  removed  to  Vandalia 
(then  the  capital  of  Illinois),  after  which  he  spent 


two  years  teaching  in  the  Seminary  at  Upper 
Alton,  which  afterwards  became  Shurtleff  College. 
In  1828  he  removed  to  Greene  County,  locating 
at  a  point  near  the  Illinois  River  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  Bluffdale.  Here  he  was  li- 
censed as  a  Baptist  preacher,  officiating  in  this  ca- 
pacity only  occasionally,  while  pursuing  his 
calling  as  a  teacher  or  writer  for  the  press,  to 
which  he  was  an  almost  constant  contributor 
during  the  last  twenty-five  years  of  his  life 
About  1837  or  1838  he  was  editor  of  a  paper  called 
"The  Backwoodsman"  at  Grafton — then  a  part 
of  Greene  County,  but  now  in  Jersey  County — to 
which  he  afterwards  continued  to  be  a  contribu 
tor  some  time  longer,  and,  in  1841-42,  was  editor 
of  "The  Advertiser, '  at  Louisville,  Ky.  He  was 
also,  for  several  years.  Principal  of  the  Spring 
Hill  Academy  in  East  Feliciana  Parish,  La., 
meanwhile  serving  for  a  portion  of  the  time  as 
Superintendent  of  Public  Schools.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  stories  and  sketches,  some 
of  which  went  through  several  editions,  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  had  in  preparation  a  his 
toryof  "The  Black  Hawk  War,"  "Evidences  of 
Christianity"  and  a  "History  of  Illinois."  He 
was  an  accomplished  linguist,  being  able  to  read 
with  fluency  Greek.  Latin,  French,  Spanish  and 
Italian,  besides  having  considerable  familiarity 
with  several  other  modern  languages.  In  1862 
he  received  from  the  University  of  Chicago  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  Died,  Jan.  2.  1863,  and  was 
buried  on  the  old  homestead  at  BlufTdale 

RUSSELL,  Martin  J.,  politician  and  journal- 
ist, born  in  Chicago,  Dec.  20,  1845.  He  was  a 
nephew  of  Col.  James  A.  Mulligan  (see  Muttigaii, 
James  A.)  and  served  with  credit  as  Adjutant  - 
General  on  the  staff  of  the  latter  in  the  Civil 
War.  In  1870  he  became  a  reporter  on  "The 
Chicago  Evening  Post,"  and  was  advanced  to 
the  position  of  city  editor.  Subsequently  he  was 
connected  with  "The  Times,"  and  "The  Tele- 
gram" ;  was  also  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation of  Hyde  Park  before  the  annexation  of 
that  village  to  Chicago,  and  lias  been  one  of  the 
South  Park  Commissioners  of  the  city  last  named. 
After  the  purchase  of  "The  Chicago  Times"  by 
Carter  H.  Harrison  he  remained  for  a  time  on 
the  editorial  staff.  In  1894  President  Cleveland 
appointed  him  Collector  of  the  Port  of  Chicago. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  he  resumed 
editorial  work  as  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Chron- 
icle," the  organ  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
Chicago.  Died  June  25.  1900. 

RUTHERFORD,  Friend  S.,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  in  Schenectady.  X.  Y.,  Sept.  25. 


462 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


1820;  studied  law  in  Troy  and  removed  to  Illi- 
nois, settling  -at  Edwardsville,  and  finally  at 
Alton;  was  a  Republican  candidate  for  Presi- 
dential Elector  in  18.»6,  and,  in  1860,  a  member  of 
t  lie  National  Republican  Convention  at  Chicago, 
which  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency. 
In  September,  1862,  he  was  commissioned  Colonel 
<>f  the  Ninety -seventh  Illinois  Volunteers,  and 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Port  Gibson  and  in 
the  operations  about  Vicksburg — also  leading  in 
t  he  attack  on  Arkansas  Post,  and  subsequently 
serving  in  Louisiana,  but  died  as  the  result  of 
fatigue  and  exposure  in  the  service,  June  20, 
1 H64,  one  week  )>efore  his  promotion  to  the  rank 
of  Brigadier-General. — Reuben  C.  (Rutherford), 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y. , 
Sept.  29,  1823.  but  grew  up  in  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire;  received  a  degree  in  law  when  quite 
young,  but  afterwards  fitted  himself  as  a  lec- 
turer on  physiology  and  hygiene,  upon  which  he 
lectured  extensively  ii^  Michigan,  Illinois  and 
other  States  after  coming  west  in  1849.  During 
1854-55,  in  co-operation  with  Prof.  J.  B.  Turner 
and  others,  he  canvassed  and  lectured  extensively 
throughout  Illinois  in  support  of  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  donation  of  public  lands, 
by  Congress,  for  the  establishment  of  "Industrial 
Colleges"  in  the  several  States.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign, 
was  the  outgrowth  of  this  movement.  In  1856  he 
located  at  Quincy.  where  he  resided  some  thirty 
years;  in  1861.  served  for  several  months  as  the 
first  Commissary  of  Subsistence  at  Cairo;  was 
later  associated  with  the  State  Quartermaster's 
Department,  finally  entering  the  secret  service  of 
the  War  Department,  in  which  he  remained  until 
1867,  retiring  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Brigadier- 
General.  In  1886,  General  Rutherford  removed 
to  New  York  City,  where  he  died,  June  24, 1895. — 
George  V.  (Rutherford),  another  brother,  was 
liorn  at  Rutland,  Vt,  1830;  was  first  admitted  to 
the  bar,  but  afterwards  took  charge  of  the  con- 
struction of  telegraph  lines  in  some  of  the  South- 
ern States;  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
became  Assistant  Quartermaster-General  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  at  Springfield,  under  ex-Gov. 
.lohn  Wood,  but  subsequently  entered  the 
Quartermaster's  service  of  the  General  Govern- 
ment in  Washington,  retiring  after  the  war  with 
the  rank  of  Brigadier-General.  He  then  returned 
to  Quincy,  111. ,  where  he  resided  until  1872,  when 
1 10  engaged  in  manufacturing  business  at  North 
ainpton,  Mass..  but  finally  removed  to  California 
for  the  benefit  of  his  failing  health.  Died,  at  St. 
Helena,  Cal,  August  28,  1872. 


RUTLAND,  a  village  of  La  Salle  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  25  miles  south  of  La 
Salle;  has  a  bank,  five  churches,  school,  and  a 
newspaper,  with  coal  mines  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
(1890),  509;  (1900),  893;  (1903),  1,093. 

RUTLEDtiE,  (Rev.)  William  J.,  clergyman, 
Army  Chaplain,  born  in  Augusta  County,  Va., 
June  24,  1820;  was  converted  at  the  age  of  12 
years  and,  at  21,  became  a  member  of  the  Illinois 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
serving  various  churches  in  the  central  and  west- 
ern parts  of  the  State — also  acting,  for  a  time,  as 
Agent  of  the  Illinois  Conference  Female  College 
at  Jacksonville.  From  1861  to  1863  he  was  Chap- 
lain of  the  Fourteenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volun- 
teers. Returning  from  the  war,  he  served  as 
pastor  of  churches  at  Jacksonville,  Bloomington, 
Quincy,  Rushville,  Springfield,  Griggsville  and 
other  points;  from  1881  to  '84  was  Chaplain  of 
the  Illinois  State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet.  Mr. 
Rutledge  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  and  served  for  many  years 
as  Chaplain  of  the  order  for  the  Department  of 
Illinois.  In  connection  with  the  ministry,  he 
has  occupied  a  supernumerary  relation  since 
1885.  Died  in  Jacksonville,  April  14,  1900. 

KIT/,  Edward,  State  Treasurer,  was  born  in 
a  village  in  the  Duchy  of  Baden,  Germany,  May 
5,  1829;  came  to  America  in  1848,  locating  on  a 
farm  in  St.  Clair  County,  111. ;  went  to  California 
in  1857,  and,  early  in  1861,  enlisted  in  the  Third 
United  States  Artillery  at  San  Francisco,  serving 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  until  his  discharge 
in  1864,  and  taking  part  in  every  battle  in  which 
his  command  was  engaged.  After  his  return  in 
1865,  he  located  in  St.  Clair  County,  and  was 
elected  County  Surveyor,  served  three  consecu- 
tive terms  as  County  Treasurer,  and  was  elected 
State  Treasurer  three  times— 1872,  '76  and  '80. 
About  1892  he  removed  to  California,  where  he 
now  resides. 

RYAN,  Edward  G.,  early  editor  and  jurist, 
born  at  Newcastle  House,  County  Meath,  Ireland, 
Nov.  13,  1810;  was  educated  for  the  priesthood, 
but  turned  his  attention  to  law,  and,  in  1830, 
came  to  New  York  and  engaged  in  teaching 
while  prosecuting  his  legal  studies;  in  1836  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  was,  for  a  time,  associated  in  practice 
with  Hugh  T.  Dickey.  In  April,  1840,  Mr.  Ryan 
assumed  the  editorship  of  a  weekly  paper  in  Chi- 
cago called  "The  Illinois  Tribune,"  which  he 
conducted  for  over  a  year,  and  which  is  remem- 
bered chiefly  on  account  of  its  bitter  assaults  on 
Judge  John  Pearson  of  Danville,  who  had 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


463 


aroused  the  hostility  of  some  members  of  the 
Chicago  bar  by  his  rulings  upon  the  bench. 
About  1842  Ryan  removed  to  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
where  he  was,  for  a  time,  a  partner  of  Matthew 
H.  Carpenter  (afterwards  United  States  Senator), 
and  was  connected  with  a  number  of  celebrated 
trials  before  the  courts  of  that  State,  including 
the  Barstow-Bashford  case,  which  ended  with 
Bashford  becoming  the  first  Republican  Governor 
of  Wisconsin.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Wisconsin,  serving  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  Madison,  Oct.  19,  1880.  He 
was  a  strong  partisan,  and,  during  the  Civil  War, 
was  an  intense  opponent  of  the  war  policy  of  the 
Government.  In  spite  of  infirmities  of  temper, 
he  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  much  learning 
and  recognized  legal  ability. 

RYAN,  James,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop,  born 
in  Ireland  in  1848  and  emigrated  to  America  in 
childhood;  was  educated  for  the  priesthood  in 
Kentucky,  and,  after  ordination,  was  made  a  pro- 
fessor in  St.  Joseph's  Seminary,  at  Bardstown, 
Ky.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Illinois,  attaching 
himself  to  the  diocese  of  Peoria,  and  having 
charge  of  parishes  at  Wataga  and  Danville.  In 
1881  he  became  rector  of  the  Ottawa  parish, 
within  the  episcopal  jurisdiction  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Chicago.  In  1888  he  was  made  Bishop 
of  the  see  of  Alton,  the  prior  incumbent  (Bishop 
Baltes)  having  died  in  1886. 

SACS  AND  FOXES,  two  confederated  Indian 
tribes,  who  were  among  the  most  warlike  and 
powerful  of  the  aborigines  of  the  Illinois  Country. 
The  Foxes  called  themselves  the  Musk-wah-ha- 
kee,  a  name  compounded  of  two  words,  signify- 
ing "those  of  red  earth."  The  French  called 
them  Ou-ta-ga-mies,  that  being  their  spelling  of 
the  name  given  them  by  other  tribes,  the  mean- 
ing of  which  was  "Foxes,"  and  which  was 
bestowed  upon  them  because  their  totem  (or 
armorial  device,  as  it  may  be  called)  was  a  fox. 
They  seem  to  have  been  driven  westward  from 
the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  by  way  of 
Niagara  and  Mackinac,  to  the  region  around 
Green  Bay,  Wis.— Concerning  their  allied  breth- 
ren, the  Sacs,  less  is  known.  The  name  is  vari- 
ously spelled  in  the  Indian  dialects — Ou-sa-kies, 
Sauks,  etc. — and  the  term  Sacs  is  unquestionably 
an  abbreviated  corruption.  Black  Hawk  be- 
longed to  this  tribe.  The  Foxes  and  Sacs  formed 
a  confederation  according  to  aboriginal  tradition, 
on  what  is  now  known  as  the  Sac  River,  near 
Green  Bay.  but  the  date  of  the  alliance  cannot 
be  determined.  The  origin  of  the  Sacs  is  equally 


uncertain.  Black  Hawk  claimed  that  his  tribe 
originally  dwelt  around  Quebec,  but,  as  to  the 
authenticity  of  this  claim,  historical  authorities 
differ  widely.  Subsequent  to  1670  the  history  of 
the  allied  tribes  is  tolerably  well  defined.  Their 
characteristics,  location  and  habits  are  described 
at  some  length  by  Father  Allouez,  who  visited 
them  in  1666-67.  He  says  that  they  were  numer- 
ous and  warlike,  but  depicts  them  as  "penurious, 
avaricious,  thievish  and  quarrelsome."  That 
they  were  cordially  detested  by  their  neighbors 
is  certain,  and  Judge  James  Hall  calls  them  "the 
Ishmaelites  of  the  lakes. "  They  were  unfriendly 
to  the  French,  who  attached  to  themselves  other 
tribes,  and,  through  the  aid  of  the  latter,  had 
well-nigh  exterminated  them,  when  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes  sued  for  peace,  which  was  granted  on 
terms  most  humiliating  to  the  vanquished.  By 
1718,  however,  they  were  virtually  in  possession 
of  the  region  around  Rock  River  in  Illinois,  and. 
four  years  later,  through  the  aid  of  the  Mascou- 
tins  and  Kickapoos,  they  had  expelled  the  Illinois, 
driving  the  last  of  that  ill-fated  tribe  across  th« 
Illinois  River.  They  abstained  from  taking  part 
in  the  border  wars  that  marked  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  War.  and  therefore  did  not  par- 
ticipate in  the  treaty  of  Greenville  in  1795.  At 
that  date,  according  to  Judge  Hall,  they  claimed 
the  country  as  far  west  as  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa, 
and  as  far  north  as  Prairie  du  Chien.  They 
offered  to  co-operate  with  the  United  States 
Government  in  the  War  of  1812,  but  this  offer 
was  declined,  and  a  portion  of  the  tribe,  under 
the  leadership  of  Black  Hawk,  enlisted  on  the 
side  of  the  British.  The  Black  Hawk  War  proved 
their  political  ruin.  By  the  treaty  of  Rock  Island 
they  ceded  vast  tracts  of  land,  including  a  large 
part  of  the  eastern  half  of  Iowa  and  a  large  body 
of  land  east  of  the  Mississippi.  (See  Black  Hawk 
\\'ar;  Indian  Treaties.)  In  1842  the  Government 
divided  the  nation  into  two  bands,  removing  both 
to  reservations  in  the  farther  West.  One  was 
located  on  the  Osage  River  and  the  other  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Nee-ma-ha  River,  near  the 
northwest  corner  of  Kansas.  From  these  reser- 
vations, there  is  little  doubt,  many  of  them  have 
silently  emigrated  toward  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
where  the  hoe  might  be  laid  aside  for  the  rifle, 
the  net  and  the  spear  of  the  hunter.  A  few 
years  ago  a  part  of  these  confederated  tribes 
were  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  Oklahoma. 

SAILOR  SPRINGS,  a  village  and  health  resort 
in  Clay  County,  5  miles  north  of  Clay  City,  has 
an  academy  and  a  local  paper.  Population  (1900), 
419;  (1903,  est.),  550.  i 


464 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


SALEM,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county-seat 
of  Marion  County,  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western, the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  and  the 
Illinois  Southern  Railroads,  71  miles  east  of  St. 
Louis,  and  16  miles  northeast  of  Centralia;  in 
agricultural  and  coal  district.  A  leading  indus- 
try is  the  culture,  evaporation  and  shipment  of 
fruit.  The  city  has  flour-mills,  two  banks  and 
three  weekly  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  1,493; 
(1900),  1,642. 

SALINE  COUNTY,  a  southeastern  county, 
organized  in  1847,  having  an  area  of  380  square 
miles.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  salt  springs 
which  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  county. 
The  northern  portion  is  rolling  and  yields  an 
abundance  of  coal  of  a  quality  suitable  for  smith- 
ing. The  bottoms  are  swampy,  but  heavily 
timbered,  and  saw-mills  abound.  Oak,  hickory, 
sweet  gum,  mulberry,  locust  and  sassafras  are 
the  prevailing  varieties.  Fruit  and  tobacco  are 
extensively  cultivated.  The  climate  is  mild  and 
humid,  and  the  vegetation  varied.  The  soil  of 
the  low  lands  is  rich,  and.  when  drained,  makes 
excellent  farming  lands.  In  some  localities  a 
good  gray  sandstone,  soft  enough  to  be  worked, 
is  quarried,  and  millstone  grit  is  frequently  found. 
In  the  southern  half  of  the  county  are  the  Eagle 
Mountains,  a  line  of  hills  having  an  altitude  of 
some  450  to  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  Cairo,  and  believed  by  geologists  to 
have  been  a  part  of  the  upheaval  that  gave  birth 
to  the  Ozark  Mountains  in  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas. The  highest  land  in  the  county  is  864  feet 
above  sea-level.  Tradition  says  that  these  hills 
are  rich  in  silver  ore,  but  it  has  not  been  found 
in  paying  quantities.  Springs  strongly  impreg- 
nated with  sulphur  are  found  on  the  slopes.  The 
county-seat  was  originally  located  at  Raleigh, 
which  was  platted  in  1848,  but  it  was  subse- 
quently removed  to  Harrisburg,  which  was  laid 
out  in  1859.  Population  of  the  county  (1880). 
15,940;  (1890),  19,342;  (1900),  21,685. 

SALINE  RIVER,  a  stream  formed  by  the  con- 
fluence of  two  branches,  both  of  which  flow 
through  portions  of  Saline  County,  uniting  in 
Gallatin  County.  The  North  Fork  rises  in  Hamil- 
ton County  and  runs  nearly  south,  while  the 
South  Fork  drains  part  of  Williamson  County, 
and  runs  east  through  Saline.  The  river  (which 
is  little  more  than  a  creek),  thus  formed,  runs 
southeast,  entering  the  Ohio  ten  miles  below 
Shawneetown. 

SALT  MANUFACTURE.  There  is  evidence 
going  to  show  that  the  saline  springs,  in  Gallatin 
County,  were  utilized  by  the  aboriginal  inhabit- 


ants in  the  making  of  salt,  long  before  the  advent 
of  white  settlers.  There  have  been  discovered,  at 
various  points,  what  appear  to  be  the  remains  of 
evaporating  kettles,  composed  of  hardened  clay 
and  pounded  shells,  varying  in  diameter  from 
three  to  four  feet.  In  1812,  with  a  view  to  en- 
couraging the  manufacture  of  salt  from  these 
springs,  Congress  granted  to  Illinois  the  use  of 
36  square  miles,  the  fee  still  remaining  in  the 
United  States.  These  lands  were  .leased  by  the 
State  to  private  parties,  but  the  income  derived 
from  them  was  comparatively  small  and  fre- 
quently difficult  of  collection.  The  workmen 
were  mostly  slaves  from  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see, who  are  especially  referred  to  in  Article  VI. , 
Section  2,  of  the  Constitution  of  1818.  The  salt 
made  brought  |5  per  100  pounds,  and  was  shipped 
in  keel-boats  to  various  points  on  the  Ohio,  Mis- 
sissippi, Tennessee  and  Cumberland  Rivers,  while 
many  purchasers  came  hundreds  of  miles  on 
horseback  and  carried  it  away  on  pack  animals. 
In  1827.  the  State  treasury  being  empty  and  the 
General  Assembly  having  decided  to  erect  a  peni- 
tentiary at  Alton,  Congress  was  petitioned  to 
donate  these  lands  to  the  State  in  fee,  and  per- 
mission was  granted  "to  sell  30,000  acres  of  the 
Ohio  Salines  in  Gallatin  County,  and  apply  the 
proceeds  to  such  purposes  as  the  Legislature 
might  by  law  direct."  The  sale  was  made,  one- 
half  of  the  proceeds  set  apart  for  the  building  of 
the  penitentiary,  and  one-half  to  the  improve- 
ment of  roads  and  rivers  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  State.  The  manufacture  of  salt  was  carried 
on,  however — for  a  time  by  lessees  and  subse- 
quently by  owners — until  1873,  about  which  time 
it  was  abandoned,  chiefly  because  it  had  ceased 
to  be  profitable  on  account  of  competition  with 
other  districts  possessing  superior  facilities. 
Some  salt  was  manufactured  in  Vermilion  County 
about  1824.  The  manufacture  has  been  success- 
fully carried  on  in  recent  years,  from  the  product 
of  artesian  wells,  at  St.  John,  in  Perry  County. 

SANDOYAL,  a  village  of  Marion  County,  at 
the  crossing  of  the  western  branch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern.  6  miles  north  of  Centralia.  The 
town  has  coal  mines  and  some  manufactures, 
with  banks  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1880),  564;  (1890),  834;  (1900),  1,258. 

SANDSTONE.  The  quantity  of  sandstone  quar- 
ried in  Illinois  is  comparatively  insignificant,  its 
value  being  less  than  one-fifth  of  one  per  cent  of 
the  value  of  the  output  of  the  entire  country. 
In  1890  the  State  ranked  twenty-fifth  in  the  list 
of  States  producing  this  mineral,  the  total  value 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


465 


of  the  stone  quarried  being  but  $17,896,  repre- 
senting 141,605  cubic  feet,  taken  from  ten  quar- 
ries, which  employed  forty-six  hands,  and  had  an 
aggregate  capital  invested  of  $49,400. 

SANDWICH,  a  city  in  De  Kalb  County,  incor- 
porated in  1873,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  58  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
The  principal  industries  are  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  implements,  hay-presses,  corn-shell- 
ers,  pumps  and  wind-mills.  Sandwich  has  two 
private  banks,  two  weekly  and  one  semi-weekly 
papers.  Pop.  (1890),  2,516;  (1900),  2,520;  (1903), 
2.865. 

SANGAMON  COUNTY,  a  central  county, 
organized  under  act  of  June  30,  1821,  from  parts 
of  Bond  and  Madison  Counties,  and  embracing 
the  present  counties  of  Sangamon,  Cass,  Menard, 
Mason,  Tazewell.  Logan,  and  parts  of  Morgan, 
McLean,  Woodford,  Marshall  and  Putnam.  It 
was  named  for  the  river  flowing  through  it. 
Though  reduced  in  area  somewhat,  four  years 
later,  it  extended  to  the  Illinois  River,  but  was 
reduced  to  its  present  limits  by  the  setting  apart 
of  Menard,  Logan  and  Dane  (now  Christian) 
Counties,  in  1839.  Henry  Funderburk  is  believed 
to  have  been  the  first  white  settler,  arriving 
there  in  1817  and  locating  in  what  is  now  Cotton 
Hill  Township,  being  followed,  the  next  year,  by 
William  Drennan,  Joseph  Dodds,  James  McCoy, 
Robert  Pulliam  and  others.  John  Kelly  located 
on  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Springfield  in 
1818,  and  was  there  at  the  time  of  the  selection 
of  that  place  as  the  temporary  seat  of  justice  in 
1821.  Other  settlements  were  made  at  Auburn, 
Island  Grove,  and  elsewhere,  and  population 
began  to  flow  in  rapidly.  Remnants  of  the  Potta- 
watotnie  and  Kickapoo  Indians  were  still  there, 
but  soon  moved  north  or  west.  County  organi- 
zation was  effected  in  1821,  the  first  Board  of 
County  Commissioners  being  composed  of  Wil- 
liam Drennan,  Zachariah  Peter  and  Samuel  Lee. 
John  Reynolds  (afterwards  Governor)  held  the 
first  term  of  Circuit  Court,  with  John  Taylor. 
Sheriff;  Henry  Starr.  Prosecuting  Attorney,  and 
Charles  R.  Matheny,  Circuit  Clerk.  A  United 
States  Land  Office  was  established  at  Springfield 
in  1823,  with  Pascal  P.  Enos  as  Receiver,  the 
first  sale  of  lands  taking  place  the  same  year. 
The  soil  of  Sangamon  County  is  exuberantly  fer- 
tile, with  rich  underlying  deposits  of  bituminous 
coal,  which  is  mined  in  large  quantities.  The 
chief  towns  are  Springfield,  Auburn,  Riverton, 
Illiopolis  and  Pleasant  Plains.  The  area  of  the 
county  is  860  square  miles.  Population  (1880), 
r>2,894;  (1890),  61.195;  (1900),  71.593. 


SANGAMON  RIVER,  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  North  and  South  Forks,  of  which  the  former 
is  the  longer,  or  main  branch.  The  North  Fork 
rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Champaign  County, 
whence  it  runs  southwest  to  the  city  of  Decatur, 
thence  westward  through  Sangamon  County, 
forming  the  north  boundary  of  Christian  County, 
and  empty  ing  into  the  Illinois  River  about  9  miles 
above  Beardstown.  The  Sangamon  is  nearly  240 
miles  long,  including  the  North  Fork.  The 
South  Fork  flows  through  Christian  County,  and 
joins  the  North  Fork  about  6  miles  east  of 
Springfield.  In  the  early  history  of  the  State  the 
Sangamon  was  regarded  as  a  navigable  stream, 
and  its  improvement  was  one  of  the  measures 
advocated  by  Abraham  Lincoln  in  1832,  when  he 
was  for  the  first  time  a  candidate  (though  unsuc- 
cessfully) for  the  Legislature.  In  the  spring  of 
1832  a  small  steamer  from  Cincinnati,  called  the 
"Talisman,"  ascended  the  river  to  a  point  near 
Springfield.  The  event  was  celebrated  with 
great  rejoicing  by  the  people,  but  the  vessel 
encountered  so  much  difficulty  in  getting  out  of 
the  river  that  the  experiment  was  never 
repeated. 

SANGAMON  &  MORGAN  RAILROAD.  (See 
Wabash  Railroad.) 

SANGER,  Lorenzo  P.,  railway  and  canal  con- 
tractor, was  born  at  Littleton,  N.  H.,  March  2, 
1809 ;  brought  in  childhood  to  Livingston  County, 
N.  Y.,  where  his  father  became  a  contractor  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  the  son  also  being  employed  upon 
the  same  work.  The  latter  subsequently  became 
a  contractor  on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  on  his 
own  account,  being  known  as  "the  boy  contract- 
or." Then,  after  a  brief  experience  in  mercantile 
business,  and  a  year  spent  in  the  construction  of  a 
canal  in  Indiana,  in  1836  he  came  to  Illinois,  and 
soon  after  became  an  extensive  contractor  on  the 
Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  having  charge  of  rock 
excavation  at  Lockport.  He  was  also  connected 
with  the  Rock  River  improvement  scheme,  and 
interested  in  a  line  of  stages  between  Chicago 
and  Galena,  which,  having  been  consolidated 
with  the  line  managed  by  the  firm  of  Fink  & 
Walker,  finally  became  the  Northwestern  Stage 
Company,  extending  its  operations  throughout 
Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa 
and  Missouri — Mr.  Sanger  having  charge  of  the 
Western  Division,  for  a  time,  with  headquarters 
at  St.  Louis.  In  1851  he  became  the  head  of  the 
firm  of  Sanger,  Camp  &  Co.,  contractors  for  the 
construction  of  the  Western  (or  Illinois)  Division 
of  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  (now  the  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Southwestern)  Railway,  upon  which  he 


466 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


was  employed  for  several  years.  Other  works 
with  which  he  was  connected  were  the  North 
Missouri  Railroad  and  the  construction  of  the 
State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet,  as  member  of  the 
firm  of  Sanger  &  Casey,  for  a  time,  also  lessees  of 
convict  labor.  In  1862  Mr.  Sanger  received  from 
Governor  Yates,  by  request  of  President  Lincoln, 
a  commission  as  Colonel,  and  was  assigned  to 
staff  duty  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  After 
the  war  he  became  largely  interested  in  stone 
quarries  adjacent  to  Joliet :  also  had  an  extensive 
contract,  from  the  City  of  Chicago,  for  deepening 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  Died,  at  Oakland, 
Cal.,  March  23,  1875,  whither  he  had  gone  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health. — James  Young  (Sanger), 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Sutton, 
Vt  .  March  14,  1814:  in  boyhood  spent  some  time 
in  a  large  mercantile  establishment  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  later  being  associated  with  his  father  and 
elder  brother  in  contracts  on  the  Erie  Canal  and 
similar  works  in  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  Indi- 
ana. At  the  age  of  22  he  came  with  his  father's 
family  to  St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  where  they  estab- 
lished a  large  supply  store,  and  engaged  in 
bridge-building  and  similar  enterprises.  At  a 
later  period,  in  connection  with  his  father  and 
his  brother,  1.  P.  Sanger,  he  was  prominently 
connected  with  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal — the  aqueduct  at  Ottawa  and 
the  locks  at  Peru  being  constructed  by  them. 
About  1850  the  Construction  Company,  of  which 
he  and  his  brother,  L.  P.  Sanger,  were  leading 
members,  undertook  the  construction  of  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  (now  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwest- 
ern) Railroad,  from  St.  Louis  to  Vincennes,  I  ml., 
and  were  prominently  identified  with  other  rail- 
road enterprises  in  Southern  Illinois,  Missouri  and 
California.  Died,  July  3,  1867,  when  consum- 
mating arrangements  for  the  performance  of  a 
large  contract  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

SANITARY  COMMISSION.  (See  Illinois  San- 
itary Commission.) 

SANITARY  DISTRICT  OF  CHICAGO.  (See 
Chicago  Drainage  Canal. ) 

SAU6ANASH,  the  Indian  name  of  a  half-breed 
known  as  Capt.  Billy  Caldwell,  the  son  of  a 
British  officer  and  a  Pottawatomie  woman,  born 
in  Canada  about  1780;  received  an  education 
from  the  Jesuits  at  Detroit,  and  was  able  to 
speak  and  write  English  and  French,  besides 
several  Indian  dialects ;  was  a  friend  of  Tecum- 
seh's  and,  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  a 
devoted  friend  of  the  whites.  He  took  up  his 
residence  in  Chicago  about  1820.  and,  in  1826, 
was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  while  nominally  a 


subject  of  Great  Britain  and  a  Chief  of  the  Otta- 
was  and  Pottawa,tomies.  In  1828  the  Govern- 
ment, in  consideration  of  his  services,  built  for 
him  the  first  frame  house  ever  erected  in  Chicago, 
which  he  occupied  until  his  departure  with  his 
tribe  for  Council  Bluffs  in  1836.  By  a  treaty, 
made  Jan.  2,  1830,  reservations  were  granted  by 
the  Government  to  Sauganash,  Shabona  and 
other  friendly  Indians  (see  Shabona),  and  1,240 
acres  on  the  North  Branch  of  Chicago  River  set 
apart  for  Caldwell,  which  he  sold  before  leaving 
the  country.  Died,  at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa, 
Sept.  28,  1841. 

SAY AGE,  George  S.  F.,  D.D.,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Cromwell,  Conn.,  Jan.  29,  1817;  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  College  in  1844;  studied  theology  at 
Andover  and  New  Haven,  graduating  in  1847; 
was  ordained  a  home  missionary  the  same  year 
and  spent  twelve  years  as  pastor  at  St.  Charles. 
111. ,  for  four  years  being  corresponding  editor  of 
"The  Prairie  Herald"  and  "The  Congregational 
Herald."  For  ten  years  he  was  in  the  service  of 
the  American  Tract  Society,  and,  during  the  Civil 
War,  was  engaged  in  sanitary  and  religious  work 
in  the  army.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  Western 
Secretary  of  the  Congregational  Publishing 
Society,  remaining  two  years,  after  which  he  be- 
came Financial  Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  He  has  also  been  a  Director 
of  the  institution  since  1854,  a  Trustee  of  Beloit 
College  since  1850,  and,  for  several  years,  editor 
and  publisher  of  "The  Congregational  Review." 

SAVANNA,  a  city  in  Carroll  County,  situated 
on  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Northern  and  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
&  St.  Paul  Railways;  is  10  miles  west  of  Mount 
Carroll  and  about  20  miles  north  of  Clinton, 
Iowa.  It  is  an  important  shipping-point  and  con- 
tains several  manufactories  of  machinery,  lumber, 
•flour,  etc.  It  has  two  State  banks,  a  public 
library,  churches,  two  graded  schools,  township 
high  school,  and  two  daily  and  weekly  news- 
papers. Pop.  (1890),  3,097;  (1900),  3,825. 

SAYBROOK,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on 
the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Railroad,  26  miles  east 
of  Bloomington;  district  agricultural;  county 
fairs  held  here;  the  town  has  two  banks  and  two 
newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  851 ;  (1900),  879. 

SCATES,  Walter  Bennett,  jurist  and  soldier, 
was  born  at  South  Boston.  Halifax  County,  Va. , 
Jan.  18,  1808;  was  taken  in  infancy  to  Hopkins- 
ville,  Ky  .  where  he  resided  until  1831,  having 
meanwhile  learned  the  printer's  trade  at  Nash- 
ville and  studied  law  at  Louisville.  In  1831  he 
removed  to  Frankfort.  Franklin  County,  IU., 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


467 


where,  for  a  time,  he  was  County  Surveyor.  In 
1836,  having  been  appointed  Attorney-General, 
he  removed  to  Vandalia,  then  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, but  resigned  at  the  close  of  the  same  year 
to  accept  the  judgeship  of  the  Third  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  took  up  his  residence  at  Shawnee- 
town.  In  1841  he  was  one  of  five  new  Judges 
added  to  the  Supreme  Court  bench,  the  others 
being  Sidney  Breese,  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
Thomas  Ford  and  Samuel  H.  Treat.  In  that 
year  he  removed  to  Mount  Vernon,  Jefferson 
County,  and,  in  January,  184T,  resigned  his  seat 
upon  the  bench  to  resume  practice.  The  same 
year  he  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention and  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Judiciary.  In  June,  1854,  he  again  took  a  seat 
upon  the  Supreme  Court  bench,  being  chosen  to 
succeed  Lyman  Trumbull,  but  resigned  in  Slay, 
1857.  and  resumed  practice  in  Chicago.  In 
1862  he  vo  unteered  in  defense  of  the  Union, 
received  a  Major's  commission  and  was  assigned 
to  duty  on  the  staff  of  General  McClernand ;  was 
made.  Assistant  Adjutant-General  and  mustered 
out  in  January,  18<><>.  In  July,  1866,  President 
Johnson  appointed  him  Collector  of  Customs  at 
Chicago,  which  position  he  filled  until  July  1, 
1869,  when  he  was  removed  by  President  Grant, 
during  the  same  period,  being  ex-officio  custodian 
of  United  States  funds,  the  office  of  Assistant 
Treasurer  not  having  been  then  created.  Died, 
at  Evanston,  Oct.  26,  1886. 

SCAMMOX,  Jonathan  Young,  lawyer  and 
banker,  was  born  at  Whitetield,  Maine,  July  27, 
1812;  after  graduating  at  Waterville  (now  Colby) 
University  in  1831,  he  studied  law  and  ^vas 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Hallowell,  in  1835  remov- 
ing to  Chicago,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  After  a  year  spent  as  deputy  in  the 
office  of  the  Circuit  Clerk  of  Cook  County,  during 
which  he  prepared  a  revision  of  the  Illinois  stat- 
utes, he  was  appointed  attorney  for  the  State 
Bank  of  Illinois  in  183T,  and,  in  1839,  became 
reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  which  office  he 
held  until  184.1.  In  the  meantime,  he  was  associ- 
ated with  several  prominent  lawyers,  his  first 
legal  firm  beiug  that  of  Scammon,  McCagg  & 
Fuller,  which  was  continued  up  to  the  fire  of 
1871.  A  large  oj>erator  in  real  estate  and  identi- 
fied with  many  enterprises  of  a  public  or  benevo- 
lent character,  his  most  important  financial 
venture  was  in  connection  with  the  Chicago 
Marine  &  Fire  Insurance  Company,  which  con- 
ducted an  extensive  banking  business  for  many 
years,  and  of  which  he  was  the  President  and 
leading  spirit.  As  a  citizen  lie  was  progressive. 


public-spirited  and  liberal.  He  was  one  of  the 
main  promoters  and  organizers  of  the  old  Galena 
&  Chicago  Union  Railway,  the  first  railroad  to 
run  west  from  Lake  Michigan ;  was  also  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  founding  of  the  Chi- 
cago public  school  system,  a  Trustee  of  the  (old) 
Chicago  University,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Chicago  Astro- 
nomical Society  —  being  the  first  President 
of  the  latter  body.  He  erected,  at  a  cost  of 
§30,000,  the  Fort  Dearborn  Observatory,  in 
which  he  caused  to  be  placed  the  most  power- 
ful telescope  which  had  at  t  hat  time  been  brought 
to  the  West.  He  also  maintained  the  observatory 
at  his  own  expense.  He  was  the  pioneer  of 
Swedenborgianism  in  Chicago,  and,  in  politics,  a 
staunch  Whig,  and,  later,  an  ardent  Republican. 
In  1844  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  "The  Chi- 
cago American,"  a  paper  designed  to  advance 
the  candidacy  of  Henry  Clay  for  the  Presidency ; 
and,  in  1872,  when  "The  Chicago  Tribune" 
espoused  the  Liberal  Republican  cause,  he  started 
"The  Inter-Ocean"  as  a  Republican  organ,  being, 
for  some  time,  its  sole  proprietor  and  editor-in- 
chief.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  encourage  the 
adoption  of  the  homeopathic  system  of  medicine 
in  Chicago,  and  was  prominently  connected  with 
the  founding  of  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College 
and  the  Hahnemann  Hospital,  being  a  Trustee  in 
both  for  many  years.  As  a  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  he  secured  the  passage  of  many 
important  measures,  among  them  being  legisla- 
tion looking  toward  the  bettering  of  the  currency 
and  the  banking  system.  He  accumulated  a 
large  fortune,  but  lost  most  of  it  by  the  fire  of 
1871  and  the  panic  of  1873.  Died,  in  Chicago, 
March  17,  1890. 

SCAERITT,  \atlian,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Con- 
necticut, came  to Edwardsville,  111.,  in  1820,  and, 
in  1821,  located  in  Scarritt's  Prairie.  Madison 
County.  His  sons  afterward  became  influential 
in  business  and  Methodist  church  circles.  Died, 
Dec.  12,  1847. 

SCENERY,  NATURAL.  Notwithstanding  the 
i  uniformity  of  surface  which  characterizes  ;i 
country  containing  no  mountain  ranges,  but 
which  is  made  up  largely  of  natural  prairies, 
there  are  a  number  of  localities  in  Illinois  where 
scenery  of  a  picturesque,  and  even  bold  and 
rugged  character,  may  be  found.  One  of  the 
most  striking  of  these  features  is  produced  by  a 
spur  or  low  range  of  hills  from  the  Ozark  Moun- 
tains of  Missouri,  projected  across  the  southern 
part  of  the  State  from  the  vicinity  of  Grand 


468 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Tower  in  Jackson  County,  through  the  northern 
part  of  Union,  and  through  portions  of  William- 
son, Johnson,  Saline,  Pope  and  Hardin  Counties. 
Grand  Tower,  the  initial  point  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  is  an  isolated  cliff  of  limestone, 
standing  out  in  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  forming  an  island  nearly  100  feet  above  low- 
water  level.  It  has  been  a  conspicuous  landmark 
for  navigators  ever  since  the  discovery  of  the 
Mississippi.  "Fountain  Bluff,"  a  few  miles 
above  Grand  Tower,  is  another  conspicuous  point 
immediately  on  the  river  bank,  formed  by  some 
isolated  hills  about  three  miles  long  by  a  mile 
and  a  half  wide,  which  have  withstood  the  forces 
that  excavated  the  valley  now  occupied  by  the 
Mississippi.  About  half  a  mile  from  the  lower 
end  of  this  hill,  with  a  low  valley  between  them, 
is  a  smaller  eminence  known  as  the'  "Devil's 
Bake  Oven."  The  main  chain  of  bluffs,  known 
as  the  "Back  Bone,"  is  about  five  miles  from  the 
river,  and  rises  to  a  height  of  nearly  700  feet 
above  low-tide  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  more 
than  400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river  at 
Cairo.  "Bald  Knob"  is  a  very  prominent  inland 
bluff  promontory  near  Alta  Pass  on  the  line  of 
the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad,  in  the  northern  part 
of  Union  County,  with  an  elevation  above  tide- 
water of  985  feet.  The  highest  point  in  this 
range  of  hills  is  reached  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Pope  County — the  elevation  at  that  point  (as 
ascertained  by  Prof.  Rolfe  of  the  State  University 
at  Champaign)  being  1,046  feet. — There  is  some 
striking  scenery  in  the  neighborhood  of  Grafton 
between  Alton  and  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  as 
well  as  some  distance  up  the  latter  stream — 
though  the  landscape  along  the  middle  section  of 
the  Illinois  is  generally  monotonous  or  only 
gently  undulating,  except  at  Peoria  and  a  few 
other  points,  where  bluffs  rise  to  a  considerable 
height.  On  the  Upper  Illinois,  beginning  at 
Peru,  the  scenery  again  becomes  picturesque, 
including  the  celebrated  "Starved  Rock,"  the 
site  of  La  Salle's  Fort  St.  Louis  (which  see). 
This  rock  rises  to  a  perpendicular  height  of 
alxmt  125  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  river  at  the 
ordinary  stage.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
about  four  miles  below  Ottawa,  is  "Buffalo 
Rock,"  an  isolated  ridge  of  rock  about  two  miles 
long  by  forty  to  sixty  rods  wide,  evidently  once 
an  island  at  a  period  when  the  Illinois  River 
occupied  the  whole  valley.  Additional  interest 
is  given  to  both  these  localities  by  their  associ- 
ation with  early  history.  Deer  Park,  on  the  Ver- 
milion River — some  two  miles  from  where  it 
empties  into  the  Illinois,  just  below  "Starved 


Rock"— is  a  peculiar  grotto-like  formation,  caused 
by  a  ravine  which  enters  the  Vermilion  at  this 
point.  Ascending  this  ravine  from  its  mouth, 
for  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  between  almost  perpen- 
dicular walls,  the  road  terminates  abruptly  at  a 
dome-like  overhanging  rock  which  widens  at  this 
point  to  about  150  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base, 
with  a  height  of  about  75  feet.  A  clear  spring 
of  water  gushes  from  the  base  of  the  cliff,  and,  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year,  a  beautiul  water-fall 
pours  from  the  cliffs  into  a  little  lake  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  chasm.  There  is  much  other  striking 
scenery  higher  up,  on  both  the  Illinois  and  Fox 
Rivers.  — A  point  which  arrested  the  attention  of 
the  earliest  explorers  in  this  region  was  Mount 
Joliet,  near  the  city  of  that  name.  It  is  first 
mentioned  by  St.  Cosme  in  1698,  and  has  been 
variously  known  as  Monjolly,  Mont  Jolie,  Mount 
Juliet,  and  Mount  Joliet.  It  had  an  elevation,  in 
early  times,  of  about  30  feet -with  a  level  top 
1,300  by  225  feet.  Prof.  O.  H.  Marshall,  in  "The 
American  Antiquarian,"  expresses  the  opinion 
that,  originally,  it  was  an  island  in  the  river, 
which,  at  a  remote  period,  swept  down  the  valley 
of  the  Des  Plaines.  Mount  Joliet  was  a  favorite 
rallying  point  of  Illinois  Indians,  who  were 
accustomed  to  hold  their  councils  at  its  base. — 
The  scenery  along  Rock  River  is  not  striking 
from  its  boldness,  but  it  attracted  the  attention 
of  early  explorers  by  the  picturesque  beauty  of 
its  groves,  undulating  plains  and  sheets  of  water. 
The  highest  and  most  abrupt  elevations  are  met 
with  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  near  the  Wisconsin 
State  line.  Pilot  Knob,  a  natural  mound  about 
three  miles  south  of  Galena  and  two  miles  from 
the  Mississippi,  has  been  a  landmark  well  known 
to  tourists  and  river  men  ever  since  the  Upper 
Mississippi  began  to  be  navigated.  Towering 
above  the  surrounding  bluffs,  it  reaches  an  alti- 
tude of  some  430  feet  above  the  ordinary  level  of 
Fever  River.  A  chain  of  some  half  dozen  of  these 
mounds  extends  some  four  or  five  miles  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  from  Pilot  Knob,  Waddel's  and 
Jackson's  Mounds  being  conspicuous  among 
them.  There  are  also  some  castellated  rocks" 
around  the  city  of  Galena  which  are  very  strik- 
ing. Charles  Mound,  belonging  to  the  system 
already  referred  to,  is  believed  to  be  the  highest 
elevation  in  the  State.  It  stands  near  the  Wis- 
consin State  line,  and,  according  to  Prof.  Rolfe, 
lias  an  altitude  of  314  feet  above  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  at  Scales'  Mound  Station,  and,  1,257 
feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

SCHAUMBER6,    a    village    in    Schaumberg 
Township,  Cook  County.     Population,  ."173. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   ILLINOIS. 


SCHNEIDER,  George,  journalist  and  banker, 
was  born  at  Pirmasens,  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1833. 
Being  sentenced  to  death  for  his  participation  in 
the  attempted  rebellion  of  1848,  he  escaped  to 
America  in  1849,  going  from  New  York  to  Cleve- 
land, and  afterwards  to  St.  Louis.  There,  in  con- 
nection with  his  brother,  he  established  a  Herman 
daily — "The  New  Era" — which  was  intensely 
anti-slavery  anil  exerted  a  decided  political  influ- 
ence, especially  among  persons  of  German  birth. 
In  1851  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  became 
editor  of  "The  Stoats  Zeitung,"  in  which  he 
vigorously  opposed  the  Kansas- Nebraska  bill  on 
its  introduction  by  Senator  Douglas.  His  attitude 
and  articles  gave  such  offense  to  the  partisan 
friends  of  this  measure,  that  "The  Zeitung"  was 
threatened  with  destruction  by  a  mob  in  1855. 
He  early  took  advanced  ground  in  opposition  to 
slavery,  and  was  a  member  of  the  convention  of 
Anti-Nebraska  editors,  held  at  Decatur  in  1856, 
and  of  the  first  Republican  State  Convention,  held 
at  Bloomington  the  same  year,  as  well  as  of  the 
National  Republican  Conventions  of  1856  and 
1H60,  participating  in  the  nomination  of  both 
Jolui  C.  Fremont  and  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the 
Presidency.  In  1861  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Union  Defense  Committee,  and  was 
appointed,  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  Consul-Geueral  at 
Elsinore,  Denmark.  Returning  to  America  in 
1H62,  he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  "The  Stoats 
Zeitung"  and  was  appointed  the  first  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  Chicago  District.  On 
retiring  from  this  office  he  engaged  in  banking, 
subsequently  becoming  President  of  the  National 
I  tank  of  Illinois,  with  which  he  was  associated 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  In  1877  President 
Hayes  tendered  him  the  ministry  to  Switzerland, 
which  he  declined.  In  1880  he  was  chosen  Presi- 
dential Elector  for  the  State-at -large,  also  serving 
for  a  number  of  years  as  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Central  Committee. 

SCHOFIELD,  John  McAllister,  Major-General, 
was  born  in  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept  29, 
1831;  brought  to  Bristol,  Kendall  County,  111.,  in 
1843,  and,  two  years  later,  removed  to  Freeport; 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy, in  1853,  as  classmate  of  Generals  McPherson 
and  Sheridan :  was  assigned  to  the  artillery  ser- 
vice and  served  two  years  in  Florida,  after  which 
he  spent  five  years  (1855-60)  as  an  instructor  at 
West  Point.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
lie  was  on  leave  of  absence,  acting  as  Professor 
of  Physics  in  Washington  University  at  St. 
Louis,  but,  waiving  his  leave,  he  at  once  returned 
to  duty  and  was  appointed  mustering  officer; 


then,  by  permission  of  the  War  Department, 
entered  the  First  Missouri  Volunteers  as  Major, 
serving  as  Chief  of  Staff  to  General  Lyon  in  the 
early  battles  in  Missouri,  including  Wilson's 
Creek.  His  subsequent  career  included  the 
organization  of  the  Missouri  State  Militia  (1862), 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Frontier  in  South- 
west Missouri,  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  and  Ohio,  participation  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign  and  co-operation  with  Sher- 
man in  the  capture  of  the  rebel  Gen.  Joseph  E. 
Johnston  in  North  Carolina — his  army  having 
been  transferred  for  this  purpose,  from  Tennessee 
by  way  of  Washington.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  went  on  a  special  mission  to  Mexico 
to  investigate  the  French  occupation  of  that 
country ;  was  commander  of  the  Department  of 
the  Potomac,  and  served  as  Secretary  of  War,  by 
appointment  of  President  Johnson,  from  June, 
1868,  to  March,  1869.  On  retiring  from  the  Cabi- 
net he  was  commissioned  a  full  Major-General 
and  held  various  Division  and  Department  com- 
mands until  1886,  when,  on  the  death  of  General 
Sherman,  he  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the 
Army,  with  headquarters  at  Washington. 
He  was  retired  under  the  age  limit,  Sept.  29, 
1895.  His  present  home  is  in  Washington. 

SCHOLFIELD,  John,  jurist,  was  born  in  Clark 
County,  111. ,  in  1834 ;  acquired  the  rudiments  of 
an  education  in  the  common  schools  during  boy- 
hood, meanwhile  gaining  some  knowledge  of  the 
higher  branches  through  toilsome  application  to 
text-books  without  a  preceptor.  At  the  age  of 
20  he  entered  the  law  school  at  Louisville,  Ky  . 
graduating  two  years  later,  and  beginning  prac- 
tice at  Marshall,  111.  He  defrayed  his  expenses 
at  the  law  school  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
a  small  piece  of  land  to  which  he  had  fallen  heir. 
In  1856  he  was  elected  State's  Attorney,  and,  in 
1860,  was  chosen  to  represent  his  county  in  the 
Legislature..  After  serving  one  term  he  returned 
to  his  professional  career  and  succeeded  in  build- 
ing up  a  profitable  practice.  In  1869-70  he  repre- 
sented Clark  and  Cumberland  Counties  in  the 
Constitutional  Convention,  and,  in  1870,  became 
Solicitor  for  the  Vandalia  Railroad.  In  1873  he 
was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State  for  the  Middle  Grand 
Division,  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Judge 
Anthony  Thornton,  and  re-elected  without  oppo- 
sition in  1879  and  1888.  Died,  in  office,  Feb.  13, 
1893.  It  lias  been  claimed  that  President  Cleve- 
land would  have  tendered  him  the  Chief  Justice- 
ship of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  had  he 
not  insistently  declined  to  accept  the  honor. 


470 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP  ILLINOIS. 


SCHOOL-HOUSES,  EARLY.  The  primitive 
school-houses  of  Illinois  were  built  of  logs,  and 
were  extremely  rude,  as  regards  both  structure 
and  furnishing.  Indeed,  the  earliest  pioneers 
rarely  erected  a  special  building  to  be  used  as  a 
school-house.  An  old  smoke-house,  an  abandoned 
dwelling,  an  old  block-house,  or  the  loft  or  one 
end  of  a  settler's  cabin  not  unf  requently  answered 
the  purpose,  and  the  church  and  the  court-house 
were  often  made  to  accommodate  the  school. 
When  a  school- house,  as  such,  was  to  be  built,  the 
men  of  the  district  gathered  at  the  site  selected, 
bringing  their  axes  and  a  few  other  tools,  with 
their  ox-teams,  and  devoted  four  or  five  days  to 
constructing  a  house  into  which,  perhaps,  not  a 
nail  was  driven.  Trees  were  cut  from  the  public 
lands,  and,  without  hewing,  fashioned  into  a 
cabin.  Sixteen  feet  square  was  usually  con- 
sidered the  proper  dimensions.  In  the  walls 
were  cut  two  holes,  one  for  a  door  to  admit  light 
iind  air,  and  the  other  for  the  open  fireplace,  from 
which  rose  a  chimney,  usually  built  of  sticks  and 
mud,  on  the  outside.  Danger  of  fire  was  averted 
by  thickly  lining'  the  inside  of  the  chimney  with 
clay  mortar.  Sometimes,  but  only  with  great 
labor,  stone  was  substituted  for  mortar  made 
from  the  clay  soil.  The  chimneys  were  always 
wide,  seldom  less  than  six  feet,  and  sometimes 
extending  across  one  entire  end  of  the  building. 
The  fuel  used  was  wood  cut  directly  from  the 
forest,  frequently  in  its  green  state,  dragged  to 
the  spot  in  the  form  of  logs  or  entire  trees  to  )>e 
cut  by  the  older  pupils  in  lengths  suited  to  the 
width  of  the  chimney.  Occasionally  there  was 
no  chimney,  the  fire,  in  some  of  the  most  primi- 
tive structures,  being  built  on  the  earth  and  the 
smoke  escaping  through  a  hole  in  the  roof.  In 
such  houses  a  long  board  was  set  up  on  the  wind- 
ward side,  and  shifted  from  side  to  side  as  the 
wind  varied.  Stones  or  logs  answered  for 
andirons,  clapboards  served  its  shovels,  and  no 
one  complained  of  the  lack  of  tongs.  Roofs  were 
made  of  roughly  split  clapl>oards,  held  in  place 
by  "weight  poles"  laid  on  the  boards,  and  by  sup- 
ports starting  from  "eaves  i>oles.''  The  space 
between  the  logs,  which  constituted  the  walls  of 
the  building,  was  filled  in  with  blocks  of  wood 
or  "chinking,"  and  the  crevices,  both  exterior 
and  interior,  daubed  over  with  clay  mortar,  in 
which  straw  was  sometimes  mixed  to  increase  its 
adhesiveness.  On  one  side  of  the  structure  one 
or  two  logs  were  sometimes  cut  out  to  allow  the 
admission  of  light;  and,  as  glass  could  not  always 
be  procured,  rain  and  snow  were  excluded  and 
light  admitted  by  the  use  of  greased  paper.  Over 


this  space  a  board,  attached  to  the  outer  wall  by 
leather  hinges,  was  sometimes  suspended  to  keep 
out  the  storms.  The  placing  of  a  glass  window 
in  a  country  school-house  at  Edwardsville,  in 
1834,  was  considered  an  important  event.  Ordi- 
narily the  floor  was  of  the  natural  earth,  although 
this  was  sometimes  covered  with  a  layer  of  clay, 
firmly  packed  down.  Only  the  more  pretentious 
school-houses  had  "puncheon  floors";  i.  e.,  floors 
made  of  split  logs  roughly  hewn.  Few  had 
"ceilings"  (so-called),  the  latter  being  usually 
made  of  clapboards,  sometimes  of  bark,  on  which 
was  spread  earth,  to  keep  out  the  cold.  The 
seats  were  also  of  puncheons  (without  backs) 
supported  on  four  legs  made  of  pieces  of  ]>oles 
inserted  through  augur  holes.  No  one  had  a  desk, 
except  the  advanced  pupils  who  were  learning  to 
write.  For  their  convenience  a  broader  and 
smoother  puncheon  was  fastened  into  the  wall 
by  wooden  pins,  in  such  a  way  that  it  would 
slope  downward  toward  the  pupil,  the  front  being 
supported  by  a  brace  extending  from  the  wall. 
When  a  pupil  was  writing  he  faced  the  wall. 
When  he  had  finished  this  task,  he  "reversed  him- 
self" and  faced  the  teacher  and  his  schoolmates. 
These  adjuncts  completed  the  furnishings,  with 
the  exception  of  a  split-bottomed  chair  for  the 
teacher  (who  seldom  had  a  desk)  and  a  pail,  or 
"piggin,"  of  water,  with  a  gourd  for  a  drinking 
cup.  Rough  and  uncouth  as  these  structures 
were,  they  were  evidences  of  public  spirit  and  of 
appreciation  of  the  advantages  of  education. 
They  were  built  and  maintained  by  mutual  aid 
and  sacrifice,  and,  in  them,  some  of  the  great  men 
of  the  State  and  Nation  obtained  that  primary 
training  which  formed  the  foundation  of  their 
subsequent  careers.  (See  Education.) 

SCHUYLER  COUNTY,  located  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  State,  has  an  area  of  4130  square 
miles,  and  was  named  for  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler. 
The  first  American  settlers  arrived  in  1823.  ami, 
among  the  earliest  pioneers,  were  Calvin  HoUirt, 
William  H.  Taylor  and  Orris  McCartney.  The 
county  was  organized  from  a  portion  of  I'ike 
County,  in  1825,  the  first  Commissioners  being 
Thomas  Blair,  Thomas  McKee  and  Samuel  Ilor- 
ney.  The  Commissioners  appointed  to  locate  the 
county-scat,  selected  a  site  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  county  about  one  mile  west  of  the  present 
village  of  Pleasant  View,  to  which  the  name  of 
Beardstown  was  given,  and  where  the  earliest 
court  was  held,  Judge  John  York  Sawyer  presid- 
ing, with  Hart  Fellows  as  Clerk,  and  Orris  Mc- 
Cartney, Sheriff.  This  location,  however,  proving 
unsatisfactory,  new  Commissioners  were  ap- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


471 


pointed,  who,  in  the  early  part  of  1826,  selected 
the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Rushville,  some 
five  miles  west  of  the  point  originally  chosen. 
The  new  seat  of  justice  was  first  called  Rushton, 
in  honor  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  but  the  name 
was  afterwards  changed  to  Rushville.  Ephraim 
Eggleston  was  the  pioneer  of  Rushville.  The 
surface  of  the  county  is  rolling,  and  the  region 
contains  excellent  farming  land,  which  is  well 
watered  by  the  Illinois  River  and  numerous 
creeks.  Population  (1890),  16,013;  (1900),  16,129. 

SCHWATKA,  Frederick,  Arctic  explorer,  was 
born  at  Galena,  111.,  Sept.  29,  1849;  graduated 
from  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1871, 
and  was  commissioned  Second  Lieutenant  in  the 
Third  Cavalry,  serving  on  the  frontier  until  1877, 
meantime  studying  law  and  medicine,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875,  and  graduating  in 
medicine  in  1876.  Having  his  interest  excited  by 
reports  of  traces  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  expedi- 
tion, found  by  the  Esquimaux,  he  obtained  leave 
of  absence  in  1878,  and,  with  Win.  H.  Gilder  as 
second  in  command,  sailed  from  New  York  in  the 
"Eothen,"  June  19,  for  King  William's  Land. 
The  party  returned,  Sept.  22,  1880,  having  found 
and  buried  the  skeletons  of  many  of  Franklin's 
party,  besides  discovering  relics  which  tended  to 
clear  up  the  mystery  of  their  fate.  During  this 
period  he  made  a  sledge  journey  of  3,251  miles. 
Again,  in  1883,  he  headed  an  exploring  expedition 
up  the  Yukon  River.  After  a  brief  return  to 
army  duty  he  tendered  his  resignation  in  1885, 
and  the  next  year  led  a  special  expedition  to 
Alaska,  under  the  auspices  of  "The  New  York 
Times,''  later  making  a  voyage  of  discovery 
among  the  Aleutian  Islands.  In  1889  he  con- 
ducted an  expedition  to  Northern  Mexico,  where 
he  found  many  interesting  relics  of  Aztec  civili- 
zation and  of  the  cliff  and  cave-dwellers.  He 
received  the  Roquette  Arctic  Medal  from  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Paris,  and  a  medal  from 
the  Imperial  Geographical  Society  of  Russia :  also 
published  several  volumes  relating  to  his  re- 
searches, under  the  titles,  "Along  Alaska's 
Great  River'';  "The  Franklin  Search  Under 
Lieutenant  Schwatka" ;  "Nimrod  of  the  North" ; 
and  "Children  of  the  Cold."  Died,  at  Portland, 
Ore.,  Nov.  2,  1892. 

SCOTT,  James  W.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Walworth  County,  Wis.,  June  26,  1849,  the  son 
of  a  printer,  editor  and  publisher.  While  a  boy 
he  accompanied-  his  father  to  Galena,  where  the 
latter  established  a  newspaper,  and  where  he 
learned  the  printer's  trade.  After  graduating 
from  the  Galena  high  school,  he  entered  Beloit 


College,  but  left  at  the  end  of  his  sophomore  year. 
Going  to  NewYork,  he  became  interested  in  flori- 
culture, at  the  same  time  contributing  short 
articles  to  horticultural  periodicals.  Later  he 
was  a  compositor  in  Washington.  His  first  news- 
paper venture  was  the  publication  of  a  weekry 
newspaper  in  Maryland  in  1872.  Returning  to 
Illinois,  conjointly  with  his  father  he  started 
"The  Industrial  Press"  at  Galena,  but,  in  1875. 
removed  to  Chicago.  There  he  purchased  "The 
Daily  National  Hotel  Reporter,"  from  which  he 
withdrew  a  few  years  later.  In  May,  1881,  in 
conjunction  with  others,  he  organized  The  Chi- 
cago Herald  Company,  in  which  he  ultimately 
secured  a,  controlling  interest.  His  journalistic 
and  executive  capability  soon  brought  additional 
responsibilities.  He  was  chosen  President  of  the 
American  Newspaper  Publishers'  Association,  of 
the  Chicago  Press  Club,  and  of  the  United  Press 
— the  latter  being  an  organization  for  the  collec- 
tion and  dissemination  of  telegraphic  news  to 
journals  throughout  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada. He  was  also  conspicuously  connected  with 
the  preliminary  organization  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  and  Chairman  of  the 
Press  Committee.  In  1893  he  started  an  evening 
paper  at  Chicago,  which  he  named  "The  Post.'1 
Early  in  1895  he  purchased  "The  Chicago  Times. " 
intending  to  consolidate  it  with  "The  Herald." 
but  before  the  final  consummation  of  his  plans, 
he  died  suddenly,  while  on  a  business  visit  in 
New  York,  April  14.  1895. 

SCOTT,  John  M.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
in  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  August  1,  1834;  his 
father  being  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  and  his 
mother  a  Virginian.  His  attendance  upon  dis- 
trict schools  was  supplemented  by  private  tuition, 
and  his  early  education  was  the  best  that  the 
comparatively  new  country  afforded.  He  read 
law  at  Belleville,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1848,  removed  to  McLean  County,  which  con- 
tinued to  be  his  home  for  nearly  fifty  years.  He 
served  as  County  School  Commissioner  from  1849 
to  1852,  and,  in  the  latter  year,  was  elected  County 
Judge.  In  1856  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  the  State  Senate,  frequently 
speaking  from  the  same  platform  with  Abraham 
Lincoln.  In  1862  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit,  to 
succeed  David  Davis  on  the  elevation  of  the 
latter  to  the  bench  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  and  was  re-elected  in  1867.  In  1870,  a 
new  judicial  election  being  rendered  necessary 
by  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution,  Judge 
Scott  was  chosen  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 


472 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


for  a  term  of  nine  years ;  was  re-elected  in  1879, 
but  declined  a  renomination  in  1888.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  his  private 
affairs.  Died,  at  Bloomington,  Jan.  21,  1898. 
Shortly  before  his  death  Judge  Scott  published  a 
volume  containing  a  History  of  the  Illinois 
Supreme  Court,  including  brief  sketches  of  the 
early  occupants  of  the  Supreme  Court  bench  and 
early  lawyers  of  the  State. 

SCOTT,  Matthew  Thompson,  agriculturist 
and  real-estate  operator,  was  born  at  Lexington, 
Ky.,  Feb.  24,  1828;  graduated  at  Centre  College 
in  1846,  then  spent  several  years  looking  after  his 
father's  landed  interests  in  Ohio,  when  he  came 
to  Illinois  and  invested  largely  in  lands  for  him- 
self and  others.  He  laid  out  the  town  of  Chenoa 
in  1856;  lived  in  Springfield  in  1870-72,  when  he 
removed  to  Bloomington,  where  he  organized  the 
McLean  County  Coal  Company,  remaining  as  its 
head  until  his  death;  was  also  the  founder  of 
"The  Bloomington  Bulletin,"  in  1878.  Died,  at 
Bloomington,  May  21,  1891. 

SCOTT,  Owen,  journalist  and  ex-Congressmau, 
was  born  in  Jackson  Township,  Effingham 
County,  111.,  July  6,  1848,  reared  on  a  farm,  and, 
after  receiving  a  thorough  common-school  edu- 
cation, became  a  teacher,  and  was,  for  eight 
years,  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  his  native 
county.  In  January,  1874,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  but  abandoned  practice,  ten  years  later, 
to  engage  in  newspaper  work.  His  first  publi- 
cation was  "The  Effingham  Democrat, "  which  he 
left  to  become  proprietor  and  manager  of  "The 
Bloomington  Bulletin."  He  was  also  publisher 
of  "The  Illinois  Freemason,"  a  monthly  periodi- 
cal. Before  removing  to  Bloomington  he  filled 
the  offices  of  City  Attorney  and  Mayor  of  Effing- 
ham, and  also  served  as  Deputy  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue.  In  1890  he  was  elected  as  a 
Democrat  from  the  Fourteenth  Illinois  District 
to  the  Fifty-second  Congress.  In  1892  he  was  a 
candidate  for  re-election,  but  was  defeated  by  his 
Republican  opponent,  Benjamin  F.  Funk.  Dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  Mr.  Scott  has  been  editor 
of  "The  Bloomington  Leader." 

SCOTT  COUNTY,  lies  in  the  western  part  of 
the  State  adjoining  the  Illinois  River,  and  has  an 
area  of  248  square  miles.  The  region  was  origi- 
nally owned  by  the  Kickapoo  Indians,  who 
ceded  it  to  the  Government  by  the  treaty  of 
Edwardsville,  July  30,  1819.  Six  months  later 
(in  January,  1820)  a  party  of  Kentuckians  settled 
near  Lynnville  (now  in  Morgan  County),  their 
names  being  Thomas  Stevens,  James  Scott, 
Alfred  Miller,  Thomas  Allen,  John  Scott  and 


Adam  Miller.  Allen  erected  the  first  house  in  the 
county,  John  Scott  the  second  and  Adam  Miller 
the  third.  About  the  same  time  came  Stephen 
M.  Umpstead,  whose  wife  was  the  first  white 
woman  in  the  county.  Other  pioneers  were 
Jedediah  Webster,  Stephen  Pierce,  Joseph  Dens- 
more,  Jesse  Roberts,  and  Samuel  Bogard.  The 
country  was  rough  and  the  conveniences  of  civi- 
lization few  and  remote.  Settlers  took  their  corn 
to  Edwardsville  to  be  ground,  and  went  to  Alton 
for  their  mail.  Turbulence  early  showed  itself, 
and,  in  1822,  a  band  of  "Regulators"  was  organized 
from  the  best  citizens,  who  meted  out  a  rough 
and  ready  sort  of  justice,  until  1830,  occasionally 
shooting  a  desperado  at  his  cabin  door.  Scott 
County  was  cut  off  from  Morgan  and  organized 
in  1839.  It  contains  good  farming  land,  much  of 
it  being  originally  timbered,  and  it  is  well 
watered  by  the  Illinois  River  and  numerous 
small  streams.  Winchester  is  the  county-seat. 
Population  of  the  county  (1880),  10,741;  (1890), 
10,304;  (1900),  10,455. 

SCRIPPS,  John  L.,  journalist,  was  born  near 
Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  Feb.  18,  1818;  was  taken  to 
Rushville.  Ill,  in  childhood,  and  educated  at 
McKendree  College;  studied  law  and  came  to 
Chicago  in  1847,  with  the  intention  of  practicing, 
but,  a  year  or  so  later,  bought  a  third  interest  in 
"The  Chicago  Tribune,"  which  had  been  estab- 
lished during  the  previous  year.  In  1852  he 
withdrew  from  "The  Tribune,"  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  William  Bross  (afterwards  Lieuten- 
ant-Go vernor),  established  "The  Daily  Demo- 
cratic Press."  which  was  consolidated  with  "The 
Tribune"  in  July,  1858,  under  the  name  of  "The 
Press  and  Tribune,"  Mr.  Scripps  remaining  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  new  concern.  IB  1861  he 
was  appointed,  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  Postmaster  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  serving  until  1865,  when,  having 
sold  his  interest  in  "The  Tribune,"  he  engaged  in 
the  banking  business  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Scripps,  Preston  &  Kean.  His  health,  however, 
soon  showed  signs  of  failure,  and  he  died,  Sept. 
21,  1866,  at  Minneaiwlis,  Minn.,  whither  he  had 
gone  in  hopes  of  restoration.  Mr.  Scripps  was  a 
finished  and  able  writer  who  did  much  to  elevate 
the  standard  of  Chicago  journalism. 

SCROGGS,  George,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Wilmington,  Clinton,  County,  Ohio,  Oct.  7,  1842 
— the  son  of  Dr.  John  W.  Scroggs,  who  came  to 
Champaign  County,  111.,  in  1851,  and,  in  1858, 
took  charge  of  "The  Central  Illinois  Gazette."  In 
1866-67  Dr.  Scroggs  was  active  in  securing  the 
location  of  the  State  University  at  Champaign, 
afterwards  serving  as  a  member  of  the  first  Board 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


473 


of  Trustees  of  that  institution.  The  son,  at  the 
age  of  15,  became  an  apprentice  in  his  father's 
printing  office,  continuing  until  1862,  when  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-fifth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  being 
promoted  through  the  positions  of  Sergeant-Major 
and  Second  Lieutenant,  and  finally  serving  on 
the  staffs  of  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis  and  Gen.  James 
D.  Morgan,  but  declining  a  commission  as  Adju- 
tant of  the  Sixtieth  Illinois.  He  participated  in 
the  battles  of  Perry ville,  Chickamauga,  Mission 
Ridge  and  the  march  with  Sherman  to  the  sea,  in 
the  latter  being  severely  wounded  at  Bentonville, 
N.  C.  He  remained  in  the  service  until  July, 
1865,  when  he  resigned;  then  entered  the  Uni- 
rersity  at  Champaign,  later  studied  law,  mean- 
while writing  for  "The  Champaign  Gazette  and 
Union,"  of  which  he  finally  became  sole  propri- 
etor. In  1877  he  was  appointed  an  Aid-de-Camp 
on  the  staff  of  Governor  Cullom.  and,  the  follow- 
ing year,  was  elected  to  the  Thirty-first  General 
Assembly,  but,  before  the  close  of  the  session 
(1879),  received  the  appointment  of  United  States 
Consul  to  Hamburg,  Germany.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  this  position,  a  year  later,  on 
account  of  ill-health,  and,  returning  home,  died, 
Oct.  15,  1880. 

SEATONVILLE,  a  village  in  Hall  Township. 
Bureau  County.  Population  (1900),  909. 
,  SECRETARIES  OF  STATE.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  Secretaries  of  State  of  Illinois  from 
its  admission  into  the  Union  down  to  the  present 
time  (1899),  with  the  date  and  duration  of  the 
term  of  each  incumbent:  Elias  Kent  Kane, 
1818-22;  Samuel  D.  Lockwood.  1822-23:  David 
Blackwell,  1823-24;  Morris  Birkbeck,  October, 
1824  to  January,  1825  (failed  of  confirmation  by 
the  Senate);  George Forquer,  1825-28;  Alexander 
Pope  Field,  1828-40;  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  1840-41 
(served  three  months — resigned  to  take  a  seat  on 
the  Supreme  bench);  Lyman  Trumbull,  1841-43; 
Thompson  Campbell,  1843-46;  Horace  S.  Cooley, 
1846-50;  David  L.  Gregg,  1850-53;  Alexander 
Star iif.  1853-57 :  Ozias  M.  Hatch,  1857-65 ;  Sharon 
Tyndale,  1865-69;  Edward  Rummel,  1869-73; 
George  H.  Harlow,  1873-81;  Henry  D.  Dement, 
1881-89;  Isaac  N.  Pearson.  1889-93;  William  H. 

Hinrichsen,    1893-97;   James  A.  Rose,   1897 . 

Nathaniel  Pope  and  Joseph  Phillips  were  the  only 
Secretaries  of  Illinois  during  the  Territorial 
period,  the  former  serving  from  1809  to  1816,  and 
the  latter  from  1816  to  1818.  Under  the  first  Con- 
stitution (1818)  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  was  filled  by  appointment  by  the  Governor, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 


Senate,  but  without  limitation  as  to  term  of 
office.  By  the  Constitution  of  1848,  and  again  by 
that  of  1870,  that  officer  was  made  elective  by 
the  people  at  the  same  time  as  the  Governor,  for 
a  term  of  four  years. 

SECRET  TREASONABLE  SOCIETIES.  Early 
in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  there  sprang  up,  at 
various  points  in  the  Northwest,  organizations  of 
persons  disaffected  toward  the  National  Govern- 
ment. They  were  most  numerous  in  Ohio,  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.  At  first 
they  were  known  by  such  titles  as  "Circles  of 
Honor,"  "Mutual  Protective  Associations,"  etc. 
But  they  had  kindred  aims  and  their  members 
were  soon  united  in  one  organization,  styled 
"Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle."  Its  secrets 
having  been  partially  disclosed,  this  body  ceased 
to  exist — or,  it  would  be  more  correct  to  say, 
changed  its  name — being  soon  succeeded  (1863) 
by  an  organization  of  similar  character,  called 
the  "American  Knights."  These  societies,  as 
first  formed,  were  rather  political  than  military. 
The  "American  Knights"  had  more  forcible 
aims,  but  this,  in  turn,  was  also  exposed,  and  the 
order  was  re-organized  under  the  name  of  "Sons 
of  Liberty."  The  last  named  order  started  in 
Indiana,  and,  owing  to  its  more  perfect  organ  i 
zation,  rapidly  spread  over  the  Northwest, 
acquiring  much  more  strength  and  influence  than 
its  predecessors  had  done.  The  ultimate  author- 
ity of  the  organization  was  vested  in  a  Supreme 
Council,  whose  officers  were  a  "supreme  com- 
mander," "secretary  of  state, "and  "treasurer" 
Each  State  represented  formed  a  division,  under  a 
"deputy  grand  commander."  States  were  divided 
into  military  districts,  under  "major-general,. " 
County  lodges  were  termed  "temples."  The 
order  was  virtually  an  officered  army,  and  its 
aims  were  aggressive.  It  had  its  conuuauder-in- 
chief.  its  brigades  and  its  regiments.  Three 
degrees  were  recognized,  and  the  oaths  of  secrecy 
taken  at  each  initiation  surpassed,  in  binding 
force,  either  the  oath  of  allegiance  or  an  oath 
taken  in  a  court  of  justice.  The  maintenance  of 
slavery,  and  forcible  opposition  to  a  coercive 
policy  by  the  Government  in  dealing  with  seces- 
sion, were  the  pivotal  doctrines  of  the  order.  Its 
methods  and  purposes  were  to  discourage  enlist- 
ments and  resist  a  draft;  to  aid  and  protect 
deserters:  to  disseminate  treasonable  literature; 
to  aid  the  Confederates  in  destroying  Government 
property.  Clement  L.  Vallandigham,  the  expat- 
riated traitor,  was  at  its  head,  and,  in  1864, 
claimed  that  it  had  a  numerical  strength  of  400,- 
000,  of  whom  65,000  were  in  Illinois.  Many  overt 


474 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


acts  were  committed,  but  the  organization,  hav- 
ing been  exposed  and  defeated  in  its  objects,  dis- 
banded in  1865.  (See  Camp  Douglas  Conspiracy. ) 
SELKY,  Paul,  editor,  was  born  in  Pickaway 
County,  Ohio,  July  20,  1825;  removed  with  his 
parents,  in  1837.  to  Van  Buren  County,  Iowa,  but, 
at  the  age  of  19,  went  to  Southern  Illinois,  where 
he  spent  four  years  teaching,  chiefly  in  Madison 
County.  In  1848  he  entered  the  preparatory 
department  of  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville, 
but  left  the  institution  during  his  junior  year  to 
assume  the  editorship  of  'The  Morgan  Journal," 
at  Jacksonville,  with  which  he  remained  until 
the  fall  of  1858,  covering  the  period  of  the 
organization  of  the  Republican  party,  in  which 
"The  Journal"  took  an  active  part.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Anti-Nebraska  (afterwards  known 
as  Republican)  State  Convention,  which  met  at 
Springfield,  in  October.  1854  (the  first  ever  held  in 
the  State),  and,  on  Feb.  22,  1856,  attended  and 
presided  over  a  conference  of  Anti-Nebraska 
editors  of  the  State  at  Decatur,  called  to  devise  a 
line  of  policy  for  the  newly  organizing  Repub- 
lican party.  (See  Anti-A'ebrtiska  Editorial 
Convention.)  This  body  appointed  the  first 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  and  desig- 
nated the  date  of  the  Bloomington  Convention 
of  May  29,  following,  which  put  in  nomination 
the  first  Republican  State  ticket  ever  named  in 
Illinois,  which  ticket  was  elected  in  the  following 
November  (See  Bloomington  Convention.)  In 
1859  he  prepared  a  pamphlet  giving  a  history  of 
the  celebrated  Canal  scrip  fraud,  which  was 
widely  circulated.  (See  Canal  Scrip  Fraud. ) 
Going  South  in  the  fall  of  1859,  he  was  engaged 
in  teaching  in  the  State  of  Louisiana  until  the 
last  of  June,  1801.  Just  two  weeks  before  the 
fall  of  Fort  Sumter  he  was  denounced  to  his 
Southern  neighbors  as  an  "abolitionist"  and 
falsely  cliarged  with  having  been  connected  with 
the  "underground  railroad,"  in  letters  from 
secession  sympathizers  in  the  North,  whose  per- 
sonal and  political  enmity  he  had  incurred  while 
conducting  a  Republican  paper  in  Illinois,  some 
of  whom  referred  to  Jefferson  Davis,  Senator 
Slidell,  of  Louisiana,  and  other  Southern  leaders 
as  vouchers  for  their  characters.  He  at  once 
invited  an  investigation  by  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  institution,  of  which  he  was  the 
Principal,  when  that  body — although  composed, 
for  the  most  part,  of  Southern  men — on  the  basis 
of  testimonials  from  prominent  citizens  of  Jack 
sonville,  and  other  evidence,  adopted  resolutions 
declaring  the  charges  prompted  by  personal  hos- 
tility, and  delivered  the  letters  of  his  accusers  into 


his  hands.  Returning  North  with  his  family  in 
July,  1861,  he  spent  some  nine  months  in  the  com- 
missary and  transportation  branches  of  the  ser- 
vice at  Cairo  and  at  Paducah,  Ky.  In  July,  1862, 
he  became  associate  editor  of  "The  Illinois  State 
Journal"  at  Springfield,  remaining  until  Novem- 
ber, 1865.  The  next  six  months  were  spent  as 
Assistant  Deputy  Collector  in  the  Custom  House 
at  New  Orleans,  but,  returning  North  in  June, 
1866,  he  soon  after  became  identified  with  the 
Chicago  press,  serving,  first  upon  the  staff  of  "The 
Evening  Journal"  and,  later,  on  "The  Repub- 
lican." In  May,  1868,  he  assumed  the  editorship 
of  "The  Quincy  Whig,"  ultimately  becoming 
part  proprietor  of  that  paper,  but,  in  January. 
1874,  resumed  his  old  place  on  "The  State  Jour 
nal,"  four  years  later  becoming  one  of  its  propri- 
etors. In  1880  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Hayes  Postmaster  of  Springfield,  was  reappointed 
by  Arthur  in  1884,  but  resigned  in  1886.  Mean 
while  he  had  sold  his  interest  in  "The  Journal," 
but  the  following  year  organized  a  new  company 
for  its  purchase,  when  he  resumed  his  former 
position  as  editor.  In  1889  he  disposed  of  his 
holding  in  "The  Journal,"  finally  removing  to 
Chicago,  where  he  has  been  employed  in  literary 
work.  In  all  he  has  been  engaged  in  editorial 
work  over  thirty-five  years,  of  which  eighteen 
were  spent  upon  "The  State  Journal."  In  1860 
Mr.  Selby  was  complimented  by  his  Alma  Mater 
with  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  He  has  been 
twice  married,  first  to  Miss  Erra  Post,  of  Spring- 
field, who  died  in  November.  1865,  leaving  two 
daughters,  and,  in  1870,  to  Mrs.  Mary  J.  Hitch- 
cock, of  Quincy,  by  whom  he  had  two  children. 
i«  >t  h  of  whom  died  in  infancy. 

SEMPLE,  James,  United  States  Senator,  was 
born  in  Green  County,  Ky . ,  Jan.  5,  1798,  of  Scotch 
descent ;  after  learning  the  tanner's  trade,  studied 
law  and  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1818,  removing 
to  Missouri  four  years  later,  where  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  Returning  to  Illinois  in  1828. 
lie  began  practice  at  Edwardsville.  but  later 
became  a  citizen  of  Alton.  During  the  Black 
Hawk  War  he  served  as  Brigadier-General.  He 
was  thrice  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the 
Legislature  (1832,  '34  and  °36).  and  was  Speaker 
during  the  last  two  terms.  In  1833  he  was 
elected  Attorney-General  by  the  Legislature,  but 
served  only  until  the  following  year,  and,  in 
1837,  was  appointed  Minister  to  Granada,  South 
America.  In  1843  he  was  appointed,  and  after- 
wards elected.  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the 
unexpired  term  of  Samuel  McRoberts,  at  the 
expiration  of  his  term  (1847)  retiring  to  private 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


475 


life.  He  laid  out  the  town  of  Elsah,  in  Jersey 
County,  just  south  of  which  lie  owned  a  large 
estate  on  the  Mississippi  bluffs,  where  he  died. 
Dec.  20,  1866. 

SENECA  (formerly  Crotty).  a  village  of  La 
Salle  County,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River,  the 
Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  and  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railways,  13  miles  east  of 
Ottawa.  It  has  a  graded  school,  several 
churches,  a  bank,  some  manufactures,  grain 
warehouses,  coal  mines,  telephone  system  and 
one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  1,190;  (1900),  1,036. 

SK\\.  (Dr.)  Nicholas,  physican  and  surgeon, 
was  born  in  the  Canton  of  St.  Gaul.  Switzerland, 
Oct.  31.  1844;  was  brought  to  America  at  8  years 
of  age,  his  parents  settling  at  Washington,  Wis. 
He  received  a  grammar  school  education  at  Fond 
du  Lac,  and,  in  1864.  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, graduating  at  the  Chicago  Medical  College 
in  1868.  After  some  eighteen  months  spent  as 
resident  physician  in  the  Cook  County  Hospital. 
he  began  practice  at  Ashford,  Wis.,  but  removed 
to  Milwaukee  in  1874,  where  he  became  attending 
physician  of  the  Milwaukee  Hospital.  In  18TT  he 
visited  Europe,  graduated  the  following  year  from 
the  University  of  Munich,  and.  on  his  return, 
became  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery 
and  Surgical  Pathology  in  Rusli  Medical  College 
in  Chicago — also  has  held  the  chair  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  in  the  same  institution.  Dr. 
Senn  has  achieved  great  success  and  won  an 
international  reputation  in  the  treatment  of 
difficult  cases  of  abdominal  surgery.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  volumes  on  different 
branches  of  surgery  which  are  recognized  as 
standard  authorities.  A  few  years  ago  he  pur- 
chased the  extensive  library  of  the  late  Dr.  Will- 
iam Baum,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  University 
of  Gottingen,  which  he  presented  to  the  New- 
berry  Library  of  Chicago.  In  1H9U,  Dr.  Senn  was 
appointed  Surgeon -General  of  the  Illinois 
National  Guard,  and  has  also  lieen  President  of 
the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the 
National  Guard  of  the  United  States,  besides 
being  identified  with  various  other  medical 
bodies.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  he  was  appointed,  by  President 
McKinley,  a  Surgeon  of  Volunteers  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  and  rendered  most  efficient  aid  in  the 
military  branch  of  the  service  at  Cump  Chicka- 
mauga  and  in  the  Santiago  campaign. 

SEXTON,  (Col.)  James  A.,  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  was  born 
in  the  city  of  Chicago,  Jan.  5,  1844;  in  April. 


1861.  being  then  only  a  little  over  IT,  enlisted  as  a 
private  soldier  under  the  first  call  for  troops 
issued  by  President  Lincoln ;  at  the  close  of  his 
term  was  appointed  a  Sergeant,  with  authority  to 
recruit  a  company  which  afterwards  was  attached 
to  the  Fifty -first  Volunteer  Infantry.  Later,  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Sixty  -seventh  with  the 
rank  of  Lieuteuant,  and,  a  few  months  after,  to 
the  Seventy -second  with  a  commission  as  Captain 
of  Company  I),  which  he  had  recruited.  As  com- 
mander of  his  regiment,  then  constituting  a  part 
of  the  Seventeenth  Army  Corps,  he  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Columbia.  Duck  Creek,  Spring 
Hill,  Franklin  and  Nashville,  and  in  the  Nash 
ville  campaign.  Both  at  Nashville  and  Franklin 
he  was  wounded,  and  again,  at  Spanish  Fort,  by  a 
piece  of  shell  which  broke  his  leg.  His  regiment 
took  part  in  seven  battles  and  eleven  skirmishes, 
and.  while  it  went  out  907  strong  in  officers  and 
men.  it  returned  with  only  332.  all  told,  although 
it  had  been  recruited  by  234  men.  He  was  known 
as  "The  boy  Captain,"  being  only  18  years  old 
when  he  received  his  first  commission,  and  21 
when,  after  participating  in  the  Mobile  cam- 
paign, he  was  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel.  After  the  close  of  the  war 
he  engaged  in  planting  in  the  South,  purchasing 
a  plantation  in  Lowndes  County.  Ala.,  but.  in 
1867,  returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Cribben.  Sexton  &  Co., 
stove  manufacturers,  from  which  he  retired  in 
1898.  In  1884  he  served  as  Presidential  Elector 
on  the  Republican  ticket  for  the  Fourth  District, 
and.  in  1889,  was  appointed,  by  President  Harrison. 
Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  serving  over 
five  years.  In  1888  he  was  chosen  Department 
Commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
for  the  State  of  Illinois,  and.  ten  years  later,  to 
the  position  of  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  order, 
which  he  held-  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  had 
also  been,  for  a  number  of  years,  one  of  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Quincy, 
and,  during  most  of  the  time,  President  of  the 
Board.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1898,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  a  member 
of  the  Commission  to  investigate  the  conduct  of 
the  Spanish-American  War,  but.  before  the  Com- 
mission had  concluded  its  labors,  was  taken  with 
"the  grip."  which  developed  into  pneumonia, 
from  which  he  died  in  Washington,  Feb.  5,  189ft. 
SEYMOUR,  Weorge  Franklin,  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Bishop,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Jan.  5. 
1829;  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in  1850, 
and  from  the  General  Theological  Seminary 
(New  York)  in  1854.  He  received  both  minor 


47G 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  major  orders  at  the  hands  of  Bishop  Potter, 
being  made  deacon  in  1854  and  ordained  priest  in 
1855.  For  several  years  he  was  engaged  in  mis- 
sionary work.  During  this  period  he  was  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  founding  of  St. 
Stephen's  College.  After  serving  as  rector  in 
various  parishes,  in  1865  he  was  made  Professor 
of  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  New  York  Semi- 
nary, and,  ten  years  later,  was  chosen  Dean  of 
the  institution,  still  retaining  his  professorship. 
Racine  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
S.T.D.,  in  1867,  and  Columbia  that  of  LL.D.  in 
1878.  In  1874  he  was  elected  Bishop  of  Illinois, 
but  failed  of  confirmation  in  the  House  of  Depu- 
ties. Upon  the  erection  of  the  new  diocese  of 
Springfield  (1877)  he  accepted  and  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  at  .Trinity  Church,  N.  Y.,  June  11, 
1878.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Third 
Pan-Anglican  Council  (London,  1885),  and  has 
done  much  to  foster  the  growth  and  extend  the 
influence  of  his  church  in  his  diocese. 

SHABBONA,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  County,  on 
the  Iowa  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  25  miles  west  of  Aurora. 
Population  (1890),  502;  (1900),  587. 

Sll AHOV.V  (or  Shabbona),  an  Ottawa  Chief, 
was  born  near  the  Maumee  River,  in  Ohio,  about 
1775,  and  served  under  Tecumseh  from  1807  to 
the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813.  In  1810  he 
accompanied  Tecumseh  and  Capt.  Billy  Caldwell 
(see  Sauganasti)  to  the  homes  of  the  Pottawato- 
mies  and  other  tribes  within  the  present  limits  of 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  to  secure  their  co-oper- 
ation in  driving  the  white  settlers  out  of  the 
country.  At  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  he  was  by 
the  side  of  Tecumseh  when  he  fell,  and  both  he 
and  Caldwell,  losing  faith  in  their  British  allies, 
soon  after  submitted  to  the  United  States  through 
General  Cass  at  Detroit.  Shabona  was  opposed 
to  Black  Hawk  in  1832.  and  did  much  to  thwart 
the  plans  of  the  latter  and  aid  the  whites.  Hav- 
ing married  a  daughter  of  a  Pottawatomie  chief, 
who  had  a  village  on  the  Illinois  River  east  of 
the  present  city  of  Ottawa,  he  lived  there  for 
some  time,  but  finally  removed  25  miles  north  to 
Shabona's  Grove  in  De  Kalb  County.  Here  lie 
remained  till  1837,  when  he  removed  to  Western 
Missouri.  Black  Hawk's  followers  having  a 
reservation  near  by,  hostilities  began  between 
them,  in  which  a  son  and  nephew  of  Shabona 
were  killed.  He  finally  returned  to  his  old  home 
in  Illinois,  but  found  it  occupied  by  whites,  who 
drove  him  from  the  grove  that  bore  his  name. 
Some  friends  then  bought  for  him  twenty  acres 
of  land  on  Mazon  Creek,  near  Morris,  where  he 


died,  July  27,  1859.  He  is  described  as  a  noble 
specimen  of  his  race.  A  life  of  him  has  been 
published  by  N.  Matson  (Chicago,  1878). 

SHANNON,  a  village  of  Carroll  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway,  18  miles 
southwest  of  Freeport.  It  is  an  important  trade 
center,  has  a  bank  and  one  newspaper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  591;  (1900),  678. 

SHAW,  Aaron,  former  Congressman,  born  in 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1811;  was  educated  at 
the  Montgomery  Academy,  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Goshen  in  that  State.  In 
1833  he  removed  to  Lawrence  County,  111.  He 
has  held  various  important  public  offices.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  first  Internal  Improvement 
Convention  of  the  State;  was  chosen  State's 
Attorney  by  the  Legislature,  in  which  body  he 
served  two  terms;  served  four  years  as  Judge  of 
the  Twenty-fifth  Judicial  Circuit;  was  elected  to 
the  Thirty-fifth  Congress  in  1856,  and  to  the 
Forty-eighth  in  1882,  as  a  Democrat. 

SHAW,  James,  lawyer,  jurist,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, May  3,  1832,  brought  to  this  country  in  in- 
fancy and  grew  up  on  a  farm  in  Cass  County,  111. : 
graduated  from  Illinois  College  in  1857,  and.  after 
admission  to  the  bar,  began  practice  at  Mount 
Carroll.  In  1870  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  General  Assembly,  being  re-elected 
in  1872,  '76  and  '78.  He  was  Speaker  of  the 
House  during  the  session  of  1877,  and  one  of  the 
Republican  leaders  on  the  floor  during  the  suc- 
ceeding session.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  a  Presi- 
dential Elector,  and,  in  1891,  to  a  seat  on  the 
Circuit  bench  from  the  Thirteenth  Circuit, 
and,  in  1897  was  re-elected  for  the  Fifteenth 
Circuit. 

SHAWNEETOWN,  a  city  and  the  county-seat 
of  Gallatin  County,  on  the  Ohio  River  120  miles 
from  its  mouth  and  at  the  terminus  of  the  Shaw- 
neetown  Divisions  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western and  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroads; 
is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  State,  having 
been  laid  out  in  1808,  and  noted  for  the  number 
of  prominent  men  who  resided  there  at  an  early 
day.  Coal  is  extensively  mined  in  that  section, 
and  Shawneetown  is  one  of  the  largest  shipping 
points  for  lumber,  coal  and  farm  products 
between  Cairo  and  Louisville,  navigation  being 
open  the  year  round.  Some  manufacturing  is 
done  here;  the  city  has  several  mills,  a  foundry 
and  machine  shop,  two  or  three  banks,  several 
churches,  good  schools  and  two  weekly  papers. 
Since  the  disastrous  floods  of  1884  and  1898,  Shaw- 
neetown has  reconstructed  its  levee  system  on  a 
substantial  scale,  which  is  now  believed  to  furnish 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


477 


ample  protection  against  the  recurrence  of  similar 
disaster.  Pop.  (1900),  1,698;  (1903,  est.),  2,200. 

Ml  K  A  II  A  \,  James  W.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Baltimore.  Md.,  spent  his  early  life,  after  reaching 
manhood,  in  Washington  City  as  a  Congressional 
Reporter,  and,  in  1847.  reported  the  proceedings 
of  the  Illinois  State  Constitutional  Convention  at 
Springfield.  Through  the  influence  of  Senator 
Douglas  he  was  induced,  in  1854.  to  accept  the 
editorship  of  "The  Young  America"  newspaper 
at  Chicago,  which  was  soon  after  changed  to 
"The  Chicago  Times."  Here  he  remained  until 
the  fall  of  I860,  when,  "The  Times"  having  been 
sold  and  consolidated  with  "The  Herald,"  a 
Buchanan-Breckenridge  organ,  he  established  a 
new  paper  called  "The  Morning  Post."  This  he 
made  representative  of  the  views  of  the  "War 
Democrats"  as  against  "The  Times,"  which  was 
opposed  to  the  war.  In  May,  1865,  he  sold  the 
plant  of  "The  Post"  and  it  became  "The  Chicago 
Republican"  —  now  "Inter  Ocean."  A  few 
months  later.  Mr.  Sheahan  accepted  a  position  as 
chief  writer  on  the  editorial  staff  of  "The  Chicago 
Tribune,"  which  he  retained  until  his  death, 
June  17,  1883. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  prosperous  village  of  Bureau 
County,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railroad,  44  miles  east  of  Rock  Island ;  has  valu- 
able coal  mines,  a  bank  and  one  newspaper. 
Population  (1890),  993;  (1900),  1,265. 

SHELBY  COUNTY,  lies  south  of  the  center  of 
the  State,  and  contains  an  area  of  776  square 
miles.  The  tide  of  immigration  to  this  county 
was  at  first  from  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina,  although  later  it  began  to  set  in  from 
the  Northern  States.  The  first  cabin  in  the 
county  was  built  by  Simeon  Wakefield  on  what  is 
now  the  site  of  Williamsburg,  first  called  Cold 
Spring.  Joseph  Daniel  was  the  earliest  settler  in 
what  is  now  Shelbyville,  pre-empting  ten  acres, 
which  he  soon  afterward  sold  to  Joseph  Oliver, 
the  pioneer  merchant  of  the  county,  and  father 
of  the  first  white  child  born  within  its  limits. 
Other  pioneers  were  Shimei  Wakefield,  Levi 
Casey  and  Samuel  Hall.  In  lieu  of  hats  the  early 
settlers  wore  caps  made  of  squirrel  or  coon  skin, 
with  the  tails  dangling  at  the  backs,  and  he  was 
regarded  as  well  dressed  who  boasted  a  fringed 
buckskin  shirt  and  trousers,  with  moccasins. 
The  county  was  formed  in  1827,  and  Shelbyville 
made  the  county-seat.  Both  county  and  town 
are  named  in  honor  of  Governor  Shelby,  of  Ken- 
tucky. County  Judge  Joseph  Oliver  held  the 
first  court  in  the  cabin  of  Burnett  Bone,  and 
Judge  Theophilus  W.  Smith  presided  over  the 


first  Circuit  Court  in  1828.  Coal  is  abundant, 
and  limestone  and  sandstone  are  also  found.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  rolling  and  well  wooded. 
The  Little  Wabash  and  Kaskaskia  Rivers  flow 
through  the  central  and  southeastern  portions. 
The  county  lies  in  the  very  heart  of  the  great 
corn  belt  of  the  State,  and  has  excellent  transpor- 
tation facilities,  being  penetrated  by  four  lines  of 
railway.  Population  (1880),  30,270;  (1890),  31,- 
191;  (1900),  32,126. 

SHELBYVILLE,  the  county-seat  and  an  incor- 
porated city  of  Shelby  County,  on  the  Kaskaskia 
River  and  two  lines  of  railway,  32  miles  southeast 
of  Decatur.  Agriculture  is  carried  on  exten- 
sively, and  there  is  considerable  coal  mining  in 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  city  has  two  flour- 
ing mills,  a  handle  factory,  a  creamery,  one 
National  and  one  State  bank,  one  daily  and  four 
weekly  papers  and  one  monthly  periodical,  an 
Orphans'  Home,  ten  churches,  two  graded 
schools,  and  a  public  library.  Population  (1890), 
3,162;  (1900),  3,546. 

SHELDON,  a  village  of  Iroquois  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago 
&  St.  Louis  and  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western 
Railways,  9  miles  east  of  Watseka ;  has  two  banks 
and  a  newspaper.  The  region  is  agricultural. 
Pop.  (1890),  910;  (1900),  1,103. 

SHELDON,  Benjamin  R.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  in  1813,  graduated  from  Williams 
College  in  1831,  studied  law  at  the  Yale  Law 
School,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1836. 
Emigrating  to  Illinois,  he  located  temporarily  at 
Hennepin,  Putnam  County,  but  soon  removed  to 
Galena,  and  finally  to  Rockford.  In  1848  he  was 
elected  Circuit  Judge  of  the  Sixth  Circuit,  which 
afterwards  being  divided,  he  was  assigned  to  the 
Fourteenth  Circuit,  remaining  until  1870,  when 
he  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
presiding  as  Chief  Justice  in  1877.  He  was  re- 
elected  in  1879,  but  retired  in  1888,  being  suc- 
ceeded by  the  late  Justice  Bailey.  Died,  April 
13,  1897. 

SHEPPARD,  Nathan,  author  and  lecturer,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  9.  1834;  graduated 
at  Rochester  Theological  Seminary  in  1859;  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  was  special  correspondent  of 
"The  New  York  World"  and  "The  Chicago  Jour- 
nal" and  "Tribune,"  and,  during  the  Franco- 
German  War,  of  "The  Cincinnati  Gazette;"  also 
served  as  special  American  correspondent  of 
"The  London  Times,"  and  was  a  contributor  to 
"Frazer's  Magazine"  and  "Temple  Bar."  In  1873 
he  became  a  lecturer  on  Modern  English  Liter- 
ature and  Rhetoric  in  Chicago  University  and. 


476 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


four  years  later,  accepted  a  similar  position  in 
Allegheny  College;  also  spent  four  years  in 
Europe,  lecturing  in  the  principal  towns  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  In  1884  he  founded  the 
"Athenaeum"  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  of 
which  he  was  President  until  his  death,  early  in 
1888.  "The  Dickens  Reader,"  "Character  Read- 
ings from  George  Eliot"  and  "Essays  of  George 
Eliot"  were  among  the  volumes  issued  by  him 
between  1881  and  1887.  Died  in  New  York  City, 
Jan.  24,  1888. 

SHERMAN,  Alston  Smith,  early  Chicago  Mayor, 
was  born  at  Barre.  Vt,  April  21,  1811.  remaining 
there  until  1836,  when  he  came  to  Chicago  and 
began  business  as  a  contractor  and  builder.  Sev- 
eral years  later  he  opened  the  first  stone  quarries 
at  Lemont,  111.  Mr.  Sherman  spent  many  years 
in  the  service  of  Chicago  as  a  public  official. 
From  1840  to  1842  he  was  Captain  of  a  company 
of  militia;  for  two  years  served  as  Chief  of  the 
Fire  Department,  and  was  elected  Alderman  in 
1842,  serving  again  in  1846.  In  1844,  he  was 
chosen  Mayor,  his  administration  being  marked 
by  the  first  extensive  public  improvements  made 
in  Chicago.  After  his  term  as  Mayor  he  did 
much  to  secure  a  better  water  supply  for  the 
city.  He  was  especially  interested  in  promoting 
common  school  education,  being  for  several  years 
u  member  of  the  City  School  Board.  He  was 
Vice-President  of  the  tirst  Board  of  Trustees  of 
Northwestern  University.  Retired  from  active 
pursuits,  Mr.  Sherman  is  now  ( 18991  spending  a 
serene  old  age  at  Waukegan.  111.  — Oren  (Sherman) 
brother  of  the  preceding  and  early  Chicago  mer- 
chant, was  born  at  Barre,  Vt. ,  March  5,  1816. 
After  spending  several  years  in  a  mercantile 
house  in  Montpelier.  Vt.,  at  the  age  of  twenty  he 
came  west,  first  to  $Jew  Buffalo,  Mich.,  and,  in 
1836,  to  Chicago,  opening  a  dry-goods  store  there 
the  next  spring.  iWith  various  partners  Mr. 
Sherman  continued Tn  a  general  mercantile  busi- 
ness until  1853,  at  the  same  time  being  extensively 
engaged  in  the  provision  trade,  one-half  the  entire 
transactions  in  pork  in  the  city  passing  through 
Lis  hands.  Next  he  engaged  in  developing  stone 
quarries  at  Lemont,  111. ;  also  became  extensively 
interested  in  the  marble  business,  continuing  in 
this  until  a  few  years  after  the  panic  of  187*!, 
when  he  retired  in  consequence  of  a  shock  of 
paralysis.  Died,  in  Chicago,  Dec.  15,  1898. 

SHERMAN,  Elijah  I!.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Fairfield,  Vt.,  June  18,  1832— his  family  being 
distantly  related  to  Roger  Sherman,  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  the  late 
Gen.  \V.  T.  Sherman;  gained  his  education  in  the 


common  schools  and  at  Middlebury  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1860 ;  began  teaching,  but 
soon  after  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  war  for  the 
Union ;  received  a  Lieutenant's  commission,  and 
served  until  captured  on  the  eve  of  the  battle  at 
Antietam,  when  he  was  paroled  and  sent  to  Camp 
Douglas,  Chicago,  awaiting  exchange.  During 
this  period  he  commenced  reading  law  and,  hav 
ing  resigned  his  commission,  graduated  from  the 
law  department  of  Chicago  University  in  1864 
In  1876  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  from  Cook  County,  and  re- 
elected  in  1878,  and  the  following  year  appointed 
Master  in  Chancery  of  the  United  States  District 
Court,  a  position  which  he  still  occupies  He  has 
repeatedly  been  called  upon  to  deliver  addresses 
on  political,  literary  and  patriotic  occasions,  one 
of  these  being  before  the  alumni  of  his  alma 
mater,  in  1884,  when  he  was  complimented  with 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

SHIELDS,  James,  soldier  and  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1810,  emigrated 
to  the  United  States  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and 
began  the  practice  of  law  at  Kaskaskia  in  1832. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1836,  and 
State  Auditor  in  1839.  In  1843  he  became  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  and,  in 
1845,  was  made  Commiasioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office.  In  July,  1846,  he  was  commissioned 
Brigadier-General  in  the  Mexican  War  gaining 
the  brevet  of  Major-General  at  Cerro-Gordo, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  again 
wounded  at  Chapultepec,  and  mustered  out  in 
1848.  The  same  year  he  was  appointed  Governor 
of  Oregon  Territory.  In  1849  the  Democrats  iu 
the  Illinois  Legislature  elected  him  Senator,  anil 
he  resigned  his  office  in  Oregon.  In  1856  he 
removed  to  Minnesota,  and,  in  1858,  was  chosen 
United  States  Senator  from  that  State,  his  term 
expiring  in  1859,  when  he  established  a  residence 
in  California.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 
(1861)  he  was  superintending  a  mine  in  Mexico, 
but  at  once  hastened  to  Washington  to  tender  bin 
services  to  the  Governmnet.  He  was  commis 
sioned  Brigadier-General,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction until  March.  1863,  when  the  effect  of 
numerous  wounds  caused  him  to  resign.  He  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Missouri,  practicing  law  at 
Carrollton  and  serving  in  the  Legislature  of  that 
State  in  1874  and  1879.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
elected  United  States  Senator  to  fill  out  the  une  \ 
pired  term  of  Senator  Bogy,  who  had  died  in 
office — serving  only  six  weeks,  but  being  the  only 
man  in  the  history  of  the  country  who  filled  the 
office  of  United  States  Senator  from  three  differ- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


47'J 


ent  States.  Died,  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  June  1, 
1879. 

SHIPMAN,  a  town  of  Macoupin  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  19  miles  north-north- 
east of  Alton  and  14  miles  southwest  of  Carlin- 
ville.  Population  (1890),  410;  (1900),  396. 

Sll  I  I'M  A  V,  George  E.,  M.D.,  physician  and 
philanthropist,  born  in  New  York  City,  March  4, 
1820;  graduated  at  the  University  of  New  York 
in  1839,  and  took  a  course  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons;  practiced  for  a  time  at 
Peoria,  111.,  but,  in  1846,  located  in  Chicago,  where 
he  assisted  in  organizing  the  first  Homeopathic 
Hospital  in  that  city,  and,  in  1855,  was  one  of  the 
first  Trustees  of  Hahnemann  College.  In  1871  he 
established,  in  Chicago,  the  Foundlings'  Home  at 
his  own  expense,  giving  to  it  the  latter  years  of 
his  life.  Died.  Jan.  20,  1893. 

SHOREY,  Daniel  Lewis,  lawyer  and  philan- 
thropist, was  born  at  Jonesborough,  Washington 
County,  Maine,  Jan.  31,  1824;  educated  at  Phil- 
lips Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and  at  Dartmouth 
College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1851; 
taught  two  years  in  Washington  City,  meanwhile 
reading  law,  afterwards  taking  a  course  at  Dane 
Law  School,  Cambridge;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Boston  in  1854,  the  next  year  locating  at 
Davenport,  Iowa,  where  he  remained  ten  years. 
In  1865  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  prose- 
cuted his  profession  until  1890,  when  he  retired. 
Mr.  Shorey  was  prominent  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Chicago  Public  Library,  and  a  member  of 
the  first  Library  Board;  was  also  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Chicago  Literary  Club,  and  was  a 
Director  in  the  new  University  of  Chicago  and 
deeply  interested  in  its  prosperity.  Died,  in  Chi- 
cago, March  4,  1899. 

SHORT,  (Rev.)  William  F.,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1829,  brought  to 
Morgan  County,  111.,  in  childhood,  and  lived  upon 
a  farm  until  20  years  of  age,  when  he  entered 
McKendree  College,  spending  his  senior  year, 
however,  at  Wesleyan  University,  Bloomington, 
where  he  graduated  in  1854.  He  had  meanwhile 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Missouri  Conference  Semi- 
nary at  Jackson.  Mo. ;  where  he  remained  three 
years,  when  he  returned  to  Illinois,  serving 
churches  at  Jacksonville  and  elsewhere,  for  a 
part  of  the  time  being  Presiding  Elder  of  the 
Jacksonville  District.  In  1875  he  was  elected 
President  of  Illinois  Female  College  at  Jackson- 
ville, continuing  in  that  position  until  1893,  when 
lie  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Illinois 
State  Institution  for  the  Blind  at  the  same  place, 
but  resigned  early  in  1897.  Dr.  Short  received 


the  degree  of  D.D.,  conferred  upon  him  by  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University. 

SHOUP,  tteorge  L.,  United  States  Senator, 
was  born  at  Kittanning,  Pa.,  June  15,  1836;  came 
to  Illinois  in  1852,  his  father  locating  on  a  stock- 
farm  near  Galesburg;  in  1859  removed  to  Colo- 
rado, where  he  engaged  in  mining  and  mercantile 
business  until  1861,  when  he  enlisted  in  a  com- 
pany of  scouts,  being  advanced  from  the  rank  of 
First  Lieutenant  to  the  Colonelcy  of  the  Third 
Colorado  Cavalry,  meanwhile  serving  as  Delegate 
to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1864. 
Retiring  to  private  life,  he  again  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile and  mining  business,  first  in  Nevada  and 
then  in  Idaho;  served  two  terms  in  the  Terri- 
torial Legislature  of  the  latter,  was  appointed 
Territorial  Governor  in  1889  and,  in  1890,  was 
chosen  the  first  Governor  of  the  State,  in  October 
of  the  same  year  being  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  and  re-elected  in  1895  for  a  second 
term,  which  ends  in  1901.  Senator  Shoup  is  one 
of  the  few  Western  Senators  who  remained  faith- 
ful to  the  regular  Republican  organization,  during 
the  political  campaign  of  1896. 

SHOWALTER,  John  W.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Mason  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  8,  1844;  resided  some 
years  in  Scott  County  in  that  State,  and  was 
educated  in  the  local  schools,  at  Maysville  and 
Ohio  University,  finally  graduating  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1H67;  came  to  Chicago  in  1869,  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870.  He 
returned  to  Kentucky  after  the  fire  of  1871,  but, 
in  1872,  again  came  to  Chicago  and  entered  the 
employment  of  the  firm  of  Moore  &  Caulfield. 
with  whom  he  had  been  before  the  fire.  In  1H7!) 
he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Abbott, 
Oliver  &  Showalter  (later,  Oliver  &  Showalter), 
where  he  remained  until  his  appointment  as 
United  States  Circuit  Judge,  in  March,  189r>. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  Dec.  12,  1898. 

SHl'.M  A N,  Andrew,  journalist  and  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  was  born  at  Manor.  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.,  Nov.  8,  1830.  His  father  dying  in  1837.  he 
was  reared  by  an  uncle.  At  the  age  of  15  he 
became  an  apprentice  in  the  office  of  "The  Lan- 
caster Union  and  Sentinel."  A  year  later  he  ac- 
companied his  employer  to  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  working 
for  two  years  on  "The  Daily  Advertiser"  of  tliat 
city,  then  known  as  Governor  Seward's  "home 
organ."  At  the  age  of  18  he  edited,  published 
and  distributed  —  during  his  leisure  hours — a 
small  weekly  paper  called  "The  Auburnian."  At 
the  conclusion  of  his  apprenticeship  he  was  em- 
ployed, for  a  year  or  two.  in  editing  and  publish- 
ing "The  Cayuga  Chief. "  a  temperance  journal. 


480 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


In  1851  he  entered  Hamilton  College,  but,  before 
the  completion  of  his  junior  year,  consented,  at 
the  solicitation  of  friends  of  William  H.  Seward, 
to  assume  editorial  control  of  "The  Syracuse 
Daily  Journal."  In  July,  1856,  he  came  to  Chi- 
cago, to  accept  an  editorial  position  on  "The 
Evening  Journal"  of  that  city,  later  becoming 
editor-in-chief  and  President  of  the  Journal  Com- 
pany. From  1865  to  18TO  (first  by  executive 
appointment  and  afterward  by  popular  election) 
he  was  a  Commissioner  of  the  Illinois  State  Peni- 
tentiary at  Joliet,  resigning  the  office  four  years 
before  the  expiration  of  his  term.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket.  Owing  to  declining  health,  he 
abandoned  active  journalistic  work  in  1888, 
dying  in  Chicago,  May  5,  1890.  His  home  during 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  was  at  Evanston. 
Governor  Shuman  was  author  of  a  romance 
entitled  "Loves  of  a  Lawyer,"  besides  numerous 
addresses  before  literary,  commercial  and  scien- 
tific associations. 

SHUMWAY,  Dorice  Dnight,  merchant,  was 
born  at  Williamsburg,  Worcester  County,  Mass. , 
Sept.  28,  1813,  descended  from  French  Huguenot 
ancestry;  came  to  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in  1837,  and 
to  Montgomery  County,  111.,  in  1841;  married  a 
daughter  of  Hiram  Rountree,  an  early  resident 
<>f  Hillsboro,  and,  in  1843,  located  in  Christian 
County ;  was  engaged  for  a  time  in  merchandis- 
ing at  Taylorville.  but  retired  in  1858,  thereafter 
giving  his  attention  to  a  large  landed  estate.  In 
1 846  he  was  chosen  Representative  in  the  General 
Assembly,  served  in  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1847,  and  four  years  as  County  Judge  of 
Christian  County.  Died,  May  9,  1870.— Hiram 
P.  (Shumway),  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Montgomery  County,  111..  June,  1842; 
spent  his  boyhood  on  a  farm  in  Christian  County 
and  in  his  father's  store  at  Taylorville;  took  an 
academy  course  and,  in  1864,  engaged  in  mercan- 
tile business;  was  Representative  in  the  Twenty- 
eighth  General  Assembly  and  Senator  in  the 
Thirty-sixth  and  Thirty-seventh,  afterwards 
removing  to  Springfield,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  stone  business. 

SHURTLEFF  COLLEGE,  an  institution 
located  at  Upper  Alton,  and  the  third  estab- 
lished in  Illinois.  It  was  originally  incorporated 
as  the  "Alton  College"  in  1831,  under  a  special 
charter  which  was  not  accepted,  but  re-incorpo- 
rated in  1835,  in  an  "omnibus  bill"  with  Illi- 
nois and  McKendree  Colleges.  (See  Early  Col- 
leges.) Its  primal  origin  was  a  school  at  Rock 
Spring  in  St.  Clair  County,  founded  about  1824, 


by  Rev.  John  M.  Peck.  This  became  the  "Rock 
Spring  Seminary"  in  1827,  and,  about  1831,  was 
united  with  an  academy  at  Upper  Alton.  This 
was  the  nucleus  of  "Alton"  (afterward  "Shurt- 
leff")  College.  As  far  as  its  denominational 
control  is  concerned,  it  has  always  been  domi- 
nated by  Baptist  influence.  Dr.  Peck's  original 
idea  was  to  found  a  school  for  teaching  theology 
and  Biblical  literature,  but  this  project  was  at 
first  inhibited  by  the  State.  Hubbard  Loomis 
and  John  Russell  were  among  the  first  instruc- 
tors. Later,  Dr.  Benjamin  Shurtleff  donated  the 
college  $10,000,  and  the  institution  was  named  in 
his  honor.  College  classes  were  not  organized 
until  1840,  and  several  years  elapsed  before  a  class 
graduated.  Its  endowment  in  1898  was  over 
$126,000,  in  addition  to  $125,000  worth  of  real  and 
personal  property.  About  255  students  were  in 
attendance.  Besides  preparatory  and  collegiate 
departments,  the  college  also  maintains  a  theo- 
logical school.  It  has  a  faculty  of  twenty 
instructors  and  is  co-educational. 

SIBLET,  a  village  of  Ford  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago Division  of  the  Wabash  Railway,  105  miles 
south-southwest  of  Chicago;  has  banks  and  a 
weekly  newspaper.  The  district  is  agricultural. 
Population  (1890),  404;  (1900),  444 

SIBLET,  Joseph,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
at  Westfield,  Mass.,  in  1818;  learned  the  trade  of 
a  whip-maker  and  afterwards  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising. In  1843  he  began  the  study  of  law 
at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  and,  upon  admission  to  the 
bar,  came  west,  finally  settling  at  Nauvoo,  Han- 
cock County.  He  maintained  a  neutral  attitude 
during  the  Mormon  troubles,  thus  giving  offense 
to  a  section  of  the  community.  In  1847  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Legislature, 
but  was  elected  in  1850,  and  re-elected  in  1852. 
In  1853  he  removed  to  Warsaw,  and,  in  1855,  was 
elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and  re-elected 
in  1861,  '67  and  '73,  being  assigned  to  the  bench 
of  the  Appellate  Court  of  the  Second  District,  in 
1877.  His  residence,  after  1865.  was  at  Quincy, 
where  he  died,  June  18,  1897. 

SIDELL,  a  village  of  Vermillion  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  and  Cincinnati,  Hamil- 
ton &  Dayton  Railroads;  has  a  bank,  electric 
light  plant  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  776. 

SIDNEY,  a  village  of  Champaign  County,  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Wabash  Railway,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  a  branch  to  Champaign,  48  miles  east-north- 
east of  Decatur.  It  is  in  a  farming  district;  has  a 
bank  and  a  newspaper.  Population,  (1900),  564. 

SIM,  (Dr.)  'William,  pioneer  physician,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  in  1795,  came  to 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


481 


America  in  early  manhood,  and  was  the  first  phy- 
sician to  settle  at  Golconda,  in  Pope  County, 
which  he  represented  in  the  Fourth  and  Fifth 
General  Assemblies  (1824  and  '28).  He  married 
a  Miss  Elizabeth  Jack  of  Philadelphia,  making 
the  journey  from  Golconda  to  Philadelphia  for 
that  purpose  on  horseback.  He  had  a  family  of 
five  children,  one  son,  Dr.  Francis  L.  Sim,  rising 
to  distinction  as  a  physician,  and,  for  a  time, 
being  President  of  a  Medical  College  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.  The  elder  Dr.  Sim  died  at  Golconda,  in 
1868. 

M  MS,  James,  early  legislator  and  Methodist 
preacher,  was  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  but 
removed  to  Kentucky  in  early  manhood,  thence 
to  St.  Clair  County.  111.,  and,  in  1820,  to  Sanga- 
mon  County,  where  he  was  elected,  in  1822,  as  the 
first  Representative  from  that  county  in  the 
Third  General  Assembly.  At  the  succeeding  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature,  he  was  one  of  those  who 
voted  against  the  Convention  resolution  designed 
t»  prepare  the  way  for  making  Illinois  a  slave 
State.  Mr.  Sims  resided  for  a  time  in  Menard 
County,  but  finally  removed  to  Morgan. 

SINGER,  Horace  M.,  capitalist,  was  born  in 
Schnectady.  N.  Y.,  Oct.  1,  1823;  came  to  Chicago 
in  1836  and  found  employment  on  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  serving  as  superintendent  of 
repairs  upon  the  Canal  until  1853.  While  thus 
employed  he  became  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
the  stone-quarries  at  Lemont.  managed  by  the 
firm  of  Singer  &  Talcott  until  about  1890.  when 
they  became  the  property  of  the  Western  Stone 
Company.  Originally  a  Democrat,  he  became  a 
Republican  during  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Twenty-fifth  General  Assembly 
(1867)  for  Cook  County,  was  elected  County  Com- 
missioner in  1870,  and  was  Chairman  of  the 
Republican  County  Central  Committee  in  1880. 
He  was  also  associated  with  several  financial 
institutions,  being  a  director  of  the  First  National 
Bank  and  of  the  Auditorium  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, and  a  member  of  the  Union  League  and 
Calumet  Clubs.  Died,  at  Pasadena,  Cal.,  Dec. 
2H,  1896. 

SINGLETON,  James  W.,  Congressman,  born 
at  Paxton,  Va.,  Nov.  23,  1811;  was  educated  at 
the  Winchester  (Va. )  Academy,  and  removed  to 
Illinois  in  1833,  settling  first  at  Mount  Sterling, 
Brown  County,  and,  some  twenty  years  later, 
near  Quincy.  By  profession  he  was  a  lawyer, 
and  was  prominent  in  political  and  commercial 
affairs.  In  his  later  years  he  devoted  consider- 
able attention  to  stock-raising.  He  was  elected 
Brigadier-General  of  the  Illinois  militia  in  1844, 


being  identified  to  some  extent  with  the  '  'Mor- 
mon War" ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Conventions  of  1847  and  1862,  served  six  terms  in 
the  Legislature,  and  was  elected,  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  to  Congress  in  1878,  and  again  in 
1880.  In  1882  he  ran  as  an  independent  Demo- 
crat, but  was  defeated  by  the  regular  nominee  of 
his  party.  James  M.  Riggs.  During  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion  he  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
leaders  of  the  "peace  party."  He  constructed 
the  Quincy  &  Toledo  (now  part  of  the  Wabash) 
and  the  Quincy,  Alton  &  St.  Louis  (now  part  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy)  Railways, 
being  President  of  both  companies.  His  death 
occurred  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  4.  1892. 

SIN  NET,  John  S..  pioneer,  was  born  at  Lex- 
ington, Ky. ,  March  10,  1796 ;  at  three  years  of  age, 
taken  by  his  parents  to  Missouri :  enlisted  in  the 
War  of  1H12,  but.  soon  after  the  war,  came  to 
Illinois,  and,  about  1818,  settled  in  what  is  now 
Christian  County,  locating  on  land  constituting 
a  part  of  the  present  city  of  Taylorville.  In  1840 
he  removed  to  Tazewell  County,  dying  there.  Jan. 
13,  1872. 

SKINNER,  Mark,  jurist,  was  born  at  Manches- 
ter, Vt..  Sept.  13,  1813;  graduated  from  Middle- 
bury  College  in  1833,  studied  law,  and,  in  1836. 
came  to  Chicago;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1839,  became  City  Attorney  in  1840,  later  Master 
in  Chancery  for  Cook  County,  and  finally  United 
States  District  Attorney  under  President  Tyler. 
As  member  of  the  House  Finance  Committee  in 
the  Fifteenth  General  Assembly  (1846-48),  he 
aided  influentially  in  securing  the  adoption  of 
measures  for  refunding  and  paying  the  State 
debt.  In  1851  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  (now  Superior  Court )  of  Cook 
County,  but  declined  a  re-election  in  1853.  Origi- 
nally a  Democrat,  Judge  Skinner  was  an  ardent 
opponent  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  and  a 
liberal  supporter  of  the  Government  policy  dur- 
ing the  rebellion.  He  liberally  aided  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission  and  was  identified 
with  all  the  leading  charities  of  the  city. 
Among  the  great  business  enterprises  with  which 
he  was  officially  associated  were  the  Galena  &  Chi- 
cago Union  and  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railways  (in  each  of  which  he  was  a  Director), 
the  Chicago  Marine  &  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
the  Gas-Light  and  Coke  Company  and  others. 
Died,  Sept.  16.  1887.  Judge  Skinner's  only  sur- 
viving son  was  killed  in  the  trenches  before 
Petersburg,  the  last  year  of  the  Civil  War. 

SKINNER,  Otis  Ainsworth,  clergyman  and 
author,  was  born  at  Royalton,  Vt.,  July  3.  1807: 


482 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


taught  for  some  time,  became  a  Universalist 
minister,  serving  churches  in  Baltimore,  Boston 
and  New  York  between  1831  and  1857;  then 
came  to  Elgin,  111.,  was  elected  President  of  Lom- 
bard University  at  Galesburg,  but  the  following 
year  took  charge  of  a  church  at  Joliet.  Died,  at 
Naperville,  Sept.  18,  1861.  He  wrote  several  vol- 
umes on  religious  topics,  and,  at  different  times, 
edited  religious  periodicals  at  Baltimore,  Haver- 
hill.  Mass.,  and  Boston. 

SKINNER,  Ozias  C.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Floyd,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1817;  in 
1836,  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  in  Peoria 
County,  where  he  engaged  in  farming.  In  1838 
he  began  the  study  of  law  at  Greenville,  Ohio, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  that  State  in  1840. 
Eighteen  months  later  he  returned  to  Illinois, 
and  began  practice  at  Carthage,  Hancock  County, 
removing  to  Quincy  in  1844.  During  the  "Mor- 
mon War"  he  served  as  Aid-de-camp  to  Governor 
Ford.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  Sixteenth  General  Assembly,  and,  for  a 
short  time,  served  as  Prosecuting  Attorney  for 
the  district  including  Adams  and  Brown  Coun- 
ties. In  1851  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  (then) 
Fifteenth  Judicial  Circuit,  and,  in  1855,  suc- 
ceeded Judge  S.  H.  Treat  on  the  Supreme  bench, 
resigning  this  position  in  April,  1858,  two  months 
before  the  expiration  of  his  term.  He  was  a 
large  land  owner  and  had  extensive  agricultural 
interests.  He  built,  and  was  the  first  President 
of  the  Carthage  &  Quincy  Railroad,  now  a  part 
of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  system.  He 
was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1869,  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Judiciary.  Died  in  1877. 

SLADE,  Charles,  early  Congressman;  his  early 
history,  including  date  and  place  of  birth,  are 
unknown.  In  1820  he  was  elected  Representative 
from  Washington  County  in  the  Second  General 
Assembly,  and,  in  1826,  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  body  for  Clinton  and  Washington.  In  1832 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  three  Congressmen 
from  Illinois,  representing  the  First  District. 
After  attending  the  first  session  of  the  Twenty- 
third  Congress,  while  on  his  way  home,  he  was 
attacked  with  cholera,  dying  near  Vincennes, 
Ind.,  July  11,  1834. 

SLADE,  James  P.,  ex-State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  was  born  at  Westerlo,  Albany 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  9,  1837,  and  spent  his  boy- 
hood with  his  parents  on  a  farm,  except  while 
absent  at  school;  in  1856  removed  to  Belleville, 
111.,  where  he  soon  became  connected  with  the 
public  schools,  serving  for  a  number  of  years  as 


Principal  of  the  Belleville  High  School.  While 
connected  with  the  Belleville  schools,  he  was 
elected  County  Superintendent,  remaining  in 
office  some  ten  years ;  later  had  charge  of  Almira 
College  at  Greenville,  Bond  County,  served  six 
years  as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  East  St. 
Louis  and,  in  1878,  was  elected  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction  as  the  nominee  of  the 
Republican  party.  On  retirement  from  the 
office  of  State  Superintendent,  he  resumed  his 
place  at  the  head  of  Almira  College,  but,  for  the 
past  few  years,  has  been  Superintendent  of 
Schools  at  East  St.  Louis. 

SLAVERY  AGITATION  OF  1823-24.  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws.) 

SLAVERY  AND  SLAVE  LAWS.  African  slaves 
were  first  brought  into  the  Illinois  country  by  a 
Frenchman  named  Pierre  F.  Renault,  about 
1732.  At  that  time  the  present  State  formed  a 
part  of  Louisiana?'  and  the  traffic  in  slaves  was 
regulated  by  French  royal  edicts.  When  Great 
Britain  acquired  the  territory,  at  the  close  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War,  the  former  subjects  of 
France  were  guaranteed  security  for  their  per- 
sons "and  effects,"  and  no  interference  with 
slavery  was  attempted.  Upon  the  conquest  of 
Illinois  by  Virginia  (see  Chirk,  George  Rogers), 
the  French  very  gentjrally  professed  allegiance  to 
that  commonwealth,  and.  in  her  deed  of  cession 
to  the  United  States,  Virginia  expressly  stipulated 
for  the  protection  of  the  "rights  and  liberties" 
of  the  French  citizens.  This  was  construed  as 
recognizing  the  right  of  property  in  negro 
slaves.  Even  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  while  pro- 
hibiting slavery  in  the  Northwest  Territory,  pre- 
served to  the  settlers  (reference  being  especially 
made  to  the  French  and  Canadians)  "of  the  Kas- 
kaskias,  St.  Vincents  and  neighboring  villages, 
their  laws  and  customs,  now  (then)  in  force, 
relative  to  the  descent  and  conveyance  of  prop- 
erty. ' '  A  conservative  construction  of  this  clause 
was,  that  while  it  prohibited  the  extension  of 
slavery  and  the  importation  of  slaves,  the  status 
of  those  who  were  at  that  time  in  involuntary 
servitude,  and  of  their  descendants,  was  left  un- 
changed. There  were  those,  however,  who  denied 
the  constitutionality  of  the  Ordinance  in  toto, 
on  the  ground  that  Congress  had  exceeded  its 
powers  in  its  passage.  There  was  also  a  party 
which  claimed  that  all  children  of  slaves,  born 
after  1787,  were  free  from  birth.  In  1794  a  con- 
vention was  held  at  Vincennes,  pursuant  to  a  call 
from  Governor  Harrison,  and  a  memorial  to  Con- 
gress was  adopted,  praying  for  the  repeal — or,  at 
least  a  modification — of  the  sixth  clause  of  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


483 


Ordinance  of  1787.  The  first  Congressional  Com- 
mittee, to  which  this  petition  was  referred, 
reported  adversely  upon  it ;  but  a  second  commit- 
tee recommended  the  suspension  of  the  operation 
of  the  clause  in  question  for  ten  years.  But  no 
action  was  taken  by  the  National  Legislature, 
and,  in  1807,  a  counter  petition,  extensively 
signed,  was  forwarded  to  that  body,  and  Congress 
left  the  matter  in  statu  quo.  It  is  worthy  of  note 
that  some  of  the  most  earnest  opponents  of  the 
measure  were  Representatives  from  Southern 
Slave  States,  John  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  being 
one  of  them.  The  pro-slavery  party  in  the  State 
then  prepared  what  is  popularly  known  as  the 
"Indenture  Law,"  which  was  one  of  the  first  acts 
adopted  by  Governor  Edwards  and  his  Council, 
and  was  re-enacted  by  the  first  Territorial  Legis- 
lature in  1812.  It  was  entitled,  "An  Act  relating 
to  the  Introduction  of  Negroes  and  Mulattoes  into 
this  Territory,"  and  gave  permission  to  bring 
slaves  above  15  years  of  age  into  the  State,  when 
they  might  be  registered  and  kept  in  servitude 
within  certain  limitations.  Slaves  under  that 
age  might  also  be  brought  in,  registered,  and  held 
in  bondage  until  they  reached  the  age  of  35,  if 
males,  and  30,  if  females.  The  issue  of  registered 
slaves  were  to  serve  their  mother's  master  until 
the  age  of  30  or  28,  according  to  sex.  The  effect 
of  this  legislation  was  rapidly  to  increase  the 
number  of  slaves.  The  Constitution  of  1818  pro- 
hibited the  introduction  of  slavery  thereafter — 
that  is  to  say,  after  its  adoption.  In  1822  the 
slave-holding  party,  with  their  supporters,  began 
to  agitate  the  question  of  so  amending  the 
organic  law  as  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  To 
effect  such  a  change  the  calling  of  a  convention 
was  necessary,  and,  for  eighteen  months,  the 
struggle  between  "conventionists"  and  their 
opponents  was  bitter  and  fierce.  The  question 
was  submitted  to  a  popular  vote  on  August  2, 
1824,  the  result  of  the  count  showing  4,972  votes 
for  such  convention  and  6,640  against.  This 
decisive  result  settled  the  question  of  slave-hold- 
ing in  Illinois  for  all  future  time,  though  the 
existence  of  slavery  in  the  State  continued  to  be 
recognized  by  the  National  Census  until  1840. 
The  number,  according  to  the  census  of  1810,  was 
168;  in  1820  they  had  increased  to  917.  Then 
the  number  began  to  diminish,  being  reduced  in 
1830  to  747,  and,  in  1840  (the  last  census  which 
shows  any  portion  of  the  population  held  in 
bondage),  it  was  331. 

Hooper  Warren — who  has  been  mentioned  else- 
where as  editor  of  "The  Edwardsville  Spectator," 
and  a  leading  factor  in  securing  the  defeat  of  the 


scheme  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State  in  1822 — in 
an  article  in  the  first  number  of  "The  Genius  of 
Liberty"  (January,  1841),  speaking  of  that  con- 
test, says  there  were,  at  its  beginning,  only  three 
papers  in  the  State — "The  Intelligencer"  at  Van- 
dalia,  "The  Gazette"  at  Shawneetown,  and  "The 
Spectator"  at  Edwardsville.  The  first  two  of 
these,  at  the  outset,  favored  the  Convention 
scheme,  while  "The  Spectator"  opposed  it.  The 
management  of  the  campaign  on  the  part  of  the 
pro-slavery  party  was  assigned  to  Emanuel  J. 
West,  Theophilus  W.  Smith  and  Oliver  L.  Kelly, 
and  a  paper  was  established  by  the  name  of  "The 
Illinois  Republican,"  with  Smith  as  editor. 
Among  the  active  opponents  of  the  measure  were 
George  Churchill.  Thomas  Lippincott,  Samuel  D. 
Lockwood,  Henry  Starr  (afterwards  of  Cincin 
nati).  Rev.  John  M.  Peck  and  Rev.  James 
Lemen,  of  St.  Clair  County.  Others  who  con- 
tributed to  the  cause  were  Daniel  P.  Cook,  Morris 

Birkbeck,  Dr.  Hugh  Steel    and Burton    of 

Jackson  County,  Dr.  Henry  Perrine  of  Bond; 
William  Leggett  of  Edwardsville  (afterwards 
editor  of  "The  New  York  Evening  Post"),  Ben- 
jamin Lundy  (then  of  Missouri),  David  Black  well 
and  Rev.  John  Dew,  of  St.  Clair  County.  Still 
others  were  Nathaniel  Pope  (Judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court),  William  B.  Archer,  Wil- 
liam H.  Brown  and  Benjamin  Mills  (of  Vandal  ia 
John  Tillson,  Dr.  Horatio  Newhall,  George  For- 
quer,  Col.  Thomas  Mather.  Thomas  Ford,  Juil^'c 
David  J.  Baker,  Charles  W.  Hunter  and  Henry  II 
Snow  (of  Alton).  This  testimony  is  of  interest 
as  coming  from  one  who  probably  had  more  to  d<> 
with  defeating  the  scheme,  with  the  exception  of 
Gov.  Edward  Coles.  Outside  of  the  more  elabor- 
ate Histories  of  Illinois,  the  most  accurate  ami 
detailed  accounts  of  this  particular  period  are  to 
be  found  in  "Sketch  of  Edward  Coles"  by  the  latf 
E.  B.  Washburne,  and  "Early  Movement  in  Illi- 
nois for  the  Legalization  of  Slavery,"  an  ad- 
dress before  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
(1864),  by  Hon.  William  H.  Brown,  of  Chicago. 
(See also,  Coles,  Edward;  Warren, Hooper; Brown. 
William  H.;  Churchill,  George;  lAppincott, 
Tliomas;  and  Newspapers,  Early,  elsewhere  in  this 
volume. ) 

SLOAN,  Wesley,  legislator  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Dorchester  County,  Md.,  Feb.  20,,  1806. 
At  the  age  of  17,  having  received  a  fair  academic 
education,  he  accompanied  his  parents  to  Phila- 
delphia, where,  for  a  year,  he  was  employed  in  a 
wholesale  grocery.  His  father  dying,  he  returned 
to  Maryland  and  engaged  in  teaching,  at  the 
same  time  studying  law,  and  being  admitted  to 


UISTOKICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  bar  in  1831.  He  came  to  Illinois  in  1838. 
^oing  first  to  Chicago,  and  afterward  to  Kaskas 
kia,  finally  settling  at  Golconda  in  1839,  which 
continued  to  be  his  home  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature, 
iind  re-elected  in  1850,  '52,  and  '56,  serving  three 
times  as  Chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Committee. 
He  was  one  of  the  members  of  the  first  State 
Board  of  Education,  created  by  Act  of  Feb.  18, 
1857,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  founding 
and  organization  of  the  State  educational  insti- 
tutions. In  1857  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of 
the  Nineteenth  Judicial  Circuit,  and  re-elected  in 
1861,  but  declined  a  re-election  for  a  third  term. 
Died,  Jan.  15,  1887. 

SMITH,  Ahncr,  jurist,  was  born  at  Orange, 
Franklin  County,  Mass.,  August  4,  1843,  of  an 
old  New  England  family,  whose  ancestors  came 
to  Massachusetts  Colony  about  1630;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  and  at  Middlebury 
College,  Vt  .  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1866. 
After  graduation  he  spent  a  year  as  a  teacher  in 
Newton  Academy,  at  Shoreham,  Vt.,  coming  to 
Chicago  in  1867,  and  entering  upon  the  study  of 
law,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868.  The  next 
twenty-five  years  were  spent  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  Chicago,  within  that  time  serv- 
ing as  the  attorney  of  several  important  corpo- 
rations. In  1893  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  and  re-elected 
in  1897,  his  term  of  service  continuing  until 
1903. 

SMITH,  (Dr.)  Charles  << i Iniuu,  physician,  was 
liorn  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  Jan.  4,  1828,  received  his 
early  education  at  Phillips  Academy,  in  his  native 
place,  finally  graduating  from  Harvard  Univer- 
sity in  1847.  He  soon  after  commenced  the  study 
<  if  medicine  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  but 
completed  his  course  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1831.  After  two  years  spent  as 
attending  physician  of  the  Alms  House  in  South 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1853  he  came  to  Chicago,  where 
he  soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  one  of  six  physicians 
employed  by  the  Government  for  the  treatment 
of  prisoners  of  war  in  hospital  at  Camp  Douglas. 
In  1868  he  visited  Europe  for  the  purpose  of 
observing  the  management  of  hospitals  in  Ger- 
many, France  and  England,  on  his  return  being 
invited  to  lecture  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
in  Chicago,  and  also  becoming  consulting  phy- 
sician in  the  Women's  and  Children's  Hospital, 
as  well  as  in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital — a  position 
which  he  continued  to  occupy  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  gaining  a  wide  reputation  in  the  treat- 


ment of  women's  and  children's  diseases.     Died, 
Jan.  10,  1894. 

SMITH,  David  Allen,  lawyer,  was  born  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  June  18,  1809;  removed  with  his 
father,  at  an  early  day,  to  Pulaski,  Tenn. ;  at  17 
went  to  Courtland,  Lawrence  County,  Ala., 
where  he  studied  law  with  Judge  Bramlette  and 
began  practice.  His  father,  dying  about  1831,  left 
him  the  owner  of  a  number  of  slaves  whom,  in 
1837,  he  brought  to  Carlinville,  111.,  and  emanci- 
pated, giving  bond  that  they  should  not  become 
a  charge  to  the  State.  In  1839  he  removed  to 
Jacksonville,  where  he  practiced  law  until  hi* 
death.  Col.  John  J.  Hardiu  was  his  partner  at 
the  time  of  his  death  on  the  battle-field  of  Buena 
Vista.  Mr.  Smith  was  a  Trustee  and  generous 
patron  of  Illinois  College,  for  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury, but  never  held  any  political  office.  As  a 
lawyer  he  was  conscientious  and  faithful  to  the 
interests  of  his  clients ;  as  a  citizen,  liberal,  pub- 
lic-spirited and  patriotic.  He  contributed  liber- 
ally to  the  support  of  the  Government  dur- 
ing the  war  for  the  Union.  Died,  at  Anoka, 
Minn.,  July  13,  1865,  where  he  had  gone  to 
accompany  an  invalid  son.  —  Thomas  William 
(Smith),  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  born  at 
Courtland,  Ala.,  Sept.  27,  1832;  died  at  Clear 
water,  Minn.,  Oct.  29,  1865.  He  graduated  at 
Illinois  College  in  1852,  studied  law  and  served 
as  Captain  in  the  Tenth  Illinois  Volunteers, 
until,  broken  in  health,  he  returned  home  to 
die. 

SMITH,  Dietrich  C.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Ostfriesland,  Hanover,  April  4,  1840,  in 
boyhood  came  to  the  United  States,  and,  since 
1849,  has  been  a  resident  of  Pekin,  Tazewell 
•County.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the  Eighth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers,  was  promoted  to  a  Lieutenancy, 
and,  while  so  serving,  was  severely  wounded  at 
Shiloh.  Later,  he  was  attached  to  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Thirty-ninth  Illinois  Infantry,  and  was 
mustered  out  of  service  as  Captain  of  Company  C 
of  that  regiment.  His  business  is  that  of  banker 
and  manufacturer,  besides  which  he  has  had  con- 
siderable experience  in  the  construction  and 
management  of  railroads.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Thirtieth  General  Assembly,  and,  in  1880,  was 
elected  Representative  iu  Congress  from  what 
was  then  the  Thirteenth  District,  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket,  defeating  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  after- 
wards Vice-President.  In  1882,  his  county  (Taze- 
well) having  been  attached  to  the  district  for 
many  years  represented  by  Wm.  M.  Springer,  he 
was  defeated  by  the  latter  as  a  candidate  for  re- 
election. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


485 


SMITH,  George,  one  of  Chicago's  pioneers  and 
early  bankers,  was  born  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, March  8,  1808.  It  was  his  early  intention 
to  study  medicine,  and  he  entered  Aberdeen  Col- 
lege with  this  end  in  view,  but  was  forced  to  quit 
the  institution  at  the  end  of  two  years,  because 
of  impaired  vision.  In  1833  he  came  to  America, 
and,  in  1834,  settled  in  Chicago,  where  he  resided 
until  1861,  meanwhile  spending  one  year  in  Scot- 
land. He  invested  largely  in  real  estate  in  Chi- 
cago and  Wisconsin,  at  one  time  owning  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  present  site  of  Mil- 
waukee. In  1837  he  secured  the  charter  for  the 
Wisconsin  Marine  and  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
whose  headquarters  were  at  Milwaukee.  He  was 
really  the  owner  of  the  company,  although  Alex- 
ander Mitchell,  of  Milwaukee,  was  its  Secretary. 
Under  this  charter  Mr.  Smith  was  able  to  issue 
$1.500,000  in  certificates,  which  circulated  freely 
as  currency.  In  1839  he  founded  Chicago's  first 
private  banking  house.  About  1843  he  was  inter- 
ested in  a  storage  and  commission  business  in 
- Chicago,  with  a  Mr.  Webster  as  partner.  He 
was  a  Director  in  the  old  Galena  &  Chicago 
Union  Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern),  and  aided  it,  while  in  course  of 
construction,  by  loans  of  money;  was  also  a 
charter  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade, 
organized  in  1848.  In  1854,  the  State  of  Wiscon- 
sin having  prohibited  the  circulation  of  the  Wis- 
consin Marine  and  Fire  Insurance  certificates 
above  mentioned.  Mr.  Smith  solil  out  the  com- 
pany to  his  partner.  Mitchell,  and  bought  two 
Georgia  bank  charters,  which,  together,  em- 
powered him  to  issue  $3.000,000  in  currency.  The 
notes  were  duly  issued  in  Georgia,  and  put  into 
circulation  in  Illinois,  over  the  counter  of  George 
Smith  &  Co.'s  Chicago  bank.  About  18ri6  Mr. 
Smith  begun  winding  up  his  affairs  in  Chicago, 
meanwhile  spending  most  of  his  time  in  Scotland, 
but,  returning  in  1860.  made  extensive  invest- 
ments in  railroad  and  other  American  securities, 
which  netted  him  large  profits.  The  amount  of 
capital  which  he  is  reputed  to  have  taken  with 
him  to  his  native  land  has  been  estimated  at 
$10,000,000,  though  he  retained  considerable 
tracts  of  valuable  lands  in  Wisconsin  and  about 
Chicago.  Among  those  who  were  associated 
with  him  in  business,  either  as  employes  or 
otherwise,  and  who  have  since  been  prominently 
identified  with  Chicago  business  affairs,  were 
Hon.  Charles  B.  Farwell,  E.  I.  Tinkham  (after- 
wards a  prominent  banker  of  Chicago),  E.  W. 
Willard,  now  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  others.  Mr. 
Smith  made  several  visits,  during  the  last  forty 


years,  to  the  United  States,  but  divided  his  time 
chiefly  between  Scotland  (where  he  was  the 
owner  of  a  castle)  and  London.  Died  Oct.  7,  1899. 

SMITH,  (Jeorge  W.,  soldier,  lawyer  and  State 
Treasurer,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan 
8,  1837.  It  was  his  intention  to  acquire  a  col- 
legiate education,  but  his  father's  business 
embarrassments  having  compelled  the  abandon- 
ment of  his  studies,  at  17  of  years  age  he  went 
to  Arkansas  and  taught  school  for  two  years.  In 
1856  he  returned  to  Albany  and  began  the  study 
of  law,  graduating  from  the  law  school  in  1858. 
In  October  of  that  year  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
where  he  remained  continuously  in  practice,  with 
the  exception  of  the  years  1862-65,  when  he  was 
serving  in  the  Union  army,  and  1867-68,  when  he 
filled  the  office  of  State  Treasurer.  He  was  mus- 
tered into  service,  August  27,  1862,  as  a  Captain  in 
the  Eighty -eighth  1  Hindis  Infantry — the  second 
Board  of  Trade  regiment.  At  Stone  River,  he 
was  seriously  wounded  and  captured  After 
four  days'  confinement,  he  was  aided  by  a  negro 
to  escape  He  made  his  way  to  the  Union  lines 
but  was  granted  leave  of  absence,  being  incapaci 
tuted  for  service.  On  his  return  to  duty  he 
joined  his  regiment  in  the  Chattanooga  cam- 
paign, and  was  officially  complimented  for  his 
bravery  at  Gordon's  Mills.  At  Mission  Ridge  he 
was  again  severely  wounded,  and  was  once  more 
l>ersonally  complimented  in  the  official  report 
At  Kenesaw  Mountain  (June  27.  1864),  Capt 
Smith  commanded  the  regiment  after  the  killing 
of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Chandler,  and  was  pro 
moted  to  a  Lieutenant-Colonelcy  for  bravery  on 
the  field.  He  led  the  charge  at  Franklin,  and 
was  brevetted  Colonel,  and  thanked  by  the  com- 
mander for  his  gallant  service.  In  the  spring  of 
1SG5  lie  was  brevetted  Brigadier  General,  and,  in 
June  following,  was  mustered  out.  Returning 
to  Chicago,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  gained  a  prominent  position  at  the 
bar.  In  Iffifi  he  was  elected  State  Treasurer,  and. 
after  the  expiration  of  his  term,  in  January. 
1869.  held  no  public  office.  General  Smith  was, 
for  many  years,  a  Trustee  of  the  Chicago  Histor- 
ical Society,  and  Vice-President  of  the  Board. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  Sept.  16,  1898. 

SMITH,  George  W.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  in  Putnam  County.  Ohio,  August  18, 
1846.  When  he  was  four  years  old,  his  father 
removed  to  Wayne  County.  111.,  settling  on  a 
farm.  He  attended  the  common  schools  and 
graduated  from  the  literary  department  of  M<- 
Kendree  College,  at  Lebanon,  in  1S68.  In  hU 
youth  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  blacksmith,  Init 


486 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


later  determined  to  study  law.  After  reading  for 
a  time  at  Fair  field.  111.,  he  entered  the  Law 
Department  of  the  Bloomington  (Ind.)  Univer- 
sity, graduating  there  in  1870.  The  same  year  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois,  and  has  since 
practiced  at  Murphysboro.  In  1880  he  was  a 
Republican  Presidential  Elector,  and,  in  1888,  was 
elected  a  Republican  Representative  to  Congress 
from  the  Twentieth  Illinois  District,  and  has 
been  continuously  re-elected,  now  ( 1899)  serving 
his  sixth  consecutive  term  as  Representative 
from  the  Twenty-second  District. 

SMITH,  Giles  Alexander,  soldier,  and  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1829;  engaged  in  dry- 
goods  business  in  Cincinnati  and  Bloomington, 
111  .  in  1861  being  proprietor  of  a  hotel  in  the 
latter  place;  became  a  Captain  in  the  Eighth 
Missouri  Volunteers,  was  engaged  at  Forts  Henry 
and  Donelson,  Shiloh  and  Corinth,  and  promoted 
Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel  in  1862;  led  his 
regiment  on  the  first  attack  on  Vicksburg,  and 
was  severely  wounded  at  Arkansas  Post ;  was  pro- 
moted Brigadier-General  in  August,  1863,  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  conduct;  led  a  brigade 
of  the  Fifteenth  Army  Corps  at  Chattanooga  and 
Missionary  Ridge,  as  also  in  the  Atlanta  cam 
paign,  and  a  division  of  the  Seventeenth  Corps  in 
the  "March  to  the  Sea. "  After  the  surrender  of 
Lee  he  was  transferred  to  the  Twenty-fifth  Army 
Corps,  became  Major-General  in  1865,  and 
resigned  in  1866,  having  declined  a  commission 
as  Colonel  in  the  regular  army ;  about  1869  was 
appointed,  by  President  Grant.  Second  Assistant 
Postmaster-General,  but  resigned  on  account  of 
failing  health  in  1H72.  Died,  at  Bloomington, 
Nov.  8,  1876.  General  Smith  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee. 

SMITH,  (Justavns  Adolphns,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  26,  1820;  at  16  joined  two 
brothers  who  had  located  at  Springfield,  Ohio, 
where  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  carriage-maker. 
In  December,  1837,  he  arrived  at  Decatur,  111., 
but  soon  after  located  at  Springfield,  where  lie 
resided  some  six  years.  Then,  returning  to 
Decatur,  lie  devoted  his  attention  to  carriage 
manufacture,  doing  a  large  business  with  the 
South,  but  losing  heavily  as  the  result  of  the 
war.  An  original  Whig,  he  became  a  Democrat 
on  the  dissolution  of  the  Whig  party,  but  early 
took  ground  in  favor  of  the  Union  after  the  firing 
on  Fort  Sumter;  was  offered  and  accepted  the 
colonelcy  of  the  Thirty-fifth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers,  at  the  same  time  assisting  Governor 


Yates  in  the  selection  of  Camp  Butler  as  a  camp 
of  recruiting  and  instruction.  Having  been 
assigned  to  duty  in  Missouri,  in  the  summer  of 
1861,  he  proceeded  to  Jefferson  City,  joined  Fre- 
mont at  Carthage  in  that  State,  and  made  a 
forced  march  to  Springfield,  afterwards  taking 
part  in  the  campaign  in  Arkansas  and  in  the 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  where  he  had  a  horse  shot 
under  him  and  was  severely  (and,  it  was  supposed, 
fatally)  wounded,  not  recovering  until  1868. 
Being  compelled  to  return  home,  he  received 
authority  to  raise  an  independent  brigade,  but 
was  unable  to  accompany  it  to  the  field.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1862,  he  was  commissioned  a  Brigadier- 
General  by  President  Lincoln,  "for  meritorious 
conduct,"  but  was  unable  to  enter  into  active 
service  on  account  of  his  wound.  Later,  he  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  a  convalescent  camp 
at  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  under  Gen.  George  H. 
Thomas.  In  1864  he  took  part  in  securing  the 
second  election  of  President  Lincoln,  and,  in  the 
early  part  of  1865,  was  commissioned  by  Gov- 
ernor Oglesby  Colonel  of  a  new  regiment  (the 
One  Hundred  and  Fifty-fifth  Illinois),  but,  on 
account  of  his  wounds,  was  assigned  to  court- 
martial  duty,  remaining  in  the  service  until 
January,  1866,  when  he  was  mustered  out  with 
the  brevet  rank  of  Brigadier-General.  During 
the  second  year  of  his  service  he  was  presented 
with  a  magnificent  sword  by  the  rank  and  file  of 
his  regiment  (the  Thirty-fifth),  for  brave  and  gal- 
lant conduct  at  Pea  Ridge.  After  retiring  from 
the  army,  he  engaged  in  cotton  planting  in  Ala- 
bama, but  was  not  successful ;  in  1868,  canvassed 
Alabama  for  General  Grant  for  President,  but 
declined  a  nomination  in  his  own  favor  for  Con- 
gress. In  1870  he  was  appointed,  by  General 
Grant,  United  States  Collection  and  Disbursing 
Agent  for  the  District  of  New  Mexico,  where  he 
continued  to  reside. 

SMITH,  John  Corson,  soldier,  ex-Lieutenant  - 
Governor  and  ex-State  Treasurer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  13,  1832.  At  the  age  of  16  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter  and  builder.  In 
1854  he  came  to  Chicago,  and  worked  at  his  trade, 
for  a  time,  but  soon  removed  to  Galena,  where  he 
finally  engaged  in  business  as  a  contractor.  In 
1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Seventy-fourth 
Illinois  Volunteers,  but,  having  received  author- 
ity from  Governor  Yates,  raised  a  company,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  Captain,  and  which  was 
incorporated  in  the  Ninety-sixth  Illinois  Infan- 
try. Of  this  regiment  he  was  soon  elected  Major. 
After  a  short  service  about  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
and  Covington  and  Newport,  Ky.,  the  Ninety- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


487 


sixth  was  sent  to  the  front,  and  took  part  (among 
other  battles)  in  the  second  engagement  at  Fort 
Donelson  and  in  the  bloody  fight  at  Franklin, 
Tenn.  Later,  Major  Smith  was  assigned  to  staff 
duty  under  Generals  Baird  and  Steedman,  serv- 
ing through  the  Tullahoma  campaign,  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout 
Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge.  Being  promoted 
to  a  Lieutenant-Colonelcy,  he  rejoined  his  regi- 
ment, and  was  given  command  of  a  brigade.  In 
the  Atlanta  campaign  he  served  gallantly,  tak- 
ing a  conspicuous  part  in  its  long  series  of  bloody 
engagements,  and  being  severely  wounded  at 
Kenesaw  Mountain.  In  February,  1865,  he  was 
1  irevetted  Colonel,  and,  in  June,  1865,  Brigadier- 
General.  Soon  after  his  return  to  Galena  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue, 
but  was  legislated  out  of  office  in  1873.  In  1873 
he  removed  to  Chicago  and  embarked  in  business. 
In  1874-76  he  was  a  member  (and  Secretary)  of 
the  Illinois  Board  of  Commissioners  to  the  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  at  Philadelphia.  In  1875  he 
was  appointed  Chief  Grain-Inspector  at  Chicago, 
and  held  the  office  for  several  years.  In  1873  and 
'76  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican 
Conventions  of  those  years,  and,  in  1878,  was 
elected  State  Treasurer,  as  he  was  again  in  1882. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor,  serv- 
ing until  1889.  He  is  a  prominent  Mason,  Knight 
Templar  and  Odd  Fellow,  as  well  as  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  Order  of  Nobles  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  and  was  prominently  connected 
with  the  erection  of  the  "Masonic  Temple  Build- 
ing" in  Chicago. 

SMITH,  John  Eugene,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Switzerland,  August  3,  1816,  the  son  of  an  officer 
who  had  served  under  Napoleon,  and  after  the 
downfall  of  the  latter,  emigrated  to  Philadelphia. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  received  an  academic 
education  and  became  a  jeweler :  in  1861  entered 
the  volunteer  service  as  Colonel  of  the  Forty-fifth 
Illinois  Infantry;  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh 
and  siege  of  Corinth ;  was  promoted  a  Brigadier- 
General  in  November,  1862,  and  placed  in  com- 
mand of  a  division  in  the  Sixteenth  Army  Corps; 
led  the  Third  Division  of  the  Seventeenth  Army 
Corps  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  later  being 
transferred  to  the  Fifteenth,  and  taking  part  in 
the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  the  Atlanta 
and  Carolina  campaigns  of  1864-65.  He  received 
the  brevet  rank  of  Major-General  of  Volunteers 
in  January,  1865,  and,  on  his  muster-out  from  the 
volunteer  service,  became  Colonel  of  the  Twenty- 
seventh  United  States  Infantry,  being  transferred. 


in  1870,  to  the  Fourteenth.  In  1867  his  service* 
at  Vicksburg  and  Savannah  were  further  recog- 
nized by  conferring  upon  him  the  brevets  of  Brig- 
adier and  Major-General  in  the  regular  army. 
In  May,  1881,  he  was  retired,  afterwards  residing 
in  Chicago,  where  he  died,  Jan.  29,  1897. 

SMITH,  Joseph,  the  founder  of  the  Mormon 
sect,  was  born  at  Sharon,  Vt. ,  Dec.  23,  1805.  In 
1815  his  parents  removed  to  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  and 
still  later  to  Manchester.  He  early  showed  a 
dreamy  mental  cast,  and  claimed  to  be  able  to 
locate  stolen  articles  by  means  of  a  magic  stone. 
In  1820  he  claimed  to  have  seen  a  vision,  but  his 
pretensions  were  ridiculed  by  his  acquaintances. 
His  story  of  the  revelation  of  the  golden  plates 
by  the  angel  Moroni,  and  of  the  latter 's  instruc- 
tions to  him,  is  well  known.  With  the  aid  of 
Martin  Harris  and  Oliver  Cowdery  he  prepared 
the  "Book  of  Mormon,"  alleging  that  he  had 
deciphered  it  from  heaven-sent  characters, 
through  the  aid  of  miraculous  spectacles.  This 
was  published  in  1830.  In  later  years  Smith 
claimed  to  have  received  supplementary  reve- 
lations, which  so  taxed  the  credulity  of  his  fol- 
lowers that  some  of  them  apostatized.  He  also 
claimed  supernatural  power,  such  as  exorcism, 
etc.  He  soon  gained  followers  in  considerable 
numbers,  whom,  in  1832,  he  led  west,  a  part 
settling  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  and  the  remainder  in 
Jackson  County,  Mo.  Driven  out  of  Ohio  five 
years  later,  the  bulk  of  the  sect  found  the  way  to 
their  friends  in  Missouri,  whence  they  were 
finally  expelled  after  many  conflicts  with  the 
authorities.  Smith,  with  the  other  refugees,  fled 
to  Hancock  County,  111.,  founding  the  city  of 
Nauvoo,  which  was  incorporated  in  1840.  Here 
was  begun,  in  the  following  year,  the  erection  of  a 
great  temple,  but  again  he  aroused  the  hostility 
of  the  authorities,  although  soon  wielding  con- 
siderable political  power.  After  various  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  arrest  him  in  1844,  Smith  and 
a  number  of  his  followers  were  induced  to  sur- 
render themselves  under  the  promise  of  protection 
from  violence  and  a  fair  trial.  Having  been 
taken  to  Carthage,  the  county -seat,  all  were  dis- 
charged under  recognizance  to  appear  at  court 
except  Smith  and  his  brother  Hyrum,  who  were 
held  under  the  new  charge  of  "treason,"  and  were 
placed  in  jail.  So  intense  had  been  the  feeling 
against  the  Mormons,  that  Governor  Ford  called 
out  the  militia  to  preserve  the  peace;  but  it  is 
evident  that  the  feeling  among  the  latter  was  in 
sympathy  with  that  of  the  populace.  Most  of 
the  militia  were  disbanded  after  Smith's  arrest, 
one  company  being  left  on  duty  at  Carthage. 


488 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


from  whom  only  eight  men  were  detailed  to 
guard  the  jail.  In  this  condition  of  affairs  a  mob 
of  150  disguised  men,  alleged  to  be  from  Warsaw, 
appeared  before  the  jail  on  the  evening  of  June 
27,  and,  forcing  the  guards — who  made  only  a 
feeble  resistance. — Joseph  Smith  and  his  brother 
Hyrum  were  both  shot  down,  while  a  friend,  who 
had  remained  with  them,  was  wounded.  The  fate 
of  Smith  undoubtedly  went  far  to  win  for  him 
the  reputation  of  martyr,  and  give  a  new  impulse 
to  the  Mormon  faith.  (See  Mormons;  Nauvoo. ) 

SMITH,  .In-tin  Almerin,  D.D.,  clergyman 
and  editor,  was  born  at  Ticonderoga,  X.  Y.,  Dec. 
29,  1819,  educated  at  New  Hampton  Literary  and 
Theological  Institute  and  Union  College,  gradu- 
ating from  the  latter  in  1848 ;  served  a  year  as 
Principal  of  the  Union  Academy  at  Bennington, 
Vt.,  followed  by  four  years  of  pastoral  work, 
when  he  assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Bap- 
tist church  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
remained  five  years.  Then  (1853)  he  removed  to 
Chicago  to  assume  the  editorship  of  "The  Chris- 
tian Times"  (now  "The  Standard"),  with  which 
he  was  associated  for  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Meanwhile  he  assisted  in  organizing  three  Baptist 
churches  in  Chicago,  serving  two  of  them  as 
l>astor  for  a  considerable  period;  made  an  ex- 
tended tour  of  Europe  in  1869,  attending  the 
Vatican  Council  at  Rome;  was  a  Trustee  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  old  Chicago  Univer- 
sity, and  Trustee  and  Lecturer  of  the  Baptist 
Theological  Seminary;  was  also  the  author  of 
several  religious  works.  Died,  at  Morgan  Park, 
near  Chicago,  Feb.  4,  1896. 

SMITH,  Perry  II.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Augusta,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  March 
18,  1828;  entered  Hamilton  College  at  the  age  of 
14  and  graduated,  second  in  his  class,  at  18 ;  began 
reading  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  com- 
ing of  age  in  1849.  Then,  removing  to  Appleton. 
Wis.,  when  23  years  of  age  he  was  elected  a 
Judge,  served  later  in  both  branches  of  the 
Legislature,  and,  in  1857,  became  Vice-President 
of  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac  Railway, 
retaining  the  same  position  in  the  reorganized 
corporation  when  it  became  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern.  In  1856  Mr.  Smith  came  to  Chi- 
cago and  resided  there  till  his  death,  on  Palm 
Sunday  of  1885.  He  was  prominent  in  railway 
circles  and  in  the  councils  of  the  Democratic 
party,  being  the  recognized  representative  of  Mr. 
Tilden's  interests  in  the  Northwest  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1876. 

SMITH,  Robert,  Congressman  and  lawyer, 
was  born  at  Petersborough,  N.  H.,  June  12,  1802; 


was  educated  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  his 
native  town,  settled  at  Alton,  111.,  in  1832,  and 
engaged  in  practice.  In  1836  he  was  elected  to 
the  General  Assembly  from  Madison  County, 
and  re-elected  in  1838.  In  1842  he  was  elected  to 
the  Twenty -eighth  Congress,  and  twice  re-elected, 
serving  three  successive  terms.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  was  commissioned  Paymaster,  with  the 
rank  of  Major,  and  was  stationed  at  St.  Louis. 
He  was  largely  interested  in  the  construction  of 
water  power  at  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  also  in 
railroad  enterprises  in  Illinois.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent Mason  and  a  public-spirited  citizen.  Died, 
at  Alton,  Dec.  20,  1867. 

SMITH,  Samuel  Lisle,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1817,  and.  belonging  to  a 
wealthy  family,  enjoyed  superior  educational 
advantages,  taking  a  course  in  the  Yale  Law 
School  at  an  age  too  early  to  admit  of  his  receiv- 
ing a  degree.  In  1836  he  came  to  Illinois,  to  look 
after  some  lauded  interests  of  his  father's  in  the 
vicinity  of  Peru.  Returning  east  within  the  next 
two  years,  he  obtained  his  diploma,  and,  again 
coming  west,  located  in  Chicago  in  1838,  and. 
for  a  time,  occupied  an  office  with  the  well-known 
law  firm  of  Butterfield  &  Collins.  In  1839  he  was 
elected  City  Attorney  and,  at  the  great  Whig 
meeting  at  Springfield,  in  June,  1840,  was  one  of 
the  principal  speakers,  establishing  a  reputation 
as  one  of  the  most  brilliant  campaign  orators  in 
the  West.  As  an  admirer  of  Henry  Clay,  he  was 
active  in  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1844.  anil 
was  also  a  prominent  speaker  at  the  River  and 
Harbor  Convention  at  Chicago,  in  1847.  With  a 
keen  sense  of  humor,  brilliant,  witty  and  a  mas- 
ter of  repartee  and  invective,  he  achieved  popu- 
larity, both  at  the  bar  and  on  the  lecture 
platform,  and  had  the  promise  of  future  success, 
which  was  unfortunately  marred  by  his  convivial 
habits.  Died  of  cholera,  in  Chicago,  July  30,  IRVl. 
Mr.  Smith  married  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Potts,  of 
Philadelphia,  an  eminent  clergyman  of  the 
Episcopal  Church. 

SMITH,  Sidney,  jurist,  was  born  in  WashinK- 
ton  County,  N.  Y.,  May  12,  1829;  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Albion,  in  that  State, 
in  1851 ;  came  to  Chicago  in  1856  and  entered 
into  partnership  with  Grant  Goodrich  and  Will- 
iam W.  Farwell,  both  of  whom  were  afterwards 
elected  to  places  on  the  bench — the  first  in  the 
Superior,  and  the  latter  in  the  Circuit  Court.  In 
1879  Judge  Smith  was  elected  to  the  Superior 
Court  of  Cook  County,  serving  until  1885.  when 
he  became  the  attorney  of  the  Chicago  IJoanl  of 
Trade.  He  was  the  Republican  candidate  for 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


489 


Mayor,  in  opposition  to  Carter  H.  Harrison,  in 
1885,  and  is  believed  by  many  to  have  been 
honestly  elected,  though  defeated  on  the  face  of 
the  returns.  A  recount  was  ordered  by  the  court, 
but  so  much  delay  was  incurred  and  so  many 
obstacles  placed  in  the  way  of  carrying  the  order 
into  effect,  that  Judge  Smith  abandoned  the  con- 
test in  disgust,  although  making  material  gains 
as  far  as  it  had  gone.  During  his  professional 
career  he  was  connected,  as  counsel,  with  some  of 
the  most  important  trials  before  the  Chicago 
courts;  was  also  one  of  the  Directors  of  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Library,  on  its  organization  in  1871. 
Died  suddenly,  in  Chicago,  Oct.  6,  1898. 

SMITH,  Theophllns  Washington,  Judge  and 
|K>litician,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Sept.  28, 
1784,  served  for  a  time  in  the  United  States  navy, 
was  a  law  student  in  the  office  of  Aaron  Burr, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  his  native  State  in 
1805,  and,  in  1816,  came  west,  finally  locating  at 
Edwardsville,  where  he  soon  became  a  prominent 
figure  in  early  State  history.  In  1820  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  before  the  Legislature  for 
the  office  of  Attorney -General,  being  defeated  by 
Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  but  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1822,  serving  four  years.  In  1823 
he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "Conventionist" 
party,  whose  aim  was  to  adopt  a  new  Constitution 
which  would  legalize  slavery  in  Illinois,  during 
this  period  being  the  editor  of  the  leading  organ 
of  the  pro-slavery  party.  In  1825  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  but  resigned,  Dec.  26,  1842.  He  was  im- 
peached in  1832  on  charges  alleging  oppressive 
conduct,  corruption,  and  other  high  misdemean- 
ors in  office,  but  secured  a  negative  acquittal,  a 
two-thirds  vote  being  necessary  to  conviction. 
The  vote  in  the  Senate  stood  twelve  for  convic- 
tion (on  a  part  of  the  charges)  to  ten  for  acquittal, 
four  being  excused  from  voting.  During  the 
Black  Hawk  War  lie  served  as  Quartermaster- 
General  on  the  Governor's  staff.  As  a  jurist,  he 
was  charged  by  his  political  opponents  with 
being  unable  to  divest  himself  of  his  partisan 
bias,  and  even  with  privately  advising  counsel,  in 
political  causes,  of  defects  in  the  record,  which 
they  (the  counsel)  had  not  discovered.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Commission- 
ers of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  appointed  in 
1823.  Died,  in  Chicago,  May  6,  1846. 

SMITH,  William  Henry,  journalist.  Associ- 
ated Press  Manager,  was  born  in  Columbia 
County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  1,  1833;  at  three  years  of  age 
was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Ohio,  where  he 
enjoyed  the  best  educational  advantages  that 


State  at  the  time  afforded.  After  completing  his 
school  course  he  began  teaching,  and,  for  a  time, 
served  as  tutor  in  a  Western  college,  but  soon 
turned  his  attention  to  journalism,  at  first  as 
assistant  editor  of  a  weekly  publication  at  Cincin- 
nati, still  later  becoming  its  editor,  and,  in  1855. 
city  editor  of  "The  Cincinnati  Gazette,"  with 
which  he  was  connected  in  a  more  responsible 
position  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  incidentally 
doing  work  upon  "The  Literary  Review."  His 
connection  with  a  leading  paper  enabled  him  to 
exert  a  strong  influence  in  support  of  the  Govern- 
ment. This  he  used  most  faithfully  in  assisting 
to  raise  troops  in  the  first  years  of  the  war,  and. 
in  1863,  in  bringing  forward  and  securing  the 
election  of  John  Brough  as  a  Union  candidate  for 
Governor  in  opposition  to  Clement  L.  Vallandi 
gham,  the  Democratic  candidate.  In  1864  he  was 
nominated  and  elected  Secretary  of  State,  being 
re-elected  two  years  later.  After  retiring  from 
office  he  returned  to  journalism  at  Cincinnati,  as 
editor  of  "The  Evening  Chronicle,"  from  which 
he  retired  in  1870  to  become  Agent  of  the  West  - 
ern  Associated  Press,  with  headquarters,  at  first 
at  Cleveland,  but  later  at  Chicago.  His  success 
in  this  line  was  demonstrated  by  the  final  union 
of  the  New  York  and  Western  Associated  Press 
organizations  under  his  management,  continuing 
until  1893,  when  he  retired.  Mr.  Smith  was  .-. 
strong  personal  friend  of  President  Hayes,  by 
whom  he  was  appointed  Collector  of  the  Port  of 
Chicago  in  1877.  While  engaged  in  official  duties 
he  found  time  to  do  considerable  literary  work, 
liaving  published,  several  years  ago,  "TheSt.  Clair 
Papers,"  in  two  volumes,  and  a  life  of  Charles 
Hammond,  besides  contributions  to  periodicals. 
After  retiring  from  the  management  of  the 
Associated  Press,  he  was  engaged  upon  a  "His- 
tory of  American  Politics"  and  a  "Life  of  Ruther- 
ford B.  Hayes,"  which  are  said  to  have  been  well 
advanced  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  his  home,  at  Lake  Forest.  111.,  July  '-7. 
1896. 

SMITH,  William  M.,  merchant,  stock-breeder 
and  politician,  was  born  near  Frankfort,  K\ 
May  23,  1827;  in  1846  accompanied  his  father's 
family  to  Lexington,  McLean  County,  111. ,  where 
they  settled.  A  few  years  later  he  bought  forty 
acres  of  government  land,  finally  increasing  his 
holdings  to  800  acres,  and  becoming  a  breeder  of 
fine  stock.  Still  later  he  added  to  his  agricultural 
pursuits  the  business  of  a  merchant.  Having 
early  identified  himself  with  the  Republican 
party,  he  remained  a  firm  adherent  of  its  prin- 
ciples during  the  Civil  War.  and,  while  declining 


490 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


a  commission  tendered  him  by  Governor  Yates, 
devoted  his  time  and  means  liberally  to  the  re- 
cruiting and  organization  of  regiments  for  serv- 
ice in  the  field,  and  procuring  supplies  for  the 
sick  and  wounded.  In  1866  he  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1868  and  '70,  serving,  during  his  last  term,  as 
Speaker.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Cullom  a  member  of  the  Railroad  and  Warehouse 
Commission,  of  which  body  he  served  as  President 
until  1883.  He  was  a  man  of  remarkably  genial 
temperament,  liberal  impulses,  and  wide  popu- 
larity. Died,  March  25,  1886. 

SMITH,  William  Sooy,  soldier  and  civil  engi- 
neer, was  born  at  Tarlton,  Pickaway  County, 
Ohio,  July  22,  1830 ;  graduated  at  Ohio  University 
in  1849,  and,  at  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy, in  1853,  having  among  his  classmates,  at  the 
latter,  Generals  McPherson,  Schofield  and  Sheri- 
dan. Coming  to  Chicago  the  following  year,  he 
first  found  employment  as  an  engineer  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  but  later  became  assist- 
ant of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Graham  in  engineer 
service  on  the  lakes ;  a  year  later  took  charge  of 
a  select  school  in  Buffalo;  in  1857  made  the  first 
surveys  for  the  International  Bridge  at  Niagara 
Falls,  then  went  into  the  service  of  extensive 
h  it -11111(111  vi-  and  bridge- works  at  Trenton,  N.  J. . 
in  their  interest  making  a  visit  to  Cuba,  and  also 
superintending  the  construction  of  a  bridge 
across  the  Savannah  River.  The  war  intervening, 
he  returned  North  and  was  appointed  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  and  assigned  to  duty  as  Assistant  Adju- 
tant-General at  Camp  Denison,  Ohio,  but,  in 
June,  1862,  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the 
Thirteenth  Ohio  Volunteers,  participating  in  the 
West  Virginia  campaigns,  and  later,  at  Shiloh  and 
Perryville.  In  April,  1862,  he  was  promoted 
Brigadier-General  of  volunteers,  commanding 
divisions  in  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  until  the  fall 
of  1863,  when  he  joined  Grant  and  took  part  in 
the  Vicksburg  campaign,  as  commander  of  the 
First  Division  of  the  Sixteenth  Army  Corps. 
Subsequently  he  was  made  Chief  of  the  Cavalry 
Department,  serving  on  the  staffs  of  Grant  and 
Sherman,  until  compelled  to  resign,  in  1864,  on 
account  of  impaired  health.  During  the  war 
General  Smith  rendered  valuable  service  to  the 
Union  cause  in  great  emergencies,  by  his  knowl- 
edge of  engineering.  On  retiring  to  private  life 
he  resumed  his  profession  at  Chicago,  and  since 
has  been  employed  by  the  Government  on  some 
nf  its  most  stupendous  works  on  the  lakes,  and 
lias  also  planned  several  of  the  most  important 
railroad  bridges  across  the  Missouri  and  other 


streams.  He  has  been  much  consulted  in  refer- 
ence to  municipal  engineering,  and  his  name  is 
connected  with  a  number  of  the  gigantic  edifices 
in  Chicago. 

SMITHBORO,  a  village  and  railroad  junction 
in  Bond  County,  3  miles  east  of  Greenville. 
Population,  393;  (1900),  314. 

SJiAPP,  Henry,  Congressman,  born  in  Livings- 
ton County,  N.  Y.,  June  30,  1822,  came  to  Illinois 
with  his  father  when  11  years  old,  and,  having 
read  law  at  Joliet,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1847.  He  practiced  in  Will  County  for  twenty 
years  before  entering  public  life.  In  1868  he  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate  and  occupied  a  seat  in 
that  body  until  his  election,  in  1871,  to  the  Forty- 
second  Congress,  by  the  Republicans  of  the  (then) 
Sixth  Illinois  District,  as  successor  to  B.  C.  Cook, 
who  had  resigned.  Died,  at  Joliet,  Nov.  23,  1895. 

SNOW,  Herman  W.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  La  Porte  County,  Ind.,  July  3.  1836,  but  was 
reared  in  Kentucky,  working  upon  a  farm  for 
five  years,  while  yet  in  his  minority  becoming  a 
resident  of  Illinois.  For  several  years  he  was  a 
school  teacher,  meanwhile  studying  law  and 
being  admitted  to  the  bar.  Early  in  the  war  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-ninth  Illinois  Volunteers,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  Captain.  His  term  of  service  having 
expired,  he  re-enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty-first  Illinois,  and  was  mustered  out  with 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  resumed  teaching  at  the  Chicago 
High  School,  and  later  served  in  the  General 
Assembly  (1873-74)  as  Representative  from  Wood- 
ford  County.  In  1890  he  was  elected,  as  a  Demo- 
crat, to  represent  the  Ninth  Illinois  District  in 
Congress,  but  was  defeated  by  his  Republican 
opponent  in  1892. 

SNOWHOOK,  William  B.,  first  Collector  of 
Customs  at  Chicago,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1804; 
at  the  age  of  eight  years  was  brought  to  New 
York,  where  he  learned  the  printer's  trade, 
and  worked  for  some  time  in  the  same  office 
with  Horace  Greeley.  At  16  he  went  back  to 
Ireland,  remaining  two  years,  but,  returning  to 
the  United  States,  began  the  study  of  law ;  was 
also  employed  on  the  Passaic  Canal;  in  1836. 
came  to  Chicago,  and  was  soon  after  associated 
with  William  B.  Ogden  in  a  contract  on  the  Illi- 
nois &  Michigan  Canal,  which  lasted  until  1841. 
As  early  as  1840  he  became  prominent  as  a  leader 
in  the  Democratic  party,  and,  in  1846,  received 
from  President  Polk  an  appointment  as  first  Col- 
lector of  Customs  for  Chicago  (having  previously 
served  as  Special  Surveyor  of  the  Port,  while 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


491 


attached  to  the  District  of  Detroit) ;  in  1853,  was 
re-appointed  to  the  Collectorship  by  President 
Pierce,  serving  two  years.  During  the  "Mormon 
War"  (1844)  he  organized  and  equipped,  at  his 
own  expense,  the  Montgomery  Guards,  and  was 
commissioned  Colonel,  but  the  disturbances  were 
brought  to  an  end  before  the  order  to  march. 
From  1856  he  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to  his 
practice,  but,  in  1862,  was  one  of  the  Democrats 
of  Chicago  who  took  part  in  a  movement  to  sus- 
tain the  Government  by  stimulating  enlistments; 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Convention  which 
nominated  Mr.  Greeley  for  President  in  1872. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  May  5,  1882. 

SNYDER,  Adam  Wilson,  pioneer  lawyer,  and 
early  Congressman,  was  born  at  Connellsville, 
Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1799.  In  early  life  he  followed  the 
occupation  of  wool-curling  for  a  livelihood, 
attending  school  in  the  winter.  In  1815,  he  emi- 
grated to  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  afterwards  settled 
in  Ridge  Prairie,  St.  Clair  County,  111.  Being 
offered  a  situation  in  a  wool-curling  and  fulling 
mill  at  Cahokia,  he  removed  thither  in  1817.  He 
formed  the  friendship  of  Judge  Jesse  B.  Thomas, 
and,  through  the  latter's  encouragement  and  aid, 
studied  law  and  gained  a  solid  professional,  poli- 
tical, social  and  financial  position.  In  1830  he 
was  elected  State  Senator  from  St.  Clair  County, 
and  re-elected  for  two  successive  terms.  He 
served  through  the  Black  Hawk  War  as  private, 
Adjutant  and  Captain.  In  1833  he  removed  to 
Belleville,  and,  in  1834,  was  defeated  for  Congress 
by  Governor  Reynolds,  whom  he,  in  turn,  defeated 
in  1836.  Two  years  later  Reynolds  again  defeated 
him  for  the  same  position,  and,  in  1840,  he  was 
elected  State  Senator.  In  1841  he  was  the  Demo- 
cratic nominee  for  Governor.  The  election  was 
held  in  August,  1842,  but,  in  May  preceding,  he 
died  at  his  home  in  Belleville.  His  place  on  the 
ticket  was  filled  by  Thomas  Ford,  who  was 
elected. — William  H.  (Snyder),  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  July 
12,  1825 ;  educated  at  McKendree  College,  studied 
law  with  Lieutenant-Governor  Koerner,  and  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  1845;  also  served  for  a 
time  as  Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Belleville,  and, 
during  the  Mexican  War,  as  First-Lieutenant  and 
Adjutant  of  the  Fifth  Illinois  Volunteers.  From 
1850  to  '54  he  represented  his  county  in  the  Legis- 
lature; in  1855  was  appointed,  by  Governor  Mat- 
teson,  State's  Attorney,  which  position  he  filled 
for  two  years.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State  in  1856,  and, 
in  1857,  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Circuit,  was  re-elected  for  the  Third  Cir- 


cuit in  '73,  '79  and  '85.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70.  Died. 
at  Belleville,  Dec.  24,  1892. 

SOLDIERS'  AXD  SAILORS'  HOME,  a  State 
charitable  institution,  founded  by  act  of  the 
Legislature  in  1885,  and  located  at  Quincy, 
Adams  County.  The  object  of  its  establish- 
ment was  to  provide  a  comfortable  home  for 
such  disabled  or  dependent  veterans  of  the 
United  States  land  or  naval  forces  as  had 
honorably  served  during  the  Civil  War.  It 
was  opened  for  the  reception  of  veterans  on 
March  3,  1887,  the  first  cost  of  site  and  build- 
ings having  been  about  $350,000.  The  total  num- 
ber of  inmates  admitted  up  to  June  30,  1894,  was 
2,813;  the  number  in  attendance  during  the  two 
previous  years  988,  and  the  whole  number  present 
on  Nov.  10,  1894,  1,088.  The  value  of  property  at 
that  time  was  $393,636.08.  Considerable  appro- 
priations have  been  made  for  additions  to  the 
buildings  at  subsequent  sessions  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. The  General  Government  pays  to  the  State 
$100  per  year  for  each  veteran  supported  at  the 
Home. 

SOLDIERS'  ORPHANS'  HOME,  ILLINOIS,  an 
institution,  created  by  act  of  1865,  for  the  main- 
tenance and  education  of  children  of  deceased 
soldiers  of  the  Civil  War.  An  eighty-acre  tract, 
one  mile  north  of  Normal,  was  selected  as  the 
site,  and  the  first  principal  building  was  com- 
pleted and  opened  for  the  admission  of  benefici  • 
-aries  on  June  1,  1869.  Its  first  cost  was  $135,000. 
the  site  having  been  donated.  Repairs  and  the 
construction  of  new  buildings,  from  time  to 
time,  have  considerably  increased  this  sum.  In 
1875  the  benefits  of  the  institution  were  extended, 
by  legislative  enactment,  to  the  children  of  sol- 
diers who  had  died  after  the  close  of  the  war. 
The  aggregate  number  of  inmates,  in  1894,  was 
572,  of  whom  323  were  males  and  249  females. 

SOLDIERS'  WIDOWS'  HOME.  Provision  was 
made  for  the  establishment  of  this  institution  by 
the  Thirty-ninth  General  Assembly,  in  an  act. 
approved,  June  13, 1895,  appropriating  $20,000  for 
the  purchase  of  a  site,  the  erection  of  buildings 
and  furnishing  the  same.  It  is  designed  for  the 
reception  and  care  of  the  mothers,  wives,  widows 
and  daughters  of  such  honorably  discharged 
soldiers  or  sailors,  in  the  United  States  service,  as 
may  have  died,  or  may  be  physically  or  men- 
tally unable  to  provide  for  the  families  natu- 
rally dependent  on  them,  provided  that  such 
persons  have  been  residents  of  the  State  for 
at  least  one  year  previous  to  admission,  and 
are  without  means  or  ability  for  self-support. 


492 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


The  affairs  of  the  Home  are  managed  by  a 
board  of  five  trustees,  of  whom  two  are  men  and 
three  women,  the  former  to  be  members  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  different 
political  parties,  and  the  latter  members  of  the 
Women's  Relief  Corps  of  this  State.  The  institu- 
tion was  located  at  Wilmington,  occupying  a 
site  of  seventeen  acres,  where  it  was  formally 
opened  in  a  house  of  eighteen  rooms,  March  11, 
1800,  with  twenty-six  applications  for  admit- 
tance. The  plan  contemplates  an  early  enlarge- 
ment by  the  erection  of  additional  cottages. 

SORENTO,  a  village  of  Bond  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Jacksonville  &  St.  Louis  and 
the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  Railways,  14 
miles  southeast  of  Lilchfield;  lias  a  bank  and  a 
newspaper.  Its  interests  are  agricultural  and 
mining.  Pop.  (1890),  538;  (1900),  1,000. 

SOULARD,  James  (iaston,  pioneer,  born  of 
French  ancestry  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  13,  1798; 
resided  there  until  1821,  when,  having  married 
the  daughter  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  he 
received  an  appointment  at  Fort  Snelling,  near 
the  present  city  of  St.  Paul,  then  under  command 
of  Col.  Snelling,  who  was  his  wife's  brother-in- 
law.  The  Fort  was  reached  after  a  tedious  jour- 
ney by  flat-boat  and  overland,  late  in  the  fall  of 
1821,  his  wife  accompanying  him.  Three  years 
later  they  returned  to  St.  Louis,  where,  being  an 
engineer,  he  was  engaged  for  several  years  in 
surveying.  In  1827  he  removed  with  his  family 
to  Galena,  for  the  next  six  years  had  charge  of  a 
store  of  the  Gratiot  Brothers,  early  business  men 
of  that  locality.  Towards  the  close  of  this  period 
he  received  the  appointment  of  County  Recorder, 
also  holding  the  position  of  County  Surveyor  and 
Postmaster  of  Galena  at  the  same  time.  His 
later  years  were  devoted  to  farming  and  horti- 
culture, his  death  taking  place,  Sept.  17,  1878. 
Mr.  Soulard  was  probably  the  first  man  to  engage 
in  freighting  between  Galena  and  Chicago. 
"The  Galena  Advertiser''  of  Sept.  14,  1829,  makes 
mention  of  a  wagon-load  of  lead  sent  by  him  to 
Chicago,  his  team  taking  back  a  load  of  salt,  the 
paper  remarking:  "This  is  the  first  wagon  that 
lias  ever  passed  from  the  Mississippi  River  to 
Chicago."  Great  results  were  predicted  from 
the  exchange  of  commodities  between  the  lake 
and  the  lead  mine  district. — Mrs.  Eliza  M. 
Hunt  (Soulard),  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  l>orn 
at  Detroit,  Dec.  18,  1804,  her  father  being  Col. 
Thomas  A.  Hunt,  who  had  taken  part  in  the 
Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  and  remained  in  the  army 
until  his  death,  at  St.  Louis,  in  1807.  His  descend- 
ants have  maintained  their  connection  with  the 


army  ever  since,  a  son  being  a  prominent  artillery 
officer  at  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg.     Mrs.  Soular 
was  married  at  St.  Louis,  in  1820,  and  survive 
her  husband  some  sixteen  years,  dying  at  Galena 
August  11,  1894.     She   had    resided    in    Galen.- 
nearly  seventy  years,   and    at    the  date  of   her 
death,  in  the  90th  year  of  her  age,  she  was  that 
city's  oldest  resident. 

SOUTH  CHICAGO  &  WESTERN  INDIANA 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago  A-  Western  Indiana 
Railroad.) 

SOUTH  DANVILLE,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of 
Danville,  Vermilion  County.  Population  (1890), 
799;  (1900),  898. 

SOUTHEAST  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILWAY.  (See 
Loiiimnlle  &  Nashville  Railroad.) 

SOUTH  ELGIN,  a  village  of  Kane  County, 
near  the  city  of  Elgin.  Population  (1900),  515. 

SOUTHERN  COLLEGIATE  INSTITUTE, 
located  at  Albion,  Edwards  County,  incorporated 
in  1891 ;  had  a  faculty  of  ten  teachers  with  219 
pupils  (1897-98) — about  equally  male  and  female. 
Besides  classical,  scientific,  normal,  music  and 
fine  arts  departments,  instruction  is  given  in  pre- 
paratory studies  and  business  education.  Its 
property  is  valued  at  916,500. 

SOUTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE, 
located  at  Anna,  Union  County,  founded  by  act 
of  the  Legislature  in  1869.  The  original  site  com- 
prised 290  acres  and  cost  a  little  more  than 
§22,000,  of  which  one-fourth  was  donated  by  citi- 
zens of  the  county.  The  construction  of  builil- 
ings  was  begun  in  1869,  but  it  was  not  until 
March,  1875,  that  the  north  wing  (the  first  com- 
pleted) was  ready  for  occupancy.  Other  portions 
were  completed  a  year  later.  The  Trustees  pur- 
chased 160  additional  acres  in  1883.  The  first 
cost  (up  to  September,  1876)  was  nearly  $635,000. 
In  1881  one  wing  of  the  main  building  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  and  was  subsequently  rebuilt ;  the 
patients  being,  meanwhile,  cared  for  in  temporary 
wooden  barracks.  The  total  value  of  lands  and 
buildings  belonging  to  the  State,  June  30,  1894, 
was  estimated  at  $738,580,  and,  of  property  of  all 
sorts,  at  $833,700.  The  wooden  barracks  were 
later  converted  into  a  permanent  ward,  additions 
made  to  the  main  buildings,  a  detached  building 
for  the  accommodation  of  300  patients  erected, 
numerous  outbuildings  put  up  and  general  im- 
provements made.  A  second  fire  on  the  night  of 
Jan.  3,  1895,  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  main 
building,  inflicting  a  loss  upon  the  State  of 
$175,000.  Provision  was  made  for  rebuilding  by 
the  Legislature  of  that  year.  The  institution  has 
capacity  for  about  750  patients. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Thr  affairs  n(  the  Ilimir  are  managed  by  a 
board  of  five  trustees,  of  whom  two  are  men  and 
three  women,  the  former  to  be  members  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Kcpublic  ami  of  different 
].'•  'iic.il  parties  an<l  tin-  latter  members  of  the 
Women's  Kelicl  Corps  of  this  State  The  institu- 
tion was  located  at  Wilmington,  occupying  a 
.site  of  seventeen  acres,  where  it  was  formally 
opened  in  a  li»u.-e  of  eighteen  room.s.  March  11. 
I  MM!,  with  twenty--i.\  applications  for  admit- 
tance. The  plan  contemplates  an  early  enlarge- 
ment bv  the  erect  ion  of  additional  cottages. 

SOKKNTO,  a  village  of  lioinl  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Juckson\  ille  (V  St.  Louis  ami 
the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  >V  \Ve-iern  I'ailwavs.  14 
miles  southeast  of  Lilchlield;  'ias  a  hank  alula 
news|Ktper.  Its  interests  are  agricultuial  aiul 
mining.  i'up.  (IMin,.  .V!S;  (I'.KMn,  l.ono. 

S(»ri.\i:i>.    .lam.-    <.a-lim.    pi •      Imrn   of 

French  ancestry  in  St.  Louis.  Mo..  .Inly  l"i  17!is; 
resided  there  until  I-1.'!,  when,  having  marrieil 
the  daughter  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  he 
received  an  ap|«>inlment  at  Fort  Snolling  near 
tlie  present  city  of  St.  1'anl.  then  under  command 
of  Col  Snelling.  "  I'o  "'is  bis  wife's  brother-in- 
law.  The  r'ort  was  reached  after  a  tedious  .jour- 
ney by  Hat-boat  and  overland,  late  in  the  fall  of 
1821.  bis  wife  a mpanyiiig  him.  Three  year- 
later  they  returned  to  St.  Louis,  where.  being  an 
engineer,  he  was  engaged  for  .several  year-  in 
survey ing.  In  |s-_'7  hi'  removed  with  hi-  family 
to  (ialena.  for  the  next  six  vcars  had  charge  of  a 
store  of  theGratiot  Hrothers.  early  business  men 
of  that  locality.  Towards  I  he  close  of  this  period 
lie  leeched  the  appoint inent  of  County  llccordcr 
also  holding  the  position  of  County  Surveyor  an. I 
Postmaster  of  (ialena  at  the  same  time.  Hi- 
later  years  were  devoted  to  farming  and  horti- 
culture, bis  death  taking  place  Sept  17.  ls> 
Mr  Sonlard  was  probably  the  first  man  t<>  eriua-e 
in  freight ing  between  (ialena  and  Chicago 
"Tbe  (ialena  Advertise]"  ..T  Sept  II,  |s-.".i,  makes 
mention  of  a  wagon-load  of  lead  sent  by  him  to 
Chicago  his  team  taking  back  a  load  of  .salt.  t  he 
|ia|»T  remarking:  "This  i-  the  lirst  wagon  that 
has  ever  passed  from  I  lie  Mississippi  l.'ivcr  to 
Chicago."  Great  results  were  predicted  from 
the  exchange  of  commodities  between  the  lake 
and  the  lead  mine  district.  —  Mr*.  Kli*a  M. 
Hunt:  (Soiilardl,  \\'ife  of  tin-  preceding,  wa- t.orn 
at  Detroit  Dec.  Is.  |sn|,  her  father  1«  ing  C.,1 
!i..'i.:  i  A  Hunt,  who  bad  taken  pan  in  the 
Kittle  of  Hunker  Hill  ami  remained  in  the  arm \ 
until  his  death,  at  St.  Louis,  in  |sli7.  11  is  descend- 
ants ba<e  maintained  their  connection  with  the 


army  ever  since,  a  son  being  a  prominent  artillery 
officer  at  the  liattleof  Gettysburg.     Mrs.  Soular 
was  married  at  St.    Louis,  in  1*'J(>.  and  survive 
her  husband  some  sixteen  years,  dying  at  <  ialen.i 
August    11,    1S!M.     She    bad     resided    in    Galen:' 
nearly   seventy   years,   and    at     the  date  of    her 
death,  in  the  '."It h  year  of  her  a-^e.  she  was  that 
city's  oldest   resident. 
SOI  Til    i  UK  M. it   A.    WKSTKKX    IM)IAY\ 

I.1  \ll.l:im>.       (See  (V./cn;/.,    ,V    ll'c.v/.-ril     l,,,li<l,,,l 

Hiiilroiiil.) 

SIH'TII  IIANVILI.K,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of 
Danville  Vermilion  County.  Population  (ismii, 
7!l!l;  ( I'.'iioj.  yits. 

sorriiKAST  A  ST.  Lons  UAILWAY.  ^ee 

Ij.iiixrilli-  <(•  \iixln-illi'   Itiiilnnitl.) 

SOI'TII  I  I  i. IN.  a  village  of  Kane  Couniy. 
near  the  city  of  Elgin,  ropulation  (I'Jddi.  o|.". 

SOl'THKKX       COM.KIilATK       IXSTITl'TK. 

located  at  Albion.  I'.d wards  County,  incorporated 
in  1X!(1  ;  had  a  faculty  of  ten  teachers  with  -l!l 
pupils  (1SH7-JIS) — aUiut  equally  male  and  female 
llesidi's  cdassical,  scientilic.  normal,  music  ai.d 
line  arts  departments,  instruction  is  given  in  pre- 
paratory studies  and  business  education.  It.s 
property  is  valued  at  SHi.."inn. 

SOl'TIIKItN   IIOSI'ITAL  H»R  TIIK  I\SA\K, 
L.cali'd  at  Anna,  t'nion  County,  founded  by  act. 
of  the  Legislature  in  l*'!!l.     The  original  site  com 
prised   '-Mid  acres  and    co-t    a    little   more    than 
s-.'-Minn.  ,,f  which  ..m-fourth  was  donated  by  eili 

/ens  of  tb mty.     The  construction  <if  bnil.i- 

iiiL-s  was  begun  in  lsr,!l,  but  it  was  not  imtil 
March.  Is7."..  that  the  north  wing  (the  lirst  rom- 
(ileledi  was  r.'ady  for occiiiiancy  Other  porti'.i -s 
wer mipleted  a  year  later.  The  Trustees  pur- 
chased |i;ii  a.l.litional  acres  in  |ss;|.  Tin-  lirst 
co-t  (up  |o  Sepii-mber.  Is7iii  was  nearly  Sl!:i.'i.nnn 
In  |ss|  one  w  ing  of  the  main  building  was  .ie- 
strove.!  by  lire,  and  was  siihse«|iicnt  ly  rebuilt ;  the 
pal  ieuts  being  meaiiw  bile,  cared  for  in  tem|H>rar\ 
wooden  barracks.  The  total  value  of  lands  ana 
buildings  belonging  to  the  State,  .lime  :;n  ls;i| 
was  estimated  at  ST:ts.."i.sd.  and.  of  properly  of  all 
soils,  at  *s:;::.  ;nd.  The  wooden  barrai-ks  were 
later  converted  intoa  permanent  ward,  addition- 
made  to  the  main  building-,  a  detached  hnildini: 
for  the  accommodation  of  :inn  patients  erected, 
numerous  outbuildings  put  up  and  general  im- 
I  roveiueiils  madi'.  A  second  lire  on  the  night  of 
.Ian  :j.  \*-'.ir>  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  main 
building,  inllicting  a  loss  upon  the  Slate  i.f 
SI  i.l.nnd.  1'rovision  was  made  for  rebuilding  by 
the  Legislaturi'  of  that  year.  The  institution  b.i< 
i-apaeity  for  aliout  7"iU  jiatients 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


493 


SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS  NORMAL  UNIYER- 
SITT,  established  in  1869,  and  located,  after 
competitive  bidding,  at  Carbondale,  which  offered 
lands  and  bonds  at  first  estimated  to  be  of  the 
value  of  $329,000,  but  which  later  depreciated, 
through  shrinkage,  to  175,000.  Construction  was 
commenced  in  May,  1870,  and  the  first  or  main 
building  was  completed  and  appropriately  dedi- 
cated in  July,  1874.  Its  cost  was  $265,000,  but  it 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  Nov.  26,  1883.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1887,  a  new  structure  was  completed  at  a  cost 
of  $150,000.  Two  normal  courses  of  instruction 
are  given — classical  and  scientific — each  extend, 
ing  over  a  period  of  four  years.  The  conditions 
of  admission  require  that  the  pupil  shall  be  16 
years  of  age,  and  shall  possess  the  qualifications 
enabling  him  to  pass  examination  for  a  second- 
grade  teacher's  certificate.  Those  unable  to  do  so 
may  enter  a  preparatory  department  for  six 
months.  Pupils  who  pledge  themselves  to  teach 
in  the  public  schools,  not  less  than  half  the  time 
of  their  attendance  at  the  University,  receive 
free  tuition  with  a  small  charge  for  incidentals, 
while  others  pay  a  tuition  fee.  The  number  of 
students  in  attendance  for  the  year  1897-98  was 
720,  coming  from  forty-seven  counties,  chiefly  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  State,  with  represent- 
atives from  eight  other  States.  The  teaching 
faculty  for  the  same  year  consisted,  besides  the 
President,  of  sixteen  instructors  in  the  various 
departments,  of  whom  five  were  ladies  and 
eleven  gentlemen. 

SOUTHERN  PENITENTIARY,  THE,  located 
near  Chester,  on  the  Mississippi  River.  Its  erec- 
tion was  rendered  necessary  by  the  overcrowding 
of  the  Northern  Penitentiary.  (See  Northern 
Penitentiary.)  The  law  providing  for  its  estab- 
lishment required  the  Commissioners  to  select  a 
site  convenient  of  access,  adjacent  to  stone  and 
timber,  and  having  a  high  elevation,  with  a  never 
failing  supply  of  water.  In  1877,  122  acres  were 
purchased  at  Chester,  and  the  erection  of  build- 
ings commenced.  The  first  appropriation  was  of 
$200,000,  and  $300,000  was  added  in  1879.  By 
March,  1878,  200  convicts  were  received,  and 
their  labor  was  utilized  in  the  completion  of  the 
buildings,  which  are  constructed  upon  approved 
modern  principles.  The  prison  receives  convicts 
sent  from  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  and 
has  accommodation  for  some  1,200  prisoners.  In 
connection  with  this  penitentiary  is  an  asylum 
for  insane  convicts,  the  erection  of  which  was 
provided  for  by  the  Legislature  in  1889. 

SOUTH  GROYE,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  County. 
Population  (1890),  730. 


SPALDING,  Jesse,  manufacturer.  Collector  of 
Customs  and  Street  Railway  President,  was  born 
at  Athens,  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  April  15,  1833; 
early  commenced  lumbering  on  the  Susquehanna. 
and,  at  23,  began  dealing  on  his  own  account.  In 
1857  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and  soon  after  bought 
the  property  of  the  New  York  Lumber  Company 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  River  in  Wiscon- 
sin, where,  with  different  partners,  and  finally 
practically  alone,  lie  has  carried  on  the  business 
of  lumber  manufacture  on  a  large  scale  ever 
since.  In  1881  he  was  appointed,  by  President 
Arthur,  Collector  of  the  Port  of  Chicago,  and,  in 
1889,  received  from  President  Harrison  an 
appointment  as  one  of  the  Government  Directors 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway.  Mr.  Spalding  was 
a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Government  during 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion  and  rendered  valuable 
aid  in  the  construction  and  equipment  of  Camp 
Douglas  and  the  barracks  at  Chicago  for  the 
returning  soldiers,  receiving  Auditor's  warrants 
in  payment,  when  no  funds  in  the  State  treasury 
were  available  for  the  purpose.  He  was  associ- 
ated with  William  B.  Ogden  and  others  in  the 
project  for  connecting  Green  Bay  and  Sturgeon 
Bay  by  a  ship  canal,  which  was  completed  in 
1882,  and,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Ogden,  succeeded 
to  the  Presidency  of  the  Canal  Company,  serving 
until  1893,  when  the  canal  was  turned  over  to  the 
General  Government.  He  has  also  been  identified 
with  many  other  public  enterprises  intimately 
connected  with  the  development  and  prosperity 
of  Chicago,  and,  in  July,  1899,  became  President 
of  the  Chicago  Union  Traction  Company,  having 
control  of  the  North  and  West  Chicago  Street 
Railway  Systems. 

SPALDIMJ,  John  Lancaster,  Catholic  Bishop, 
was  born  in  Lebanon,  Ky.,  June  2,  1840;  educated 
in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe,  ordained  a 
priest  in  the  Catholic  Church  in  1863,  and  there- 
upon attached  to  the  cathedral  at  Louisville,  as 
assistant.  In  1869  he  organized  a  congregation 
of  colored  people,  and  built  for  their  use  the 
Church  of  St.  Augustine,  having  been  assigned 
to  that  parish  as  pastor.  Soon  afterwards  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  to  the  Bishop  and  made 
Chancellor  of  the  Diocese.  In  1873  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  Louisville  to  New  York,  where  he 
was  attached  to  the  missionary  parish  of  St. 
Michael's.  He  had,  by  this  time,  achieved  no  little 
fame  as  a  pulpit  orator  and  lecturer.  When 
the  diocese  of  Peoria,  111.,  was  created,  in  1877,  tin- 
choice  of  the  Pope  fell  upon  him  for  the  new  see, 
and  lie  was  consecrated  Bishop,  on  May  1  of  that 
year,  by  Cardinal  McCloskey  at  New  York.  His 


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HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


SOUTHERN'  ILLINOIS  NORMAL  IMVKH- 

SITV,  established  iu  1S«!»,  and  located,  after 
competitive  bidding,  at  ( "arUmdale.  which  offered 
lands  ami  lionds  at  lirst  estimated  to  lie  of  the 
value  of  S22!I.OOO.  hut  which  later  depreciated, 
through  shrinkage,  to  £75,WIU.  I  'mist  ruction  was 
commenced  iu  May,  1*70,  and  the  first  or  main 
building  was  completed  and  appropriately  dedi- 
cated in  July,  1374.  Its  cost  was  ?2C3,0»iO,  hut  it 
was  destroyed  liy  fire,  Nov.  26,  18*:!.  In  Fehru- 
ary,  1*^7.  a  new  structure  was  completed  at  a  cost 
of  Sl."iO.(MH».  Two  luirmal  courses  of  instruction 
are  given — cla-ssic-al  and  scientilic — each  extend, 
ing  over  a  ]icriod  of  four  years.  The  condition.* 
of  admission  reimire  that  the  pupil  shall  lw»  Hi 
years  of  age,  and  shall  possess  the  qualific*tSonn 
enabling  him  to  IKISS  examination  for  a  second- 
grade  teacher's  cert itieate  Tliosc  unable  to  do  so 
1  may  enter  a  preparatory  department  for  six 
months.  1'npils  w  In.  pledge  themselves  to  teach 
in  the  public  sehools,  nol  less  than  half  the  time 
of  their  altendance  at  tlie  1'niversity.  receive 
free  luitioti  with  -,(  small  charge  for  incidt  ntaK. 

wllile    olhers    pav    a    tuition    fee.       The    number  of 

students  in  altendjinre  f.irthe  year  1>!»7  *.ts'  was 
?•*<!.  coining  from  loriv  -seven  counties,  chielly  in 
tin uthein  hall  of  the  State,  witli  represent- 
atives from  eight  other  States.  The  teaching 
facu.ty  tor  t  he  same  year  consisted.  liesides  the 
1'resident  of  sixteen  hist  metors  in  the  various 
departments  ,,(  whom  live  \\-ere  la. lies  an. I 

eleven    L'elll  leinen 

SOlTlli:i!\    I'KMTKYHAIiV.  T1IK,  located 
near  I 'hotter   -.11  I  h"  Mississippi  1,'iver       llserec- 

lion  was  rendered  IH ssary  by  the  overcrowding 

of  the  Northern  I'enileiiliary.  (Sei-  .\nrtln-rn 
1','iiiti  iitiin-i/  I  The  law  providing  for  its  estaK 
lishinriit  required  the  I 'ommissioiiers  to  select  a 

siti nvi-i.ii  tit   of  access,  adjacent  to  stone  and 

timlx-r.  and  ha\  nrj  a  lii.L'h  elevation,  with  a  never 
failing  supply  of  water.  In.  1*77,  li'J  acres  were 
purchased  at  Chester,  and  the  erection  of  hiiild- 
in^s  commence.l.  The  lirst  appropriation  was  of 
.X->00,<«I<>.  and  .<i::iin.niHi  was  added  in  1*7:1  |;v 

March.    1*7*.    '.'nil    viets    were    received,    and 

their  lalHir  was  utili/ed  in  the  completion  ot  the 
I<ui1din^rs.  which  are  const  rncted  U{HIII  approved 
niodern  principles  The  prison  reei'ives  convicts 
sent  from  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  and 
has  accommodation  for  some  l.'.'tm  prisoners.  In 
eonnectioii  with  this  penitentiary  is  an  asylum 
for  insane  convicts,  the  erection  of  which  was 
provided  for  liy  the  Legislature  in  iss'j. 

SOITII  <il!OVK.  a  village,  of  I  >e  Kail.  Coimty 
1'opuhition  (IS'.Mii,  ;:in 


SI'ALI»IN(il,  .lesse,  manufacturer.  Collector  of 
Customs  and  Street  Railway  resident,  was  Imrn 
at  Athens,  Bradford  County.  1'a  ,  Ajiril  15,  I*:;::; 
early  commenced  lumlierin;;  on  the  Suscjuehanna 
and,  at  £8,  began  dealing  on  his  own  a<-count  In 
1S57  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and  soon  after  lion^ht 
the  property  of  the  New  York  I.uml>er  Comjuiny 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  Kiver  in  Wiscon- 
sin, where,  with  different  jtartiM-rs,  and  linallv 
practically  alomv  he  has  carried  on  the  business 
of  lumlxT  mamilactnre  on  a  lar;_-e  scale  ever 
since  In  Is*!  he  was  appointed,  liy  President 
Arthur.  Collector  of  the  1'oit  of  Chicago  and  in 
Issit,  received  from  1'rcsideni  Harrison  an 
appointment  as  om  <>f  the  <Iovernment  Kirei'tors 
of  thel'nion  1'acilic  KViilway.  .Air  SpaUiBg  Kitff 
a  zealous  supporter  of  the  (Government  during 
the  \Var  ot  the  KeUdlion  and  rendered  valuable 
aid  in  the  construction  and  equipment  of  Camp 
Douglas  and  1  he  !urraek~  .it  <  hicairo  tor  the 
returning  soldiers,  receiving  Auditor'*  warrant* 
in  payment,  vv  hen  no  funds  in  the  State  trcasnrv 
were  available  for  the  pur|>ose  He  was  :i.**««-i 
ated  uiih  William  H.  t  )gden  and  others  i:i  tin- 
project  for  connecting  (Ini'ii  I'.av  and  Slnrgi-.a 
I  Say  by  a  ship  canal,  which  » a*  coinpleteil  IK 
iss,'.  and.  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Ou'dcn,  sutvet-de.l 
to  the  I'lesiileiicy  of  the  ('anal  ( '<>in[Kiny.  serving 
until  l*!i::.  when  the  canal  wa*  turned  over  to  lln- 
(General  ( lovernmenl.  lie  has  al*o  lieen  idem  i tie. i 
with  many  other  public  enterprises  intimaleiv 

ilillllei'led  vv  ilh    the    development  and    pros|Hlilv 

of  Chicago,  and.  in  July,  l*'.i!i.  U-caine  l'resi,l..ni 
of  the  Chicago  I'm. .n  Traction  c..mpai.v     havinir 
control    of   the    North  and  West   Chicago  Sire.-! 
Kailway  Systems. 
Sl'AI.IIIMi.  J»lin  Lanea*ler.  i  aiholic  l:isl:..|. 

wa*  Imrn  in  Lebanon    |\\      .li '.'    i*l(li  educate.! 

in  tin'  1'niled  States  and  in  I  ;;  ..|»-  ordaine.i  , 
priest  in  tin- Catholic  Chnn-li  in  Isc;.:.  and  then- 
ii|«in  altaehed  to  the  cathedra!  at  Louisville,  as 
assistant.  In  |sii!i  he  organi/i-i  a  congregation 

ot*     cot<i!'ed     |.|...|,1.       and    built     tor    their    Use     f  he 

church  of  St.  \ugiisi  ine  liavii.L-  l»-«-u  a»igneii 
t<>  that  parish  as  pastor.  Soon  afterwards  In  wa- 
ap|Hiinled  Secretary  to  the  );,-in.p  and  maile 
Chancellor  of  rlic  Diocese  In  1*7::  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  Louisville  to  New  York,  where  he 
was  attache. 1  to  the  missionary  parish  <•!  si 
Michael's,  lie  had.  by  I  his  tin ,e  achieved  no  lit:  I. 
fame  as  a  pulpit  orator  and  lecturer.  \Vln-i. 
the  diocese  of  I'eoria.  111..  \v  as  created,  in  1V77.  ;  In 
choice  of  the  !'..[. i  fell  u|...[i  him  fur  the  n.  -  -•  . 
and  he  was  consecrated  P.ishop  on  May  1  of  that 
vear  bv  Cardinal  M.-Closkev  ai  New  York  Hi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


administration  has  been  characterized  by  both 
energy  and  success.  He  has  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  emigration,  and  has  brought 
about  the  founding  of  many  new  settlements  in 
the  far  West.  He  was  also  largely  instrumental 
in  bringing  about  the  founding  of  the  Catholic 
University  at  Washington.  He  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  reviews,  and  the  author  of  a 
number  of  religious  works. 

SPANISH  INVASION  OP  ILLINOIS.  In  the 
month  of  June,  1TT9,  soon  after  the  declaration 
of  war  between  Spain  and  Great  Britain,  an  expe- 
dition was  organized  in  Canada,  to  attack  the 
Spanish  posts  along  the  Mississippi.  Simultane- 
ously, a  force  was  to  be  dispatched  from  Pensa- 
cola  against  New  Orleans,  then  commanded  by 
a  young  Spanish  Colonel,  Don  Bernardo  de 
(Jalvez.  Secret  instructions  had  been  sent  to 
British  Commandants,  all  through  the  Western 
country,  to  co-operate  with  both  expeditions.  De 
(ialvez,  having  learned  of  the  scheme  through 
intercepted  letters,  resolved  to  forestall  the  attack 
by  becoming  the  assailant.  At  the  head  of  a 
force  of  670  men,  lie  set  out  and  captured  Baton 
Rouge,  Fort  Manchac  and  Natchez,  almost  with- 
out opposition.  The  British  in  Canada,  being 
ignorant  of  what  had  been  going  on  in  the  South, 
in  February  following  dispatched  a  force  from 
Mackinac  to  support  the  expedition  from  Pensa- 
eola,  and,  incidentally,  to  subdue  the  American 
rebels  while  en  route.  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia 
were  contemplated  points  of  attack,  as  well  as 
the  Spanish  forts  at  St.  Louis  and  St.  Oenevieve. 
This  movement  was  planned  by  Capt.  Patrick 
Sinclair,  commandant  at  Mackinac,  but  Captain 
Hesse  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  expedition, 
which  numbered  some  750  men,  including  a  force 
of  Indians  led  by  a  chief  named  Wabasha.  The 
British  arrived  before  St.  Louis,  early  on  the 
morning  of  May  26,  1780,  taking  the  Spaniards 
by  surprise.  Meanwhile  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  having  been  apprised  of  the  project, 
arrived  at  Cahokia  from  the  falls  of  the  Ohio, 
twenty-four  hours  in  advance  of  the  attack,  his 
presence  and  readiness  to  co-operate  with  the 
Spanish,  no  doubt,  contributing  to  the  defeat  of 
the  expedition.  The  accounts  of  what  followed 
are  conflicting,  the  number  of  killed  on  the  St. 
Louis  shore  being  variously  estimated  from  seven 
or  eight  to  sixty -eight — the  last  being  the  esti- 
mate of  Capt.  Sinclair  in  his  official  report.  All 
agree,  however,  that  the  invading  party  was 
forced  to  retreat  in  great  haste.  Colonel  Mont- 
gomery, who  had  been  in  command  at  Cahokia, 
with  a  force  of  350  and  a  party  of  Spanish  allies, 


pursued  the  retreating  invaders  as  far  as  the 
Rock  River,  destroying  many  Indian  villages  on 
the  way.  This  movement  on  the  part  of  the 
British  served  as  a  pretext  for  an  attempted  re- 
prisal, undertaken  by  the  Spaniards,  with  the  aid 
of  a  number  of  Cahokians,  early  in  1781.  Starting 
early  in  January,  this  latter  expedition  crossed 
Illinois,  with  the  design  of  attacking  Fort  St. 
Joseph,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  had 
been  captured  from  the  English  by  Thomas  Brady 
and  afterwards  retaken.  The  Spaniards  were  com- 
manded by  Don  Eugenio  Pourre,  and  supported 
by  a  force  of  Cahokians  and  Indians.  The  fort 
was  easily  taken  and  the  British  flag  replaced  by 
the  ensign  of  Spain.  The  affair  was  regarded  as 
of  but  little  moment,  at  the  time,  the  post  being 
evacuated  in  a  few  days,  and  the  Spaniards 
returning  to  St.  Louis.  Yet  it  led  to  serious 
international  complications,  and  the  "conquest" 
was  seriously  urged  by  the  Spanish  ministry  as 
giving  that  country  a  right  to  the  territory  trav- 
ersed. This  claim  was  supported  by  France 
before  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  but 
was  defeated,  through  the  combined  efforts  of 
Messrs.  Jay,  Franklin  and  Adams,  the  American 
Commissioners  in  charge  of  the  peace  negoti- 
ations with  England. 

SPARKS,  (Capt.)  David  R.,  manufacturer  and 
legislator,  was  born  near  Lanesville,  1ml.,  in 
1823;  in  1836,  removed  with  his  parents  to  Ma- 
coupin  County,  111. ;  in  1847,  enlisted  for  the 
Mexican  War,  crossing  the  plains  to  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico.  In  1850  he  made  the  overland  trip 
to  California,  returning  the  next  year  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  In  1855  he  engaged  in  the 
milling  business  at  Staunton,  Macoupin  County, 
but,  in  1860,  made  a  third  trip  across  the  plains 
in  search  of  gold,  taking  a  quartz-mill  which  was 
erected  near  where  Central  City,  Colo.,  now  is, 
and  which  was  the  second  steam-engine  in  that 
region.  He  returned  home  in  time  to  vote  for 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  for  President,  the  same  year, 
but  became  a  stalwart  Republican,  two  weeks 
later,  when  the  advocates  of  secession  began  to 
develop  their  policy  after  the  election  of  Lincoln. 
In  1861  he  enlisted,  under  the  call  for  500, 000  vol- 
unteers following  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the  Third  Illinois 
Cavalry  (Col.  Eugene  A.  Carr),  serving  two  and  a 
half  years,  during  which  time  he  took  part  in 
several  hard-fought  battles,  and  being  present  at 
the  fall  of  Vicksburg.  At  the  end  of  his  service 
he  became  associated  with  his  former  partner  in 
the  erection  of  a  large  flouring  mill  at  Litchfield, 
but,  in  1869,  the  firm  bought  an  extensive  flour- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


495 


ing  mill  at  Alton,  of  which  he  became  the  princi- 
pal owner  in  1881,  and  which  has  since  been 
greatly  enlarged  and  improved,  until  it  is  now  one 
of  the  most  extensive  establishments  of  its  kind 
in  the  State.  Capt.  Sparks  was  elected  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  1888,  and  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1894,  serving  in  the  sessions  of  1895  and 
'97;  was  also  strongly  supported  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  Congress  in 
1896. 

SPARES,  William  A.  J.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  near  New  Albany,  Ind.,  Nov.  19,  1828,  at  8 
years  of  age  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Illi- 
nois, and  shortly  afterwards  left  an  orphan. 
Thrown  on  his  own  resources,  he  found  work 
upon  a  farm,  his  attendance  at  the  district 
schools  being  limited  to  the  winter  months. 
Later,  he  passed  through  McKendree  College, 
supporting  himself,  meanwhile,  by  teaching, 
graduating  in  1850.  He  read  law  with  Judge 
Sidney  Breese,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1851.  His  first  public  office  was  that  of  Receiver 
of  the  Land  Office  at  Edwardsville,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Pierce  in  1853,  re- 
maining until  185G,  when  he  was  chosen  Presi- 
dential Elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  The 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of 
the  General  Assembly,  and,  in  1863-64,  served  in 
the  State  Senate  for  the  unexpired  term  of  James 
11.  Rodgers.  deceased.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Democratic  Convention  in  1868,  and  a 
Democratic  Representative  in  Congress  from  1875 
to  1883.  In  1885  he  was  appointed,  by  President 
Cleveland,  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office  in  Washington,  retiring,  by  resignation,  in 
1887.  His  home  is  at  Carlyle. 

SPARTA  &  ST.  6ENEVIEYE  RAILROAD. 
(See  Centralia  &  Chester  Railroad.) 

SPEED,  Joshua  Fry,  merchant,  and  intimate 
friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln ;  was  educated  in  the 
local  schools  and  at  St.  Joseph's  College,  Bards- 
town,  Ky.,  after  which  he  spent  some  time  in  a 
wholesale  mercantile  establishment  in  Louisville. 
About  1835  he  came  to  Springfield,  111.,  where  he 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business,  later  becom- 
ing the  intimate  friend  and  associate  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  to  whom  he  offered  the  privilege  of 
sharing  a  room  over  his  store,  when  Mr.  Lincoln 
removed  from  New  Salem  to  Springfield,  in  1836. 
Mr.  Speed  returned  to  Kentucky  in  1842,  but  the 
friendship  with  Mr.  Lincoln,  which  was  of  a 
most  devoted  character,  continued  until  the 
death  of  the  latter.  Having  located  in  Jefferson 
County,  Ky . ,  Mr.  Speed  was  elected  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  1848,  but  was  never  again  willing  to 


accept  office,  though  often  solicited  to  do  so.  In 
1851  he  removed  to  Louisville,  where  he  acquired 
a  handsome  fortune  in  the  real-estate  business. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  in  1861,  he 
heartily  embraced  the  cause  of  the  Union,  and. 
during  the  war,  was  entrusted  with  many  deli- 
cate and  important  duties  in  the  interest  of  the 
Government,  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  whom  he  frequently 
visited  in  Washington.  His  death  occurred  at 
Louisville,  May  29,  1882.— James  (Speed),  an 
older  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  a  prominent 
Unionist  of  Kentucky,  and,  after  the  war,  a 
leading  Republican  of  that  State,  serving  as  dele- 
gate to  the  National  Republican  Conventions  of 
1872  and  1876.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  Attor- 
ney-General by  Mr.  Lincoln  and  served  until  1866. 
when  he  resigned  on  account  of  disagreement 
with  President  Johnson.  He  died  in  1887,  at  the 
age  of  75  years. 

SPOON  RIVER,  rises  in  Bureau  County,  flows 
southward  through  Stark  County  into  Peoria, 
thence  southwest  through  Knox .  and  to  the  south 
and  southeast,  through  Fulton  County,  entering 
the  Illinois  River  opposite  Havana.  It  is  about 
150  miles  long. 

SPRINGER,  (Rev.)  Francis,  DJK,  educator 
and  Army  Chaplain,  born  in  Franklin  County, 
Pa.,  March  19,  1810;  was  left  an  orphan  at  an 
early  age,  and  educated  at  Pennsylvania  College, 
Gettysburg;  entered  the  Lutheran  ministry  in 
1836,  and,  in  1839,  removed  to  Springfield,  III., 
where  he  preached  and  taught   school;  in  1847 
became  President  of  Hillsboro  College,  which,  in 
1852,  was  removed  to  Springfield  and  became  Illi 
nois  State  University,  now  known  as  Concordia 
Seminary.     Later,  he  served  for  a  time  as  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  for  the  city  of  Springfield, 
but,  in  September.  1861,   resigned  to  accept  the 
Chaplaincy  of  the  Tenth  Illinois  Cavalry ;  by  suc- 
cessive resignations  and  appointments,  held  the 
positions  of  Chaplain  of  the  First  Arkansas  Infan- 
try (1863-64)  and  Post  Chaplain  at  Fort  Smith, 
Ark.,  serving  in  the  latter  position  until  April. 
1867,  when  he  was  commissioned  Chaplain  of  the 
United  States  Army.     This  position  he  resigned 
while  stationed  at  Fort  Harker,  Kan.,  August  23. 
1867.     During  a  considerable  part  of  his  incum- 
bency as  Chaplain  at  Fort  Smith,  he  acted  as 
Agent  of  the  Bureau  of  Refugees  and  Freedmen. 
performing  important  service  in  caring  for  non- 
combatants  rendered  homeless  by  the  vicissitudes 
of  war.     After  the  war  he  served,  for  a  time,  as 
Superintendent    of    Schools     for     Montgomery 
County,  111. ;  was  instrumental  in  the  founding 
of  Carthage  (111.)  College,  and  was  a  member  of 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


its  Board  of  Control  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
was  elected  Chaplain  of  the  Illinois  House  of 
Representatives  at  the  session  of  the  Thirty-fifth 
General  Assembly  (1887),  and  Chaplain  of  the 
( i  rand  Lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  of 
Illinois  for  two  consecutive  terms  (1890-'92). 
He  was  also  member  of  the  Stephenson  Post, 
No.  30,  G.  A.  R. .  at  Springfield,  and  served  as  its 
Cliaplain  from  January,  1884,  to  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Springfield,  Oct.  21,  1882. 

SPRINGER,  William  McKendree,  ex  -Congress- 
man, Justice  of  United  States  Court,  was  born  in 
Sullivan  County.  Ind. .  May  30,  1836.  In  1848  he 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Jacksonville,  111., 
was  fitted  for  college  in  the  public  high  school  at 
Jacksonville,  under  the  tuition  of  the  late  Dr. 
Bateman,  entered  Illinois  College,  remaining 
three  years,  when  he  removed  to  the  Indiana 
State  University,  graduating  there  in  1858.  The 
following  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  ami 
commenced  practice  in  Logan  County,  but  soou 
after  removed  to  Springfield.  He  entered  public 
life  as  Secretary  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1862.  In  1871-72  he  represented  Sangamon 
County  in  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1874,  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Thirteenth  Illinois 
District  as  a  Democrat.  From  that  time  until 
the  close  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress  (1895),  he 
served  in  Congress  continuously,  and  was  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  party  on  the 
floor,  being  at  the  head  of  many  important  com- 
mittees when  that  party  was  in  the  ascendancy, 
and  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic  caucus  nomi- 
nation for  S]..-ak.'i  in  189:).  In  1894  he  was  the 
candidate  of  his  party  for  Congress  for  the 
eleventh  time,  but  was  defeated  by  his  Repub- 
lican opponent.  James  A.  Connolly.  In  1895 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  United 
States  District  Judge  for  Indian  Territory. 

SPRINGFIELD,  the  State  capital,  and  the 
county-seat  of  Sangamon  County,  situated  five 
miles  south  of  the  Sangamon  River  and  185  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago;  is  an  important  railway 
center.  The  tirst  settlement  on  the  site  of  the 
present  city  was  made  by  John  Kelly  in  1819. 
On  April  10,  1821,  it  was  selected,  by  the  first 
Hoard  of  County  Commissioners,  as  the  tem|K>rary 
rounty-seat  of  Sangamon  County,  the  organi- 
zation of  which  had  been  authorized  by  act  of 
the  Legislature  in  January  previous,  ami  the 
name  Springfield  was  given  to  it.  Iii  1823  the 
selection  was  made  permanent.  The  latter  year 
the  first  sale  of  lands  took  place,  the  original  site 
being  entered  by  Pascal  P.  Enos.  Elijah  lies  and 
Thomas  Cox.  The  town  was  platted  about  the 


same  time,  and  the  name  "Calhoun"  was  given  to 
a  section  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  present 
city — this  being  the  "hey-day"  of  the  South 
Carolina  statesman's  greatest  popularity — but 
the  change  was  not  popularly  accepted,  and  the 
new  name  was  soon  dropped.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated as  a  town,  April  2,  1832,  and  as  a  city,  April 
6,  1840;  and  re-incorporated,  under  the  general, 
law  in  1882.  It  was  made  the  State  capital  by 
act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  at  the  session  of 
1837,  which  went  into  effect,  July  4,  1839,  and  the 
Legislature  first  convened  there  in  December  of 
the  latter  year.  The  general  surface  is  flat, 
though  there  is  rolling  ground  to  the  west.  The 
city  has  excellent  water-works,  a  paid  fire-depart- 
ment, six  banks,  electric  street  railways,  gas  and 
electric  lighting,  commodious  hotels,  fine 
churches,  numerous  handsome  residences,  beauti- 
ful parks,  thorough  sewerage,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  paved  and  handsomest  cities  in  the  State. 
The  city  proper,  in  1890,  contained  an  area  of  four 
square  miles,  but  has  since  been  enlarged  by  the 
annexation  of  the  following  suburbs:  North 
Springfield,  April  7,  1891 ;  West  Springfield,  Jan. 
4,  1898;  and  South  Springfield  and  the  village  of 
Laurel,  April  5,  1898.  These  additions  give  to 
the  present  city  an  area  of  5.84  square  miles. 
The  population  of  the  original  city,  according  to 
the  census  of  1880,  was  19,743,  and,  in  1890,  24,903, 
while  t  hut  of  the  annexed  suburbs,  at  the  last 
census,  was  2, 109 — making  a  total  of  29,072.  The 
latest  school  census  (1898)  showed  a  total  popu- 
lation of  33,375— population  by  census  (1900), 
34,159.  Besides  the  State  House,  the  city  has  a 
handsome  United  States  Government  Building 
for  United  States  Court  and  post-office  purposes, 
a  county  courthouse  (the  former  State  capitol). 
a  city  hall  and  (State)  Executive  Mansion. 
Springfield  was  the  home  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 
His  former  residence  has  been  donated  to  the 
State,  and  bis  tomb  and  monument  are  in  the 
beautiful  Oak  Ridge  cemetery,  adjoining  the 
city.  Springfield  is  an  important  coal-mining 
center,  and  has  many  important  industries, 
notably  a  watch  factory,  rolling  mills,  and  exten- 
sive manufactories  of  agricultural  implements 
and  furniture.  It  is  also  the  permanent  location 
of  the  State  Fairs,  for  which  extensive  buildings 
have  been  erected  on  the  Fair  Grounds  north  of 
the  city.  There  are  three  daily  papers— two  morn- 
ing and  one  evening— published  here,  besides 
various  other  publications.  Pop.  (1900),  34,159. 

SPRINGFIELD,   EFFINGHAM    &    SOUTH- 
EASTERN  RAILROAD.     (See  fit.  Lmii*.  Indian- 
Eastern  Railroad. ) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


497 


SPRINGFIELD  >v  ILLINOIS  SOUTHEAST- 
ERN RAILROAD.  (See  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Southwestern  Railroad. ) 

SPRINGFIELD  &  NORTHWESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St  Louis 
Railroad  of  Illinois.) 

SPRING  VALLEY,  an  incorporated  city  in 
Bureau  Count}-,  at  intersection  of  the  Chicago  i 
Northwestern,  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  it  Pacific, 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  and  the 
Toluca,  Marquette  &  Northern  Railways,  100 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  lies  in  a  coal- 
mining region  and  has  important  manufacturing 
interests  as  well.  It  has  two  banks,  electric 
street  and  interurban  railways,  and  two  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  3,837;  (1900),  6,214. 

ST.  AGATHA'S  SCHOOL,  an  institution  for 
young  ladies,  at  Springfield,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  Bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  incorpo- 
rated in  1889.  It  has  a  faculty  of  eight  teachers 
giving  instruction  in  the  preparatory  and  higher 
branches,  including  music  and  fine  arts.  It 
reported  fifty-five  pupils  in  1894,  and  real  estate 
valued  at  $15,000. 

ST.  ALBAN'S  ACADEMY,  a  boys'  and  young 
men's  school  at  Knoxville,  III.,  incorporated  in 
1896  under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopal  Church ; 
in  1898  had  a  faculty  of  seven  teachers,  with 
forty-five  pupils,  and  property  valued  at  $61,100, 
of  which  $54,000  was  real  estate.  Instruction  is 
given  in  the  classical  and  scientific  branches, 
besides  music  and  preparatory  studies. 

ST.  ANXE,  a  village  of  Kankakee  County, 
at  the  crossing  of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois 
and  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  <fc  St. 
Louis  Railways,  60  miles  south  of  Chicago.  The 
town  has  two  banks,  tile  and  brick  factory,  and  a 
weekly  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  1,000. 

ST.  CHARLES,  a  city  in  Kane  County,  on  both 
sides  of  Fox  River,  at  intersection  of  the  Chicago 
<t  Northwestern  and  the  Chicago  Great  Western 
Railways;  88  miles  west  of  Chicago  and  10  miles 
south  of  Elgin.  The  river  furnishes  excellent 
water-power,  which  is  being  utilized  by  a  number 
of  important  manufacturing  enterprises.  The 
city  is  connected  with  Chicago  and  many  towns 
in  the  Fox  River  valley  by  interurlv.n  electric 
trolley  lines;  is  also  the  seat  of  the  State  Home 
for  Boys.  Pop.  (1890),  1,690;  (1900).  2,675. 

ST.  CLAIR,  Arthur,  first  Governor  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  was  born  of  titled  ancestry 
at  Thurso,  Scotland,  in  1734 ;  came  to  America  in 
1757  as  an  ensign,  having  purchased  his  commis- 
sion, participated  in  the  capture  of  Louisburg. 
Canada,  in  1758,  and  fought  under  Wolfe  at 


Quebec.  In  1764  i,e  settled  in  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  amassed  a  moderate  fortune,  and  be- 
came prominent  in  public  affairs.  He  served  with 
distinction  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  rising 
to  the  rank  of  Major-General,  and  succeeding 
General  Gates  in  command  at  Ticonderoga,  but, 
later,  was  censured  by  Washington  for  his  hasty 
evacuation  of  the  post,  though  finally  vindicated 
by  a  military  court.  His  Revolutionary  record, 
however,  was  generally  good,  and  even  distin- 
guished. He  represented  Pennsylvania  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  and  presided  over  that 
body  in  1787.  He  served  as  Governor  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  (including  the  present  State 
of  Illinois)  from  1789  to  1802.  As  an  executive 
he  was  not  successful,  being  unpopular  because 
of  his  arbitrariness.  In  November,  1791,  he 
suffered  a  serious  defeat  by  the  Indians  in  the 
valley  between  the  Miami  and  the  Wabash.  In 
this  campaign  he  was  badly  crippled  by  the  gout, 
and  had  to  be  carried  on  a  litter ;  he  was  again 
vindicated  by  a  Congressional  investigation.  His 
first  visit  to  the  Illinois  Country  was  made  in 
1790,  when  he  organized  St.  Clair  County,  which 
was  named  in  his  honor.  In  1802  President  Jef- 
ferson removed  him  from  the  governorship  of 
Ohio  Territory,  of  which  he  had  continued  to  be 
the  Governor  after  its  separation  from  Indiana 
and  Illinois.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  comparative  penury.  Shortly  before  his 
decease,  he  was  granted  an  annuity  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Legislature  and  by  Congress.  Died,  at 
Greensburg,  Pa.,  August  31,  1818. 

ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY,  the  first  county  organ- 
ized within  the  territory  comprised  in  the  pres- 
ent State  of  Illinois  —  the  whole  region  west 
of  the  Ohio  River  having  been  first  placed  under 
civil  jurisdiction,  under  the  name  of  "Illinois 
County,"  by  an  act  of  the  Virginia  House  of 
Delegates,  passed  in  October,  1778,  a  few  months 
after  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia  by  Col.  George 
Rogers  Clark.  (See  Illinois;  also  Clark,  George 
Rogers.)  St.  Clair  County  was  finally  set  off 
by  an  order  ef  Gov.  Arthur  St  Clair,  on  occa- 
sion of  his  first  visit  to  the  "Illinois  Country," 
in  April,  1790 — more  tlian  two  years  after  his 
assumption  of  the  duties  of  Governor  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  which  then  comprehended 
the  "Illinois  Country"  as  well  as  the  whole 
region  within  the  present  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana. 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  Governor  St.  Clair's 
order,  which  l>ears  date.  April  27.  1790,  defines 
the  boundaries  of  the  new  county — which  took 
his  own  name — as  follows:  "Beginning  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Little  Michillimackanack  River, 


498 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


running  thence  southerly  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
mouth  of  the  little  river  above  Fort  Massac  upon 
the  Ohio  River ;  thence  with  the  said  river  to  its 
junction  with  the  Mississippi;  thence  up  the 
Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  and  so  up 
the  Illinois  River  to  the  place  of  beginning,  with 
all  the  adjacent  islands  of  said  rivers,  Illinois  and 
Mississippi."  The  "Little  Michillimackanack, " 
the  initial  point  mentioned  in  this  description — 
also  variously  spelled  "Makina"  and  "Macki- 
naw," the  latter  being  the  name  by  which  the 
stream  is  now  known — empties  into  the  Illinois 
River  on  the  south  side  a  few  miles  below 
Pekin,  in  Tazewell  County.  The  boundaries 
of  St.  Clair  County,  as  given  by  Gov.  St.  Clair, 
indicate  the  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  "Illinois  Country"  existing  in 
that  day,  as  a  line  drawn  south  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Mackinaw  River,  instead  of  reaching  the 
Ohio  "above  Fort  Massac,"  would  have  followed 
the  longitude  of  the  present  city  of  Springfield, 
striking  the  Mississippi  about  the  northwestern 
corner  of  Jackson  County,  twenty -five  miles  west 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  object  of  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair's  order  was,  of  course,  to  include 
the  settled  portions  of  the  Illinois  Country  in  the 
new  county ;  and,  if  it  had  had  the  effect  intended, 
the  eastern  border  of  the  county  would  have  fol- 
lowed a  line  some  fifty  miles  farther  eastward, 
along  the  eastern  border  of  Marion,  Jefferson, 
Franklin,  Williamson  and  Johnson  Counties, 
reaching  the  Ohio  River  about  the  present  site  uf 
Metropolis  City  in  Massac  County,  and  embracing 
about  one-half  of  the  area  of  the  present  State  of 
Illinois.  For  all  practical  purposes  it  embraced 
all  the  Illinois  Country,  as  it  included  that  por- 
tion in  which  the  white  settlements  were  locateil. 
(See  St.  Clair,  Arthur;  also  Illinois  Country.) 
The  early  records  of  St.  Clair  County  are  in  the 
French  language ;  its  first  settlers  and  its  early 
civilization  were  French,  and  the  first  church  to 
inculcate  the  doctrine  of  Christianity  was  the 
Roman  Catholic.  The  first  proceedings  in  court 
under  the  common  law  were  had  in  1796.  The 
first  Justices  of  the  Peace  were  appointed  in  1K07, 
and,  as  there  was  no  penitentiary,  the  whipping- 
post and  pillory  played  an  important  part  in  the 
code  of  penalties,  these  punishments  being  im- 
partially meted  out  as  late  as  the  time  of  Judge 
(afterwards  Governor)  Reynolds,  to  "the  lame,  the 
halt  and  the  blind,"  for  such  offenses  as  the  lar- 
ceny of  a  silk  handkerchief.  At  first  three 
places — Cahokia,  Prairie  du  Rocher  and  Kaskas- 
kia — were  named  as  county -seats  by  Governor  St. 
Clair ;  but  Randolph  County  having  been  set  off 


in  1895,  Cahokia  became  the  county-seat  of  the 
older  county,  so  remaining  until  1813,  when 
Belleville  was  selected  as  the  seat  of  justice.  At 
that  time  it  was  a  mere  cornfield  owned  by 
George  Blair,  although  settlements  had  previously 
been  established  in  Ridge  Prairie  and  at  Badgley. 
Judge  Jesse  B.  Thomas  held  his  first  court  in  :L 
log-cabin,  but  a  rude  court  house  was  erected  in 
1814,  and,  the  same  year,  George  E.  Blair  estab- 
lished a  hostelry,  Joseph  Kerr  opened  a  store, 
and,  in  1817,  additional  improvements  were 
inaugurated  by  Daniel  Murray  and  others,  from 
Baltimore.  John  H.  Dennis  and  the  Mitchells 
and  Wests  (from  Virginia)  settled  soon  after- 
ward, becoming  farmers  and  mechanics.  Belle- 
ville was  incorporated  in  1819.  In  1825  Governor 
Edwards  bought  the  large  landed  interests  of 
Etienne  Persoueau,  a  large  French  land-owner, 
ordered  a  new  survey  of  the  town  and  infused  fresh 
life  into  its  development.  Settlers  began  to  arrive 
in  large  numbers,  mainly  Virginians,  who  brought 
with  them  their  slaves,  the  right  to  hold  which 
was,  for  many  years,  a  fruitful  and  perennial 
source  of  strife.  Emigrants  from  Germany 
began  to  arrive  at  an  early  day,  and  now  a  large 
proportion  of  the  population  of  Belleville  and  St. 
Clair  County  is  made  up  of  that  nationality.  The 
county,  as  at  present  organized,  lies  on  the  west- 
ern border  of  the  south  half  of  the  State,  immedi- 
ately opposite  St.  Louis,  and  comprises  some  680 
square  miles.  Three-fourths  of  it  are  underlaid 
by  a  vein  of  coal,  six  to  eight  feet  thick,  and 
about  one  hundred  feet  below  the  surface.  Con- 
siderable wheat  is  raised.  The  principal  towns 
are  Belleville,  East  St.  Louis,  Lebanon  and  Mas- 
coutah.  Population  of  the  county  (1880),  61,806; 
(1890),  66,571;  (1900),  86,685. 

ST.  JOHN,  an  incorporated  village  of  Perry 
County,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  one  mile 
north  of  Duquoin.  Coal  is  mined  and  salt  manu- 
factured here.  Population  about  500. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  a  village  of  Champaign  County, 
on  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway,  10  miles  east  of  Champaign ;  has  inter- 
urban  railroad  connection.  Pop.  (1900),  637. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL,  (Chicago),  founded 
in  1860,  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Having  been  de- 
stroyed in  the  fire  of  1871,  it  was  rebuilt  in  the 
following  year.  In  1892  it  was  reconstructed,  en- 
larged and  made  thoroughly  modern  in  its  appoint- 
ments. It  can  accommodate  about  250  patients. 
The  Sisters  attend  to  the  nursing,  and  conduct  the 
domestic  and  financial  affairs.  The  medical  staff 
comprises  ten  physicans  and  surgeons,  among 
whom  are  some  of  the  most  eminent  in  Chicago. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


4U5 


ST.  l.or IS.  ALTON  &  CHICAGO  RAILROAD. 

(See  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad. ) 

ST.  LOUIS,  ALTON  &  SPRINGFIELD  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  St.  Louis,  Chicago  <fc  St.  Paul 
Railroad. ) 

ST.    LOUIS,    ALTON    &    TERRE    HAUTE 
RAILOAD,  a  corporation  formerly  operating  an 
extensive  system  of  railroads  in  Illinois.  The  Terre 
Haute  &  Alton  Railroad  Company  (the  original 
corporation)    was   chartered    in    January,   1851, 
work  begun  in  1852,  and  the  main  line  from 
Terre    Haute  to  Alton  (172.5  miles)  completed, 
March    1,  1856.    The    Belleville  &  Illinoistown 
branch  (from  Belleville  to  East  St.  Louis)  was 
cliartered  in  1852,  and  completed   between  the 
points  named  in  the  title,  in  the  fall  of  1854. 
This  corporation  secured  authority  to  construct 
an  extension  from  Illinoistown   (now  East  St. 
Louis)  to  Alton,  which  was  completed  in  October, 
1856,  giving  the  first  railroad  connection  between 
Alton  &  St.  Louis.     Simultaneously  with  this, 
these  two  roads  (the  Terre  Haute  &  Alton  and 
the  Belleville  &  Illinoistown)  were  consolidated 
under  a  single  charter  by  special  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  February,  1854,  the  consolidated  line 
taking  the  name  of  the  Terre  Haute,  Alton  &  St. 
Louis  Railroad.     Subsequently  the  road  became 
financially  embarassed,  was  sold  under  foreclosure 
and  reorganized,  in  1862,  under  the  name  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad.    June 
1,  1867,  the  main  line  (from  Terre  Haute  to  St. 
Louis)  was  leased   for  niety-nine  years  to    the 
Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railway  Company  (an 
Indiana  corporation)  guaranteed  by  certain  other 
lines,  but  the  lease  was  subsequently  broken  by 
the  insolvency  of  the  lessee  and  some  of  the 
guarantors.     The  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  went 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver  in  1882,  and  was  sold 
under  foreclosure,  in  July  of  the  same  year,  its 
interest  being  absorbed  by  the  Cleveland,  Cin- 
cinnati, Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  by  which 
the  main  line  is  now  operated.     The  properties 
officially  reported  as  remaining  in  the  hands  of 
the  St.   Louis,   Alton  &  Terre  Haute    Railroad, 
June  30,  1895,  beside  the  Belleville  Branch  (14.40 
miles),  included  the  following  leased  and  subsidi- 
ary lines:    Belleville  &  Southern  Illinois — "Cairo 
Short  Line"  (56.40  miles) ;  Belleville  &  Eldorado, 
(50.20   miles);    Belleville    &    Carondelet    (17.30 
miles);  St.  Louis  Southern  and  branches  (47.27 
miles),  and  Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  Paducah  Rail- 
way (53.50  miles).     All  these  have  been  leased, 
since  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1895,  to  the  Illi- 
nois  Central.     (For   sketches  of   these    several 
roads  see  headings  of  each. ) 


ST.  LOUIS,  CHICAGO  &  ST.  PAUL  RAIL. 
ROAD,  (Bluff  Line), a  line  running  from  Spring- 
field to  Granite  City,  111.,  (opposite  St.  .Louis), 
102.1  miles,  with  a  branch  from  Lock  Haven  to 
Graf  ton,  111.,  8.4  miles — total  length  of  line  in 
Illinois,  110.5  miles.  The  track  is  of  standard 
gauge,  laid  with  56  to  70-pound  steel  rails.— (His- 
TORY.)  The  road  was  originally  incorporated 
under  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis,  Jersey  villr  & 
Springfield  Railroad,  built  from  Bates  to  Grafton 
in  1882,  and  absorbed  by  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  & 
Pacific  Railway  Company ;  was  surrendered  by  the 
receivers  of  the  latter  in  1886,  and  passed  under 
the  control  of  the  bond-holders,  by  whom  it  was 
transferred  to  a  corporation  known  as  the  St. 
Louis  &  Central  Illinois  Railroad  Company.  In 
June,  1887,  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Springfield 
Railroad  Company  was  organized,  with  power  to 
build  extensions  from  Newbern  to  Alton,  and 
from  Bates  to  Springfield,  which  was  done.  In 
October,  1890,  a  receiver  was  appointed,  followed 
by  a  reorganization  under  the  present  name  (St. 
Louis,  Chicago  &  St.  Paul).  Default  was  made 
on  the  interest  and,  in  June  following,  it  was 
again  placed  in  the  hands  of  receivers,  by  whom 
it  was  operated  until  1898.  The  total  earnings 
and  income  for  the  fiscal  year  1897-98  were 
1318,815,  operating  expenses,  $373,270;  total 
capitalization,  $4,853,526,  of  which,  $1,500,000 
was  in  the  form  of  stock  and  $1,235  000  in  income 
bonds. 

ST.  LOUIS,  INDIANAPOLIS  £  EASTERN 
RAILROAD,  a  railroad  line  90  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  Switz  City,  I  ml.,  to  Effingliam. 
111. — 56  miles  being  within  the  State  of  Illinois. 
It  is  of  standard  gauge  and  the  track  laid  chiefly 
with  iron  rails. — (HisTOEV.)  The  orginal  corpo- 
ration was  chartered  in  1869  as  the  Springfield. 
Effingliam  &  Quincy  Railway  Company.  It  was 
built  as  a  narrow-gauge  line  by  the  Cincinnati. 
Effiu^ham  &  Quincy  Construction  Company 
which  went  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver  in  1-  > 
The  road  was  completed  by  the  receiver  in  1HNU, 
and,  in  1885,  restored  to  the  Construction  Com- 
pany by  the  discliarge  of  the  receiver.  For  a 
short  time  it  was  operated  in  connection  with 
the  Bloomfield  Railroad  of  Indiana,  but  was 
reorganized  in  1886  as  the  Indiana  &  Illinois 
Southern  Railroad,  and  the  gauge  changed  to 
standard  in  1887.  Having  made  default  in  the 
payment  of  interest,  it  was  sold  under  foreclosure 
in  1890  and  purchased  in  the  interest  of  the  bond- 
holders, by  whom  it  was  conveyed  to  the  St. 
Louis,  Indianapolis  &  Eastern  Railroad  Company, 
in  whose  name  the  line  is  operated.  Its  business 


500 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


is  limited,  and  chiefly  local.  The  total  earnings 
in  1X98  were  $65,583  and  the  expenditures $69,112. 
Its  capital  stock  was  $740,000;  bonded  debt, 
$978,000,  other  indebtedness  increasing  the  total 
capital  investment  to  $1,816,736. 

ST.  LOUIS,  JACKSONVILLE  &  CHICAGO 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago  <t-  Alton  Railroad.) 

ST.  LOUIS,  JERSEYVILLE  &  SPRINGFIELD 
KAILROAD.  (See  St.  Louis,  Chicago  <t  St.  Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST.  LOUIS,  MOUNT  CARMEL  &  NEW  AL- 
BANY RAILROAD.  (See  Louisville,  Evansi-ilte 
dt  St.  Louis  (Consolidated)  Railroad.) 

ST.  LOUIS,  PEORIA  &  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
WAY,  known  as  "Peoria  Short  Line,"  a  corpo- 
ration organized,  Feb.  29,  1896,  to  take  over  and 
unite  the  properties  of  the  St.  Louis  &  Eastern, 
the  St.  Louis  &  Peoria  and  the  North  and  South 
Railways,  and  to  extend  the  same  due  north 
from  Springfield  to  Peoria  (60  miles),  and  thence 
to  Fulton  or  East  Clinton,  111.,  on  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi. The  line  extends  from  Springfield  to 
Glen  Carbon  (84.46  miles),  with  trackage  facilities 
over  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Railroad 
and  the  Merchants'  Terminal  Bridge  (18  miles) 
to  St.  Louis. — (HISTORY.)  This  road  has  been 
made  up  of  three  sections  or  divisions.  (1)  The 
initial  section  of  the  line  was  constructed  under 
the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  &  Chicago  Railroad  of 
Illinois,  incorporated  in  1885,  and  opened  from 
Mount  Olive  to  Alhambra  in  1887.  It  passed 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  was  sold  under  fore- 
closure in  1889,  and  reorganized,  in  1890,  as  the  St. 
Louis  &  Peoria  Railroad.  The  St.  Louis  &  East- 
ern, chartered  in  1889,  built  the  line  from  Glen 
Carbon  to  Marine,  which  was  opened  in  1893;  the 
following  year,  bought  the  St.  Louis  &  Peoria 
line,  and,  in  1895,  constructed  the  link  (8  miles) 
between  Alhambra  and  Marine.  (3)  The  North 
&  South  Railroad  Company  of  Illinois,  organized 
in  1890,  as  successor  to  the  St.  Louis  &  Chicago 
Railway  Company,  proceeded  in  the  construction 
of  the  line  (50.46  miles)  from  Mt.  Olive  to  Spring- 
Held,  which  was  subsequently  leased  to  the  Chi- 
cago, Peoria  &  St.  Louis,  then  under  the 
management  of  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville  &  St. 
Louis  Railway.  The  latter  corporation  having 
defaulted,  the  property  passed  into  the  hands  of 
a  receiver.  By  expiration  of  the  lease  in  Decem- 
ber, 1896,  the  property  reverted  to  the  proprietary 
Company,  which  took  possession,  Jan.  1,  1896. 
The  St.  Louis  &  Southeastern  then  bought  the 
line  outright,  and  it  was  incorporated  as  a  part  of 
the  new  organization  uniler  tlie  name  of  the  St. 
Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Kaihvay,  the  North 


&  South  Railroad  going  out  of  existence.  In 
May,  1899,  the  St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  was 
sold  to  the  reorganized  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad 
Company,  to  be  operated  as  a  short  line  between 
Peoria  &  St.  Louis. 

ST.  LOUIS,  ROCK  ISLAND  &  CHICAGO 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad.) 

ST.  LOUIS  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD,  a  line 
running  from  Pinckneyville,  111.,  via  Murphys- 
lx>ro,  to  Carbondale.  The  company  is  also  the 
lessee  of  the  Carbondale  &  Shawneetown  Rail- 
road, extending  from  Carbondale  to  Marion,  17.5 
miles — total,  50.5  miles.  The  track  is  of  standard 
gauge  and  laid  with  56  and  60-pound  steel  rails. 
The  company  was  organized  in  August,  1886,  to 
succeed  to  the  property  of  the  St.  Louis  Coal  Rail- 
road (organized  in  1879)  and  the  St.  Louis  Central 
Railway ;  and  was  leased  for  980  years  from  Dec. 
1,  1886,  to  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad  Company,  at  an  annual  rental  equal  te 
thirty  per  cent  of  the  gross  earnings,  with  a  mini- 
mum guarantee  of  $32,000,  which  is  sufficient 
to  pay  the  interest  on  the  first  mortgage  bonds. 
During  the  year  1896  this  line  passed  under  lease 
from  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Rail- 
road Company,  into  the  hands  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company. 

ST.  LOUIS,  SPRINGFIELD  &  TINCENNES 
RAILROAD  COMPANY,  a  corporation  organized 
in  July,  1899,  to  take  over  the  property  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railway  in  the 
State  of  Illinois,  known  as  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi 
and  the  Springfield  &  Illinois  Southeastern 
Railways  —  the  former  extending  from  Vin- 
cennes,  I  ml.,  to  East  St.  Louis,  and  the  latter 
from  Beardstown  to  Shawneetown.  The  prop- 
erty was  sold  under  foreclosure,  at  Cincinnati, 
July  10,  1899,  and  transferred,  for  purposes  of 
reorganization,  into  the  hands  of  the  new  cor- 
poration, July  28,  1899.  (For  history  of  the 
several  lines  see  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern 
Railway.) 

ST.  LOUIS,  YANDALIA  &  TERRE  HAUTE 
RAILROAD.  This  line  extends  from  East  St. 
Louis  eastward  across  the  State,  to  the  Indiana 
State  line,  a  distance  of  158.3  miles.  The  Terre 
Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad  Company  is  the 
lessee.  The  track  is  single,  of  standard  gauge, 
and  laid  with  steel  rails.  The  outstanding  capi- 
tal stock,  in  1898,  was  $3,924,058,  the  bonded  debt, 
$4,496,000,  and  the  floating  debt,  $218.480.—  (HIS- 
TORY )  The  St.  Louis,  Vandalia  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad  was  chartered  in  1865,  opened  in  1870 
and  leased  to  the  Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


501 


Railroad,  for  itself  and  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroad. 

ST.  LOUIS  &  CAIRO  RAILROAD,  extends 
from  East  St.  Louis  to  Cairo,  111.,  151.6  miles,  with 
a  branch  from  Hillstadt  Junction  to  High  Prairie, 
!>  miles.  The  track  is  of  standard  gauge  and  laid 
mainly  with  steel  rails.— (HISTORY.)  The  origi- 
nal charter  was  granted  to  the  Cairo  &  St.  Louis 
Railroad  Company,  Feb.  16,  1865,  and  the  road 
opened,  March  1,  1875.  Subsequently  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  was  sold  under  fore- 
closure, July  14,  1881,  and  was  taken  charge  of 
by  a  new  company  under  its  present  name,  Feb. 
1,  1882.  On  Feb.  1,  1886,  it  was  leased  to  the 
Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad  Company  for  forty-five 
years,  and  now  constitutes  the  Illinois  Division 
of  that  line,  giving  it  a  connection  with  St. 
Louis.  (See  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railway. ) 

ST.  LOUIS  &  CENTRAL  ILLINOIS  RAIL- 
BOAD.  (See  St.  Louis,  Chicago  &  St.  Paul 
Railroad. ) 

ST.  LOUIS  &  CHICAGO  RAILROAD  (of 
Illinois).  (See  St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern 
Railway.) 

ST.  LOUIS  &  EASTERN  RAILROAD.  (See 
St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Railway.) 

ST.  LOUIS  &  PEORIA  RAILWAY.  (See 
St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Railway. ) 

ST.  LUKE'S  HOSPITAL,  located  in  Chicago. 
It  was  chartered  in  1865,  its  incorporators,  in 
their  initial  statement,  substantially  declaring 
their  object  to  be  the  establishment  of  a  free  hos- 
pital under  the  control  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  which  should  be  open  to  the 
afflicted  poor,  without  distinction  of  race  or 
creed.  The  hospital  was  opened  on  a  small  scale, 
but  steadily  increased  until  1879,  when  re-incor- 
jmration  was  effected  under  the  general  law.  In 
1885  a  new  building  was  erected  on  land  donated 
for  that  purpose,  at  a  cost  exceeding  $150,000, 
exclusive  of  $20,000  for  furnishing.  While  its 
primary  object  has  been  to  afford  accommoda- 
tion, with  medical  and  surgical  care,  gratuitously, 
to  the  needy  poor,  the  institution  also  provides  a 
considerable  number  of  comfortable,  well-fur- 
nished private  rooms  for  patients  who  are  able 
and  willing  to  pay  for  the  same.  It  contains  an 
amphitheater  for  surgical  operations  and  clinics, 
and  has  a  free  dispensary  for  out-patients.  Dur- 
ing the  past  few  years  important  additions 
have  been  made,  the  number  of  beds  increased, 
and  provision  made  for  a  training  school  for 
nurses.  The  medical  staff  (1896)  consists  of 
thirteen  physicians  and  surgeons  and  two 
pathologist*. 


ST.  MARY'S  SCHOOL,  a  young  ladies'  semi 
nary,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Episcopal 
Church,  at  Knoxville,  Knox  County,  111. ;  was 
incorporated  in  1858,  in  1898  had  a  faculty  of  four- 
teen teachers,  giving  instruction  to  113  pupils. 
The  brandies  taught  include  the  classics,  the 
sciences,  fine  arts,  music  and  preparatory  studies. 
The  institution  has  a  library  of  2,200  volumes, 
and  owns  property  valued  at  §130,500,  of  which 
$100,000  is  real  estate. 

STAGER,  Anson,  soldier  and  Telegraph  Super- 
intendent, was  born  in  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.. 
April  20,  1825 ;  at  16  years  of  age  entered  the  serv- 
ice of  Henry  O'Reilly,  a  printer  who  afterwards 
became  a  pioneer  in  building  telegraph  lines,  and 
with  whom  he  became  associated  in  various  enter- 
prises of  this  character.  Having  introduced 
several  improvements  in  the  construction  of  bat- 
teries and  the  arrangement  of  wires,  he  was,  in 
1852,  made  General  Superintendent  of  the  princi- 
pal lines  in  the  West,  and,  on  the  organization  of 
the  Western  Union  Company,  was  retained  in 
this  position.  Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  management  of  telegraph 
lines  in  Southern  Ohio  and  along  the  Virginia 
border,  and,  in  October  following,  was  appointed 
General  Superintendent  of  Government  tele- 
graphs, remaining  in  this  position  until  Septem- 
ber, 1868,  his  services  being  recognized  in  his 
promotion  to  a  brevet  Brigadier-Generalship  of 
Volunteers.  In  1869  General  Stager  returned  to 
Chicago  and,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  General 
Superintendent,  engaged  in  the  promotion  of  a 
number  of  enterprises  connected  with  the  manu- 
facture of  electrical  appliances  and  other 
branches  of  the  business.  One  of  these  was  the 
consolidation  of  the  telephone  companies,  of 
which  he  became  President,  as  also  of  the  West- 
ern Edison  Electric  Light  Company,  besides  being 
a  Director  in  several  other  corporations.  Died, 
in  Chicago,  March  26,  1885. 

ST  A  N  DISH,  John  Tan  Ness,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Capt.  Miles  Standish,  the  Pilgrim  leader,  was 
born  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Feb.  26,  1825.     His  early 
years  were  spent  on  a  farm,  but  a  love  of  knowl- 
edge and  books  became  his  ruling  passion,  and  he 
devoted  several  years  to  study,  in  the  "Liberal 
Institute"  at  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  finally  graduating, 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  at  Norwich  University 
in  the  class  of    1847.     Later,   he   received    the 
degree  of  A.M.,  in   due  course,  from  his  Alma 
Mater  in  1855;  that  of  Ph.D.  from  Knox  College, 
in  1883,  of  LL.DfromSt.  Lawrence  University 
in  1893,  and  from  Norwich,  in  1898.     Dr.  Standish 
chose  the  profession  of  a  teacher,  and  has  spent 


502 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


over  fifty  years  in  its  pursuit  in  connection  with 
private  and  public  schools  and  the  College,  of 
which  more  than  forty  years  were  as  Professor  and 
President  of  Iximbard  University  at  Galeshurg. 
He  has  also  lectured  and  conducted  Teachers' 
Institutes  all  over  the  State,  and,  in  ISTii),  was 
elected  President  of  the  State  Teachers'  Associ- 
ation. He  made  three  visits  to  the  Old  World — 
in  1879,  '82-83,  and  '91-92— and,  during  his  second 
trip,  traveled  over  40,000  miles,  visiting  nearly 
every  country  of  Europe,  including  the  "Land  of 
the  Midnight  Sun,"  besides  Northern  Africa 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Desert  of  Sahara, 
Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria  and  Asia  Minor.  A  lover 
of  art,  he  has  visited  nearly  all  the  principal 
museums  and  picture  galleries  of  the  world.  In 
jx>litics  he  is  a  Republican,  and,  in  opposition  to 
many  college  men,  a  firm  believer  in  the  doctrine 
of  protection.  In  religion,  he  is  a  Universalist. 

STA  IT,  James  T.  B., State  Auditor,  was  born 
in  Woodford  County,  Ky.,  April  13,  1804;  at  the 
age  of  12  accompanied  his  widowed  mother  to 
Kaskaskia,  111. ,  where  she  settled ;  before  he  was 
20  years  old,  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  the  office 
of  the  State  Auditor,  and,  upon  the  resignation  of 
that  officer,  was  appointed  his  successor,  being 
twice  thereafter  elected  by  the  Legislature,  serv- 
ing nearly  five  years.  He  resigned  the  auditor- 
ship  to  accept  the  Presidency  of  the  State  Bank 
at  Vandalia,  which  post  he  filled  for  thirteen 
years;  acted  as  Aid-de-camp  on  Governor  Rey- 
nolds staff  in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  served 
as  Adjutant  of  the  Third  Illinois  Volunteers  dur- 
ing the  war  with  Mexico.  President  Taylor 
appointed  Mr.  Stapp  Receiver  of  the  United 
States  Land  Office  at  Vandalia,  which  office  he 
held  during  the  Fillmore  administration,  resign- 
ing in  1855.  Two  years  later  he  removed  to 
Decatur,  where  he  continued  to  reside  until  his 
death  in  1876.  A  handsome  Methodist  chapel, 
erected  by  him  in  that  city,  bears  bis  name. 

STARK  COUNTY,  an  interior  county  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  State,  lying  west  of  the  Illi- 
nois River;  has  an  area  of  290  square  miles.  It 
has  a  rich,  alluvial  soil,  well  watered  by  numer- 
ous small  streams.  The  principal  industries  are 
agriculture  and  stock-raising,  and  the  chief 
towns  are  Toulon  and  Wyoming.  The  county 
was  erected  from  Putnam  and  Knox  in  1839,  and 
named  in  honor  of  General  Stark,  of  Revolution- 
ary fame.  The  earliest  settler  was  Isaac  B. 
Essex,  who  built  a  cabin  on  Spoon  River,  in  1828, 
and  gave  his  name  to  a  township.  Of  other  pio- 
neer families,  the  Buswells,  Smiths,  Spencers  and 


Eastmans  came  from  New  England;  the  Thom- 
ases, Moores,  Holgates,  Fullers  and  Whittakers 
from  Pennsylvania;  the  Coxes  from  Ohio,  the 
Perrys  and  Parkers  froin  Virginia;  the  McClanu- 
hans  from  Kentucky ;  the  Hendersons  from  Ten- 
nessee ;  the  Lees  and  Hazens  from  New  Jersey ; 
the  Halls  from  England,  and  the  TurnbulLs  and 
Olivers  from  Scotland.  The  pioneer  church  was 
the  Congregational  at  Toulon.  Population  U8HO), 
11,207;  (1890),  9,982;  (1900),  10,186. 

STARTED  ROCK,  a  celebrated  rock  or  cliff  on 
the  south  side  of  Illinois  River,  in  La  Salle 
County,  upon  which  the  French  explorer,  I-a 
Salle,  and  his  lieutenant,  Tonty,  erected  a  fort  in 
1682,  which  they  named  Fort  St.  Louis.  It  was 
one  mile  north  of  the  supposed  location  of  the 
Indian  village  of  La  Vantum,  the  metropolis,  so 
to  speak,  of  the  Illinois  Indians  about  the  time  of 
the  arrival  of  the  first  French  explorers.  The 
population  of  this  village,  in  1680,  according  to 
Father  Membre,  was  some  seven  or  eight  thou- 
sand. Both  La  Vantum  and  Fort  St.  Louis  were 
repeatedly  attacked  by  the  Iroquois.  The  Illinois 
were  temporarily  driven  from  La  Vantum,  but 
the  French,  for  the  time  being,  successfully 
defended  their  fortification.  In  1702  the  fort  was 
abandoned  as  a  military  post,  but  continued  t<  > 
lie  used  as  a  French  trading-post  until  171 S. 
when  it  was  burned  by  Indians.  The  Illinois 
were  not  again  molested  until  1722,  when  the 
Foxes  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  upon  them. 
The  larger  portion  of  the  tribe,  however,  resolved 
to  cast  in  their  fortunes  with  other  tribes  on  the 
Mississippi  River.  Those  who  remained  fell  an 
easy  prey  to  the  foes  by  whom  they  were  sur- 
rounded. In  1769  they  were  attacked  from  the 
north  by  tribes  who  desired  to  avenge  the  murder 
of  Pontiac.  Finding  themselves  hard  pressed. 
they  betook  themselves  to  the  bluff  where  Fort 
St.  Louis  had  formerly  stood.  Here  they  were 
besieged  for  twelve  days,  when,  destitute  of  food 
or  water,  they  made  a  gallant  but  hopeless  sortie. 
According  to  a  tradition  handed  down  among  the 
Indians,  all  were  massacred  by  the  besiegers  in 
an  attempt  to  escape  by  night,  except  one  halt  - 
breed,  who  succeeded  in  evading  his  pursuers. 
This  sanguinary  catastrophe  has  given  the  rock 
its  popular  name.  Elmer  Baldwin,  in  his  History 
of  Lu  SalleCounty  (1877),  says:  "The  bones  of 
the  victims  lay  scattered  about  the  cliff  in  pro- 
fusion after  the  settlement  by  the  whites,  ami 
are  still  found  mingled  plentifully  with  the  soil. " 
(See  La  Salle,  Robert  Carelier;  Tonty;  Fort  Nt. 
Louis.) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OK  ILLINOIS. 


STARJfE,  Alexander,  Secretary  of  State  and 
State  Treasurer,  was  born  in  Philadelphia.  Pa., 
Nov.  21,  1813;  in  the  spring  of  1836  removed  to 
Illinois,  settling  at  Griggsville,  Pike  County, 
where  he  opened  a  general  store.  From  1839  to 
'4'-  he  served  as  Commissioner  of  Pike  County, 
ami,  in  the  latter  year,  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  re-elected  in 
1H44.  Having,  in  the  meanwhile,  disposed  of  his 
store  at  Griggsville  and  removed  to  Pittsfield,  he 
was  appointed,  by  Judge  Purple,  Clerk  of  the 
Circuit  Court,  and  elected  to  the  same  office  for 
four  years,  when  it  was  made  elective.  In  1852 
he  was  elected  Secretary  of  State,  when  he 
removed  to  Springfield,  returning  to  Griggsville 
at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  185T,  to  assume 
the  Presidency  of  the  old  Hannibal  and  Naples 
Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the  Wabash  system). 
He  represented  Pike  and  Brown  Counties  in  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and  the  same 
year  was  elected  State  Treasurer.  He  thereupon 
again  removed  to  Springfield,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  being,  with  his  sons,  extensively 
engaged  in  coal  mining.  In  1870,  and  again  iu 
1873,  he  was  elected  State  Senator  from  San- 
gamon  County.  He  died  at  Springfield,  March 
81,  1886. 

STATE  BANK  OF  ILLINOIS.  The  first  legis- 
lation, having  for  its  object  the  establishment  of 
a  bank  within  the  territory  which  now  consti- 
tutes the  State  of  Illinois,  was  the  passage,  by 
the  Territorial  Legislature  of  1816,  of  an  act 
incorporating  the  "Bank  of  Illinois  at  Shawnee- 
town,  with  branches  at  Edwardsville  and  Kas- 
kaskia." In  the  Second  General  Assembly  of 
the  State  (1820)  an  act  was  passed,  over  the 
Governor's  veto  and  in  defiance  of  the  adverse 
judgment  of  the  Council  of  Revision,  establish- 
ing a  State  Bank  at  Vandalia  with  branches  at 
Shawneetown,  Edwardsville,  and  Brownsville  in 
Jackson  County.  This  was,  in  effect,  a  recharter- 
ing  of  the  banks  at  Shawneetown  and  Edwards- 
ville. So  far  as  the  former  is  concerned,  it  seems 
to  have  been  well  managed;  but  the  official 
i  -i  induct  of  the  officers  of  the  latter,  on  the  basis 
of  charges  made  by  Governor  Edwards  in  1826. 
was  made  the  subject  of  a  legislative  investiga- 
tion, which  (although  it  resulted  in  nothing) 
seems  to  have  had  some  basis  of  fact,  in  view  of 
the  losses  finally  sustained  in  winding  up  its 
affairs — that  of  the  General  Government  amount- 
ing to  $54,000.  Grave  charges  were  made  in  this 
connection  against  men  who  were  then,  or 
afterwards  became,  prominent  in  State  affairs, 
including  one  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  and 
one  (still  later)  a  United  States  Senator.  The 


experiment  was  disastrous,  as,  ten  years  later 
(1831),  it  was  found  necessary  for  the  State  t<> 
incur  a  debt  of  $100,000  to  redeem  the  outstaml 
ing  circulation.  Influenced,  however,  by  the 
popular  demand  for  an  increase  in  the  "circu- 
lating medium,"  the  State  continued  its  experi- 
ment of  becoming  a  stockholder  in  banks 
managed  by  its  citizens,  and  accordingly  we  find 
it,  in  1835,  legislating  in  the  same  direction  for 
the  establishing  of  a  central  "Bank  of  Illinois" 
at  Springfield,  with  branches  at  other  points  as 
might  be  required,  not  to  exceed  six  in  number. 
One  of  these  branches  was  established  at  Van- 
dalia and  another  at  Chicago,  furnishing  the  first 
banking  institution  of  the  latter  city.  Two 
years  later,  when  the  State  was  entering  upon 
its  scheme  of  internal  improvement,  laws  were 
enacted  increasing  the  capital  stock  of  these 
banks  to  $4,000,000  in  the  aggregate.  Following 
the  example  of  similar  institutions  elsewhere, 
they  suspended  specie  payments  a  few  months 
later,  but  were  protected  by  "stay  laws"  and 
other  devices  until  1842,  when  the  internal 
improvement  scheme  having  been  finally  aban- 
doned, they  fell  in  general  collapse.  The  State 
ceased  to  be  a  stock-holder  in  1843.  and  the  banks 
were  put  in  course  of  liquidation,  though  it 
required  several  years  to  complete  the  work. 

STATE  CAPITALS.  The  first  State  capital  of 
1  Hinois  was  Kaskaskia,  where  the  first  Territorial 
Legislature  convened,  Nov.  25,  1812.  At  that 
time  there  were  but  five  counties  in  the  State — 
St.  Clair  and  Randolph  being  the  most  important, 
and  Kaskaskia  being  the  county-seat  of  the 
latter.  Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 
State  in  1818,  and  the  first  Constitution  provided 
that  the  seat  of  government  should  remain  at 
Kaskaskia  until  removed  by  legislative  enact- 
ment. That  instrument,  however,  made  it  obli- 
gatory upon  the  Legislature,  at  its  first  session, 
to  i«tition  Congress  for  a  grant  of  not  more  than 
four  sections  of  land,  on  which  should  be  erected 
a  town,  which  should  remain  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  twenty  years.  The  petition  was  duly 
presented  and  granted ;  and,  in  accordance  with 
the  power  granted  by  the  Constitution,  a  Board 
of  five  Commissioners  selected  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Vandalia,  then  a  point  in  the 
wilderness  twenty  miles  north  of  any  settle 
inent.  But  so  great  was  the  faith  of  speculators 
in  the  future  of  the  proposed  city,  that  town  lots 
were  soon  selling  at  $100  to  $780  each.  The  Com- 
missioners, in  obedience  to  law,  erected  a  plain 
two-story  frame  building — scarcely  more  than  a 
commodious  shanty — to  which  the  State  offices 
were  removed  in  December,  1820.  This  building 


504 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


was  burned,  Dec.  9,  1833,  and  a  brick  structure 
erected  in  its  place.  Later,  when  the  question  of 
a  second  removal  of  the  capital  began  to  be  agi- 
tated, the  citizens  of  Vandalia  assumed  the  risk 
<>f  erecting  a  new,  brick  State  House,  costing 
$16,000.  Of  this  amount  $6,000  was  reimbursed 
by  the  Governor  from  the  contingent  fund,  and 
the  balance  ($10,000)  was  appropriated  in  1837, 
when  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to 
Springfield,  by  vote  of  the  Tenth  General  Assem- 
bly on  the  fourth  ballot.  The  other  places  receiv- 
ing the  principal  vote  at  the  time  of  the  removal 
to  Springfield,  were  Jacksonville,  Vandalia, 
Peoria,  Alton  and  Illiopolis — Springfield  receiv- 
ing the  largest  vote  at  each  ballot.  The  law 
removing  the  capital  appropriated  $50,000  from 
the  State  Treasury,  provided  that  a  like  amount 
should  be  raised  by  private  subscription  and 
guaranteed  by  bond,  and  that  at  least  two  acres 
of  land  should  be  donated  as  a  site.  Two  State 
Houses  have  been  erected  at  Springfield,  the  first 
cost  of  the  present  one  (including  furnishing) 
having  been  a  little  in  excess  of  $4,000,000. 
Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  from  Sangamon  County  at  the  time, 
was  an  influential  factor  in  securing  the  removal 
of  the  capital  to  Springfield. 

STATE  DEBT.  The  State  debt,  which  proved 
so  formidable  a  burden  upon  the  State  of  Illinois 
for  a  generation,  and,  for  a  part  of  that  period, 
seriously  checked  its  prosperity,  was  the  direct 
outgrowth  of  the  internal  improvement  scheme 
entered  upon  in  1837.  (See  Internal  Improvement 
Policy. )  At  the  time  this  enterprise  was  under- 
taken the  aggregate  debt  of  the  State  was  less 
than  $400,000 — accumulated  within  the  preceding 
six  years.  Two  years  later  (1838)  it  had  increased 
to  over  $6,500,000,  while  the  total  valuation  of 
real  and  personal  property,  for  the  purposes  of 
taxation,  was  less  than  $60, 000, 000,  and  the  aggre- 
gate receipts  of  the  State  treasury,  for  the  same 
year,  amounted  to  less  than  $150,000.  At  the 
same  time,  the  disbursements,  for  the  support  of 
the  State  Government  alone,  had  grown  to  more 
than  twice  the  receipts.  This  disparity  continued 
until  the  declining  credit  of  the  State  forced  upon 
the  managers  of  public  affairs  an  involuntary 
economy,  when  the  means  could  no  longer  be 
secured  for  more  lavish  expenditures.  The  first 
bonds  issued  at  the  inception  of  the  internal 
improvement  scheme  sold  at  a  premium  of  5  per 
rent,  but  rapidly  declined  until  they  were  hawked 
in  the  markets  of  New  York  and  London  &t  a  dis- 
count, in  some  cases  falling  into  the  hands  of 
brokers  who  failed  before  completing  their  con- 


tracts, thus  causing  a  direct  loss  to  the  State.  If 
the  internal  improvement  scheme  was  ill-advised, 
the  time  chosen  to  carry  it  into  effect  was  most 
unfortunate,  as  it  came  simultaneously  with  the 
panic  of  1837,  rendering  the  disaster  all  the  more 
complete.  Of  the  various  works  undertaken  by 
the  State,  only  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
brought  a  return,  all  the  others  resulting  in  more 
or  less  complete  loss.  The  internal  improvement 
scheme  was  abandoned  in  1839-40,  but  not  until 
State  bonds  exceeding  $13,000,000  had  been 
issued.  For  two  years  longer  the  State  struggled 
with  its  embarrassments,  increased  by  the  failure 
of  the  State  Bank  in  February,  1842,  and,  by  that 
of  the  Bank  of  Illinois  at  Shawneetown,  a  few 
months  later,  with  the  proceeds  of  more  than  two 
and  a  half  millions  of  the  State's  bonds  in  their 
possession.  Thus  left  without  credit,  or  means 
even  of  paying  the  accruing  interest,  there  were 
those  who  regarded  the  State  as  hopelessly  bank 
nipt,  and  advocated  repudiation  as  the  only 
means  of  escape.  Better  counsels  prevailed,  how- 
ever ;  the  Constitution  of  1848  put  the  State  on  a 
basis  of  strict  economy  in  the  matter  of  salaries 
and  general  expenditures,  with  restrictions  upon 
the  Legislature  in  reference  to  incurring  in- 
debtedness, while  the  beneficent  "two-mill  tax" 
gave  assurance  to  its  creditors  that  its  debts 
would  be  paid.  While  the  growth  of  the  State, 
in  wealth  and  population,  had  previously  been 
checked  by  the  fear  of  excessive  taxation,  it  now 
entered  upon  a  new  career  of  prosperity,  in  spite 
of  its  burdens— its  increase  in  population,  be- 
tween 1850  and  1860,  amounting  to  over  100  per 
cent.  The  movement  of  the  State  debt  after  1H40 
— when  the  internal  improvement  scheme  was 
abandoned — chiefly  by  accretions  of  unpaid  inter- 
est, has  been  estimated  as  follows:  1842,  $15,- 
637,950;  1844,  $14,633,969;  1846,  $16,389,817;  1848, 
$16,661,795.  It  reached  its  maximum  in  1853 — 
the  first  year  of  Governor  Matteson's  administra- 
tion— when  it  was  officially  reported  at  $16,724,- 
177.  At  this  time  the  work  of  extinguishment 
began,  and  was  prosecuted  under  successive 
administrations,  except  during  the  war,  when 
the  vast  expense  incurred  in  sending  troops  to 
the  field  caused  an  increase.  During  Governor 
Bissell's  administration,  the  reduction  amounted 
to  over  $3,000,000;  during  Oglesby's,  to  over  five 
and  a  quarter  million,  besides  two  and  a  quarter 
million  paid  on  interest.  In  1880  the  debt  hail 
been  reduced  to  $281,059.11,  and,  before  the  close 
of  1882,  it  had  been  entirely  extinguished,  except 
a  balance  of  $18,500  in  bonds,  which,  having  been 
called  in  years  previously  and  never  presented  for 


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HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <•]•'    ILLINOIS. 


was  burneil.  Dec.  !i.  IN',''!,  and  a  brick  structure 
erected  in  its  place.  Later,  when  tin- question  of 
a  second  removal  of  the  capital  began  to  be  agi- 
tated, tlie  citizens  of  Vaiulalia  assumed  the  risk 

•  >f   erecting  a   new     brick   State    House,    costing 
SH;,IMPO.     Of  this  aimiiint  *l>.il(«>  was  reiinburse.l 
liy  the  (lovernor  from  the  contingent  fund,  and 
the  balance  (Sl(i.lilHl)  was  appropriated  in   1»:!7. 
when   the  seat   of  government    was   removed   ti> 
Springfield,  by  vote  of  the  Tenth  fiencral  Assem- 
bly on  tlie  fourth  ballot      The  other  places  receiv 
in;;  the  principal  vote  at  the  time  of  the  removal 
to    Springfield,     were     Jacksonville,     Vandalia. 
1'eoria    Alton  and    Illiopolis — Springfield   recch 
in;;  the   largest    vote   at    each    ballot       The    law 
removing  the  capital  appropriated  $50,000  from 
the  State  Treasury,  provided  that  .1  like  amount 
should    IK-    raised    by   private    subscription  and 
guaranteed   by  bond    and   that  at  least   two  acres 
of  land  should   be  donated  as  a  site      Two  State 
Houses  have  lieen  erected  at  Springfield,  the  first 

•  •ost  of  the  present  one   (including    furnishing) 
having     been    n    little    in    excess    of    $4.000.000. 
\hraham    Lincoln,   who  was  a  member  of    the 
Legislature  from  Sangainoii  County  at  the  time, 
was  an  influential  factor  in  securing  the  removal 
of  the  capital  to  Springfield 

STATK  IIKHT.  The  Stale  debt,  which  proved 
so  formidable  a  burden  UJHUI  the  State  of  Illinois 
for  a  generation  ami.  for  a  (art  of  that  |«-riod 
seriously  checked  its  prosperity  was  the  direct 
outgrowth  of  the  internal  improvement  scheme 
entered  ujion  in  l*:17  (See  hitt  i-nnl  Itnjtntft-ittt  iif 
I'ulii-if.  I  At  the  time  this  enterprise  was  under 
taken  the  aggregate  debt  of  the  State  was  less 
than  S400 (Mill— accumulated  within  the  preceding 
six  years  Two  years  later  (  |s::s>  it  bad  increased 
to  over  SO.  .IIIO  MM  P.  while  the  total  valuation  of 
real  and  personal  property,  for  the  purposes  of 
taxation,  was  less  than  860.000.000,  and  the  aggre- 
gate receipts  of  the  State  treasury,  for  the  same 
year,  amounted  to  less  than  SI.IO.OOO  At  the 
same  lime  the  disbursements,  for  the  support  of 
the  State  Government  alone,  had  grown  to  more 
t  hun  twice  t  he  receipts.  This  disparit y  continued 
until  the  declining  credit  of  I  he  State  forced  upon 
the  managers  of  public  affairs  an  involuntary 
economy,  when  the  means  could  no  longer  he 
secured  for  more  lavish  cx|ictiditiires  The  first 
bonds  issued  at  the  inception  of  the  internal 
improvement  scheme  sold  at  a  premium  of  •>  per 
cent  but  rapidly  declined  until  they  were  hawked 
in  the  markets  of  New  York  and  London  at  a  dis- 
count in  some  cases  falling  into  the  liiinds  of 
broker-  \\  ho  failed  before  completing  their  con- 


tracts, thus  causing  a  direct  loss  to  the  State.  II 
the  internal  improvement  scheme  was  ill-advised, 
the  time  chosen  to  carry  it  into  effect  was  most 
unfortunate,  as  it  came  simultaneously  with  the 
panic  of  lx:!7.  rendering  the  disaster  all  the  more 
complete.  Of  the  various  works  undertaken  by 
the  State,  only  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
brought  a  return,  all  the  others  resulting  in  more 
or  less  complete  loss.  The  internal  improvement 
scheme  was  abandoned  in  |s:!!)-40,  but  not  until 
State  lionds  exceeding  Si:t. (100.000  had  lieen 
issued.  For  two  years  longer  the  State  struggled 
with  its  embarrassments,  increased  by  the  failure 
•  •f  the  State  Rank  in  February.  IS-I'J.  and.  by  that 
of  the  Rank  of  Illinois  at  Shawneetown,  a  few 
months  later,  with  the  proceeds  of  more  than  two 
and  a  half  millions  of  tin- St.it.-1  bonds  in  their 
(Missession.  Thus  left  without  credit,  or  mean*- 
even  of  paying  the  accruing  interest,  there  were 
those  who  regarded  the  State  as  ho|>cless!y  hank 
nipt,  and  advocated  repudiation  as  the  only 
means  of  escape  Retter  counsels  prevailed,  how- 
ever the  Constitution  of  l*|s  put  the  Stale  mi  :i 
basis  of  strict  economy  in  the  matter  of  saluric* 
and  general  expenditures,  with  restrictions  II|«HI 
the  Legislature  in  reference  to  incurring  in 
debtedness.  while  the  beneficent  "two-mill  tax" 
gave  assurance  to  its  creditors  that  its  debt- 
would  be  paid  While  the  growth  of  the  Stale, 
in  wealth  and  population,  had  previously  lieen 
checked  by  the  fear  of  excessive  taxation,  it  now 
entered  upon  a  new  career  of  prosperity,  in  spite 
..I  its  burdens— its  increase  in  giopulation.  be- 
tween 1*50  and  1*60,  amounting  to  over  HIM  per 
cent  The  movement  of  the  State  debt  after  1*1" 
when  the  internal  improvement  scheme  wa~ 
abandoned — chiefly  by  accretions  of  unpaid  inter- 
est, has  licen  estimated  as  follows:  1S4','.  X].-,  . 
fi:i7.!r>o.  |s||.  xi.|,i;:::!.!«;!l;  |s.|o.  §ifl.::so.siT;  l^K 
siu.Cidl  7!i.~,  It  reached  its  maximum  in  1W: 
the  first  year  of  (Governor  Matteson's  administra 
lion — when  it  w'as  oflicially  reported  at  §lli  7'.'l. 
177  At  this  time  the  work  of  extinguishment 
licgaii  and  was  prosecuted  under  successive 
:nluiinist rations,  except  during  tin-  war.  v\  IM-K 
the  vast  expense  incurred  in  sending  troops  It, 
the  field  caused  an  increase  During  (iovernor 
l:i  i-ll  -  administration,  the  reduction  amounted 
to  over  s:t  (Kio.ddli;  during  OglcsbyX  to  over  live 
and  a  ijuarter  million,  besides  two  and  a  quarter 
million  paid  on  interest  In  |ss<)  the  debt  had 
lieen  reduced  to  S2K|,O.V.».  1 1.  and  In-fore  tlie  clo-i 
of  fss-.'  it  had  lieen  entirely  extinguished,  except 
a  balance  of  sis  r,(i()  jn  Ixmds  which,  having  bed. 
called  in  year*  previously  and  never  presented  fur 


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HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


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payment,  are  supposed  to  liave  been  lost.     (See 
Macalister  and  Stebbins  Bonds. ) 

STATE  GUARDIANS  FOB  GIRLS,  a  bureau 
organized  for  the  care  of  female  juvenile  delin- 
quents, by  act  of  June  2,  1893.  The  Board  consists 
of  seven  members,  nominated  by  the  Executive 
and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  and  who  consti- 
tute a  body  politic  and  corporate.  Not  more  than 
two  of  the  members  may  reside  in  the  same  Con- 
gressional District  and,  of  the  seven  members, 
four  must  be  women.  (See  also  Home  for  Female 
Juvenile  Offenders.)  The  term  of  office  is  six 
years. 

STATE  HOUSE,  located  at  Springfield.  Its 
construction  was  begun  under  an  act  passed  by 
the  Legislature  in  February,  1867,  and  completed 
in  1887.  It  stands  in  a  park  of  about  eight  acres, 
donated  to  the  State  by  the  citizens  of  Spring- 
field. A  provision  of  the  State  Constitution  of 
1870  prohibited  the  expenditure  of  any  sum  in 
excess  of  $3,500,000  in  the  erection  and  furnishing 
of  the  building,  without  previous  approval  of  such 
additional  expenditure  by  the  people.  This 
amount  proving  insufficient,  the  Legislature,  at 
its  session  of  1885,  passed  an  act  making  an  addi- 
tional appropriation  of  $531,712,  which  liaving 
been  approved  by  popular  vote  at  the  general 
election  of  1886,  the  expenditure  was  made  and 
the  capitol  completed  during  the  following  year, 
thus  raising  the  total  cost  of  construction  and  fur- 
nishing to  a  little  in  excess  of  $4,000,000.  The 
building  is  cruciform  as  to  its  ground  plan,  and 
classic  in  its  style  of  architecture :  its  extreme 
dimensions  (including  porticoes),  from  north  Jto 
south,  being  379  feet,  and,  from  east  to  west,  286 
feet.  The  walls  are  of  dressed  Joliet  limestone, 
while  the  porticoes,  which  are  spacious  and 
lofty,  are  of  sandstone,  supported  by  polished 
columns  of  gray  granite.  The  three  stories  of 
the  building  are  surmounted  by  a  Mansard  roof, 
with  two  turrets  and  a  central  dome  of  stately 
dimensions.  Its  extreme  height,  to  the  top  of 
the  iron  flag-staff,  which  rises  from  a  lantern 
springing  from  the  dome,  is  364  feet. 

STATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY,  an  institu- 
tion for  the  education  of  teachers,  organized 
under  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  passed 
Feb.  18,  1857.  This  act  placed  the  work  of 
organization  in  the  hands  of  a  board  of  fifteen 
persons,  which  was  styled  "The  Board  of  Educa- 
tion of  the  State  of  Illinois, "  and  was  constituted 
as  follows:  C.  B.  Denio  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
Simeon  Wright  of  Lee;  Daniel  Wilkins  of  Mc- 
Lean; Charles  E.  Hovey  of  Peoria;  George  P.  Rex 
of  Pike;  Samuel  W.  Moulton  of  Shelby;  John 


Gillespie  of  Jasper ;  George  Bunsen  of  St.  Clair; 
Wesley  Sloan  of  Pope;  Ninian  W.  Edwards  of 
Sangamon;  John  R.  Eden  of  Moultrie:  Flavel 
Moseley  and  William  Wells  of  Cook ;  Albert  R. 
Shannon  of  White;  and  the  Superintendent  oV 
Public  Instruction,  ex-officio.  The  object  of  the 
University,  as  defined  in  the  organizing  law,  is 
to  qualify  teachers  for  the  public  schools  of  the 
State,  and  the  course  of  instruction  to  be  given 
embraces  "the  art  of  teaching,  and  all  branches 
which  pertain  to  a  common-school  education ;  in 
the  elements  of  the  natural  sciences,  including 
agricultural  chemistry,  animal  and  vegetable 
physiology,  in  the  fundamental  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  State  of  Illinois  iii 
regard  to  the  rights  and  duties  of  citizens,  and 
such  other  studies  as  the  Board  of  Education  may, 
from  time  to  time,  prescribe."  Various  cities 
competed  for  the  location  of  the  institution. 
Bloomington  being  finally  selected,  its  bid,  in- 
cluding 160  acres  of  land,  being  estimated  as 
equivalent  to  $141,725.  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  on  September  29,  1857,  and  the  first  building 
was  ready  for  permanent  occupancy  in  Septem- 
ber, 1860.  Previously,  however,  it  had  lieen 
sufficiently  advanced  to  permit  of  its  being  used, 
and  the  first  commencement  exercises  were  held 
on  June  29  of  the  latter  year.  Three  years 
earlier,  the  academic  department  had  been  organ- 
ized under  the  charge  of  Charles  E.  Hovey.  The 
first  cost,  including  furniture,  etc.,  was  not  far 
from  $200,000.  Gratuitous  instruction  is  given  to 
two  pupils  from  each  county,  and  to  three  from 
each  Senatorial  District.  The  departments  are : 
Grammar  school,  high  school,  normal  department 
and  model  school,  all  of  which  are  overcrowded. 
The  whole  number  of  students  in  attendance  on 
the  institution  during  the  school  year,  1897-HH. 
was  1,197,  of  whom  891  were  in  the  normal 
department  and  306  in  the  practice  school  depart- 
ment, including  representatives  from  86  coun- 
ties of  the  State,  with  a  few  pupils  from  other 
States  on  the  payment  of  tuition.  The  teaching 
faculty  (including  the  President  and  Librarian  • 
for  the  same  year,  was  made  up  of  twenty-six 
members — twelve  ladies  and  fourteen  gentlemen. 
The  expenditures  for  the  year  1897-98  aggregated 
$47,626.92,  against  866,528.69  for  1896-97.  Nearly 
$22.000  of  the  amount  expended  during  the  latter 
year  was  on  account  of  the  construction  of  a 
gymnasium  building. 

STATE  PROPERTY.  The  United  States  Cen 
sus  of  1890  gave  the  value  of  real  and  personal 
property  belonging  to  the  State  as  follows :  Pub 
lie  lands,  $328,000;  buildings.  $22,164,000;  mis- 


ISTOIJH'AL    i:.\(Y(  Lol'KIMA    OF    Il.l.l\ii|>. 


payment,  art1  supjiosed   to  have  l>een  lost       <See 
J/(/ca//.s/cr  <im/  Xtt  hhiitx  llimilx. ) 

STATK  <il  AUW.VXS  I'M:  <.IIM  x.  a  bureau 
organized  for  the  care  of  female  jiiveniU1  delin 
ijiients.  liy  act  of  June  2,  is'.t:!.  The  Hoard  consists 
of  seven  members,  nominated  by  the  Executive 
ami  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  and  \vlio  eonsti 
lute  a  body  jioliticaiid  corporate.  Not  more  than 
two  of  the  memliers  may  reside  in  the  same  Con- 
gressional District  and.  of  the  seven  members, 
four  must  IH'  women  (See  also  IIiinn  'fur  fr  null' 
J H rui ill'  Offi-wli-rs.)  The  term  of  otliee  is  si\ 
years. 

STATK  HOl'SK,  located  at  Springlidd.  Its 
construction  was  liegun  under  an  act  passed  liy 
the  legislature  in  February.  ISIIT.  and  completed 
in  |sx7.  It  stands  in  a  park  of  alioiit  eight  acres, 
donated  to  the  State  by  the  citizens  of  Spring 
field  A  provision  of  the  State  Constitution  of 
IS7(»  prohibited  the  expenditure  of  any  sum  in 
excess  of  *:;.."i<MMKIO  in  the  erection  and  furnishing 
of  the  I'lni.liiiL-  without  previous  approval  ol  such 
additional  expenditure  by  the  people  This 
amount  proving  insufficient,  the  Legislature,  al 
its  session  of  1SS5.  passed  an  act  making  an  addi- 
tional appropriation  of  SSM.Tl'J.  which  having 
lieeii  approveil  by  popular  vote  at  the  general 
election  of  ixsfi,  the  expenditure  was  made  and 
(he  capitol  completeil  during  the  following  year, 
thus  raising  Ihetotalcost  of  construction  and  fur- 
nishing to  a  little  in  excess  of  SI.IMIU.IKMI  The 
building  is  cruciform  as  to  its  ground  plan,  and 
classic  in  its  style  of  architecture,  its  extreme 
dimensions  (including  portic<iesi,  from  north 'to 
south,  being  :!7!l  feet,  and.  from  east  to  west,  '.'Mi 
feet.  The  walls  are  of  dressed  Juliet  limestone, 
while  ihe  porticoes,  which  are  spacious  and 
lofty,  are  of  sandstone,  supported  by  jMilished 
columns  of  gray  granite  The  three  stories  ol 
the  building  are  surmounted  by  a  Mansard  roof, 
with  two  turrets  and  a  central  dome  of  stalely 
dimensions  Its  extreme  height,  to  the  top  of 
the  iron  tlag-stalf.  which  rises  from  a  lantern 
springing  from  the'  dome,  is  ::iil  feet 

STATK  VOIiMAI.  I'XIVKKSITY,  an  instil,, 
lion  fur  the  education  of  teachers,  organi/.ed 
under  an  act  of  the  (leneral  Assembly  passed 
Teh  IK,  ls.77  This  acl  placed  the  work  ol 
organization  in  the  hands  of  a  lioard  of  lifieen 
persons,  which  was  styled  "The  Hoard  of  Kduca 
lion  of  the  State  of  Illinois."  and  was  constituted 
as  follows:  C  R  Denio  of  Jo  Oaviess  County. 
Simeon  Wright  of  I,ee:  Kaniol  YVilkins  of  Me 
Lean :  Charles  K  llovey  of  Peoria:  (Jeorge  I'  Itex 
of  Pike;  Samuel  W  Moulton  of  Shelbv  Jolm 


(iillespieof  Jasper.  (Jeorge  lluns<-ii   of  St    Clair; 
Wesley   Sloan   of    l'o|>e.    Ninian   W     Kdwards  ot 
Sang-amon .    John    1,'     Kden   of   Moultrie      I'lavel 
M.iseley   and   William   \\Vllsof  C.n.k  :   AlU-rtK. 
Shannon  of  White:    and   the  Sn|icrinlei!dcnl   o'. 
I'ublic  Instruction,  ex  oliicio      Tln>  olijefl  ol   lite 
University,  as  dclined   in  the  organi/.iii};  law.  is 
to  <|uaiify  teachers  for  the  public  schools  of  I  In- 
state, and  the  course  of  instruction   to  l»c  gi\oh 
embraces  "(he  art  of  teaching    and  all   bran,  h.-- 
which  perlain  to  a  common  schiHil  education:  in 
the  4'lemeiits  of  the  natural  sciences,  im-l, !••::_ 
agricultural    c-hemisiry .    animal    and    vegetable 
phvsiolug\  .    in    the    fundamental     laws    of    the 
Cnited    States   and    of    the  Stale  of    lllinoi-.   n. 
regard   to  the  rights  and   duties  of  citizens,  and 
such  other  studies  as  the  Hoard  of  l-'diiealion  i,..i; 
from    time  to    time,  prescriU- "     Variou-   <:i:e- 
•  •om|ieled     for   the    lo<'ati<m    ol     the    institnt  ion 
liloomington   being   finally   selected,  its   bid 
eluding    Kin   acres  of    land,    U-ing  estimated   a- 
ei|uivaletit    to    S|.||.7'.'."i      The    corner-stone    w  a- 
laid  on  Sf-plembei  'J!i    Is'iT.  and  the  lirst  buildii^ 
was  ready   for  permanent   occii|iancy  in  Si'pi-  in 
lier,     |sr»o.      l're\  i»nisly,     however,     it     ha  i     I*»-<'|: 
siilh'i'ienlly  advanced  to  permit  of  its  lieing  n-ed 
and  Ihe  lirst  commencement  exercises  were  lielii 
on    June    'J!l   of    the    latter    \  ear      Three    years 
earlier,  the  academic  depart  iiienl  had  !•,••':,,•' 
i/,ed  nndi-r  the  charge,  of  Charles  K.  llovey.     T'I* 
lirst  cost,  including  furniture,  etc.  w;i.s  not    :..< 
from$'Jllli.iiiHi      (iratuilous  instruction  is  given  : 
two  pupils  from  each  county,  and  to  three  li-  , 
each  Senatorial   I  >ist  riel       The  d**|i;trtmeiits  a.« 
(Grammar  seliool.  high  school,  normal  departiii'  1.1 
ami  model  schmd.  all  of  which  arc  overcrowd.   . 
The  whole   number  of  students  in  attendance  •  >i, 
the  institution   during  the  school   year.   IS'.'T •'•'"• 
was    I.IH7.    ol    whom    Mtl    were    in    the    normal 
department  and  '•'•(«>  in  the  practice  school  dep.n  • 
ment,    including    representatives   from   >*C>  cinn. 
lU-s  of  the  Stall'    with  a   few  pupils   from  oth.  i 
Stall's  on  the  [laymenl  ot    tuition      The  teaehin. 
faculty  lini'lnding  Ihe    ('resident  :mi|    Liliranai 
for  the  same  \ear.    was   made   up  of  twenty -si\ 
memlicrs  -  twelve  ladlesand  fourteen  gelitlemel. 
The  ex|M'iidilnres  for  the  year  I*!I7  !rs  aggregaU'd 
si;  il'.'ii  Hi.  against  si;r,.:,is  (Hi  for  |s'.Hi-!»7      Nearlv 
.s-.'-J.IHMI  ot  the  amount  ,-x|pended  during  the  lattei 
year  was  on  account   ol    the  construction  of  .1 
gv  mnasiiim  luiilding 

STATK  I'KUI'KKTV.  The  L  nitod  SUtes  Cei, 
siis  of  IsOll  gave  the  value  of  real  and  |>crsoiial 
pro|M'rlv  Udoiigiiig  to  t  lu- State  as  follows  I'ul. 
lie  lands  S:;-JS.IMHI  buildings  .S'.'i  Ilil.iKMi.  uu> 


5   • 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


oellaneous  property,  $2,650,000— total,  $25,143,000. 
The  land  may  be  subdivided  thus:  Camp-grounds 
of  the  Illinois  National  Guard  near  Springfield 
(donated),  $40,000;  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal, 
$168,000;  Illinois  University  lands,  in  Illinois 
(donated  by  the  General  Government),  $41,000,  in 
Minnesota  (similarly  donated),  879,000.  The 
buildings  comprise  those  connected  with  the 
cliaritable,  penal  and  educational  institutions  of 
the  State,  besides  the  State  Arsenal,  two  build- 
ings for  the  use  of  the  Appellate  Courts  (at 
Ottawa  and  Mount  Vernon),  the  State  House, 
the  Executive  Mansion,  and  locks  and  dams 
erected  at  Henry  and  Copperas  Creek.  Of  the 
miscellaneous  property,  $120,000  represents  the 
equipment  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard ;  $1,959,- 
000  the  value  of  the  movable  property  of  public 
buildings;  $550,000  the  endowment  fund  of  the 
University  of  Illinois;  and  $21,000  the  movable 
property  of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  The 
figures  given  relative  to  the  value  of  the  public 
buildings  include  only  the  first  appropriations 
for  their  erection.  Considerable  sums  have 
since  been  expended  upon  some  of  them  in  repairs, 
enlargements  and  improvements. 

STATE  TREASURERS.  The  only  Treasurer 
of  Illinois  during  the  Territorial  period  was  John 
Thomas,  who  served  from  1812  to  1818,  and 
became  the  first  incumbent  under  the  State 
Government.  Under  the  Constitution  of  1818 
the  Treasurer  was  elected,  biennially,  by  joint  vote 
of  the  two  Houses  of  the  General  Assembly ;  by 
the  Constitution  of  1848,  this  officer  was  made 
elective  by  the  people  for  the  same  period,  with- 
out limitations  as  to  number  of  terms ;  under  the 
Constitution  of  1870,  the  manner  of  election  and 
duration  of  term  are  unchanged,  but  the  incum- 
bent is  ineligible  to  re-election,  for  two  years 
from  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he  may 
have  been  chosen.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
State  Treasurers,  from  the  date  of  the  admission 
of  the  State  into  the  Union  down  to  the  present 
time  (1899),  with  the  date  and  duration  of  the 
term  of  each:  John  Thomas,  1818-19;  Robert  K. 
McLaughlin,  1819-23;  Abner  Field,  182327; 
James  Hall,  1827-31;  John  Dement,  1831-36; 
Charles  Gregory,  1836-37;  John  D.  Whiteside, 
1H37-41;  Milton  Carpenter,  1841-48;  John  Moore, 
1848-57;  James  Miller,  1857-59;  William  Butler, 
1859-63;  Alexander  Starne,  1863-65;  James  H. 
Beveridge,  1865-67;  George  W.  Smith,  1867-69; 
Erastus  N.  Bates,  1869-73;  Edward  Rutz,  1873-75; 
Thomas  S.  Ridgway,  1875-77;  Edward  Rutz, 
1877-79;  John  C.  Smith,  1879-81;  Edward  Rutz. 
1881-83;  John  C.  Smith,  1883-85;  Jacob  Gross, 


1885-87;  John  R.  Tanner,  1887-89;  Charles 
Becker,  1889-91;  Edward  S.  Wilson,  1891-98; 
Rufus  N.  Ramsay,  1893-95;  Henry  Wulff,  1895-97; 
Henry  L.  Hertz,  1897-99;  Floyd  K.  Whittemore, 
1899- . 

STAUNTON,  a  village  in  the  southeast  corner 
of  Macoupin  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Peoria  & 
St.  Louis  and  the  Wabash  Railways;  is  36  miles 
northeast  of  St.  Louis,  and  14  miles  southwest  of 
Litchfield.  Agriculture  and  coal-mining  are  the 
industries  of  the  surrounding  region.  Staunton 
has  two  banks,  eight  churches  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1880),  1,358 ;  (1890),  8,209 ; 
(1900),  2,786. 

STEEL  PRODUCTION.  In  the  manufacture 
of  steel,  Illinois  has  long  ranked  as  the  second 
State  in  the  Union  in  the  amount  of  its  output, 
and,  during  the  period  between  1880  and  1890, 
the  increase  in  production  was  241  per  cent.  In 
1880  there  were  but  six  steel  works  in  the  State: 
in  1890  these  had  increased  to  fourteen;  and  the 
production  of  steel  of  all  kinds  (in  tons  of  2,000 
pounds)  had  risen  from  254,569  tons  to  868,250. 
Of  the  3,837,039  tons  of  Bessemer  steel  ingots,  or 
direct  castings,  produced  in  the  United  States  in 
1890,  22  per  cent  were  turned  out  in  Illinois, 
nearly  all  the  steel  produced  in  the  State  being 
made  by  that  process.  From  the  tonnage  of 
ingots,  as  given  above,  Illinois  produced  622,260 
pounds  of  steel  rails, — more  than  30  per  cent  of 
the  aggregate  for  the  entire  country.  This  fact 
is  noteworthy,  inasmuch  as  the  competition  in 
the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  steel  rails,  since 
1880,  has  been  so  great  that  many  rail  mills  have 
converted  their  steel  into  forms  other  than  rails, 
experience  having  proved  their  production  to 
any  considerable  extent,  during  the  past  few 
years,  unprofitable  except  in  works  favorably 
located  for  obtaining  cheap  raw  material,  or 
operated  under  the  latest  and  most  approved 
methods  of  manufacture.  Open-hearth  steel  is 
no  longer  made  in  Illinois,  but  the  manufacture 
of  crucible  steel  is  slightly  increasing,  the  out- 
put in  1890  being  445  tons,  as  against  130  in  1880. 
For  purposes  requiring  special  grades  of  steel  the 
product  of  the  crucible  process  will  be  always 
in  demand,  but  the  high  cost  of  manufacture 
prevents  it,  in  a  majority  of  instances,  from 
successfully  competing  in  price  with  the  other 
processes  mentioned. 

STEPHENSON,  Benjamin,  pioneer  and  early 
politician,  came  to  Illinois  from  Kentucky  in 
1809,  and  was  appointed  the  first  Sheriff  of 
Randolph  County  by  Governor  Edwards  under 
the  Territorial  Government;  afterwards  served 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


507 


as  a.  Colonel  of  Illinois  militia  during  the  War  of 
1813;  represented  Illinois  Territory  as  Delegate 
in  Congress,  1814-16,  and,  on  his  retirement  from 
Congress,  became  Register  of  the  Land  Office  at 
Edwardsville,  finally  dying  at  Edwardsville — Col. 
James  W.  (Stephenson) ,  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  soldier  during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  after- 
wards became  a  prominent  politician  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State,  served  as  Register  of 
the  Land  Office  at  Galena  and,  in  1838,  received 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  Governor,  but 
withdrew  before  the  election. 

STEPHENSON,  (Dr.)  Benjamin  Franklin, 
physician  and  soldier,  was  born  in  Wayne 
County,  ,111.,  Oct.  30,  1822,  and  accompanied  his 
parents,  in  1825,  to  Sangamon  County,  where  the 
family  settled.  His  early  educational  advantages 
were  meager,  and  he  did  not  study  his  profession 
(medicine)  until  after  reaching  his  majority, 
graduating  from  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago, 
in  1850.  He  began  practice  at  Petersburg,  but, 
in  April,  1862,  was  mustered  into  the  volunteer 
army  as  Surgeon  of  the  Fourteenth  Illinois 
Infantry.  After  a  little  over  two  years  service  he 
was  mustered  out  in  June,  1864,  when  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Springfield,  and,  for  a  year,  wax 
engaged  in  the  drug  business  there.  In  1865  he 
resumed  professional  practice.  He  lacked  tenac- 
ity of  purpose,  however,  was  indifferent  to  money, 
and  always  willing  to  give  his  own  services  and 
orders  for  medicine  to  the  poor.  Hence,  his  prac- 
tice was  not  lucrative.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  organization  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  (which  see),  in  connection  with  which 
he  is  most  widely  known ;  but  his  services  in  its 
cause  failed  to  receive,  during  his  lifetime,  the 
recognition  which  they  deserved,  nor  did  the 
organization  promptly  flourish,  as  he  had  hoped. 
He  finally  returned  with  his  family  to  Peters- 
burg. Died,  at  Rock  Creek,  Menard,  County,  111. , 
August  30,  1871. 

STEPHENSON  COUNTY,  a  northwestern 
county,  with  an  area  of  560  square  miles.  The 
soil  is  rich,  productive  and  well  timbered.  Fruit- 
culture  and  stock-raising  are  among  the  chief 
industries.  Not  until  1827  did  the  aborigines  quit 
the  locality,  and  the  county  was  organized,  ten 
years  later,  and  named  for  Gen.  Benjamin 
Stephenson.  A  man  named  Kirker,  who  had 
been  in  the  employment  of  Colonel  Gratiot  as  a 
lead-miner,  near  Galena,  is  said  to  have  built  the 
first  cabin  within  the  present  limits  of  what  was 
called  Burr  Oak  Grove,  and  set  himself  up  as  an 
Indian-trader  in  1820,  but  only  remained  a  short 
time.  He  was  followed,  the  next  year,  by  Oliver 


W.  Kellogg,  who  took  Kirker °s  place,  built  a 
more  pretentious  dwelling  and  became  the  first 
permanent  settler.  Later  came  William  Wad- 
dams,  the  Montagues,  Baker,  Kilpatriek,  Preston 
the  Goddards,  and  others  whose  names  are  linked 
with  the  county's  early  history.  The  first  house 
in  Freeport  was  built  by  William  Baker.  Organi- 
zation was  effected  in  1837.  the  total  poll  being 
eighty-four  votes.  The  earliest  teacher  was  Nel- 
son Martin,  who  is  said  to  have  taught  a  school 
of  some  twelve  pupils,  in  a  house  which  stood  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Freeport.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  31,963;  (1890),  31,338;  (1900).  34,933. 

STERLING,  a  flourishing  city  on  the  north 
bank  of  Rock  River,  in  Whiteside  County,  10» 
miles  west  of  Chicago,  39  miles  east  of  Clinton, 
Iowa,  and  52  miles  east-northeast  of  Rock  Island. 
It  has  ample  railway  facilities,  furnished  by  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  the  Sterling  & 
Peoria,  and  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
roads. It  contains  fourteen  churches,  an  opera 
house,  high  and  grade  schools,  Carnegie  library, 
Government  postoffice  building,  three  banks, 
electric  street  and  interurban  car  lines,  electric 
and  gas  lighting,  water-works,  paved  streets  and 
sidewalks,  lire  department  and  four  newspaper 
offices,  two  issuing  daily  editions.  It  has  fine 
water-power,  and  is  an  important  manufacturing 
center,  its  works  turning  out  agricultural  imple- 
ments, carriages,  paper,  barbed-wire,  school  furni- 
ture, burial  caskets,  pumps,  sash,  doors,  etc.  It 
also  has  the  Sterling  Iron  Works,  besides  foundries 
and  machine  shops.  The  river  here  flows  through 
charming  scenery.  Pop.  (1890),  5,834;  (1900),  6,309. 

STEVENS,  Bradford  R.,  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Boscawen  (afterwards  Webster),  N.  H.. 
Jan.  3,  1813.  After  attending  schools  in  New 
Hampshire  and  at  Montreal,  he  entered  Dart- 
mouth College,  graduating  therefrom  in  1835. 
During  the  six  years  following,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  teaching,  at  Hopkinsville.  Ky.,  and  New 
York  City.  In  1843  he  removed  to  Bureau 
County,  111.,  where  he  became  a  merchant  and 
farmer.  In  1868  he  was  chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Supervisors,  and.  in  1870,  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, as  an  Independent  Democrat,  for  the  Fifth 
District. 

STEVENSON,  Adlat  E.,  ex-Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  in  Christian  County. 
Ky.,  Oct.  23,  1835.  In  1852  he  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Bloomington.  McLean  County,  111., 
where  the  family  settled;  was  educated  at  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University  and  at  Centre  Col- 
lege. Ky..  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  IRIS  and 
began  practice  at  Metamora.  Woodford  County, 


608 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


where  he  was  Master  in  Chancery,  1861-65,  and 
State's  Attorney,  1865-69.  In  1864  he  was  candi- 
date for  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Democratic 
ticket.  In  1869  he  returned  to  Bloomington, 
where  he  has  since  resided.  In  1874,  and  again 
in  1876,  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  of  his 
party  for  Congress,  but  was  elected  as  a  Green- 
back Democrat  in  1878,  though  defeated  in  1880 
and  1882.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Hayes  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  to 
West  Point.  During  the  first  administration  of 
President  Cleveland  (1885-89)  he  was  First  Assist- 
ant Postmaster  General;  was  a  member  of  the 
National  Democratic  Conventions  of  1884  and 
1893,  being  Chairman  of  the  Illinois  delegation 
the  latter  year.  In  1892  he  received  his  party's 
nomination  for  the  Vice-Presidency,  and  "was 
elected  to  that  office,  serving  until  1897.  Since 
retiring  from  office  he  has  resumed  his  residence 
at  Bloomington. 

STEWARD,  Lewis,  manufacturer  and  former 
Congressman,  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Pa., 
Nov.  20,  1824,  and  received  a  common  school 
education.  At  the  age  of  14  he  accompanied  his 
parents  to  Kendall  County,  111.,  where  he  after- 
wards resided,  being  engaged  in  farming  and  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  at 
Piano.  He  studied  law  but  never  practiced.  In 
1876  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor on  the  Democratic  ticket,  being  defeated 
by  Shelby  M.  Cullom.  In  1890  the  Democrats  of 
the  Eighth  Illinois  District  elected  him  to  Con- 
gress. In  1892  he  was  again  a  candidate,  but  was 
defeated  by  his  Republican  opponent,  Robert  A. 
Childs,  by  the  narrow  margin  of  27  votes,  and, 
in  1894,  was  again  defeated,  this  time  being  pitted 
against  Albert  J.  Hopkins.  Mr.  Steward  died  at 
liis  home  at  Piano,  August  26,  1896. 

STEWARDSON,  a  town  of  Shelby  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Kan- 
sas City  Railway  with  the  Altamont  branch  of 
the  Wabash,  12  miles  southeast  of  Shelby ville; 
is  in  a  grain  and  lumber  region;  has  a  bank  and 
a  weekly  paper.  Population,  (1900),  677. 

STICKNEY,  William  II.,  pioneer  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  9,  1809,  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Cincinnati  in 
1831,  and,  in  Illinois  in  1834,  being  at  that  time  a 
resident  of  Shawneetown ;  was  elected  State's 
Attorney  by  the  Legislature,  in  1839,  for  the  cir- 
cuit embracing  some  fourteen  counties  in  the 
southern  and  southeastern  part  of  the  State ;  for 
a  time  also,  about  1835-36,  officiated  as  editor  of 
"The  Gallatin  Democrat,"  and  "The  Illinois 
Advertiser,"  published  at  Shawneetowu.  In  1846 


Mr.  Stickney  was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of 
the  General  Assembly  from  Gallatin  County,  and, 
twenty-eight  years  later — having  come  to  Chi- 
cago in  1848 — to  the  same  body  from  Cook 
County,  serving  in  the  somewhat  famous  Twenty- 
ninth  Assembly.  He  also  held  the  office  of 
Police  Justice  for  some  thirteen  years,  from  1860 
onward.  He  lived  to  an  advanced  age,  dying  in 
Chicago,  Feb.  14,  1898,  being  at  the  time  the 
oldest  surviving  member  of  the  Chicago  bar. 

STILES,  Isaac  Newton,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
born  at  Suffield,  Conn.,  July  16,  1833;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  in  1855, 
became  Prosecuting  Attorney,  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  and  an  effective  speaker  in  the  Fre- 
mont campaign  of  1856;  enlisted  as  a  private  sol- 
dier at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  went  to  the 
field  as  Adjutant,  was  captured  at  Malvern  Hill, 
and,  after  six  weeks'  confinement  in  Libby 
prison,  exchanged  and  returned  to  duty;  was 
promoted  Major,  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel, 
and  brevetted  Brigadier-General  for  meritorious 
service.  After  the  war  he  practiced  his  profes- 
sion in  Chicago,  though  almost  totally  blind. 
Died,  Jan.  18,  1895. 

STILLMAX,  Stephen,  first  State  Senator  from 
Sangamon  County,  111. ,  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts who  came,  with  his  widowed  mother,  to 
Sangamon  County  inyl820,  and  settled  near 
Williamsville,  where  he  became  the  first  Post- 
master in  the  first  postoffice  in  the  State  north  of 
the  Sangamon  River.  In  1822,  Mr.  Stillman  was 
elected  as  the  first  State  Senator  from  Sangamon 
County,  serving  four  years,  and,  at  his  first  session, 
lieing  one  of  the  opponents  of  the  pro-slavery 
Convention  resolution.  He  died,  in  Peoria,  some- 
where between  1835  and  1840. 

STILLMAN  VALLEY,  village  in  Ogle  County, 
on  Chicago  Great  Western  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railways;  site  of  first  battle 
Black  Hawk  War;  has  graded  schools,  four 
churches,  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Pop. ,  475. 

STITES,  Samuel,  pioneer,  was  born  near 
Mount  Bethel,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Oct.  31, 
1776;  died,  August  16,  1839,  on  his  farm,  which 
subsequently  became  the  site  of  the  city  of  Tren- 
ton, in  Clinton  County,  111.  He  was  descended 
from  John  Stites,  M.D.,  who  was  born  in  Em; 
land  in  1595,  emigrated  to  America,  and  died  at 
Hempstead,  L.  I.,  in  1717.  at  the  age  of  122  years. 
The  family  removed  to  New  Jersey  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Samuel  was  a 
cousin  of  Benjamin  Stites,  the  first  white  man  to 
settle  within  the  present  limits  of  Cincinnati,  and 
various  members  of  the  family  were  prominent  in 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


509 


the  settlement  of  the  upper  Ohio  Valley  as  early 
as  1788.  Samuel  Stites  married,  Sept.  14,  1794, 
Martha  Martin,  daughter  of  Ephraim  Martin, 
and  grand- daughter  of  Col.  Ephraim  Martin,  both 
soldiers  of  the  New  Jersey  line  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War — with  the  last  named  of  whom 
lie  had  (in  connection  with  John  Cleves  Symmes) 
been  intimately  associated  in  the  purchase  and 
settlement  of  the  Miami  Valley.  In  1800  he 
removed  to  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  in  1803  to 
Greene  County,  and,  in  1818,  in  company  with  his 
son-in-law.  Anthony  Wayne  C'asacl,  to  St.  Glair 
County,  111.,  settling  near  Union  Grove  Later,  he 
removed  to  O'Fallon.  and,  still  later,  to  Clinton 
County.  He  left  a  large  family,  several  members 
of  which  became  prominent  pioneers  in  the 
movements  toward  Minnesota  and  Kansas. 

STOLBRAND,  Carlos  John  Mueller,  soldier, 
was  born  in  Sweden,  May  11,  1821 ;  at  the  age  of 
18,  enlisted  in  the  Royal  Artillery  of  his  native 
land,  serving  through  the  campaign  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein  (1848) ;  came  to  the  United  States  soon 
after,  and,  m  1861,  enlisted  in  the  first  battalion 
of  Illinois  Light  Artillery,  finally  becoming  Chief 
of  Artillery  under  Gen.  John  A.  Logan.  When 
the  latter  became  commander  of  the  Fifteenth 
Army  Corps,  Col.  Stolbrand  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  artillery  brigade ;  in  February,  1865, 
was  made  Brigadier-General,  and  mustered  out 
in  January,  1866.  After  the  war  he  went  South, 
and  was  Secretary  of  the  South  Carolina  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1868.  The  same  year  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention at  Chicago,  and  a  Presidential  Elector. 
He  was  an  inventor  and  patented  various  im- 
provements in  steam  engines  and  boilers;  was 
also  Superintendent  of  Public  Buildings  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  under  President  Harrison. 
Died,  at  Charleston,  Feb.  3,  1894. 

STONE,  Daniel,  early  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  a  native  of  Vermont  and  graduate  of  Middle- 
bury  College;  became  a  member  of  the  Spring- 
field (111.)  bar  in  1833,  and,  in  1836,  was  elected 
to  the  General  Assembly — being  one  of  the  cele- 
brated "Long  Nine"  from  Sangamon  County,  and 
joining  Abraham  Lincoln  in  his  protest  against 
a  series  of  pro-slavery  resolutions  which  had  been 
adopted  by  the  House.  In  1837  he  was  a  Circuit 
Court  Judge  and,  being  assigned  to  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State,  removed  to  Galena, 
but  was  legislated  out  of  office,  when  he  left  the 
State,  dying  a  few  years  later,  in  Essex  County, 
N.  J. 

STONE,  Horatio  0.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Ontario  (now  Monroe)  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  2, 


1811 ;  in  boyhood  learned  the  trade  of  shoemaker, 
and  later  acted  as  overseer  of  laborers  on  the 
Lackawanna  Canal.  In  1831,  having  located  in 
Wayne  County,  Mich.,  he  was  drafted  for  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  serving  twenty-two  days  under 
Gen.  Jacob  Brown.  In  January,  1835,  he  came 
to  Chicago  and,  having  made  a  fortunate  specu- 
lation in  real  estate  in  that  early  day,  a  few 
months  later  entered  upon  the  grocery  and  pro- 
vision trade,  which  he  afterwards  extended  to 
grain ;  finally  giving  his  chief  attention  to  real 
estate,  in  which  he  was  remarkably  successful, 
leaving  a  large  fortune  at  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  Chicago,  June  20,  1877. 

STONE,  (Rev.)  Luther,  Baptist  clergyman, 
was  born  in  the  town  of  Oxford,  Worcester 
County,  Mass.,  Sept.  26,  1815,  and  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  a  farm.  After  acquiring  a  common 
school  education,  he  prepared  for  college  at  Lei- 
cester Academy,  and,  in  1835,  entered  Brown 
University,  graduating  in  the  class  of  1839.  He 
then  spent  three  years  at  the  Theological  Insti- 
tute at  Newton,  Mass. ;  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  at  Oxford,  in  1843,  but,  coming  west  the 
next  year,  entered  upon  evangelical  work  in 
Rock  Island,  Davenport,  Burlington  and  neigh- 
boring towns.  Later,  he  was  pastor  of  the  First 
Baptist  Church  at  Rockford,  111.  In  1847  Mr 
Stone  came  to  Chicago  and  established  "The 
Watchman  of  the  Prairies,"  which  survives  to- 
day under  the  name  of  "The  Standard,"  and  has 
become  the  leading  Baptist  organ  in  the  West. 
After  six  years  of  editorial  work,  he  took  up 
evangelistic  work  in  Chicago,  among  the  poor 
and  criminal  classes.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
conducted  religious  services  at  Camp  Douglas, 
Soldiers'  Rest  and  the  Marine  Hospital.  He  was 
associated  in  the  conduct  and  promotion  of  many 
educational  and  charitable  institutions.  He  did 
much  for  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Chicago, 
and,  during  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  was 
attached  to  the  Immanuel  Baptist  Church, 
which  he  labored  to  establish.  Died,  in  Julv, 
1890. 

STONE,  Melville  £.,  journalist,  banker,  Man- 
ager ot  Associated  Press,  born  at  Hudson,  111., 
August  18,  1848.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  1880,  he 
graduated  from  the  local  high  school  in  1867, 
and,  in  1870,  acquired  the  sole  proprietorship  of 
a  foundry  and  machine  shop.  Finding  himself 
without  resources  after  the  great  fire  of  1871,  he 
embarked  in  journalism,  rising,  through  the  suc- 
cessive grades  of  reporter,  city  editor,  assistant 
editor  and  Washington  correspondent,  to  the 
position  of  editor-in-chief  of  his  own  journal. 


510 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


He  was  connected  with  various  Chicago  dailies 
between  1871  and  1875,  and,  on  Christinas  Day 
of  the  latter  year,  issued  the  first  number  of  '  'The 
Chicago  Daily  News."  He  gradually  disposed  of 
his  interest  in  this  journal,  entirely  severing 
his  connection  therewith  in  1888.  Since  that 
date  he  has  been  engaged  in  banking  in  the  city 
of  Chicago,  and  is  also  General  Manager  of  the 
Associated  Press. 

STONE,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Chesterfield,  Mass.,  Dec.  6,  1798;  left  an  orphan 
at  seven  years  of  age,  after  a  short  tenn  in  Lei- 
cester Academy,  and  several  years  in  a  wholesale 
store  in  Boston,  at  the  age  of  19  removed  to 
Rochester,  N.  V. .  to  take  charge  of  interests  in 
the  "Holland  Purchase,"  belonging  to  his  father's 
estate;  in  1843-49.  was  a  resident  of  ^Detroit  ami 
interested  in  some  of  the  early  railroad  enter- 
prises centering  there,  but  the  latter  year  re- 
moved to  Milwaukee,  being  there  associated  with 
Ezra  Cornell  in  telegraph  construction.  In  1859 
he  became  a  citizen  of  Chicago,  where  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
Society,  and  a  liberal  patron  of  many  enterprises 
of  a  public  and  benevolent  character.  Died,  May 
4,  1876. 

STONE  FORT,  a  village  in  the  counties  of 
Saline  and  Williamson.  It  is  situated  on  the  Cairo 
Division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  & 
St.  Louis  Railway,  57  miles  northeast  of  Cairo. 
Population  (1900),  479. 

STOREY,  Wilbur  I'.,  journalist  and  news- 
paper publisher,  was  born  at  Salisbury,  Vt.,  Dec. 
19,  1819.  He  liegan  to  learn  the  printer's  trade 
at  12,  and,  before  he  was  19,  was  part  owner  of  a 
Democratic  paper  called  "The  Herald,"  published 
at  La  Porte,  Ind.  Later,  he  either  edited  or  con- 
trolled journals  published  at  Mishawaka,  Ind., 
and  Jackson  an<i  Detroit,  Mich.  In  January, 
1861,  he  became  the  principal  owner  of  "The 
Chicago  Times."  then  the  leading  Democratic 
organ  of  Chicago.  His  |ia|*-r  soon  came  to  be 
regarded  as  the  organ  of  the  anti-war  party 
throughout  the  Northwest,  and,  in  June,  1863, 
was  suppressed  by  a  military  order  issued  by 
(Seneral  Burnside,  which  was  subsequently 
revoked  by  President  Lincoln.  The  net  result 
was  an  increase  in  "The  Times'  "  notoriety  and 
circulation.  Other  charges,  of  an  equally  grave 
nature,  relating  to  its  sources  of  income,  its  char- 
acter as  a  family  newspaper,  etc.,  were  repeatedly 
made,  but  to  all  these  Mr.  Storey  turned  a  deaf 
ear.  He  lost  heavily  in  the  fire  of  1871,  but,  in 
1872,  appeareil  as  the  editor  of  "The  Times," 
then  destitute  of  i>o!itical  ties.  About  1X76  his 


health  began  to  decline.  Medical  aid  failed  to 
afford  relief,  and,  in  August,  1884,  he  was  ad- 
judged to  be  of  unsound  mind,  and  his  estate  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a  conservator.  On  the 
27th  of  the  following  October  (1884),  he  died  at 
his  home  in  Chicago. 

STORKS,  Emery  Alexander,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Hinsdale,  Cattaraugus  County,  N.  Y.,  August 
12,  1835;  began  the  study  of  law  with  his  father, 
later  pursued  a  legal  course  at  Buffalo,  and,  in 
1853,  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  spent  two  years 
(1857-59)  in  New  York  City,  the  latter  year  're- 
moving to  Chicago,  where  he  attained  great 
prominence  as  an  advocate  at  the  bar,  as  well  as 
an  orator  on  other  occasions.  Politically  a 
Republican,  he  took  an  active  part  in  Presidential 
campaigns,  being  a  delegate-at-large  from  Illinois 
to  the  National  Republican  Conventions  of  1868, 
'72,  and  '80,  and  serving  as  one  of  the  Vice-Presi- 
dents  in  1872.  Erratic  in  habits  and  a  master  of 
epigram  and  repartee,  many  of  his  speeches  are 
quoted  with  relish  and  appreciation  by  those  who 
were  his  contemporaries  at  the  Chicago  bar. 
Died  suddenly,  while  in  attendance  on  the  Su- 
preme Court  at  Ottawa,  Sept.  12,  1885. 

STRAWN,  Jacob,  agriculturist  and  stock- 
dealer,  born  in  Somerset  County,  Pa.,  May  30, 
1800 ;  removed  to  Licking  County,  Ohio,  in  1817, 
and  to  Illinois,  in  1831,  settling  four  miles  south- 
west of  Jacksonville.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to 
demonstrate  the  possibilities  of  Illinois  as  a  live- 
stock state.  Unpretentious  and  despising  mere 
show,  he  illustrated  the  virtues  of  industry,  fru- 
gality and  honesty.  At  his  death — which  occurred 
August  23,  1865— he  left  an  estate  estimated  in 
value  at  about  $1,000,000,  acquired  by  industry 
and  business  enterprise.  He  was  a  zealous 
Unionist  during  the  war,  at  one  time  contributing 
$10,000  to  the  Christian  Commission. 

STREATOR,  a  city  (laid  out  in  1868  and  incor- 
porated in  1882)  in  the  southern  part  of  La  Salic 
County,  93  miles  southwest  of  Chicago;  situated 
on  the  Vermilion  River  and  a  central  jxnnt  for 
five  railroads.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agri- 
cultural i-i mm r\ .  and  is  underlaid  by  coal  seams 
(two  of  which  are  worked)  and  by  shale  and 
various  clay  products  of  value,  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  fire  and  building-brick,  drain- 
pipe, etc.  The  city  is  thoroughly  modern,  having 
gas,  electric  lighting,  street  railways,  water- 
works, a  good  tire-department,  and  a  large,  im- 
proved public  ]>ark.  Churches  and  schools  are 
numerous,  as  are  also  fine  public  and  private 
buildings.  One  of  the  chief  industries  is  the 
manufacture  of  glass,  including  rolled-plate, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


511 


window-glass,  flint  and  Bohemian  ware  and  glass 
bottles.  Other  successful  industries  are  foundries 
and  machine  shops,  flour  mills,  and  clay  working 
establishments.  There  are  several  banks,  and 
three  daily  and  weekly  papers  are  published  here. 
The  estimated  property  valuation,  in  1884,  was 
$12,000,000.  Streator  boasts  some  handsome 
public  buildings,  especially  the  Government  post- 
office  and  the  Carnegie  public  library  building, 
both  of  which  have  been  erected  within  the  past 
few  years.  Pop.  (1890).  11,414;  (1900),  14,079. 

STREET,  Joseph  M.,  pioneer  and  early  politi- 
cian, settled  at  Shawneetown  about  1812,  coming 
from  Kentucky,  though  believed  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Eastern  Virginia.  In  1827  he  was  a 
Brigadier-General  of  militia,  and  appears  to  have 
been  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  that  section  of 
the  State.  His  correspondence  with  Governor 
Edwards,  about  this  time,  shows  him  to  have  been 
a  man  of  far  more  than  ordinary  education,  with 
a  good  opinion  of  his  merits  and  capabilities.  He 
was  a  most  persistent  applicant  for  office,  making 
urgent  appeals  to  Governor  Edwards,  Henry  Clay 
and  other  politicians  in  Kentucky,  Virginia  and 
Washington,  on  the  ground  of  his  poverty  and 
large  family.  In  1827  he  received  the  offer  of 
the  clerkship  of  the  new  county  of  Peoria,  but, 
on  visiting  that  region,  was  disgusted  with  the 
prospect;  returning  to  Shawneetown,  bought  a 
farm  in  Sangamon  County,  but,  before  the  close 
of  the  year,  was  appointed  Indian  Agent  at 
Prairie  du  Chien.  This  was  during  the  difficul- 
ties with  the  Winnebago  Indians,  upon  which  he 
made  voluminous  reports  to  the  Secretary  of 
War.  Mr.  Street  was  a  son-in-law  of  Gen. 
Thomas  Posey,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  who  was 
prominent  in  the  early  history  of  Indiana  and  its 
last  Territorial  Governor.  (See  Posey,  (Gen.) 
Thomas.) 

STREETER,  Alson  J.,  farmer  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Eensselaer  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1823; 
at  the  age  of  two  years  accompanied  his  father  to 
Illinois,  the  family  settling  at  Dixon,  Lee  County, 
He  attended  Knox  College  for  three  years,  and, 
in  1849,  went  to  California,  where  he  spent  two 
years  in  gold  mining.  Returning  to  Illinois,  he 
purchased  a  farm  of  240  acres  near  New  Windsor, 
Mercer  County,  to  which  he  has  since  added  sev- 
eral thousand  acres.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  Twenty-eighth  General 
Assembly  as  a  Democrat,  but,  in  1873,  allied  him- 
self with  the  Greenback  party,  whose  candidate 
for  Congress  he  was  in  1878,  and  for  Governor  in 
1880,  when  he  received  nearly  3,000  votes  more 
than  his  party's  Presidential  nominee,  in  Illinois. 


In  1884  he  was  elected  State  Senator  by  a  coali- 
tion of  Greenbackers  and  Democrats  in  the 
Twenty-fourth  Senatorial  District,  but  acted  as 
an  independent  throughout  his  entire  term. 

STRONG,  William  Emerson,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Granville,  N.  Y.,  in  1840;  from  13  years  of  age. 
spent  his  early  life  in  Wisconsin,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Racine  in  1861.  The 
same  year  he  enlisted  under  the  first  call  for 
troops,  took  part,  as  Captain  of  a  Wisconsin  Com- 
pany, in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run;  was 
afterwards  promoted  and  assigned  to  duty  as 
Inspector-General  in  the  West,  participated  in 
the  Vicksburg  and  Atlanta  campaigns,  being 
finally  advanced  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. After  some  fifteen  months  spent  in  the 
position  of  Inspector-General  of  the  Freedmen's 
Bureau  (1865-66),  he  located  in  Chicago,  and 
became  connected  with  several  important  busi- 
ness enterprises,  besides  assisting,  as  an  officer  on 
the  staff  of  Governor  Cullom,  in  the  organization 
of  the  Illinois  National  Guard.  He  was  elected 
on  the  first  Board  of  Directors  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  and,  while  making  a  tour 
of  Europe  in  the  interest  of  that  enterprise,  died, 
at  Florence,  Italy,  April  10,  1891. 

STUART,  John  Todd,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, born  near  Lexington.  Ky.,  Nov.  10,  1807 — 
the  son  of  Robert  Stuart,  a  Presbyterian  minister 
and  Professor  of  Languages  in  Transylvania 
University,  and  related,  on  the  maternal  side,  to 
the  Todd  family,  of  whom  Mrs.  Abraham  Lincoln 
was  a  member.  He  graduated  at  Centre  College. 
Danville,  in  1826,  and,  after  studying  law.  re- 
moved to  Springfield,  111.,  in  1828,  and  began 
practice.  In  1832  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  the  General  Assembly,  re-elected  in  1834,  and. 
in  1836,  defeated,  as  the  Whig  candidate  for  Con- 
gress, by  Wm.  L.  May,  though  elected,  two  years 
later,  over  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  again  in  184(1. 
In  1837,  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  had  been 
studying  law  under  Mr.  Stuart's  advice  and 
instruction,  became  his  partner,  the  relation- 
ship continuing  until  1841.  He  served  in  the 
State  Senate,  1849-53,  was  the  Bell-Everett 
candidate  for  Governor  in  1860,  and  was 
elected  to  Congress,  as  a  Democrat,  for  a  third 
time,  in  1862,  but,  in  1864,  was  defeated  by 
Shelby  M.  Cullom,  his  former  pupil.  During  the 
latter  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Stuart  was  head  of  the 
law  firm  of  Stuart,  Edwards  &  Brown.  Died,  at 
Springfield,  Nov.  28,  1885. 

STURGES,  Solomon,  merchant  and  banker, 
was  born  at  Fairfield,  Conn..  April  21,  1796.  parly 
manifested  a  passion  for  the  sea  and.  in  1810, 


512 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


made  a  voyage,  on  a  vessel  of  which  his  brother 
was  captain,  from  New  York  to  Georgetown, 
D.  C.,  intending  to  continue  it  to  Lisbon.  At 
Georgetown  he  was  induced  to  accept  a  position 
as  clerk  with  a  Mr.  Williams,  where  he  was 
associated  with  two  other  youths,  as  fellow-em- 
ployes, who  became  eminent  bankers  and 
capitalists — W.  W.  Corcoran,  afterwards  the 
well-known  banker  of  Washington,  and  George 
W.  Peabody,  who  had  a  successful  banking  career 
in  England,  and  won  a  name  as  one  of  the  most 
liberal  and  public-spirited  of  philanthropists. 
During  the  War  of  1812  young  Sturges  joined  a 
volunteer  infantry  company,  where  he  had,  for 
comrades,  George  W.  Peabody  and  Francis  S.  Key, 
tin-  latter  author  of  the  popular  national  song, 
"The  Star  Spangled  Banner."  In  1814  Mr. 
Sturges  accepted  a  clerkship  in  the  store  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Ebenezer  Buckingham,  at  Put- 
nam, Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  two  years  later 
becoming  a  partner  in  the  concern,  where  he 
developed  that  business  capacity  which  laid  the 
foundation  for  his  future  wealth.  Before  steam- 
ers navigated  the  waters  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi Rivers,  he  piloted  flat-boats,  loaded  with 
produce  and  merchandise,  to  New  Orleans,  return- 
ing overland.  During  one  of  his  visits  to  that 
<-ity,  he  witnessed  the  arrival  of  the  "Washing- 
ton," the  first  steamer  to  descend  the  Mississippi, 
as,  in  1817,  he  saw  the  arrival  of  the  "Walk-in- 
the- Water"  at  Detroit,  the  first  steamer  to  arrive 
from  Buffalo — the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  Detroit 
lieing  to  carry  funds  to  General  Cass  to  pay  off 
the  United  States  troops.  About  1849  he  was 
associated  with  the  construction  of  the  Wabash 
&  Erie  Canal,  from  the  Ohio  River  to  Terre  Haute, 
Ind.,  advancing  money  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
work,  for  which  was  reimbursed  by  the  State.  In 
1854  he  came  to  Chicago,  and,  in  partnership 
with  his  brothers-in-law,  C.  P.  and  Alvah  Buck- 
ingham, erected  the  first  large  grain-elevator  in 
that  city,  on  land  leased  from  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company,  following  it,  two  years  later, 
by  another  of  equal  capacity.  For  a  time,  sub- 
stantially all  the  grain  coming  into  Chicago,  by 
railroad,  passed  into  these  elevators.  In  1857  he 
established  the  private  banking  house  of  Solomon 
Sturges  &  Sons,  which,  shortly  after  his  death, 
under  the  management  of  his  son,  George  Stur- 
;,'<«,  became  the  Northwestern  National  Bank  of 
Chicago.  He  was  intensely  patriotic  and,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  used 
i  if  his  means  freely  in  support  of  the  Govern- 
ment, equipping  the  Sturges  Rifles,  an  independ- 
uiit  company,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  He  was  also  a 


subscriber  to  the  first  loan  made  by  the  Govern- 
ment, during  this  period,  taking  $100,000  in 
Government  bonds.  While  devoted  to  his  busi- 
ness, he  was  a  hater  of  shams  and  corruption,  and 
contributed  freely  to  Christian  and  benevolent 
enterprises.  Died,  at  the  home  of  a  daughter,  at 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  Oct.  14,  1864,  leaving  a  large 
fortune  acquired  by  legitimate  trade. 

MT im  V  AM  ,  Julian  MIIIIS.UI.  D.D.,  I, !..!>.. 
clergyman  and  educator,  was  born  at  Warren, 
Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  July  26,  1805;  spent  his 
youth  in  Summit  County,  Ohio,  meanwhile  pre- 
paring for  college ;  in  1822,  entered  Yale  College 
as  the  classmate  of  the  celebrated  Klizur  Wright, 
graduating  in  1826.  After  two  years  as  Princi- 
pal of  an  academy  at  Canaan,  Conn.,  he  entered 
Yale  Divinity  School,  graduating  there  in  1829; 
then  came  west,  and,  after  spending  a  year  in 
superintending  the  erection  of  buildings,  in  De- 
cember, 1830,  as  sole  tutor,  began  instruction  to  ,. 
class  of  nine  pupils  in  what  is  now  Illinois  Col- 
lege, at  Jacksonville.  Having  been  joined,  the 
following  year,  by  Dr.  Edward  Beecher  as  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Sturtevant  assumed  the  chair  of  Mathe- 
matics, Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy, 
which  he  retained  until  1844,  when,  by  the 
retirement  of  Dr.  Beecher,  he  succeeded  to  the 
offices  of  President  and  Professor  of  Intellectual 
and  Moral  Philosophy.  Here  he  labored,  inces- 
santly and  unselfishly,  as  a  teacher  during  term 
time,  and,  as  financial  agent  during  vacations, 
in  the  interest  of  the  institution  of  which  he  liad 
been  one  of  the  chief  founders,  serving  until  1876, 
when  he  resigned  the  Presidency,  giving  his 
attention,  for  the  next  ten  years,  to  the  duties  of 
Professor  of  Mental  Science  and  Science  of  Gov- 
ernment, which  he  had  discharged  from  1870. 
In  1886  he  retired  from  the  institution  entirely, 
having  given  to  its  service  fifty-six  years  of  his 
life.  In  1863,  Dr.  Sturtevant  visited  Europe  in 
the  interest  of  the  Union  cause,  delivering  effec- 
tive addresses  at  a  number  of  points  in  England. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  weekly 
religious  and  periodical  press,  and  was  the  author 
of  "Economics,  or  the  Science  of  Wealth"  (1876) 
— a  text-book  on  political  economy,  and  "Keys 
of  Sect,  or  the  Church  of  the  New  Testament" 
(1879),  besides  frequently  occupying  the  pulpits 
of  local  and  distant  churches — having  been  early 
ordained  a  Congregational  minister.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Iowa  University. 
Died,  in  Jacksonville,  Feb.  11,  1886.— Julian  M. 
(Sturtevant),  Jr.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Jacksonville,  III.  Feb.  2,  1834;  fitted  for  col- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


513 


lege  in  the  preparatory  department  of  Illinois 
College  and  graduated  from  the  college  (proper) 
in  1854.  After  leaving  college  he  served  as 
teacher  in  the  Jacksonville  public  schools  one 
year,  then  spent  a  year  as  tutor  in  Illinois  Col- 
lege, when  he  began  the  study  of  theology  at 
Andover  Theological  Seminary,  graduating  there 
in  1859,  meanwhile  having  discharged  the  duties 
of  Chaplain  of  the  Connecticut  State's  prison  in 
185*  He  was  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church  at  Hannibal,  Mo.,  in  1860, 
remaining  as  pastor  in  that  city  nine  years.  He 
has  since  been  engaged  in  pastoral  work  in  New 
York  City  (1869-70),  Ottawa,  111.,  (1870-73) ;  Den- 
ver, Cola,  (1873-77);  Grinnell,  Iowa,  (1877-84); 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  (1884-90);  Galesburg,  111., 
(1890-93),  and  Aurora,  (1893-97).  Since  leaving 
the  Congregational  church  at  Aurora,  Dr.  Sturte- 
vant  has  been  engaged  in  pastoral  work  in  Chi- 
cago. He  was  also  editor  of  "The  Congrega- 
tionalist"  of  Iowa  (1881-84),  and,  at  different 
periods,  has  served  as  Trustee  of  Colorado, 
Marietta  and  Knox  Colleges;  being  still  an 
honored  member  of  the  Knox  College  Board. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Illinois 
College,  in  1879. 

SUBLETTE,  a  station  and  village  on  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad,  in  Lee  County,  8  miles 
northwest  of  Mendota.  Population,  (1900),  306. 

SUFFRAGE,  in  general,  the  right  or  privilege 
t>f  voting.  The  qualifications  of  electors  (or 
voters),  in  the  choice  of  public  officers  in  Illinois, 
are  fixed  by  the  State  Constitution  (Art.  VII.), 
except  as  to  school  officers,  which  are  prescribed 
by  law.  Under  the  State  Constitution  the  exer- 
cise of  the  right  to  vote  is  limited  to  persons  who 
were  electors  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  1848,  or  who  are  native  or  natu- 
ralized male  citizens  of  the  United  States,  of  the 
age  of  21  years  or  over,  who  have  been  residents 
of  the  State  one  year,  of  the  county  ninety  days, 
and  of  the  district  (or  precinct)  in  which  they 
offer  to  vote,  30  days.  Under  an  act  passed  in 
1891,  women,  of  21  years  of  age  and  upwards,  are 
entitled  to  vote  for  school  officers,  and  are  also 
eligible  to  such  offices  under  the  same  conditions, 
as  to  age  and  residence,  as  male  citizens.  (See 
Elections;  Australian  Ballot. ) 

SULLIVAN,  a  city  and  county -seat  of  Moultrie 
County,  25  miles  southeast  of  Decatur  and  14 
miles  northwest  of  Mattoon ;  is  on  three  lines  of 
railway.  It  is  in  an  agricultural  and  stock-rais- 
ing region;  contains  two  State  banks  and  four 
weekly  newspapers.  Population  (1880),  1,305; 
(1890),  1,468;  (1900),  2,399;  (1900,  est),  3,100. 


SULLIVAN,  William  K.,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Waterford,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1843 ;  educated  at 
the  Waterford  Model  School  and  in  Dublin ;  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1863,  and,  after  teaching 
for  a  time  in  Kane  County,  in  1864  enlisted  in  the 
One  Hundred  and  Forty-first  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers.  Then,  after  a  brief  season  spent  in 
teaching  and  on  a  visit  to  his  native  land,  he 
began  work  as  a  reporter  on  New  York  papers, 
later  being  employed  on  "The  Chicago  Tribune" 
and  "The  Evening  Journal,"  on  the  latter,  at 
different  times,  holding  the  position  of  city  edi- 
tor, managing  editor  and  correspondent.  He 
was  also  a  Representative  from  Cook  County  in 
the  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly,  for  three 
years  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and  appointed  United  States  Consul  to  the 
Bermudas  by  President  Harrison,  resigning  in 
1892.  Died,  in  Chicago,  January  17,  1899. 

Sl'LI.IV A\T.  Michael  Lucas,  agriculturist, 
was  born  at  Franklinton  (a  suburb  of  Columbus, 
Ohio),  August  6,  1807;  was  educated  at  Ohio 
University  and  Centre  College,  Ky.,  and — after 
being  engaged  in  the  improvement  of  an  immense 
tract  of  land  inherited  from  his  father  near  his 
birth-place,  devoting  much  attention,  meanwhile, 
to  the  raising  of  improved  stock — in  1854  sold  his 
Ohio  lands  and  bought  80,000  acres,  chiefly  in 
Champaign  and  Piatt  Counties,  111.,  where  he 
began  farming  on  a  larger  scale  than  before.  The 
enterprise  proved  a  financial  failure,  and  he  was 
finally  compelled  to  sell  a  considerable  portion  of 
his  estate  in  Champaign  County,  known  as  Broad 
Lands,  to  John  T.  Alexander  (see  Alexander, 
John  T.),  retiring  to  a  farm  of  40,000  acres  at 
Burr  Oaks,  111.  He  died,  at  Henderson,  Ky.,  Jan. 
29,  1879. 

SUM  MER  FIELD,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  County, 
on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railway, 
27  miles  east  of  St.  Louis ;  was  the  home  of  Gen. 
Fred.  Hecker.  Population  (1900),  360. 

SUMNER,  a  city  of  Lawrence  County,  on  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad,  19  miles 
west  of  Vincennes,  Ind. ;  has  a  fine  school  house, 
four  churches,  two  banks,  two  flour  mills,  tele- 
phones, and  one  weekly  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890), 
1,037;  (1900),  1,268. 

SUPERINTENDENTS  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUC- 
TION. The  office  of  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  was  created  by  act  of  the 
Legislature,  at  a  special  session  held  in  1854,  its 
duties  previous  to  that  time,  from  1845,  having 
been  discharged  by  the  Secretary  of  State  as 
Superintendent,  ex-officio.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  the  incumbents  from  the  date  of  the  formal 


514 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


creation  of  the  office  down  to  the  present  time 
i  :-'.>!!:,  with  the  date  anil  duration  of  the  term  of 
fjirli.  Ninian  W.  Edwards  (by  appointment  of 
the  Governor),  1854-57;  William  H.  Powell  (by 
election),  1857-59;  Newton  Bateman,  1859-63; 
John  P.  Brooks,  1863-65;  Newton  Bateman, 
1865-75;  Samuel  W.  Etter,  1875-79;  James  P. 
Slade,  1879-83;  Henry  Raab,  1883-87;  Richard 
Edwards,  1887-91;  Henry  Raab,  1891-95;  Samuel 
M.  Inglis,  1895-98;  James  H.  Freeman,  June, 
1898,  to  January,  1899  (by  appointment  of  the 
Governor,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Prof. 
Inglis,  who  died  in  office,  June  1,  1898) ;  Alfred 
Baylis,  1899—. 

Previous  to  1870  the  tenure  of  the  office  was 
two  years,  but,  by  the  Constitution  adopted  that 
year,  it  was  extended  to  four  years,  the  elections 
occurring  on  the  even  years  between  those  for 
Governor  and  other  State  officers  except  State 
Treasurer. 

SUPREME  COURT,  JUDGES  OF  THE.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Illinois  who  have  held  office  since  the 
organization  of  the  State  Government,  with  the 
period  of  their  respective  incumbencies:  Joseph 
Phillips,  1818-22  (resigned);  Thomas  C.  Browne, 
1818  48  (term  expired  on  adoption  of  new  Con- 
stitution); William  P.  Foster,  Oct.  9,  1818,  to 
July  7,  1819  (resigned),  John  Reynolds,  1818-25; 
Thomas  Reynolds  (vice  Phillips),  1822-25;  Wil- 
liam Wilson  (vice  Foster)  1819-48  (term  expired 
on  adoption  of  new  Constitution) ;  Samuel  D 
Lockwood,  1825-48  (term  expired  on  adoption  of 
new  Constitution) ;  Theophilus  W.  Smith,  1825-42 
(resigned);  Thomas  Ford,  Feb.  15,  1841,  to  Au- 
gust 1,  1842  (resigned) ;  Sidney  Breese,  Feb.  15, 
1841,  to  Dec.  19,  1842  (resigned)— also  (by  re-elec- 
tions), 1857-78  (died  in  office) ;  Walter  B.  Scates, 
1841-47  (resigned)— also  (vice  Trumbull),  1854-57 
(resigned);  Samuel  H.  Treat,  1841-55  (resigned); 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  1841-42  (resigned) ;  John  D. 
Caton  (vice  Ford)  August,  1842,  to  March,  1843— 
also  (vice  Robinson  and  by  successive  re-elec- 
tions), May,  1843  to  January,  1864  (resigned); 
James  Semple  (vice  Breese),  Jan.  14,  1843,  to 
April  16,  1843  (resigned) ;  Richard  M.  Young  (vice 
Smith),  1843-47  (resigned);  John  M.  Robinson 
(vice  Ford),  Jan.  14,  1843,  to  April  27,  1843  (died 
in  office);  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr.,  (vice  Douglas), 
1843-45  (resigned)— also  (vice  Young),  1847-48; 
James  Shields  (vice  Semple),  1843-45  (resigned); 
Norman  H.  Purple  (vice  Thomas),  1843-48  (retired 
under  Constitution  of  1848) ;  Gustavus  Koerner 
(vice  Shields),  1845-48  (retired  by  Constitution); 
William  A.  Denning  (vice  Scales),  1847-48  (re- 


tired by  Constitution) ;  Lyman  Trumbull,  1848-53 
(resigned);  Ozias  C.  Skinner  (vice  Treat),  1855-58 
(resigned);  Pinkney  H.  Walker  (vice  Skinner), 
1858-85  (deceased);  Corydon  Beckwith  (by  ap- 
pointment, vice  Caton),  Jan.  7,  1864,  to  June  6. 
1864;  Charles  B.  Lawrence  (one  term),  1864-73; 
Anthony  Thornton,  1870-73  (resigned);  John  M. 
Scott  (two  terms),  1870-88;  Benjamin  R.  Sheldon 
(two  terms),  1870-88;  William  K.  McAllister, 
1870-75  (resigned) ;  John  Scholfield  (vice  Thorn- 
ton), 187393  (died);  T.  Lyle  Dickey  (vice 
McAllister),  1875-85  (died) ;  David  J.  Baker  (ap- 
pointed, vice  Breese),  July  9,  1878,  to  June  2, 
1879— also,  1888-97;  John  H.  Mulkey,  1879-88; 
Damon  G.  Tunnicliffe  (appointed,  vice  Walker), 
Feb.  15,  1885,  to  June  1,  1885;  Simeon  P.  Shope, 
1885-94;  Joseph  M.  Bailey,  1888-95  (died  in  office). 
The  Supreme  Court,  as  at  present  constituted 
(1899),  is  as  follows:  Carroll  C.  Boggs,  elected, 
1897;  Jesse  J.  Phillips  (vice  Scholfield,  deceased) 
elected,  1893,  and  re-elected,  1897;  Jacob  W.  Wil- 
kin,  elected,  1888,  and  re-elected,  1897;  Joseph 
N.  Carter,  elected,  1894;  Alfred  M.  Craig,  elec- 
ted, 1873,  and  re-elected,  1882  and  '91 ;  James  H. 
Cartwright  (vice  Bailey),  elected,  1895,  and  re- 
elected,  1897;  Benjamin  D.  Magruder  (vice 
Dickey),  elected,  1885,  '88  and  '97.  The  terms  of 
Justices  Boggs,  Phillips,  Wilkin,  Cartwright  and 
Magruder  expire  in  1906 ;  that  of  Justice  Carter 
on  1903;  and  Justice  Craig's,  in  1900.  Under  the 
Constitution  of  1818,  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  were  chosen  by  joint  ballot  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, but,  under  the  Constitutions  of  1848  and 
1870,  by  popular  vote  for  terms  of  nine  years 
each.  (See  Judicial  System;  also  sketches  of 
individual  members  of  the  Supreme  Court  under 
their  proper  names.) 

SURVEYS,  EARLY  GOVERNMENT.  The  first 
United  States  law  passed  on  the  subject  of  Gov- 
ernment surveys  was  dated.  May  20,  1785.  After 
reserving  certain  lands  to  be  allotted  by  way  of 
pensions  and  to  be  donated  for  school  purposes, 
it  provided  for  the  division  of  the  remaining  pub- 
lic lands  among  the  original  thirteen  States. 
This,  however,  was,  in  effect,  repealed  by  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1788.  The  latter  provided  for  a  rectan- 
gular system  of  surveys  which,  with  but  little 
modification,  has  remained  in  force  ever  since. 
Briefly  outlined,  the  system  is  as  follows:  Town- 
ships, six  miles  square,  are  laid  out  from  principal 
bases,  each  township  containing  thirty-six  sec- 
tions of  one  square  mile,  numbered  consecutively, 
the  numeration  to  commence  at  the  upper  right 
hand  corner  of  the  township.  The  first  principal 
meridian  (84'  51'  west  of  Greenwich),  coincided 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


515 


with  the  line  dividing  Indiana  and  Ohio.  The 
second  (1°  37'  farther  west)  had  direct  relation 
to  surveys  in  Eastern  Illinois.  The  third  (89°  KV 
80"  west  of  Greenwich)  and  the  fourth  (90°  29' 
68"  west)  governed  the  remainder  of  Illinois  sur- 
•veys.  The  first  Public  Surveyor  was  Thomas 
Hutchins,  who  was  called  "the  geographer." 
(See  Hutching,  Thomas.) 

SWEET,  (Gen.)  Benjamin  J.,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Kirkland,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  April 
24, 1832 ;  came  with  his  father,  in  1848,  to  Sheboy- 
gan,  Wis.,  studied  law,  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1859,  and,  in  1861,  enlisted  in  the  Sixth 
Wisconsin  Volunteers,  being  commissioned  Major 
in  1862.  Later,  he  resigned  and,  returning  home, 
assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  Twenty -first 
and  Twenty-second  regiments,  being  elected 
Colonel  of  the  former;  and  with  it  taking  part  in 
the  campaign  in  Western  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see. In  1863  he  was  assigned  to  command  at 
Camp  Douglas,  and  was  there  on  the  exposure, 
in  November,  1864,  of  the  conspiracy  to  release 
the  rebel  prisoners.  (See  Camp  Douglas  Conspir- 
acy.) The  service  which  he  rendered  in  the 
defeat  of  this  bold  and  dangerous  conspiracy 
evinced  his  courage  and  sagacity,  and  was  of 
inestimable  value  to  the  country.  After  the 
war.  General  Sweet  located  at  Lombard,  near 
Chicago,  was  appointed  Pension  Agent  at  Chi- 
cago, afterwards  served  as  Supervisor  of  Internal 
Revenue,  and,  in  1872,  became  Deputy  Commis- 
sioner of  Internal  Revenue  at  Washington.  Died, 
in  Washington,  Jan.  1,  1874  —  Miss  Ada  C. 
(Sweet),  for  eight  years  (1874-82)  the  efficient 
Pension  Agent  at  Chicago,  is  General  Sweet's 
daughter. 

SWEETSER,  A.  C.,  soldier  and  Department 
Commander  G.  A.  R.,  was  born  in  Oxford  County, 
Maine,  in  1839;  came  to  Bloomington,  111.,  in 
1857;  enlisted  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
in  the  Eighth  Illinois  Volunteers  and,  later,  in  the 
Thirty-ninth;  at  the  battle  of  Wierbottom 
Church,  Va.,  in  June,  1864,  was  shot  through 
both  legs,  necessitating  the  amputation  of  one  of 
them.  After  the  war  he  held  several  offices  of 
trust,  including  those  of  City  Collector  of  Bloom- 
ington and  Deputy  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue 
for  the  Springfield  District;  in  1887  was  elected 
Department  Commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  for  Illinois.  Died,  at  Bloomington, 
March  23,  1896. 

SWETT,  Leonard,  lawyer,  was  born  near 
Turner,  Maine,  August  11,  1825;  was  educated  at 
Waterville  College  (now  Colby  University),  but 
left  before  graduation;  read  law  in  Portland,  and, 


while  seeking  a  location  in  the  West,  enlisted  in 
an  Indiana  regiment  for  the  Mexican  War,  being 
attacked  by  climatic  fever,  was  discharged  before 
completing  his  term  of  enlistment.  He  soon 
after  came  to  Bloomington,  111.,  where  he  became 
the  intimate  friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln  and 
David  Davis,  traveling  the  circuit  with  them  for 
a  number  of  years.  He  early  became  active  in 
State  politics,  waa  a  member  of  the  Republican 
State  Convention  of  1856,  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1858, 
and,  in  1860,  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln as  a  Presidential  Elector  for  the  State-at- 
large.  In  1862  he  received  the  Republican 
nomination  for  Congress  in  his  District,  but  WM 
defeated.  Removing  to  Chicago  in  1865,  he 
gained  increased  distinction  as  a  lawyer,  espe- 
cially in  the  management  of  criminal  cases.  In 
1872  he  was  a  supporter  of  Horace  Greeley  for 
President,  but  later  returned  to  the  Republican 
party,  and,  in  the  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion of  1888,  presented  the  name  of  Judge 
Gresham  for  nomination  for  the  Presidency. 
Died,  June  8,  1889. 

SWI6ERT,  Charles  Philip,  ex- Auditor  of  Pub- 
lic Accounts,  was  born  in  the  Province  of  Baden, 
Germany,  Nov.  27,  1843,  brought  by  his  parents 
to  Chicago,  111.,  in  childhood,  and,  in  his  boy- 
hood, attended  the  Scammon  School  in  that  city. 
In  1854  his  family  removed  to  a  farm  in  Kanka- 
kee  County,  where,  between  the  ages  of  12  and 
18,  he  assisted  his  father  in  "breaking"  between 
400  and  500  acres  of  prairie  land.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war,  in  1861,  although  scarcely  18 
years  of  age,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Forty- 
second  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  and,  in  April, 
1862,  was  one  of  twenty  heroic  volunteers  who 
ran  the  blockade,  on  the  gunboat  Carondelet,  at 
Island  No.  10,  assisting  materially  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  that  rebel  stronghold,  which  resulted  in 
the  capture  of  7,000  prisoners.  At  the  battle  of 
Farmington,  Miss.,  during  the  siege  of  Corinth, 
in  May,  1862,  he  had  his  right  arm  torn  from  its 
socket  by  a  six-pound  cannon-ball,  compelling  his 
retirement  from  the  army.  Returning  home, 
after  many  weeks  spent  in  hospital  at  Jefferson 
Barracks  and  Quincy,  111.,  he  received  his  final 
discharge,  Dec.  21,  1862,  spent  a  year  in  school, 
also  took  a  course  in  Bryant  &  Stratum's  Com- 
mercial College  in  Chicago,  and  having  learne  I 
to  write  with  his  left  hand,  taught  for  a  time  in 
Kankakee  County ;  served  as  letter-carrier  in  Chi- 
cago, and  for  a  year  as  Deputy  County  Clerk  of 
Kankakee  County,  followed  by  two  terms  (1867- 
69)  as  a  student  in  the  Soldiers'  College  at  Fulton. 


516 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


111.  The  latter  year  he  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  Treasurer  of  Kankakee  County,  serving,  by 
successive  re-elections,  until  1880,  when  he  re- 
signed to  take  the  position  of  State  Auditor,  to 
which  he  was  elected  a  second  time  in  1884.  In 
all  these  positions  Mr.  Swigert  has  proved  him- 
self an  upright,  capable  and  high-minded  public 
official.  Of  late  years  his  residence  has  been  in 
Chicago. 

SWING,  (Rev.)  David,  clergyman  and  pulpit 
orator,  was  born  of  German  ancestry,  at  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  August  23,  1836.  After  1837  (his 
father  dying  about  this  time),  the  family  resided 
for  a  time  at  Reedsburgh,  and,  later,  on  a  farm 
near  Williamsburgh,  in  Clerrnont  County,  in  the 
same  State.  In  1  <>-.  liaving  graduated  from  the 
Miami  (Ohio)  University,  he  commenced  the 
study  of  theology,  but,  in  1854,  accepted  the 
position  of  Professor  of  Languages  in  his  Alma 
Mater,  which  he  continued  to  fill  for  thirteen 
years.  His  first  pastorate  was  in  connection  with 
the  Westminster  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chi- 
cago, which  he  assumed  in  1866.  His  church 
edifice  was  destroyed  in  the  great  Chicago  fire, 
but  was  later  rebuilt.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
popular ;  but,  in  April,  1874,  he  was  placed  on  trial, 
before  «n  ecclesiastical  rourt  of  his  own  denomi- 
nation, on  charges  (if  heresy.  He  was  acquitted 
by  the  trial  court,  but,  l>efore  the  appeal  taken  by 
the  prosecution  could  be  heard,  he  personally 
withdrew  from  affiliation  with  the  denomination. 
Shortly  afterward  he  became  jiastor  of  an  inde- 
pendent religious  organization  known  as  the 
"Central  Church,"  preaching,  first  at  McVicker's 
Theatre  and.  afterward,  at  Centnil  Music  Hall, 
Chicago.  He  was  a  fluent  and  popular  speaker 
on  all  themes,  a  frequent  and  valued  contributor 
to  numerous  magazines,  us  well  as  the  author  of 
several  volumes.  Among  his  best  known  books 
are  "Motives  of  Life,''  "Truths  for  To-day,"  and 
"Club  Essays."  Died,  in  Chicago,  Oct.  3,  1894. 

SYCAMORE,  the  county-seat  of  De  Kalb 
County  (founded  in  1836),  56  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago, at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western and  the  Chicago  (ireat  Western  Rail- 
roads; lies  in  a  region  devoted  to  agriculture, 
dairying  and  stock-raising.  The  city  itself  con- 
tains several  factories,  the  principal  products 
being  agricultural  implements,  flour,  insulated 
wire,  brick,  tile,  varnish,  furniture,  soap  and 
carriages  and  wagons.  There  are  also  works  for 
canning  vegetables  and  fruit,  besides  two  creamer- 
ies. The  town  is  lighted  by  electricity,  and  has 
high-pressure  water-works.  There  are  eleven 
churches,  three  graded  public  schools  and  a 


young    ladies'     seminary.      Population     (1880), 
3,028;  (1890),  2,987;  (1900).  3,653. 

TAFT,  Lorado,  sculptor,  was  born  at  Elmwood, 
Peoria  County,  111.,  April  29,  1860;  at  an  early 
age  evinced  a  predilection  for  sculpture  and 
began  modeling;  graduated  at  the  University  of 
•Illinois- in  1880,  then  went  to  Paris  and  studied 
sculpture  in  the  famous  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts 
until  1885.  The  following  year  he  settled  in  Chi 
cago,  finally  becoming  associated  with  the  Chi- 
cago Art  Institute.  He  lias  been  a  lecturer  on 
art  in  the  Chicago  University.  Mr.  Taft  fur- 
nished the  decorations  of  the  Horticultural  Build- 
ing on  the  World's  Fair  Grounds,  in  1893. 

TALCOTT,  Mancel,  business  man,  was  bora 
in  Rome,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  12,  1817;  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  until  17  years  of  age,  when  he  set 
out  for  the  West,  traveling  on  foot  from  Detroit 
to  Chicago,  and  thence  to  Park  Ridge,  where  he 
worked  at  farming  until  1850.  Then,  having 
followed  the  occupation  of  a  miner  for  some  time, 
in  California,  with  some  success,  he  united  with 
Horace  M.  Singer  in  establishing  the  firm  of 
Singer  &  Talcott,  stone-dealers,  which  lasted  dur- 
ing most  of  his  life.  He  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Chicago  City  Council,  on  the  Board  of  County 
Commissioners,  as  a  member  of  the  Police  Board, 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  First  National 
Bank,  and  President,  for  several  years,  of  the 
Stock  Yards  National  Bank.  Liberal  and  public- 
spirited,  he  contributed  freely  to  works  of 
charity.  Died,  June  5,  1878. 

TALCOTT,  (Capt.)  William,  soldier  of  the 
War  of  1812  and  pioneer,  was  born  in  Gilead, 
Conn.,  March  6,  1774;  emigrated  to  Rome,  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  1H10,  and  engaged  in  farming; 
served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Oneida  County 
militia  during  the  War  of  1812-14,  being  stationed 
at  Sackett's  Harbor  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott.  In  1835,  in  company  with  his 
eldest  son,  Thomas  B.  Talcott,  he  made  an  ex- 
tended tour  through  the  West,  finally  selecting  a 
location  in  Illinois  at  the  junction  of  Rock  River 
tind  the  Pecatonica,  where  the  town  of  Rockton 
now  stands — there  being  only  two  white  families, 
at  that  time,  within  the  present  limits  of  Winne- 
bago  County.  Two  years  later  (1837),  he  brought 
his  family  to  this  point,  with  his  sons  took  up  a 
considerable  body  of  Government  land  and 
erected  two  mills,  to  which  customers  came 
from  a  long  distance.  In  1838  Captain  Talcott 
took  part  in  the  organization  of  the  first  Congre- 
gational Church  in  that  section  of  the  State.  A 
zealous  anti-slavery  man.  he  supported  James  6. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


517 


Birney  (the  Liberty  candidate  for  President)  in 
1844,  continuing  to  act  with  that  party  until  the 
organization  of  the  Republican  party  in  1856; 
was  deeply  interested  in  the  War  for  the  Union, 
but  died  before  its  conclusion,  Sept.  2,  1864. — 
Maj.  Thomas  B.  (Talcott),  oldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Hebron,  Conn  ,  April  17, 
i806;  was  taken  to  Rome,  N.  Y.,  by  his  father  in 
nfancy,  and,  after  reaching  maturity,  engaged 
in  mercantile  business  with  his  brother  in  Che- 
mung  County ;  in  1835  accompanied  his  father  in 
a  tour  through  the  West,  finally  locating  at 
Rockton,  where  he  engaged  in  agriculture.  On 
the  organization  of  Winnebago  County,  in  1836, 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  first  County  Commis- 
sioners, and,  in  1850,  to  the  State  Senate,  serving 
four  years.  He  also  held  various  local  offices. 
Died,  Sept.  30,  1894.— Hon.  Wait  (Talcott),  second 
son  of  Capt.  William  Talcott,  was  born  at  He- 
bron, Conn.,  Oct.  17,  1807,  and  taken  to  Rome, 
N.  Y.,  where  lie  remained  until  his  19th  year, 
when  he  engaged  in  business  at  Booneville  and, 
still  later,  in  Utica;  in  1838,  removed  to  Illinois 
and  joined  his  father  at  Rockton,  finally 
becoming  a  citizen  of  Rockford,  where,  in  his 
later  years,  he  was  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
facturing, having  become,  in  1854,  with  his 
brother  Sylvester,  a  partner  of  the  firm  of  J.  H. 
Manny  &  Co.,  in  the  manufacture  of  the  Manny 
reaper  and  mower.  He  was  an  original  anti- 
slavery  man  and,  at  one  time.a  Free-Soil  candidate 
for  Congress,  but  became  a  zealous  Republican 
and  ardent  friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  whom  he 
employed  as  an  attorney  in  the  famous  suit  of 
McCormick  vs.  the  Manny  Reaper  Company  for 
infringement  of  patent.  In  1854  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate,  succeeding  his  brother, 
Thomas  B.,  and  was  the  first  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue  in  the  Second  District,  appointed  by  Mr. 
Lincoln  in  1862,  and  continuing  in  office  some 
five  years.  Though  too  old  for  active  service  in 
the  field,  during  the  Civil  War,  he  voluntarily 
hired  a  substitute  to  take  his  place.  Mr.  Talcott 
was  one  of  the  original  incorporators  and  Trus- 
tees of  Beloit  College,  and  a  founder  of  Rockford 
Female  Seminary,  remaining  a  trustee  of  each 
for  many  years.  Died,  June  7,  1890.— SylTester 
(Talcott),  third  son  of  William  Talcott,  born  at 
Rome,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  14,  1810;  when  of  age,  engaged 
in  mercantile  business  in  Chemung  County;  in 
1837  removed,  with  other  members  of  the  family, 
to  Winnebago  County,  111.,  where  he  joined  his 
father  in  the  entry  of  Government  lands  and  the 
erection  of  mills,  as  already  detailed.  He  became 
one  of  the  first  Justices  of  the  Peace  in  Winne- 


County,  also  served  as  Supervisor  for  a 
number  of  years  and.  although  a  farmer,  became 
interested,  in  1854,  with  his  brother  Wait, 
in  the  Manny  Reaper  Company  at  Rockford. 
He  also  followed  the  example  of  liis  brother, 
just  named,  in  furnishing  a  substitute  for  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,  though  too  old  for  service 
himself.  Died,  June  19,  1885.— Henry  Walter 
(Talcott),  fourth  son  of  William  Talcott,  was 
born  at  Rome,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  13,  1814;  came  with 
his  father  to  Winnebago  County,  111.,  in  1835,  and 
was  connected  with  his  father  and  brothers  in  busi- 
ness. Died,  Dec.  9,  1870.—  Dwight  Lewis  (Tal- 
cott). oldest  son  of  Henry  Walter  Talcott,  bom 
in  Winnebago  County;  at  the  age  of  17  years 
enlisted  at  Belvidere,  in  January,  1864,  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Ninth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry ;  served 
as  provost  guard  some  two  months  at  Fort  Picker- 
ing, near  Memphis,  and  later  took  part  in  many 
of  the  important  battles  of  that  j-ear  in  Missis- 
sippi and  Tennessee.  Having  been  captured  at 
Campl>ellsville,  Tenn.,  he  was  taken  to  Anderson- 
ville,  Ga.,  where  he  suffered  all  the  horrors  of 
that  famous  prison-pen,  until  March,  1865,  when 
lie  was  released,  arriving  at  home  a  helpless 
skeleton,  the  day  after  Abraham  Lincoln's  assas- 
sination. Mr.  Talcott  sulwequently  settled  in 
Muscatine  County,  Iowa. 

TALLl'LA,  a  prosperous  village  of  Menanl 
County,  on  the  Jacksonville  branch  of  the  Chi- 
cago A:  Alton  Railway,  24  miles  northeast  of 
Jacksonville;  is  in  the  midst  of  a  grain,  coal- 
mining, and  stock-growing  region ;  has  a  local 
bank  and  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  445 ;  (1900),  639. 

TAMAROA,  a  village  in  Perry  County,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Illinois  Central  with  the 
Wabash,  Chester  \-  Western  Railroad.  8  miles 
north  of  Dui[Uoin.  and  57  miles  east-southeast  of 
Belleville.  It  has  a  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  a 
large  public  school,  five  churches  and  two  flour- 
ing mills.  Coal  is  mined  here  and  exported  in 
large  quantities.  Pop.  (1900).  853. 

TAMAROA  A:  MOUNT  VERXON  RAILROAD. 
(See  \\~abash,  Cltcstcr  &•  Western  Railroad.) 

TANNER,  Edward  Allen,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  of  New  England  ancestry,  at 
Waverly,  III.,  Nov.  29.  1837— being  the  first  child 
who  could  claim  nativity  there;  was  educated 
in  the  local  schools  and  at  Illinois  College, 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1857;  spent  four 
years  teaching  in  his  native  place  and  at  Jack- 
sonville; then  accepted  the  Professorship  of 
Latin  in  Pacific  University  at  Portland.  Oregon, 
remaining  four  years,  when  he  returned  to  his 
Alma  Mater  (1865),  aa«nming  there  the  chair  of 


518 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Latin  and  Rhetoric.  In  1881  he  was  appointed 
financial  agent  of  the  latter  institution,  and,  in 
1882,  its  President.  While  in  Oregon  he  had 
been  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Congregational 
Church,  and,  for  a  considerable  period  during 
his  connection  with  Illinois  College,  officiated  as 
Chaplain  of  the  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
at  Jacksonville,  besides  supplying  local  and 
other  pulpits.  He  labored  earnestly  for  the 
benefit  of  the  institution  under  his  charge,  and, 
during  his  incumbency,  added  materially  to  its 
endowment  and  resources.  Died,  at  Jackson- 
ville, Feb.  8,  1892. 

TANNER,  John  R.,  Governor,  was  born  in 
Warrick  County,  Ind.,  April  4,  1844,  and  brought 
to  Southern  Illinois  in  boyhood,  where  he  grew 
up  on  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  Carbondale, 
enjoying  only  such  educational  advantages  as 
were  afforded  by  the  common  school;  in  1868,  at 
the  age  of  19,  enlisted  in  the  Ninety-eighth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers,  serving  until  June,  1865,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Sixty-first,  and  finally 
mustered  out  in  September  following.  All  the 
male  members  of  Governor  Tanner's  family  were 
soldiers  of  the  late  war,  his  father  dying  in  a 
rebel  prison  at  Columbus,  Miss. ,  one  of  his  bro- 
thers suffering  the  same  fate  from  wounds  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn. ,  and  another  brother  dying  in  hospital 
at  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.  Only  one  of  this  patriotic 
family,  besides  Governor  Tanner,  still  survives — 
Mr.  J.  M.  Tanner  of  Clay  County,  who  left  the 
service  with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Illinois  Cavalry.  Returning  from  the 
war,  Mr.  Tanner  established  himself  in  business 
as  a  farmer  in  Clay  County,  later  engaging  suc- 
cessfully in  the  milling  and  lumber  business  as 
the  partner  of  his  brother.  The  public  positions 
held  by  him,  since  the  war,  include  those  of 
Sheriff  of  Clay  County  (1870-72),  Clerk  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  (1872-76),  and  State  Senator  (1880-83). 
During  the  latter  year  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  United  States  Marshal  for  tbe  Southern 
District  of  Illinois,  serving  until  after  the  acces- 
sion of  President  Cleveland  in  1885.  In  1886,  he 
was  the  Republican  nominee  for  State  Treasurer 
and  was  elected  by  an  unusually  large  majority ; 
in  1891  was  appointed,  by  Governor  Fifer,  a 
member  of  the  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commis- 
sion, but,  in  1892,  received  the  appointment  of 
Assistant  United  States  Treasurer  at  Chicago, 
continuing  in  the  latter  office  until  December, 
1893.  For  ten  years  (1874-84)  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Republican  State  Central  Committee,  re- 
turning to  that  body  in  1894,  when  he  was  chosen 
Chairman  and  conducted  the  campaign  which 


resulted  in  the  unprecedented  Republican  suc- 
cesses of  that  year.  In  1896  he  received  the 
nomination  of  his  party  for  Governor,  and  was 
elected  over  Gov.  John  P.  Altgeld,  his  Demo- 
cratic opponent,  by  a  plurality  of  over  113,000, 
and  a  majority,  over  all,  of  nearly  90,000  votes. 

TANNER,  Tazewell  B.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Henry  County,  Va.,  and  came  to  Jefferson 
County,  III,  about  1846  or  '47,  at  first  taking  a 
position  as  teacher  and  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools.  Later,  he  was  connected  with  "The 
Jeffersonian,"  a  Democratic  paper  at  Mount  Ver- 
non,  and,  in  1849,  went  to  the  gold  regions  of 
California,  meeting  with  reasonable  success  as  a 
miner.  Returning  in  a  year  or  two,  he  was 
elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and,  while  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties,  prosecuted  the  study 
of  law,  finally,  on  admission  to  the  bar,  entering 
into  partnership  with  the  late  Col.  Thomas  S. 
Casey.  In  1854  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Nineteenth  General  Assembly,  and  was  in- 
strumental in  securing  the  appropriation  for  the 
erection  of  a  Supreme  Court  building  at  Mount 
Vernon.  In  1862  he  served  as  a  Delegate  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  that  year ;  was 
elected  Circuit  Judge  in  1873,  and,  in  1877,  was 
assigned  to  duty  on  the  Appellate  bench,  but,  at 
the  expiration  of  his  term,  declined  a  re-election 
and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Mount  Vernon.  Died,  March  25,  1880. 

TAXATION,  in  its  legal  sense,  the  mode  of 
raising  revenue.  In  its  general  sense  its  purposes 
are  the  support  of  the  State  and  local  govern- 
ments, the  promotion  of  the  public  good  by 
fostering  education  and  works  of  public  improve- 
ment, the  protection  of  society  by  the  preser- 
vation of  order  and  the  punishment  of  crime,  and 
the  support  of  the  helpless  and  destitute.  In 
practice,  and  as  prescribed  by  the  Constitution, 
the  raising  of  revenue  is  required  to  be  done  "by 
levying  a  tax  by  valuation,  so  that  every  person 
and  corporation  shall  pay  a  tax  in  proportion  to 
the  value  of  his,  her  or  its  property — such  value 
to  be  ascertained  by  some  person  or  persons,  to  be 
elected  or  appointed  in  such  manner  as  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  shall  direct,  and  not  otherwise." 
(State  Constitution,  1870— Art.  Revenue,  Sec.  1.) 
The  person  selected  under  the  law  to  make  this 
valuation  is  the  Assessor  of  the  county  or  the 
township  (in  counties  under  township  organiza- 
tion), and  he  is  required  to  make  a  return  to  the 
County  Board  at  its  July  meeting  each  year — the 
latter  having  authority  to  hear  complaints  of  tax- 
payers and  adjust  inequalities  when  found  to 
exist.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  the  Assessor  to 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


519 


include  in  his  return,  as  real-estate,  all  lands  and 
the  buildings  or  other  improvements  erected 
thereon;  and,  under  the  head  of  personal  prop- 
erty, all  tangible  effects,  besides  moneys,  credits, 
bonds  or  stocks,  shares  of  stock  of  companies  or 
corporations,  investments,  annuities,  franchises, 
royalties,  etc.  Property  used  for  school,  church 
or  cemetery  purposes,  as  well  as  public  buildings 
and  other  property  belonging  to  the  State  and 
General  Government,  municipalities,  public 
charities,  public  libraries,  agricultural  and  scien- 
tific societies,  are  declared  exempt.  Nominally, 
all  property  subject  to  taxation  is  required  to  be 
assessed  at  its  cash  valuation ;  but,  in  reality,  the 
valuation,  of  late  years,  has  been  on  a  basis  of 
twenty-five  to  thirty-three  per  cent  of  its  esti- 
mated cash  value.  In  the  larger  cities,  however, 
the  valuation  is  often  much  lower  than  this, 
while  very  large  amounts  escape  assessment 
altogether.  The  Revenue  Act,  passed  at  the 
special  session  of  the  Fortieth  General  Assembly 
(1898),  requires  the  Assessor  to  make  a  return  of 
all  property  subject  to  taxation  in  his  district,  at 
its  cash  valuation,  upon  which  a  Board  of  Review 
fixes  a  tax  on  the  basis  of  twenty  per  cent  of 
such  cash  valuation.  An  abstract  of  the  property 
assessment  of  each  county  goes  before  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization,  at  its  annual  meeting  in 
August,  for  the  purpose  of  comparison  and  equal- 
izing valuations  between  counties,  but  the  Board 
has  no  power  to  modify  the  assessments  of  indi- 
vidual tax-payers.  (See  State  Board  of  Equali- 
zation. )  This  Board  has  exclusive  power  to  fix 
the  valuation  for  purposes  of  taxation  of  the 
capital  stock  or  franchises  of  companies  (except 
certain  specified  manufacturing  corporations) ,  in- 
corporated under  the  State  laws,  together  with  the 
"railroad  track"  and  "rolling  stock"  of  railroads, 
and  the  capital  stock  of  railroads  and  telegraph 
lines,  and  to  fix  the  distribution  of  the  latter 
between  counties  in  which  they  lie. — The  Consti- 
tution of  1848  empowered  the  Legislature  to 
impose  a  capitation  tax,  of  not  less  than  fifty 
cents  nor  more  than  one  dollar,  upon  each  free 
white  male  citizen  entitled  to  the  right  of  suf- 
frage, between  the  ages  of  21  and  60  years,  but  the 
Constitution  of  1870  grants  no  such  power, 
though  it  authorizes  the  extension  of  the  "objects 
and  subjects  of  taxation"  in  accordance  with  the 
principle  contained  in  the  first  section  of  the 
Revenue  Article. — Special  assessments  in  cities, 
for  the  construction  of  sewers,  pavements,  etc., 
being  local  and  in  the  form  of  benefits,  cannot 
be  said  to  come  under  the  head  of  general  tax- 
ation. The  same  is  to  be  said  of  revenue  derived 


from  fines  and  penalties,  which  are  forms  of 
punishment  for  specific  offenses,  and  go  to  the 
benefit  of  certain  specified  funds. 

TAYLOR,  Abner,  ex-Congressman,  is  a  native 
of  Maine,  and  a  resident  of  Chicago.  He  has  been 
in  active  business  all  his  life  as  contractor,  builder 
and  merchant,  and,  for  some  time,  a  member  of 
the  wholesale  dry-goods  firm  of  J.  V.  Farwell  & 
Co. ,  of  Chicago.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Thirty- 
fourth  General  Assembly,  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Republican  Convention  of  1884,  and 
represented  the  First  Illinois  District  in  the  Fifty- 
first  and  Fifty -second  Congresses,  1889  to  1893. 
Mr.  Taylor  was  one  of  the  contractors  for  the 
erection  of  the  new  State  Capitol  of  Texas. 

TAYLOR,  Benjamin  Franklin,  journalist,  poet 
and  lecturer,  was  born  at  Lowville,  N.  Y.,  July 
19,  1819;  graduated  at  Madison  University  in 
1839,  the  next  year  becoming  literary  and  dra- 
matic critic  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Journal." 
Here,  in  a  few  years,  he  acquired  a  wide  reputa- 
tion as  a  journalist  and  poet,  and  was  much  in 
demand  as  a  lecturer  on  literary  topics.  His 
letters  from  the  field  during  the  Rebellion,  as 
war  correspondent  of  "The  Evening  Journal," 
won  for  him  even  a  greater  popularity,  and  were 
complimented  by  translation  into  more  than  one 
European  language.  After  the  war,  he  gave  his 
attention  more  unreservedly  to  literature,  his 
principal  works  appearing  after  that  date.  His 
publications  in  book  form,  including  both  prose 
and  poetry,  comprise  the  following:  "Attractions 
of  Language"  (1845) ;  "January  and  June" 
(1853);  "Pictures  in  Camp  and  Field"  (1871); 
"The  World  on  Wheels"  (1873);  "Old  Time  Pic- 
tures and  Sheaves  of  Rhyme"  (1874);  "Songs  of 
Yesterday"  (1877);  "Summer  Savory  Gleaned 
from  Rural  Nooks"  (1879) ;  "Between  the  Gates" 
— pictures  of  California  life — (1881) ;  "Dulce 
Domum,  the  Burden  of  Song"  (1884),  and  "Theo- 
philus  Trent,  or  Old  Times  in  the  Oak  Openings," 
a  novel  (1887).  The  last  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
publishers  at  his  death,  Feb.  27,  1887.  Among 
his  most  popular  poems  are  "The  Isle  of  the  Long 
Ago,"  "The  Old  Village  Choir,"  and  "Rhymes  of 
the  River."  "The  London  Times"  complimented 
Mr.  Taylor  with  the  title  of  "The  Oliver  Gold- 
smith of  America." 

TAYLOR,  Edmund  Dick,  early  Indian-trader 
and  legislator,  was  born  at  Fairfield  C.  H.,  Va., 
Oct.  18,  1802 — the  son  of  a  commissary  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  under  General  Greene, 
and  a  cousin  of  General  (later,  President)  Zacharj 
Taylor;  left  his  native  State  in  his  youth  and,  at 
an  early  day,  came  to  Springfield,  111.,  where  he 


520 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


opened  an  Indian-trading  post  and  general  store : 
was  elected  from  Sangamon  County  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Seventh  General  Assembly  (1830) 
and  re-elected  in  1832 — the  latter  year  being  a 
competitor  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  whom  he 
defeated.  In  1834  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  and,  at  .the  next  session  of  the  Legislature, 
was  one  of  the  celebrated  "Long  Nine"  who 
secured  the  removal  of  the  State  Capital  to 
Springfield.  He  resigned  before  the  close  of  his 
term  to  accept,  from  President  Jackson,  the  ap- 
pointment of  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  at  Chi- 
cago. Here  he  became  one  of  the  promoters  of 
the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad  (1837), 
serving  as  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  secure 
subscriptions  of  stock,  and  was  also  active  in 
advocating  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal.  The  title  of  "Colonel,"  by 
which  he  was  known  during  most  of  his  life,  was 
acquired  by  service,  with  that  rank,  on  the  staff 
of  Gov.  John  Reynolds,  during  the  Black  Hawk 
War  of  1832.  After  coming  to  Chicago,  Colonel 
Taylor  became  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Chicago 
branch  of  the  State  Bank,  and  was  later  identified 
with  various  banking  enterprises,  as  also  a  some- 
what extensive  operator  in  real  estate.  An  active 
Democrat  in  the  early  part  of  his  career  in  Illi- 
nois, Colonel  Taylor  was  one  of  the  members  of 
his  party  to  take  ground  against  the  Kansas-Neb- 
raska bill  in  1854,  and  advocated  the  election  of 
General  Bissell  to  the  governorship  in  1856.  In 
1860  he  was  again  in  line  with  his  party  in  sup- 
port of  Senator  Douglas  for  the  Presidency,  and 
was  an  opponent  of  the  war  policy  of  the  Govern- 
ment still  later,  as  shown  by  his  participation  in 
the  celebrated  "Peace  Convention"  at  Spring- 
field, of  June  17,  1863.  In  the  latter  years  of  his 
life  he  became  extensively  interested  in  coal 
lands  in  La  Salle  and  adjoining  counties,  and, 
for  a  considerable  time,  served  as  President  of  the 
Northern  Illinois  Coal  &  Mining  Company,  his 
home,  during  a  part  of  this  period,  being  at 
Mendota.  Died,  in  Chicago,  Deo.  4,  1891. 

TAYLORVILLE,  a  city  and  county-seat  of 
Christian  County,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Sanga- 
mon River  and  on  the  Wabash  Railway  at  its 
point  of  intersection  with  the  Springfield  Division 
of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern.  It  is 
about  27  miles  southeast  of  Springfield,  and 
28  miles  southwest  of  Decatur.  It  has  several 
banks,  flour  mills,  paper  mill,  electric  light  and 
gas  plants,  water-works,  two  coal  mines,  carriage 
and  wagon  shops,  a  manufactory  of  farming 
implements,  two  daily  and  weekly  papers,  nine 
churches  and  five  graded  and  township  high 


schools.  Much  coal  is  mined  in  this  vicinity. 
Pop.  (1890),  2,839;  (1900),  4,248. 

TAZEWELL  COUNTY,  a  central  county  on 
the  Illinois  River ;  was  first  settled  in  1823  and 
organized  in  1827 ;  has  an  area  of  650  square  miles 
— was  named  for  Governor  Tazewell  of  Virginia. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Illinois  and  Mackinaw  Rivers 
and  traversed  by  several  lines  of  railway.  The 
surface  is  generally  level,  the  soil  alluvial  and 
rich,  but,  requiring  drainage,  especially  on  the 
river  bottoms.  Gravel,  coal  and  sandstone  are 
found,  but,  generally  speaking,  Tazewell  is  an 
agricultural  county.  The  cereals  are  extensively 
cultivated;  wool  is  also  clipped,  and  there  are 
dairy  interests  of  some  importance.  Distilling  is 
extensively  conducted  at  Pekin.  the  county -seat, 
which  is  also  the  seat  of  other  mechanical  indus- 
tries. (See  also  Pekin.)  Population  of  the 
county  (1880),  29,666;  (1890),  29,556;  (1900),  33,221. 

TEMPLE,  John  Taylor,  M.D.,  early  Chicago 
physician,  born  in  Virginia  in  1804,  graduated  in 
medicine  at  Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  in  1830,  and, 
in  1833,  arrived  in  Chicago.  At  this  time  he  had 
a  contract  for  carrying  the  United  States  mail 
from  Chicago  to  Fort  Howard,  near  Green  Bay, 
and  the  following  year  undertook  a  similar  con- 
tract between  Chicago  and  Ottawa.  Having  sold 
these  out  three  years  later,  he  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  though 
interested,  for  a  time,  in  contracts  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  Dr. 
Temple  was  instrumental  in  erecting  the  first 
house  (after  Rev.  Jesse  Walker's  missionary 
station  at  Wolf  Point),  for  public  religious 
worship  in  Chicago,  and,  although  himself  a 
Baptist,  it  was  used  in  common  by  Protestant 
denominations.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Rush  Medical  College, 
though  he  later  became  a  convert  to  homeopathy, 
and  finally,  removing  to  St.  Louis,  assisted  in 
founding  the  St.  Louis  School  of  Homeopathy, 
dying  there,  Feb.  24,  1877. 

TENURE  OF  OFFICE.    (See  Elections.) 

TERRE  HAUTE,  ALTON  &  ST.  LOUIS 
RAILROAD.  (See  St.  £01/1.1,  Alton  &  Terre 
Haute  Railroad.) 

TERRE  HAUTE  &  ALTON  RAILROAD  (See 
St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad. ) 

TERRE  HAUTE  &  INDIANAPOLIS  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  corporation  operating  no  line  of  its  own 
within  the  State,  but  the  lessee  and  operator  of 
the  following  lines  (which  see):  St.  Louis, 
Vandalia  &  Terre  Haute,  158.3  miles;  Terre 
Haute  &  Peoria,  145.12  miles;  East  St.  Louis 
&  Carondelet,  12.74  miles — total  length  of  leased 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


521 


lines  in  Illinois,  316.16  miles.  The  Terre  Haute 
&  Indianapolis  Railroad  was  incorporated  in 
Indiana  in  1847,  as  the  Terre  Haute  &  Rich- 
mond, completed  a  line  between  the  points 
named  in  the  title,  in  1852,  and  took  its  present 
name  in  1866.  The  Pennsylrania  Railroad  Com- 
pany purchased  a  controlling  interest  in  its  stock 
in  1893. 

TERRE  HAUTE  A  PEORIA  RAILROAD, 
(Vandalia  Line),  a  line  of  road  extending  from 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  to  Peoria.  111.,  145.12  miles, 
with  28. 78  miles  of  trackage,  making  in  all  173.9 
miles  in  operation,  all  being  in  Illinois — operated 
by  the  Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad  Com- 
pany. The  gauge  is  standard,  and  the  rails  are 
steel.  (HISTORY.)  It  was  organized  Feb.  7,  1887, 
successor  to  the  Illinois  Midland  Railroad.  The 
latter  was  made  up  by  the  consolidation  (Nov.  4, 
1874)  of  three  lines:  (1)  The  Peoria,  Atlanta  & 
Decatur  Railroad,  chartered  in  1869  and  opened  iu 
1874;  (2)  the  Paris  &  Decatur  Railroad,  chartered 
in  1861  and  opened  in  December,  1872;  and  (3)  the 
Paris  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad,  chartered  in  1873 
and  opened  in  1874  —  the  consolidated  lines 
assuming  the  name  of  the  Illinois  Midland  Rail- 
road. In  1886  the  Illinois  Midland  was  sold  under 
foreclosure  and,  in  February,  1887,  reorganized 
as  the  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria  Railroad.  In  1892 
it  was  leased  for  ninety-nine  years  to  the  Terre 
Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad  Company,  and  is 
operated  as  a  part  of  the  "Vandalia  System.'' 
The  capital  stock  (1898)  was  $3,764,200;  funded 
debt,  $2,230,000,— total  capital  invested,  $6,227,- 
481. 

TEUTOPOLIS,  a  village  of  Effingham  County, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad,  4 
miles  east  of  Effingham;  was  originally  settled 
by  a  colony  of  Germans  from  Cincinnati.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  498. 

THOMAS,  Horace  H.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  Vermont,  Dec.  18,  1831,  graduated  at 
Middlebury  College,  and,  after  admission  to  the 
bar,  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  commenced 
practice.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  he 
enlisted  and  was  commissioned  Assistant  Adju- 
tant-General of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Ten- 
nessee, serving  as  Quartermaster  upon  the  staff 
of  Governor  Brownlow.  In  1867  he  returned  to 
Chicago  and  resumed  practice.  He  was  elected 
a  Representative  in  the  Legislature  in  1878  and 
re-elected  in  1880,  being  chosen  Speaker  of  the 
House  during  his  latter  term.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  State  Senator  from  the  Sixth  District, 
serving  during  the  sessions  of  the  Thirty-sixth 


and  Thirty-seventh  General  Assemblies.  In 
1897,  General  Thomas  was  appointed  United 
States  Appraiser  in  connection  with  the  Custom 
House  in  Chicago. 

THOMAS,  Jessie  Burgess,  jurist  and  United 
States  Senator,  was  born  at  Hagerstown,  Mil  . 
claiming  direct  descent  from  Lord  Baltimore. 
Taken  west  in  childhood,  he  grew  to  manhood 
and  settled  at  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana  Territory, 
in  1803;  in  1805  was  Speaker  of  the  Territorial 
Legislature  and.  later,  represented  the  Territory 
as  Delegate  in  Congress.  On  the  organization  of 
Illinois  Territory  (which  he  had  favored),  he 
removed  to  Kaskaskia,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
first  Judges  for  the  new  Territory,  and,  in  1818, 
as  Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County,  presided  over 
the  first  State  Constitutional  Convention,  and,  on 
the  admission  of  the  State,  became  one  of  the 
first  United  States  Senators — Governor  Edwards 
being  his  colleague.  Though  an  avowed  advo- 
cate of  slavery,  he  gained  no  little  prominence 
as  the  author  of  the  celebrated  "Missouri  Com- 
promise," adopted  in  1820.  He  was  re-elected  to 
the  Senate  in  1823,  serving  until  1829.  He  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Mount  Vernon,  Ohio,  where 
he  died  by  suicide,  May  4,  1853.  — Jesse  Burgess 
(Thomas).  Jr.,  nephew  of  the  United  States  Sena- 
tor of  the  same  name,  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Ohio, 
July  31,  1806,  was  educated  at  Transylvania 
University,  and,  being  admitted  to  the  bar, 
located  at  Edwardsville,  111.  He  first  appeared 
in  connection  with  public  affairs  as  Secretary  of 
the  State  Senate  in  1830,  being  re-elected  iu  1832 ; 
in  1834  was  elected  Representative  in  the  General 
Assembly  from  Madison  County,  but,  in  Febru- 
ary following,  was  appointed  Attorney-General, 
serving  only  one  year.  He  afterwards  held  the 
position  of  Circuit  Judge  (1837-39),  his  home  being 
then  in  Springfield;  in  1843  he  became  Associ- 
ate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  by  appointment 
of  the  Governor,  as  successor  to  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las, and  was  afterwards  elected  to  the  same 
office  by  the  Legislature,  remaining  until  1848. 
During  a  part  of  his  professional  career  he  was 
the  partner  of  David  Prickett  and  William  L. 
May,  at  Springfield,  and  afterwards  a  member  of 
the  Galena  bar,  finally  removing  to  Chicago, 
where  he  died,  Feb.  21,  ISSO.-Jesse  B.  (Thomas) 
third,  clergyman  and  son  of  the  last  named ;  born 
at  Edwardsville,  III.,  July  29,  1832;  educated  at 
Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  and  Rochester  (N.  Y.) 
Theological  Seminary ;  practiced  law  for  a  time 
in  Chicago,  but  finally  entered  the  Baptist  minis- 
try, serving  churches  at  Waukegan,  111.,  Brook, 
lyn,  N.  Y.,  and  San  Francisco  (1862-69).  Ha 


522 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


then  became  pastor  of  the  Michigan  Avenue  Bap- 
tist Church,  in  Chicago,  remaining  until  1874, 
when  he  returned  to  Brooklyn.  In  1887  he 
became  Professor  of  Biblical  History  in  the 
Theological  Seminary  at  Newton,  Mass.,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
volumes,  and,  in  1866,  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
from  the  old  University  of  Chicago. 

THOMAS,  John,  pioneer  and  soldier  of  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  was  born  in  Wythe  County, 
Va.,  Jan.  11,  1800.  At  the  age  of  18  he  accom- 
panied his  parents  to  St.  Clair  County,  111. ,  where 
the  family  located  in  what  was  then  called  the 
Alexander  settlement,  near  the  present  site  of 
Sliiloli  When  he  was  22  he  rented  a  farm 
(although  he  had  not  enough  money  to  buy  a 
horse)  and  married.  Six  years  later  he  bought 
and  stocked  a  farm,  and,  from  that  time  forward, 
rapidly  accumulated  real  property,  until  he 
became  one  of  the  most  extensive  owners  of  farm- 
ing land  in  St.  Clair  County.  In  early  life  he 
was  fond  of  military  exercise,  holding  various 
offices  in  local  organizations  and  serving  as  a 
Colonel  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  In  1824  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  party  opposed  to  the 
amendment  of  the  State  Constitution  to  sanction 
slavery,  was  a  zealous  opponent  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill  in  1854,  and  a  firm  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party  from  the  date  of  its  formation. 
He  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  in  1838,  '62,  '64,  '72  and  '74;  and  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1878,  serving  four  years  in  the 
latter  body.  Died,  at  Belleville,  Dec.  16,  1894,  in 
the  05th  year  of  his  age. 

THOMAS,  John  I!.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
at  Mount  Vernon,  111.,  Oct.  11,  1846.  He  served 
in  the  Union  Army  during  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion, rising  from  the  ranks  to  a  captaincy.  After 
his  return  home  he  studied  law,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1869.  From  1872  to  1876  he  was 
State's  Attorney,  and,  from  1879  to  1889,  repre- 
sented his  District  in  Congress.  In  1897,  Mr. 
Thomas  was  appointed  by  President  McKinley 
an  additional  United  States  District  Judge  for 
Indian  Territory.  His  home  is  now  at  Vanita, 
in  that  Territory. 

THOMAS,  William,  pioneer  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  in  what  is  now  Allen  County, 
Ky.,  Nov.  23,  1802;  received  a  rudimentary  edu- 
cation, and  served  as  deputy  of  his  father  (who 
was  Sheriff),  and  afterwards  of  the  County  Clerk ; 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823; 
in  1826  removed  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he 
taught  school,  served  as  a  private  in  the  Winne- 
hago  War  (1827),  and  at  the  session  of  1828-29, 


reported  the  proceedings  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly for  "The  Vandalia  Intelligencer" ;  was  State's 
Attorney  and  School  Commissioner  of  Morgan 
County;  served  as  Quartermaster  and  Commis- 
sary in  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1831-32),  first  under 
Gen.  Joseph  Duncan  and,  a  year  later,  under 
General  Whiteside ;  in  1839  was  appointed  Circuit 
Judge,  but  legislated  out  of  oilier  two  years  later. 
It  was  as  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  however, 
that  he  gained  the  greatest  prominence,  first  as 
State  Senator  in  1834-40,  and  Representative  in 
1846-48  and  1850-58,  when  he  was  especially  influ- 
ential in  the  legislation  which  resulted  in  estab- 
lishing the  institutions  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
and  the  Blind,  and  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
(the  first  in  the  State)  at  Jacksonville— serving, 
for  a  time,  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  latter.  He  was  also  prominent  in  connec- 
tion with  many  enterprises  of  a  local  character, 
including  the  establishment  of  the  Illinois  Female 
College,  to  which,  although  without  children  of 
his  own,  he  was  a  liberal  contributor.  During 
the  first  year  of  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Army  Auditors  by  appointment  of  Gov- 
ernor Yates.  Died,  at  Jacksonville,  August  22, 
1889. 

THORNTON,  Anthony,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Bourbon  County.  Ky.,  Nov.  9,  1814— being 
descended  from  a  Virginia  family.  After  the 
usual  primary  instruction  in  the  common  schools, 
he  spent  two  years  in  a  high  school  at  Gallatin, 
Tenn.,  when  he  entered  Centre  College  at  Dan- 
ville, Ky.,  afterwards  continuing  his  studies  at 
Miami  University,  Ohio,  where  he  graduated  in 
1834.  Having  studied  law  with  an  uncle  at 
Paris,  ICy.,  he  was  licensed  to  practice  in  1836, 
when  he  left  his  native  State  with  a  view  to  set- 
tling in  Missouri,  but,  visiting  his  uncle,  Gen. 
William  F.  Thornton,  at  Shelby ville,  111.,  was 
induced  to  establish  himself  in  practice  there. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  State  Constitutional 
Conventions  of  1847  and  1862,  and  as  Represent- 
ative in  the  Seventeenth  General  Assembly 
(1850-52)  for  Shelby  County.  In  1864  he  was 
elected  to  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  and,  in 
1870,  to  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court,  but  served 
only  until  1873,  when  he  resigned.  In  1879 
Judge  Thornton  removed  to  Decatur,  III.,  but 
subsequently  returned  to  Shelbyville,  where 
(1898)  he  now  resides. 

THORNTON,  William  Fitzhngh,  Commissioner 
of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  was  bora  in 
Hanover  County,  Va.,  Oct.  4,  1789;  in  1806.  went 
to  Alexandria,  Va.,  where  he  conducted  a  drug 
business  for  a  time,  also  acting  as  associate 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


523 


editor  of  "The  Alexandria  Gazette."  Subse- 
quently removing  to  Washington  City,  he  con- 
ducted a  paper  there  in  the  interest  of  John 
Quincy  Adams  for  the  Presidency.  During  the 
War  of  1812-14  he  served  as  a  Captain  of  cavalry, 
and,  for  a  time,  as  staff -officer  of  General  Winder. 
On  occasion  of  the  visit  of  Marquis  La  Fayette  to 
America  (1824-25)  he  accompanied  the  distin- 
guished Frenchman  from  Baltimore  to  Rich- 
mond. In  1829  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  and, 
in  1833,  to  Shelbyville,  111.,  where  he  soon  after 
engaged  in  mercantile  business,  to  which  he 
added  a  banking  and  brokerage  business  in  1859, 
with  which  he  was  actively  associated  until  his 
death.  In  1836,  he  was  appointed,  by  Governor 
Duncan,  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Illinois 
&  Michigan  Canal,  serving  as  President  of  the 
Board  until  1842.  In  1840,  he  made  a  visit  to 
London,  as  financial  agent  of  the  State,  in  the 
interest  of  the  Canal,  and  succeeded  in  making  a 
sale  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $1,000,000  on  what 
were  then  considered  favorable  terms.  General 
Thornton  was  an  ardent  Whig  until  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Republican  party,  when  he  became 
a  Democrat.  Died,  at  Shelbyville,  Oct.  21, 
1873. 

TILLSON,  John,  pioneer,  was  born  at  Halifax, 
Mass.,  March  13,  1796;  came  to  Illinois  in  1819, 
locating  at  Hillsboro,  Montgomery  County,  where 
he  became  a  prominent  and  enterprising  operator 
in  real  estate,  doing  a  large  business  for  eastern 
parties ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Hillsboro 
Academy  and  an  influential  and  liberal  friend  of 
Illinois  College,  being  a  Trustee  of  the  latter 
from  its  establishment  until  his  death ;  was  sup- 
ported in  the  Legislature  of  1827  for  State  Treas- 
urer, but  defeated  by  James  Hall.  Died,  at 
Peoria,  May  11,  1853. -^Christiana  Holmes  (Till- 
son),  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Kingston, 
Mass.,  Oct.  10,  1798;  married  to  John  Tillson  in 
1822,  and  immediately  came  to  Illinois  to  reside; 
was  a  woman  of  rare  culture  and  refinement,  and 
deeply  interested  in  benevolent  enterprises. 
Died,  in  New  York  City,  May  29,  1872. —Charles 
Holmes  (Tillson),  son  of  John  and  Christiana 
Holmes  Tillson,  was  born  at  Hillsboro,  111. ,  Sept. 
15.  1823;  educated  at  Hillsboro  Academy  and 
Illinois  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1844;  studied  law  in  St.  Louis  and  at  Transyl- 
vania University,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  St. 
Louis  and  practiced  there  some  years — also  served 
several  terms  in  the  City  Council,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Guard  of  Missouri  in  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion.  Died,  Nov.  25,  1865.— 
John  (Tillson),  Jr.,  another  son,  was  born  at 


Hillsboro,  111.,  Oct.  12,  1825;  educated  at  Hills- 
boro Academy  and  Illinois  College,  but  did  not 
graduate  from  the  latter;  graduated  from  Tran- 
sylvania Law  School,  Ky.,  in  1847,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Quincy,  III.,  the  same 
year;  practiced  two  years  at  Galena,  when  he 
returned  to  Quincy.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the 
Tenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  became  its 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  on  the  promotion  of  Col.  J.  D. 
Morgan  to  Brigadier-General,  was  advanced  to 
the  colonelcy,  and,  in  July,  1865,  was  mustered 
out  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-General ; 
for  two  years  later  held  a  commission  as  Captain 
in  the  regular  army.  During  a  portion  of  1869-70 
he  was  editor  of  "The  Quincy  Whig";  in  1873 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  Twenty-eighth 
General  Assembly  to  succeed  Nehemiah  Bushnell, 
who  had  died  in  office,  and,  during  the  same  year, 
was  appointed  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for 
the  Quincy  District,  serving  until  1881.  Died, 
August  6,  1892. 

TILLSON,  Robert,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Hali- 
fax County,  Mass.,  August  12,  1800;  came  to  Illi- 
nois in  1822,  and  was  employed,  for  several  years, 
as  a  clerk  in  the  land  agency  of  his  brother,  John 
Tillson,  at  Hillsboro.  In  1826  he  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  business  with  Charles  Holmes,  Jr.,  in 
St.  Louis,  but,  in  1828,  removed  to  Quincy,  III., 
where  he  opened  the  first  general  store  in  that 
city;  also  served  as  Postmaster  for  some  ten 
years.  During  this  period  he  built  the  first  two- 
story  frame  building  erected  in  Quincy,  up  to 
that  date.  Retiring  from  the  mercantile  business 
in  1840  he  engaged  in  real  estate,  ultimately 
becoming  the  proprietor  of  considerable  property 
of  this  character ;  was  also  a  contractor  for  fur- 
nishing cavalry  accouterments  to  the  Government 
during  the  war.  Soon  after  the  war  he  erected 
one  of  the  handsomest  business  blocks  existing 
in  the  city  at  that  time.  Died,  in  Quincy,  Dec. 
27,  1892. 

II  M  II  KK.  John  1...  banker,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky in  1821 ;  brought  by  his  parents  to  Vermil- 
ion County,  Ind.,  in  1829,  and  left  an  orphan  at 
17;  attended  school  in  Coles  County,  111.,  and 
was  employed  as  clerk  in  a  store  at  Danville, 
1843-53.  He  then  became  a  member  of  the  firm 
of  Tincher  &  English,  merchants,  later  establish- 
ing a  bank,  which  became  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Danville.  In  1864  Mr.  Tincher  was 
elected  Representative  in  the  Twenty-fourth 
General  Assembly  and,  two  years  later,  to  the 
Senate,  being  re-elected  in  1870.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70.  Died,  in  Springfield.  Dec.  17,  1871, 


524 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


while  in  attendance  on  the  adjourned  session  of 
that  year. 

TIPTON,  Thomas  F.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  August  29,  1833; 
has  been  a  resident  of  McLean  County,  111.,  from 
the  age  of  10  years,  his  present  home  being  at 
Bloomington.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1857,  and,  from  January,  18G7,  to  December,  1868, 
was  State's  Attorney  for  the  Eighth  Judicial 
Circuit.  In  1870  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
same  circuit,  and  under  the  new  Constitution, 
was  chosen  Judge  of  the  new  Fourteenth  Circuit. 
From  1877  to  1879  he  represented  the  (then) 
Thirteenth  Illinois  District  in  Congress,  but,  in 
1878,  was  defeated  by  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  the 
Democratic  nominee.  In  1891  he  was  re-elected 
to  a  seat  on  the  Circuit  bench  for  the  Bloomington 
Circuit,  but  resumed  practice  at  the  expiration 
of  his  term  in  1897. 

T1SKILWA,  a  village  of  Bureau  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  7  miles 
southwest  of  Princeton ;  has  creameries  and 
cheese  factories,  churches,  school,  library,  water- 
works, bank  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  965. 

TODD,  (Col.)  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pa.,  in  1750;  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Va.,  in  1774,  as  Adju- 
tant-General of  General  Lewis;  settled  as  a 
lawyer  at  Fincastle,  Va.,  and,  in  1775,  removed 
to  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  the  next  year  locating 
near  Lexington.  He  was  one  of  the  first  two 
Delegates  from  Kentucky  County  to  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses,  and,  in  1778,  accompanied 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  on  his  expedition 
against  Kaskaskia  and  Vincennes.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1778,  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Patrick 
Henry,  Lieutenant -Commandant  of  Illinois 
County,  embracing  the  region  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  River,  serving  two  years;  in  1780,  was  again 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  where  he 
procured  grants  of  land  for  public  schools  and 
introduced  a  bill  for  negro-emancipation.  He 
was  killed  by  Indians,  at  the  battle  of  Blue 
Licks,  Ky.,  August  19,  1782. 

TODD,  (Dr.)  John,  physician,  born  near  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  April  27,  1787,  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est graduates  of  Transylvania  University,  also 
graduating  at  the  Medical  University  of  Phila- 
delphia; was  appointed  Surgeon -General  of  Ken- 
tucky troops  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  captured  at 
tne  battle  of  River  Raisin.  Returning  to  Lex- 
ington after  his  release,  he  practiced  there  and 
at  Bardstown,  removed  to  Edwardsville,  111.,  in 
1817,  and,  in  1827,  to  Springfield,  where  he  had 
been  appointed  Register  of  the  Laud  Office  by 


President  John  Quincy  Adams,  but  was  removed 
by  Jackson  in  1829.  Dr.  Todd  continued  to  reside 
at  Springfield  until  his  death,  which  occurred, 
Jan.  9,  1865.  He  was  a  grandson  of  John  Todd, 
who  was  appointed  Commandant  of  Illinois 
County  by  Gov.  Patrick  Henry  in  1778,  and  an 
uncle  of  Mrs.  Abraham  Lincoln.— John  Itlair 
Smith  (Todd),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  April  4,  1814;  came  with  his 
father  to  Illinois  in  1817 ;  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  in  1837,  serving  after- 
wards in  tin1  Florida  and  Mexican  wars  and  on 
the  frontier;  resigned,  and  was  an  Indian-trader 
in  Dakota,  1856-61 ;  the  latter  year,  took  his 
seat  as  a  Delegate  in  Congress  from  Dakota, 
then  served  as  Brigadier-General  of  Volun- 
teers, 1861-62;  was  again  Delegate  in  Congress 
in  1863-65,  Speaker  of  the  Dakota  Legislature 
in  1867,  and  Governor  of  the  Territory,  1869-71. 
Died,  at  Yankton  City,  Jan.  5,  1872. 

TOLEDO,  a  village  and  the  county-seat  of 
Cumberland  County,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road ;  founded  in  1854 ;  has  five  churches,  a  graded 
school,  two  banks,  creamery,  flour  mill,  elevator, 
and  two  weekly  newspapers.  There  are  no  manu- 
factories, the  leading  industry  in  the  surrounding 
country  being  agriculture.  Pop.  (1890),  676; 
(1900),  818. 

TOLEDO,  CINCINNATI  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Kansas  Citg 
Railroad. ) 

TOLEDO,  PEORIA  k  WARSAW  RAILROAD. 
(See  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railway.) 

TOLEDO,  PEORIA  &  WESTERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Toledo,  Peoria  <£•  Western  Railicay.) 

TOLEDO,  PEORIA  &  WESTERN  RAILWAY, 
a  line  of  railroad  wholly  within  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, extending  from  Effner,  at  the  Indiana  State 
line,  west  to  the  Mississippi  River  at  Warsaw. 
The  length  of  the  whole  line  is  230.7  miles,  owned 
entirely  by  the  company.  It  is  made  up  of  a 
division  from  Effner  to  Peoria  (110.9  miles) — 
which  is  practically  an  air-line  throughout  nearly 
its  entire  length — and  the  Peoria  and  Warsaw 
Division  (108.8  miles)  with  branches  from  La 
Harpe  to  Iowa  Junction  (10.4  miles)  and  0.6  of  a 
mile  connecting  with  the  Keokuk  bridge  at 
Hamilton.— (HISTORY.)  The  original  charter  for 
this  line  was  granted,  in  1863,  under  the  name  of 
the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw  Railroad ;  the  main 
line  was  completed  in  1868,  and  the  La  Harpe  & 
Iowa  Junction  branch  in  1873.  Default  was 
made  in  1873,  the  road  sold  under  foreclosure,  in 
1880,  and  reorganized  as  the  Toledo,  Peoria  & 
Western  Railroad,  and  the  line  leased  for  4!)  '4' 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


525 


years  to  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway 
Company.  The  latter  defaulted  in  July,  1884, 
and,  a  year  later,  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western 
was  transferred  to  trustees  for  the  first  mortgage 
bond-holders,  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in 
October,  1886,  and,  in  March,  1887,  the  present 
company,  under  the  name  of  the  Toledo,  Peoria 
&  Western  Railway  Company,  was  organized  for 
the  purpose  of  taking  over  the  property.  In  1893 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  obtained  a 
controlling  interest  in  the  stock,  and,  in  1894,  an 
agreement,  for  joint  ownership  and  management, 
was  entered  into  between  that  corporation  and 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  Com- 
pany. The  total  capitalization,  in  1898,  was 
$9,712,433,  of  which  $4,076,900  was  in  stock  and 
$4, 895,000  in  bonds. 

TOLEDO,  ST.  LOUIS  &  KANSAS  CITY  KAIL- 
ROAD.  This  line  crosses  the  State  in  a  northeast 
direction  from  East  St.  Louis  to  Humrick,  near 
the  Indiana  State  line,  with  Toledo  as  its  eastern 
terminus.  The  length  of  the  entire  line  is  450.72 
miles,  of  which  179%  miles  are  operated  in  Illi- 
nois.—(HISTORY.)  The  Illinois  portion  of  the 
line  grew  out  of  the  union  of  charters  granted  to 
the  Tuscola,  Charleston  &  Vincennes  and  the 
Charleston,  Neoga  &  St.  Louis  Railroad  Com- 
panies, which  were  consolidated  in  1881  with 
certain  Indiana  lines  under  the  name  of  the 
Toledo,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis  Railroad.  During 
1882  a  narrow-gauge  road  was  constructed  from 
Ridge  Farm,  in  Vermilion  County,  to  East  St. 
Louis  (172  miles).  In  1885  this  was  sold  under 
foreclosure  and,  in  June,  1886,  consolidated  with 
the  main  line  under  the  name  of  the  Toledo,  St. 
Louis  &  Kansas  City  Railroad.  The  whole  line 
was  changed  to  standard  gauge  in  1887-89,  and 
otherwise  materially  improved,  but,  in  1893, 
went  into  the  hands  of  receivers.  Plans  of  re- 
organization have  been  under  consideration,  but 
the  receivers  were  still  in  control  in  1898. 

TOLEDO,  WABASH  &  WESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Wabash  Railroad.) 

TOLONO,  a  city  in  Champaign  County,  situ- 
ated at  the  intersection  of  the  Wabash  and  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroads.  9  miles  south  of  Cham- 
paign and  37  miles  east-northeast  of  Decatur.  It 
is  the  business  center  of  a  prosperous  agricultural 
region.  The  town  has  five  churches,  a  graded 
school,  a  bank,  a  button  factory,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1880),  905;  (1890),  902 
(1900),  845. 

TONICA,  a  village  of  La  Salle  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railway,  9  miles  south  of  La  Salle ; 
the  district  is  agricultural,  but  the  place  has  some 


manufactures    and    a    newspaper.     Population 
(1890),  473;  (1900),  497. 

TONTY,  Chevalier  Henry  de,  explorer  and  sol 
dier,  born  at  Gaeta.  Italy,  about  1650  What  is 
now  known  as  the  Tontine  system  of  insurance 
undoubtedly  originated  with  his  father.  The 
younger  Tonty  was  adventurous,  and,  even  as  a 
youth,  took  part  in  numerous  land  and  naval 
encounters.  In  the  course  of  his  experience  he 
lost  a  hand,  which  was  replaced  by  an  iron  or 
copper  substitute.  He  embarked  with  La  Salle 
in  1678,  and  aided  in  the  construction  of  a  fort  at 
Niagara.  He  advanced  into  the  country  of  the 
Illinois  and  established  friendly  relations  with 
them,  only  to  witness  the  defeat  of  his  putative 
savage  allies  by  the  Iroquois.  After  various 
encounters  (chiefly  under  the  direction  of  La 
Salle)  with  the  Indians  in  Illinois,  he  returned 
to  Green  Bay  in  1681.  The  same  year — under  La 
Salle's  orders — he  began  the  erection  of  Fort  St. 
Louis,  on  what  is  now  called  "Starved  Rock"  in 
La  Salle  County.  In  1682  he  descended  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  its  mouth,  with  La  Salle,  but  was 
ordered  back  to  Mackinaw  for  assistance.  In 
1684  he  returned  to  Illinois  and  successfully 
repulsed  the  Iroquois  from  Fort  St.  Louis.  In 
1686  he  again  descended  the  Mississippi  in  search 
of  La  Salle.  Disheartened  by  the  death  of  his 
commander  and  the  loss  of  his  early  comrades, 
he  took  up  his  residence  with  the  Illinois  Indians. 
Among  them  he  was  found  by  Iberville  in  1700, 
as  a  hunter  and  fur-trader.  He  died,  in  Mobile, 
in  September,  1704.  He  was  La  Salle's  most  effi- 
cient coadjutor,  and  next  to  his  ill-fated  leader, 
did  more  than  any  other  of  the  early  French 
explorers  to  make  Illinois  known  to  the  civilized 
world. 

TOPOGRAPHY.  Illinois  is,  generally  speak- 
ing, an  elevated  table-land.  If  low  water  at 
Cairo  be  adopted  as  the  maximum  depression,  and 
the  summits  of  the  two  ridges  hereinafter  men- 
tioned as  the  highest  points  of  elevation,  the  alti- 
tude of  this  table  land  above  the  sea-level  varies 
from  300  to  850  feet,  the  mean  elevation  being 
about  600  feet.  The  State  has  no  mountain 
chains,  and  its  few  hills  are  probably  the  result 
of  unequal  denudation  during  the  drift  epoch. 
In  some  localities,  particularly  in  the  valley  of 
the  upper  Mississippi,  the  streams  have  cut 
channels  from  200  to  300  feet  deep  through  the 
nearly  horizontal  strata,  and  here  are  found  pre- 
cipitous scarps,  but.  for  the  most  part,  the 
fundamental  rocks  are  covered  by  a  thick  layer 
of  detrital  material.  In  the  northwest  there  is  a 
broken  tract  of  uneven  ground ;  the  central  por- 


526 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


tion  of  the  State  is  almost  wholly  flat  prairie, 
and,  in  the  alluvial  lands  in  the  State,  there  are 
many  deep  valleys,  eroded  by  the  action  of 
streams.  The'  surface  generally  slopes  toward 
the  south  and  southwest,  but  the  uniformity  is 
broken  by  two  ridges,  which  cross  the  State,  one 
in  either  extremity.  The  northern  ridge  crosses 
the  Rock  River  at  Grand  Detour  and  the  Illinois 
•At  Split  Rock,  with  an  extreme  altitude  of  800  to 
450  feet  above  sea-level,  though  the  altitude  of 
Mount  Morris,  in  Ogle  County,  exceeds  900  feet. 
That  in  the  south  consists  of  a  range  of  hills  in 
the  latitude  of  Jonesboro,  and  extending  from 
Shawneetown  to  Grand  Tower.  These  hills  are 
also  about  800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 
The  highest  point  in  the  State  is  in  Jo  Daviess. 
County,  just  south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line 
(near  Scale's  Mound)  reaching  an  elevation  of 
1,257  feet  above  sea-level,  while  the  highest  in 
the  south  is  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Pope 
County— 1,046  feet — a  spur  of  the  Ozark  moun- 
tains. The  following  statistics  regarding  eleva- 
tions are  taken  from  a  report  of  Prof.  C.  W. 
Rolfe,  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  based  on 
observations  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Illi- 
nois Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners:  The 
lowest  gauge  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  its  mouth 
(above  sea-level),  is  268.58  feet,  and  the  mean 
level  of  Lake  Michigan  at  Chicago  581.28  feet. 
The  altitudes  of  a  few  prominent  points  are  as 
follows:  Highest  point  in  Jackson  County,  695 
feet;  "Bald  Knob"  in  Union  County,  985;  high- 
est point  in  Cook  County  (Barrington),  818;  in  La 
Salle  County  (Mendota),  747;  in  Livingston 
(Strawn),  770;  in  Will  (Monee),  804;  in  Pike 
(Arden),  790;  in  Lake  (Lake  Zurich),  880;  in 
Bureau,  910;  in  Boone,  1,010;  in  Lee  (Carnahan), 
1,017;  in  Stephenson  (Waddam's  Grove),  1,018; 
in  Kane  (Briar  Hill),  974;  in  Winnebago,  985. 
The  elevations  of  important  towns  are:  Peoria, 
465;  Jacksonville,  602;  Springfield,  596;  Gales- 
burg,  755;  Joliet,  537;  Rockford,  728;  Blooming- 
ton,  821.  Outside  of  the  immediate  valleys  of 
the  streams,  and  a  few  isolated  groves  or  copses, 
little  timber  is  found  in  the  northern  and  central 
portions  of  the  State,  and  such  growth  as  there 
is.  lacks  the  thriftiness  characteristic  of  the  for- 
ests in  the  Ohio  valley.  These  forests  cover  a 
belt  extending  some  sixty  miles  north  of  Cairo, 
and,  while  they  generally  include  few  coniferous 
trees,  they  abound  in  various  species  of  oak, 
black  and  white  walnut,  white  and  yellow  pop- 
lar, ash,  elm,  sugar-maple,  linden,  honey  locust, 
"•ottonwood,  mulberry,  sycamore,  pecan,  persim- 
mon, and  (in  the  immediate  valley  of  the  Ohio) 


the  cypress.  From  a  commercial  point  of  view, 
Illinois  loses  nothing  through  the  lack  of  timber 
over  three-fourths  of  the  State's  area.  Chicago 
is  an  accessible  market  for  the  product  of  the 
forests  of  the  upper  lakes,  so  that  the  supply  of 
lumber  is  ample,  while  extensive  coal-fields  sup- 
ply abundant  fuel.  The  rich  soil  of  the  prairies, 
with  its  abundance  of  organic  matter  (see  Geo- 
logical Formations),  more  than  compensates  for 
the  want  of  pine  forests,  whose  soil  is  ill  adapted 
to  agriculture.  About  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
boundary  of  the  State  consists  of  navigable 
waters.  These,  with  their  tributary  streams, 
ensure  sufficient  drainage. 

TORRENS  LAND  TITLE  SYSTEM.  A  system 
for  the  registration  of  titles  to,  and  incumbrances 
upon,  land,  as  well  as  transfers  thereof,  intended 
to  remove  all  unnecessary  obstructions  to  the 
cheap,  simple  and  safe  sale,  acquisition  and 
transfer  of  realty.  The  system  has  been  in  suc- 
cessful operation  in  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zea- 
land and  British  Columbia  for  many  years,  and 
it  is  also  in  force  in  some  States  in  the  American 
Union.  An  act  providing  for  its  introduction 
into  Illinois  was  first  passed  by  the  Twenty- 
ninth  General  Assembly,  and  approved,  June  13, 
1895.  The  final  legislation  in  reference  thereto 
was  enacted  by  the  succeeding  Legislature,  and 
was  approved,  May  1,  1897.  It  is  far  more  elabo- 
rate in  its  consideration  of  details,  and  is  believed 
to  be,  in  many  respects,  much  better  adapted  to 
accomplish  the  ends  in  view,  than  was  the  origi- 
nal act  of  1895.  The  law  is  applicable  only  to 
counties  of  the  first  and  second  class,  and  can  be 
adopted  in  no  county  except  by  a  vote  of  a 
majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  same — the 
vote  "for"  or  "against"  to  be  taken  at  either  the 
November  or  April  elections,  or  at  an  election 
for  the  choice  of  Judges.  Thus  far  the  only 
county  to  adopt  the  system  has  been  Cook,  and 
there  it  encountered  strong  opposition  on  the 
part  of  certain  parties  of  influence  and  wealth. 
After  its  adoption,  a  test  case  was  brought,  rais- 
ing the  question  of  the  constitutionality  of  the 
act.  The  issue  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court, 
which  tribunal  finally  upheld  the  law.— The 
Torrens  system  substitutes  a  certificate  of  regis- 
tration and  of  transfer  for  the  more  elaborate 
deeds  and  mortgages  in  use  for  centuries.  Under 
it  there  can  be  no  actual  transfer  of  a  title  until 
the  same  is  entered  upon  the  public  land  regis- 
ter, kept  in  the  office  of  the  Registrar,  in  which 
case  the  deed  or  mortgage  becomes  a  mere  power 
of  attorney  to  authorize  the  transfer  to  be  made, 
upon  the  principle  of  an  ordinary  stock  transfer, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


52? 


or  of  the  registration  of  a  United  States  bond, 
the  actual  transfer  and  public  notice  thereof 
being  simultaneous.  A  brief  synopsis  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Illinois  statute  is  given  below. 
Recorders  of  deeds  are  made  Registrars,  and 
required  to  give  bonds  of  either  $50,000  or  $200,- 
000,  according  to  the  population  of  the  county. 
Any  person  or  corporation,  having  an  interest  in 
land,  may  make  application  to  any  court  having 
chancery  jurisdiction,  to  have  his  title  thereto 
registered.  Such  application  must  be  in  writ- 
ing, signed  and  verified  by  oath,  and  must  con- 
form, in  matters  of  specification  and  detail,  with 
the  requirements  of  the  act.  The  court  may  refer 
the  application  to  one  of  the  standing  examiners 
appointed  by  the  Registrar,  who  are  required  to 
be  competent  attorneys  and  to  give  bond  to  ex- 
amine into  the  title,  as  well  as  the  truth  of  the 
applicant's  statements.  Immediately  upon  the 
filing  of  the  application,  notice  thereof  is  given 
by  the  clerk,  through  publication  and  the  issuance 
of  a  summons  to  be  served,  as  in  other  proceed- 
ings in  chancery,  against  all  persons  mentioned 
in  the  petition  as  having  or  claiming  any  inter- 
est in  the  property  described.  Any  person  inter- 
ested, whether  named  as  a  defendant  or  not,  may 
enter  an  appearance  within  the  time  allowed.  A 
failure  to  enter  an  appearance  is  regarded  as  a 
confession  by  default.  The  court,  in  passing 
upon  the  application,  is  in  no  case  bound  by  the 
examiner's  report,  but  may  require  other  and 
further  proof ;  and,  in  its  final  adjudication,  passes 
upon  all  questions  of  title  and  incumbrance, 
directing  the  Registrar  to  register  the  title  in  the 
party  in  whom  it  is  .to  be  vested,  and  making 
provision  as  to  the  manner  and  order  in  which 
incumbrances  thereon  shall  appear  upon  the 
certificate  to  be  issued.  An  appeal  may  be 
allowed  to  the  Supreme  Court,  if  prayed  at  the 
time  of  entering  the  decree,  upon  like  terms  as 
in  other  cases  in  chancery ;  and  a  writ  of  error 
may  be  sued  out  from  that  tribunal  within  two 
years  after  the  entry  of  the  order  or  decree. 
The  period  last  mentioned  may  be  said  to  be  the 
statutory  period  of  limitation,  after  which  the 
decree  of  the  court  must  be  regarded  as  final, 
although  safeguards  are  provided  for  those  who 
may  have  been  defrauded,  and  for  a  few  other 
classes  of  persons.  Upon  the  filing  of  the  order 
or  decree  of  the  court,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the 
Registrar  to  issue  a  certificate  of  title,  the  form 
of  which  is  prescribed  by  the  act,  making  such 
notations  at  the  end  as  shall  show  and  preserve 
the  priorities  of  all  estates,  mortgages,  incum- 
brances and  changes  to  which  the  owner's  title  is 


subject.  For  the  purpose  of  preserving  evidence 
of  the  owner's  handwriting,  a  receipt  for  the 
certificate,  duly  witnessed  or  acknowledged,  is 
required  of  him,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Regis- 
trar's office.  In  case  any  registered  owner 
should  desire  to  transfer  the  whole  or  any  part  of 
his  estate,  or  any  interest  therein,  he  is  required 
to  execute  a  conveyance  to  the  transferee,  which, 
together  with  the  certificate  of  title  last  issued, 
must  be  surrendered  to  the  Registrar.  That 
official  thereupon  issues  a  new  certificate,  stamp- 
ing the  word  "cancelled"  across  the  surrendered 
certificate,  as  well  as  upon  the  corresponding 
entry  in  his  books  of  record.  When  land  is  first 
brought  within  the  operation  of  the  act,  the 
receiver  of  the  certificate  of  title  is  required  to 
pay  to  the  Registrar  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent  of 
the  value  of  the  land,  the  aggregate  so  received 
to  be  deposited  with  and  invested  by  the  County 
Treasurer,  and  reserved  as  an  indemnity  fund 
for  the  reimbursement  of  persons  sustaining  any 
loss  through  any  omission,  mistake  or  malfea- 
sance of  the  Registrar  or  his  subordinates.  The 
advantage  claimed  for  the  Torrens  system  is, 
chiefly,  that  titles  registered  thereunder  can  be 
dealt  with  more  safely,  quickly  and  inexpensively 
than  under  the  old  system ;  it  being  possible  to 
close  the  entire  transaction  within  an  hour  or 
two,  without  the  need  of  an  abstract  of  title, 
while  (as  the  law  is  administered  in  Cook  County) 
the  cost  of  transfer  is  only  $3.  It  is  asserted  that 
a  title,  once  registered,  can  be  dealt  with  almost 
as  quickly  and  cheaply,  and  quite  as  safely,  as 
shares  of  stock  or  registered  bonds. 

TOULON,  the  county-seat  of  Stark  County,  on 
the  Peoria  &  Rock  Island  Railroad.  37  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Peoria,  and  11  miles  southeast  of 
Galva.  Besides  the  county  court-house,  the  town 
has  five  churches  and  a  high  school,  an  academy, 
steam  granite  works,  two  banks,  and  two  weekly 
papers.  Population  (1880),  967;  (1890),  945;  (1900), 
1,057. 

TOWER  HILL,  a  village  of  Shelby  County,  on 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Rail- 
roads, 7  miles  east  of  Pana;  has  bank,  grain  ele- 
vators, and  coal  mine.  Pop.  (1900),  615. 

TOWNSHEND,  Richard  W.,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Prince  George's  County, 
Md.,  April  30,  1840.  Between  the  ages  of  10 
and  18  he  attended  public  and  private  schools 
at  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1858  he  came  to 
Illinois,  where  he  began  teaching,  at  the  same 
time  reading  law  with  S.  S.  Marshall,  at  Mc- 
Leansboro,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 


528 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  1862,  and  where  he  began  practice.  From  186!! 
to  1868  he  was  Circuit  Clerk  of  Hamilton  County, 
and,  from  1868  to  1872,  Prosecuting  Attorney  for 
the  Twelfth  Judicial  Circuit.  In  1873  he  removed 
to  Shawneetown,  where  lie  became  an  officer  of 
the  Oallatiii  National  Bank.  From  1C64  to  1875 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  Democratic  State  Cen- 
tral Committee,  and  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  at  Baltimore,  in  1872. 
For  twelve  years  (1877  to  1889)  he  represented 
his  District  in  Congress;  was  re-elected  in  1888, 
but  died,  March  9,  1889,  a  few  days  after  the 
beginning  of  his  seventh  term. 

TRACY,  John  .fl.,  artist,  was  born  in  Illinois 
about  1842 ;  served  in  an  Illinois  regiment  during 
the  Civil  War;  studied  painting  in  Paris  in 
1866-76;  established  himself  as  a  portrait  painter 
in  St.  Louis  and,  later,  won  a  high  reputation  as 
a  painter  of  animals,  being  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity on  the  anatomy  of  the  horse  and  the  dog. 
Died,  at  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.,  March  20,  1893. 

TREASURERS.     (See  State  Treasurers. ) 

TREAT,  Samuel  Hnbbel,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  at  Plainfield,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y. . 
June  21.  1811,  worked  on  his  father's  farm  and 
studied  law  at  Richfield,  where  he  was  admitted 
to  practice.  In  1834  lie  came  to  Springfield,  111., 
traveling  most  of  the  way  on  foot.  Here  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  (ieorge  Forquer,  who 
had  held  the  offices  of  Secretary  of  State  and 
Attorney-General.  In  1839  lie  was  appointed  a 
Circuit  Judge,  and,  on  the  reorganization  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1841,  was  elevated  to  the 
Supreme  bench,  being  acting  Chief  Justice  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1H4S. 
Having  l*en  elected  to  the  Supreme  bench  under 
the  new  Constitution,  he  remained  in  office  until 
March,  1855,  when  lie  resigned  to  take  the  )x>si- 
tion  of  Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court 
for  the  Southern  District  of  Illinois,  to  which  he 
had  been  appointed  by  President  Pierce.  This 
position  he  continued  to  occupy  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  Springfield,  March  27,  1887. 
Judge  Treat's  judicial  career  was  one  of  the  long- 
est in  the  history  of  the  State,  covering  a  period 
of  forty-eight  years,  of  which  fourteen  were 
spent  upon  the  Supreme  bench,  and  thirty-two 
in  the  position  of  Judge  of  the  United  States  Dis- 
trict Court. 

TREATIES.  (See  Greenville,  Treaty  of:  Indian 
Treaties.) 

TREE,  Lambert,  jurist,  diplomat  and  ex-Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Washington,  D.  C. ,  Nov. 
29,  1832,  of  an  ancestry  distinguished  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  He  received  a  superior  clas- 


sical and  professional  education,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar,  at  Washington,  in  October,  1855. 
Removing  to  Chicago  soon  afterward,  his  profes- 
sional career  has  been  chiefly  connected  with 
that  city.  In  1864  he  was^  chosen  President  of 
the  Law  Institute,  and  served  as  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  from  1870  to  1875, 
when  he  resigned.  The  three  following  years  he 
spent  in  foreign  travel,  returning  to  Chicago  in 
1878.  In  that  year,  and  again  in  1880,  he  was 
the  Democratic  candidate  for  Congress  from  the 
Fourth  Illinois  District,  but  was  defeated  by  his 
Republican  opponent.  In  1885  he  was  the  candi- 
date of  his  party  for  United  States  Senator,  but 
was  defeated  by  John  A.  Logan,  by  one  vote.  In 
1884  he  was  a  member  of  the  National  Democratic 
Convention  which  first  nominated  Grover  Cleve- 
land, and,  in  July,  1885,  President  Cleveland 
appointed  him  Minister  to  Belgium,  conferring 
the  Russian  mission  upon  him  in  September,  1888. 
On  March  3.  1889.  he  resigned  this  post  and 
returned  home.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Harrison  a  Commissioner  to  the  Inter- 
national Monetary  Conference  at  Washington. 
The  year  before  he  had  attended  (although  not  as 
a  delegate)  the  International  Conference,  at  Brus- 
sels, looking  to  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade, 
where  he  exerted  all  his  influence  on  the  side  of 
humanity.  In  1802  Belgium  conferred  upon  him 
the  distinction  of  "Councillor  of  Honor"  upon  its 
commission  to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi 
tion.  In  1896  Judge  Tree  was  one  of  the  most 
earnest  opponents  of  the  free-silver  policy,  and, 
after  the  Spanish- American  War,  a  zealous  advo- 
cate of  the  policy  of  retaining  the  territory 
acquired  from  Spain. 

TREMONT,a  town  of  Tazewell  County,  on  the 
Peoria  Division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  <$:  St.  Louis  Railway,  9  miles  southeast 
of  Pekin;  has  two  banks,  two  telephone 
exchanges,  and  one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  768. 

TRENTON,  a  town  of  Clinton  County,  on  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  South  western  Railway,  31  miles 
east  of  St.  Louis:  in  agricultural  district;  has 
creamery,  milk  condensery,  two  coal  mines,  six 
churches,  a  public  school  and  one  newspaper. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,384;  (1900),  1,706;  (1904).  about  2,000. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis  railroad,  21  miles 
northeast  of  St.  l.oui-  .  has  churches,  a  bank  and 
a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  1,080. 

TRUITT,  James  Madison,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
a  native  of  Trimble  County,  Ky.,  was  born  Feb. 
12,  1842,  but  lived  in  Illinois  since  1843,  his  father 
having  settled  near  Carrollton  that  year;  wag 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


529 


educated  at  Hillsboro  and  at  McEendree  College : 
enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Seventeenth 
Illinois  Volunteers  in  1862,  and  was  promoted 
from  the  ranks  to  Lieutenant.  After  the  war  he 
studied  law  with  Jesse  J.  Phillips,  now  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and,  in  1872,  was  elected  to  the 
Twenty -eighth  General  Assembly,  and,  in  1888,  a 
Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican  ticket. 
Mr.  Truitt  has  been  twice  a  prominent  but  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination 
for  Attorney-General.  His  home  is  at  Hillsboro, 
where  he  is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. Died  July  26,  1900. 

TRl'MBl'LL,  l.nnan,  statesman,  was  born  at 
Colchester,  Conn.,  Oct.  12,  1813,  descended  from 
a  historical  family,  being  a  grand-nephew  of 
Gov.  Jonathan  Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  from 
whom  the  name  "Brother  Jonathan"  was  derived 
as  an  appellation  for  Americans.  Having  received 
an  academic  education  in  his  native  town,  at  the 
age  of  16  he  began  teaching  a  district  school  near 
his  home,  went  South  four  years  later,  and  en- 
gaged in  teaching  at  Greenville,  Ga.  Here  he 
studied  law  with  Judge  Hiram  Warner,  after- 
wards of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1837.  Leaving  Georgia  the  same  year,  he 
came  to  Illinois  on  horseback,  visiting  Vandalia. 
Belleville,  Jacksonville,  Springfield,  Tremont  and 
La  Salle,  and  finally  reaching  Chicago,  then  a 
village  of  four  or  five  thousand  inhabitants.  At 
Jacksonville  he  obtained  a  license  to  practice 
from  Judge  Lockwood,  and,  after  visiting  Michi- 
gan and  his  native  State,  he  settled  at  Belleville, 
which  continued  to  be  his  home  for  twenty  years. 
His  entrance  into  public  life  began  with  his  elec- 
tion as  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly 
in  1840.  This  was  followed,  in  February,  1841, 
by  his  appointment  by  Governor  Carlin,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  as  the  successor  of  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  who,  after  holding  the  position  only  two 
months,  had  resigned  to  accept  a  seat  on  the 
Supreme  bench.  Here  he  remained  two  years, 
when  he  was  removed  by  Governor  Ford,  March 
4,  1843,  but,  five  years  later  (1848),  waselected  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  was  re-elected  in 
1852,  but  resigned  in  1853  on  account  of  impaired 
health.  A  year  later  (1854)  he  was  elected  to 
Congress  from  the  Belleville  District  as  an  anti- 
Nebraska  Democrat,  but,  before  taking  his  seat, 
was  promoted  to  the  United  States  Senate,  as  the 
successor  of  General  Shields  in  the  memorable  con- 
test of  1855,  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  Abra- 
liam  Lincoln.  Senator  Trumbull's  career  of 
eighteen  years  in  the  United  States  Senate  (being 
re-elected  in  1861  and  1867)  is  one  of  the  most 


memorable  in  the  history  of  that  body,  covering, 
as  it  does,  the  whole  history  of  the  war  for  the 
Union,  and  the  period  of  reconstruction  which 
followed  it.  During  this  period,  as  Chairman  of 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Judiciary,  he  had  more 
to  do  in  shaping  legislation  on  war  and  recon- 
struction measures  than  any  other  single  member 
of  that  body.  While  he  disagreed  with  a  large 
majority  of  his  Republican  associates  on  the  ques- 
tion of  Andrew  Johnson's  impeachment,  he  was 
always  found  in  sympathy  with  them  on  the  vital 
questions  affecting  the  war  and  restoration  of  the 
Union.  The  Civil  Rights  Bill  and  Freedmen's 
Bureau  Bills  were  shaped  by  his  hand.  In  1872 
he  joined  in  the  ''Liberal  Republican"  movement 
and  afterwards  co-operated  with  the  Democratic 
party,  being  their  candidate  for  Governor  in 
1880.  From  1863  his  home  was  in  Chicago, 
where,  after  retiring  from  the  Senate,  he  con- 
tinued in  the  practice  of  his  profession  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  that  city,  June  25,  1896. 

TUG  MILLS.  These  were  a  sort  of  primitive 
machine  used  in  grinding  corn  in  Territorial  and 
early  State  days.  The  mechanism  consisted  of  an 
upright  shaft,  into  the  upper  end  of  which  were 
fastened  bars,  resembling  those  in  the  capstan  of 
a  ship.  Into  the  outer  end  of  each  of  these  bars 
was  driven  a  pin.  A  belt,  made  of  a  broad  strip 
of  ox-hide,  twisted  into  a  sort  of  rope,  was 
stretched  around  these  pins  and  wrapped  twice 
around  a  circular  piece  of  wood  called  a  trundle 
head,  through  which  passed  a  perpendicular  flat 
bar  of  iron,  which  turned  the  mill-stone,  usually 
about  eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  From  the 
upright  shaft  projected  a  beam,  to  which  were 
hitched  one  or  two  horses,  which  furnished  the 
motive  power.  Oxen  were  sometimes  employed 
as  motive  power  in  lieu  of  horses.  These  rudi- 
mentary contrivances  were  capable  of  grinding 
about  twelve  bushels  of  corn,  each,  per  day. 

TFLEY,  Murray  Floyd,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  4.  1827,  of  English 
extraction  and  descended  from  the  early  settlers 
of  Virginia.  His  father  died  in  1832,  and,  eleven 
years  later,  his  mother,  having  married  Col. 
Richard  J.  Hamilton,  for  many  years  a  prominent 
lawyer  of  Chicago,  removed  with  her  family  to 
that  city.  Young  Tuley  began  reading  law  with 
his  step-father  and  completed  his  studies  at  the 
Louisville  Law  Institute  in  1847,  the  same  year 
being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Chicago.  About  the 
same  time  he  enlisted  in  the  Fifth  Illinois  Volun- 
teers for  service  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  was 
commissioned  First  Lieutenant.  The  war  having 
ended,  he  settled  at  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  where  he 


530 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


practiced  law,  also  served  as  Attorney-General 
and  in  the  Territorial  Legislature.  Returning  to 
Chicago  in  1854,  he  was  associated  in  practice, 
successively,  with  Andrew  Harvie,  Judge  Gary 
and  J.  N.  Barker,  and  finally  as  head  of  the  firm 
of  Tuley,  Stiles  &  Lewis.  From  1869  to  1873  he 
was  Corporation  Counsel,  and  during  this  time 
framed  the  General  Incorporation  Act  for  Cities, 
under  which  the  City  of  Chicago  was  reincor- 
porated.  In  1879  he  was  elevated  to  the  bench 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  and  re- 
elected  every  six  years  thereafter,  his  last  election 
being  in  1897.  He  is  now  serving  his  fourth 
term,  some  ten  years  of  his  incumbency  having 
been  spent  in  the  capacity  of  Chief  Justice. 

TT  N  MCI.1PKK,  Damon  6.,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.,  August  20, 
1829;  at  the  age  of  20,  emigrated  to  Illinois,  set- 
tling in  Vermont,  Fulton  County,  where,  for  a 
time,  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He 
subsequently  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1853.  In  1854  he  established  himself 
at  Macomb,  McDonough  County,  where  he  built 
up  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1868  he 
was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket,  and,  from  February  to  June,  1885, 
by  appointment  of  Governor  Oglesby,  occupied  a 
seat  on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court,  vice 
Pinkney  H.  Walker,  deceased,  who  had  been  one 
of  his  first  professional  preceptors. 

TURCHIN,  John  Basil  (Ivan  Vasilevitch  Tur- 
chinoff),  soldier,  engineer  and  author,  was  born 
in  Russia,  Jan.  30,  1822.  He  graduated  from  the 
artillery  school  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1841,  and 
was  commissioned  ensign;  participated  in  the 
Hungarian  campaign  of  1849,  and,  in  1852,  was 
assigned  to  the  staff  of  the  Imperial  Guards; 
served  through  the  Crimean  War,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  Colonel,  and  being  made  senior  staff 
officer  of  the  active  corps.  In  1856  he  came  to 
this  country,  settling  in  Chicago,  and,  for  five 
years,  was  in  the  service  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railway  Company  as  topographical  engineer.  In 
1861  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Illinois  Volunteers,  and,  after  leading  his 
regiment  in  Missouri,  Kentucky  and  Alabama, 
was,  on  July  7,  1862,  promoted  to  a  Brigadier- 
Generalship,  being  attached  to  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  until  1864,  when  he  resigned.  After 
the  war  he  was,  for  six  years,  solicitor  of  patents 
at  Chicago,  but,  in  1873,  returned  to  engineering. 
In  1879  he  established  a  Polish  colony  at  Radom, 
in  Washington  County,  in  this  State,  and  settled 
as  a  farmer.  He  is  an  occasional  contributor  to 
the  press,  writing  usually  on  military  or  scientific 


subjects,  and  is  the  author  of  the  "Campaign  and 
Battle  of  Chickamauga"  (Chicago,  1888). 

TURNER  (now  WEST  CHICAGO),  a  town  and 
manufacturing  center  in  Winfield  Township,  Du 
Page  County,  30  miles  west  of  Chicago,  at  the 
junction  of  two  divisions  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy,  the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  and  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroads.  The  town 
has  a  rolling-mill,  manufactories  of  wagons  and 
pumps,  and  railroad  repair  shops.  It  also  has  five 
churches,  a  graded  school,  and  two  newspapers. 
Pop.  (1900),  1,877;  with  suburb,  2,270. 

TURNER,  (Col.)  Henry  L.,  soldier  and  real- 
estate  operator,  was  born  at  Oberlin,  Ohio, 
August  26,  1845,  and  received  a  part  of  his  edu- 
cation in  the  college  there.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  served  as  First  Lieutenant  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Ohio  Volunteers,  and 
later,  with  the  same  rank  in  a  colored  regiment, 
taking  part  in  the  operations  about  Richmond, 
the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher,  of  Wilmington  and  of 
Gen.  Joe  Johnston's  army.  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  business  office  of '  The  Advance, " 
but  later  was  employed  in  the  banking  house  of 
Jay  Cooke  &  Co. ,  in  Philadelphia.  On  the  failure 
of  that  concern,  in  1872,  he  returned  to  Chicago 
and  bought  "The  Advance,"  which  he  conducted 
some  two  years,  when  he  sold  out  and  engaged  in 
the  real  estate  business,  with  which  he  has  since 
been  identified — being  President  of  the  Chicago 
Real  Estate  Board  in  1888.  He  has  also  been 
President  of  the  Western  Publishing  Company 
and  a  Trustee  of  Oberlin  College.  Colonel  Turner 
is  an  enthusiastic  member  of  the  Illinois  National 
Guard  and,  on  the  declaration  of  war  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain,  in  April,  1898,  promptly 
resumed  his  connection  with  the  First  Regiment 
of  the  Guard,  and  finally  led  it  to  Santiago  de 
Cuba  during  the  fighting  there— his  regiment 
being  the  only  one  from  Illinois  to  see  actual  serv- 
ice in  the  field  during  the  progress  of  the  war. 
Colonel  Turner  won  the  admiration  of  his  com- 
mand and  the  entire  nation  by  the  manner  in 
which  he  discharged  his  duty.  The  regiment 
was  mustered  out  at  Chicago,  Nov.  17,  1898,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life. 

TURNER,  John  Bice,  Railway  President,  was 
born  at  Colchester,  Delaware  County,  N.  Y. ,  Jan. 
14,  1799;  after  a  brief  business  career  in  his 
native  State,  he  became  identified  with  the  con- 
struction and  operation  of  railroads.  Among  the 
works  with  which  he  was  thus  connected,  were 
the  Delaware  Division  of  the  New  York  &  Erie 
and  the  Troy  &  Schenectady  Roads.  In  1843  he 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


531 


came  to  Chicago,  having  previously  purchased  a 
large  body  of  land  at  Blue  Island.  In  1847  he 
joined  with  W.  B.  Ogden  and  others,  in  resusci- 
tating the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railway, 
which  had  been  incorporated  in  1836.  He  became 
President  of  the  Company  in  1850,  and  assisted  in 
constructing  various  sections  of  road  in  Northern 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  which  have  since  become 
portions  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  system. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  original  Directors  of  the 
North  Side  Street  Railway  Company,  organized 
in  1859.  Died,  Feb.  26,  1871. 

TURNER,  Jonathan  Baldwin,  educator  and 
agriculturist,  was  born  in  Templeton,  Mass.,  Dec. 
7,  1805;  grew  up  on  a  farm  and,  before  reaching 
his  majority,  began  teaching  in  a  country  school. 
After  spending  a  short  time  in  an  academy  at 
Salem,  in  1827  he  entered  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment of  Yale  College,  supporting  himself,  in  part, 
by  manual  labor  and  teaching  in  a  gymnasium. 
In  1829  he  matriculated  in  the  classical  depart- 
ment at  Yale,  graduated  in  1833,  and  the  same 
year  accepted  a  position  as  tutor  in  Illinois  Col- 
lege at  Jacksonville,  111.,  which  had  been  opened, 
three  years  previous,  by  the  late  Dr.  J.  M.  Sturte- 
vant.  In  the  next  fourteen  years  he  gave  in- 
struction in  nearly  every  branch  embraced  in  the 
college  curriculum,  though  holding,  during  most 
of  this  period,  the  chair  of  Rhetoric  and  English 
Literature.  In  1847  he  retired  from  college 
duties  to  give  attention  to  scientific  agriculture, 
in  which  he  had  always  manifested  a  deep  inter- 
est. The  cultivation  and  sale  of  the  Osage  orange 
as  a  hedge-plant  now  occupied  his  attention  for 
many  years,  and  its  successful  introduction  in 
Illinois  and  other  Western  States — where  the 
absence  of  timber  rendered  some  substitute  a 
necessity  for  fencing  purposes — was  largely  due 
to  his  efforts.  At  the  same  time  he  took  a  deep 
interest  in  the  cause  of  practical  scientific  edu- 
cation for  the  industrial  classes,  and,  about  1850, 
began  formulating  that  system  of  industrial  edu- 
cation which,  after  twelve  years  of  labor  and 
agitation,  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
recognized  in  the  act  adopted  by  Congress,  and 
approved  by  President  Lincoln,  in  July,  1862, 
making  liberal  donations  of  public  lands  for  the 
establishment  of  "Industrial  Colleges"  in  the 
several  States,  out  of  which  grew  the  University 
of  Illinois  at  Champaign.  While  Professor  Tur- 
ner had  zealous  colaborers  in  this  field,  in  Illinois 
and  elsewhere,  to  him,  more  than  to  any  other 
single  man  in  the  Nation,  belongs  the  credit  for 
this  magnificent  achievement.  (See  Education, 
and  University  of  Illinois.)  He  was  also  one  of 


the  chief  factors  in  founding  and  building  up 
the  Illinois  State  Teachers'  Association,  and  the 
State  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Societies. 
His  address  on  "The  Millennium  of  Labor," 
delivered  at  the  first  State  Agricultural  Fair  at 
Springfield,  in  1853,  is  still  remembered  as  mark- 
ing an  era  in  industrial  progress  in  Illinois.  A 
zealous  champion  of  free  thought,  in  both  political 
and  religious  affairs,  he  long  bore  the  reproach 
which  attached  to  the  radical  Abolitionist,  only 
to  enjoy,  in  later  years,  the  respect  universally 
accorded  to  those  who  had  the  courage  and 
independence  to  avow  their  honest  convictions. 
Prof.  Turner  was  twice  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Congress— once  as  a  Republican  and  once  as 
an  "Independent" — and  wrote  much  on  political, 
religious  and  educational  topics.  The  evening  of 
an  honored  and  useful  life  was  spent  among 
friends  in  Jacksonville,  which  was  his  home  for 
more  than  sixty  years,  his  death  taking  place  in 
that  city,  Jan.  10,  1899,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
93  years.— Mrs.  Mary  Turner  Carriel,  at  the  pres- 
ent time  (1899)  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  is  Prof.  Turner's  only  daughter. 

TURNER,  Thomas  J.,  lawyer  and  Congress 
man,  born  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  April  5, 
1815.  Leaving  home  at  the  age  of  18,  he  spent 
three  years  in  Indiana  and  in  the  mining  dis- 
tricts about  Galena  and  in  Southern  Wisconsin, 
locating  in  Stephenson  County,  in  1836,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  and  elected 
Probate  Judge  in  1841.  Soon  afterwards  Gov- 
ernor Ford  appointed  him  Prosecuting  Attorney, 
in  which  capacity  he  secured  the  conviction  and 
punishment  of  the  murderers  of  Colonel  Daven- 
port. In  1846  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a 
Democrat,  and,  the  following  year,  founded  "The 
Prairie  Democrat"  (afterward  "The  Freeport 
Bulletin"),  the  first  newspaper  published  in  the 
county.  Elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1854,  he 
was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  the  next  year 
becoming  the  first  Mayor  of  Freeport.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Peace  Conference  of  1861,  and,  in 
May  of  that  year,  was  commissioned,  by  Governor 
Yates,  Colonel  of  the  Fifteenth  Illinois  Volun- 
teers, but  resigned  in  1862.  He  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70, 
and,  in  1871,  was  again  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
ture, where  he  received  the  Democratic  caucus 
nomination  for  United  States  Senator  against 
General  Logan.  In  1871  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
and  was  twice  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
office  of  State's  Attorney.  In  February,  1874,  he 
went  to  Hot  Springs,  Ark. ,  for  medical  treatment, 
and  died  there,  April  3  following. 


532 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


TUSCOLA,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of 
Douglas  County,  located  at  the  intersection  of  the 
Illinois  Central  and  two  other  trunk  lines  of  rail  - 
way,  22  miles  south  of  Champaign,  and  36  miles 
east  of  Decatur.  Besides  a  brick  court-house  it 
has  five  churches,  a  graded  school,  a  national 
bank,  two  weekly  newspapers  and  two  establish- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  carriages  and 
wagons.  Population  (1880),  1,457;  (1890),  1,897; 
(1900),  2,569. 

TUSCOLA,  CHARLESTON  &  VINCENNES 
RAILROAD.  (See  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Kansas 
City  Railroad.) 

TUTHILL,  Richard  Stanley,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Vergennes,  Jackson  County,  111.,  Nov.  10,  1841. 
After  passing  through  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  county,  he  took  a  preparatory  course  in  a 
high  school  at  St.  Louis  and  in  Illinois  College, 
Jacksonville,  when  he  entered  Middlebury  Col- 
lege, Vt  .  graduating  there  in  1863.  Immediately 
thereafter  he  joined  the  Federal  army  at  Vicks- 
burg,  and,  after  serving  for  some  time  in  a  com- 
pany of  scouts  attached  to  General  Logan's 
command,  was  commissioned  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
First  Michigan  Light  Artillery,  with  which  lie 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war,  meanwhile 
being  twice  promoted.  During  this  time  he  was 
with  General  Sherman  in  the  march  to  Meridian, 
and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  also  took  part  with 
General  Thomas  in  the  operations  against  the 
rebel  General  Hood  in  Tennessee,  and  in  the 
battle  of  Nashville.  Having  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  May,  1865,  he  took  up  the  study  of 
law.  which  he  had  prosecuted  as  he  had  opportu- 
nity while  in  the  army,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Nashville  in  1866,  afterwards  serving  for 
a  time  as  Prosecuting  Attorney  on  the  Nashville 
circuit.  In  1873  he  removed  to  Chicago,  two 
years  later  was  elected  City  Attorney  and  re- 
elected  in  1877 ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention  of  1880  and,  in  1884,  was 
appointed  United  States  District  Attorney  for 
the  Northern  District,  serving  until  1886.  In 
1887  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Cook  County  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Judge  Rogers,  was  re-elected  for  a  full 
term  in  1891,  and  again  in  1897. 

TYNDALE,  Sharon,  Secretary  of  State,  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  19,  1816;  at  the  age  of  17 
came  to  Belleville,  111.,  and  was  engaged  for  a 
time  in  mercantile  business,  later  being  employed 
in  a  surveyor's  corps  under  the  internal  improve- 
ment system  of  1837.  Having  married  in  1839, 
he  returned  soon  after  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
engaged  in  mercantile  business  with  his  father ; 


then  came  to  Illinois,  a  second  time,  in  1845,  spend- 
ing a  year  or  two  in  business  at  Peoria.  About 
1847  he  returned  to  Belleville  and  entered  upon  a 
course  of  mathematical  study,  with  a  view  to 
fitting  himself  more  thoroughly  for  the  profession 
of  a  civil  engineer.  In  1851  he  graduated  in 
engineering  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  after  which  he 
was  employed  for  a  time  on  the  Sunbury  &  Erie 
Railroad,  and  later  on  certain  Illinois  railroads. 
In  1857  he  was  elected  County  Surveyor  of  St. 
Clair  County,  and,  in  1861,  by  appointment  of 
President  Lincoln,  became  Postmaster  of  the  city 
of  Belleville.  He  held  this  position  until  1864, 
when  he  received  the  Republican  nomination  for 
Secretary  of  State  and  was  elected,  remaining  in 
office  four  years.  He  was  an  earnest  advocate, 
and  virtually  author,  of  the  first  act  for  the  regis- 
tration of  voters  in  Illinois,  passed  at  the  session 
of  1865.  After  retiring  from  office  in  1869,  he 
continued  to  reside  in  Springfield,  and  was  em- 
ployed for  a  time  in  the  survey  of  the  Gilman, 
Clinton  &  Springfield  Railway — now  the  Spring- 
field Division  of  the  Illinois  Central.  At  an  early 
hour  on  the  morning  of  April  29,  1871,  while 
going  from  his  home  to  the  railroad  station  at 
Springfield,  to  take  the  train  for  St.  Louis,  he  was 
assassinated  upon  the  street  by  shooting,  as  sup- 
posed for  the  purpose  of  robbery — his  dead  body 
being  found  a  few  hours  later  at  the  scene  of  tha 
tragedy.  Mr.  Tyndale  was  a  brother  of  Gen. 
Hector  Tyndale  of  Pennsylvania,  who  won  a 
high  reputation  by  his  services  during  the  war. 
His  second  wife,  who  survived  him,  was  a 
daughter  of  Sliadrach  Penn,  an  editor  of  con- 
siderable reputation  who  was  the  contemporary 
and  rival  of  George  D.  Prentice  at  Louisville,  for 
some  years. 

"UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD,"  THE.  A 
history  of  Illinois  would  be  incomplete  without 
reference  to  the  unique  system  which  existed 
there,  as  in  other  Northern  States,  from  forty  to 
seventy  years  ago,  known  by  the  somewhat  mys- 
terious title  of  "The  Underground  Railroad." 
The  origin  of  the  term  has  been  traced  (probably 
in  a  spirit  of  facetiousness)  to  the  expression  of 
a  Kentucky  planter  who,  having  pursued  a  fugi- 
tive slave  across  the  Ohio  River,  was  so  surprised 
by  his  sudden  disappearance,  as  soon  as  he  had 
reached  the  opposite  shore,  that  he  was  led  to 
remark,  "The  nigger  must  have  gone  off  on  an 
underground  road."  From  "underground  road" 
to  "underground  railroad,"  the  transition  would 
appear  to  have  been  easy,  especially  in  view  of 
the  increased  facility  with  which  the  work  was 
performed  when  railroads  came  into  use.  For 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


readers  of  the  present  generation,  it  may  be  well 
to  explain  what  "The  Underground  Eailroad" 
really  was.  It  may  be  defined  as  the  figurative 
appellation  for  a  spontaneous  movement  in  the 
free  States — extending,  sometimes,  into  the 
slave  States  themselves — to  assist  slaves  in  their 
efforts  to  escape  from  bondage  to  freedom.  The 
movement  dates  back  to  a  period  close  to  the 
Revolutionary  War,  long  before  it  received  a 
definite  name.  Assistance  given  to  fugitives 
from  one  State  by  citizens  of  another,  became  a 
cause  of  complaint  almost  as  soon  as  the  Govern- 
ment was  organized.  In  fact,  the  first  President 
himself  lost  a  slave  who  took  refuge  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  where  the  public  sentiment  was 
so  strong  against  his  return,  that  the  patriotic 
and  philosophic  "Father  of  his  Country"  chose 
to  let  him  remain  unmolested,  rather  than  "excite 
a,  mob  or  riot,  or  even  uneasy  sensations,  in  the 
minds  of  well-disposed  citizens. "  That  the  mat- 
ter was  already  one  of  concern  in  the  minds  of 
slaveholders,  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  a  provision 
was  inserted  in  the  Constitution  for  their  concili- 
ation, guaranteeing  the  return  of  fugitives  from 
labor,  as  well  as  from  justice,  from  one  State  to 
another. 

In  1793  Congress  passed  the  first  Fugitive  Slave 
Law,  which  was  signed  by  President  Washing- 
ton. This  law  provided  that  the  owner,  his 
agent  or  attorney,  might  follow  the  slave  into 
any  State  or  Territory,  and,  upon  oath  or  affi- 
davit before  a  court  or  magistrate,  be  entitled 
to  a  warrant  for  his  return.  Any  person  who 
should  hinder  the  arrest  of  the  fugitive,  or  who 
should  harbor,  aid  or  assist  him,  knowing  him 
to  be  such,  was  subject  to  a  fine  of  $500  for  each 
offense. — In  1830,  fifty -seven  years  later,  the  first 
act  having  proved  inefficacious,  or  conditions 
having  changed,  a  second  and  more  stringent 
law  was  enacted.  This  is  the  one  usually  referred 
to  in  discussions  of  the  subject.  It  provided  for 
an  increased  fine,  not  to  exceed  $1,000,  and  im- 
prisonment not  exceeding  six  months,  with 
liability  for  civil  damages  to  the  party  injured. 
No  proof  of  ownership  was  required  beyond  the 
statement  of  a  claimant,  and  the  accused  was  not 
permitted  to  testify  for  himself.  The  fee  of  the 
United  States  Commissioner,  before  whom  the 
case  was  tried,  was  ten  dollars  if  he  found  for 
the  claimant:  if  not,  five  dollars.  This  seemed 
to  many  an  indirect  form  of  bribery ;  clearly,  it 
made  it  to  the  Judge's  pecuniary  advantage  to 
decide  in  favor  of  the  claimant.  The  law  made 
it  possible  and  easy  for  a  white  man  to  arrest, 
and  carry  into  slavery,  any  free  negro  who  could 


not  immediately  prove,  by  other  witnesses,  that 
he  was  born  free,  or  had  purchased  his  freedom. 

Instead  of  discouraging  the  disposition,  on 
the  part  of  the  opponents  of  slavery,  to  aid  fugi- 
tives in  their  efforts  to  reach  a  region  where 
they  would  be  secure  in  their  freedom,  the  effect 
of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  1850  (as  that  of  1793 
had  been  in  a  smaller  degree)  was  the  very  oppo- 
site of  that  intended  by  its  authors — unless, 
indeed,  they  meant  to  make  matters  worse.  The 
provisions  of  the  act  seemed,  to  many  people,  so 
unfair,  so  one-sided,  that  they  rebelled  in  spirit 
and  refused  to  be  made  parties  to  its  enforce- 
ment. The  law  aroused  the  anti-slavery  senti- 
ment of  the  North,  and  stimulated  the  active 
friends  of  the  fugitives  to  take  greater  risks  in 
their  behalf.  New  efforts  on  the  part  of  the 
slaveholders  were  met  by  a  determination  to 
evade,  hinder  and  nullify  the  law. 

And  here  a  strange  anomaly  is  presented.  The 
slaveholder,  in  attempting  to  recover  his  slave, 
was  acting  within  his  constitutional  and  legal 
rights.  The  slave  was  his  property  in  law.  He 
had  purchased  or  inherited  his  bondman  on  the 
same  plane  with  his  horse  or  his  land,  and,  apart 
from  the  right  to  hold  a  human  being  in  bond- 
age, regarded  his  legal  rights  to  the  one  as  good 
as  the  other.  From  a  legal  standpoint  his  posi- 
tion was  impregnable.  The  slave  was  his,  repre- 
senting so  much  of  money  value,  and  whoever 
was  instrumental  in  the  loss  of  that  slave  was, 
both  theoretically  and  technically,  a  partner  in 
robbery.  Therefore  he  looked  on  "The  Under- 
ground Railway"  as  the  work  of  thieves,  and  en- 
tertained bitter  hatred  toward  all  concerned  in  its 
operation.  Oh  the  other  hand,  men  who  were, 
in  all  other  respects,  good  citizens — often  relig- 
iously devout  and  pillars  of  the  church — became 
bold  and  flagrant  violators  of  the  law  in  relation 
to  this  sort  of  property.  They  set  at  nought  a 
plain  provision  of  the  Constitution  and  the  act  of 
Congress  for  its  enforcement.  Without  hope  of 
personal  gain  or  reward,  at  the  risk  of  fine  and 
imprisonment,  with  the  certainty  of  social  ostra- 
cism and  bitter  opposition,  they  harbored  the 
fugitive  and  helped  him  forward  on  evert' 
occasion.  And  why?  Because  they  saw  in  him 
a  man.  with  the  same  inherent  right  to  "life. 
liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness"  that  they 
themselves  possessed.  To  them  this  was  a  higher 
law  than  any  Legislature,  State  or  National,  could 
enact.  They  denied  that  there  could  be  truly 
such  a  thing  as  property  in  man.  Believing  that 
the  law  violated  human  rights,  they  justified 
themselves  in  rendering  it  null  and  void. 


534 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


For  the  most  part,  the  "Underground  Rail- 
road" operators  and  promoters  were  plain, 
obscure  men,  without  hope  of  fame  or  desire  for 
notoriety.  Yet  there  were  some  whose  names 
are  conspicuous  in  history,  such  as  Wendell 
Phillips,  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson  and 
Theodore  Parker  of  Massachusetts;  Gerrit  Smith 
and  Thurlow  Weed  of  New  York;  Joshua  R. 
Giddings  of  Ohio,  and  Owen  Love  joy  of  Illinois. 
These  had  their  followers  and  sympathizers  in 
all  the  Northern  States,  and  even  in  some  por- 
tions of  the  South.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that 
some  of  the  most  active  spirits  connected  with 
the  "Underground  Railroad"  were  natives  of  the 
South,  or  had  resided  there  long  enough  to 
become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  "insti- 
tution." Levi  Coffin,  who  had  the  reputation  of 
being  the  "President  of  the  Underground  Rail- 
road"— at  least  so  far  as  the  region  west  of  the 
Ohio  was  concerned — was  an  active  operator  on 
the  line  in  North  Carolina  before  his  removal 
from  that  State  to  Indiana  in  1826.  Indeed,  as  a 
system,  it  is  claimed  to  have  had  its  origin  at 
Guilford  College,  in  the  "Old  North  State"  in 
1819,  though  the  evidence  of  this  may  not  be 
conclusive. 

Owing  to  the  peculiar  nature  of  their  business, 
no  official  reports  were  made,  no  lists  of  officers, 
conductors,  station  agents  or  operators  preserved, 
and  few  records  kept  which  are  now  accessible. 
Consequently,  we  are  dependent  chiefly  upon  the 
personal  recollection  of  individual  operators  for 
a  history  of  their  transactions.  Each  station  on 
the  road  was  the  house  of  a  "friend"  and  it  is 
significant,  in  this  connection,  that  in  every 
settlement  of  Friends,  or  Quakers,  there  was 
sure  to  be  a  house  of  refuge  for  the  slave.  For 
this  reason  it  was,  perhaps,  that  one  of  the  most 
frequently  traveled  lines  extended  from  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland  through  Eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  then  on  towards  New  York  or  directly 
to  Canada.  From  the  proximity  of  Ohio  to 
Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  the  fact  that  it 
offered  the  shortest  route  through  free  soil  to 
Canada,  it  was  traversed  by  more  lines  than  any 
other  State,  although  Indiana  was  pretty 
thoroughly  "grid-ironed"  by  roads  to  freedom. 
In  all,  however,  the  routes  were  irregular,  often 
zigzag,  for  purposes  of  security,  and  the  "con- 
ductor" was  any  one  who  conveyed  fugitives  from 
one  station  to  another  The  "train"  was  some- 
times a  farm-wagon,  loaded  with  produce  for 
market  at  some  town  (or  depot)  on  the  line,  fre- 
quently a  closed  carriage,  and  it  is  related  that 
once,  in  Ohio,  a  number  of  carriages  conveying 


a  large  party,  were  made  to  represent  a  funeral 
procession.  Occasionally  the  train  ran  on  foot, 
for  convenience  of  side-tracking  into  the  woods 
or  a  cornfield,  in  case  of  pursuit  by  a  wild  loco- 
motive. 

Then.-again,  there  were  not  wanting  lawyers 
who,  in  case  the  operator,  conductor  or  station 
agent  got  into  trouble,  were  ready,  without  fee  or 
reward,  to  defend  either  him  or  his  human 
freight  in  the  courts.  These  included  such 
names  of  national  repute  as  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  Charles  Sunmer,  William  H. 
Seward,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  Richard  H.  Dana, 
and  Isaac  N.  Arnold,  while,  taking  the  whole 
country  over,  their  "name  was  legion."  Ami 
there  were  a  few  men  of  wealth,  like  Thomas 
Garrett  of  Delaware,  willing  to  contribute  money 
by  thousands  to  their  assistance.  Although 
technically  acting  in  violation  of  law — or,  as 
claimed  by  themselves,  in  obedience  to  a  "higher 
law" — the  time  has  already  come  when  there  is  a 
disposition  to  look  upon  the  actors  as,  in  a  certain 
sense,  heroes,  and  their  deeds  as  fitly  belonging 
to  the  field  of  romance. 

The  most  comprehensive  collection  of  material 
relating  to  the  history  of  this  movement  has 
been  furnished  in  a  recent  volume  entitled,  "The 
Underground  Railroad  from  Slavery  to  Free- 
dom," by  Prof.  Wilbur  H.  Siebert,  of  Ohio  State 
University ;  and,  while  it  is  not  wholly  free  from 
errors,  both  as  to  individual  names  and  facts,  it 
will  probably  remain  as  the  best  compilation  of 
history  bearing  on  this  subject — especially  as  the 
principal  actors  are  fast  passing  away.  One  of 
the  interesting  features  of  Prof.  Siebert's  book  is 
a  map  purporting  to  give  the  principal  routes 
and  stations  in  the  States  northwest  of  the  Ohio, 
yet  the  accuracy  of  this,  as  well  as  the  correct- 
ness of  personal  names  given,  has  been  questioned 
by  some  best  informed  on  the  subject.  Aa 
might  be  expected  from  its  geographical  position 
between  two  slave  States — Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri— on  the  one  hand,  and  the  lakes  offering  a 
highway  to  Canada  on  the  other,  it  is  naturally 
to  be  assumed  that  Illinois  would  be  an  attract- 
ive field,  both  for  the  fugitive  and  his  sympa- 
thizer. 

The  period  of  greatest  activity  of  the  system  in 
this  State  was  between  1840  and  1861— the  latter 
being  the  year  when  the  pro-slavery  party  in  the 
South,  by  their  attempt  forcibly  to  dissolve  the 
Union,  took  the  business  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
secret  agents  of  the  "Underground  Railroad," 
and — in  a  certain  sense — placed  it  in  the  hands 
of  the  Union  armies.  It  was  in  1841  that  Abra- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ham  Lincoln — then  a  conservative  opponent  of 
the  extension  of  slavery — on  an  appeal  from  a 
judgment,  rendered  by  the  Circuit  Court  in  Taze- 
well  County,  in  favor  of  the  holder  of  a  note 
given  for  the  service  of  the  indentured  slave- 
girl  "Nance,"  obtained  a  decision  from  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  upholding  the  doctrine 
that  the  girl  was  free  under  the  Ordinance  of 
1787  and  the  State  Constitution,  and  that  the 
note,  given  to  the  person  who  claimed  to  be  her 
owner,  was  void.  And  it  is  a  somewhat  curious 
coincidence  that  the  same  Abraham  Lincoln,  as 
President  of  the  United  States,  in  the  second 
year  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  issued  the 
Proclamation  of  Emancipation  which  finally 
resulted  in  striking  the  shackles  from  the  limbs 
of  every  slave  in  the  Union. 

In  the  practical  operation  of  aiding  fugitives 
in  Illinois,  it  was  natural  that  the  towns  along 
the  border  upon  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers, 
should  have  served  as  a  sort  of  entrepots,  or 
initial  stations,  for  the  reception  of  this  class  of 
freight— especially  if  adjacent  to  some  anti- 
slavery  community.  This  was  the  case  at  Ches- 
ter, from  which  access  was  easy  to  Sparta,  where 
a  colony  of  Covenanters,  or  Seceders,  was 
located,  and  whence  a  route  extended,  by  way  of 
Oakdale,  Nashville  and  Centralist,  in  the  direction 
of  Chicago.  Alton  offered  convenient  access  to 
Bond  County,  where  there  was  a  community  of 
anti-slavery  people  at  an  early  day,  or  the  fugi- 
tives could  be  forwarded  northward  by  way  of 
Jerseyville,  Waverly  and  Jacksonville,  about 
each  of  which  there  was  a  strong  anti-slavery 
sentiment.  Quincy,  in  spite  of  an  intense  hos- 
tility among  the  mass  of  the  community  to  any- 
thing savoring  of  abolitionism,  became  the 
theater  of  great  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
opponents  of  the  institution,  especially  after  the 
advent  there  of  Dr.  David  Nelson  and  Dr.  Rich- 
ard Eells,  both  of  whom  had  rendered  themselves 
obnoxious  to  the  people  of  Missouri  by  extending 
aid  to  fugitives.  The  former  was  a  practical 
abolitionist  who,  having  freed  his  slaves  in  his 
native  State  of  Virginia,  removed  to  Missouri  and 
attempted  to  establish  Marion  College,  a  few  miles 
from  Palmyra,  but  was  soon  driven  to  Illinois. 
Locating  near  Quincy,  he  founded  the  "Mission 
Institute"  there,  at  which  he  continued  to  dis- 
seminate his  anti-slavery  views,  while  educating 
young  men  for  missionary  work.  The  "Insti- 
tute" was  finally  burned  by  emissaries  from  Mis- 
souri, while  three  young  men  who  had  been 
connected  with  it,  having  been  caught  in  Mis- 
souri, were  condemned  to  twelve  years'  confine- 


ment in  the  penitentiary  of  that  State — partly  on 
the  testimony  of  a  negro,  although  a  negro  was 
not  t  lien  a  legal  witness  in  the  courts  against  a 
white  man.  Dr.  Eells  was  prosecuted  before 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  (then  a  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court),  and  fined  for  aiding  a  fugitive  to  escape, 
and  the  judgment  against  him  was  finally  con- 
firmed by  the  Supreme  Court  after  his  death,  in 
1832,  ten  years  after  the  original  indictment. 

A  map  in  Professor  Siebert's  book,  showing  the 
routes  aud  principal  stations  of  the  "Undergound 
Railroad,"  makes  mention  of  the  following  places 
in  Illinois,  in  addition  to  those  already  referred 
to:  Carlinville,  in  Macoupin  County;  Pay  son 
and  Mendon,  in  Adams;  Washington,  in  Taze- 
well ;  Metamora,  in  Woodford ;  Magnolia,  in  Put- 
nam; Galesburg,  in  Knox;  Princeton  (the  home 
of  Owen  Lovejoy  and  the  Bryants),  in  Bureau; 
and  many  more.  Ottawa  appears  to  have  been 
the  meeting  ]>oint  of  a  number  of  lines,  as  well 
as  the  home  of  a  strong  colony  of  practical  abo- 
litionists. Cairo  also  became  an  iinjmrtaiit 
transfer  station  for  fugitives  arriving  by  river, 
after  the  completion  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, especially  as  it  offered  the  speediest  way  of 
reaching  Chicago,  towards  which  nearly  all  the 
lines  converged.  It  was  here  that  the  fugitives 
could  be  most  safely  disposed  of  by  placing  them 
upon  vessels,  which,  without  stopping  at  inter- 
mediate ports,  could  soon  land  them  on  Canadian 
soil. 

As  to  methods,  these  differed  according  to  cir- 
cumstances, the  emergencies  of  the  occasion,  or 
the  taste,  convenience  or  resources  of  the  oper- 
ator. Deacon  Levi  Morse,  of  Woodford  County, 
near  Metamoia,  had  a  route  towards  Magnolia. 
Putnam  County,  and  his  favorite  "car"  was  a 
farm  wagon  in  which  there  was  a  double  bottom. 
The  passengers  were  snugly  placed  below,  and 
grain  sacks,tilled  with  bran  or  other  light  material, 
were  laid  over,  so  that  the  whole  presented  the 
appearance  of  an  ordinary  load  of  grain  on  its 
way  to  market.  The  same  was  true  as  to  stations 
and  routes.  One,  who  was  an  operator,  says: 
"Wherever  an  abolitionist  happened  on  a  fugi- 
tive, or  the  converse,  there  was  a  station,  for  the 
time,  and  the  route  was  to  the  next  anti-slavery 
man  to  the  east  or  the  north.  As  a  general  rule, 
the  agent  preferred  not  to  know  anything  beyond 
the  operation  of  his  own  immediate  section  of  the 
road.  If  he  knew  nothing  about  the  operations 
of  another,  and  the  other  knew  nothing  of  his. 
they  could  not  be  witnesses  in  court. 

We  have  it  on  the  authority  of  Judge  Harvey  B. 
Kurd,  of  Chicago,  that  runaways  were  usually 


536 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


forwarded  from  that  city  to  Canada  by  way  of  the 
Lakes,  there  being  several  steamers  available  for 
that  purpose.  On  one  occasion  thirteen  were 
put  aboard  a  vessel  under  the  eyes  of  a  United 
States  Marshal  and  his  deputies.  The  fugitives, 
secreted  in  a  woodshed,  one  by  one  took  the 
places  of  colored  stevedores  carrying  wood 
aboard  the  ship.  Possibly  the  term,  "There's  a 
nigger  in  the  woodpile,"  may  have  originated  in 
this  incident.  Thirteen  was  an  "unlucky  num- 
ber" in  this  instance — for  the  masters. 

Among  the  notable  trials  for  assisting  runaways 
in  violation  of  tha  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  case  of  Dr.  Eells,  already  mentioned, 
were  those  of  Owen  Lovejoy  of  Princeton,  and 
Deacon  Gushing  of  Will  County,  both  of  whom 
were  defended  by  Judge  James  Collins  of  Chi- 
cago. John  Hossack  and  Dr.  Joseph  Stout  of 
Ottawa,  with  some  half-dozen  of  their  neighbors 
and  friends,  were  tried  at  Ottawa,  in  1859,  for 
assisting  a  fugitive  and  acquitted  on  a  techni- 
cality. A  strong  array  of  attorneys,  afterwards 
widely  known  through  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  appeared  for  the  defense,  including  Isaac 
N.  Arnold,  Joseph  Knox,  B.  C.  Cook,  J.  V.  Eus- 
tace, Edward  S.  Leland  arid  E.  C.  Lamed.  Joseph 
T.  Morse,  of  Woodford  County,  was  also  arrested, 
taken  to  Peoria  and  committed  to  jail,  but 
acquitted  on  trial. 

Another  noteworthy  case  was  that  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Willard  (now  of  Chicago)  and  his  father, 
Julius  A.  Willard,  charged  with  assisting  in  the 
escape  of  a  fugitive  at  Jacksonville,  in  1843,  when 
the  Doctor  was  a  student  in  Illinois  College. 
"The  National  Corporation  Reporter,"  a  few 
years  ago,  gave  an  account  of  this  affair,  together 
with  a  letter  from  Dr.  Willard,  in  which  he  states 
that,  after  protracted  litigation,  during  which 
the  case  was  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court,  it  was 
ended  by  his  pleading  guilty  before  Judge  Samuel 
D.  Lockwood,  when  he  was  fined  one  dollar  and 
costs— the  latter  amounting  to  twenty  dollars. 
The  Doctor  frankly  adds:  "My  father,  as  well 
as  myself,  helped  many  fugitives  afterwards." 
It  did  not  always  happen,  however,  that  offenders 
escaped  so  easily. 

Judge  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  already  referred  to, 
and  an  active  anti-slavery  man  in  the  days  of  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Law,  relates  the  following :  Once, 
when  the  trial  of  a  fugitive  was  going  on  before 
Justice  Kercheval,  in  a  room  on  the  second  floor 
of  a  two-story  frame  building  on  Clark  Street  in 
the  city  of  Chicago,  the  crowd  in  attendance 
filled  the  room,  the  stairway  and  the  adjoining 
sidewalk.  In  some  way  the  prisoner  got  mixed 


in  with  the  audience,  and  passed  down  over  the 
heads  of  those  on  the  stairs,  where  the  officers 
were  unable  to  follow. 

In  another  case,  tried  before  United  States 
Commissioner  Geo.  W.  Meeker,  the  result  was 
made  to  hinge  upon  a  point  in  the  indictment  to 
the  effect  that  the  fugitive  was  "copper-colored. " 
The  Commissioner,  as  the  story  goes,  being  in- 
clined to  favor  public  sentiment,  called  for  a  large 
copper  cent,  that  he  might  make  comparison. 
The  decision  was,  that  the  prisoner  was  "off 
color,"  so  to  speak,  and  he  was  hustled  out  of  the 
room  before  the  officers  could  re-arrest  him,  as 
they  had  been  instructed  to  do. 

Dr.  Samuel  Willard,  in  a  review  of  Professor 
Siebert's  book,  published  in  "The  Dial"  of  Chi 
cago,  makes  mention  of  Henry  Irving  and  Will- 
iam Chauncey  Carter  as  among  his  active  allies 
at  Jacksonville,  with  Rev.  Bilious  Pond  and 
Deacon  Lyman  of  Farmington  (near  the  present 
village  of  Farmingdale  in  Sangamon  County), 
Luther  Ransom  of  Springfield,  Andrew  Borders 
of  Randolph  County,  Joseph  Gerrish  of  Jersey 
and  William  T.  Allan  of  Henry,  as  their  coadju- 
tors in  other  parts  of  the  State.  Other  active 
agents  or  promoters,  in  the  same  field,  included 
such  names  as  Dr.  Charles  V.  Dyer,  Philo  Carpen- 
ter, Calvin  De  Wolf,  L.  C.  P.  Freer,  Zebina  East- 
man, James  H.  Collins,  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  J.  Young 
•Scammon,  Col.  J.  F.  Farnsworth  and  others  of 
Chicago,  whose  names  have  already  been  men- 
tioned ;  Rev.  Asa  Turner,  Deacon  Ballard,  J.  K. 
Van  Dorn  and  Erastus  Benton,  of  Quincy  and 
Adams  County;  President  Rufus  Blanchard  of 
Knox  College,  Galesburg;  John  Leeper  of  Bond; 
the  late  Prof.  J.  B.  Turner  and  Elihu  Wolcott  of 
Jacksonville;  Capt.  Parker  Morse  and  his  four 
sons — Joseph  T.,  Levi  P.,  Parker,  Jr.,  and  Mark 
— of  Woodford  County ;  Rev.  William  Sloane  of 
Randolph ;  William  Strawn  of  La  Salic,  besides  a 
host  who  were  willing  to  aid  their  fellow  men  in 
their  aspirations  to  freedom,  without  advertising 
their  own  exploits. 

Among  the  incidents  of  "Underground  Rail- 
road" in  Illinois  is  one  which  had  some  importance 
politically,  having  for  its  climax  a  dramatic  scene 
in  Congress,  but  of  which,  so  far  as  known,  no 
full  account  has  ever  been  written.  About  1855, 
Ephraim  Lombard,  a  Mississippi  planter,  but  a 
New  Englander  by  birth,  purchased  a  large  body 
of  prairie  land  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Stark 
County,  and,  taking  up  his  residence  temporarily 
in  the  village  of  Bradford,  began  its  improve- 
ment. He  had  brought  with  him  from  Mississippi 
a  negro,  gray-haired  and  bent  with  age,  a  slave 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


537 


of  probably  no  great  value.  "Old  Mose,"  as  he 
was  called,  soon  came  to  be  well  known  and  a 
favorite  in  the  neighborhood.  Lombard  boldly 
stated  that  he  had  brought  him  there  as  a  slave ; 
that,  by  virtue  of  the  Dred  Scott  decision  (then 
of  recent  date),  he  had  a  constitutional  right  to 
take  his  slaves  wherever  he  pleased,  and  that 
"Old  Mose"  was  just  as  much  his  property  in 
Illinois  as  in  Mississippi.  It  soon  became  evident 
to  some,  that  his  bringing  of  the  negro  to  Illinois 
was  an  experiment  to  test  the  law  and  the  feel- 
ings of  the  Northern  people.  This  being  the  case, 
a  shrewd  play  would  have  been  to  let  him  have 
his  way  till  other  slaves  should  have  been 
brought  to  stock  the  new  plantation.  But  this 
was  too  slow  a  process  for  the  abolitionists,  to 
whom  the  holding  of  a  slave  in  the  free  State  of 
Illinois  appeared  an  unbearable  outrage.  It  was 
feared  that  he  might  take  the  old  negro  back  to 
Mississippi  and  fail  to  bring  any  others.  It  was 
reported,  also,  that  "Old  Mose''  was  ill-treated; 
that  he  was  given  only  the  coarsest  food  in  a 
back  shed,  as  if  he  were  a  horse  or  a  dog,  instead 
of  being  permitted  to  eat  at  table  with  the  family. 
The  prairie  citizen  of  that  time  was  very  par- 
ticular upon  this  point  of  etiquette.  The  hired 
man  or  woman,  debarred  from  the  table  of  his  or 
her  employer,  would  not  have  remained  a  day. 
A  quiet  consultation  with  "Old  Mose"  revealed 
the  fact  that  he  would  hail  the  gift  of  freedom 
joyously.  Accordingly,  one  Peter  Risedorf,  and 
another  equally  daring,  met  him  by  the  light  of 
the  stars  and,  before  morning,  he  was  placed  in 
the  care  of  Owen  Lovejoy,  at  Princeton,  twenty 
miles  away.  From  there  he  was  speedily 
"franked"  by  the  member  of  Congress  to  friends 
in  Canada. 

There  was  a  great  commotion  in  Bradford  over 
the  "stealing"  of  "Old  Mose."  Lombard  and  his 
friends  denounced  the  act  in  terms  bitter  and 
profane,  and  threatened  vengeance  upon  the  per- 
petrators. The  conductors  were  known  only  to  a 
few,  and  they  kept  their  secret  well.  Lovejoy's 
part  in  the  affair,  however,  soon  leaked  out. 
Lombard  returned  to  Mississippi,  where  he 
related  his  experiences  to  Mr.  Singleton,  the 
Representative  in  Congress  from  his  district. 
During  the  next  session  of  Congress,  Singleton 
took  occasion,  in  a  speech,  to  sneer  at  Lovejoy  as  a 
"nigger-stealer,"  citing  the  case  of  "Old  Mose." 
Mr.  Lovejoy  replied  in  his  usual  fervid  and 
dramatic  style,  making  a  speech  which  ensured 
his  election  to  Congress  for  life — "Is  it  desired  to 
call  attention  to  this  fact  of  my  assisting  fugitive 
slaves'!"  he  said.  "Owen  Lovejoy  lives  at  Prince- 


ton, 111.,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  east  of  the 
village,  and  he  aids  every  slave  that  comes  to  his 
door  and  asks  it.  Thou  invisible  Demon  of 
Slavery,  dost  thou  think  to  cross  my  humble 
threshold  and  forbid  me  to  give  bread  to  the 
hungry  and  shelter  to  the  homeless?  I  bid  you 
defiance,  in  the  name  of  my  God  I" 

With  another  incident  of  an  amusing  charac- 
ter this  article  may  be  closed:  Hon.  J.  Young 
Scammon,  of  Chicago,  being  accused  of  conniving 
at  the  escape  of  a  slave  from  officers  of  the  law. 
was  asked  by  the  court  what  he  would  do  if  sum- 
moned as  one  of  a  posse  to  pursue  and  capture  a 
fugitive.  "I  would  certainly  obey  the  summons," 
he  replied,  "but— I  should  probably  stub  my  toe 
and  fall  down  before  I  reached  him." 

NOTI.— Those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  subject  of  the 
"Underground  Railroad"  In  Illinois  further,  are  referred 
to  the  work  of  Dr.  Siebert,  already  meotioDed.  and  to  the 
various  County  Histories  which  hare  been  Issued  and  may 
be  found  in  the  public  libraries;  also  for  Interesting  Inci- 
dents, to  " Reminiscences  of  Levl  nitim."  Johnson's 
"From  Dixie  to  Canada,"  Petifs  Sketches.  "Still.  Under- 
ground Railroad,"  and  a  pamphlet  of  the  same  title  by 
James  H.  Faircluld,  ex-President  of  Oberlin  College. 

UNDERWOOD,  William  H.,  lawyer,  legislator 
and  jurist,  was  born  at  Schoharie  Court  House, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  21.  1818,  and,  after  admission  to  the 
bar,  removed  to  Belleville,  111.,  where  he  began 
practice  in  1840.  The  following  year  he  was 
elected  State's  Attorney,  and  re-elected  in  1843. 
In  1846  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  General  Assembly,  and,  in  1848-54, 
sat  as  Judge  of  the  Second  Circuit.  During  this 
period  he  declined  a  nomination  to  Congress, 
although  equivalent  to  an  election.  In  1856  he 
was  elected  State  Senator,  and  re-elected  in  1860. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1869-70,  and,  in  1870,  was  again  elected  to 
the  Senate,  retiring  to  private  life  in  1872.  Died, 
Sept.  23.  1875. 

UNION  COUNTY,  one  of  the  fifteen  counties 
into  which  Illinois  was  divided  at  the  time  of  its 
admission  as  a  State — having  been  organized, 
under  the  Territorial  Government,  in  January, 
1818.  It  is  situated  in  the  southern  division  of 
the  State,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  The 
eastern  and  interior  portions  are  drained  by  the 
Cache  River  and  Clear  Creek.  The  western  part 
of  the  county  comprises  the  broad,  rich  bottom 
lands  lying  along  the  Mississippi,  but  is  subject 
to  frequent  overflow,  while  the  eastern  portion  is 
hilly,  and  most  of  its  area  originally  heavily  tim- 
bered. The  county  is  especially  rich  in  minerals. 
Iron-ore,  lead,  bituminous  coal,  chalk,  alum  and 


538 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


potter's  clay  are  found  in  considerable  abun- 
dance. Several  lines  of  railway  (the  most  impor- 
tant being  the  Illinois  Central)  either  cross  or 
tap  the  county.  The  chief  occupation  is  agri- 
culture, although  manufacturing  is  carried  on  to 
a  limited  extent.  Fruit  is  extensively  cultivated. 
Jonesboro  is  the  county-seat,  and  Cobden  and 
Anna  important  shipping  stations.  The  latter  is 
the  location  of  the  Southern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  The  population  of  the  county,  in  1890, 
was  31,539.  Being  next  to  St.  Clair,  Randolph 
and  Gallatin,  one  of  the  earliest  settled  counties 
in  the  State,  many  prominent  men  found  their 
first  home,  on  coming  into  the  State,  at  Jones- 
boro, and  this  region,  for  a  time,  exerted  a  strong 
influence  in  public  affairs.  Pop.  (1900),  22,610. 

UNION  LEAGUE  OF  AMERICA, a  secret  polit- 
ical and  patriotic  order  whicli  had  its  origin 
early  in  the  late  Civil  War,  for  the  avowed  pur- 
pose of  sustaining  the  cause  of  the  Union  and 
counteracting  the  machinations  of  the  secret 
organizations  designed  to  promote  the  success  of 
the  Rebellion.  The  first  regular  Council  of  the 
order  was  organized  at  Pekin,  Tazewell  County, 
June  35,  1863,  consisting  of  eleven  members,  as 
follows:  John  W.  Glasgow,  Dr.  D.  A.  Cheever, 
Hart  Montgomery,  Maj.  Richard  N.  Cullom 
(father  of  Senator  Cullom),  Alexander  Small, 
Rev.  J.  W.  II.  Vernon,  George  H.  Harlow  (after- 
ward Secretary  of  State),  Charles  Turner,  Col. 
Jonathan  Merriam,  Henry  Pratt  and  L.  F.  Gar- 
rett.  One  of  the  number  was  a  Union  refugee 
from  Tennessee,  who  dictated  the  first  oath  from 
memory,  as  administered  to  members  of  a  some- 
what similar  order  which  had  been  organized 
uiuong  the  Unionists  of  his  own  State.  It  sol- 
emnly pledged  the  taker.  (1)  to  preserve  invio- 
late the  secrets  and  business  of  the  order;  (3)  to 
"support,  maintain,  protect  and  defend  the  civil 
liberties  of  the  Union  of  these  United  States 
against  all  enemies,  either  domestic  or  foreign, 
at  all  times  aud  under  all  circumstances, "  even 
"if  necessary,  to  the  sacrifice  of  life";  (3)  to  aid 
in  electing  only  true  Union  men  to  offices  of 
trust  in  the  town,  county,  State  and  General 
Government;  (4)  to  assist,  protect  and  defend 
any  member  of  the  order  who  might  be  in  peril 
from  his  connection  with  the  order,  and  (5)  to 
obey  all  laws,  rules  or  regulations  of  any  Council 
to  which  the  taker  of  the  oath  might  be  attached. 
The  oath  was  taken  upon  the  Bible,  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  and  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  the  taker  pledging  his  sacred 
honor  to  its  fulfillment.  A  special  reason  for  the 
organization  existed  in  the  activity,  about  this 


time,  of  the  "Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,"  a 
disloyal  organization  which  had  been  introduced 
from  the  South,  and  which  afterwards  took  the 
name,  in  the  North,  of  "American  Knights"  and 
'  'Sons  of  Liberty. ' '  (See  Secret  Treasonable  Soci- 
eties.) Three  months  later,  the  organization  had 
extended  to  a  number  of  other  counties  of  the 
State  and,  on  the  35th  of  September  following, 
the  first  State  Council  met  at  Bloomington — 
twelve  counties  being  represented — and  a  State 
organization  was  effected.  At  this  meeting  the 
following  general  officers  were  chosen:  Grand 
President  —  Judge  Mark  Bangs,  of  Marshall 
County  (now  of  Chicago);  Grand  Vice-President 
— Prof.  Daniel  Wilkin,  of  McLean ;  Grand  Secre- 
tary— George  H.  Harlow.  of  Tazewell;  Grand 
Treasurer — H.  S.  Austin,  of  Peoria,  Grand  Mar- 
shal—J.  R.  Gorin,  of  Macon;  Grand  Herald— 
A.  Gould,  of  Henry;  Grand  Sentinel — John  E. 
Rosette,  of  Sangamon.  An  Executive  Committee 
was  also  appointed,  consisting  of  Joseph  Medill 
of  "The  Chicago  Tribune";  Dr.  A.  J.  McFar- 
land,  of  Morgan  County;  J.  K.  Warren,  of  Macon; 
Rev.  J.  C.  Rybolt,  of  La  Salle;  the  President, 
Judge  Bangs;  Enoch  Emery,  of  Peoria;  and 
John  E.  Rosette.  Under  the  direction  of  this 
Committee,  with  Mr.  Medill  as  its  Chairman, 
the  constitution  and  by-laws  were  thoroughly 
revised  and  a  new  ritual  adopted,  which  materi- 
ally changed  the  phraseology  and  removed  some 
of  the  crudities  of  the  original  obligation,  as  well 
as  increased  the  beauty  and  impressiveness  of 
the  initiatory  ceremonies.  New  signs,  grips  and 
l>ass-words  were  also  adopted,  which  were  finally 
accepted  by  the  various  organizations  of  the 
order  throughout  the  Union,  which,  by  this  time, 
included  many  soldiers  in  the  army,  as  well  as 
civilians.  The  second  Grand  (or  State)  Council 
was  held  at  Springfield,  January  14,  1863,  with 
only  seven  counties  represented.  The  limited 
representation  was  discouraging,  but  the  mem- 
bers took  heart  from  the  inspiring  words  of  Gov- 
ernor Yates.  addressed  to  a  committee  of  the 
order  who  waited  upon  him.  At  a  special  ses- 
sion of  the  Executive  Committee,  held  at  Peoria, 
six  days  later,  a  vigorous  campaign  was 
mapped  out,  under  which  agents  were  sent 
into  nearly  every  county  in  the  State.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1863,  the  strength  of  the  order  in  Illi- 
nois was  estimated  at  three  to  five  thousand; 
a  few  months  later,  the  number  of  enrolled 
members  had  increased  to  50,000  —  so  rapid 
had  been  the  growth  of  the  order.  On  March 
2">,  18GU,  a  Grand  Council  met  in  Chicago — 
404  Councils  in  Illinois  being  represented,  with 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


539 


a  number  from  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa  and  Minnesota.  At  this  meeting  a 
Committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  plan  of 
organization  for  a  National  Grand  Council,  which 
was  carried  out  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  on  the  20th 
of  May  following — the  constitution,  ritual  and 
signs  of  the  Illinois  organization  being  adopted 
with  slight  modifications.  The  »evised  obligation 
— taken  upon  the  Bible,  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence and  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States — bound  members  of  the  League  to  "sup- 
port, protect  and  defend  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  and  the  flag  thereof,  against  all 
enemies,  foreign  and  domestic,"  and  to"beartrue 
faith  and  allegiance  to  the  same";  to  "defend 
the  State  against  invasion  or  insurrection";  to 
support  only  "true  and  reliable  men"  for  offices 
of  trust  and  profit;  to  protect  and  defend 
worthy  members,  and  to  preserve  inviolate  the 
secrets  of  the  order.  The  address  to  new  mem- 
bers was  a  model  of  impress! veness  and  a  powerful 
appeal  to  their  patriotism.  The  organization 
extended  rapidly,  not  only  throughout  the  North- 
west, but  in  the  South  also,  especially  in  the 
army.  In  1864  the  number  of  Councils  in  Illinois 
was  estimated  at  1,300,  with  a  membership  of 
175,000;  and  it  is  estimated  that  the  total  mem- 
bership, throughout  the  Union,  was  2,000,000. 
The  influence  of  the  silent,  but  zealous  and  effect- 
ive, operations  of  the  organization,  was  shown, 
not  only  in  the  stimulus  given  to  enlistments  and 
support  of  the  war  policy  of  the  Government, 
but  in  the  raising  of  supplies  for  the  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers  in  the  field.  Within  a  few 
weeks  before  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  over  $25,000  in 
cash,  besides  large  quantities  of  stores,  were  sent 
to  Col.  John  Williams  (then  in  charge  of  the 
Sanitary  Bureau  at  Springfield),  as  the  direct 
result  of  appeals  made  through  circulars  sent  out 
by  the  officers  of  the  "League."  Large  contri- 
butions of  money  and  supplies  also  reached  the 
sick  and  wounded  in  hospital  through  the  medium 
of  the  Sanitary  Commission  in  Chicago.  Zealous 
efforts  were  made  by  the  opposition  to  get  at  the 
secrets  of  the  order,  and,  in  one  case,  a  complete 
copy  of  the  ritual  was  published  by  one  of  their 
organs ;  but  the  effect  was  so  far  the  reverse  of 
wliat  was  anticipated,  that  this  line  of  attack  was 
not  continued.  During  the  stormy  session  of  the 
Legislature  in  1863,  the  League  is  said  to  have 
rendered  effective  service  in  protecting  Gov- 
ernor Yates  from  threatened  assassination.  It 
Continued  its  silent  but  effective  operations  until 
the  complete  overthrow  of  the  rebellion,  when  it 
ceased  to  exist  as  a  political  organization. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATORS.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  United  States  senators  from  Illinois, 
from  the  date  of  the  admission  of  the  State  into 
the  Union  until  1899,  with  the  date  and  duration 
of  the  term  of  each:  Ninian  Edwards,  1818-84; 
Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Sr.,  1818-29;  John  McLean, 
1884-25  and  1829-30;  Elias  Kent  Kane,  1825-35; 
David  Jewett  Baker,  Nov.  12  to  Dec.  11,  1830; 
John  M.  Robinson,  1830-41 ;  William  L.  D.  Ewing, 
1835-37;  Richard  M.  Young,  1837-43;  Samuel  Mc- 
Roberts,  1841-43;  Sidney  Breese,  1843-49;  James 
Semple.  1843-47;  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  1847-61; 
James  Shields,  1849-55;  Lyman  Trumbull,  1855-78; 
Orville  H.  Browning,  1861-63;  William  A.  Rich- 
ardson, 1863-65;  Richard  Yates,  1865-71;  John  A. 
Logan,  1871-77  and  1879-86;  Richard  J.  Oglesby, 
1873-79;  David  Davis,  1877-83;  Shelby  M.  Cullom, 
first  elected  in  1883,  and  re-elected  in  '89  and  '95, 
his  third  term  expiring  in  1901 ;  Charles  B.  Far- 
well,  1887-91;  John  McAuley  Palmer,  1891-97; 
William  E.  Mason,  elected  in  1897,  for  the  term 
expiring,  March  4,  1903. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAUO  (The  New).  One 
of  the  leading  educational  institutions  of  the 
country,  located  at  Chicago.  It  is  the  outgrowth 
of  an  attempt,  put  forth  by  the  American  Educa- 
tional Society  (organized  at  Washington  in  1888). 
to  supply  the  place  which  the  original  institution 
of  the  same  name  had  been  designed  to  fill.  (See 
University  of  Clticago — Tlie  Old.)  The  following 
year,  Mr.  John  D.  Rockefeller  of  New  York  ten- 
dered a  contribution  of  $600,000  toward  the  endow 
ment  of  the  enterprise,  conditioned  upon  securing 
additional  pledges  to  the  amount  of  $400,000  by 
June  1,  1890.  The  offer  was  accepted,  and  the 
sum  promptly  raised.  In  addition,  a  site,  covering 
four  blocks  of  land  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  was 
secured — two  and  one-lialf  blocks  being  acquired 
by  purclxase  for  5282,500,  and  one  and  one- half 
(valued  at  8135.000)  donated  by  Mr.  Marshall 
Field.  A  charter  was  secured  and  an  organiza- 
tion effected.  Sept.  10,  1890.  The  Presidency  of 
the  institution  was  tendered  to,  and  accepted  by. 
Dr.  William  R.  Harper.  Since  that  time  the 
University  lias  been  the  recipient  of  other  gener- 
ous benefactions  by  Mr.  Rockefeller  and  others, 
until  the  aggregate  donations  (1898)  exceed  $10,- 
000,000.  Of  this  amount  over  one-lialf  lias  been 
contributed  by  Mr.  Rockefeller,  while  he  has 
pledged  himself  to  make  additional  contributions 
of  §2,000,000.  conditioned  upon  the  raising  of  a 
like  sum,  from  other  donors,  by  Jan.  1, 1900.  The 
buildings  erected  on  the  campus,  prior  to  189C. 
include  a  chemical  laboratory  costing  $182,000 :  a 
lecture  hall,  $150,000;  a  physical  laboratory 


540 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


$150,000;  a  museum,  $100,000;  an  academy  dor- 
mitory, $30,000;  three  dormitories  for  women, 
§150,000;  two  dormitories  for  men,  $100,000,  to 
which  several  important  additions  were  made 
during  1896  and  97.  The  faculty  embraces  over 
150  instructors,  selected  with  reference  to  their 
fitness  for  their  respective  departments  from 
among  the  most  eminent  scholars  in  America  and 
Europe.  Women  are  admitted  as  students  and 
graduated  upon  an  equality  with  men.  The  work 
of  practical  instruction  began  in  October,  1892, 
with  589  registered  students,  coming  from  nearly 
every  Northern  State,  and  including  250  gradu- 
ates from  other  institutions,  to  which  accessions 
were  made,  during  the  year,  raising  the  aggregate 
to  over  900.  The  second  year  the  number  ex- 
ceeded 1,100;  the  third,  it  rose  to  1,750,  and  the 
fourth  (1895-96),  to  some  2,000,  including  repre- 
sentatives from  every  State  of  the  Union,  besides 
many  from  foreign  countries.  Special  features 
of  the  institution  include  the  admission  of  gradu- 
ates from  other  institutions  to  a  post-graduate 
course,  and  the  University  Extension  Division, 
which  is  conducted  largely  by  means  of  lecture 
courses,  in  other  cities,  or  through  lecture  centers 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  University,  non-resident 
students  having  the  privilege  of  written  exami- 
nations. The  various  libraries  embrace  over 
300,000  volumes,  of  which  nearly  60,000  belong 
to  what  are  called  the  "Departmental  Libraries," 
besides  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of  maps 
and  pamphlets. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  (The  Old),  an 
educational  institution  at  Chicago,  under  the 
care  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  for  some  years 
known  as  the  Douglas  University.  Senator 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  offered,  in  1854,  to  donate  ten 
acres  of  land,  in  what  was  then  near  the  southern 
border  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  as  a  site  for  an 
institution  of  learning,  provided  buildings  cost- 
ing $100,000,  be  erected  thereon  within  a  stipu- 
lated time.  The  corner-stone  of  the  main  building 
was  laid,  July  4,  1857,  but  the  financial  panic  of 
that  year  prevented  its  completion,  and  Mr.  Doug- 
las extended  the  time,  and  finally  deeded  the 
land  to  the  trustees  without  reserve.  For  eighteen 
years  the  institution  led  a  precarious  existence, 
struggling  under  a  heavy  debt.  By  1885,  mort- 
gages to  the  amount  of  $320,000  having  accumu- 
lated, the  trustees  abandoned  further  effort,  and 
acquiesced  in  the  sale  of  the  property  under  fore- 
closure proceedings.  The  original  plan  of  the 
institution  contemplated  preparatory  and  col- 
legiate departments,  together  with  a  college  of 
law  and  a  theological  school. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS,  the  leading  edu- 
cational institution  under  control  of  the  State, 
located  at  Urbana  and  adjoining  the  city  of 
Champaign.  The  Legislature  at  the  session  of  1863 
accepted  a  grant  of  480,000  acres  of  land  under 
Act  of  Congress,  approved  July  2, 1862,  making  an 
appropriation  of  public  lands  to  States — 30,000 
acres  for  each  Senator  and  each  Representative  in 
Congress — establishing  colleges  for  teaching  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts,  though  not  to  the 
exclusion  of  classical  and  scientific  studies.  Land- 
scrip  under  this  grant  was  issued  and  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Governor  Yates,  and  a  Board  of 
Trustees  appointed  under  the  State  law  was  organ- 
ized in  March,  1867,  the  institution  being  located 
the  same  year.  Departments  and  courses  of  study 
were  established,  and  Dr.  John  M.  Gregory,  of 
Michigan,  was  chosen  Regent  (President). — The 
landscrip  issued  to  Illinois  was  sold  at  an  early 
day  for  what  it  wonld  bring  in  open  market, 
except  25.000  acres,  which  was  located  in  Ne- 
braska and  Minnesota.  This  has  recently  been 
sold,  realizing  a  larger  sum  than  was  received 
for  all  the  scrip  otherwise  disposed  of.  The  entire 
sum  thus  secured  for  permanent  endowment  ag- 
gregates $613,026.  The  University  revenues  were 
further  increased  by  donations  from  Congress  to 
each  institution  organized  under  the  Act  of  1862, 
of  $15,000  per  annum  for  the  maintenance  of  an 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and,  in  1890,  of 
a  similar  amount  for  instruction — the  latter  to  be 
increased  $1,000  annually  until  it  should  reach 
$25,000.— A  mechanical  building  was  erected  in 
f871,  and  this  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  first  of 
its  kind  in  America  intended  for  strictly  educa- 
tional purposes.  What  was  called  "the  main 
building"  was  formally  opened  in  December, 
1873.  Other  buildings  em  brace  a  "Science  Hall," 
opened  in  1892;  a  new  "Engineering Hall,"  1894; 
a  fine  Library  Building,  1897.  Eleven  other  prin- 
cipal structures  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones 
have  been  erected  as  conditions  required.  The 
value  of  property  aggregates  nearly  $2,500,000,  and 
appropriations  from  the  State,  for  all  purposes, 
previous  to  1904,  foot  up  85,123,517.90.— Since 
1871  the  institution  has  been  open  to  women. 
The  courses  of  study  embrace  agriculture,  chem- 
istry, polytechnics,  military  tactics,  natural  and 
general  sciences,  languages  and  literature,  eco- 
nomics, household  science,  trade  and  commerce. 
The  Graduate  School  dates  from  1891.  In  1896 
the  Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy  was  connected 
with  the  University:  a  College  of  Law  and  a 
Library  School  were  opened  in  1897,  and  the  same 
year  the  Chicago  College  of  Physicians  and  |Sur- 


5-1" 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>F   ILLINOIS. 


si.'iii.iMIM;  a  museum.  SIOM.INHP;  an  academy  dor- 
mitory. SoO.ooo,  three  dormitories  for  women. 
s|:,ii. IIIKI.  two  dormitories  for  men.  S.IIPII.MOM,  to 
wliicli  several  important  additions  were  made 
ilin  in.L-  1S'.H>  ami  SlT.  Tin-  faculty  embraces  over 
l"i( I  instructors,  selected  with  reference  to  their 
Illness  for  their  res|»-etive  department*  from 
among  tlie  most  eminent  seliolars  in  America  an>l 
I'.urope.  Women  are  ailmitteil  as  students  and 
graduated  II|HUI  an  equality  \vitli  men.  The  work 
ol  practical  instruction  liepin  in  Octolicr.  IN'.K.', 
witli,V-il  registered  students,  coming  from  nearly 
every  Northern  State,  and  including  ','."iO  gradu- 
ates  from  other  institutions.  1<.  which  accession^ 
were  made,  during  the  year,  raising  the  a^re^ale 
to  over  '.Hill.  The  second  year  the  immlicr  ex- 
ceeded I. lull;  the  third,  it  rose  to  l,?."iO,  and  the 
fourth  (|s!I.V!Mi),  to  some  •.'.(PIMP,  including  repre- 
sentative* from  every  State  of  the  Union,  liesides 
many  from  foreign  countries.  S[>ccial  feature-^ 
of  the  institution  include  the  admission  of  gradu- 
ates from  other  institutions  to  a  post -graduate 
course,  and  the  University  Kxtension  Division, 
which  is  conducted  largely  liy  means  of  lecture 
courses,  ill  other  cities,  or  through  lecture  centers 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  University,  lion  resident 
students  having  the  privilege  of  written  exami- 
nations The  various  lihraries  emlirace  over 
oiHi.Miio  \oluiiics.  of  which  nearly  (in. nun  iVlun;.- 
to  what  are  called  the  " Departmental  Libraries." 
liesides  a  larne  and  valuable  collection  of  maps 
and  pamphlets. 

I  MVKKSITV    OK    i  IIH   M. (>    (The    oldi.  an 
eilucational   institution  at    Chicago,    under    the 
care  of  the  R-iptist  denomination,  for  some  years 
known     a-     the     Douglas     I'niversity.     Senator 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  offered,  in  1  *•">),  to  donate  lei, 
acres  of  land,  in  what  was  then  near  the  southern 
border  of   the   city  of  Chicago,  as  a  site  for  an 
institution  of   learning,  provided   building*  cost 
inn  Slim, Olio,  he  erected  thereon    within  a  stipn 
lated  time    The  corner-stone  of  the  main  huildin- 
was   laid.  July  I.  1X-TT    hut   the  financial  panic  of 
that  year  prevented  its  completion,  and  Mr  Ilou^ 
las  extended    the   time,    and    finally   deeded   tin- 
land  to  tin-  trustees  without  reserve.    For  eighteen 
years  the  institution  led  a  precarious  existence, 
strn^lin;;  under  a   heavy  del  it.      Hy    'ss~'.  moil 
^a^c-s  to  the  amount  of  S:!'20,OO()  having  acciimu 
lated.  the  trustees  ahaiidoneil  further  effort,  ami 
acquiesced  in  the  sale  of  the  jiro|>crty  under  fore 
closure   proceedings      The  original    plan    of    Jhe 
institution    contemplatecl     pre|iaratory   and    col- 
legiate depart nls,  together  with  a  college  of 

law  and  a  theological  school. 


f.MVKRSITY  OF  ILLINOIS,  the  leading  edu- 
cational institution  under  control  of  the  State, 
located  at  L'rhana  and  adjoining  the  city  of 
C'hampai^n.  The  Legislature  at  tlie  session  of  IMi:; 
accepted  arrant  of  •IHUWM)  acres  of  land  under 
Act  of  Congress,  approved  July  '-,  lMi'.J,  inaUin_-  .11, 
appropriation  of  public  lands  to  States — HO.ooo 
acres  for  ea<'h  Senator  and  each  Representative  in 
Congress — estahlishin^  colleges  for  teaching  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts,  though  not  to  the 
exclusion  of  classical  and  scientilic  studies.  I.and- 
scrip  under  this  j;raiit  was  issued  and  placed  iu 
the  hands  of  (iovernor  Yates,  and  a  Board  of 
Trustees  ap| minted  under  the  State  law  wa.s  organ- 
ized in  March.  l*t>7.  the  institution  liein;;  located 
the  same  year.  Departments  and  courses  of  study 
were  established,  and  Dr.  John  M.  Gregory,  ol 
Michigan,  was  chosen  Recent  (President). — The 
landscrip  issued  to  Illinois  was  sold  at  an  early 
day  for  what  it  wonld  brin^c  in  ojien  market, 
except  O'I.OIKI  acres,  which  was  located  in  Ne- 
braska and  Minnesota.  This  has  recently  been 
sold,  realix.iiu;  a  larger  sum  than  was  recehed 
i  or  all  the  scrip  otherwise  disposed  of.  The  entire 
sum  thus  secured  for  permanent  endowment  a^- 
greKatea 8618,096.  The  University  revenues  were 
further  increased  by  donations  from  Congress  to 
each  institution  organized  under  the  Act  of  1*ii'..'. 
of  sl.'i  OOO  per  annum  for  the  maintenance  of  an 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and.  in  1X90,  of 
,i  similar  amount  for  instruction — the  latter  to  l*s 
increased  si. (Mil (  annually  until  it  should  reach 
?','.°i.iKHl.  —  A  mechanical  building  was  erected  ill 
1*71,  and  this  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  lirst  of 
its  kind  in  America  intended  for  strictly  educa- 
tional purposes.  What  was  called  "the  main 
building'*  was  formally  opened  in  Decemlier, 
IN?:!.  Other  buildings  embrace  a  "Science  Hall.''' 
ojiened  in  1N9'-';  anew  "Engineering Hall,*'  IMH; 
a  line  Library  I'.-nMn.  is'.i;.  Kleveii  other  prin- 
cipal structures  and  a  number  <if  smaller  ones 
have  been  erected  as  conditions  required.  The 
value  of  pro|n;rt.y  aggregate*  neaply83> 000,000, and 
appropriations  from  the  State,  for  all  pur|Kjses, 
previous  to  I'.MM.  f«Kit  u]i  sri,li:!,517.!)l).  —Since. 
1>*71  the  institution  has  been  open  to  women. 
The  courses  of  study  embrace  agriculture,  chem- 
istry, polytechnics,  military  tactics,  natural  ami 
general  sciences.  laiiKiiaKes  and  literature,  eco- 
nomics, household  science,  trade  and  commerce. 
The  (iraduate  School  dates  from  isill.  Ill  1WM» 
the  Chicago  College  of  I'liarinufy  was  connected 
with  the  University:  a  College  of  Ijiw  and  a 
Library  School  were  opened  in  1MI7,  and  tlie  same 
year  the  Chicago  College  of  I'liysiciaiis  and  |Sur- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


541 


geons  was  affiliated  as  the  College  of  Medicine — a 
School  of  Dentistry  being  added  to  the  latter  in 
1901.  In  1885  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural 
History  was  transferred  from  Normal,  111.,  and  an 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  entablished  in 
1888,  from  which  bulletins  are  sent  to  farmers 
throughout  the  State  who  may  desire  them. — The 
first  name  of  the  Institution  was  "Illinois  Indus- 
trial University,"  but,  in  1885,  this  was  changed 
to  "University  of  Illinois."  In  1887  the  Trustees 
(of  whom  there  are  nine)  were  made  elective  by 
popular  vote — three  being  elected  every  two 
years,  each  holding  office  six  years.  Dr.  Gregory, 
having  resigned  the  office  of  Regent  in  1880,  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Selim  H.  Peabody,  who  had 
been  Professor  of  Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineer- 
ing. Dr.  Peabody  resigned  in  1891.  The  duties 
of  Regent  were  then  discharged  by  Prof.  Thomas 
J.  Burrill  until  August,  1894,  when  Dr.  Andrew 
Sloan  Draper,  former  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  of  the  State  of  New  York,  was 
installed  as  President,  serving  until  1904.— The 
corps  of  instruction  (1904)  includes  over  100  Pro- 
fessors, 60  Associate  and  Assistant  Professors  and 
200  Instructors  and  Assistants,  besides  special 
lecturers,  demonstrators  and  clerks.  The  num- 
ber of  students  has  increased  rapidly  in  recent 
years,  as  shown  by  the  following  totals  for  suc- 
cessive years  from  1890-91  to  1903-04,  inclusive: 
519;  583;  714;  743;  810;  852;  1,076;  1,582;  1,824; 
2,234;  2,505;  2,932;  3,289;  3,589.  Of  the  last  num- 
ber, 2,271  were  men  and  718  women.  During 
1903-04  there  were  in  all  departments  at  Urbana, 
2,547  students  (256  being  in  the  Preparatory  Aca- 
demy) ;  and  in  the  three  Professional  Departments 
in  Chicago,  1,042,  of  whom  694  were  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Medicine,  185  in  the  School  of  Pharmacy, 
and  163  in  the  School  of  Dentistry.  The  Univer- 
sity Library  contains  63,700  volumes  and  14,500 
pamphlets,  not  including  5,350  volumes  and 
15,850  pamphlets  in  the  State  Laboratory  of  Nat- 
ural History. — The  University  occupies  a  con- 
spicuous and  attractive  site,  embracing  220  acres 
adjacent  to  the  line  between  Urbana  and  Cham- 
paign, and  near  the  residence  portion  of  the  two 
cities.  The  athletic  field  of  11  acres,  on  which 
stand  the  gymnasium  and  armory,  is  enclosed 
with  an  ornamental  iron  fence.  The  campus, 
otherwise,  is  an  open  and  beautiful  park  with 
fine  landscape  effects. 

UNORGANIZED  COUNTIES.  In  addition  to 
the  102  counties  into  which  Illinois  is  divided, 
acts  were  passed  by  the  General  Assembly, 
at  different  times,  providing  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  number  of  others,  a  few  of  which 


were  subsequently  organized  under  different 
names,  but  the  majority  of  which  were  never 
organized  at  all — the  proposition  for  such  or- 
ganization being  rejected  by  vote  of  the  people 
within  the  proposed  boundaries,  or  allowed  to 
lapse  by  non-action.  These  unorganized  coun- 
ties, with  the  date  of  the  several  acts  authorizing 
them,  and  the  territory  which  they  were  in- 
tended to  include,  were  as  follows:  Allen 
County  (1841) — comprising  portions  of  Sanga- 
mon,  Morgan  and  Macoupin  Counties;  Audobon 
(Audubon)  County  (1843) — from  portions  of  Mont- 
gomery, Fayette  and  Shelby;  Benton  County 
(1843) — from  Morgan,  Greene  and  Macoupin; 
Coffee  County  (1837)— with  substantially  the 
same  territory  now  comprised  within  the  bound- 
aries of  Stark  County,  authorized  two  years 
later;  Dane  County  (1839) — name  changed  to 
Christian  in  1840;  Harrison  County  (1855)— 
from  McLean,  Champaign  and  Vermilion,  com- 
prising territory  since  partially  incorporated 
in  Ford  County;  Holmes  County  (1857) — from 
Champaign  and  Vermilion;  Marquette  County 
(1843),  changed  (1847)  to  Highland— compris- 
ing the  northern  portion  of  Adams,  (this  act 
was  accepted,  with  Columbus  as  the  county- 
seat,  but  organization  finally  vacated) ;  Michi- 
gan County  (1837)— from  a  part  of  Cook;  Milton 
County  (1843) — from  the  south  part  of  Vermil- 
ion; Okaw  County  (1841) — comprising  substan- 
tially the  same  territory  as  Moultrie,  organized 
under  act  of  1843;  Oregon  County  (1851) — from 
parts  of  Sangamon,  Morgan  and  Macoupin  Coun- 
ties, and  covering  substantially  the  same  terri- 
tory as  proposed  to  be  incorporated  in  Allen 
County  ten  years  earlier.  The  last  act  of  this 
character  was  passed  in  1867,  when  an  attempt 
was  made  to  organize  Lincoln  County  out  ol° 
parts  of  Champaign  and  Vermilion,  but  which 
failed  for  want  of  an  affirmative  vote. 

UPPER  ALTON,  a  city  of  Madison  County, 
situated  on  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  about 
1 J  miles  northeast  of  Alton— laid  out  in  1816.  It 
has  several  churches,  and  is  the  seat  of  Shurtleff 
College  and  the  Western  Military  Academy,  the 
former  founded  about  1831,  and  controlled  by  the 
Baptist  denomination.  Beds  of  excellent  clay  are 
found  in  the  vicinity  and  utilized  in  pottery 
manufacture.  Pop.  (1890),  1,803:  (1900),  2,373. 

UPTON,  George  Putnam,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1834;  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1854,  removed  to  Chicago 
in  1855,  and  began  newspaper  work  on  "The 
Native  American,"  the  following  year  taking 
the  place  of  city  editor  of  "The  Evening  Jour- 


X.  _ 


L 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    UK   ILLINOIS. 


VII 


Seems  was  affiliated  Jis  the  College  of  Medicine — it 
School  of  Dentistry  being  sulileil  to  the  Litter  in 
1901.  In  1885  the  State  Lalxjratory  of  Natural 
History  was  transferred  from  Normal,  111.,  and  an 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  entahlished  in 
1888,  from  which  bulletins  are  sent  to  fanners 
throughout  the  State  who  may  desire  them. — The 
first  name  of  the  Institution  was  "Illinois  Indus- 
trial University."  but.  in  iss;i.  this  was  change.! 
to  "University  of  Illinois."  In  1887  the  Trustee 
(of  whom  there  are  nine)  were  made  elective  l>y 
popular  vote— three  being  elected  every  tv.-o 
years,  each  holding  otlire  six  years.  Dr.  (Jregory. 
having  resigned  the  otlice  of  Regent  in  I8sn,  was 
.succeeded  by  Dr.  Selim  II.  Peabody,  who  had 
l>een  Professor  of  Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineer- 
ing. Dr.  Peabody  resigned  in  1*01.  The  duties 
of  Regent  were  then  discharged  by  Prof.  Thomas 
J.  Burrill  until  August,  1*94,  when  Dr.  Andrew 
Sloan  Draper,  former  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  of  the  State  of  New  York,  was 
installed  as  President,  serving  until  1904. — The 
corps  of  instruction  (1904)  includes  over  100  Pro- 
fessors, 60  Associate  and  Assistant  Professors  and 
2(10  Instructors  and  Assistants,  besides  special 
lecturers,  demonstrators  and  clerks.  The  num- 
ber of  students  has  increased  rapidly  iu  recent 
years,  as  shown  by  the  following  totals  for  suc- 
cessive years  from  1890-91  to  1903-04.  inclusive: 
519;  ,r,s:t;  714;  713;  810;  852;  1,075:  1,582;  1,824: 
2.234;  2.503;  2,932;  3,2*9;  3.589.  Of  the  last  num- 
ber, 2.271  were  men  and  718  women.  During 
1903-04  there  were  in  all  departments  at  Urbana. 
2.547  students  (25(5  being  in  the  Preparatory  Aca- 
demy); and  in  the  three  Professional  Departments 
in  Chicago,  1.012.  of  whom  694  were  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Medicine,  185  in  the  School  of  Pharmacy, 
and  163  in  the  School  of  Dentistry.  The  Univer- 
sity Library  contains  (i3.700  volumes  and  14.50(1 
pamphlets,  not  including  5.350  volumes  and 
15,850  pamphlets  in  the  State  Laboratory  of  Nat- 
ural History. — The  University  occupies  a  con- 
spicuous and  attractive  site,  embracing  220  acres 
adjacent  to  the  line  lietwetn  Uibanu  and  Cham- 
paign, and  near  the  residence  portion  of  the  two 
cities.  The  athletic  field  of  11  acres,  on  which 
stand  the  gymnasium  and  armory,  is  enclosed 
with  an  ornamental  iron  fence.  The  campus, 
otherwise,  is  an  open  and  beautiful  park  with 
fine  landscajie  effects. 

UN01UiAM/KI)  COUM'IKS.  In  addition  to 
the  102  counties  into  which  Illinois  is  divided, 
acts  were  passed  by  the  lieneral  Assembly, 
at  different  times,  providing  for  the  organiza- 
tion  »f  .,  muni"  i  of  others,  a  few  of  which 


were  snl>se.|iientl\  organized  under  dillep  -nt. 
names,  but  the  majority  of  which  were  ne\er 
organized  at  all — the  pro]«i-ition  lor  Mich  or- 
ganization being  rejected  by  vote  of  the  |«i>ple 
within  the  proposed  boundaries,  or  allowed  in 
lapse,  by  non-action.  These  uliorgani/.cd  coun- 
ties, wit h^Mic  date  of  Ihe  several  act-  authorizing 
them.  ..inl  the  territory  which  liny  were  in- 
tended lo  include,  were  us  follow-:  Allen 
County  (lsfl< — comprising  jtortions  of  S.utg;i- 
inoii.  Morgan  and  Macoiipin  Counties;  Audolxm 
(Audu  I  ton  i  County  (I8|:j) — (com  portions  of  Mont 
goni'-ry.  Favdte  and  Shelby,  Itcnton  County 
(18|:!t  — from  Morgan.  <!recnc  and  Macoiipin. 
Coffee  Comity  (18:i7) — with  substantial!}  the 
same  territory  now  comprised  within  the  bound- 
aries of  Stark  County,  authorized  two  years 
later:  I  lane  County  (I8:!9| — name  changed  to 
Christian  in  1MO;  Harrison  County  (1855) — 
from  McLean.  Champaign  and  Vermilion,  <*mi- 
prising  territory  since  partialh  incor|»raii-<i 
in  Kord  Connt\  ;  Holmes  County  (1857) — from 
<  'ham{>aign  and  Vermilion ;  Marijuette  County 
(18-1:!).  changed  il*47i  to  Highland— compris 
ing  the  northern  portion  of  Adams,  (this  art 
was  accepted,  with  Columbus  as  the  countv- 
seat,  but  organization  linally  vacated).  Michi- 
gan County  i|s:!7i — from  a  |>art  of  Cook;  Milton 
County  (184;!;  —  from  the  south  part  of  Vermil 
ion;  Okaw  County  (1811) — comprising  suhstan- 
tially  the  same  territory  as  Moultrie,  organized 
under  ad  of  |s.|::;  Oregon  County  (1851)— from 
parts  ol  Sangamon.  Morgan  and  Macoiipin  Conn 
ties,  and  covering  substantially  the  same  terri 
lory  a-  proposed  to  lie  incorporated  in  Allen 
County  ten  years  earlier  The  last,  act  of  this 
character  was  passed  in  ]sii7.  when  an  attempt 
was  made  to  organize  Lincoln  County  out  •• 
parts  of  Champaign  anil  Vermilion  but  \\hirit 
failed  for  want  of  an  affirmative  Mile 

t'PI'EK  ALTON,  a  city  of  Madison  County, 
situated  on  the  Chicago  .V-  Alton  Uailroad.  about 
!  J  miles  northeast  of  Alton— laid  out  in  I8|ii  It 
ha-s  several  churches,  ami  is  the  sent  of  Shurtleil 
College  and  the  Western  Military  Academy,  the 
former  founded  about  18,'ti.  and  controlled  by  the 
Haptist  denomination.  Beds  of  excellent  clay  are 
found  in  the  vicinity  and  utilized  in  pottery 
manufacture.  Pop.  (1H9O).  1,913 ;  (J90O).  237:! 

I'PTOX,  (Jeorer  Putnam,  .journalist,  was  burn 
at  Koxbiiry.  Mass.,  Oct.  25,  ]s:!4.  gnuluatml  from 
Hn»wn  I'niversity  in  1854.  removed  to  Chicago 
in  1855.  and  licgan  newspaper  work  on  "The 
Native  American."  the  following  year  taking 
the  place  of  city  editor  of  "The  Evening  Jour- 


542 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


nal."  In  1862,  Mr.  Upton  became  musical  critic 
on  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  serving  for  a  time 
also  as  its  war  correspondent  in  the  field,  later 
(about  1881)  taking  a  place  on  the  general  edi- 
torial staff,  which  he  still  retains.  He  is  regarded 
as  an  authority  on  musical  and  dramatic  topics. 
Mr.  Upton  is  also  a  stockholder  in,  and,  for  sev- 
eral years,  has  been  Vice- President  of  the  "Trib- 
une" Company.  Besides  numerous  contributions 
to  magazines,  his  works  include:  "Letters  of 
Peregrine  Pickle"  (1869) ;  "Memories,  a  Story  of 
German  Love,"  translated  from  the  German  of 
Max  Muller  (1879);  "Woman  in  Music"  (1880); 
"Lives  of  German  Composers"  (3  vols.— 1883-84); 
1  lesides  four  volumes  of  standard  operas,  oratorios, 
cantatas,  and  symphonies  (1885-88). 

CRBANA,  a  flourishing  city,  the  county-seat 
of  Champaign  County,  on  the  "Big  Fou»,"  the 
Illinois  Central  and  the  Wabash  Railways:  130 
miles  south  of  Chicago  and  31  miles  west  of  Dan- 
ville; in  agricultural  and  coal-mining  region. 
The  mechanical  industries  include  extensive  rail- 
road shops,  manufacture  of  brick,  suspenders  and 
lawn-mowers.  The  Cunningham  Deaconesses' 
Home  and  Orphanage  is  located  here.  The  city 
has  water-works,  gas  and  electric  light  plants, 
electric  car-lines  (local  and  interurban),  superior 
schools,  nine  churches,  three  banks  and  three 
newspapers.  Urbana  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  Illinois.  Pop.  (1890),  3,511;  (1900),  5,738. 

USREY,  William  .1.,  editor  and  soldier,  was 
born  at  Washington  (near  Natchez),  Miss.,  May 
16.  1827;  was  educated  at  Natchez,  and,  before 
reaching  manhood,  came  to  Macon  County,  111., 
where  he  engaged  in  teaching  until  1846,  when 
lie  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  C,  Fourth 
Illinois  Volunteers,  for  tyie  Mexican  War.  In 
1855,  he  joined  with  a  Mr.  Wingate  in  the  estab- 
lishment, at  Decatur,  of  "The  Illinois  State  Chron- 
icle," of  which  he  soon  after  took  sole  charge, 
conducting  the  paper  until  1861,  when  he  enlisted 
in  the  Thirty-fifth  Illinois  Volunteers  and  was 
ap)K>inted  Adjutant.  Although  born  and  edu- 
cated in  a  slave  State,  Mr.  Usrey  was  an  earnest 
opponent  of  slavery,  as  proved  by  the  attitude  of 
his  paper  in  opposition  to  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill.  He  was  one  of  the  most  zealous  endorsers 
of  the  proposition  for  a  conference  of  the  Anti- 
Nebraska  editors  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  to  agree 
upon  a  line  of  policy  in  opposition  to  the  further 
extension  of  slavery,  and,  when  that  body  met  at 
Decatur,  on  Feb.  22,  1856,  he  served  as  its  Secre- 
tary, thus  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the  initial 
steps  which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Republican  ]>arty  in  Illinois.  (See  Anti-Xfbranka 


Editorial  Convention.)  After  returning  from 
the  war  he  resumed  his  place  as  editor  of  "The 
Chronicle,"  but  finally  retired  from  newspaper 
work  in  1871.  He  was  twice  Postmaster  of  the 
city  of  Decatur,  first  previous  to  1850,  and  again 
under  the  administration  of  President  Grant; 
served  also  as  a  member  of  the  City  Council  and 
was  a  member  of  the  local  Post  of  the  G.  A.  R. , 
and  Secretary  of  the  Macon  County  Association 
of  Mexican  War  Veterans.  Died,  at  Decatur, 
Jan.  20,  1894. 

UTICA,  (also  called  North  Utica),  a  village  of 
La  Salle  County,  on  the  Illinois  &  Michigan 
Canal  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railway,  10  miles  west  of  Ottawa,  situated  on  the 
Illinois  River  opposite  "Starved  Rock,"  also 
believed  to  stand  on  the  site  of  the  Kaskaskia 
village  found  by  the  French  Explorer,  La  Salle, 
when  he  first  visited  Illinois.  "Utica  cement"  is 
produced  here;  it  also  has  several  factories  or 
mills,  besides  banks  and  a  weekly  paper.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  767;  (1890),  1.094;  (1900),  1,150. 

VAX  ARNAM,  John,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
Iwrn  at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  March  3,  1820.  Hav- 
ing lost  his  father  at  five  years  of  age,  he  went  to 
live  with  a  farmer,  but  ran  away  in  his  boyhood ; 
later,  began  teaching,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  New  York  City,  beginning 
practice  at  Marshall,  Mich.  In  1858  he  removed 
to  Chicago,  and,  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Walker,  Van  Arnam  &  Dexter,  became  promi- 
nent as  a  criminal  lawyer  and  railroad  attorney, 
be/ing  for  a  time  Solicitor  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railroad.  In  1862  he  assisted  in 
organizing  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-seventh 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  and  was  commissioned 
its  Colonel,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  on 
account  of  illness.  After  spending  some  time  in 
California,  he  resumed  practice  in  Chicago  in 
1865.  His  later  years  were  spent  in  California, 
dying  at  San  Diego,  in  that  State,  April  6,  1890. 

V  A  M>  A  l;l  A ,  the  principal  city  and  county -seat 
of  Fayette  County.  It  is  situated  on  the  Kas- 
kaskia River,  30  miles  north  of  Centralia,  62 
miles  south  by  west  of  Decatur,  and  68  miles 
east-northeast  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  an  intersecting 
point  for  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  St.  Louis, 
Vandalia  and  Terre  Haute  Railroads.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  State  from  1820  to  1839,  the  seat  of 
government  being  removed  to  Springfield,  the 
latter  year,  in  accordance  with  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  passed  at  the  session  of  1837.  It  con- 
tains a  court  house  (old  State  Capitol  building), 
six  churches,  two  banks,  three  weekly  papers,  a 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


543 


graded  school,  flour,  saw  and  paper  mills,  foundry, 
stave  and  heading  mill,  carriage  and  wagon 
and  brick  works.  Pop.  (1890),  8,144;  (1900),  2,665. 

YANDEYEER,  Horatio  >!..  pioneer  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Washington  County,  Ind.,  March  1, 
1816;  came  with  his  family  to  Illinois  at  an  early 
age,  settling  ou  Clear  Creek,  now  in  Christian 
County;  taught  school  and  studied  law,  using 
books  borrowed  from  the  late  Hon.  John  T.  Stuart 
of  Springfield ;  was  elected  first  County  Recorder 
of  Christian  County  and,  soon  after,  appointed 
Circuit  Clerk,  tilling  both  offices  three  years. 
He  also  held  the  office  of  County  Judge  from  1848 
to  1857 ;  was  twice  chosen  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  (1842  and  1850)  and  once  to  the 
State  Senate  (1862);  in  1846.  enlisted  and  was 
chosen  Captain  of  a  company  for  the  Mexican 
War,  but,  having  been  rejected  on  account  of  the 
quota  being  full,  was  appointed  Assistant-Quarter- 
master, in  this  capacity  serving  on  the  staff  of 
General  Taylor  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista. 
Among  other  offices  held  by  Mr.  Vandeveer,  were 
those  of  Postmaster  of  Taylorville,  Master  in 
Chancery,  Presidential  Elector  (1848),  Delegate 
to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  (1870-79).  In  1868 
Judge  Vandeveer  established  the  private  banking 
firm  of  H.  M.  Vandeveer  &  Co.,  at  Taylorville, 
which,  in  conjunction  with  his  sons,  he  continued 
successfully  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Died,  March  12,  1894. 

YAN  HORNE,  William  ('.,  Railway  Manager 
and  President,  was  born  in  Will  County,  111., 
February,  1848;  began  his  career  as  a  telegraph 
operator  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  in  1856, 
was  attached  to  the  Michigan  Central  and  Chi- 
cago &  Alton  Railroads  (1858-72),  later  being 
General  Manager  or  General  Superintendent  of 
various  other  lines  (1872-79).  He  next  served  as 
General  Superintendent  of  the  Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee &  St.  Paul,  but  soon  after  became  General 
Manager  of  the  Canadian  Pacific,  which  he 
assisted  to  construct  to  the  Pacific  Coast;  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  line  in  1884,  and  its 
President  in  1888.  His  services  have  been  recog- 
nized by  conferring  upon  him  the  order  of 
knighthood  by  the  British  Government. 

VASSEUR,  Noel  C.,  pioneer  Indian-trader,  was 
born  of  French  parentage  in  Canada,  Dec.  25, 
1799;  at  the  age  of  17  made  a  trip  with  a  trading 
party  to  the  West,  crossing  Wisconsin  by  way  of 
the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  the  route  pursued 
by  Joliet  and  Marquette  in  1673 ;  later,  was  associ- 
ated with  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard  in  the  service  of 
the  American  Fur  Company,  in  1820  visiting  the 


region  now  embraced  in  Iroquois  County,  where 
he  and  Hubbard  subsequently  established  a  trad- 
ing post  among  the  Pottawatomie  Indians, 
believed  to  have  been  the  site  of  the  present  town 
of  Iroquois.  The  way  of  reaching  their  station 
from  Chicago  was  by  the  Chicago  and  Des 
Plaines  Rivers  to  the  Kankakee,  and  ascending 
the  latter  and  the  Iroquois.  Here  Vasseur  re- 
mained in  trade  until  the  removal  of  the  Indians 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  which  he  served  as 
agent  of  the  Government.  While  in  the  Iroquois 
region  he  married  Watseka,  a  somewhat  famous 
Pottawatomie  woman,  for  whom  the  town  of 
Watseka  was  named,  and  who  had  previously 
been  the  Indian  wife  of  a  fellow-trader.  His 
later  years-  were  spent  at  Hour  bonuais  Grove,  in 
Kankakee  County,  where  he  died,  Dec.  12,  1879. 

YENICE,  a  city  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  opposite  St.  Louis  and  2  miles 
north  of  East  St.  Louis;  is  touched  by  six  trunk 
lines  of  railroad,  and  at  the  eastern  approach  to 
the  new  "Merchants'  Bridge,"  with  its  round- 
house, has  two  ferries  to  St.  Louis,  street  car  line, 
electric  lights,  water-works,  some  manufactures 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  932;  (1900).  2,450. 

YENICE  &  CARONDELET  RAILROAD.  (See 
Louisville,  Evctuiville  <t  St.  Louis  (Consolidate' I) 
Railroad. ) 

VERMILION  COUNTY,  an  eastern  county, 
bordering  on  the  Indiana  State  line,  and  drained 
by  the  Vermilion  and  Little  Vermilion  Rivers, 
from  which  it  takes  its  name.  It  was  originally 
organized  in  1826,  when  it  extended  north  to 
Lake  Michigan.  Its  present  area  is  926  square 
miles.  The  discovery  of  salt  springs,  in  1819. 
aided  in  attracting  immigration  to  this  region, 
but  the  manufacture  of  salt  was  abandoned 
many  years  ago.  Early  settlers  were  Seymour 
Treat,  James  Butler,  Henry  Johnston.  Harvey 
Lidington,  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard  and  Daniel  W. 
Beckwith.  James  Butler  and  Achilles  Morgan 
were  the  first  County  Commissioners.  Many 
interesting  fossil  remains  have  been  found, 
among  them  the  skeleton  of  a  mastodon  (18681. 
Fire  clay  is  found  in  large  quantities,  and  two 
coal  seams  cross  the  county.  The  surface  is  level 
and  the  soil  fertile.  Corn  is  the  chief  agricultural 
product,  although  oats,  wheat,  rye,  and  potatoes 
are  extensively  cultivated.  Stock-raising  ami 
wool-growing  are  important  industries.  There 
are  also  several  manufactories,  chiefly  at  Dan- 
ville, which  is  the  county-seat.  Coal  mining 
is  carried  on  extensively,  especially  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Danville.  Population  (1880),  41,588;  (1890>. 
49,905;  (1900),  65,635. 


544 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


VERMILION  RIVER,  a  tributary  of  the  Illi- 
nois; rises  in  Ford  and  the  northern  part  of 
McLean  County,  and,  running  northwestward 
through  Livingston  and  the  southern  part  of 
La  Salle  Counties,  enters  the  Illinois  River 
nearly  opposite  the  city  of  La  Salle ;  has  a  length 
of  about  80  miles. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  an  affluent  of  the  Wa- 
bash,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North,  Middle 
and  South  Forks,  which  rise  in  Illinois,  and 
come  together  near  DanvUle  in  this  State.  It 
flows  southeastward,  and  enters  the  Wabash  in 
Vermilion  County,  Ind.  The  main  stream  is 
about  88  miles  long.  The  South  Fork,  however, 
which  rises  in  Champaign  County  and  runs  east- 
ward, has  a  length  of  nearly  75  miles.  The 
Little  Vermilion  River  enters  the  Wabash  about 
7  or  8  miles  below  the  Vermilion,  which  is  some- 
times called  the  Big  Vermilion,  by  way  of 
distinction. 

VERMONT,  a  village  in  Fulton  County,  at 
junction  of  Galesburg  and  St.  Louis  Division  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  24 
miles  north  of  Beardstown ;  has  a  carriage  manu- 
factory, flour  and  saw-mills,  brick  and  tile  works, 
electric  light  plant,  besides  two  banks,  four 
churches,  two  graded  schools,  and  one  weekly 
newspaper.  An  artesian  well  has  been  sunk  here 
to  the  depth  of  2  600  feet  Pop.  (1900),  1,195. 

VERSAILLES,  a  town  of  Brown  County,  on 
the  Wabash  Railway,  48  miles  east  of  Quincy;  is 
in  a  timber  and  agricultural  district ;  has  a  bank 
and  weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1900),  524. 

VIENNA,  the  county-seat  of  Johnson  County, 
situated  on  the  Cairo  and  Vinoennes  branch  of 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  36  miles  north-northwest  of  Cairo.  It 
has  a  court  house,  several  churches,  a  graded 
school,  banks  and  two  weekly  newspapers. 
Population  (1880),  494;  (1890),  888;  (1900).  1,817. 

VIGO,  Francois,  pioneer  and  early  Indian- 
trader,  was  born  at  Mondovi,  Sardinia  (Western 
Italy),  in  1747,  served  as  a  private  soldier,  first  at 
Havana  and  afterwards  at  New  Orleans.  When 
he  left  the  Spanish  army  he  came  to  St.  Louis, 
then  the  military  headquarters  of  Spain  for  Upper 
Louisiana,  where  he  became  a  partner  of  Com- 
mandant de  Leba,  and  was  extensively  engaged 
in  the  fur-trade  among  the  Indians  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Rivers.  On  the  occupation  of 
Kaskaskia  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  in  1778. 
he  rendered  valuable  aid  to  the  Americans,  turn- 
ing out  supplies  to  feed  Clark's  destitute  soldiers, 
and  accepting  Virginia  Continental  money,  at 
par,  in  payment,  incurring  liabilities  in  excess  of 


$20,000.  This,  followed  by  the  confiscation  policy 
of  the  British  Colonel  Hamilton,  at  Vincennes, 
where  Vigo  had  considerable  property,  reduced 
him  to  extreme  penury.  H.  W.  Beckwith  says 
that,  towards  the  close  of  his  life,  he  lived  on  his 
little  homestead  near  Vincennes,  in  great  poverty 
but  cheerful  to  the  last  He  was  never  recom- 
pensed during  his  life  for  his  sacrifices  in  behalf 
of  the  American  cause,  though  a  tardy  restitution 
was  attempted,  after  his  death,  by  the  United 
States  Government,  for  the  benefit  of  his  heirs. 
He  died,  at  a  ripe  old  age,  at  Vincennes,  Ind., 
March  22,  1835. 

VILLA  RIIHJE,  a  village  of  Pulaski  County, 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  10  miles  north  of 
Cairo.  Population,  500. 

VINCENNES,  Jean  Baptiste  Bissot,  a  Canadian 
explorer,  born  at  Quebec,  January,  1688,  of  aris- 
tocratic and  wealthy  ancestry.  He  was  closely 
connected  with  Louis  Joliet  —  probably  his 
brother-in-law,  although  some  historians  say  that 
he  was  the  tatter's  nephew.  He  entered  the 
Canadian  army  as  ensign  in  1701.  and  had  a  long 
and  varied  experience  as  an  Indian  fighter. 
About  1725  he  took  up  his  residence  on  wliat  is 
now  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Vincennes, 
Ind.,  which  is  named  in  his  honor.  Here  he 
erected  an  earth  fort  and  established  a  trading- 
post.  In  1726.  under  orders,  he  co-operated  with 
D'Artaguiette  (then  the  French  Governor  of  Illi- 
nois) in  an  expedition  against  the  Chickasaws. 
The  expedition  resulted  disastrously.  Vincennes 
and  D'Artaguiette  were  captured  and  burned 
;(t  the  stake,  together  with  Father  Senat  (a 
Jesuit  priest)  and  others  of  the  command. 
(See  also  D'Artaguiette;  French  Governors  of 
Illinois. ) 

VI  It  DEN,  a  city  of  Macoupin  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroads,  21  miles  south  by  west  from 
Springfield,  and  31  miles  east-southeast  of  Jack- 
sonville. It  has  five  churches,  two  banks,  two 
newspapers,  telephone  service,  electric  lights, 
grain  elevators,  machine  shop,  and  extensive  coal 
mines.  Pop.(1900), 2,280 ;  (school censusl908),8,651. 

VIRGINIA,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Cass  County,  situated  at  the  intersection  of 
the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis,  with  the  Spring- 
field Division  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western Railroad,  15  miles  north  of  Jacksonville, 
and  33  miles  west-northwest  of  Springfield.  It 
lies  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agricultural  region. 
There  is  a  flouring  mill  here,  besides  manu- 
factories of  wagons  and  cigars.  The  city  has  two 
National  and  one  State  bank,  five  churches,  a 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


545 


high  school,  and  two  weekly  papers.  Pop.  (1890), 
1,602;  (1900),  1,600. 

\  OCKE,  William,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Min- 
den,  Westphalia  (Germany),  in  1839,  the  son  of  a 
Government  Secretary  in  the  Prussian  service. 
Having  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  he  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1856,  and,  after  a  short 
stuy  in  New  York,  came  to  Chicago,  where  he 
found  employment  as  a  paper-carrier  for  "The 
Staats-Zeitung,"  meanwhile  giving  his  attention 
to  the  study  of  law.  Later,  he  became  associated 
with  a  real-estate  firm;  on  the  commencement 
of  the  Civil  War,  enlisted  as  a  private  in  a 
three  months'  regiment,  and,  finally,  in  the 
Twenty-fourth  Illinois  (the  first  Hecker  regi- 
ment), in  which  lie  rose  to  the  rank  of  Captain. 
Returning  from  the  army,  he  was  employed  as 
city  editor  of  "The  Staats-Zeitung,"  but,  in 
1865,  became  Clerk  of  the  Chicago  Police  Court, 
serving  until  1869.  Meanwhile  he  had  been 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and,  on  retirement  from 
office,  began  practice,  but,  in  1870,  was  elected 
Representative  in  the  Twenty-seventh  General 
Assembly,  in  which  he  bore  a  leading  part  in 
framing  "the  burnt  record  act''  made  necessary 
by  the  fire  of  1871.  He  has  since  been  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  having  been, 
for  a  number  of  years,  attorney  for  the  German 
Consulate  at  Chicago,  also  serving,  for  several 
years,  on  the  Chicago  Board  of  Education.  Mr. 
Vocke  is  a  man  of  high  literary  tastes,  as  shown 
by  his  publication,  in  1869,  of  a  volume  of  poems 
translated  from  the  German,  which  lias  been 
highly  commended,  besides  a  legal  work  on 
"The  Administration  of  Justice  in  the  United 
States,  and  a  Synopsis  of  the  Mode  of  Procedure 
in  our  Federal  and  State  Courts  and  All  Federal 
and  State  Laws  relating  to  Subjects  of  Interest 
to  Aliens,"  which  has  been  published  in  the  Ger- 
man Language,  and  is  highly  valued  by  German 
lawyers  and  business  men.  Mr.  Vocke  was  a 
member  of  the  Republican  National  Convention 
of  1872  at  Philadelphia,  which  nominated  General 
Grant  for  the  Presidency  a  second  time. 

VOLK,  Leonard  Wells,  a  distinguished  Illinois 
sculptor,  born  at  Wellstown  (afterwards  Wells), 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,  1828.  Later,  his  father,  who  was 
a  marble  cutter,  removed  to  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
and,  at  the  age  of  16,  Leonard  began  work  in  his 
shop.  In  1848  he  came  west  and  began  model- 
ing in  clay  and  drawing  at  St.  Louis,  being  only 
self-taught.  He  married  a  cousin  of  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  and  the  latter,  in  1855,  aided  him  in 
the  prosecution  of  his  art  studies  in  Italy.  Two 
years  afterward  he  settled  in  Chicago,  where  he 


modeled  the  first  portrait  bust  ever  made  in  the 
city,  having  for  his  subject  his  first  patron — the 
"Little  Giant."  The  next  year  (1858)  he  made  a 
life-size  marble  statue  of  Douglas.  In  1860  he 
made  a  portrait  bust  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  which 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Chicago  His- 
torical Society  and  was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire 
of  1871.  In  1868-69,  and  again  in  1871-72,  he 
revisited  Italy  for  purposes  of  study.  In  1867  he 
was  elected  academician  of  the  Chicago  Academy, 
and  was  its  President  for  eight  years.  He  was 
genial,  companionable  and  charitable,  and  always 
ready  to  assist  his  younger  and  less  fortunate  pro- 
fessional brethren.  His  best  known  works  are  the 
Douglas  Monument,  in  Chicago,  several  soldiers' 
monuments  in  different  parts  of  the  country, 
the  statuary  for  the  Henry  Keep  mausoleum  at 
Watertown,  N.  Y. ,  life-size  statues  of  Lincoln 
and  Douglas,  in  the  State  House  at  Springfield, 
and  numerous  portrait  busts  of  men  eminent 
in  political,  ecclesiastical  and  commercial  life. 
Died,  at  Osceola,  Wis.,  August  18,  1895. 

TOSS,  Arno,  journalist,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
born  in  Prussia,  April  16,  1821 ;  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Chicago,  in  1848,  the  same  year  becoming  editor 
of  "The  Staats-Zeitung";  was  elected  City 
Attorney  in  1852,  and  again  in  laW;  in  1861 
became  Major  of  the  Sixth  Illinois  Cavalry,  but 
afterwards  assisted  in  organizing  the  Twelfth 
Cavalry,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel, 
still  later  serving  with  his  command  in  Vir- 
ginia. He  was  at  Harper's  Ferry  at  the  time  of 
the  capture  of  tliat  place  in  September,  1862,  but 
succeeded  in  cutting  liis  way,  with  his  command, 
through  the  rebel  lines,  escaping  into  Pennsyl- 
vania. Compelled  by  ill-health  to  leave  the  serr- 
ice  in  1863,  he  retired  to  a  farm  in  Will  County, 
but,  in  1869,  returned  to  Chicago,  where  lie  served 
as  Master  in  Chancery  and  was  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1876. 
but  declined  a  re-election  in  1878.  Died,  in  Chi- 
cago, March  23,  1888. 

WABASH,  CHESTER  &  WESTERN  BAIL- 
ROAD, a  railway  running  from  Chester  to  Mount 
Vernon,  111.,  63.33  miles,  with  a  branch  extend- 
ing from  Chester  to  Menard.  1.5  miles;  total 
mileage,  64.83.  It  is  of  standard  gauge,  and 
almost  entirely  laid  with  60-pound  steel  rails. — 
(HISTORY.)  It  was  organized,  Feb.  20,  1878.  as 
successor  to  the  Iron  Mountain,  Chester  &  East- 
ern Railroad.  During  the  fiscal  year  1893-94  the 
Company  purchased  the  Tain  arc  >a  &  Mount  Ver- 
non Railroad,  extending  from  Mount  Vemon  to 


546 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Tanmroa,  22.5  miles.  Capital  stock  (1898),  $1,- 
250,000;  bonded  indebtedness,  $690,000;  total 
capitalization,  $2,028,573. 

W A  HASH  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  State ;  area  220  square  miles.  The 
county  was  carved  out  from  Edwards  in  1824, 
and  the  first  court  house  built  at  Centerville,  in 
May,  1826.  Later,  Mount  Carmel  was  made  the 
county-seat.  (See  Mount  Carmel.)  The  Wabash 
River  drains  the  county  on  the  east;  other 
streams  are  the  Bon  Pas,  Coffee  and  Crawfish 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  with  a  fair 
growth  of  timber.  The  chief  industries  are  the 
raising  of  live-stock  and  the  cultivation  of  cere- 
als. The  wool-crop  is  likewise  valuable.  The 
county  is  crossed  by  the  Louisville,  Evansville  & 
St.  Louis  and  the  Cairo  and  Viucenues  Division 
of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railroads.  Population  (1880),  4,945;  (1890), 
11,866;  (1900),  12,583. 

WABASH  RAILROAD,  an  extensive  railroad 
system  connecting  the  cities  of  Detroit  and 
Toledo,  on  the  east,  with  Kansas  City  and  Council 
Bluffs  on  the  west,  with  branches  to  Chicago,  St. 
Louis,  Quincy  and  A 1  turnout.  111.,  and  to  Keokuk 
and  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  The  total  mileage  (1898) 
is  1,874.96  miles,  of  which  677.4  miles  are  in  Illi- 
nois— all  of  the  latter  being  the  property  of  the 
company,  besides  176.7  miles  of  yard-tracks,  sid- 
ings and  spurs.  The  company  has  trackage 
privileges  over  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  (6.5 
miles)  between  Elvaston  and  Keokuk  bridge,  and 
over  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  (21.8 
miles)  between  Camp  Point  and  Quincy. — (IIis- 
TORY.)  A  considerable  portion  of  this  road  in 
Illinois  is  constructed  on  the  line  upon  which  the 
Northern  Cross  Railroad  was  projected,  in  the 
"internal  improvement"  scheme  adopted  in  1837, 
and  embraces  the  only  section  of  road  completed 
under  that  scheme — that  between  the  Illinois 
River  and  Springfield.  (1)  The  construction  of 
this  section  was  begun  by  the  State,  May  11, 
1837,  the  first  rail  laid,  May  9,  1838,  the  road 
completed  to  Jacksonville,  Jan.  1,  1840,  and  to 
Springfield,  May  13,  1842.  It  was  operated  for  a 
time  by  "mule  power,"  but  the  income  was  in- 
sufficient to  keep  the  line  in  repair  and  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  In  1847  the  line  was  sold  for 
$21,100  toN.  H.  Ridgelyand  Thomas  Mather  of 
Springfield,  and  by  them  transferred  to  New 
York  capitalists,  who  organized  the  Sangamon  & 
Morgan  Railroad  Company,  reconstructed  the 
road  from  Springfield  to  Naples  and  opened  it  for 
business  in  1849.  (2)  In  1853  two  corporations 
were  organized  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  respectively, 


under  the  name  of  the  Toledo  &  Illinois  Railroad 
and  the  Lake  Erie,  Wabash  &  St.  Louis  Railroad, 
which  were  consolidated  as  the  Toledo,  Wabash 
&  Western  Railroad,  June  25,  1856.  In  1858 
these  lines  were  sold  separately  under  foreclo- 
sure, and  finally  reorganized,  under  a  special  char- 
ter granted  by  the  Illinois  Legislature,  under  the 
name  of  the  Great  Western  Railroad  Company. 
(3)  The  Quincy  &  Toledo  Railroad,  extending 
from  Camp  Point  to  the  Illinois  River  opposite 
Meredosia,  was  constructed  in  1858-59,  and  that, 
with  the  Illinois  &  Southern  Iowa  (from  Clay- 
ton to  Keokuk),  was  united,  July  1,  1865,  with 
the  eastern  divisions  extending  to  Toledo,  the 
new  organization  taking  the  name  of  the  main 
line,  (Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western).  (4)  The 
Hannibal  &  Naples  Division  (49.6  miles),  from 
Bluffs  to  Hannibal,  Mo.,  was  chartered  in  186:), 
opened  for  business  in  1870  and  leased  to  the 
Toledo,  Wabash  &  Western.  The  latter  defaulted 
on  its  interest  iu  1875,  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  receiver  and,  in  1877,  was  turned  over  to  a 
new  company  under  the  name  of  the  Wabash 
Railway  Company.  (5)  In  1868  the  company, 
as  it  then  existed,  promoted  and  secured  the  con- 
struction, and  afterwards  acquired  the  owner- 
ship, of  a  line  extending  from  Decatur  to  East  St. 
Louis  (llO.o  miles)  under  the  name  of  the  Deca- 
tur &  East  St.  Louis  Railroad.  (6)  The  Eel  River 
Railroad,  from  Butler  to  Logansport,  Ind.,  was 
acquired  in  1877,  and  afterwards  extended  to 
Detroit  under  the  name  of  the  Detroit,  Butler  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  completing  the  connection 
from  Logansport  to  Detroit.  — In  November,  1879, 
the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany was  organized,  took  the  property  and  con- 
solidated it  with  certain  lines  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  of  which  the  chief  was  the  St.  Louis, 
Kansas  City  &  Northern.  A  line  had  been  pro- 
jected from  Decatur  to  Chicago  as  early  as  187U, 
but,  not  having  been  constructed  in  1881,  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  purchased  what  was 
known  as  the  Chicago  &  Paducah  Railroad, 
uniting  with  the  main  line  at  Bement,  and  (by 
way  of  the  Decatur  and  St.  Louis  Division)  giv- 
ing a  direct  line  between  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 
At  this  time  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  was 
operating  the  following  additional  leased  lines: 
Pekin,  Lincoln  &  Decatur  (67.2  miles) ;  Hannibal 
&  Central  Missouri  (70.2  miles) ;  Lafayette,  Mun- 
cie  &  Bloomington  (36. 7  miles),  and  the  Lafayette 
Bloomington  &  Muncie  (80  miles).  A  connection 
between  Chicago  on  the  west  and  Toledo  and 
Detroit  on  the  east  was  established  over  the 
Grand  Trunk  road  in  1882,  but,  in  1890,  the  com- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


547 


pany  constructed  a  line  from  Hontpelier,  Ohio,  to 
Clark,  Ind.  (149.7  miles),  thence  by  track  lease 
to  Chicago  (17.5  miles),  giving  an  independent 
line  between  Chicago  and  Detroit  by  what  is 
known  to  investors  as  the  Detroit  &  Chicago 
Division. 

The  total  mileage  of  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  & 
Pacific  system,  in  1884,  amounted  to  over  3,600 
miles;  but,  in  May  of  that  year,  default  having 
been  made  in  the  payment  of  interest,  the  work 
of  disintegration  began.  The  main  line  east  of 
the  Mississippi  and  that  on  the  west  were  sepa- 
rated, the  latter  taking  the  name  of  the  "Wabash 
Western."  The  Eastern  Division  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  receiver,  so  remaining  until  May, 
1889,  when  the  two  divisions,  having  been 
bought  in  by  a  purchasing  committee,  were 
consolidated  under  the  present  name.  The  total 
earnings  and  income  of  the  road  in  Illinois,  for 
the  fiscal  year  1898,  were  $4,402,621,  and  the 
expenses  $4,836,110.  The  total  capital  invested 
(1898)  was  $139,889,643,  including  capital  stock 
of  $52,000,000  and  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $81,- 
534,000. 

WABASH  BITER,  rises  in  northwestern  Ohio, 
passes  into  Indiana,  and  runs  northwest  to  Hun- 
tington.  It  then  flows  nearly  due  west  to  Logans- 
port,  thence  southwest  to  Covington,  finally 
turning  southward  to  Terre  Haute,  a  few  miles 
below  which  it  strikes  the  western  boundary  of 
Indiana.  It  forms  the  boundary  between  Illinois 
and  Indiana  (taking  into  account  its  numerous 
windings)  for  some  200  miles.  Below  Vincennes 
it  runs  in  a  south-southwesterly  direction,  and 
enters  the  Ohio  at  the  south-west  extremity  of 
Indiana,  near  latitude  37°  49'  north.  Its  length 
is  estimated  at  557  miles. 

WABASH  &  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD. 
(See  Illinois  Central  Railroad. ) 

WABASH,  ST.  LOUIS  &  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Wabaxh  Railroad.) 

WABASH  it  WESTERN  RAILROAD.  (See 
Wabask  Railroad.) 

WAIT,  William  Smith,  pioneer,  and  original 
.suggestor  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  was 
born  in  Portland,  Maine,  March  5,  1789,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place. 
In  his  youth  he  entered  a  book-publishing  house 
in  which  his  father  was  a  partner,  and  was  for  a 
time  associated  with  the  publication  of  a  weekly 
l>aper.  Later  the  business  was  conducted  at 
Boston,  ami  extended  over  the  Eastern,  Middle, 
iind  Southern  States,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
making  extensive  tours  in  the  interest  of  the 
firm.  In  1817  he  made  a  tour  to  the  West, 


reaching  St.  Louis,  and,  early  in  the  following 
year,  visited  Bond  County,  111.,  where  he  made 
his  first  entry  of  land  from  the  Government. 
Returning  to  Boston  a  few  months  later,  he  con- 
tinued in  the  service  of  the  publishing  firm  until 

1820,  when  he  again  came  to  Illinois,  and,   in 

1821,  began  farming  in  Ripley  Township,  Bond 
County.     Returning  East  in  1824,  he  spent  tin- 
next  ten  years  in  the  employment  of  the  publish- 
ing firm,  with  occasional  visits  to  Illinois.     In 
1835   he  located   permanently  near   Greenville. 
Bond  County,  and  engaged  extensively  in  farm- 
ing and  fruit-raising,  planting  one  of  the  largest 
apple  orchards  in  the  State  at  that  early  day.     In 
1845  he  presided  as  chairman  over  the  National 
Industrial   Convention    in    New   York,  and,  in 
1848,  was   nominated  as  the   candidate  of   the 
National  Reform  Association  for  Vice-President 
on  the  ticket  with  Gerrit  Smith  of  New  York, 
but  declined.     He  was  also  prominent  in  County 
and  State  Agricultural  Societies.     Mr  Wait  has 
been  credited  with  being  one  of  the  first  (if  not 
the  very  first)  to  suggest  the  construction  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  which  he  did  as  early 
as  1835 ;  was  also  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the 
construction  of  the  Mississippi  &  Atlantic  Rail- 
road— now  the  "Vandalia  Line" — giving   much 
time  to  the  latter  enterprise  from  1846  for  many 
years,  and  was  one  of  the  original  iucorporati  <rs 
of    the    St.   Louis  &  Illinois    Bridge    Company. 
Died,  July  17,  1865. 

WALKER,  Cyrns,  pioneer,  lawyer,  born  in 
Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  May  14,  1791 ;  was  taken 
while  an  infant  to  Adair  County,  Ky.,  and  came 
to  Macomb,  111. ,  in  1833,  being  the  second  lawyer 
to  locate  in  McDonough  County.  He  had  a  wide 
reputation  as  a  successful  advocate,  especially  in 
criminal  cases,  and  practiced  extensively  in  tin- 
courts  of  Western  Illinois  and  also  in  Iowa.  Died. 
Dec.  1,  1873.  Mr.  Walker  was  uncle  of  the  late 
Pinkney  H.  Walker  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who 
studied  law  with  him.  He  was  Whig  candidate 
for  Presidential  Elector  for  the  State-at-large  in 
1840. 

WALKER,  .lame*  Barr,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  July  29,  1805;  in  his  youth 
served  as  errand-boy  in  a  country  store  near 
Pittsburg  and  spent  four  years  in  a  printing 
office;  then  became  clerk  in  the  office  of  Mordecai 
M.  Noah,  in  New  York,  studied  law  and  gradu- 
ated from  Western  Reserve  College,  Ohio;  editeil 
various  religious  papers,  including  "The  Watcli- 
man  of  the  Prairies"  (now  "The  Advance")  of 
Chicago,  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
of  Chicago,  and  for  some  time  was  lecturer  on 


548 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


"Harmony  between  Science  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion" at  Oberlin  College  and  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary.  He  was  author  of  several  volumes, 
one  of  which — "The  Philosophy  of  the  Plan  of 
Salvation,"  published  anonymously  under  the 
editorship  of  Prof.  Calvin  E.  Stowe  (1855)— ran 
through  several  editions  and  was  translated  into 
five  different  languages,  including  Hindustanee. 
Died,  at  Wheaton,  111.,  March  6,  1887. 

WALKEB,  James  Monroe,  corporation  lawyer 
and  Railway  President,  was  born  at  Claremont, 
N.  H. ,  Feb.  14, 1820.  At  fifteen  he  removed  with 
his  parents  to  a  farm  in  Michigan ;  was  educated 
at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  and  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, Ann  Arbor,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1849.  He  then  entered  a  law  office  as  clerk  and 
student,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  next  year, 
and  soon  after  elected  Prosecuting  Attorney  of 
Washtenaw  County ;  was  also  local  attorney  for 
the  Michigan  Central  Railway,  for  which,  after 
his  removal  to  Chicago  in  1853,  he  became  Gen- 
eral Solicitor.  Two  years  later  the  firm  of  Sedg- 
wick  &  Walker,  which  had  been  organized  in 
Michigan,  became  attorneys  for  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  and,  until  his 
death,  Mr.  Walker  was  associated  with  this  com- 
pany, either  as  General  Solicitor,  General  Counsel 
or  President,  filling  the  latter  position  from  1870 
to  1875.  Mr.  Walker  organized  both  the  Chicago 
and  Kansas  City  stock-yards,  and  was  President 
of  these  corporations,  as  also  of  the  Wilmington 
Coal  Company,  down  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  on  Jan.  22,  1881,  as  a  result  of 
heart  disease. 

WALKER,  (Ber.)  Jesse,  Methodist  Episcopal 
missionary,  was  born  in  Rockingham  County, 
Va.,  June  9,  1766;  in  1800  removed  to  Tennessee, 
became  a  traveling  preacher  in  1802,  and,  in 
1806,  came  to  Illinois  under  the  presiding-elder- 
ship  of  Rev.  William  McKendree  (afterwards 
Bishop),  locating  first  at  Turkey  Hill,  St.  Clair 
County.  In  1807  he  held  a  camp  meeting  near 
Edwardsville — the  first  on  Illinois  soil.  Later, 
he  transferred  his  labors  to  Northern  Illinois; 
was  at  Peoria  in  1824;  at  Ottawa  in  1825,  and 
devoted  much  time  to  missionary  work  among 
the  Pottawatomies,  maintaining  a  school  among 
them  for  a  time.  He  visited  Chicago  in  1826,  and 
there  is  evidence  that  he  was  a  prominent  resident 
there  for  several  years,  occupying  a  log  house, 
which  he  used  as  a  church  and  living-room,  on 
"Wolf  Point"  at  the  junction  of  the  North  and 
South  Branches  of  the  Chicago  River.  While 
acting  as  superintendent  of  the  Fox  River  mis- 
sion, his  residence  appears  to  have  been  at  Plain- 


field,  in  the  northern  part  of  Will  County.  Died, 
Oct.  5,  1835. 

WALKER,  Pinkney  H.,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Adair  County,  Ky.,  June  18,  1815. 
His  boyhood  was  chiefly  passed  in  farm  work  and 
as  clerk  in  a  general  store ;  in  1834  he  came  to  Illi- 
nois, settling  at  Rushville,  where  he  worked  in  a 
store  for  four  years.  In  1838  he  removed  to 
Macomb,  where  he  began  attendance  at  an  acad- 
emy and  the  study  of  law  with  his  uncle,  Cyrus 
Walker,  a  leading  lawyer  of  his  time.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839,  practicing  at  Macomb 
until,  1848,  when  he  returned  to  Rushville.  In 
1853  &e  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Fifth  Judicial 
Circuit,  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  re-elected  in  1855. 
This  position  he  resigned  in  1858,  having  been 
appointed,  by  Governor  Bissell,  to  611  the  vacancy 
on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  occasioned  by 
the  resignation  of  Judge  Skinner.  Two  months 
later  he  was  elected  to  the  same  position,  and 
re-elected  in  1867  and  '76.  He  presided  as  Chief 
Justice  from  January,  1864,  to  June,  '67,  and 
again  from  June,  1874,  to  June,  '75.  Before  the 
expiration  of  his  last  term  he  died,  Feb.  7,  1885. 

WALL,  George  Wlllard,  lawyer,  politician  and 
Judge,  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  April  22, 
1839;  brought  to  Perry  County,  111.,  in  infancy, 
and  received  his  preparatory  education  at  McKen. 
dree  College,  finally  graduating  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  in  1858,  and  from  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School  in  1859,  when  he  began 
practice  at  Duquoin,  111.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and,  from 
1864  to  '68,  served  as  State's  Attorney  for  the 
Third  Judicial  District ;  was  also  a  Delegate  to  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70.  In 
1872  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candi- 
date for  Congress,  although  running  ahead  of  his 
ticket.  In  1877  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of 
the  Third  Circuit,  and  re-elected  in  '79,  '85  and 
'91,  much  of  the  time  since  1877  being  on  duty 
upon  the  Appellate  bench.  His  home  is  at 
Duquoin. 

WALLACE,  (Rev.)  Peter,  D.D.,  clergyman 
and  soldier;  was  born  in  Mason  County,  Ky., 
April  11,  1813;  taken  in  infancy  to  Brown 
County,  Ohio,  where  he  grew  up  on  a  farm  until 
15  years  of  age,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
carpenter;  at  the  age  of  20  came  to  Illinois, 
where  he  became  a  contractor  and  builder,  fol- 
lowing this  occupation  for  a  number  of  yean.  He 
was  converted  in  1835  at  Springfield,  111.,  and, 
some  years  later,  having  decided  to  enter  the 
ministry,  was  admitted  to  the  Illinois  Conference 
as  a  deacon  by  Bishop  E.  S.  Janes  in  1855,  and 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


549 


placed  in  charge  of  the  Danville  Circuit.  Two 
years  later  he  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Scott,  and, 
in  the  next  few  years,  held  pastorates  at  various 
places  in  the  central  and  eastern  parts  of  the 
State.  From  1867  to  1874  he  was  Presiding  Elder 
of  the  Mattoon  and  Quincy  Districts,  and,  for  six 
years,  held  the  position  of  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  Chaddock  College  at  Quincy,  from 
which  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1881. 
In  the  second  year  of  the  Civil  War  he  raised  a 
company  in  Sangamon  County,  was  chosen 
its  Captain  and  assigned  to  the  Seventy-third 
Illinois  Volunteers,  known  as  the  "preachers' 
regiment" — all  of  its  officers  being  ministers.  In 
1864  he  was  compelled  by  ill-health  to  resign  his 
commission.  While  pastor  of  the  church  at  Say- 
brook,  111.,  he  was  offered  the  position  of  Post- 
master of  that  place,  which  he  decided  to  accept, 
and  was  allowed  to  retire  from  the  active  minis- 
try. On  retirement  from  office,  in  1884,  he 
removed  to  Chicago.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Fifer  the  first  Chaplain  of  the  Sol- 
diers' and  Sailors'  Home  at  Quincy,  but  retired 
some  four  years  afterward,  when  he  returned  to 
Chicago.  Dr.  Wallace  was  an  eloquent  and 
effective  preacher  and  continued  to  preach,  at 
intervals,  until  within  a  short  time  of  his  decease, 
which  occurred  in  Chicago,  Feb.  21,  1897,  in  his 
84th  year.  A  zealous  patriot,  he  frequently 
spoke  very  effectively  upon  the  political  rostrum. 
Originally  a  Whig,  he  became  a  Republican  on 
the  organization  of  that  party,  and  took  pride  in 
the  fact  that  the  first  vote  he  ever  cast  was  for 
Abraham  Lincoln,  for  Representative  in  the  Legis- 
lature, in  1834  He  was  a  Knight  Templar,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Tippecanoe  Club  of  Chicago, 
and,  at  his  death,  Chaplain  of  America  Post,  No. 
708,  G.  A.  R 

WALLACE,  William  Henry  Lamb,  lawyer  and 
soldier,  was  born  at  Urbana,  Ohio,  July  8,  1821 . 
brought  to  Illinois  in  1833,  his  father  settling 
near  La  Salle  and,  afterwards,  at  Mount  Morris, 
Ogle  County,  where  young  Wallace  attended  the 
Rock  River  Seminary ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1845 ;  in  1846  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  First  Illi- 
nois Volunteers  (Col.  John  J.  Hardin's  regiment), 
for  the  Mexican  War,  rising  to  the  rank  of  Adju- 
tant and  participting  in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista 
(where  his  commander  was  killed),  and  in  other 
engagements.  Returning  to  his  profession  at 
Ottawa,  he  served  as  District  Attorney  (1852-56), 
then  became  partner  of  his  father-in-law,  CoL 
T.  Lyle  Dickey,  afterwards  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
In  April,  1861,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  answer 
the  call  for  troops  by  enlisting,  and  became  Colo- 


nel of  the  Eleventh  Illinois  (three-months' 
men),  afterwards  re-enlisting  for  three  years. 
As  commander  of  a  brigade  he  participated  in 
the  capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1862,  receiving  promotion  as  Brigadier- 
General  for  gallantry.  At  Pittsburg  Landing 
(Shilohj,  as  commander  of  Gen.  C.  F.  Smith's 
Division,  devolving  on  him  on  account  of  the 
illness  of  his  superior  officer,  he  showed  great 
courage,  but  fell  mortally  wounded,  dying  at 
Charleston,  Tenn.,  April  10,  1862.  His  career 
promised  great  brilliancy  and  his  loss  was  greatly 
deplored. —Martin  R.  M.  (  Wallace),  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Urbana,  Ohio,  Sept. 
29,  1829,  came  to  La  Salle  County,  111.,  with  his 
father's  family  and  was  educated  in  the  local 
schools  and  at  Rock  River  Seminary ;  studied  law 
at  Ottawa,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856, 
soon  after  locating  in  Chicago.  In  1861  he 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Fourth  Regiment  Illi- 
nois Cavalry,  of  which  he  became  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  and  was  complimented,  in  1865,  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-General.  After  the 
war  he  served  as  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue 
(1866-69);  County  Judge  (1869-77);  Prosecuting 
Attorney  (1884);  and,  for  many  years  past,  has 
been  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Peace  of  the  city 
of  Chicago. 

WALNUT,  a  town  of  Bureau  County,  on  the 
Mendota  and  Fulton  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railroad,  26  miles  west  of 
Mendota;  is  in  a  farming  and  stock-raising  dis- 
trict; has  two  banks  and  two  newspapers.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  605;  (1900),  791. 

WAR  OF  1812.  Upon  the  declaration  of  war 
by  Congress,  in  June,  1812,  the  Pottawatomies, 
and  most  'of  the  other  tribes  of  Indians  in  the 
Territory  of  Illinois,  strongly  sympathized  with 
the  British.  The  savages  had  been  hostile  and 
restless  for  some  time  previous,  and  blockhouses 
and  family  forts  had  been  erected  at  a  number 
of  points,  especially  in  the  settlements  most 
exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  savages.  Gov- 
ernor Edwards,  becoming  apprehensive  of  an 
outbreak,  constructed  Fort  Russell,  a  few  miles 
from  Edwardsville.  Taking  the  field  in  person, 
he  made  this  his  headquarters,  and  collected  • 
force  of  250  mounted  volunteers,  who  were  later 
reinforced  by  two  companies  of  rangers,  under 
Col.  William  Russell,  numbering  about  100  men. 
An  independent  company  of  twenty -one  spies,  of 
which  John  Reynolds — afterwards  Governor- 
was  a  member,  was  also  formed  and  led  by  Capt. 
Samuel  Judy.  The  Governor  organized  his  little 
army  into  two  regiments  under  Colonels  Rector 


550 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  Stephenson,  Colonel  Russell  serving  as 
second  to  the  commander-in-chief,  other  mem- 
bers of  his  staff  being  Secretary  Nathaniel  Pope 
and  Robert  K.  McLaughlin.  On  Oct.  18,  1812, 
Governor  Edwards,  with  his  men,  set  out  for 
Peoria,  where  it  was  expected  that  their  force 
would  meet  that  of  General  Hopkins,  who  had 
been  sent  from  Kentucky  with  a  force  of  2,000 
men.  En  route,  two  Kickapoo  villages  were 
burned,  and  a  number  of  Indians  unnecessarily 
slain  by  Edwards'  party.  Hopkins  had  orders  to 
disperse  the  Indians  on  the  Illinois  and  Wabash 
Rivers,  and  destroy  their  villages.  He  deter- 
mined, however,  on  reaching  the  headwaters  of 
the  Vermilion  to  proceed  no  farther.  Governor 
Edwards  reached  the  head  of  Peoria  Lake,  but, 
failing  to  meet  Hopkins,  returned  to  Fort  Russell. 
About  the  same  time  Capt.  Thomas  E.  Craig  led 
a  party,  in  two  boats,  up  the  Illinois  River  to 
Peoria.  His  boats,  as  he  alleged,  having  been 
fired  upon  in  the  night  by  Indians,  who  were  har- 
bored and  protected  by  the  French  citizens  of 
Peoria,  he  burned  the  greater  part  of  the  village, 
and  capturing  the  population,  carried  them  down 
the  river,  putting  them  on  shore,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  winter,  just  below  Alton.  Other  desultory 
expeditions  marked  the  campaigns  of  1813  and 
1814.  The  Indians  meanwhile  gaining  courage, 
remote  settlements  were  continually  harassed 
by  marauding  bands.  Later  in  1814,  an  expedi- 
tion, led  by  Major  (afterwards  President)  Zachary 
Taylor,  ascended  the  Mississippi  as  far  as  Rock 
Island,  where  he  found  a  large  force  of  Indians, 
supported  by  British  regulars  with  artillery. 
Finding  himself  unable  to  cope  with  so  formida- 
ble a  foe,  Major  Taylor  retreated  down  the  river. 
On  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Warsaw  he 
threw  up  fortifications,  which  he  named  Fort 
Edwards,  from  which  point  he  was  subsequently 
compelled  to  retreat.  The  same  year  the  British, 
with  their  Indian  allies,  descended  from  Macki- 
nac,  captured  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  burned  Forts 
Madison  and  Johnston,  after  which  they  retired 
to  Cap  au  Gris.  The  treaty  of  Ghent,  signed 
Dec.  24,  1814,  closed  the  war,  although  no  formal 
treaties  were  made  with  the  tribes  until  the  year 
following. 

WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War,  the  executive  <'hair.  in  Illinois, 
was  occupied  by  Gov.  Richard  Yates.  Immedi- 
ately upon  the  issuance  of  President  Lincoln's 
first  call  for  troops  (April  15,  1861),  the  Governor 
issued  his  proclamation  summoning  the  Legisla- 
ture together  in  special  session  and,  the  same 
day,  issued  a  call  for  "six  regiments  of  militia," 


the  quota  assigned  to  the  State  under  call  of  the 
President.  Public  excitement  was  at  fever  heat, 
and  dormant  patriotism  in  both  sexes  was 
aroused  as  never  before.  Party  lines  were 
broken  down  and,  with  comparatively  few  excep- 
tions, the  mass  of  the  people  were  actuated  by  a 
common  sentiment  of  patriotism.  On  April  19, 
Governor  Yates  was  instructed,  by  the  Secretary 
of  War,  to  take  possession  of  Cairo  as  an  important 
strategic  point.  At  that  time,  the  State  militia 
organizations  were  few  in  number  and  poorly 
equipped,  consisting  chiefly  of  independent  com- 
panies in  the  larger  cities.  The  Governor  acted 
with  great  promptitude,  and,  on  April  21,  seven 
companies,  numbering  595  men,  commanded  by 
Gen.  Richard  K.  Swift  of  Chicago,  were  en  route 
to  Cairo.  The  first  volunteer  company  to  tender 
its  services,  in  response  to  Governor  Yates'  proc- 
lamation, on  April  16,  was  the  Zouave  Grays  of 
Springfield.  Eleven  other  companies  were  ten- 
dered the  same  day,  and,  by  the  evening  of  the 
18th,  the  number  had  been  increased  to  fifty. 
Simultaneously  with  these  proceedings,  Chicago 
bankers  tendered  to  the  Governor  a  war  loan  of 
$500,000,  and  those  of  Springfield,  $100,000.  The 
Legislature,  at  its  special  session,  passed  acts  in- 
creasing the  efficiency  of  the  militia  law,  and 
provided  for  the  creation  of  a  war  fund  of  82,- 
000,000.  Besides  the  six  regiments  already  called 
for,  the  raising  of  ten  additional  volunteer  regi- 
ments and  one  battery  of  light  artillery  was 
authorized.  The  last  of  the  six  regiments, 
apportioned  to  Illinois  under  the  first  presidential 
call,  was  dispatched  to  Cairo  early  in  May.  The 
six  regiments  were  numbered  the  Seventh  to 
Twelfth,  inclusive — the  earlier  numbers,  First  to 
Sixth,  being  conceded  to  the  six  regiments  which 
had  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  The  regi- 
ments were  commanded,  respectively,  by  Colonels 
John  Cook,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Eleazer  A.  Paine, 
James  D.  Morgan,  William  H.  L.  Wallace,  and 
John  McArthur,  constituting  the  "First  Brigade 
of  Illinois  Volunteers."  Benjamin  M.  Prentiss, 
having  been  chosen  Brigadier-General  on  arrival 
at  Cairo,  assumed  command,  relieving  General 
Swift.  The  quota  under  the  second  call,  consist- 
ing of  ten  regiments,  was  mustered  into  service 
within  sixty  days,  200  companies  being  tendered 
immediately.  Many  more  volunteered  than  could 
be  accepted,  and  large  numbers  crossed  to  Mis- 
souri and  enlisted  in  regiments  forming  in  that 
State.  During  June  and  July  the  Secretary  of 
War  authorized  Governor  Yates  to  recruit  twenty- 
two  additional  regiments  (seventeen  infantry  and 
five  cavalry),  which  were  promptly  raised.  On 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


551 


July  22,  the  day  following  the  defeat  of  the  Union 
army  at  Bull  Run,  President  Lincoln  called  for 
500,000  more  volunteers.  Governor  Yates  im- 
mediately responded  with  an  offer  to  the  War 
Department  of  sixteen  more  regiments  (thirteen 
of  infantry  and  three  of  cavalry),  and  a  battalion 
of  artillery,  adding,  that  the  State  claimed  it  as 
her  right,  to  do  her  full  share  toward  the  preser- 
vation of  the  Union.  Under  supplemental  author- 
ity, received  from  the  Secretary  of  War  in 
August,  1861,  twelve  additional  regiments  of  in- 
fantry and  five  of  cavalry  were  raised,  and,  by  De- 
cember, 1861,  the  State  had  43,000  volunteers  in 
the  field  and  17,000  in  camps  of  instruction. 
Other  calls  were  made  in  July  and  August,  1802, 
each  for  300,000  men.  Illinois'  quota,  under  both 
calls,  was  over  52,000  men,  no  regard  being  paid 
to  the  fact  that  the  State  had  already  furnished 
16.000  troops  in  excess  of  its  quotas  under  previ- 
ous calls.  Unless  this  number  of  volunteers  was 
raised  by  September  1,  a  draft  would  be  ordered. 
The  tax  was  a  severe  one,  inasmuch  as  it  would 
fall  chiefly  upon  the  prosperous  citizens,  the  float- 
ing population,  the  idle  and  the  extremely  poor 
having  already  followed  the  army's  march,  either 
as  soldiers  or  as  camp-followers.  But  recruiting 
was  actively  carried  on,  and,  aided  by  liberal 
bounties  in  many  of  the  counties,  in  less  than  a 
fortnight  the  52,000  new  troops  were  secured,  the 
volunteers  coming  largely  from  the  substantial 
classes  —  agricultural,  mercantile,  artisan  and 
professional.  By  the  end  of  December,  fifty -nine 
regiments  and  four  batteries  had  been  dispatched 
to  the  front,  besides  a  considerable  number  to  fill 
up  regiments  already  in  the  field,  which  had  suf- 
fered severely  from  battle,  exposure  and  disease. 
At  this  time,  Illinois  had  an  aggregate  of  over 
135.000  enlisted  men  in  the  field.  The  issue  of 
President  Lincoln's  preliminary  proclamation  of 
emancipation,  in  September,  1862,  was  met  by  a 
storm  of  hostile  criticism  from  his  political 
opponents,  who— aided  by  the  absence  of  so 
large  a  proportion  of  the  loyal  population  of  the 
State  in  the  field — were  able  to  carry  the  elec- 
tions of  that  year.  Consequently,  when  the 
Twenty-third  General  Assembly  convened  in 
regular  session  at  Springfield,  on  Jan.  5,  1863,  a 
large  majority  of  that  body  was  not  only  opposed 
to  both  the  National  and  State  administrations, 
but  avowedly  opposed  to  the  further  prosecution 
of  the  war  under  the  existing  policy.  The  Leg- 
islature reconvened  in  June,  but  was  prorogued 
by  Governor  Yates  Between  Oct.  1,  1863,  and 
July  1,  1864,  16,000  veterans  re-enlisted  and 
S7.000  new  volunteers  were  enrolled ;  and,  by  the 


date  last  mentioned.  Illinois  had  furnished  to  the 
Union  army  344,496  men,  being  14,596  in  ex- 
cess of  the  allotted  quotas,  constituting  fifteen 
per  cent  of  the  entire  population.  These  were 
comprised  in  151  regiments  of  infantry,  17  of 
cavalry  and  two  complete  regiments  of  artillery, 
besides  twelve  independent  batteries.  The  total 
losses  of  Illinois  organizations,  during  the  war, 
has  been  reported  at  34,834,  of  which  5,874  were 
killed  in  battle,  4,020  died  from  wounds,  22,786 
from  disease  and  2, 154  from  other  causes — being 
a  total  of  thirteen  per  cent  of  the  entire  force  of 
the  State  in  the  service.  The  part  which  Illinois 
played  in  the  contest  was  conspicuous  for  patriot- 
ism, promptness  in  response  to  every  call,  and 
the  bravery  and  efficiency  of  its  troops  in  the 
field— reflecting  honor  upon  the  State  and  its  his- 
tory. Nor  were  its  loyal  citizens — who,  while 
staying  at  home,  furnished  moral  and  material 
support  to  the  men  at  the  front — less  worthy  of 
praise  than  those  who  volunteered.  By  uphold- 
ing the  Government — National  and  State — and 
by  their  zeal  and  energy  in  collecting  and  sending 
forward  immense  quantities  of  supplies— surgical, 
medical  and  other — often  at  no  little  sacrifice, 
they  contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the 
Union  arms.  (See  also  Camp  Douglas;  Camp 
Douglas  Conspiracy;  Secret  Treasonable  Soci- 
eties. ) 

WAR  OF  THE  REBELLION  (HISTORY  OF  ILLI- 
NOIS REGIMENTS).  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
various  military  organizations  mustered  into  the 
service  during  the  Civil  War  (1861-65),  with  the 
terms  of  service  and  a  summary  of  the  more 
important  events  in  the  history  of  each,  while 
in  the  field : 

SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Illinois  having  sent  six 
regiments  to  the  Mexican  War,  by  courtesy  the 
numbering  of  the  regiments  which  took  part  in 
the  war  for  the  Union  began  with  number 
Seven.  A  number  of  regiments  which  responded 
to  the  first  call  of  the  President,  claimed  the  right 
to  be  recognized  as  the  first  regiment  in  the 
field,  but  the  honor  was  finally  accorded  to  that 
organized  at  Springfield  by  Col.  John  Cook,  and 
hence  his  regiment  was  numbered  Seventh.  It 
was  mustered  into  the  service,  April  25,  1861.  and 
remained  at  Mound  City  during  the  three  months' 
service,  the  period  of  its  first  enlistment.  It  was 
subsequently  reorganized  and  mustered  for  the 
three  years'  service,  July  25,  1861,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh, 
Corinth,  Cherokee,  Allatoona  Pass,  Salkahatchie 
Swamp,  Bentonville  and  Columbia.  The  regi- 
ment re-enlisted  as  veterans  at  Pulaski,  Tenn., 


552 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Deo.  22,  1863;  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville, 
July  9,  1865,  and  paid  off  and  discharged  at 
Springfield,  July  11. 

EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Springfield, 
and  mustered  in  for  three  mouths'  service,  April 
26,  1861,  Richard  J.  Oglesby  of  Decatur,  being 
appointed  Colonel.  It  remained  at  Cairo  during 
its  term  of  service,  when  it  was  mustered  out. 
July  25, 1861,  it  was  reorganized  and  mustered  in 
for  three  years'  service.  It  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Port  Gibson, 
Thompson  Hill,  Raymond,  Champion  Hill,  Vicks- 
burg,  Brownsville,  and  Spanish  Fort;  re-enlisted 
as  veterans,  March  24,  1864 ;  was  mustered  out  at 
Baton  Rouge,  May  4,  1866,  paid  off  and  dis- 
charged, May  13,  having  served  five  years. 

NINTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  the  service 
at  Springfield,  April  26,  1861.  for  the  term  of 
three  months,  under  Col.  Eleazer  A.  Paine.  It 
was  reorganized  at  Cairo,  in  August,  for  three 
years,  being  composed  of  companies  from  St. 
Clair,  Madison,  Montgomery,  Pulaski,  Alexander 
and  Mercer  Counties ;  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donel- 
son, Shiloh,  Jackson  (Tenn.),  Meed  Creek 
Swamps,  Salem,  Wyatt,  Florence,  Montezuma, 
Athens  and  Grenada.  The  regiment  was  mounted, 
March  15,  1863,  and  so  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  its  service.  Mustered  out  at  Louis- 
ville, July  9,  1865. 

TENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  and  mustered 
into  the  service  for  three  months,  on  April  29, 
1861,  at  Cairo,  and  on  July  29,  1861,  was  mustered 
into  the  service  for  three  years,  with  Col.  James 
D.  Morgan  in  command.  It  was  engaged  at 
Sykeston,  New  Madrid,  Corinth,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Resaca,  Rome,  Kenesaw, 
Chattahoochie,  Savannah  and  Bentonville.  Re- 
enlisted  as  veterans,  Jan.  1,  1864,  and  mustered 
out  of  service,  July  4,  1865,  at  Louisville,  and 
received  final  discharge  and  pay,  July  11,  1865, 
at  Chicago. 

ELEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field and  mustered  into  service,  April  30,  1861, 
for  three  months.  July  30,  the  regiment  was 
mustered  out,  and  re-enlisted  for  three  years' 
service.  It  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donelson, 
Shiloh,  Corinth,  Tallahatchie,  Vicksburg,  Liver- 
pool Heights,  Yazoo  City,  Spanish  Fort  and 
Fort  Blakely.  W.  H.  L.  Wallace,  afterwards 
Brigadier-General  and  killed  at  Shiloh,  was  its 
first  Colonel.  Mustered  out  of  service,  at  Baton 
Rouge,  July  14,  1865;  paid  off  and  discharged  at 
Springfield. 

TWELFTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  service 
for  three  years,  August  1,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at 


Columbus,  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Lay's 
Ferry,  Rome  Cross  Roads,  Dallas,  Kenesaw, 
Nickajack  Creek,  Bald  Knob,  Decatur,  Ezra 
Church,  Atlanta,  Allatoona  and  Goldsboro.  On 
Jan.  16,  1864,  the  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veter- 
ans. John  Me1  Arthur  was  its  first  Colonel,  suc- 
ceeded by  Augustus  L.  Chetlain,  both  being 
promoted  to  Brigadier-Generalships.  Mustered 
out  of  service  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  10,  1865, 
and  received  final  pay  and  discharge,  at  Spring- 
field, July  18. 

THIRTEENTH  INFANTRY.  One  of  the  regiments 
organized  under  the  act  known  as  the  "Ten  Regi- 
ment Bill" ;  was  mustered  into  service  on  May  24, 
1861,  for  three  years,  at  Dizon,  with  John  B. 
Wyman  as  Colonel;  was  engaged  at  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  Arkansas  Post,  Vicksburg,  Jackson,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  Rossville  and  Ringgold  Gap. 
Mustered  out  at  Springfield,  June  18,  1864,  hav- 
ing served  three  years  and  two  months. 

FOURTEENTH  INFANTRY.  One  of  the  regiments 
raised  under  the  "Ten  Regiment  Bill,"  which 
anticipated  the  requirements  of  the  General 
Government  by  organizing,  equipping  and  dril- 
ling a  regiment  in  each  Congressional  District  in 
the  State  for  thirty  days,  unless  sooner  required 
for  service  by  the  United  States.  It  was  mustered 
in  at  Jacksonville  for  three  years,  May  25,  1861, 
under  command  of  John  M.  Palmer  as  its  first 
Colonel;  was  engaged  at  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Meta- 
mora,  Vicksburg,  Jackson,  Fort  Beauregard  and 
Meridian ;  consolidated  with  the  Fifteenth  Infan- 
try, as  a  veteran  battalion  (both  regiments  hav- 
ing enlisted  as  veterans),  on  July  1,  1864.  In 
October,  1864,  the  major  part  of  the  battalion 
was  captured  by  General  Hood  and  sent  to 
Andersonville.  The  remainder  participated  in 
the  "March  to  the  Sea,"  and  through  the  cam- 
paign in  the  Carolinas.  In  the  spring  of  1865  the 
battalion  organization  was  discontinued,  both 
regiments  having  been  filled  up  by  recruits.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth,  Kan.,  Sept.  16,  1865;  and  arrived  at 
Springfield.  111.,  Sept.  22,  2865,  where  it  received 
final  payment  and  discharge.  The  aggregate 
number  of  men  who  belonged  to  this  organization 
was  1,980,  and  the  aggregate  mustered  out  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  480.  During  its  four  years 
and  four  months  of  service,  the  regiment 
marched  4,490  miles,  traveled  by  rail,  2,330  miles, 
and,  by  river,  4,490  miles — making  an  aggregate 
of  11,670  miles. 

FIFTEENTH  INFANTRY.  Raised  under  the  "Ten 
Regiment  Act,"  in  the  (then)  First  Congressional 
District;  was  organized  at  Freeport,  and  mus- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


553 


tered  into  service,  May  24,  1861.  It  was  engaged 
at  Sedalia,  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Metamora  Hill, 
Vicksburg,  Fort  Beauregard,  Champion  Hill, 
Allatoona  and  Bentonville.  In  March.  1864,  the 
regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  and,  in  July, 

1864,  was  consolidated  with  the  Fourteenth  Infan- 
try as  a  Veteran  Battalion.    At  Big  Shanty  and 
Ackworth  a  large  portion  of  the  battalion  was 
captured   by   General   Hood.    At   Raleigh   the 
Veteran   Battalion  was   discontinued   and   the 
Fifteenth  reorganized.     From  July  1,  to  Sept.  1, 

1865,  the  regiment  was  stationed  at  Forts  Leaven- 
worth  and  Kearney.    Having  been  mustered  out 
at  Fort  Leavenworth,  it  was  sent  to  Springfield 
for  final  payment  and  discharge — having  served 
four  years  and   four  months.     Miles   marched, 
4,299;   miles   by  rail,  2,403,  miles    by  steamer, 
4,310;  men  enlisted  from  date   of  organization, 
1,963;  strength  at  date  of  muster-out,  640. 

SIXTEENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  and  mus- 
tered into  service  at  Quincy  under  the  "Ten- Regi- 
ment Act."  May  24,  1861.  The  regiment  was 
engaged  at  New  Madrid,  Tiptonville,  Corinth, 
Buzzards'  Roost,  Resaca,  Rome,  Kenesaw  Moun- 
tain, Chattahoochie  River,  Peach  Tree  Creek, 
Atlanta,  Savannah,  Columbia,  Fayetteville, 
Averysboro  and  Bentonville.  In  December, 
1864,  the  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans;  was 
mustered  out  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  8,  1865, 
after  a  term  of  service  of  four  years  and  three 
months,  and,  a  week  later,  arrived  at  Spring- 
field, where  it  received  its  final  pay  and  discharge 
papers. 

SEVENTEENTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  the 
service  at  Peoria,  111.,  on  May  24,  1861;  was 
engaged  at  Fredericktown  (Mo.),  Greenfield 
(Ark.),  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Hatchie  and  Vicksburg. 
In  May,  1864,  the  term  of  enlistment  having 
expired,  the  regiment  was  ordered  to  Springfield 
for  pay  and  discharge.  Those  men  and  officers 
who  re-enlisted,  and  those  whose  term  had  not 
expired,  were  consolidated  with  the  Eighth  Infan- 
try, which  was  mustered  out  in  the  spring  of  1866. 

EIGHTEENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  under  the 
provisions  of  the  "Ten  Regiment  Bill,"  at  Anna, 
and  mustered  into  the  service  on  May  28,  1861, 
the  term  of  enlistment  being  for  three  years. 
The  regiment  participated  in  the  capture  of  Fort 
McHenry,  and  was  actively  engaged  at  Fort 
Donelson,  Shiloh  and  Corinth.  It  was  mustered 
out  at  Little  Rock,  Dec.  16,  1865,  and  Dec.  31, 
thereafter,  arrived  at  Springfield,  111.,  for  pay- 
ment and  discharge.  The  aggregate  enlistments 
in  the  regiment,  from  its  organization  to  date  of 
discharge  (rank  and  file),  numbered  2,043. 


NINETEENTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  the 
United  States  service  for  three  years,  June  17, 
1861,  at  Chicago,  embracing  four  companies 
which  had  been  accepted  under  the  call  for  three 
months'  men;  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Stone  River  and  in  the  Tullahoma  and  Chatta- 
nooga campaigns;  was  also  engaged  at  Davis' 
Cross  Roads,  Cbickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge  and 
Resaca.  It  was  mustered  out  of  service  on  July 
9,  1864,  at  Chicago.  Originally  consisting  of 
nearly  1,000  men,  besides  a  large  number  of 
recruits  received  during  the  war,  its  strength  at 
the  final  muster-out  was  less  than  350. 

TWENTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized,  May  14, 
1861,  at  Joliet,  and  June  13,  1861,  and  mustered 
into  the  service  for  a  term  of  three  years.  It 
participated  in  the  following  engagements,  bat- 
tles, sieges,  etc.:  Fredericktown  (Mo.),  Fort 
Donelson,  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Thompson's  Planta- 
tion, Champion  Hills,  Big  Black  River,  Vicks- 
burg, Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Atlanta.  After 
marching  through  the  Carolinas,  the  regiment 
was  finally  ordered  to  Louisville,  where  it  was 
mustered  out,  July  16,  1865.  receiving  its  final 
discharge  at  Chicago,  on  July  24. 

TWENTY- FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  under 
the  "Ten  Regiment  Bill,"  from  the  (then)  Sev- 
enth Congressional  District,  at  Mattoon,  and 
mustered  into  service  for  three  years,  June  28, 
1861.  Its  first  Colonel  was  U.  S.  Grant,  who  was 
in  command  until  August  7,  when  he  was  com- 
missioned Brigadier-General.  It  was  engaged 
at  Fredericktown  (Mo.),  Corinth,  Perryville,  Mur- 
freesboro,  Liberty  Gap,  Cbickamauga,  Jonesboro, 
Franklin  and  Nashville.  The  regiment  re-enlisted 
as  veterans,  at  Chattanooga,  in  February,  1864. 
From  June,  1864,  to  December,  1865,  it  was  on 
duty  in  Texas.  Mustered  out  at  San  Antonio, 
Dec.  10,  1865,  and  paid  off  and  discharged  at 
Springfield,  Jan.  18,  1866. 

TWENTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Belleville,  and  mustered  into  service,  for  three 
years,  at  Caseyville,  111.,  June  25,  1861;  was 
engaged  at  Belmont,  Charleston  (Mo. ),  Sikestown, 
Tiptonville,  Farmingtou,  Corinth,  Stone  River, 
Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge,  Resaca,  New 
Hope  Church,  and  all  the  battles  of  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  except  Rocky  Face  Ridge.  It  was 
mustered  out  at  Springfield,  July  7,  1864,  the  vet 
erans  and  recruits,  whose  term  of  service  had  not 
expired,  being  consolidated  with  the  Forty -second 
Regiment  Illinois  Infantry  Volunteers. 

TWENTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  The  organization 
of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  Volunteers  com- 
menced, at  Chicago,  under  the  popular  name  of 


554 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  "Irish  Brigade,"  immediately  upon  the 
opening  of  hostilities  at  Sumter.  The  formal 
muster  of  the  regiment,  under  the  command  of 
Col.  James  A.  Mulligan,  was  made,  June  15, 1861, 
at  Chicago,  when  it  was  occupying  barracks 
known  as  Kane's  brewery  near  the  river  on 
West  Polk  Street.  It  was  early  ordered  to  North- 
ern Missouri,  and  was  doing  garrison  duty  at 
Lexington,  when,  in  September,  1861,  it  surren- 
dered with  the  rest  of  the  garrison,  to  the  forces 
under  the  rebel  General  Price,  and  was  paroled. 
From  Oct.  8,  1861,  to  June  14,  1862,  it  was  detailed 
to  guard  prisoners  at  Camp  Douglas.  Thereafter 
it  participated  in  engagements  in  the  Virginias. 
as  follows:  at  South  Fork,  Greenland  Gap,  Phi- 
Uppi,  Hedgeville,  Leetown,  Maryland  Heights. 
Snicker's  Gap,  Kernstown,  Cedar  Creek,  Win- 
chester, Charlestown,  Berryville,  Opequan  Creek, 
Fisher's  Hill,  Harrisonburg,  Hatcher's  Run  and 
Petersburg.  It  also  took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Richmond  and  the  pursuit  of  Lee,  being  present 
at  the  surrender  at  Appomattox.  In  January 
and  February,  1864,  the  regiment  re-enlisted  as 
veterans,  at  Greenland  Gap,  W.  Va.  In  August, 
1864,  the  ten  companies  of  the  Regiment,  then 
numbering  440,  were  consolidated  into  five  com- 
panies and  designated.  "Battalion,  Twenty-third 
Regiment,  Illinois  Veteran  Volunteer  Infantry." 
The  regiment  was  thanked  by  Congress  for  its 
part  at  Lexington,  and  was  authorized  to  inscribe 
Lexington  upon  its  colors.  (See  also  Mulligan, 
James  A.) 

TWENTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY,  (known  as  the 
First  Hecker  Regiment).  Organized  at  Chicago, 
with  two  companies — to-wit:  the  Union  Cadets 
and  the  Lincoln  Rifles— from  the  three  months' 
service,  in  June,  1861,  and  mustered  in,  July  8, 
1861.  It  participated  in  the  battles  of  Perry ville, 
Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga,  Resaca,  Kenesaw 
Mountain  and  other  engagements  in  the  Atlanta 
<'iimpaign.  It  was  mustered  out  of  service  at 
Chicago.  August  6,  1864.  A  fraction  of  the  regi- 
ment, which  had  been  recruited  in  the  field,  and 
whose  term  of  service  had  not  expired  at  the  date 
of  muster-out,  was  organized  into  one  company 
and  attached  to  the  Third  Brigade,  First  Divi- 
sion, Fourteenth  Army  Corps,  and  mustered  out 
at  Camp  Butler,  August  1,  1865. 

TWENTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  from 
the  counties  of  Kankakee,  Iroquois,  Ford,  Vermil- 
ion, Douglas,  Coles,  Champaign  and  Edgar,  and 
mustered  into  service  at  St.  Louis,  August  4,  1861. 
It  participated  in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  Stone 
River,  Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge,  in  the 
siege  of  Corinth,  the  battle  of  Kenesaw  Moun- 


tain, the  siege  of  Atlanta,  and  innumerable  skir- 
mishes ;  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield,  Sept.  5, 
1864.  During  its  three  years'  service  the  regi- 
ment traveled  4,963  miles,  of  which  3,352  were  on 
foot,  the  remainder  by  steamboat  and  railroad. 

TWENTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice, consisting  of  seven  companies,  at  Springfield, 
August  31,  1861.  On  Jan.  1,  1864,  the  regiment 
re-enlisted  as  veterans.  It  was  authorized  by  the 
commanding  General  to  inscribe  upon  its  ban- 
ners "New  Madrid" ;  "Island  No.  10;"  "Farming- 
ton;"  "Siege  of  Corinth;"  "luka:"  "Corinth — 
3d  and  4th,  1862;"  "Resaca;"  "Kenesaw;"  "Ezra 
Church;"  "Atlanta;"  "Jonesboro;"  "Griswold- 
ville;"  "McAllister;"  "Savannah;"  "Columbia," 
and  "Bentonville."  It  was  mustered  out  at 
Louisville,  July  20,  1865,  and  paid  off  and 
discharged,  at  Springfield,  July  28 — the  regiment 
having  marched,  during  its  four  years  of  service, 
6,931  miles,  and  fought  twenty-eight  hard  battles, 
besides  innumerable  skirmishes. 

TWENTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  First  organized, 
with  only  seven  companies,  at  Springfield, 
August  10,  1861,  and  organization  completed  by 
the  addition  of  three  more  companies,  at  Cairo, 
on  September  1.  It  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bel- 
inont,  the  siege  of  IsUnd  No.  10,  and  the  battles 
of  Farmington,  Nashville,  Murfreesboro,  Chicka- 
mauga, Missionary  Ridge,  Rocky  Face  Ridge, 
Resaca,  Calhoun,  Adairsville,  Dallas,  Pine  Top 
Mountain  and  Kenesaw  Mountain,  as  well  as  in 
the  investment  of  Atlanta;  was  relieved  from 
duty,  August  25,  1864,  while  at  the  front,  and 
mustered  out  at  Springfield,  September  20.  Its 
veterans,  with  the  recruits  whose  term  of  serv- 
ice had  not  expired,  were  consolidated  with  the 
Ninth  Infantry. 

TWENTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Composed  of 
companies  from  Pike,  Fulton,  Schuyler,  Mason, 
Scott  and  Menard  Counties;  was  organized  at 
Springfield,  August  15,  1861,  and  mustered  into 
service  for  three  years.  It  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Shiloh  and  Metamora,  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg  and  the  battles  of  Jackson,  Mississippi, 
and  Fort  Beauregard,  and  in  the  capture  of 
Spanish  Fort,  Fort  Blakely  and  Mobile.  From 
June,  1864,  to  March,  1866,  it  was  stationed  in 
Texas,  and  was  mustered  out  at  Brownsville,  in 
that  State,  March  15,  1866,  having  served  four 
years  and  seven  months.  It  was  discharged,  at 
Springfield,  May  13,  1866. 

TWENTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice at  Springfield,  August  19,  1861,  and  was 
engaged  at  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh,  and  in  the 
sieges  of  Corinth,  Vicksburg  and  Mobile.  Eight 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


555 


companies  were  detailed  for  duty  at  Holly  Springs, 
and  were  there  captured  by  General  Van  Dorn, 
in  December.  1863,  but  were  exchanged,  six 
months  later.  In  January,  1864,  the  regiment 
re-enlisted  as  veterans,  and,  from  June,  1864,  to 
November,  1865,  was  on  duty  in  Texas.  It  was 
mustered  out  of  service  in  that  State,  Nov.  6, 
1865,  and  received  final  discharge  on  November  28. 

THIRTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
Beld,  August  38,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Belmont, 
Fort  Donelson,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  Medan 
Station,  Raymond,  Champion  Hills,  the  sieges  of 
Vicksburg  and  Jackson,  Big  Shanty,  Atlanta. 
Savannah,  Pocotaligo,  Orangeburg,  Columbia, 
Cheraw,  and  Fayetteville ;  mustered  out,  July 
17, 1865,  and  received  final  payment  and  discharge 
at  Springfield,  July  27,  1865. 

THIRTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Cairo, 
and  there  mustered  into  service  on  Sept.  18, 
1861;  was  engaged  at  Belmont,  Fort  Donelson. 
Shiloh,  in  the  two  expeditions  against  Vicks- 
burg, at  Thompson's  Hill,  Ingram  Heights,  Ray- 
mond, Jackson.  Champion  Hill,  Big  Shanty, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  Atlanta,  Lovejoy  Station  and 
Jonesboro;  also  participated  in  the  "March  to 
the  Sea"  and  took  part  in  the  battles  and  skir- 
mishes at  Columbia,  Cheraw,  Fayetteville  and 
Bentonville.  A  majority  of  the  regiment  re- 
enlisted  as  veterans  in  March,  1864.  It  was 
mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  19,  1865,  and 
finally  discharged  at  Springfield,  July  23. 

THIRTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Springfield  and  mustered  into  service,  Dec.  31, 
1861.  By  special  authority  from  the  War  Depart- 
ment, it  originally  consisted  of  ten  companies  of 
infantry,  one  of  cavalry,  and  a  battery.  It  was 
engaged  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  in  the  sieges 
of  Corinth  and  Vicksburg,  and  in  the  battles  of 
La  Grange,  Grand  Junction,  Metamora,  Harrison- 
burg,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Nickajack  Creek. 
Allatoona,  Savannah,  Columbia,  Cheraw  and 
Bentonville.  In  January,  1864,  the  regiment 
re-enlisted  as  veterans,  and,  in  June,  1865,  was 
ordered  to  Fort  Leavenworth.  Mustered  out 
there,  Sept.  16,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at 
Springfield. 

THIRTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  and  mus- 
tered into  service  at  Springfield  in  September, 
1861;  was  engaged  at  Fredericktown  (Mo.),  Port 
Gibson,  Champion  Hills,  Black  River  Bridge,  the 
assault  and  siege  of  Vicksburg.  siege  of  Jackson, 
Fort  Esperanza.  and  in  the  expedition  against 
Mobile.  The  regiment  veteranized  at  Vicksburg. 
Jan.  1,  18G4 ;  was  mustered  out,  at  the  same  point, 
Nov.  24,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at  Spring- 


field. Dec.  6  and  7.  1865.  The  aggregate  enroll- 
ment of  the  regiment  was  between  1,900  and 
2,000. 

THIRTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Springfield.  Sept.  7, 1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Shiloh. 
Corinth.  Murfreesboro,  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Ee- 
saca.  Big  Shanty,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Atlanta. 
Jonesboro.  and,  after  participating  in  the  "March 
to  the  Sea"  Mini  through  the  Carolinas,  took  part 
in  the  l«it  t  lc  of  Bentonville.  After  the  surrender 
of  Johnston,  the  regiment  went  with  Sherman's 
Army  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  took  part  in  the 
grand  review.  May  24,  1865;  left  Washington. 
June  12,  and  arrived  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  June  18, 
where  it  was  mustered  out,  on  July  12 ;  was  dis- 
charged and  paid  at  Chicago.  July  17.  1865. 

THIRTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  De- 
eatur  on  July  3,  1861.  and  its  services  tendered  to 
the  President,  being  accepted  by  the  Secretary  of 
War  as  "Col.  G.  A.  Smith's  Independent  Regi- 
ment of  Illinois  Volunteers."  on  July  23,  and 
mustered  into  service  at  St  Louis,  August  12.  It 
was  engaged  at  Pea  Ridge  and  in  the  siege  of 
Corinth,  also  participated  in  the  battles  of  Perry- 
ville.  Stone  River,  Chickamauga,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Resaca.  Dallas  and 
Kenesaw.  Its  final  muster-out  took  place  at 
Springfield,  Sept.  27,  1864,  the  regiment  having 
marched  (exclusive  of  railroad  and  steamboat 
transportation)  3,056  miles. 

THIRTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Camp 
Hammond,  near  Aurora,  111.,  and  mustered  into 
service,  Sept.  23,  1861,  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
The  regiment,  at  its  organization,  numbered  965 
officers  and  enlisted  men,  and  had  two  companies 
of  Cavalry  ("A"  and  "B"),  186  officers  and 
men.  It  was  engaged  at  Leetown,  Pea  Ridge, 
Perryville.  Stone  River,  Chickamauga.  the  siege 
of  Chattanooga.  Missionary  Ridge.  Rocky  Face 
Ridge.  Resaca,  Adairsville,  New  Hope  Church. 
Kenesaw  Mountain.  Peach  Tree  Creek.  Jones- 
boro, Franklin  and  Nashville.  Mustered  out. 
Oct.  8.  1865,  and  disbanded,  at  Springfield,  Oct. 
27,  having  marched  and  been  transported,  during 
its  term  of  service,  more  than  10,000  miles. 

THIRTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Familiarly  known 
as  "Fremont  Rifles";  organized  in  August,  1861. 
and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  18.  The  regi- 
ment was  presented  with  battle-flags  by  the  Chi- 
cago Board  of  Trade.  It  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  Neosho,  Prairie  Grove  and 
Chalk  Bluffs,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  in  the 
battles  of  Yazoo  City  and  Morgan's  Bend.  In 
October,  1863,  it  was  ordered  to  the  defense  of  the 
frontier  along  the  Rio  Grande;  re-enlisted  as 


556 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


veterans  in  February,  1864;  took  part  in  the 
siege  and  storming  of  Fort  Blakely  and  the  cap- 
ture of  Mobile;  from  July,  1865,  to  May,  1866, 
was  again  on  duty  in  Texas ;  was  mustered  out 
at  Houston,  May  15,  1866,  and  finally  discharged 
at  Springfield,  May  31,  having  traveled  some 
17,000  miles,  of  which  nearly  3,300  were  by 
inarching. 

THIRTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Springfield,  in  September,  1861.  The  regiment 
was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Fredericktown, 
Perryville,  Knob  Gap,  Stone  River,  Liberty  Gap, 
Chickamauga,  Pine  Top,  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Franklin  and  Nashville; 
re-enlisted  as  veterans  in  February,  1864;  from 
June  to  December,  1865,  was  on  duty  in  Louisi- 
ana and  Texas;  was  mustered  out  at  Victoria, 
Texas,  Dec.  31,  1865,  and  received  final  discharge 
at  Springfield. 

THIRTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  The  organization  of 
this  Regiment  was  commenced  as  soon  as  the 
news  of  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  reached  Chi- 
cago. General  Thomas  O.  Osborne  was  one  of  its 
contemplated  field  officers,  and  labored  zealously 
to  get  it  accepted  under  the  first  call  for  troops, 
but  did  not  accomplish  his  object.  The  regiment 
had  already  assumed  the  name  of  the  "Yates 
Phalanx"  in  honor  of  Governor  Yates.  It  was 
accepted  by  the  War  Department  on  the  day 
succeeding  the  first  Bull  Run  disaster  (July  22, 
1861),  and  Austin  Light, of  Chicago,  was  appointed 
Colonel.  Under  his  direction  the  organization  was 
completed,  and  the  regiment  left  Camp  Mather, 
Chicago,  on  the  morning  of  Oct.  13,  1861.  It  par- 
ticipated in  the  battles  of  Winchester,  Malvern 
Hill  (the  second),  Morris  Island,  Fort  Wagner, 
Drury's  Bluff,  and  in  numerous  engagements 
before  Petersburg  and  Richmond,  including  the 
capture  of  Fort  Gregg,  and  was  present  at  Lee's 
surrender  at  Appomattox.  In  the  meantime  the 
regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  at  Hilton  Head, 
S.  C.,  in  September,  1863.  It  was  mustered  out 
at  Norfolk,  Dec.  6,  1865,  and  received  final  dis- 
charge at  Chicago,  December  16. 

FORTIETH  INFANTRY.  Enlisted  from  the  coun- 
ties of  Franklin,  Hamilton,  Wayne,  White, 
Wabash,  Marion,  Clay  and  Fayette,  and  mustered 
into  service  for  three  years  at  Springfield, 
August  10,  1861.  It  was  engaged  at  Shiloh,  in 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  at  Jackson  (Miss.),  in  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  at  Missionary  Ridge,  New 
Hope  Church,  Black  Jack  Knob,  Kenesaw  Moun- 
tain. Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Ezra  Chapel,  Gris- 
wol.lv ill.-,  siege  of  Savannah,  Columbia  (S.  C.), 
and  Bentonville.  It  re-enlisted,  as  veterans,  at 


Scottsboro,  Ala.,  Jan.  1,  1864,  and  was  mustered 
out  at  Louisville,  July  24,  1865,  receiving  final 
discharge  at  Springfield. 

FORTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Decatur 
during  July  and  August,  1861,  and  was  mustered 
into  service,  August  5.  It  was  engaged  at  Fort 
Donelson,  Shiloh,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  the  second 
battle  of  Corinth,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  and 
Jackson,  in  the  Red  River  campaign,  at  Guntown, 
Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Allatoona,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  "March  to  the  Sea."  It  re-enlisted, 
as  veterans,  March  17,  1864,  at  Vicksburg,  and 
was  consolidated  with  the  Fifty-third  Infantry. 
Jan.  4,  1865,  forming  Companies  Q  and  H. 

FORTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, July  22,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Island  No.  10, 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  battles  of  Farmington. 
Columbia  (Tenn.),  was  besieged  at  Nashville, 
engaged  at  Stone  River,  in  the  Tullahoma  cam 
paign,  at  Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge,  Rocky 
Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Adairsville,  New  Hope 
Church.  Pine  and  Kenesaw  Mountains,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy  Station, 
Spring  Hill,  Franklin  and  Nashville.  It  re- 
enlisted,  as  veterans,  Jan.  1,  1864;  was  stationed 
in  Texas  from  July  to  December,  1865;  was  mus- 
tered out  at  Indianola,  in  that  State,  Dec.  18. 
1865,  and  finally  discharged,  at  Springfield,  Jan. 
12,  1866. 

FORTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field in  September,  1861,  and  mustered  into 
service  on  Oct.  12.  The  regiment  took  part  in 
the  battles  of  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh  and  in  the 
campaigns  in  West  Tennessee,  Mississippi  and 
Arkansas;  was  mustered  out  at  Little  Rock. 
Nov.  30,  1865,  and  returned  to  Springfield  for 
final  pay  and  discharge,  Dec.  14,  1865. 

FORTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  in  Au- 
gust, 1861,  at  Chicago,  and  mustered  into  service. 
Sept.  13,  1861;  was  engaged  at  Pea  Ridge. 
Perryville,  Stone  River,  Hoover's  Gap,  Shelby- 
ville,  Tullahoma,  Chickamauga,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Rocky  Face  Ridge, 
Adairsville.  Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Kene- 
saw Mountain.  Gulp's  Farm,  Chattahoochie 
River,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro. 
Franklin  and  Nashville.  The  regiment  re-enlisted 
as  veterans  in  Tennessee,  in  -January.  1864. 
From  June  to  September,  1865,  it  was  stationed 
in  Louisiana  and  Texas,  was  mustered  out  at 
Port  Lavaca,  Sept.  25,  1865,  and  received  final 
discharge,  at  Springfield,  three  weeks  later. 

FORTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Originally  called 
the  "Washburne  Lead  Mine  Regiment";  was 
organized  at  Galena,  July  23,  1861,  and  mustered 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


557 


into  service  at  Chicago,  Dec.  25,  1861.  It  was 
engaged  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  the  siege  of 
Corinth,  battle  of  Medan,  the  campaign  against 
Vicksburg,  the  Meridian  raid,  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign, the  "March  to  the  Sea,"  and  the  advance 
through  the  Carolinas.  The  regiment  veteran- 
ized in  January,  1864;  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice at  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  13,  1865,  and  arrived 
in  Chicago,  July  15,  1865,  for  final  pay  and  dis- 
charge. Distance  marched  in  four  years,  1,750 
miles. 

FORTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field, Dec.  28,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donel- 
son, Shiloh,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  battle  of 
Metamora,  siege  of  Vicksburg  (where  five  com- 
panies of  the  regiment  were  captured),  in  the 
reduction  of  Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakeley, 
and  the  capture  of  Mobile.  It  was  mustered  in 
as  a  veteran  regiment,  Jan.  4,  1864.  From  May, 

1865,  to  January,  1866,  it  was  on  duty  in  Louisi- 
ana ;  was  mustered  out  at  Baton  Rouge,  Jan.  20, 

1866,  and,  on  Feb.  1,  1866,  finally  paid  and  dis- 
charged at  Springfield. 

FORTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  and 
mustered  into  service  at  Peoria,  111.,  on  August 
16,  1861.  The  regiment  took  part  in  the  expe- 
dition against  New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10; 
also  participated  in  the  battles  of  Farmington, 
luka,  the  second  battle  of  Corinth,  the  capture 
of  Jackson,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  the  Red 
River  expedition  and  the  battle  of  Pleasant  Hill, 
and  in  the  struggle  at  Lake  Chicot.  It  was 
ordered  to  Chicago  to  assist  in  quelling  an  antici- 
pated riot,  in  1864,  but,  returning  to  the  front, 
took  part  in  the  reduction  of  Spanish  Fort  and 
the  capture  of  Mobile;  was  mustered  out,  Jan. 
21,  1866,  at  Selma,  Ala.,  and  ordered  to  Spring- 
field, where  it  received  final  pay  and  discharge. 
Those  members  of  the  regiment  who  did  not  re-en- 
list as  veterans  were  mustered  out,  Oct.  11, 1864. 

FORTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field, September,  1861,  and  participated  in  battles 
and  sieges  as  follows:  Fort  Henry  and  Fort 
Donelson,  Shiloh,  Corinth  (siege  of),  Vicksburg 
(first  expedition  against),  Missionary  Ridge,  as 
well  as  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  "March 
to  the  Sea."  The  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veter- 
ans, at  Scottsboro,  Ala.,  Jan.  1,  1864;  was  mus- 
tered out,  August  15,  1865,  at  Little  Rock,  Ark. , 
and  ordered  to  Springfield  for  final  discharge, 
arriving,  August  21,  1865.  The  distance  marched 
was  3, 000  miles;  moved  by  water,  5,000;  by  rail- 
road, 8,450— total,  11,450. 

FORTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field, 111.,  Dec.  31,  1861;  was  engaged  at  Fort 


Donelson,  Shiloh  and  Little  Rock;  took  part  in 
the  campaign  against  Meridian  and  in  the  Red 
River  expedition,  being  in  the  battle  of  Pleasant 
Hill,  Jan.  15,  1864 ;  three-fourths  of  the  regiment 
re-enlisted  and  were  mustered  in  as  veterans, 
returning  to  Illinois  on  furlough.  The  non- 
veterans  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Tupelo.  The 
regiment  participated  in  the  battle  of  Nashville, 
and  was  mustered  out,  Sept.  9,  1865,  at  Paducah. 
Ky.,  and  arrived  at  Springfield,  Sept,  15,  1865, 
for  final  payment  and  discharge. 

FIFTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Quincy,  in 
August,  1861,  and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  12. 
1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  the 
siege  of  Corinth,  the  second  battle  of  Corinth. 
Allatoona  and  Bentonville,  besides  many  minor 
engagements.  The  regiment  was  mounted.  Nov. 
17,  1863;  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  Jan.  1, 1864,  was 
mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  13,  1865,  and 
reached  Springfield,  the  following  day.  for  final 
pay  and  discharge. 

FIFTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, Dec.  24, 1861 ;  was  engaged  at  New  Madrid, 
Island  No.  10,  Farmington,  the  siege  of  Corinth, 
Stone  River,  Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridg*. 
Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Dallas,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jones- 
boro,  Spring  Hill,  Franklin  and  Nashville.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  in  as  veterans,  Feb.  16. 
1864 ;  from  July  to  September,  1865,  was  on  duty 
in  Texas,  and  mustered  out,  Sept.  25.  1865,  at 
Camp  Irwin,  Texas,  arriving  at  Springfield,  111., 
Oct.  15,  1865,  for  final  payment  and  discharge. 

FIFTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Ge- 
neva in  November,  1861,  and  mustered  into  serv 
ice,  Nov.  19.  The  regiment  participated  in  the 
following  battles,  sieges  and  expeditions :  Shiloh. 
Corinth  (siege  and  second  battle  of),  luka,  Town 
Creek,  Snake  Creek  Gap,  Resaca,  Lay's  Ferry. 
Rome  Cross  Roads,  Dallas,  Kenesaw  Mountain. 
Nickajack  Creek,  Decatur,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro 
and  Bentonville.  It  veteranized,  Jan.  9,  1864 
was  mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  4,  1865. 
and  received  final  payment  and  discharge  at 
Springfield,  July  12. 

FIFTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Ottawa 
in  the  winter  of  1861-62,  and  ordered  to  Chicago. 
Feb  27.  1862,  to  complete  its  organization.  It 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Corinth,  and  was  engaged 
at  Davis'  Bridge,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  in  the 
Meridian  campaign,  at  Jackson,  the  siege  of 
Atlanta,  the  "March  to  the  Sea,"  the  capture  of 
Savannah  and  the  campaign  in  the  Carolinas. 
including  the  battle  of  Bentonville.  The  regi- 
ment was  mustered  out  of  service  at  Louisville. 


558 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


July  22,  1865,  and  received  final  discharge,  at 
I'liicago,  July  28.  It  inarched  2,855  miles,  and 
was  transported  by  boat  and  cars.  4,168  miles. 
Over  1,800  officers  and  men  belonged  to  the  regi- 
ment during  its  term  of  service. 

FIFTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Anna, 
in  November,  1861,  as  a  part  of  the  "Kentucky 
Brigade,"  and  was  mustered  into  service,  Feb. 
18,  1868.  No  complete  history  of  the  regiment 
can  be  given,  owing  to  the  loss  of  its  official 
records.  It  served  mainly  in  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
see, Mississippi  and  Arkansas,  and  always  effect- 
ively. Three-fourths  of  the  men  re-enlisted  as 
veterans,  in  January,  1864.  Six  companies  were 
captured  by  the  rebel  General  Shelby,  in  August, 
1H64,  and  were  exchanged,  the  following  De- 
cember. The  regiment  was  mustered  out  at 
Little  Rock,  Oct.  15,  1865;  arrived  at  Springfield, 
Oct.  26,  and  was  discharged.  During  its  organi- 
zation, the  regiment  had  1,342  enlisted  men  and 
71  commissioned  officers. 

FIFTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, and  mustered  into  service,  Oct.  81,  1861. 
The  regiment  originally  formed  a  part  of  the 
"Douglas  Brigade."  being  chiefly  recruited  from 
the  young  farmers  of  Fulton,  McDonough, 
Orundy,  La  Salle,  De  Kalb,  Kane  and  Winnebago 
Counties.  It  participated  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh 
and  Corinth,  and  in  the  Tallabatchie  campaign; 
in  the  battles  of  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Arkansas 
1'ost,  around  Vicksburg.  and  at  Missionary  Ridge; 
was  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  notably  in  the 
battles  of  Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Jonesboro.  In 
all,  it  was  engaged  in  thirty -one  battles,  and  was 
128  days  under  fire.  The  total  mileage  traveled 
amounted  to  11,965,  of  which  3,240  miles  were 
actually  marched.  Re-enlisted  as  veterans,  while 
;it  Larkinsville,  Tenn. ,  was  mustered  out  at  Little 
Rock,  August  14,  1865,  receiving  final  discharge 
at  Chicago,  the  same  month. 

FIFTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  with  com- 
panies principally  enlisted  from  the  counties  of 
Massac,  Pope,  Gallatin,  Saline,  White,  Hamilton, 
Franklin  and  Wayne,  and  mustered  in  at  Camp 
Mather,  near  Shawneetown.  The  regiment  par- 
ticipated in  the  siege,  and  second  battle,  of 
C'orinth,  the  Yazoo  expedition,  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg — being  engaged  at  Champion  Hills, 
:  11  ul  in  numerous  assaults ;  also  took  part  in  the 
buttles  of  Missionary  Ridge  and  Resaca,  and  in 
the  campaign  in  the  Carolinas,  including  the 
battle  of  Bentonville.  Some  200  members  of  the 
regiment  perished  in  a  wreck  off  Cape  Hatteras, 
March  31,  1865.  It  was  mustered  out  in  Arkan- 
sas, August  12,  1865. 


FIFTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice, Dec.  26,  1861,  at  Chicago;  took  part  in  the 
battles  of  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh,  the  siege  of 
Corinth,  and  the  second  battle  at  that  point ;  was 
also  engaged  at  Resaca,  Rome  Cross  Roads  and 
Allatoona;  participated  in  the  investment  and 
capture  of  Savannah,  and  the  campaign  through 
the  Carolinas,  including  the  battle  of  Benton- 
ville. It  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  7, 
1865,  and  received  final  discharge  at  Chicago, 
July  14. 

FIFTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Recruited  at  Chi- 
cago, Feb.  11,  1862;  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh,  a  large  number  of  the 
regiment  being  captured  during  the  latter  engage- 
ment, but  subsequently  exchanged.  It  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Corinth  and  the  battle  of  luka, 
after  which  detachments  were  sent  to  Springfield 
for  recruiting  and  for  guarding  prisoners. 
Returning  to  the  front,  the  regiment  was  engaged 
in  the  capture  of  Meridian,  the  Red  River  cam- 
paign, the  taking  of  Fort  de  Russey,  and  in  many- 
minor  battles  in  Louisiana.  It  was  mustered  out 
at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  April  1,  1866,  and  ordered 
to  Springfield  for  final  payment  and  discharge. 

FIFTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Originally  known  as 
the  Ninth  Missouri  Infantry,  although  wholly 
recruited  in  Illinois.  It  was  organized  at  St. 
Louis,  Sept.  18,  1861,  the  name  being  changed  to 
the  Fifty-ninth  Illinois,  Feb.  12,  1862,  by  order  of 
the  War  Department.  It  was  engaged  at  Pea 
Ridge,  formed  part  of  the  reserve  at  Farmington, 
took  part  at  Perryville,  Nolansville,  Knob  Gap 
and  Murfreesboro,  in  the  Tullahoma  campaign 
and  the  siege  of  Chattanooga,  in  the  battles  of 
Missionary  Ridge,  Resaca,  Adairsville,  Kingston, 
Dallas,  Ackworth,  Pine  Top,  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
Smyrna,  Atlanta,  Spring  Hill,  Franklin  and 
Nashville.  Having  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  the 
regiment  was  ordered  to  Texas,  in  June,  1865, 
where  it  was  mustered  out,  December,  1865, 
receiving  its  final  discharge  at  Springfield. 

SIXTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Anna,  111., 
Feb.  17,  1862;  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Corinth 
and  was  besieged  at  Nashville.  The  regiment 
re-enlisted  as  veterans  while  at  the  front,  in 
January,  1864;  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Buzzard's  Roost,  Ringgold,  Dalton,  Resaca, 
Rome,  Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Nickajack,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta, 
Jonesboro,  Averysboro  and  Bentonville;  was 
mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  31,  1865,  and 
received  final  discharge  at  Springfield. 

SIXTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Carroll- 
ton,  111.,  three  full  companies  being  mustered 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


559 


in,  Feb.  5,  1863.  On  February  31,  the  regiment, 
being  still  incomplete,  moved  to  Benton  Bar- 
racks, Mo. ,  where  a  sufficient  number  of  recruits 
joined  to  make  nine  full  companies.  The  regiment 
was  engaged  at  Shiloh  and  Bolivar,  took  part 
in  the  Yazoo  expedition,  and  re-enlisted  as  veter- 
ans early  in  1864.  Later,  it  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Wilkinson's  Pike  (near  Murfreesboro),  and 
other  engagements  near  that  point ;  was  mustered 
out  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Sept.  8,  1865,  and  paid 
off  and  discharged  at  Springfield,  Septem- 
ber 27. 

SIXTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Anna, 
111.,  April  10,  1862;  after  being  engaged  in  several 
skirmishes,  the  regiment  sustained  a  loss  of  170 
men,  who  were  captured  and  paroled  at  Holly 
Springs,  Hiss.,  by  the  rebel  General  Van  Dorn, 
where  the  regimental  records  were  destroyed. 
The  regiment  took  part  in  forcing  the  evacuation 
of  Little  Rock ;  re-enlisted,  as  veterans,  Jan.  9, 
1864 ;  was  mustered  out  at  Little  Rock,  March  6. 
1866,  and  ordered  to  Springfield  for  final  payment 
and  discharge. 

SIXTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Anna, 
in  December.  1861,  and  mustered  into  service, 
April  10,  1862.  It  participated  in  the  first  invest- 
ment of  Vicksburg,  the  capture  of  Richmond 
Hill,  La. ,  and  in  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge. 
On  Jan.  1,  1864,  272  men  re-enlisted  as  veterans. 
It  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Savannah  and  in 
Sherman's  march  through  the  Carolinas,  partici- 
pating in  its  important  battles  and  skirmishes; 
was  mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  13,  1865, 
reaching  Springfield,  July  16.  The  total  distance 
traveled  was  6,453  miles,  of  which  2,250  was  on 
the  march. 

SIXTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Spring- 
field, December,  1861,  as  the  "First  Battalion  of 
Yates  Sharp  Shooters."  The  last  company  was 
mustered  in,  Dec.  31,  1861.  The  regiment  was 
engaged  at  New  Madrid,  the  siege  of  Corinth, 
Chambers'  Creek,  the  second  battle  of  Corinth, 
Resaca,  Dallas,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Decatur,  the 
siege  of  Atlanta,  the  investment  of  Savannah  and 
the  battle  of  Bentonville ;  re-enlisted  as  veterans, 
in  January,  1864 ;  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville, 
July  11,  1865,  and  finally  discharged,  at  Chicago. 
July  18. 

SIXTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Originally  known  as 
the  "Scotch  Regiment";  was  organized  at  Chi- 
cago, and  mustered  in,  May  1,  1862.  It  was  cap- 
tured and  paroled  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  ordered 
to  Chicago ;  was  exchanged  in  April,  1863 ;  took 
part  in  Burnside's  defense  of  Knoxville;  re-en- 
listed as  veterans  in  March,  1864,  and  participated 


in  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  "March  to  tl»i 
Sea."  It  was  engaged  in  battles  at  Columbia 
(Tenn.),  Franklin  and  Nashville,  and  later,  near 
Federal  Point  and  Smithtown,  N.  C.,  being  mus 
tered  out,  July  13,  1865,  and  receiving  final  pay- 
ment and  discharge  at  Chicago,  July  26,  1865. 

SIXTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Benton 
Barracks,  near  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  during  September 
and  October,  1861 — being  designed  as  a  regiment 
of  "Western  Sharp  Shooters"  from  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Indiana  and 
Ohio.  It  was  mustered  in,  Nov.  23,  1861,  was 
engaged  at  Mount  Zion  (Mo.),  Fort  Donelson, 
Shiloh,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  luka,  the  second 
battle  of  Corinth,  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  the 
"March  to  the  Sea"  and  the  campaign  through 
the  Carolinas.  The  regiment  was  variously 
known  as  the  Fourteenth  Missouri  Volunteers. 
Birge's  Western  Sharpshooters,  and  the  Sixty- 
sixth  I'linois  Infantry.  The  latter  (and  final; 
name  was  conferred  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
Nov.  20,  1862.  It  re-enlisted  (for  the  veteran 
service),  in  December,  1863,  was  mustered  out  at 
Camp  Logan,  Ky.,  July  7,  1865,  and  paid  off  and 
discharged  at  Springfield,  July  15. 

SIXTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, June  13,  1862,  for  three  months'  service,  in 
response  to  an  urgent  call  for  the  defense  of 
Washington.  The  Sixty-seventh,  by  doing  guard 
duty  at  the  camps  at  Chicago  and  Springfield, 
relieved  the  veterans,  who  were  sent  to  the  front. 

SIXTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Enlisted  in  response 
to  a  call  made  by  the  Governor,  early  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1862,  for  State  troops  to  serve  for  three 
months  as  State  Militia,  and  was  mustered  in 
early  in  June,  1862.  It  was  afterwards  mustered 
into  the  United  States  service  as  Illinois  Volun- 
teers, by  petition  of  the  men,  and  received 
marching  orders,  July  5,  1862 ;  mustered  out,  at 
Springfield,  Sept.  26,  1862— many  of  the  men  re- 
enlisting  in  other  regiments. 

SIXTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Camp 
Douglas,  Chicago,  and  mustered  into  service  for 
three  months,  June  14,  1862.  It  remained  on 
duty  at  Camp  Douglas,  guarding  the  camp  anil 
rebel  prisoners. 

SEVENTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Camp 
Butler,  near  Springfield,  and  mustered  in,  July  4, 
1862.  It  remained  at  Camp  Butler  doing  guard 
duty.  Its  term  of  service  was  three  months. 

SEVENTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice, July  26,  1862,  at  Chicago,  for  three  months. 
Its  service  was  confined  to  garrison  duty  in  Illi- 
nois and  Kentucky,  being  mustered  out  at  Chi- 
cago. Oct.  29,  1862. 


560 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


SEVENTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, as  the  First  Regiment  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade,  and  mustered  into  service  for  three 
years,  August  33,  1862.  It  was  engaged  at  Cham- 
pion Hill,  Vicksburg,  Natchez,  Franklin,  Nash- 
ville, Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely;  mustered 
out  of  service,  at  Vicksburg,  August  6,  1865,  and 
discharged  at  Chicago. 

SEVENTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Recruited  from 
the  counties  of  Adams,  Champaign,  Christian, 
Hancock,  Jackson,  Logan,  Piatt,  Pike,  Sanga- 
niDii.  Tazewell  and  Vermilion,  and  mustered  into 
.service  at  Springfield,  August  31,  1862,  900  strong. 
It  participated  in  the  battles  of  Stone  River, 
Perryville,  Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge, 
Resaca,  Adairsville,  Burnt  Hickory,  Pine  and 
Lost  Mountains,  New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Spring  Hill,  Frank- 
lin and  Nashville;  was  mustered  out  at  Nashville, 
June  13,  1865,  and,  a  few  days  later,  -vent  to 
Springfield  to  receive  pay  and  final  discharge. 

SEVENTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Rockford,  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered  into 
service  September  4.  It  was  recruited  fromWin- 
nebago,  Ogle  and  Stephenson  Counties.  This  regi- 
ment was  engaged  at  Perryville,  Murfreesboro 
and  Nolansville,  took  part  in  the  Tullahoma 
campaign,  and  the  battles  of  Missionary  Ridge, 
Resaca,  Adairsville,  Dallas,  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
Tunnel  Hill,  and  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  the  siege  of 
Atlanta,  and  the  battles  of  Spring  Hill,  Franklin 
and  Nashville.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Nashville, 
June  10.  1865,  with  343  officers  and  men,  the 
aggregate  number  enrolled  having  been  1,001. 

SEVENTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
I lixciti  and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  2,  1862. 
The  regiment  participated  in  the  battles  of  Perry- 
ville, Nolansville,  Stone  River,  Lookout  Mountain, 
Dalton,  Resaca,  Marietta, Kenesaw,  Franklin  and 
Nashville;  was  mustered  out  at  Nashville,  June 
13,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at  Chicago,  July 
1,  following. 

SEVENTY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Kan- 
kakee,  111.,  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered  into  the 
service,  August  22,  1862;  took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  the  engagement  at  Jackson,  the  cam- 
paign against  Meridian,  the  expedition  to  Yazoo 
City,  and  the  capture  of  Mobile,  was  ordered  to 
Texas  in  June,  1865,  and  mustered  out  at  Galves- 
ton,  July  33,  1865,  being  paid  off  and  disbanded 
at  Chicago,  August  4,  1865 — having  traveled 
10,000  miles. 

SEVENTY-SKVFJTTR  INFANTRY.  Organized  and 
mustered  into  service,  Sept.  3,  1862,  at  Peoria; 
was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Chickasaw  Bayou, 


Arkansas  Post,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  (including 
the  battle  of  Champion  Hills),  the  capture  of 
Jackson,  the  Red  River  expedition,  and  the  bat- 
tles of  Sabine  Cross  Roads  and  Pleasant  Hill;  the 
reduction  of  Forts  Gaines  and  Morgan,  and  the 
capture  of  Spanish  Fort,  Fort  Blakely  and  Mobile. 
It  was  mustered  out  of  service  at  Mobile,  July 
10,  1865,  and  ordered  to  Springfield  for  final  pay- 
mentand  discharge,  where  it  arrived,  July  33, 1865, 
having  participated  in  sixteen  battles  and  sieges. 

SEVENTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Quincy,  and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  1,  1863; 
participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Resaca,  Rome, 
New  Hope  Church,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Averysboro  and 
Bentonville ;  was  mustered  out,  June  7,  1865,  and 
sent  to  Chicago,  where  it  was  paid  off  and  dis- 
charged, June  13,  1865. 

SEVENTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Mat- 
toon,  in  August,  1863,  and  mustered  into  service, 
August  28,  1862;  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Stone  River,  Liberty  Gap,  Chickamauga,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Kene- 
saw Mountain,  Dallas,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta, 
Jonesboro,  Love  joy,  Franklin  and  Nashville ;  was 
mustered  out,  June  13,  1865;  arrived  at  Camp 
Butler.  June  15,  and,  on  June  33,  received  final 
pay  and  discharge. 

EIGHTIETH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Centralia, 
111.,  in  August,  1863,  and  mustered  into  service, 
August  25,  1862.  It  was  engaged  at  Perryville, 
Dug's  Gap,  Sand  Mountain  and  Blunt's  Farm, 
surrendering  to  Forrest  at  the  latter  point.  After 
being  exchanged,  it  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Wauhatchie,  Missionary  Ridge,  Dalton,  Resaca, 
Adairsville,  Cassville,  Dallas,  Pine  Mountain, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  Marietta,  Peach  Tree  Creek, 
Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy  Station  and  Nash- 
ville. The  regiment  traveled  6,000  miles  and 
participated  in  more  than  twenty  engagements. 
It  was  mustered  out  of  service,  June  10, 1865,  and 
proceeded  to  Camp  Butler  for  final  pay  and 
discharge. 

EIGHTY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Recruited  from  the 
counties  of  Perry,  Franklin,  Williamson,  Jack- 
son, Union,  Pulaski  and  Alexander,  and  mustered 
into  service  at  Anna,  August  36,  1863.  It  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Port  Gibson,  Raymond, 
Jackson,  Champion  Hill,  Black  River  Bridge,  and 
in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg.  Later, 
the  regiment  was  engaged  at  Fort  de  Russey, 
Alexandria,  Guntown  and  Nashville,  besides 
assisting  in  the  investment  of  Mobile.  It  was 
mustered  out  at  Chicago,  August  5,  1864. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


561 


EIGHTY-SECOND  INFANTRY.  Sometimes  called 
the  "Second  Becker  Regiment,"  in  honor  of  Col- 
onel Frederick  Hecker,  its  first  Colonel,  and  for 
nierly  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Illinois 
Infantry — being  chiefly  composed  of  German 
members  of  Chicago.  It  was  organized  at  Spring- 
field, Sept.  26,  1862,  and  mustered  into  service, 
Oct.  33,  1862;  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Fredericksburg,  Gettysburg,  Wauhatchie,  Or- 
chard Knob,  Missionary  Ridge,  Resaca,  New 
Hope  Church,  Dallas,  Marietta,  Pine  Mountain, 
Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta  and  Bentonville;  was 
mustered  out  of  service,  June  9,  1865,  and 
returned  to  Chicago,  June  16 — having  marched, 
during  its  time  of  service,  2,503  miles. 

EIGHTY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Mon- 
mouth  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered  into  serv- 
ice, August  21.  It  participated  in  repelling  the 
rebel  attack  on  Fort  Donelson,  and  in  numerous 
hard  fought  skirmishes  in  Tennessee,  but  was 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  performance  of  heavy 
guard  duty  and  in  protecting  lines  of  communi- 
cation. The  regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Nash- 
ville, June  26,  1865,  and  finally  paid  off  and 
discharged  at  Chicago,  July  4.  following. 

EIGHTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Quincy,  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered  into  serv- 
ice, Sept.  1,  1862,  with  939  men  and  officers.  The 
regiment  was  authorized  to  inscribe  upon  its 
battle-flag  the  names  of  Perryville,  Stone  River, 
"\Voodbury,  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain, 
Missionary  Ridge,  Ringgold,  Dalton,  Buzzard's 
Roost,  Resaca,  Burnt  Hickory,  Kenesaw  Moun- 
tain, Smyrna,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Love  joy  Sta- 
tion, Franklin,  and  Nashville.  It  was  mustered 
out,  June  8,  1865. 

EIGHTY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Peoria, 
about  Sept.  1,  1862,  and  ordered  to  Louisville.  It 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Perryville,  Stone  River, 
Chickamauga,  Knoiville,  Dalton,  Rocky-Face 
Ridge,  Resaca,  Rome,  Dallas,  Kenesaw,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Savannah,  Ben- 
tonville, Goldsboro  and  Raleigh;  was  mustered 
out  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  June  5,  1865,  and 
sent  to  Springfield,  where  the  regiment  was 
paid  off  and  discharged  on  the  20th  of  the  same 
month. 

EIGHTY -SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice, August  27,  1862,  at  Peoria,  at  which  time  it 
numbered  923  men,  rank  and  file.  It  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Perryville,  Chickamauga,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Resaca,  Rome, 
Dallai,  K«nesaw,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Jonesboro, 
Averyiboro  and  Bentonville;  was  mustered  out 
on  June  6,  1865,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  arriving 


on  June  11,  at  Chicago,  where,  ten  days  later,  the 
men  received  their  pay  and  final  discharge. 

EIGHTY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Enlisted  in  Au- 
gust, 1862;  was  composed  of  companies  from 
Hamilton,  Edwards,  Wayne  and  White  Counties; 
was  organized  in  the  latter  part  of  August,  1862, 
at  Shawneetown ;  mustered  in,  Oct.  3,  1862,  the 
muster  to  take  effect  from  August  2.  It  took 
part  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Warrenton  and 
Jackson,  and  in  the  entire  campaign  through 
Louisiana  and  Southern  Mississippi,  participating 
in  the  battle  of  Sabine  Cross  Roads  and  in  numer- 
ous skirmishes  among  the  bayous,  being  mustered 
out,  June  16,  1865,  and  ordered  to  Springfield, 
where  it  arrived,  June  24,  1865,  and  was  paid  off 
and  disbanded  at  Camp  Butler,  on  July  2. 

EIGHTY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, in  September,  1862,  and  known  as  the 
"Second  Board  of  Trade  Regiment."  It  was 
mustered  in,  Sept.  4, 1862 ;  was  engaged  at  Perry- 
ville, Stone  River,  Chickamauga,  Missionary 
Ridge.  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Adairsville, 
New  Hope  Church,  Pine  Mountain,  Mud  Creek, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  Smyrna  Camp  Ground, 
Atlanta.  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy  Station,  Franklin 
and  Nashville;  was  mustered  out,  June  9,  1865. 
at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  arrived  at  Chicago, 
June  13,  1865,  where  it  received  final  pay  and 
discharge,  June  22,  1865. 

EIGHTY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Called  the  "Rail- 
road Regiment" ;  was  organized  by  the  railroad 
companies  of  Illinois,  at  Chicago,  in  August. 
1862,  and  mustered  into  service  on  the  27th  of 
that  month.  It  fought  at  Stone  River,  Chicka- 
mauga, Missionary  Ridge,  Knoxville,  Resaca, 
Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Pickett's  Mills,  Kenesaw 
Mountain.  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro, 
Lovejoy 's  Station,  Spring  Hill,  Columbia,  Frank- 
lin and  Nashville;  was  mustered  out,  June  10, 
1865,  in  the  field  near  Nashville,  Tenn. :  arrived 
at  Chicago  two  days  later,  and  was  finally  dis- 
charged, June  24,  after  a  service  of  two  years, 
nine  months  and  twenty -seven  days. 

NINETIETH  INFANTRY.  Mustered  into  service 
at  Chicago,  Sept.  7,  1862;  participated  in  the  siege 
of  Vicksburg  and  the  campaign  against  Jackson, 
and  was  engaged  at  Missionary  Ridge,  Resaca, 
Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Big  Shanty,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Marietta,  Nickajack  Creek,  Rosswell, 
Atlanta,  Jonesboro  and  Fort  McAllister.  After 
the  review  at  Washington,  the  regiment  was 
mustered  out,  June  6,  and  returned  to  Chicago, 
June  9,  1865,  where  it  was  finally  discharged. 

NINETY-FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Camp 
Butler,  near  Springfield,  in  August.  1862,  and 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


mustered  in  on  Sept.  8,  1862;  participated  in  the 
campaigns  against  Vicksburg  and  New  Orleans, 
and  all  along  the  southwestern  frontier  in 
Louisiana  and  Texas,  as  well  as  in  the  investiture 
and  capture  of  Mobile.  It  was  mustered  out  at 
Mobile,  July  12,  1865,  starting  for  home  the  same 
Jay,  and  being  finally  paid  off  and  discharged  on 
July  28,  following. 

NINETY-SECOND  INFANTRY  (Mounted).  Organ- 
ized and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  4,  1862, 
being  recruited  from  Ogle,  Stephenson  and  Car- 
roll Counties.  During  its  term  of  service,  the 
Ninety-second  was  in  more  than  sixty  battles  and 
skirmishes,  including  Ringgold,  Chickamauga, 
and  the  numerous  engagements  on  the  "March 
to  the  Sea,"  and  during  the  pursuit  of  Johnston 
through  the  Carolinas.  It  was  mustered  out  at 
Concord,  N.  C'.,  and  paid  and  discharged  from  the 
service  at  Chicago,  July  10,  1865. 

NINETY-THIRD  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Chi- 
cago, in  September,  1862,  and  mustered  in,  Oct. 
13,  998  strong.  It  participated  in  the  movements 
against  Jackson  and  Vicksburg,  and  was  engaged 
at  Champion  Hills  and  at  Fort  Fisher ;  also  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Missionary  Ridge, 
Dallas,  Resaca,  and  many  minor  engagements, 
following  Sherman  in  his  campaign  though  the 
Carolinas.  Mustered  out  of  service,  June  23, 
1865,  and,  on  the  25th,  arrived  at  Chicago,  receiv- 
ing final  payment  and  discharge,  July  7, 1865,  the 
regiment  having  marched  2,554  miles,  traveled 
by  water,  2,296  miles,  and,  by  railroad,  1,237 
miles — total,  6,087  miles. 

NINETY-FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Bloomington  in  August,  1862,  and  enlisted  wholly 
in  McLean  County.  After  some  warm  experi 
ence  in  Southwest  Missouri,  the  regiment  took 
part  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg,  and 
was,  later,  actively  engaged  in  the  campaigns  in 
Louisiana  and  Texas.  It  participated  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Mobile,  leading  the  final  assault.  After 
several  months  of  garrison  duty,  the  regiment  was 
mustered  out  at  Galveston,  Texas,  on  July  17, 
1865,  reaching  Bloomington  on  August  9,  follow- 
ing, having  served  just  three  years,  marched  1,200 
miles,  traveled  by  railroad  610  miles,  and,  by 
steamer,  6,000  miles,  and  taken  part  in  nine  bat- 
tles, sieges  and  skirmishes. 

NINETY-FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Rock- 
ford  and  mustered  into  service,  Sept.  4,  1862.  It 
was  recruited  from  the  counties  of  McHenry  anil 
Boone — three  companies  from  the  latter  and 
seven  from  the  former.  It  took  part  in  the  cam- 
paigns in  Northern  Mississippi  and  against  Vicks- 
burg. in  the  Red  River  expedition,  the  campaigns 


against  Price  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  against 
Mobile  and  around  Atlanta.  Among  the  battles 
in  which  the  regiment  was  engaged  were  those 
of  the  Tallahatchie  River,  Grand  Gulf,  Raymond, 
Champion  Hills,  Fort  de  Russey,  Old  River, 
Cloutierville,  Mansura,  Yellow  Bayou,  Guntown, 
Nashville,  Spanish  Fort,  Fort  Blakely,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Chattahoochie  River,  Atlanta,  Ezra 
Church,  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy  Station  and  Nash- 
ville. The  distance  traveled  by  the  regiment, 
while  in  the  service,  was  9,960  miles.  It  was 
transferred  to  the  Forty-seventh  Illinois  Infan- 
try, August  25,  1865. 

NINETY-SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Recruited  during 
the  months  of  July  and  August,  1862,  and  mus- 
tered into  service,  as  a  regiment,  Sept.  6,  1862. 
The  battles  engaged  in  included  Fort  Donelson. 
Spring  Hill,  Franklin,  Triune,  Liberty  Gap, 
Shelbyville,  Chickamauga,  Wauhatchie,  Lookout 
Mountain,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Rocky  Face  Ridge, 
Resaca,  Kingston,  New  Hope  Church,  Dallas. 
Pine  Mountain,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Smyrna 
Camp  Ground,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Rough 
and  Ready,  Jonesboro,  Lovejoy 's  Station,  Frank- 
lin and  Nashville.  Its  date  of  final  pay  and  dis- 
charge was  June  30,  1865. 

NINETY-SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  in 
August  and  September,  1862,  and  mustered  in  on 
Sept.  16 ;  participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickasaw 
Bluffs,  Arkansas  Post,  Port  Gibson,  Champion 
Hills,  Black  River,  Vicksburg,  Jackson  and 
Mobile.  On  July  29,  1865,  it  was  mustered  out 
andi  proceeded  homeward,  reaching  Springfield. 
August  10,  after  an  absence  of  three  years,  less  a 
few  days. 

NINETY-EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at  Cen- 
tralia,  September,  1862,  and  mustered  in,  Sept.  ".; 
took  part  in  engagements  at  Chickamauga,  Mr- 
Minnville,  Farmington  and  Selma,  besides  many 
others  of  less  note.  It  was  mustered  out,  June 
27,  1865,  the  recruits  being  transferred  to  the 
Sixty-first  Illinois  Volunteers.  The  regiment 
arrived  at  Springfield,  June  30,  and  received  final 
|M  Miu-iit  and  discharge,  July  7,  1865. 

NINETY-NINTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  in  Pike 
County  and  mustered  in  at  Florence,  August  23. 
1862;  participated  in  the  following  battles  and 
skirmishes:  Beaver  Creek,  Hartsville,  Magnolia 
Hills,  Raymond,  Champion  Hills,  Black  River. 
Vicksburg,  Jackson,  Fort  Esperanza,  Grand 
Coteau,  Fish  River,  Spanish  Fort  and  Blakely: 
days  under  fire,  62;  miles  traveled,  5,900;  men 
killed  in  battle,  38;  men  died  of  wounds  and 
disease.  149;  men  discharged  for  disability,  127; 
men  deserted,  35;  officers  killed  in  battle.  3; 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


563 


officers  died,  2;  officers  resigned,  26.  The  regi- 
ment was  mustered  out  at  Baton  Rouge,  July  31, 
1865,  and  paid  off  and  discharged,  August  9, 
following. 

ONE  HUNDREDTH  INFANTRY.  Organized  at 
Joliet,  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered  in,  August 
30.  The  entire  regiment  was  recruited  in  Will 
County.  It  was  engaged  at  Bardstown,  Stone 
River,  Lookout  Mountain,  Missionary  Ridge,  and 
Nashville;  was  mustered  out  of  service,  June  12, 
1865,  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  arrived  at  Chicago, 
June  15,  where  it  received  final  payment  and 
discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIRST  INFANTRY.  Organ- 
ized at  Jacksonville  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
month  of  August,  1862,  and,  on  Sept.  2,  1862, 
was  mustered  in.  It  participated  in  the  battles 
of  Wauhatchie,  Chattanooga,  Resaca,  New  Hope 
Church,  Kenesaw  and  Pine  Mountains,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Averysboro  and  Bentonville. 
On  Dec.  20,  1862,  five  companies  were  captured 
at  Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  paroled  and  sent  to 
Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo. ,  and  formally  exchanged 
in  June,  1863.  On  the  7th  of  June,  1865,  it  was 
mustered  out,  and  started  for  Springfield,  where, 
on  the  21st  of  June,  it  was  paid  off  and  disbanded. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  SECOND  INFANTRY.  Organ- 
ized at  Knoxville,  in  August,  1862,  and  mustered 
in,  September  1  and  2.  It  was  engaged  at  Resaca, 
Camp  Creek,  Burnt  Hickory,  Big  Shanty,  Peach 
Tree  Creek  and  Averysboro;  mustered  out  of 
service  June  6,  1865,  and  started  home,  arriving 
at  Chicago  on  the  9th,  and,  June  14,  received 
final  payment  and  discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRD  INFANTRY.  Re- 
cruited wholly  in  Fulton  County,  and  mustered 
into  the  service,  Oct.  2,  1862.  It  took  part  in 
the  Grierson  raid,  the  sieges  of  Vicksburg,  Jack- 
son, Atlanta  and  Savannah,  and  the  battles  of 
Missionary  Ridge,  Buzzard's  Roost,  Resaca,  Dal- 
las, Kenesaw  Mountain  and  Griswoldsville ;  was 
also  in  the  campaign  through  the  Carolinas. 
The  regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville, 
June  21,  and  received  final  discharge  at  Chi- 
cago, July  9,  1865.  The  original  strength  of 
the  regiment  was  808,  and  84  recruits  were 
enlisted. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FOURTH  INFANTRY.  Organ- 
ized at  Ottawa,  in  August,  1862,  and  composed 
almost  entirely  of  La  Salle  County  men.  The 
regiment  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Harts- 
ville,  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain,  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  Resaca,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Utoy 
Creek,  Jonesboro  and  Bentonville,  besides  many 
severe  skirmishes ;  was  mustered  out  at  Washing- 


ton, D.  C.,  June  6,  1865,  and,  a  few  days  later, 
received  final  discharge  at  Chicago. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTH  INFANTRY.  Mus- 
tered into  service,  Sept.  2,  1862,  at  Dizon,  and 
participated  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  being 
engaged  at  Resaca,  Peach  Tree  Creek  and 
Atlanta,  and  almost  constantly  skirmishing; 
also  took  part  in  the  "March  to  the  Sea"  and  the 
campaign  in  the  Carolinas,  including  the  siege  of 
Savannah  and  the  battles  of  Averysboro  and 
Bentonville.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  June  7,  1865,  and  paid  off  and  dis- 
charged at  Chicago,  June  17. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  SIXTH  INFANTRY.  Mus- 
tered into  service  at  Lincoln,  Sept.  18,  1862, 
eight  of  the  ten  companies  having  been  recruited 
in  Logan  County,  the  other  two  being  from  San- 
garuon  and  Menard  Counties.  It  aided  in  the 
defense  of  Jackson,  Tenn.,  where  Company  "C" 
was  captured  and  paroled,  being  exchanged  in 
the  summer  of  1863;  took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  the  Yazoo  expedition,  the  capture  of 
Little  Rock,  the  battle  of  Clarendon,  and  per- 
formed service  at  various  points  in  Arkansas.  It 
was  mustered  out,  July  12,  1865,  at  Pine  Bluff. 
Ark. ,  and  arrived  at  Springfield,  July  24,  1865, 
where  it  received  final  payment  and  discharge 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  SEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Mus- 
tered into  service  at  Springfield,  Sept.  4,  1862; 
was  composed  of  six  companies  from  DeWitt  and 
four  companies  from  Piatt  Count}'.  It  was 
engaged  at  Campbell's  Station,  Dandridge, 
Rocky- Face  Ridge,  Resaca,  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
Atlanta,  Spring  Hill,  Franklin,  Nashville  and 
Fort  Anderson,  and  mustered  out,  June  21,  1865, 
at  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  reaching  Springfield,  for 
final  payment  and  discharge,  July  2,  1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTH  INFANTRY.  Organ- 
ized at  Peoria,  and  mustered  into  service,  August 
28,  1862;  took  part  in  the  first  expedition  against 
Vicksburg  and  in  the  battles  of  Arkansas  Post 
(Fort  Hindman),  Port  Gibson  and  Champion 
Hills ;  in  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  the  battle  of 
Guntown.  the  reduction  of  Spanish  Fort,  and  the 
capture  of  Mobile.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Vicks- 
burg, August  5,  1865,  and  received  final  discharge 
at  Chicago,  August  11. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  NINTH  INFANTRY.  Re- 
cruited from  Union  and  Pulaski  Counties  and 
mustered  into  the  service,  Sept.  11,  1862.  Owing 
to  its  number  being  greatly  reduced,  it  was  con- 
solidated with  the  Eleventh  Infantry  in  April, 
1863.  (See  Eleventh  Infantry.) 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TENTH  INFANTRY.  Organ- 
ized at  Anna  and  mustered  in,  Sept.  11,  1862 ;  was 


564 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


engaged  at  Stone  River,  Woodbury,  and  in 
numerous  skirmishes  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 
In  May,  1863,  the  regiment  was  consolidated,  its 
numbers  having  been  greatly  reduced.  Subse- 
quently it  participated  in  the  battles  of  Chicka- 
mauga  and  Missionary  Ridge,  the  battles  around 
Atlanta  and  the  campaign  through  the  Carolinas, 
being  present  at  Johnston's  surrender.  The  regi- 
ment was  mustered  out  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
June  5,  1865,  and  received  final  discharge  at 
Chicago,  June  15.  The  enlisted  men  whose  term 
of  service  had  not  expired  at  date  of  muster-out, 
were  consolidated  into  four  companies  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  Sixtieth  Illinois  Veteran  Volunteer 
Infantry. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  ELEVENTH  INFANTRY.  Re- 
cruited from  Marion,  Clay,  Washington,  Clinton 
and  Wayne  Counties,  and  mustered  into  the  serv- 
ice at  Salem,  Sept.  18,  1862.  The  regiment  aided 
in  the  capture  of  Decatur,  Ala. ;  took  part  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  being  engaged  at  Resaca, 
Dallas,  Kenesaw,  Atlanta  and  Jonesboro :  partici- 
pated in  the  "March  to  the  Sea"  and  the  cam- 
paign in  the  Carolinas,  taking  part  in  the  battles 
of  Fort  McAllister  and  Bentonville.  It  was  mus- 
tered out  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  June  7,  1865. 
receiving  final  discharge  at  Springfield.  June  27, 
having  traveled  3,736  miles,  of  which  1,836  was 
on  the  march. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWELFTH  INFANTRY.  Mus- 
tered into  service  at  Peoria,  Sept.  20  and  22, 
1862 ;  participated  in  the  campaign  in  East  Ten- 
nessee, under  Burnside,  and  in  that  against 
Atlanta,  under  Sherman;  was  also  engaged  in 
the  battles  of  Columbia,  Franklin  and  Nashville, 
and  the  capture  of  Fort  Anderson  and  Wilming- 
ton. It  was  mustered  out  at  Ooldsboro,  N.  C., 
June  20,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at  Chicago, 
July  7,  1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Left  Camp  Hancock  (near  Chicago)  for  the  front, 
Nov.  6,  1862;  was  engaged  in  the  Tallahatchie 
expedition,  participated  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
saw  Bayou,  and  was  sent  North  to  guard  prison- 
ers and  recruit.  The  regiment  also  took  part  in 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg,  was  mustered 
out,  June  20,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at  Chi- 
cago, five  days  later. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FOURTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  in  July  and  August,  1862,  and  mustered 
in  at  Springfield,  Sept.  18,  being  recruited  from 
Cass,  Menard  and  Sangamon  Counties.  The  regi- 
ment participated  in  the  battle  of  Jackson  (Miss. ), 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg,  and  in  the 
battles  of  Quntown  and  Harrisville,  the  pursuit 


of  Price  through  Missouri,  the  battle  of  Nash- 
ville, and  the  capture  of  Mobile.  It  was  mustered 
out  at  Vicksburg,  August  3,  1865,  receiving  final 
payment  and  discharge  at  Springfield.  August  15, 
1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Ordered  to  the  front  from  Springfield,  Oct.  4, 
1862 ;  was  engaged  at  Chickamauga,  Chattanooga, 
Missionary  Ridge,  Tunnel  Hill,  Resaca  and  in  all 
the  principal  battles  of  the  Atlanta  campaign, 
and  in  the  defense  of  Nashville  and  pursuit  of 
Hood;  was  mustered  out  of  service,  June  11, 
1865,  and  received  final  pay  and  discharge,  June 
23,  1865,  at  Springfield. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  SIXTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Recruited  almost  wholly  from  Macon  County, 
numbering  980  officers  and  men  when  it  started 
from  Decatur  for  the  front  on  Nov.  8,  1862.  It 
participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickasaw  Bayou, 
Arkansas  Post,  Champion  Hills,  Black  River 
Bridge,  Missionary  Ridge,  Resaca,  Dallas,  Big 
Shanty,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Stone  Mountain, 
Atlanta,  Fort  McAllister  and  Bentonville,  and 
was  mustered  out,  June  7,  1865,  near  Washington, 
D.  C. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  SEVENTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  at  Springfield,  and  mustered  in,  Sept. 
19,  1862;  participated  in  the  Meridian  campaign, 
the  Red  River  expedition  (assisting  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  de  Russey),  and  in  the  battles  of 
Pleasant  Hill,  Yellow  Bayou,  Tupelo,  Franklin, 
Nashville,  Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely.  It 
was  mustered  out  at  Springfield,  August  5,  1865, 
having  traveled  9,276  miles,  2,307  of  which  were 
marched. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  and  mustered  into  the  service  at 
Springfield,  Nov.  7,  1862;  was  engaged  at  Chicka- 
saw Bluffs,  Arkansas  Post,  Port  Gibson,  Cham- 
pion Hills,  Black  River  Bridge,  Jackson  (Miss.), 
Grand  Coteau,  Jackson  (La.),  and  Amite  River. 
The  regiment  was  mounted,  Oct.  11,  1863,  and 
dismounted,  May  22,  1865.  Oct.  1,  1865,  it  was 
mustered  out,  and  finally  discharged,  Oct.  13. 
At  the  date  of  the  muster-in,  the  regiment  inun- 
bered  820  men  and  officers,  received  283  recruits, 
making  a  total  of  1,103;  at  muster-out  it  num- 
bered 523.  Distance  marched,  2,000  miles;  total 
distance  traveled,  5,700  miles. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  NINETEENTH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  at  Quincy,  in  September,  1862,  and 
was  mustered  into  the  United  States  service, 
October  10;  was  engaged  in  the  Red  River  cam- 
paign and  in  the  battles  of  Shreveport,  Yellow 
Bayou,  Tupelo,  Nashville,  Spanish  Fort  and  Fort 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


565 


Blakely.  Its  final  muster-out  took  place  at 
Mobile,  August  26,  1865,  and  its  discharge  at 
Springfield. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTIETY  INFANTRY. 
Mustered  into  the  service,  Oct.  28,  1862,  at  Spring- 
field ;  was  mustered  out,  Sept.  7, 1865,  and  received 
final  payment  and  discharge,  September  10,  at 
Springfield. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-FIRST  INFAN- 
TRY. (The  organization  of  this  regiment  was  not 
completed.) 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-SECOND  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Carlinville,  in  August,  1862, 
and  mustered  into  the  service,  Sept.  4,  with  960 
enlisted  men.  It  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Tupelo  and  Nashville,  and  in  the  capture  of 
Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely,  and  was  mustered 
out,  July  15,  1865,  at  Mobile,  and  finally  dis- 
c-barged at  Springfield,  August  4. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-THIRD  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service  at  Mattoon,  Sept.  6, 
1862;  participated  in  the  battles  of  Perry ville, 
Milton,  Hoover's  Gap,  and  Farmington;  also  took 
part  in  the  entire  Atlanta  campaign,  marching 
as  cavalry  and  fighting  as  infantry.  Later,  it 
served  as  mounted  infantry  in  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
see and  Alabama,  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the 
capture  of  Selma.  The  regiment  was  discharged 
at  Springfield,  July  11,  1865 — the  recruits,  whose 
terms  had  not  expired,  being  transferred  to  the 
Sixty-first  Volunteer  Infantry. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-FOURTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  the  service,  Sept.  10,  1862,  at 
Springfield ;  took  part  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign 
and  in  the  battles  of  Port  Gibson,  Raymond  and 
Champion  Hills,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  the 
Meridian  raid,  the  Yazoo  expedition,  and  the 
capture  of  Mobile.  On  the  16th  of  August,  1865, 
eleven  days  less  than  three  years  after  the  first 
company  went  into  camp  at  Springfield,  the  regi- 
ment was  mustered  out  at  Chicago.  Colonel 
Howe's  history  of  the  battle-flag  of  the  regiment, 
stated  that  it  had  been  borne  4, 100  miles,  in  four- 
teen skirimishes,  ten  battles  and  two  sieges  of 
forty-seven  days  and  nights,  and  thirteen  days 
and  nights,  respectively. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-FIFTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service,  Sept.  3,  1862;  par- 
ticipated in  the  battles  of  Perryville,  Chicka- 
mauga,  Missionary  Ridge,  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
Peach  Tree  Creek,  Atlanta  and  Jonesboro,  and  in 
the  "Man'h  to  the  Sea"  and  the  Carolina  cam- 
paign, being  engaged  at  Averysboro  and  Benton- 
ville.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Washington,  D.  C. , 
June  9,  1865,  and  finally  discharged  at  Chicago. 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-STXTH  INFAU- 
TRY.  Organized  at  Alton  and  mustered  in,  Sept.  4, 
1862,  and  participated  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg. 
Six  companies  were  engaged  in  skirmish  line,  near 
Humboldt,  Tenn.,  and  the  regiment  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Little  Rock  and  in  the  fight  at 
Clarendon,  Ark.  It  was  mustered  out  July  12, 1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-SEVENTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service  at  Chicago,  Sept.  6, 
1862;  took  part  in  the  first  campaign  against 
Vicksburg,  and  in  the  battle  of  Arkansas  Post, 
the  siege  of  Vicksburg  under  Grant,  the  capture 
of  Jackson  (Miss.),  the  battles  of  Missionary 
Ridge  and  Lookout  Mountain,  the  Meridian  raid, 
and  in  the  fighting  at  Resaca,  Dallas,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Atlanta  and  Jonesboro;  also  accom- 
panied Sherman  in  his  march  through  Georgia 
and  the  Carolinas,  taking  part  in  the  battle  of 
Bentonville ;  was  mustered  out  at  Chicago.  June 
17,  1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-EIGHTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  in,  Dec.  18,  1862,  but  remained 
in  service  less  than  five  months,  when,  its  num- 
ber of  officers  and  men  having  been  reduced  from 
860  to  161  (largely  by  desertions),  a  number  of 
officers  were  dismissed,  and  the  few  remaining 
officers  and  men  were  formed  into  a  detachment, 
and  transferred  to  another  Illinois  regiment. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY-NINTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Pontiac,  in  August,  1862,  and 
mustered  into  the  service  Sept.  8.  Prior  to  May, 
1864,  the  regiment  was  chiefly  engaged  in  garri- 
son duty.  It  marched  with  Sherman  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign  and  through  Georgia  and  the 
Carolinas,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Resaca, 
Buzzard's  Roost,  Lost  Mountain,  Dallas,  Peach 
Tree  Creek,  Atlanta,  Averysboro  and  Benton- 
ville. It  received  final  pay  and  discharge  at  Chi- 
ca"o,  June  10,  1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTIETH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  at  Springfield  and  mustered  into 
service,  Oct.  25,  1862 ;  was  engaged  at  Port  Gib- 
son, Champion  Hills,  Black  River  Bridge,  Vicks- 
burg, Jackson  (Miss.),  and  in  the  Red  River 
expedition.  While  on  this  expedition  almost  the 
entire  regiment  was  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Mansfield,  and  not  paroled  until  near  the  close  of 
the  war.  The  remaining  officers  and  men  were 
consolidated  with  the  Seventy-seventh  Infantry 
in  January,  1865,  and  participated  in  the  capture 
of  Mobile.  Six  months  later  its  regimental  re- 
organization, as  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirtieth, 
was  ordered.  It  was  mustered  out  at  New 
Orleans,  August  15,  1865,  and  discharged  at 
Springfield,  August  31. 


56ti 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-FIRST  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  in  September,  18C2,  and  mus- 
tered into  the  service,  Nov.  13,  with  815  men, 
exclusive  of  officers.  In  October,  1863,  it  was 
consolidated  with  the  Twenty-ninth  Infantry, 
and  ceased  to  exist  as  a  separate  organization. 
Up  to  that  time  the  regiment  had  been  in  but  a 
few  conflicts  and  in  no  pitched  battle. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-SECOND  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Chicago  and  mustered  in  for 
100  days  from  June  1,  1864.  The  regiment  re- 
mained on  duty  at  Paducah  until  the  expiration 
of  its  service,  when  it  moved  to  Chicago,  and 
was  mustered  out,  Oct.  17,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-THIRD  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  ut  Springfield,  and  mustered  in 
for  one  hundred  days,  May  31,  1864;  was  engaged 
during  its  term  of  service  in  guarding  prisoners 
of  war  at  Rock  Island ;  was  mustered  out,  Sept. 
4,  1804,  at  Camp  Butler. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-FOURTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Chicago  and  mustered  in. 
May  31,  1864,  for  100  days;  was  assigned  to 
garrison  duty  at  Columbus,  Ky.,  and  mustered 
out  of  service,  Oct.  25,  1864,  at  Chicago. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-FIFTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  in  for  100-days'  service  at  Mat- 
toon,  June  6,  18G4,  having  a  strength  of  852  men. 
It  was  chiefly  engaged,  during  its  term  of  service, 
in  doing  garrison  duty  and  guarding  railroads. 
It  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield,  Sept.  28,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-SIXTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Enlisted  about  the  first  of  May,  1864,  for 
100  days,  and  went  into  camp  at  Centralia,  111., 
but  was  not  mustered  into  service  until  June  1, 
following.  Its  principal  service  was  garrison 
duty,  with  occasional  scouts  and  raids  amongst 
guerrillas.  At  the  end  of  its  term  of  service  the 
regiment  re-enlisted  for  fifteen  days;  was  mus- 
tered out  at  Springfield,  Oct.  22,  1864,  and  dis- 
charged eight  days  later 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-SEVENTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Quincy,  with  ex-Gov.  John 
Wood  as  its  Colonel,  and  mustered  in,  June  5, 
1864,  for  100  days.  Was  on  duty  at  Memphis, 
Tenn  ,  and  mustered  out  of  service  at  Spring- 
field. 111..  Sept.  4,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-EIGHTH  INFAN- 
TRY Organized  at  Quincy,  and  mustered  in, 
June  21,  1864,  for  100  days;  was  assigned  to  garri- 
son duty  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  and  in 
Western  Missouri.  It  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice at  Springfield,  111.,  Oct.  14,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  THIRTY-NINTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service  as  a  100-day's  regi- 


ment, at  Peoria,  June  1,  1864;  was  engaged  in 
garrison  duty  at  Columbus  and  Cairo,  in  making 
reprisals  for  guerrilla  raids,  and  in  the  pursuit  of 
the  Confederate  General  Price  in  Missouri.  The 
latter  service  was  rendered,  at  the  President's 
request,  after  the  term  of  enlistment  had  expired. 
It  was  mustered  out  at  Peoria,  Oct.  25,  1864,  hav- 
ing been  in  the  service  nearly  five  months. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FOURTIETH  INFANTRY. 
Organized  as  a  100-days'  regiment,  at  Springfield, 
June  18,  1864,  and  mustered  into  service  on  that 
date.  The  regiment  was  engaged  in  guarding 
railroads  between  Memphis  and  Holly  Springs,and 
in  garrison  duty  at  Memphis.  After  the  term  of 
enlistment  had  expired  and  the  regiment  had 
been  mustered  out,  it  aided  in  the  pursuit  of 
General  Price  through  Missouri;  was  finally  dis- 
charged at  Chicago,  after  serving  about  five 
months 

O.\E  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-FIRST  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service  as  a  100-days'  regi- 
ment, at  Elgin,  June  16,  1864 — strength,  842  men; 
departed  for  the  field,  June  27,  1864;  was  mus- 
tered out  at  Chicago,  Oct.  10,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-SECOND  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Freeport  as  a  battalion  of 
eight  companies,  and  sent  to  Camp  Butler,  where 
two  companies  were  added  and  the  regiment 
mustered  into  service  for  100  days,  June  18,  1864. 
It  was  ordered  to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  five  days  later, 
and  assigned  to  duty  at  White's  Station,  eleven 
miles  from  that  city,  where  it  was  employed  in 
guarding  the  Memphis  &  Charleston  railroad. 
It  was  mustered  out  at  Chicago,  on  Oct.  27,  1864, 
the  men  having  voluntarily  served  one  month 
beyond  their  term  of  enlistment. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-THIRD  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Mattoon,  and  mustered  in, 
June  11,  1864,  for  100  days.  It  was  assigned  to 
garrison  duty,  and  mustered  out  at  Mattoou, 
Sept  26,  1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-FOURTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Alton,  in  1864,  as  a  one-year 
regiment;  was  mustered  into  the  service,  Oct.  21, 
its  strength  being  1,159  men.  It  was  mustered 
out,  July  14,  186.J. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-FIFTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Mustered  into  service  at  Springfield,  June 
9,  1864;  strength,  880  men.  It  departed  for  the 
field,  June  12,  1864 ;  was  mustered  out,  Sept.  23, 
1864. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-SIXTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Springfield,  Sept.  18,  18C4.  for 
one  year.  Was  assigned  to  the  duty  of  guarding 
drafted  men  at  Brighton,  Quincy,  Jacksonville 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


and  Springfield,  and  mustered  out  at  Springfield. 
July  5,  1865. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-SEVENTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Chicago,  and  mustered  into 
service  for  one  year,  Feb.  18  and  19,  1865;  was 
engaged  chiefly  on  guard  or  garrison  duty,  in 
scouting  and  in  skirmishing  with  guerrillas. 
Mustered  out  at  Nashville,  Jan.  22,  1866,  and 
received  final  discharge  at  Springfield,  Feb.  4. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-EIGHTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Springfield,  Feb.  21,  1865,  for 
the  term  of  one  year ;  was  assigned  to  garrison 
and  guard  duty  and  mustered  out,  Sept.  5,  Isii-V 
at  Nashville,  Tenn ;  arrived  at  Springfield,  Sept. 
'. ' .  1865,  where  it  was  paid  off  and  discharged. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY-NINTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Springfield,  Feb.  11,  1865. 
and  mustered  in  for  one  year;  was  engaged  in 
garrison  and  guard  duty ;  mustered  out,  Jan.  27, 
1866,  at  Dalton,  Ga. ,  and  ordered  to  Springfield, 
where  it  received  final  payment  and  discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTIETH  INFANTRY. 
Organizedat  Springfield,  and  mustered  in,  Feb.  14. 
1865,  for  one  year;  was  on  duty  in  Tennessee  and 
Georgia,  guarding  railroads  and  garrisoning 
towns.  It  was  mustered  out,  Jan.  16,  1866,  at 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  ordered  to  Springfield,  where  it 
received  final  payment  and  discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-FIRST  INFANTRY. 
This  regiment  was  organized  at  Quincy,  111., 
and  mustered  into  the  United  States  service. 
Feb.  23,  1865,  and  was  composed  of  companies 
from  various  parts  of  the  State,  recruited,  under 
the  call  of  Dec.  19,  1864.  It  was  engaged  in 
guard  duty,  with  a  few  guerrilla  skirmishes,  and 
\vas  present  at  the  surrender  of  General  War- 
ford's  army,  at  Kingston,  Ga. ;  was  mustered  out 
at  i  'ol  ami  ins.  Ga.,  Jan.  24,  1866,  and  ordered  to 
Springfield,  where  it  received  final  payment  and 
discharge,  Feb.  8,  1866. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-SECOND  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Springfield  and  mustered  in. 
Feb.  18,  1865,  for  one  year;  was  mustered  out  of 
service,  to  date  Sept.  11,  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  and 
arrived  at  Camp  Butler.  Sept.  9,  1865,  where  it 
received  final  payment  and  discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-THIRD  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Chicago,  and  mustered  in. 
Feb.  27,  1865,  for  one  year;  was  not  engaged  in 
any  battles.  It  was  mustered  out,  Sept.  15,  1865. 
and  moved  to  Springfield,  111.,  and.  Sept.  24. 
received  final  pay  and  discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  at  Springfield,  Feb.  21,  1865. 
for  one  year.  Sept.  18.  1865,  the  regiment  was 


mustered  out  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  ordered  to 
Springfield  for  final  payment  and  discharge, 
where  it  arrived,  Sept.  22;  was  paid  oft  and  dis- 
charged at  Camp  Butler,  Sept.  29. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-FIFTH  ISFAS- 
TRY.  Organized  at  Springfield  and  mustered  in 
Feb.  28,  1865,  for  one  year,  904  strong.  On  Sept. 
4,  1865,  it  was  mustered  out  of  service,  and  moved 
to  Camp  Butler,  where  it  received  final  pay  and 
discharge. 

ONE  HUNDRED  AND  FIFTY-SIXTH  INFAN- 
TRY. Organized  and  mustered  in  during  the 
months  of  February  and  March,  1865,  from  the 
northern  counties  of  the  State,  for  the  term  of 
one  year.  The  officers  of  the  regiment  have  left 
no  written  record  of  its  history,  but  its  service 
seems  to  have  been  rendered  chiefly  in  Tennessee 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Memphis.  Nashville  and 
Chattanooga.  Judging  by  the  muster-rolls  of 
the  Adjutant-General,  the  regiment  would  appear 
to  have  been  greatly  depleted  by  desertions  and 
otherwise,  the  remnant  being  finally  mustered 
out,  Sept.  20,  1865. 

FIRST  CAVALRY.  Organized  —  consisting  of 
seven  companies,  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F  and  G — at 
Alton,  in  1861,  and  mustered  into  the  United 
States  service,  July  3.  After'  some  service  in 
Missouri,  the  regiment  participated  in  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  in  that  State,  and  was  surrendered, 
with  the  remainder  of  the  garrison,  Sept.  20,  1861 
The  officers  were  paroled,  and  the  men  sworn  not 
to  take  up  arms  again  until  discharged.  No  ex- 
change having  been  effected  in  November,  the 
non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  were 
ordered  to  Springfield  and  discharged.  In  June. 
1862,  the  regiment  was  reorganized  at  Benton 
Barracks,  Mo.,  being  afterwards  employed  in 
guarding  supply  trains  and  supply  depots  at 
various  points.  Mustered  out,  at  Benton  Bar- 
racks, July  14.  1862. 

SECOND  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Springfield 
and  mustered  into  service,  August  12,  1861,  with 
Company  M  (which  joined  the  regiment  some 
months  later),  numbering  47  commissioned  offi- 
cers and  1,040  enlisted  men.  This  number  was  in- 
creased by  recruits  and  re-enlistments,  during  its 
four  and  a  half  year's  term  of  service,  to  2,236 
enlisted  men  and  145  commissioned  officers.  It 
was  engaged  at  Belmout;  a  portion  of  the  regi- 
ment took  part  in  the  battles  at  Fort  Henry. 
Fort  Donelson  and  Sluloh,  another  portion  at 
Merriweather's  Ferry,  Bolivar  and  Holly  Springs, 
and  participated  in  the  investment  of  Vicksburg. 
In  January,  1864.  the  major  part  of  the  regiment 
re-enlisted  as  veterans,  later,  participating  in  the 


368 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Bed  River  expedition  and  the  investment  of  Fort 
Blakely.  It  was  mustered  out  at  San  Antonio, 
Tex.,  Nov.  23,  1865,  and  finally  paid  and  dis- 
charged at  Springfield,  Jan.  3,  1866. 

THIRD  CAVALRY.  Composed  of  twelve  com- 
panies, from  various  localities  in  the  State,  the 
grand  total  of  company  officers  and  enlisted  men, 
tinder  the  first  organization,  being  1,433.  It  was 
organized  at  Springfield,  in  August,  1861 ;  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  Haines'  Bluff, 
Arkansas  Post,  Port  Gibson,  Champion  Hills, 
Black  River  Bridge,  and  the  siege  of  Vicksburg. 
In  July,  1864,  a  large  portion  of  the  regiment  re- 
enlisted  as  veterans.  The  remainder  were  mus- 
tered out,  Sept.  5,  1864.  The  veterans  participated 
in  the  repulse  of  Forrest,  at  Memphis,  and  in  the 
battles  of  Lawrenceburg,  Spring  Hill,  Campbells- 
Tille  and  Franklin.  From  May  to  October,  1865, 
engaged  in  service  against  the  Indians  in  the 
Northwest  The  regiment  was  mustered  out  at 
Springfield,  Oct.  18,  1865. 

FOURTH  CAVALRY.  Mustered  into  service, 
Sept.  26,  1861,  and  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  and  Shiloh;  in  the 
siege  of  Corinth,  and  in  many  engagements  of 
less  historic  note ;  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield 
in  November,  1864.  By  order  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment, of  June  18,  1803,  the  members  of  the 
regiment  whose  terms  had  not  expired,  were  con- 
solidated with  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Cavalry. 

FIFTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Camp  Butler, 
in  November,  18U1 ;  took  part  in  the  Meridian 
raid  and  the  expedition  against  Jackson,  Miss., 
and  in  numerous  minor  expeditions,  doing  effect- 
ive work  at  Canton,  Grenada,  Woodville,  and 
other  points.  On  Jan.  1,  1864,  a  large  portion  of 
the  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans.  Its  final 
muster-out  took  place,  Oct.  27,  1865,  and  it  re- 
ceived final  payment  and  discharge,  October  30. 

SIXTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Springfield, 
Nov.  19, 1861 ;  participated  in  Sherman's  advance 
upon  Grenada;  in  the  Grierson  raid  through  Mis- 
sissippi and  Louisiana,  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson, 
the  battles  of  Moscow  (Tenn),  West  Point  (Miss.), 
Franklin  and  Nashville;  re-enlisted  as  veterans, 
March  30,  1864;  was  mustered  out  at  Selma,  Ala., 
Nov.  5,  1865,  and  received  discharge,  November 
20,  at  Springfield. 

SEVENTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Springfield, 
and  was  mustered  into  service,  Oct.  13,  1861.  It 
participated  in  the  battles  of  Farmington,  luka, 
Corinth  (second  battle);  in  Grierson's  raid 
through  Mississippi  and  Louisiana;  in  the  en- 
gagement at  Plain's  Store  (La.),  and  the  invest- 
ment of  Port  Hudson.  In  March,  1864,  288 


officers  and  men  re-enlisted  as  veterans.  The 
non-  veterans  were  engaged  at  Guntown,  and  the 
entire  regiment  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Frank- 
lin. After  the  close  of  hostilities,  it  was  stationed 
in  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  until  the  latter  part 
of  October,  1865;  was  mustered  out  at  Nashville, 
and  finally  discharged  at  Springfield,  NOT.  17, 
1865. 

EIOOTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  St.  Charles, 
111.,  and  mustered  in,  Sept.  18,  1861.  The  regi- 
ment was  ordered  to  Virginia,  and  participated 
in  the  general  advance  on  Manassas  in  March, 
1862;  was  engaged  at  Mechanicsville,  Games' 
Hill,  Malvern  Hill,  Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  Middle- 
town,  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericks- 
burg,  Sulphur  Springs,  Warrenton,  Rapidan 
Station,  Northern  Neck,  Gettysburg,  Williams- 
burg,  Funkstown,  Falling  Water,  Chester  Gap. 
Sandy  Hook,  Culpepper,  Brandy  Station,  and  in 
many  raids  and  skirmishes.  It  was  mustered 
out  of  service  at  Benton  Barracks,  Mo.,  July  17, 
1865,  and  ordered  to  Chicago,  where  it  received 
final  payment  and  discharge. 

NINTH  CAVALRY  Organized  at  Chicago,  in 
the  autumn  of  1861,  and  mustered  in,  November 
30 ;  was  engaged  at  Coldwater,  Grenada,  Wyatt, 
Saulsbury,  Moscow,  Guntown,  Pontotoc,  Tupelo, 
Old  Town  CreeU,  Hurricane  Creek,  Lawrence- 
burg,  Campellsville,  Franklin  and  Nashville.  • 
The  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans,  March  16, 
1864;  was  mustered  out  of  sen-ice  at  Selma,  Ala., 
Oct.  31,  1865,  and  ordered  to  Springfield,  where 
the  men  received  final  payment  and  discharge. 

TENTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Springfield  in 
the  latter  part  of  September,  1861,  and  mustered 
into  service,  Nov.  25,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at  Prairie 
Grove,  Cotton  Plant,  Arkansas  Post,  in  the 
Yazoo  Pass  expedition,  at  Richmond  (La.), 
Brownsville,  Bayou  Metoe,  Bayou  La  Fourche 
and  Little  Rock.  In  February,  1864,  a  large 
portion  of  the  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veter- 
ans, the  non-veterans  accompanying  General 
Banks  in  his  Red  River  expedition.  On  Jan.  27, 
1865,  the  veterans,  and  recruits  were  consolidated 
with  the  Fifteenth  Cavalry,  and  all  reorganized 
under  the  name  of  the  Tenth  Illinois  Veteran 
Volunteer  Cavalry.  Mustered  out  of  service  at 
San  Antonio,  Texas,  Nov.  22,  1865,  and  received 
final  discharge  at  Springfield,  Jan.  6,  1866. 

ELEVENTH  CAVALRY.  Robert  G.  Ingersoll  of 
Peoria,  and  Basil  D.  Meeks,  of  Woodford  County, 
obtained  permission  to  raise  a  regiment  of 
cavalry,  and  recruiting  commenced  in  October, 
1861.  The  regiment  was  recruited  from  the 
counties  of  Peoria,  Fulton,  Tazewell,  Woodford. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


569 


Marshall,  Stark,  Knox,  Henderson  and  Warren; 
was  mustered  into  the  service  at  Peoria,  Dec.  20, 
1861,  and  was  first  under  fire  at  Shiloh.  It  also 
took  part  in  the  raid  in  the  rear  of  Corinth,  and 
in  the  battles  of  Bolivar,  Corinth  (second  battle), 
luka,  Lexington  and  Jackson  (Term.);  in  Mc- 
Pherson's  expedition  to  Canton  and  Sherman's 
Meridian  raid,  in  the  relief  of  Yazoo  City,  and  in 
numerous  less  important  raids  and  skirmishes. 
Most  of  the  regiment  re-enlisted  as  veterans  in 
December,  1863;  the  non-veterans  being  mus- 
tered out  at  Memphis,  in  the  autumn  of  1864.  The 
veterans  were  mustered  out  at  the  same  place, 
Sept.  30,  1865,  and  discharged  at  Springfield, 
October  20. 

TWELFTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Springfield, 
in  February,  1862,  and  remained  there  guarding 
rebel  prisoners  until  June  25,  when  it  was 
mounted  and  sent  to  Martinsburg,  Va.  It  was 
engaged  at  Fredericksburg,  Williamsport,  Falling 
Waters,  the  Rapidan  and  Stevensburg.  On  Nov. 
26,  1863,  the  regiment  was  relieved  from  service 
and  ordered  home  to  reorganize  as  veterans. 
Subsequently  it  joined  Banks  in  the  Red  River 
expedition  and  in  Davidson's  expedition  against 
Mobile.  While  at  Memphis  the  Twelfth  Cavalry 
was  consolidated  into  an  eight-company  organi- 
zation, and  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  having  previously 
been  consolidated  into  a  battalion  of  five  com- 
panies, was  consolidated  with  the  Twelfth.  The 
consolidated  regiment  was  mustered  out  at 
Houston,  Texas,  May  29,  1866,  and,  on  June  18, 
received  final  pay  and  discharge  at  Springfield. 

THIRTEENTH  CAVALRY.  Organized  at  Chicago, 
in  December,  1861;  moved  to  the  front  from 
Benton  Barracks,  Mo.,  in  February,  1862,  and 
was  engaged  in  the  following  battles  and  skir- 
mishes (all  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas) :  Putnam's 
Ferry,  Cotton  Plant,  Union  City  (twice),  Camp 
Pillow,  Bloomfield  (first  and  second  battles),  Van 
Buren,  Allen,  Eleven  Point  River,  Jackson, 
White  River,  Chalk  Bluff,  Busby  Creek,  near 
Helena.  Grand  Prairie,  White  River,  Deadman's 
Lake,  Brownsville,  Bayou  Metoe,  Austin,  Little 
Rock,  Benton,  Batesville,  Pine  Bluff,  Arkadel- 
phia,  Okolona,  Little  Missouri  River,  Prairie  du 
Anne,  Camden,  Jenkins'  Ferry,  Cross  Roads, 
Mount  Elba,  Douglas  Landing  and  Monticello. 
The  regiment  was  mustered  out,  August  31,  1865, 
and  received  final  pay  and  discharge  at  Spring- 
field, Sept.  13,  1865. 

FOURTEENTH  CAVALRY.  Mustered  into  service 
at  Peoria,  in  January  and  February,  1863;  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Cumberland  Gap,  in  the 
defense  of  Knoxville  and  the  pursuit  of  Long- 


street,  in  the  engagements  at  Bean  Station  and 
Dandridge,  in  the  Macon  raid,  and  in  the  cavalry 
battle  at  Sunshine  Church.  In  the  latter  Gen- 
eral Stoneman  surrendered,  but  the  Fourteenth 
cut  its  way  out.  On  their  retreat  the  men  were 
betrayed  by  a  guide  and  the  regiment  badly  cat 
up  and  scattered,  those  escaping  being  hunted  by 
soldiers  with  bloodhounds.  Later,  it  was  engaged 
at  Waynesboro  and  in  the  battles  of  Franklin  and 
Nashville,  and  was  mustered  out  at  Nashville, 
July  31,  1865,  having  marched  over  10,000  miles, 
exclusive  of  duty  done  by  detachments. 

FIFTEENTH  CAVALRY.  Composed  of  companies 
originally  independent,  attached  to  infantry  regi- 
ments and  acting  as  such;  participated  in  the 
battles  of  Fort  Donekon  and  Shiloh,  and  in  the 
siege  anil  capture  of  Corinth.  Regimental  or- 
ganization was  effected  in  the  spring  of  1863,  and 
thereafter  it  was  engaged  chiefly  in  scouting  and 
post  duty.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield, 
August  25,  1864,  the  recruits  (whose  term  of 
service  had  not  expired)  being  consolidated  with 
the  Tenth  Cavalry. 

SIXTEENTH  CAVALRY.  Composed  principally 
of  Chicago  men — Thieleman's  and  Schambeck's 
Cavalry  Companies,  raised  at  the  outset  of  the 
war,  forming  the  nucleus  of  the  regiment.  The 
former  served  as  General  Sherman's  body-guard 
for  some  time.  Captain  Thieleman  was  made  a 
Major  and  authorized  to  raise  a  battalion,  the 
two  companies  named  thenceforth  being  known 
as  Thieleman's  Battalion.  In  September,  1862, 
the  War  Department  authorized  the  extension  of 
the  battalion  to  a  regiment,  and,  on  the  llth  of 
June,  1863,  the  regimental  organization  was  com- 
pleted. It  took  part  in  the  East  Tennessee  cam- 
paign, a  portion  of  the  regiment  aiding  in  the 
defense  of  Knoxville,  a  part  garrisoning  Cumber- 
ami  Gap,  and  one  battalion  being  captured  by 
Longstreet.  The  regiment  also  participated  in 
the  battles  of  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  Buzzard's 
Roost,  Resaca,  Kingston,  Cassville,  Carterville, 
Allatoona,  Kenesaw,  Lost  Mountain,  Mines 
Ridge,  Powder  Springs,  Chattahoochie,  Atlanta, 
Jonesboro,  Franklin  and  Nashville.  It  arrived 
in  Chicago,  August  23,  1865,  for  final  payment 
and  discharge,  having  marched  about  5,000  miles 
and  engaged  in  thirty-one  battles,  besides  numer- 
ous skirmishes. 

SEVENTEENTH  CAVALRY.  Mustered  into  serv- 
ice in  January  and  February,  1864;  aided  in  the 
repulse  of  Price  at  Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  and  was 
engaged  at  Booneville,  Independence,  Mine 
Creek,  and  Fort  Scott,  besides  doing  garrison 
duty,  scouting  and  raiding.  It  was  mustered 


570 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


out  in  November  and  December,  1865,  at  Leaven- 
worth,  Kan.  Gov.  John  i ..  Beveridge,  who  had 
previously  been  a  Captain  and  Major  of  the 
Eighth  Cavalry,  was  the  Colonel  of  this  regi- 
ment. 

FIRST  LIGHT  ARTILLERY.  Consisted  of  ten 
batteries.  Battery  A  was  organized  under  the 
first  call  for  State  troops,  April  21,  1861,  but  not 
mustered  into  the  three  years'  service  until  July 
16;  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh, 
Chickasaw  Bayou,  Arkansas  Post,  the  sieges  of 
Vicksburg  and  Jackson,  and  in  the  Atlanta  cam- 
l>aign;  was  in  reserve  at  Champion  Hills  and 
Xashville,  and  mustered  out  July  3,  1865.  at 
Chicago. 

Battery  B  was  organized  in  April,  1861,  en- 
gaged at  Belmont.  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  in  the 
siege  of  Corinth  and  at  La  Grange,  Holly  Springs, 
Memphis,  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Arkansas  Post,  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  Mechanicsburg,  Richmond 
(La.),  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  battle  of 
Nashville.  The  Battery  was  reorganized  by  con- 
solidation with  Battery  A,  and  mustered  out  at 
Chicago,  July  2,  1865. 

Battery  D  was  organized  at  Cairo,  Sept.  2,  1861 ; 
was  engaged  at  Fort  Donelson  and  at  Shiloh. 
and  mustered  out,  July  28,  1865,  at  Chicago. 

Battery  £  was  organized  at  Camp  Douglas  and 
mustered  into  service,  Dec.  19,  1861 ;  was  engaged 
at  Shiloh,  Corinth,  Jackson,  Vicksburg,  Gun- 
town,  Pontotoc,  Tupelo  and  Nashville,  and  mus- 
tered out  at  Louisville,  Dec.  24,  1864. 

Battery  F  was  recruited  at  Dixon  and  mus- 
tered in  at  Springfield,  Feb.  25,  1862.  It  took 
part  in  the  siege  of  Corinth  and  the  Yocona 
expedition,  and  was  consolidated  with  the  other 
butteries  in  the  regiment,  March  7,  1865. 

Battery  G  was  organized  at  Cairo  and  mus- 
tered in  Sept.  28,  1861 ;  was  engaged  in  the  siege 
and  the  second  battle  of  Corinth,  and  mustered 
out  at  Springfield,  July  24,  1865. 

Battery  H  was  recruited  in  and  about  Chicago, 
during  January  and  February,  1862 ;  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  the  "March  to  the 
Sea,"  and  through  the  Carolinas  with  Sherman. 

Battery  I  was  organized  at  Camp  Douglas  and 
mustered  in,  Feb.  10,  1862;  was  engaged  at 
Shiloh,  in  the  Tallahatchie  raid,  the  sieges  of 
Vicksburg  and  Jackson,  and  in  the  battles  of 
Chattanooga  and  Vicksburg  It  veteranized, 
March  17,  1864,  and  was  mustered  out.  July  26, 
1*65. 

Battery  K  was  organ  ized  at  Shawneetown  and 
mustered  in,  Jan.  9.  1862.  participated  in  Bum- 


side's  campaign  in  Tennessee,  and  in  the  capture 
of  Knoxville.  Part  of  the  men  were  mustered 
out  at  Springfield  in  June,  1865,  and  the  re 
manider  at  Chicago  in  July. 

Battery  M  was  organized  at  Camp  Douglas  and 
mustered  into  the  service,  August  12,  1862,  for 
three  years.  It  served  through  the  Chickamauga 
campaign,  being  engaged  at  Chickamauga;  also 
was  engaged  at  Missionary  Ridge,  was  besieged 
at  Chattanooga,  and  took  part  in  all  the  impor- 
tant battles  of  the  Atlanta  campaign.  It  was 
mustered  out  at  Chicago,  July  24,  1864,  having 
traveled  3,102  miles  and  been  under  fire  178  days. 

SECOND  LIGHT  ARTILLERY.  Consisted  of  nine 
batteries.  Battery  A  was  organized  at  Peoria, 
and  mustered  into  service,  May  23,  1861 ;  served 
in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  doing  brilliant  work 
at  Pea  Ridge.  It  was  mustered  out  of  service  at 
Springfield,  July  27,  1865. 

Battery  D  was  organized  at  Cairo,  and  mustered 
into  service  in  December,  1861 ;  was  engaged  at 
Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh,  Vicksburg,  Jackson, 
Meridian  and  Decatur,  and  mustered  out  at 
Louisville,  Nov.  21,  1864. 

Battery  E  was  organized  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in 
August,  1861,  and  mustered  into  service,  August 
20,  at  that  point.  It  was  engaged  at  Fort  Donel- 
son and  Shiloh,  and  in  the  siege  of  Corinth  and 
the  Yocona  expedition — was  consolidated  with 
Battery  A. 

Battery  F  was  organized  at  Cape  Girardeau, 
Mo.,  and  mustered  in,  Dec.  11,  1861;  was  engaged 
at  Shiloh,  in  the  siege  and  second  battle  of 
Corinth,  and  the  Meridian  campaign;  also 
at  Kenesaw.  Atlanta  and  Jonesboro.  It  was 
mustered  out,  July  27,  1865.  at  Springfield. 

Battery  H  was  organized  at  Springfield,  De- 
cember, 1861,  and  mustered  in.  Dec.  31, 1861 ;  was 
engaged  at  Fort  Donelson  and  in  the  siege  of 
Fort  Pillow;  veteranized,  Jan.  1,  1864,  was 
mounted  as  cavalry  the  following  summer,  and 
mustered  out  at  Springfield,  July  29,  18C5. 

Battery  I  was  recruited  in  Will  County,  and 
mustered  into  service  at  Camp  Butler,  Dec.  31, 
1861.  It  participated  in  the  siege  of  Island  No. 
10.  in  the  advance  upon  Cornith,  and  in  the 
battles  of  Perryville,  Chickamauga,  Lookout 
Mountain,  Missionary  Ridge  and  Chattanooga. 
It  veteranized,  Jan.  1,  1864,  marched  with  Sher- 
man to  Atlanta,  and  thence  to  Savannah  and 
through  the  Carolinas,  and  was  mustered  out  at 
Springfield. 

Battery  K  was  organized  at  Springfield  and 
mustered  in  Dec.  31,  1863;  was  engaged  at  Fort 
Pillow,  the  capture  of  Clarkston,  Mo.,  and  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


571 


siege  of  Vicksburg.  It  was  mustered  out,  July 
14.  1865,  at  Chicago. 

Battery  L  was  organized  at  Chicago  and  mus- 
tered in,  Feb.  28.  1862;  participated  in  the  ad- 
vance on  Corinth,  the  battle  of  Hatchie  and  the 
advance  on  the  Tallahatchie,  and  was  mustered 
out  at  Chicago,  August  9,  1865. 

Battery  M  was  organized  at  Chicago,  and  mus- 
tered in  at  Springfield,  June,  1862 ;  was  engaged 
at  Jonesboro,  Blue  Spring,  Blountsville  and 
Rogersville,  being  finally  consolidated  with 
other  batteries  of  the  regiment. 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OP  TRADE  BATTERY.  Organ- 
ized through  the  efforts  of  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  which  raised  $15,000  for  its  equipment, 
within  forty-eight  hours.  It  was  mustered  into 
service,  August  1,  1862,  was  engaged  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Murfreesboro,  Stone  River,  Chicka- 
mauga,  Farmington,  Decatur  (Ga.),  Atlanta, 
Tx>vejoy  Station,  Nashville,  Selma  and  Columbus 
(Ga. )  It  was  mustered  out  at  Chicago,  June  30, 
1865,  and  paid  in  full,  July  3,  having  marched 
5.268  miles  and  traveled  by  rail  1,231  miles.  The 
lattery  was  in  eleven  of  the  hardest  battles 
fought  in  the  West,  and  in  twenty-six  minor 
battles,  being  in  action  forty-two  times  while  on 
scouts,  reconnoissances  or  outpost  duty. 

CHICAGO  MERCANTILE  BATTERY.  Recruited 
and  organized  under  the  auspices  of  the  Mercan- 
tile Association,  an  association  of  prominent  and 
patriotic  merchants  of  the  City  of  Chicago.  It 
was  mustered  into  service,  August  29,  1862,  at 
Camp  Douglas,  participated  in  the  Tallahatchie 
and  Tazoo  expeditions,  the  first  attack  upon 
Vicksburg,  the  battle  of  Arkansas  Post,  the  siege 
of  Vicksburg,  the  battles  of  Magnolia  Hills, 
Champion  Hills,  Black  River  Bridge  and  Jackson 
(Miss.);  also  took  part  in  Banks'  Red  River  ex- 
pedition; was  mustered  out  at  Chicago,  and 
received  final  payment,  July  10,  1865,  having 
traveled,  by  river,  sea  and  land,  over  11,000 
miles. 

SPRINGFIELD  LIGHT  ARTILLERY.  Recruited 
principally  from  the  cities  of  Springfield,  Belle- 
ville and  Wenona,  and  mustered  into  service  at 
Springfield,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  August 
21,  1862.  numbering  199  men  and  officers.  It 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Little  Rock  and  in 
the  Red  River  expedition,  and  was  mustered  out 
at  Springfield,  114  strong,  June  30,  1865. 

COGSWELL'S  BATTERY,  LIGHT  ARTILLERY. 
Organized  at  Ottawa,  111.,  and  mustered  in,  Nov. 
11,  1861,  as  Company  A  (Artillery)  Fifty-third 
Illinois  Volunteers,  Colonel  Cushman  command- 
ing the  regiment.  It  participated  in  the 


advance  on  Corinth,  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  the 
battle  of  Missionary  Ridge,  and  the  capture  of 
Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely,  near  Mobile.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Springfield,  August 
14,  1865,  having  served  three  years  and  nine 
months,  marched  over  7,500  miles,  and  partici- 
pated in  seven  sieges  and  battles. 

STURGES  RIFLES.  An  independent  company, 
organized  at  Chicago,  armed,  equipped  and  sub- 
sisted for  nearly  two  months,  by  the  patriotic 
generosity  of  Mr.  Solomon  Sturges;  was  mustered 
into  sen-ice,  May  6,  1861 ;  in  June  following,  was 
ordered  to  West  Virginia,  serving  as  body- 
guard of  General  McClellan;  was  engaged  at 
Rich  Mountain,  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  in 
the  seven  days'  battle  of  the  Chickahominy.  A 
portion  of  the  company  was  at  Antietam,  the 
remainder  having  been  detached  as  foragers, 
scouts,  etc.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Washington, 
Nov.  25,  1862. 

WAR,  THE  SPANISH  -  AMERICAS.  The 
oppressions  and  misrule  which  had  character- 
ized the  administration  of  affairs  by  the  Spanish 
Government  and  its  agents  for  generations,  in  the 
Island  of  Cuba,  culminated,  in  April,  1898,  in 
mutual  declarations  of  war  between  Spain  and 
the  United  States.  The  causes  leading  up  to  this 
result  were  the  injurious  effects  upon  American 
commerce  and  the  interests  of  American  citizens 
owning  property  in  Cuba,  as  well  as  the  constant 
expense  imposed  upon  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  in  the  maintenance  of  a  large  navy 
along  the  South  Atlantic  coast  to  suppress  fili- 
bustering, superadded  to  the  friction  and  unrest 
produced  among  the  people  of  this  country  by  the 
long  continuance  of  disorders  and  abuses  so  near 
to  our  own  shores,  which  aroused  the  sympathy 
and  indignation  of  the  entire  civilized  world. 
For  three  years  a  large  proportion  of  the  Cuban 
population  had  been  in  open  rebellion  against  the 
Spanish  Government,  and,  while  the  latter  had 
imported  a  large  army  to  the  island  and  sub- 
jected the  insurgents  and  their  families  and 
sympathizers  to  the  grossest  cruelties,  not  even 
excepting  torture  and  starvation  itself,  their 
policy  had  failed  to  bring  the  insurgents  into 
subjection  or  to  restore  order.  In  this  condition 
of  affairs  the  United  States  Government  had 
endeavored,  through  negotiation,  to  secure  a  miti- 
gation of  the  evils  complained  of,  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  Spanish  policy  of  government  in  the 
island ;  but  all  suggestions  in  this  direction  had 
either  been  resented  by  Spain  as  unwarrantable 
interference  in  her  affairs,  or  promises  of  reform, 
when  made,  had  been  as  invariably  broken. 


572 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


In  the  meantime  an  increasing  sentiment  had 
been  growing  up  in  the  United  States  in  favor  of 
conceding  belligerent  rights  to  the  Cuban  insur- 
gents, or  the  recognition  of  their  independence, 
which  found  expression  in  measures  proposed  in 
Congress — all  offers  of  friendly  intervention  by 
the  United  States  having  been  rejected  by  Spain 
with  evidences  of  indignation.  Compelled,  at 
last,  to  recognize  its  inability  to  subdue  the  insur- 
rection, the  Spanish  Government,  in  November, 
1897,  made  a  pretense  of  tendering  autonomy  to 
the  Cuban  people,  with  the  privilege  of  amnesty 
to  the  insurgents  on  laying  down  their  arms. 
The  long  duration  of  the  war  and  the  outrages 
perpetrated  upon  the  helpless  "reconcentrados," 
coupled  with  the  increased  confidence  of  the 
insurgents  in  the  final  triumph  of  their  cause, 
rendered  this  movement — even  if  intended  to  be 
carried  out  to  the  letter— of  no  avail.  The 
proffer  came  too  late,  and  was  promptly  rejected. 

In  this  condition  of  affairs  and  with  a  view  to 
greater  security  for  American  interests,  the 
American  battleship  Maine  was  ordered  to 
Havana,  on  Jan.  24.  1898.  It  arrived  in  Havana 
Harbor  the  following  day,  and  was  anchored  at  a 
point  designated  by  the  Spanish  commander.  On 
the  night  of  February  15,  following,  it  was  blown 
up  and  destroyed  by  some  force,  as  shown  by  after 
investigation,  applied  from  without.  Of  a  crew 
of  354  men  belonging  to  the  vessel  at  the  time, 
266  were  either  killed  outright  by  the  explosion, 
or  died  from  their  wounds.  Not  only  the  Ameri- 
can people,  but  the  entire  civilized  world,  was 
•hocked  by  the  catastrophe.  An  act  of  horrible 
treachery  had  been  perpetrated  against  an 
American  vessel  and  its  crew  on  a  peaceful  mis- 
sion in  the  harbor  of  a  professedly  friendly  na- 
tion. 

The  successive  steps  leading  to  actual  hostili- 
ties were  rapid  and  eventful.  One  of  the  earliest 
and  must  significant  of  these  was  the  passage,  by 
a  unanimous  vote  of  both  houses  of  Congress,  on 
March  9,  of  an  appropriation  placing  $50,000,000 
in  the  hands  of  the  President  as  an  emergency 
fund  for  purposes  of  national  defense.  This  was 
followed,  two  days  later,  by  an  order  for  the 
mobilization  of  the  army.  The  more  important 
events  following  this  step  were :  An  order,  under 
date  of  April  5,  withdrawing  American  consuls 
from  Spanish  stations:  the  departure,  on  April  9, 
of  Consul-General  Fitzhugh  Lee  from  Havana; 
April  19,  the  adoption  by  Congress  of  concurrent 
resolutions  declaring  Cuba  independent  and 
directing  the  President  to  use  the  land  and  naval 
forces  of  the  United  States  to  put  an  end  to 


Spanish  authority  in  the  island;  April  20,  the 
sending  to  the  Spanish  Government,  by  the  Presi- 
dent, of  an  ultimatum  in  accordance  with  this 
act ;  April  21,  the  delivery  to  Minister  Woodford, 
at  Madrid,  of  his  passports  without  waiting  for 
the  presentation  of  the  ultimatum,  with  the 
departure  of  the  Spanish  Minister  from  Washing- 
ton; April  23,  the  issue  of  a  call  by  the  President 
for  125,000  volunters;  April  24,  the  final  declara- 
tion of  war  by  Spain ;  April  25,  the  adoption  by 
Congress  of  a  resolution  declaring  that  war  had 
existed  from  April  21 ;  on  the  same  date  an  order 
to  Admiral  Dewey,  in  command  of  the  Asiatic 
Squadron  at  Hongkong,  to  sail  for  Manila  with  a 
view  to  investing  that  city  and  blockading 
Philippine  ports. 

The  chief  events  subsequent  to  the  declaration 
of  war  embraced  the  following:  May  1,  the 
destruction  by  Admiral  Dewey's  squadron  of  the 
Spanish  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Manila;  May  19, 
the  arrival  of  the  Spanish  Admiral  Cervera's  fleet 
at  Santiago  de  Cuba;  May  25,  a  second  call  by 
the  President  for  75,000  volunteers;  July  3,  the 
attempt  of  Cervera's  fleet  to  escape,  and  its 
destruction  off  Santiago;  July  17,  the  surrender 
of  Santiago  to  the  forces  under  General  Shafter; 
July  30,  the  statement  by  the  President,  through 
the  French  Ambassador  at  Washington,  of  the 
terms  on  which  the  United  States  would  consent 
to  make  peace ;  August  9,  acceptance  of  the  peace 
terms  by  Spain,  followed,  three  days  later,  by  the 
signing  of  the  peace  protocol ;  September  9,  the 
appointment  by  the  President  of  Peace  Commis- 
sioners on  the  part  of  the  United  States ;  Sept.  18, 
the  announcement  of  the  Peace  Commissioners 
selected  by  Spain;  October  1,  the  beginning  of  the 
Peace  Conference  by  the  representatives  of  the 
two  powers,  at  Paris,  and  the  formal  signing,  on 
December  10,  of  the  peace  treaty,  including  the 
recognition  by  Spain  of  the  freedom  of  Cuba, 
with  the  transfer  to  the  United  States  of  Porto 
Rico  and  her  other  West  India  islands,  together 
with  the  surrender  of  the  Philippines  for  a  con- 
sideration of  $20,000,000. 

Seldom,  if  ever,  in  the  history  of  nations  have 
such  vast  and  far-reaching  results  been  accom- 
plished within  so  short  a  period.  The  war, 
which  practically  began  with  the  destruction  of 
the  Spanish  fleet  in  Manila  Harbor — an  event 
which  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  whole 
American  people,  and  won  the  respect  and 
admiration  of  other  nations — was  practically 
ended  by  the  surrender  of  Santiago  and  the 
declaration  by  the  President  of  the  conditions  of 
peace  just  three  months  later.  Succeeding 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


573 


events,  up  to  the  formal  signing  of  the  peace 
treaty,  were  merely  the  recognition  of  results 
previously  determined. 

HISTORY  OP  ILLINOIS  REGIMENTS. — The  part 
played  by  Illinois  in  connection  with  these  events 
may  be  briefly  summarized  in  the  history  of  Illi- 
nois regiments  and  other  organizations.  Under 
the  first  call  of  the  President  for  125, 000  volun- 
teers, eight  regiments — seven  of  infantry  and  one 
of  cavalry — were  assigned  to  Illinois,  to  which 
was  subsequently  added,  on  application  through 
Governor  Tanner,  one  battery  of  light  artil- 
lery. The  infantry  regiments  were  made  up 
of  the  Illinois  National  Guard,  numbered 
consecutively  from  one  to  seven,  and  were 
practically  mobilized  at  their  home  stations 
within  forty-eight  hours  from  the  receipt  of  the 
call,  and  began  to  arrive  at  Camp  Tanner,  near 
Springfield,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  on  April  26, 
the  day  after  the  issue  of  the  Governor's  call. 
The  record  of  Illinois  troops  is  conspicuous  for 
the  promptness  of  their  response  and  the  com- 
pleteness of  their  organization — in  this  respect 
being  unsurpassed  by  those  of  any  other  State. 
Under  the  call  of  May  25  for  an  additional  force 
of  75,000  men,  the  quota  assigned  to  Illinois  was 
two  regiments,  which  were  promptly  furnished, 
taking  the  names  of  tlie  Eighth  and  Ninth.  The 
first  of  these  belonged  to  the  Illinois  National 
Guard,  as  the  regiments  mustered  in  under  the 
first  call  had  done,  while  the  Ninth  was  one  of  a 
number  of  "Provisional  Regiments"  which  had 
tendered  their  services  to  the  Government.  Some 
twenty-five  other  regiments  of  this  class,  more  or 
less  complete,  stood  ready  to  perfect  their  organi- 
zations should  there  be  occasion  for  their  serv- 
ices. The  aggregate  strength  of  Illinois  organi- 
zations at  date  of  muster  out  from  the  United 
States  service  was  12,280—11,789  men  and  491 
officers. 

FIRST  REGIMENT  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEERS  (orig- 
inally Illinois  National  Guard)  was  organized  at 
Chicago,  and  mustered  into  the  United  States 
service  at  Camp  Tanner  (Springfield),  under  the 
command  of  Col.  Henry  L.  Turner,  May  13,  1898; 
left  Springfield  for  Camp  Thomas  (Chickamauga) 
Hay  17;  assigned  to  First  Brigade,  Third 
Division,  of  the  First  Army  Corps;  started  for 
Tampa,  Fla.,  June  2,  but  soon  after  arrival  there 
was  transferred  to  Picnic  Island,  and  assigned  to 
provost  duty  in  place  of  the  First  United  States 
Infantry.  On  June  30  the  bulk  of  the  regiment 
embarked  for  Cuba,  but  was  detained  in  the  har- 
bor at  Key  West  until  July  5,  when  the  vessel 
sailed  for  Santiago,  arriving  in  Guantanamo  Bay 


on  the  evening  of  the  8th.  Disembarking  on 
the  10th,  the  whole  regiment  arrived  on  the 
firing  line  on  the  llth,  spent  several  days  and 
nights  in  the  trenches  before  Santiago,  and 
were  present  at  the  surrender  of  that  city 
on  the  17th.  Two  companies  had  previously 
been  detached  for  the  scarcely  less  perilous  duty 
of  service  in  the  fever  hospitals  and  in  caring 
for  their  wounded  comrades.  The  next  month 
was  spent  on  guard  duty  in  the  captured  city, 
until  August  25,  when,  depleted  in  numbers  and 
weakened  by  fever,  the  bulk  of  the  regiment  was 
transferred  by  hospital  boats  to  Camp  Wikoff,  on 
Montauk  Point,  L.  I.  The  members  of  the  regi- 
ment able  to  travel  left  Camp  Wikoff,  September 
8,  for  Chicago,  arriving  two  days  later,  where  they 
met  an  enthusiastic  reception  and  were  mustered 
out.  November  17,  1,235  strong  (rank  and  file) — a 
considerable  number  of  recruits  having  joined  the 
regiment  just  before  leaving  Tampa.  The  record 
of  the  First  was  conspicuous  by  the  fact  that  it 
was  the  only  Illinois  regiment  to  see  service  in 
Cuba  during  the  progress  of  actual  hostilities. 
Before  leaving  Tampa  some  eighty  members  of  the 
regiment  were  detailed  for  engineering  duty  in 
Porto  Rico,  sailed  for  that  island  on  July  12.  and 
were  among  the  first  to  perform  service  there. 
The  First  suffered  severely  from  yellow  fever 
while  in  Cuba,  but,  as  a  regiment,  while  in  the 
service,  made  a  brilliant  record,  which  was  highly 
complimented  in  the  official  reports  of  its  com- 
manding officers. 

SECOND  REGIMENT  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  IN- 
FANTRY (originally  Second  L  N.  G.).  This  regi- 
ment, also  from  Chicago,  began  to  arrive  at 
Springfield,  April  27,  1898 — at  that  time  number- 
ing 1,202  men  and  47  officers,  under  command  of 
CoL  George  M.  Moulton;  was  mustered  in 
between  May  4  and  May  15 ;  on  May  17  started 
for  Tampa,  Fla.,  but  en  route  its  destination  was 
changed  to  Jacksonville,  where,  as  a  part  of  the 
Seventh  Army  Corps,  under  command  of  Gen. 
Fitzhugh  Lee,  it  assisted  in  the  dedication  of 
Camp  Cuba  Libre.  October  25  it  was  transferred 
to  Savannah,  Ga. ,  remaining  at  "Camp  Lee"  until 
December  8,  when  two  battalions  embarked  for 
Havana,  landing  on  the  15th,  being  followed,  a 
few  days  later,  by  the  Third  Battalion,  and  sta- 
tioned at  Camp  Columbia.  From  Dec.  17  to  Jan. 
11,  1899,  Colonel  Moulton  served  as  Chief  of 
Police  for  the  city  of  Havana.  On  March  28  to  80 
the  regiment  left  Camp  Columbia  in  detach- 
ments for  Augusta,  Ga.,  where  it  arrived  April 
5,  and  was  mustered  out,  April  26,  1,051  strong 
(rank  and  file),  and  returned  to  Chicago.  Dur- 


574 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


ing  its  stay  in  Cuba  the  regiment  did  not  lose  a 
man.  A  history  of  this  regiment  has  been 
written  by  Rev.  H.  W.  Bolton,  its  late  Chaplain. 

THIRD  REGIMENT  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  IN- 
FANTRY, composed  of  companies  of  the  Illinois 
National  Guard  from  the  counties  of  La  Salle. 
Livingston,  Kane,  Kankakee,  McHeiiry,  Ogle, 
Will,  and  Winnebago,  under  command  of  Col. 
Fred  Bennitt,  reported  at  Springfield,  with  1,170 
men  and  50  officers,  on  April  27 ;  was  mustered 
in  May  7,  1898;  transferred  from  Springfield  to 
Camp  Thomas  (Chickamauga),  May  14;  on  July 
22  left  Chickamauga  for  Porto  Rico;  on  the  28th 
sailed  from  Newport  News,  on  the  liner  St.  Louis, 
arriving  at  Ponce,  Porto  Rico,  on  July  31 ;  soon 
after  disembarking  captured  Arroyo,  and  assisted 
in  the  capture  of  Guayama,  which  was  the 
beginning  of  General  Brooke's  advance  across 
the  island  to  San  Juan,  when  intelligence  was 
received  of  the  signing  of  the  peace  protocol  by 
Spain.  From  August  13  to  October  1  the  Third 
Continued  in  the  performance  of  guard  duty  in 
Porto  Rico;  on  October  22,  986  men  and  39  offi- 
cers took  transport  for  home  by  way  of  New  York, 
arriving  in  Chicago,  November  11,  the  several 
companies  being  mustered  out  at  their  respective 
home  stations.  Its  strength  at  final  muster-out 
was  1,273  men  and  officers.  This  regiment  had 
the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  first  to  see 
service  in  Porto  Rico,  but  suffered  severely  from 
fever  and  other  diseases  during  the  three  months 
of  its  stay  in  the  island. 

FOURTH  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY,  com- 
posed of  companies  from  Champaign,  Coles, 
Douglas,  Edgar,  Effingham,  Fayette,  Jackson, 
Jefferson,  Montgomery,  Richland,  and  St.  Clair 
counties;  mustered  into  the  service  at  Spring- 
field, May  20,  under  command  of  Col.  Casimer 
Andel;  started  immediately  for  Tampa,  Fla.,  but 
en  route  its  destination  was  changed  to  Jackson- 
ville, where  it  was  stationed  at  Camp  Cuba  Libre 
as  a  part  of  the  Seventh  Corps  under  command  of 
Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee;  in  October  was  transferred 
to  Savannah,  Ga.,  remaining  at  Camp  Onward 
until  about  the  first  of  January,  when  the  regi- 
ment took  ship  for  Havana.  Here  the  regiment 
was  stationed  at  Camp  Columbia  until  April  4, 
1899,  when  it  returned  to  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  was 
mustered  out  at  Camp  Mackenzie  (Augusta).  May 
2,  the  companies  returning  to  their  respective 
home  stations.  During  a  part  of  its  stay  at 
Jacksonville,  and  again  at  Savannah,  the  regi- 
ment was  employed  on  guard  duty.  While  at 
Jacksonville  Colonel  Andel  was  suspended  by 
court-martial,  and  finally  tendered  his  resigna- 


tion, his  place  being  supplied  by  Lieut. -Col.  Eton 
Swift,  of  the  Ninth. 

FIFTH  REGIMENT  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  IN- 
FANTRY was  the  first  regiment  to  report,  and  was 
mustered  in  at  Springfield,  May  7,  1898,  under 
command  of  Col.  James  S.  Culver,  being  finally 
composed  of  twelve  companies  from  Pike,  Chris- 
tian, Sangamon,  McLean,  Montgomery,  Adams, 
Tazewell,  Macon,  Morgan,  Peoria,  and  Fulton 
counties;  on  May  14  left  Springfield  for  Camp 
Thomas  (Chickamauga,  Ga.),  being  assigned  to 
the  command  of  General  Brooke;  Augusts  left 
Chickamauga  for  Newport  News,  Va.,  with  the 
expectation  of  embarking  for  Porto  Rico — a 
previous  order  of  July  26  to  the  same  purport 
having  been  countermanded;  at  Newport  News 
embarked  on  the  transport  Obdam,  but  again  the 
order  was  rescinded,  and,  after  remaining  on 
board  thirty-six  hours,  the  regiment  was  disem- 
barked. The  next  move  was  made  to  Lexington 
Ky.,  where  the  regiment — having  lost  hope  of 
reaching  "the  front" — remained  until  Sept.  5, 
when  it  returned  to  Springfield  for  final  muster- 
out.  This  regiment  was  composed  of  some  of  the 
l>est  material  in  the  State,  and  anxious  for  active 
service,  but  after  a  succession  of  disappoint- 
ments, was  compelled  to  return  to  its  home  sta- 
tion without  meeting  the  enemy.  After  its  arrival 
at  Springfield  the  regiment  was  furloughed  for 
thirty  days  and  finally  mustered  out,  October  16, 
numbering  1,213  men  and  47  officers. 
,  SIXTH  REGIMENT  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  IN- 
FANTRY, consisting  of  twelve  companies  from  the 
counties  of  Rock  Island,  Knox,  Whiteside,  Lee, 
Carroll,  Stephenson,  Henry,  Warren,  Bureau,  and 
Jo  Daviess,  was  mustered  in  May  11,  1898,  under 
command  of  Col.  D.  Jack  Foster;  on  May  17  left 
Springfield  for  Camp  Alger,  Va. ;  July  5  the 
regiment  moved  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  where  a 
part  embarked  for  Siboney,  Cuba,  but  the  whole 
regiment  was  soon  after  united  in  General 
Miles'  expedition  for  the  invasion  of  Porto  Rico, 
landing  at  Gunmen  on  July  25,  and  advancing 
into  the  interior  as  far  as  Adjunta  and  Utuado. 
After  several  weeks'  service  in  the  interior,  the 
regiment  returned  to  Ponce,  and  on  September  7 
took  transport  for  the  return  home,  arrived  at 
Springfield  a  week  later,  and  was  mustered  out 
November  25,  the  regiment  at  that  time  consist- 
ing of  1,239  men  and  49  officers. 

SEVENTH  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY 
(known  as  the  "Hibernian  Rifles").  Two 
battalion?  of  this  regiment  reported  at  Spring, 
field,  April  27,  with  33  officers  and  765  enlisted 
men,  being  afterwards  increased  to  the  maxi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


575 


i nun i ;  was  mustered  into  the  United  States  serv- 
ice, under  command  of  Col.  Marcus  Kavanagh, 
May  18,  1898;  on  May  38  started  for  Camp  Alger, 
Vs. ;  was  afterwards  encamped  at  Thoroughfare 
Gap  and  Camp  Meade ;  on  September  9  returned 
to  Springfield,  was  furloughed  for  thirty  days, 
and  mustered  out,  October  20,  numbering  1,260 
men  and  49  officers.  Like  the  Fifth,  the  Seventh 
saw  no  actual  service  in  the  field. 

EIGHTH  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY  (col- 
ored regiment),  mustered  into  the  service  at 
Springfield  under  the  second  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent, July  23,  1898,  being  composed  wholly  of 
Afro- Americans  under  officers  of  their  own  race, 
with  Col.  John  R.  Marshall  in  command,  the 
muster-roll  showing  1,195  men  and  76  officers. 
The  six  companies,  from  A  to  F,  were  from  Chi- 
cago, the  other  five  being,  respectively,  from 
Bloomington,  Springfield,  Quincy,  Ldtchfield, 
Mound  City  and  Metropolis,  and  Cairo.  The 
regiment  having  tendered  their  services  to 
relieve  the  First  Illinois  on  duty  at  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  it  started  for  Cuba,  August  8,  by  way  of 
New  York ;  immediately  on  arrival  at  Santiago, 
a  week  later,  was  assigned  to  duty,  but  subse- 
quently transferred  to  San  Luis,  where  Colone( 
Marshall  was  made  military  governor.  The 
major  part  of  the  regiment  remained  here  until 
ordered  home  early  in  March,  1899,  arrived  at 
Chicago,  March  15,  and  was  mustered  out,  April 
3,  1,226  strong,  rank  and  file,  having  been  in 
service  nine  months  and  six  days. 

NINTH  ILLINOIS  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY  was 
organized  from  the  counties  of  Southern  Illinois, 
and  mustered  in  at  Springfield  under  the  second 
call  of  the  President,  July  4-11,  1898,  under  com- 
mand of  Col.  James  R.  Campbell;  arrived  at 
Camp  Cuba  Libre  (Jacksonville,  Fla.),  August  9; 
two  months  later  was  transferred  to  Savannah, 
Ga. ;  was  moved  to  Havana  in  December,  where 
it  remained  until  May,  1899,  when  it  returned  to 
Augusta,  Ga.,  and  was  mustered  out  there,  May 
20,  1899,  at  that  time  consisting  of  1,095  men  and 
46  officers.  From  Augusta  the  several  companies 
returned  to  their  respective  home  stations.  The 
Ninth  was  the  only  "Provisional  Regiment"  from 
Illinois  mustered  into  the  service  during  the 
war,  the  other  regiments  all  belonging  to  the 
National  Guard. 

FIRST  ILLINOIS  CAVALRY  was  organized  at  Chi- 
cago immediately  after  the  President's  first  call, 
seven  companies  being  recruited  from  Chicago, 
two  from  Bloomington,  and  one  each  from 
Springfield,  Elkhart,  and  Lacon ;  was  mustered  in 
at  Springfield,  May  21,  1898,  under  command  of 


Col.  Edward  C.  Young;  left  Springfield  for  Camp 
Thomas,  Ga.,  May  30,  remaining  there  until 
August  24,  when  it  returned  to  Fort  Sheridan, 
near  Chicago,  where  it  was  stationed  until  October 
11,  when  it  was  mustered  out,  at  that  time  con- 
sisting of  1,158  men  and  50  officers.  Although 
the  regiment  saw  no  active  service  in  the  field,  it 
established  an  excellent  record  for  itself  in  respect 
to  discipline. 

FIRST  ENGINEERING  CORPS,  consisting  of  80 
men  detailed  from  the  First  Illinois  Volunteers, 
were  among  the  first  Illinois  soldiers  to  see  serv- 
ice in  Porto  Rico,  accompanying  General  Miles' 
expedition  in  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  being 
engaged  for  a  time  in  the  construction  of  bridges 
in  aid  of  the  intended  advance  across  the  island. 
On  September  8  they  embarked  for  the  return 
home,  arrived  at  Chicago,  September  17,  and 
were  mustered  out  November  20. 

BATTERY  A  (I.  N.  G.),  from  Danville,  111.,  was 
mustered  in  under  a  special  order  of  the  War 
Department,  May  12,  1898,  under  command  of 
Capt.  Oscar  P.  Yaeger,  consisting  of  118  men; 
left  Springfield  for  Camp  Thomas,  Ga.,  May  19, 
and,  two  months  later,  joined  in  General  Miles' 
Porto  Rico  expedition,  landing  at  Guanico  on 
August  3,  and  taking  part  in  the  affair  at  Gua- 
yama  on  the  12th.  News  of  peace  having  been 
received,  the  Battery  returned  to  Ponce,  where 
it  remained  until  September  7,  when  it  started 
on  the  return  home  by  way  of  New  York,  arrived 
at  Danville,  September  17,  was  furloughed  for 
sixty  days,  and  mustered  out  November  25.  The 
Battery  was  equipped  with  modern  breech-load- 
ing rapid-firing  guns,  operated  by  practical  artil- 
lerists and  prepared  for  effective  service. 

NAVAL  RESERVES. — One  of  the  earliest  steps 
taken  by  the  Government  after  it  became  ap- 
parent that  hostilities  could  not  be  averted,  was 
to  begin  preparation  for  strengthening  the  naval 
arm  of  the  service.  The  existence  of  the  "Naval 
Militia,"  first  organized  in  1893,  placed  Illinois  in 
an  exceptionally  favorable  position  for  making  a 
prompt  response  to  the  call  of  the  Government,  as 
well  as  furnishing  a  superior  class  of  men  for 
service — a  fact  evidenced  during  the  operations 
in  the  West  Indies.  Gen.  John  McNulta,  as  head 
of  the  local  committee,  was  active  in  calling  the 
attention  of  the  Navy  Department  to  the  value  of 
the  service  to  be  rendered  by  this  organization, 
which  resulted  in  its  being  enlisted  practically  as 
a  body,  taking  the  name  of  "Naval  Reserves" — 
all  but  eighty-eight  of  the  number  passing  the 
physical  examination,  the  places  of  these  being 
promptly  filled  by  new  recruits.  The  first  de- 


576 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


tachment  of  over  200  left  Chicago  May  2,  under 
the  command  of  Lieut. -Com.  John  M.  Hawley, 
followed  soon  after  by  the  remainder  of  the  First 
Battalion,  making  the  whole  number  from  Chi- 
cago 400,  with  267,  constituting  the  Second  Bat- 
talion, from  other  towns  of  the  State.  The  latter 
was  made  up  of  147  men  from  Moline,  58  from 
Quincy,  and  62  from  Alton — making  a  total  from 
the  State  of  667.  This  does  not  include  others, 
not  belonging  to  this  organization,  who  enlisted 
for  service  in  the  navy  during  the  war,  which 
raised  the  whole  number  for  the  State  over  1,000. 
The  Reserves  enlisted  from  Illinois  occupied  a 
different  relation  to  the  Government  from  that 
of  the  "naval  militia"  of  other  States,  which 
retained  their  State  organizations,  while  those 
from  Illinois  were  regularly  mustered  into  the 
United  States  service.  The  recruits  from  Illinois 
were  embarked  at  Key  West,  Norfolk  and  New 
York,  and  distributed  among  fifty-two  different 
vessels,  including  nearly  every  vessel  belonging 
to  the  North  Atlantic  Squadron.  They  saw  serv- 
ice in  nearly  every  department  from  the  position 
of  stokers  in  the  hold  to  that  of  gunners  in  the 
turrets  of  the  big  battleships,  the  largest  number 
(60)  being  assigned  to  the  famous  battleship  Ore- 
gon, while  the  cruiser  Yale  followed  with  47 ;  the 
Harvard  with  35;  Cincinnati,  27;  Yankton,  19; 
Franklin,  18;  Montgomery  and  Indiana,  each,  17; 
Hector,  14 ;  Marietta,  1 1 ;  Wilmington  and  Lan- 
caster, 10  each,  and  others  down  to  one  each. 
Illinois  sailors  thus  had  the  privilege  of  partici- 
pating in  the  brilliant  affair  of  July  3,  which 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  Cervera's  fleet  off 
Santiago,  as  also  in  nearly  every  other  event  in 
the  West  Indies  of  less  importance,  without  the 
loss  of  a  man  while  in  the  service,  although 
among  the  most  exposed.  They  were  mustered 
out  at  different  times,  as  they  could  be  spared 
from  the  service,  or  the  vessels  to  which  they 
were  attached  went  out  of  commission,  a  portion 
serving  out  their  full  term  of  one  year.  The 
Reserves  from  Chicago  retain  their  organization 
under  the  name  of  "Naval  Reserve  Veterans," 
with  headquarters  in  the  Masonic  Temple  Build- 
ing, Chicago. 

W A ltl>,  James  H.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  Chicago,  Nov.  30,  1853,  and  educated  in  the 
Chicago  public  schools  and  at  the  University  of 
Notre  Dame,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1873. 
Three  years  later  he  graduated  from  the  Union 
College  of  Law,  Chicago,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  Since  then  he  has  continued  to  practice 
his  profession  in  his  native  city.  In  1879  he  was 
elected  Supervisor  of  the  town  of  West  Chicago, 


and,  in  1884,  was  a  candidate  for  Presidential 
Elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  and  the  same 
year,  was  the  successful  candidate  of  his  party 
for  Congress  in  the  Third  Illinois  District,  serv- 
ing one  term. 

WINNEBAGO  INDIANS,  a  tribe  of  the  Da- 
cota, or  Sioux,  stock,  which  at  one  time  occupied 
a  part  of  Northern  Illinois.  The  word  Winne- 
bago  is  a  corruption  of  the  French  Ouinebe- 
goutz,  Ouimbegouc,  etc.,  the  diphthong  "ou" 
taking  the  place  of  the  consonant  "w,"  which  is 
wanting  in  the  French  alphabet.  These  were, 
in  turn,  French  misspellings  of  an  Algonquin 
term  meaning  "fetid,"  which  the  latter  tribe 
applied  to  the  Winnebagoes  because  they  had 
come  from  the  western  ocean — the  salt  (or 
"fetid")  water.  In  their  advance  towards  the 
East  the  Winnebagoes  early  invaded  the  country 
of  the  Illinois,  but  were  finally  driven  north- 
ward by  the  latter,  who  surpassed  them  in  num- 
bers rather  than  in  bravery.  The  invaders 
settled  in  Wisconsin,  near  the  Fox  River,  and 
here  they  were  first  visited  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers 
in  the  seventeenth  century.  (See  Jesuit  Rela- 
tions.) The  Winnebagoes  are  commonly  re- 
garded as  a  Wisconsin  tribe;  yet,  that  they 
claimed  territorial  rights  in  Illinois  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  treaty  of  Prairia  du  Chien 
(August  1,  1829),  alludes  to  a  Winnebago  village 
located  in  what  is  now  Jo  Daviess  County,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Pecatonica  River.  While,  as  a 
rule,  the  tribe,  if  left  to  itself,  was  disposed  to 
live  >  in  amity  with  the  whites,  it  was  carried 
away  by  the  eloquence  and  diplomacy  of 
Tecumseh  and  the  cajoleries  of  "The  Prophet. " 
General  Harrison  especially  alludes  to  the  brav- 
ery of  the  Winnebago  warriors  at  Tippecanoe' 
which  he  attributees  in  part,  however,  to  a  super- 
stitious faith  in  "The  Prophet."  In  June  or 
July,  1827,  an  unprovoked  and  brutal  outrage  by 
the  whites  upon  an  unoffending  and  practically 
defenseless  party  of  Winnebagoes,  near  Prairie 
du  Chien  brought  on  what  is  known  as  the 
'Winnebago  War."  (See  Winnebago  War.) 
The  tribe  took  no  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  War, 
largely  because  of  the  great  influence  and  shrewd 
tactic  of  their  chief,  Naw-caw.  By  treaties 
executed  in  1832  and  1837  the  Winnebagoes  ceded 
to  the  United  States  all  their  lands  lying  east  of 
the  Mississippi.  They  were  finally  removed  west 
of  that  river,  and,  after  many  shiftings  of  loca- 
tion, were  placed  upon  the  Omaha  Reservation  in 
Eastern  Nebraska,  where  their  industry,  thrift 
and  peaceable  disposition  elicited  high  praise 
from  Government  officials. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


577 


WARNER,  Vespasian,  lawyer  and  Member  of 
Congress,  was  born  in  De  Witt  County,  111.,  April 
23,  1842,  and  has  lived  all  his  life  in  his  native 
county — his  present  residence  being  Clinton. 
After  a  short  course  in  Lombard  University, 
while  studying  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Law- 
rence Weldon,  at  Clinton,  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
soldier  of  the  Twentieth  Illinois  Volunteers,  in 
June,  1861,  serving  until  July,  1866,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  with  the  rank  of  Captain  and 
brevet  Major.  He  received  a  gunshot  wound  at 
Sbiloh,  but  continued  to  serve  in  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  until  the  evacuation  of  Atlanta, 
when  he  was  ordered  North  on  account  of  dis- 
ability. His  last  service  was  in  fighting  Indians 
on  the  plains.  After  the  war  he  completed  his 
law  studies  at  Harvard  University,  graduating  in 
1868,  when  he  entered  into  a  law  partnership 
with  Clifton  H.  Moore  of  Clinton.  He  served  as 
Judge- Advocate  General  of  the  Illinois  National 
Guard  for  several  years,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel, 
under  the  administrations  of  Governors  Hamil- 
ton, Oglesby  and  Fifer,  and,  in  1894,  was  nomi- 
nated and  elected,  as  a  Republican,  to  the 
Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the  Thirteenth  District, 
being  re-elected  in  1896,  and  again  in  1898.  In 
the  Fifty-fifth  Congress,  Mr.  Warner  was  »  mem- 
ber of  the  Committees  on  Agriculture  and  Invalid 
Pensions,  and  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Revision  of  the  Laws. 

WARREN,  a  village  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  at 
intersection  of  the  Illinois  Central  and  the  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railways.  36  miles 
west-northwest  of  Freeport  and  27  miles  east  by 
north  of  Galena.  The  surrounding  region  is 
agricultural  and  stock-raising ;  there  are  also  lead 
mines  in  the  vicinity.  Tobacco  is  grown  to  some 
extent.  Warren  has  a  flouring  mill,  tin  factory, 
creamery  and  stone  quarries,  a  State  bank,  water 
supply  from  artesian  wells,  fire  department,  gas 
plant,  two  weekly  newspapers,  five  churches,  a 
high  school,  an  academy  and  a  public  library. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,172;  (1900),  1,327. 

WARREN,  Calvin  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1807;  in  his  youth, 
worked  for  a  time,  as  a  typographer,  in  the  office 
of  "The  Northern  Spectator,"  at  Poultney,  Vt., 
side  by  side  with  Horace  Greeley,  afterwards  the 
founder  of  "The  New  York  Tribune."  Later,  he 
became  one  of  the  publishers  of  "The  Palladium" 
at  Ballston,  N.  Y.,  but,  in  1832,  removed  to 
Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  where  he  began  the 
study  of  law,  completing  his  course  at  Transyl- 
vania University.  Ky.,  in  1834,  and  beginning 
practice  at.  Batavia,  Ohio,  as  the  partner  of 


Thomas  Morris,  then  a  United  States  Senator 
from  Ohio,  whose  daughter  he  married,  thereby 
becoming  the  brother-in-law  of  the  late  Isaac  N. 
Morris,  of  Quincy,  111.  In  1836,  Mr.  Warren 
came  to  Quincy,  Adams  County,  111.,  but  soon 
after  removed  to  Warsaw  in  Hancock  County, 
where  he  resided  until  1839,  when  he  returned  to 
Quincy.  Here  he  continued  in  practice,  either 
alone  or  as  a  partner,  at  different  times,  of  sev- 
eral of  the  leading  attorneys  of  that  city. 
Although  be  held  no  office  except  that  of  Master 
in  Chancery,  which  he  occupied  for  some  sixteen 
years,  the  possession  of  an  inexhaustible  fund  of 
humor,  with  strong  practical  sense  and  decided 
ability  as  a  speaker,  gave  him  great  popularity 
at  the  bar  and  upon  the  stump,  and  made  him  a 
recognized  leader  in  the  ranks  of  the  Democratic 
party,  of  which  he  was  a  life-long  member.  He 
served  as  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Pierce 
ticket  in  1852,  and  was  the  nominee  of  his  party 
for  the  same  position  on  one  or  two  other  occa- 
sions. Died,  at  Quincy,  Feb.  22,  1881. 

WARREN,  Hooper,  pioneer  journalist,  was 
born  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  in  1790;  learned  the  print- 
er's trade  on  the  Rutland  (Vt.)  "Herald";  in 
1814  went  to  Delaware,  whence,  three  years  later, 
he  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  working  for  a  time 
on  a  paper  at  Frankfort.  In  1818  lie  came  to  St. 
Louis  and  worked  in  the  office  of  the  old  "Mis- 
souri Gazette"  (the  predecessor  of  "The  Repub- 
lican"), and  also  acted  as  the  agent  of  a  lumber 
company  at  Cairo,  111.,  when  the  whole  popula- 
tion of  that  place  consisted  of  one  family  domi- 
ciled on  a  grounded  flat-boat.  In  March,  1819, 
he  established,  at  Edwardsville,  the  third  paper 
in  Illinois,  its  predecessors  being  "The  Illinois 
Intelligencer,"  at  Kaskaskia,  and  "The  Illinois 
Emigrant,"  at  Shawneetown.  The  name  given 
to  the  new  paper  was  "The  Spectator,"  and  the 
contest  over  the  effort  to  introduce  a  pro-slavery 
clause  in  the  State  Constitution  soon  brought  it 
into  prominence.  Backed  by  Governor  Coles, 
Congressman  Daniel  P.  Cook,  Judge  S.  D.  Lock- 
wood,  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott,  Judge  Wm.  H. 
Brown  (afterwards  of  Chicago),  George  Churchill 
and  other  opponents  of  slavery,  "The  Spectator" 
made  a  sturdy  fight  in  opposition  to  the  scheme, 
which  ended  in'  defeat  of  the  measure  by  the 
rejection  at  the  polls,  in  1834,  of  the  proposition 
for  a  Constitutional  Convention.  Warren  left 
the  Edwardsville  paper  in  1825,  and  was,  for  a 
time,  associated  with  "The  National  Crisis,"  an 
anti-slavery  paper  at  Cincinnati,  but  soon  re- 
turned to  Illinois  and  established  "The  Sangamon 
Spectator" — the  first  paper  ever  published  at  the 


578 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


present  State  capital.  This  he  sold  out  in  1829, 
and,  for  the  next  three  years,  was  connected 
with  "The  Advertiser  and  Upper  Mississippi  Her- 
ald," at  Galena.  Abandoning  this  field  in  1832, 
he  removed  to  Hennepin,  where,  within  the  next 
five  years,  he  held  the  offices  of  Clerk  of  the  Cir- 
cuit and  County  Commissioners'  Courts  and  ex- 
officio  Recorder  of  Deeds.  In  1836  he  began  the 
publication  of  the  third  paper  in  Chicago — "The 
Commercial  Advertiser"  (a  weekly) — which  was 
continued  a  little  more  than  a  year,  when  it  was 
abandoned,  and  he  settled  on  a  farm  at  Henry, 
Marshall  County.  His  further  newspaper  ven- 
tures were,  as  the  associate  of  Zebina  Eastman,  in 
the  publication  of  "The  Genius  of  Liberty,"  at 
Lowell,  La  Salle  County,  and  "The  Western 
Citizen" — afterwards  "The  Free  West" — in  Chi- 
cago. (See  Eastman,  Zebina,  and  Lundy,  Ben- 
jamin.) On  the  discontinuance  of  "The  Free 
West"  in  1856,  he  again  retired  to  his  farm  at 
Henry,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days. 
While  returning  home  from  a  visit  to  Chicago, 
in  August,  1864,  he  was  taken  ill  at  Mendota, 
dying  there  on  the  22d  of  the  month. 

WARREN,  John  Esaias,  diplomatist  and  real- 
estate  operator,  was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1826, 
graduated  at  Union  College  and  was  connected 
with  the  American  Legation  to  Spain  during  the 
administration  of  President  Pierce;  in  1859-60 
was  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  Legislature  and, 
in  1861-62,  Mayor  of  St.  Paul;  in  1867,  came  to 
Chicago,  where,  while  engaged  in  real-estate 
business,  he  became  known  to  the  press  as  the 
author  of  a  series  of  articles  entitled  "Topics  of 
the  Time."  In  1886  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
Brussels,  Belgium,  where  he  died,  July  6,  1896. 
Mr.  Warren  was  author  of  several  volumes  of 
travel,  of  which  "An  Attache  in  Spain"  and 
"Para"  are  most  important. 

WARREN  COUNTY.  A  western  county, 
created  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  in  1825,  but 
not  fully  organized  until  1830,  having  at  that  time 
about  350  inhabitants ,  has  an  area  of  540  square 
miles,  and  was  named  for  Gen.  Joseph  Warren. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Henderson  River  and  its 
affluents,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  (two  divisions),  the  Iowa 
Central  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Railroads.  Bituminous  coal  is  mined  and  lime- 
stone is  quarried  in  large  quantities.  The  county's 
early  development  was  retarded  in  consequence 
of  having  become  the  "seat  of  war,"  during  the 
Black  Hawk  War.  The  principal  products  are 
grain  and  live-stock,  although  manufacturing  is 
carried  on  to  some  extent.  The  county-seat  and 


chief  city  is  Monmouth  (which  see).  Roseville 
is  a  shipping  point.  Population  (1880),  22,933. 
(1890),  21,281;  (1900),  23,163. 

WARRENSBUR6,  a  town  of  Macon  County, 
on  Peoria  Division  111.  Cent.  Railway,  9  miles 
northwest  of  Decatur;  has  elevators,  canning 
factory,  a  bank  and  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  503. 

WARSAW,  the  largest  town  in  Hancock 
County,  and  admirably  situated  for  trade.  It 
stands  on  a  bluff  on  the  Mississippi  River,  some 
three  miles  below  Keokuk,  and  about  40  miles 
above  Quincy.  It  is  the  western  terminus  of  the 
Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railway,  and  lies  116 
miles  west-southwest  of  Peoria.  Old  Fort 
Edwards,  established  by  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor, 
during  the  War  of  1812,  was  located  within  the 
limits  of  the  present  city  of  Warsaw,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  River.  An  iron 
foundry,  a  large  woolen  mill,  a  plow  factory 
and  cooperage  works  are  its  principal  manufac- 
turing establishments.  The  channel  of  the  Missis- 
sippi admits  of  the  passage  of  the  largest  steamers 
up  to  this  point.  Warsaw  has  eight  churches,  :. 
system  of  common  schools  comprising  one  high 
and  three  grammar  schools,  a  National  bank  and 
two  weekly  newspapers.  Population  (1880),  3,10.<; 
(1890),  2,721;  (1900),  2,335. 

WASHBUBN,  a  village  of  Woodford  County,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railway  25 
miles  northeast  of  Peoria;  has  banks  and  . 
weekly  paper ;  the  district  is  agricultural.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  598;  (1900),  703. 
i  WASHBURNE,  Ellhu  Benjamin,  Congressman 
and  diplomatist,  was  born  at  Livermore,  Maine. 
Sept.  23,  1816 ;  in  early  life  learned  the  trade  of  a 
printer,  but  graduated  from  Harvard  Law  School 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840.  Coming 
west,  he  settled  at  Galena,  forming  a  partnership 
with  Charles  S.  Hempstead,  for  the  practice  of 
law,  in  1841.  He  was  a  stalwart  Whig,  and,  as 
such,  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1852.  He  con- 
tinued to  represent  his  District  until  1869,  taking 
a  prominent  position,  as  a  Republican,  on  the 
organization  of  that  party.  On  account  of  his 
long  service  he  was  known  as  the  "Father  of  the 
House,"  administering  the  Speaker's  oath  three 
times  to  Schuyler  Colfax  and  once  to  James  (i. 
Blaine.  He  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by 
General  Grant  in  1869,  but  surrendered  his  port- 
folio to  become  Envoy  to  France,  in  which  ca 
pacity  he  achieved  great  distinction.  He  was  the 
only  official  representative  of  a  foreign  govern 
ment  who  remained  in  Paris,  during  the  siege  of 
that  city  by  the  Germans  (1870-71)  and  the  reign 
of  the  ''Commune."  For  his  conduct  he  was 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


honored  by  the  Governments  of  France  and  Ger- 
many alike.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States. 
he  made  his  home  in  Chicago,  where  he  devoted 
his  latter  years  chiefly  to  literary  labor,  and 
where  he  died,  Oct.  22,  1887.  He  was  strongly 
favored  as  a  candidate  for  the  Presidency  in  1880. 

WASHINGTON,  a  city  in  Tazewell  County, 
situated  at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  & 
Alton,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  and  the 
Toledo,  Peoria  *  Western  Railroads.  It  is  21 
miles  west  of  El  Paso,  and  12  miles  east  of  Peoria. 
Carriages,  plows  and  farming  implements  con- 
stitute the  manufactured  output.  It  is  also  an 
important  shipping-point  for  farm  products.  It 
has  electric  light  and  water- works  plants,  eight 
churches,  a  graded  school,  two  banks  and  two 
newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  1,301;  (1900),  1,451. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY,  an  interior  county  of 
Southern  Illinois,  east  of  St.  Louis;  is  drained  by 
the  Kaskaskia  River  and  the  Elkhorn,  Beaucoup 
and  Muddy  Creeks;  was  organized  in  1818,  and 
has  an  area  of  540  square  miles.  The  surface  is 
diversified,  well  watered  and  timbered.  The 
soil  is  of  variable  fertility.  Corn,  wheat  and 
oats  are  the  chief  agricultural  products.  Manu- 
facturing is  carried  onto  some  extent,  among 
the  products  being  agricultural  implements, 
flour,  carriages  and  wagons.  The  most  impor- 
tant town  is  Nashville,  which  is  also  the  county- 
seat.  Population  (1890),  19,262;  (1900),  19,526. 
Washington  was  one  of  the  fifteen  counties  into 
which  Illinois  was  divided  at  the  organization  of 
the  State  Government,  being  one  of  the  last 
three  created  during  the  Territorial  period — the 
other  two  being  Franklin  and  Union. 

WASHINGTON  HEIGHTS,  a  village  of  Cook 
County,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
and  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  Railways,  12  miles  southwest  of  Chicago; 
has  a  graded  school,  female  seminary,  military 
school,  a  car  factory,  several  churches  and  a 
newspaper.  Annexed  to  City  of  Chicago,  1890. 

WATAGA,  a  village  of  Knox  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  8  miles 
northeast  of  Galesburg.  Population  (1900),  545. 

WATERLOO,  the  county-seat  and  chief  town 
of  Monroe  County,  on  the  Illinois  Division  of  the 
Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad,  24  miles  east  of  south 
from  St.  Louis.  The  region  is  chiefly  agricultural, 
but  underlaid  with  coal.  Its  industries  embrace 
two  flour  mills,  a  plow  factory,  distillery,  cream- 
ery, two  ice  plants,  and  some  minor  concerns. 
The  city  has  municipal  water  and  electric  light 
plants,  four  churches,  a  graded  school  and  two 
newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  1,860;  (1900).  2,114. 


W A  TERM AX,  Arba  Nelson,  lawyer  and  jurist. 
was  born  at  Greensboro,  Orleans  County,  Vt. . 
Feb.  3,  1836.  After  receiving  an  academic  edu- 
cation and  teaching  for  a  time,  he  read  law  at 
Montpelier  and,  later,  passed  through  the  Albany 
Law  School.  In  1861  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  removed  to  Joliet,  111.,  and  opened  an  office. 
In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  One  Hun- 
dredth Illinois  Volunteers,  serving  with  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland  for  two  years,  anil 
being  mustered  out  in  August,  18«4,  with  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  On  leaving  the 
army,  Colonel  Waterman  commenced  practice  in 
Chicago.  In  1873-74  he  represented  the  Eleventh 
Ward  in  the  City  Council  In  1887  he  was  elected 
to  the  bench  of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court. 
and  was  re-elected  in  1891  and,  again,  in  1897.  In 
1890  he  was  assigned  as  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
Appellate  Court. 

WATSEKA,  the  county-seat  of  Iroquois  County, 
situated  on  the  Iroquois  River,  at  the  mouth  of 
Sugar  Creek,  and  at  the  intersection  of  the  Chi- 
cago .v  Eastern  Illinois  and  the  Toledo,  Peoria  & 
Western  Railroads,  77  miles  south  of  Chicago,  4f> 
miles  north  of  Danville  and  14  miles  east  ol 
Gilman.  It  has  flour-mills,  brick  and  tile  work.- 
and  foundries,  besides  several  churches,  banks,  a 
graded  school  and  three  weekly  newspapers- 
Artesian  well  water  is  obtained  by  boring  to  the 
depth  of  100  to  160  feet,  and  some  forty  flowing 
streams  from  these  shafts  are  in  the  place.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  2,017;  (1900),  2,505. 

WATTS,  Amos,  jurist,  was  born  in  St.  Clair 
County,  111.,  Oct.  25,  1821,  but  removed  to  Wash- 
ington County  in  boyhood,  and  was  elected  County 
Clerk  in  1847,  '49  and  '53,  and  State's  Attorney 
for  the  Second  Judicial  District  in  1856  and  '60; 
then  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  a  news- 
paper, later  resuming  the  practice  of  law,  and,  in 
1873,  was  elected  Circuit  Judge,  remaining  in 
office  until  his  death,  at  Nashville.  Ill  Dec.  C, 
1888. 

WAUKEGAN,  the  county-seat  and  principal 
city  of  Lake  County,  situated  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  on  the  Chicago  &  North 
western  Railroad,  about  36  miles  north  by  west 
from  Chicago,  and  50  miles  south  of  Milwaukee 
is  also  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Elgin,  Joliet 
&  Eastern  Railroad  and  connected  by  electric 
lines  with  Chicago  and  Fox  Lake.  Lake  Michigan 
is  about  80  miles  wide  opposite  this  point. 
Waukegan  was  first  known  as  "Little  Fort,'' 
from  the  remains  of  an  old  fort  that  stood  on  its 
site.  The  principal  part  of  the  city  is  built  on  a 
bluff,  which  rises  abruptly  to  the  height  of  about 


580 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


fifty  feet.  Between  the  bluff  and  the  shore  is  a 
flat  tract  about  400  yards  wide  which  is  occupied 
by  gardens,  dwellings,  warehouses  and  manu- 
factories. The  manufactures  include  steel-wire, 
refined  sugar,  scales,  agricultural  implements, 
brass  and  iron  products,  sash,  doors  and  blinds, 
leather,  beer,  etc. ;  the  city  has  paved  streets,  gas 
and  electric  light  plants,  three  banks,  eight  or 
ten  churches,  graded  and  high  schools  and  two 
newspapers.  A  large  trade  in  grain,  lumber,  coal 
and  dairy  products  is  carried  on.  Pop.  (1890), 
4,915;  (1900),  9,426. 

WAUKEGAN  &  SOUTHWESTERN  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Railway.) 

WAVERLY,  a  city  in  Morgan  County,  18  miles 
southeast  of  Jacksonville,  on  the  Jacksonville  iV 
St.  Louis  and  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis 
Railroads.  It  was  originally  settled  by  enter- 
prising emigrants  from  New  England,  whose 
descendants  constitute  a  large  proportion  of  the 
population.  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 
region,  has  a  fine  graded  school,  six  or  seven 
churches,  two  banks,  two  newspapers  and  tile 
works.  Population  (1880),  1,134;  (1890),  1,337; 
(1900),  1,573. 

WAYNE,  (Gen.)  Anthony,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,  1745,  of  Anglo-Irish 
descent,  graduated  as  a  Surveyor,  and  first  prac- 
ticed his  profession  in  Nova  Scotia.  During  the 
years  immediately  antecedent  to  the  Revolution 
he  was  prominent  in  the  colonial  councils  of  his 
native  State,  to  which  he  had  returned  in  1767, 
where  he  became  a  member  of  the  "Committee  of 
Safety."  On  June  3,  1776,  he  was  commissioned 
Colonel  of  the  Fourth  Regiment  of  Pennsylvania 
troops  in  the  Continental  army,  and,  during  the 
War  of  the  Revolution,  was  conspicuous  for  his 
courage  and  ability  as  a  leader.  One  of  his  most 
daring  and  successful  achievements  was  the  cap- 
ture of  Stony  Point,  in  1779,  when — the  works 
having  been  carried  and  Wayne  having  received, 
what  was  supposed  to  be,  his  death-wound — he 
entered  the  fort,  supported  by  his  aids.  For  this 
service  he  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  by  Con- 
gress. He  also  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
investiture  and  capture  of  Yorktown.  In  October. 
1783,  he  was  brevetted  Major-General.  In  1784 
he  was  elected  to  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature. 
A  few  years  later  he  settled  in  (ieorgia,  which 
State  he  represented  in  Congress  for  seven 
months,  when  his  seat  was  declared  vacant  after 
contest.  In  April,  1792,  lie  was  confirmed  as 
General-in-Chief  of  the  United  States  Army  on 
nomination  of  President  Washington.  His  con 
nection  with  Illinois  history  began  shortly  after 


St.  Cluir's  defeat,  when  he  led  a  force  into  Ohio 
(1783)  and  erected  a  stockade  at  Greenville, 
which  he  named  Fort  Recovery ;  his  object  being 
to  subdue  the  hostile  savage  tribes.  In  this  he 
was  eminently  successful  and,  on  August  3, 
1793,  after  a  victorious  campaign,  negotiated  the 
Treaty  of  Greenville,  as  broad  in  its  provisions  as 
it  was  far-reaching  in  its  influence.  He  was  a 
daring  fighter,  and  although  Washington  called 
him  "prudent,"  his  dauntlessness  earned  for  him 
the  sobriquet  of  "Mad  Anthony."  In  matters  of 
dress  he  was  punctilious,  and,  on  this  account, 
he  was  sometimes  dubbed  "Dandy  Wayne."  He 
was  one  of  the  few  white  officers  whom  all  the 
Western  Indian  tribes  at  once  feared  and  re- 
spected. They  named  him  "Black  Snake"  and 
"Tornado."  He  died  at  Presque  Isle  near  Erie, 
Dec.  15,  1796.  Thirteen  years  afterward  his 
remains  were  removed  by  one  of  his  sons,  and 
interred  in  Badnor  churchyard,  in  his  native 
county.  The  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society 
erected  a  marble  monument  over  his  grave,  and 
appropriately  dedicated  it  on  July  4  of  the  same 
year. 

WAYNE  COUNTY,  in  the  southeast  quarter  of 
the  State;  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles;  wa» 
organized  in  1819,  and  named  for  Gen.  Anthony 
Wayne.  The  county  is  watered  and  drained  by 
the  Little  Wabash  and  its  branches,  notably  the 
Skillet  Fork.  At  the  first  election  held  in  the 
county,  only  fifteen  votes  were  cast.  Early  life 
was  exceedingly  primitive,  the  first  settler* 
pounding  corn  into  meal  with  a  wooden  pestle, 
a  hollowed  stump  being  used  as  a  mortar.  The 
first  mill  erected  (of  the  antique  South  Carolina 
pattern)  charged  25  cents  per  bushel  for  grinding. 
Prairie  and  woodland  make  up  the  surface,  and 
the  soil  is  fertile.  Railroad  facilities  are  furnished 
by  the  Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  and  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  (Southwestern)  Railroads. 
Corn,  oats,  tobacco,  wheat,  hay  and  wool  are  the 
chief  agricultural  products.  Saw  mills  are  numer- 
ous and  there  are  also  carriage  and  wagon  facto- 
ries. Fairfield  is  the  county -seat.  Population 
(1880),  21,291;  (1890),  23,806;  (1900).  27,626. 

WEAK,  THE,  a  branch  of  the  Miami  tribe  of 
Indians.  They  called  themselves  "We-wee- 
hahs,"  anil  were  spoken  of  by  the  French  as  "Oui- 
at-a-nons"  and  "Oui-as. "  Other  corruptions  of 
the  name  were  common  among  the  British  and 
American  colonists.  In  1718  they  had  a  village 
at  Chicago,  but  abandoned  it  through  fear  of 
their  hostile  neighbors,  the  Chippewaa  and  Potta- 
watomies.  The  Weas  were,  at  one  time,  brave 
and  warlike;  but  their  numliprs  were  reduced  by 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


constant  warfare  and  disease,  and,  in  the  end, 
debauchery  enervated  and  demoralized  them. 
They  were  removed  west  of  the  Mississippi  and 
given  a  reservation  in  Miami  County,  Kan.  This 
they  ultimately  sold,  and,  under  the  leadership 
of  Baptiste  Feoria,  united  with  their  few  remain- 
ing brethren  of  the  Miamis  and  with  the  remnant 
of  the  Ill-i-ni  under  the  title  of  the  "confederated 
tribes, "  and  settled  in  Indian  Territory.  (See  also 
Uiamin:  Piankeshaws.) 

WEBB,  Edwin  B.,  early  lawyer  and  politician, 
was  born  about  1802,  came  to  the  vicinity  of 
Carmi,  White  County,  111,  about  1828  to  1830, 
and,  still  later,  studied  law  at  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity. He  held  the  office  of  Prosecuting 
Attorney  of  White  County,  and,  in  1834,  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly,  serving,  by  successive  re-elections, 
until  1842,  and,  in  the  Senate,  from  1842  to  '46. 
During  his  service  in  the  House  he  was  a  col- 
league and  political  and  personal  friend  of 
Abraham  Lincoln.  He  opposed  the  internal 
improvement  scheme  of  1837,  predicting  many 
of  the  disasters  which  were  actually  realized  a 
few  years  later.  He  was  a  candidate  for  Presi- 
dential Elector  on  the  Whig  ticket,  in  1844  and 
'48,  and,  in  1852,  received  the  nomination  for 
Governor  as  the  opponent  of  Joel  A.  Matteson, 
two  years  later,  being  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  opposition  to 
Judge  W.  B.  Scates.  While  practicing  law  at 
O»rmi,  he  was  also  a  partner  of  his  brother  in 
the  mercantile  business.  Died,  Oct.  14,  1858,  in 
the  56th  year  of  his  age. 

WEBB,  Henry  Livingston,  soldier  and  pioneer 
(an  elder  brother  of  James  Watson  Webb,  a  noted 
New  York  journalist),  was  born  at  Claverack, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  6,  1795;  served  as  a  soldier  in  the 
War  of  1812,  came  to  Southern  Illinois  in  1817, 
and  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town  of 
America  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio;  was  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Fourth  and  Eleventh  General 
Assemblies,  a  Major  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  and 
Captain  of  volunteers  and,  afterwards,  Colonel  of 
regulars,  in  the  Mexican  War.  In  1860  he  went 
to  Texas  and  served,  for  a  time,  in  a  semi -mili- 
tary capacity  under  the  Confederate  Govern- 
ment; returned  to  Illinois  in  1869,  and  died,  at 
Makanda.  Oct.  5,  1876. 

WEBSTER,  Fletcher,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  July  23,  1813;  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1833,  and  studied  law  with 
his  father  (Daniel  Webster) ;  in  1837,  located  at 
Peru,  111.,  where  he  practiced  three  years.  His 
father  having  been  appointed  Secretary  of  State 


in  1841,  the  son  became  his  private  secretary, 
was  also  Secretary  of  Legation  to  Caleb  Gushing 
(Minister  to  China)  in  1843,  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature  in  1847,  and  Surveyor 
of  the  Port  of  Boston,  1850-61;  the  latter  year 
became  Colonel  of  the  Twelfth  Massachusetts 
Volunteers,  and  was  killed  in  the  second  battle 
•bf  Bull  Run,  August  30,  1862. 

WEBSTER,  Joseph  Dana,  civil  engineer  and 
soldier,  was  born  at  Old  Hampton,  N.  H.. 
August  25,  1811.  He  graduated  from  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1832,  and  afterwards  read 
law  at  Newburyport,  Mass.  His  natural  incli- 
nation was  for  engineering,  and,  after  serv- 
ing for  a  time  in  the  Engineer  and  War  offices, 
at  Washington,  was  made  a  United  States  civil 
engineer  (1835)  and,  on  July  7,  1838,  entered  the 
army  as  Second  Lieutenant  of  Topographical 
Engineers.  He  served  through  the  Mexican 
War,  was  made  First  Lieutenant  in  1849,  and 
promoted  to  a  captaincy,  in  March,  1853.  Thir- 
teen months  later  he  resigned,  removing  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  made  his  permanent  home,  and 
soon  after  was  identified,  for  a  time,  with  the 
proprietorship  of  "The  Chicago  Tribune."  He 
was  President  of  the  commission  that  perfected 
the  Chicago  sewerage  system,  and  designed  and 
executed  the  raising  of  the  grade  of  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  city  from  two  to  eight  feet,  whole 
blocks  of  buildings  being  raised  by  jack  screws, 
while  new  foundations  were  inserted.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  tendered  his  serv- 
ices to  the  Government  and  superintended  the 
erection  of  the  fortifications  at  Cairo,  111.,  and 
Paducah,  Ky.  On  April  7.  1861,  he  was  com- 
missioned Paymaster  of  Volunteers,  with  the 
rank  of  Major,  and,  in  February,  1862,  Colonel  of 
the  First  Illinois  Artillery.  For  several  months 
he  was  chief  of  General  Grant's  staff,  participat- 
ing in  the  capture  of  Forts  Donelson  and  Henry, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  in  the  latter  as  Chief 
of  Artillery.  In  October,  1862,  the  War  Depart- 
ment detailed  him  to  make  a  survey  of  the  Illi- 
nois &  Michigan  Canal,  and,  the  following  month, 
he  was  commissioned  Brigadier-General  of 
Volunteers,  serving  as  Military  Governor  of  Mem- 
phis and  Superintendent  of  military  railroads. 
He  was  again  chief  of  staff  to  General  Grant 
during  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and,  from  1864 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  occupied  the  same 
relation  to  General  Sherman.  He  was  brevetted 
Major-General  of  Volunteers,  March  13. 1865,  but, 
resigning  Nov.  6,  following,  returned  to  Chicago, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  From 
1869  to  1872  he  was  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


there,  and,  later,  Assistant  United  States  Treas- 
urer, and,  in  July,  1873,  was  appointed  Collector 
of  Internal  Revenue.  Died,  at  Chicago,  March 
12,  1876. 

WELCH,  William  R.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  Jessamine  County,  Ky.,  Jan.  22,  1828, 
educated  at  Transylvania  University,  Lexington, 
graduating  from  the  academic  department  in 
1847,  and,  from  the  law  school,  in  1851.  In  1864  he 
removed  to  Carlinville,  Macoupin  County,  111., 
which  place  he  made  his  permanent  home.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Fifth 
Circuit,  and  re-elected  in  1879  and  '85.  In  1884 
he  was  assigned  to  the  bench  of  the  Appellate 
Court  for  the  Second  District.  Died,  Sept.  1, 
1888. 

WELDON,  Lawrence,  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
United  States  Court  of  Claims,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  was  born  in  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  in 
1829;  while  a  child,  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Madison  County,  and  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  the  local  academy  and  at  Wittenberg 
College,  Springfield,  in  the  same  State;  read  law 
with  Hon.  R.  A.  Harrison,  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Ohio  bar,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
1854,  meanwhile,  in  1852-53,  having  served  as  a 
clerk  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State  at 
Columbus.  In  1854  he  removed  to  Illinois,  locat- 
ing at  Clinton,  DeWitt  County,  where  he  engaged 
in  practice;  in  1860  was  elected  a  Representative 
in  the  Twenty-second  General  Assembly,  was 
also  chosen  a  Presidential  Elector  the  same  year, 
and  assisted  in  the  first  election  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  to  the  Presidency.  Early  in  1861  he 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  Legislature  to  accept  the 
position  of  United  States  District  Attorney  for 
the  Southern  District  of  Illinois,  tendered  him  by 
President  Lincoln,  but  resigned  the  latter  office 
in  1866  and,  the  following  year,  removed  to 
Bloomington,  where  he  continued  the  practice  of 
his  profession  until  1883,  when  he  was  appointed, 
by  President  Arthur,  an  Associate  Justice  of  the 
United  States  Court  of  Claims  at  Washington — 
a  position  which  he  still  (1899)  continues  to  fill. 
Judge  Weldon  is  among  the  remaining  few  who 
rode  the  circuit  and  practiced  law  with  Mr.  Lin- 
coln. From  the  time  of  coming  to  the  State  in 
1854  to  1860,  he  was  one  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  most 
intimate  traveling  companions  in  the  old 
Eighth  Circuit,  which  extended  from  Sangamon 
County  on  the  west  to  Vermilion  on  the  east,  and 
of  which  Judge  David  Davis,  afterwards  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  United 
States  Senator,  was  the  presiding  Justice.  The 
Judge  holds  in  his  memory  many  pleasant  remi- 


niscences of  that  day,  especially  of  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  District,  where  he  was  accustomed 
to  meet  the  late  Senator  Voorhees,  Senator  Mc- 
Donald and  other  leading  lawyers  of  Indiana,  as 
well  as  the  historic  men  whom  he  met  at  the 
State  capital. 

WELLS,  Albert  W.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was 
born  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  May  9,  1839,  and 
enjoyed  only  such  educational  and  other  advan- 
tages as  belonged  to  the  average  New  England 
boy  of  that  period.  During  his  boyhood  his 
family  removed  to  New  Jersey,  where  he  attended 
an  academy,  later,  graduating  from  Columbia 
College  and  Law  School  in  New  York  City,  and 
began  practice  with  State  Senator  Robert  Allen 
at  Red  Bank,  N.  J.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
enlisted  in  a  New  Jersey  regiment  and  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  resuming  his  profes- 
sion at  the  close  of  the  war.  Coming  west  in 
1870,  he  settled  in  Quincy,  III,  where  he  con- 
tinued practice.  In  1886  he  was  elected  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  from  Adams  County, 
as  a  Democrat,  and  re-elected  two  years  later. 
In  1890  he  was  advanced  to  the  Senate,  where, 
by  re-election  in  1894,  he  served  continuously 
until  his  death  in  office,  March  5,  1897.  His 
abilities  and  long  service — covering  the  sessions 
of  the  Thirty-fifth  to  the  Fortieth  General  Assem- 
blies— placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  Democratic 
side  of  the  Senate  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
legislative  career. 

WELLS,  William,  soldier  and  victim  of  the 
Fort  Dearborn  massacre,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
about  1770.  When  a  boy  of  12,  he  was  captured 
by  the  Miami  Indians,  whose  chief.  Little  Turtle, 
adopted  him,  giving  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage when  he  grew  to  manhood.  He  was  highly 
esteemed  by  the  tribe  as  a  warrior,  and,  in  1790, 
was  present  at  the  battle  where  Gen.  Arthur  St. 
Clair  was  defeated.  He  then  realized  that  he 
was  fighting  against  his  own  race,  and  informed 
his  father-in-law  that  he  intended  to  ally  himself 
with  the  whites.  Leaving  the  Miamis,  he  made 
his  way  to  General  Wayne,  who  made  him  Cap- 
tain of  a  company  of  scouts.  After  the  treaty  of 
Greenville  (1795)  he  settled  on  a  farm  near  Fort 
Wayne,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  Indian  wife. 
Here  he  acted  as  Indian  Agent  and  Justice  of  the 
Peace.  In  1812  he  learned  of  the  contemplated 
evacuation  of  Fort  Dearborn,  and,  at  the  head  of 
thirty  Miamis,  he  set  out  for  the  post,  his  inten- 
tion being  to  furnish  a  body-guard  to  the  non- 
combatants  on  their  proposed  march  to  Fort 
Wayne.  On  August  13,  he  marched  out  of  the 
fort  with  fifteen  of  his  dusky  warriors  behind 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


683 


him,  the  remainder  bringing  up  the  rear.  Before 
a  mile  and  a  half  had  been  traveled,  the  party  fell 
into  an  Indian  ambuscade,  and  an  indiscrimi- 
nate massacre  followed.  (See  Fort  Dearborn.) 
The  Miamis  fled,  and  Captain  Wells'  body  was 
riddled  with  bullets,  his  head  cut  off  and  his 
heart  taken  out.  He  was  an  uncle  of  Mrs.  Heald, 
wife  of  the  commander  of  Fort  Dearborn. 

WELLS,  William  Harvey,  educator,  was  born 
in  Tolland,  Conn.,  Feb.  27,  1812;  lived  on  a  farm 
until  17  years  old,  attending  school  irregularly, 
but  made  such  progress  that  he  became  succes- 
sively a  teacher  in  the  Teachers'  Seminary  at 
Andover  and  Newburyport,  and,  finally,  Principal 
of  the  State  Normal  School  at  Westfield,  Mass. 
In  1856  he  accepted  the  position  of  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Schools  for  the  city  of  Chicago, 
serving  till  1864,  when  he  resigned.  He  was  an 
organizer  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Teachers' 
Association,  one  of  the  first  editors  of  "The 
Massachusetts  Teacher"  and  prominently  con- 
nected with  various  benevolent,  educational  and 
learned  societies ;  was  also  author  of  several  text- 
books, and  assisted  in  the  revision  of  "Webster's 
Unabridged  Dictionary."  Died,  Jan.  21,  1885. 

WENOX  A,  city  on  the  eastern  border  of  Mar- 
shall County,  20  miles  south  of  La  Salle,  has 
zinc  works,  public  and  parochial  schools,  a 
weekly  paper,  two  banks,  and  five  churches.  A 
good  quality  of  soft  coal  is  mined  here.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  911;  (1890),  1,053;  (1900),  1,486. 

WENTWORTH,  John,  early  journalist  and 
Congressman,  was  born  at  Sandwich,  N.  H., 
March  5,  1815,  graduated  from  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1836,  and  came  to  Chicago  the  same  year, 
where  he  became  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Demo- 
crat," which  had  been  established  by  John  Cal- 
houn  three  years  previous.  He  soon  after  became 
proprietor  of  "The  Democrat,"  of  which  he  con- 
tinued to  be  the  publisher  until  it  was  merged 
into  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  July  24,  1864.  He 
also  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Illinois 
bar  in  1841.  He  served  in  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
crat from  1843  to  1851,  and  again  from  1853  to 
1855,  but  left  the  Democratic  party  on  the  repeal 
of  the  Missouri  Compromise.  He  was  elected 
Mayor  of  Chicago  in  1857,  and  again  in  1860, 
during  his  incumbency  introducing  a  number  of 
important  municipal  reforms ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and  twice 
served  on  the  Board  of  Education.  He  again 
represented  Illinois  in  Congress  as  a  Republican 
from  1865  to  1867 — making  fourteen  years  of 
service  in  that  body.  In  1872  he  joined  in  the 
Greeley  movement,  but  later  renewed  his  alle- 


giance to  the  Republican  party.  In  1871  xfr.  Went- 
worth  published  an  elaborate  genealogical  work 
in  three  volumes,  entitled  "History  of  the  Went- 
worth  Family."  A  volume  of  "Congressional 
Reminiscences"  and  two  by  him  on  "Early  Chi- 
cago," published  in  connection  with  the  Fergus 
Historical  Series,  contain  some  valuable  informa- 
tion on  early  local  and  national  history.  On 
account  of  his  extraordinary  height  he  received 
the  sobriquet  of  "Long  John,"  by  which  lie  was 
familiarly  known  throughout  the  State.  Died, 
in  Chicago,  Oct.  16,  1888. 

WEST,  Edward  H.,  merchant  and  banker,  was 
born  in  Virginia,  May  2,  1814;  came  with  his 
father  to  Illinois  in  1818 ;  in  1829  became  a  clerk 
in  the  Recorder's  office  at  Edwardsville,  also 
served  as  deputy  postmaster,  and,  in  1833,  took  a 
position  in  the  United  States  Land  Office  there. 
Two  years  later  he  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness, which  he  prosecuted  over  thirty  years — 
meanwhile  filling  the  office  of  County  Treasurer, 
ex-oflicio  Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  Delegate 
to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847.  In  1867, 
in  conjunction  with  W.  R.  Prickett,  he  established 
a  bank  at  Edwardsville,  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected until  his  death,  Oct.  31,  1887.  Mr.  West 
officiated  frequently  as  a  "local  preacher"  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  in  which  capacity  he  showed 
much  ability  as  a  public  speaker. 

WEST,  Mary  Allen,  educator  and  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  at  Galesburg,  111.,  July  31,  1837; 
graduated  at  Knox  Seminary  in  1854  and  taught 
until  1873,  when  she  was  elected  County  Super- 
intendent of  Schools,  serving  nine  years.  She 
took  an  active  and  influential  interest  in  educa- 
tional and  reformatory  movements,  wa&  for  two 
years  editor  of  "Our  Home  Monthly,"  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  also  a  contributor  to  other  journals, 
besides  being  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Union  Sig- 
nal," Chicago,  the  organ  of  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union — in  which  she  held  the 
position  of  President ;  was  also  President,  in  the 
latter  days  of  her  life,  of  the  Illinois  Woman's 
Press  Association  of  Chicago,  that  city  having 
become  her  home  in  1885.  In  1892,  Miss  West 
started  on  a  tour  of  the  world  for  the  benefit  of 
her  health,  but  died  at  Tokio,  Japan.  Dec.  1.  1892. 
WESTERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE, 
an  institution  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
located  at  Watertown,  Rock  Island  County,  in 
accordance  with  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly, 
approved,  May  22,  1895.  The  Thirty-ninth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  made  an  appropriation  of  $100,000 
for  the  erection  of  fire-proof  buildings,  while 
Rock  Island  County  donated  a  tract  of  400  acroe 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


of  land  valued  at  |40, 000.  The  site  selected  by  the 
Commissioners,  is  a  commanding  one  overlooking 
the  Mississippi  River,  eight  miles  above  Rock 
Island,  and  five  and  a  half  miles  from  Holine,  and 
the  buildings  are  of  the  most  modern  style  of  con- 
struction. Watertown  is  reached  by  two  lines  of 
railroad — the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  and 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy — besides  the 
Mississippi  River.  The  erection  of  buildings  was 
begun  in  1896,  and  they  were  opened  for  the 
reception  of  patients  in  1898.  They  have  a  ca- 
pacity for  800  patients. 

WESTERN  MILITARY  ACADEMY,  an  insti- 
tution located  at  Upper  Alton,  Madison  County, 
incorporated  in  1893;  has  a  faculty  of  eight  mem- 
bers and  reports  eighty  pupils  for  1897-98,  with 
property  valued  at  $70,000.  The  institution  gives 
instruction  in  literary  and  scientific  branches, 
besides  preparatory  and  business  courses. 

WESTERN  NORMAL  COLLEGE,  located  at 
Bushnell,  McDonnugh  County;  incorporated  in 
1888.  It  is  co-educational,  has  a  corps  of  twelve 
instructors  and  reported  500  pupils  for  1897-98, 
300  males  and  200  females. 

WESTERN  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Cook 
County,  and  residence  suburb  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  west  of  the  initial  station. 
Population  (1890),  451;  (li.OO),  662. 

WESTERN  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY, 
located  in  Chicago  and  controlled  by  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church.  It  was  founded  in  1883 
through  the  munificence  of  Dr.  Tolman  Wheeler, 
and  was  opened  for  students  two  years  later.  It 
has  two  buildings,  of  a  superior  order  of  archi- 
tecture— one  including  the  school  and  lecture 
rooms  .and  the  other  a  dormitory.  A  hospital 
and  gymnasium  are  attached  to  the  latter,  and  a 
school  for  boys  is  conducted  on  the  first  floor  of 
the  main  building,  which  is  known  as  Wheeler 
Hall.  The  institution  is  under  the  general  super- 
vision of  Rt.  Rev.  William  E.  McLaren,  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Illinois. 

WESTFIBLD,  village  of  Clark  County,  on  Cin., 
Ham.  &  Dayton  R.  R.,  10  m.  s.-e.  of  Charleston; 
seat  of  West  field  College;  has  a  bank,  five 
churches  and  two  newspapers.  Pop.  (1900).  820. 

WEST  SALEM,  a  town  of  Edwards  County,  on 
the  Peoria-Evansville  Div.  111.  Cent.  R.  R.,  12 
miles  northeast  of  Albion;  has  a  bank  and  a 
weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1890),  476;  (1900).  700. 

WETHERELL,  Emma  Abbott,  vocalist,  was 
born  in  Chicago,  D«o.  9,  1849;  in  her  childhood 
attracted  attention  while  singing  with  her  father 
(a  poor  musician)  in  hotels  and  on  the  streets  in 


Chicago,  Peoria  and  elsewhere;  at  18  years  of 
age,  went  to  New  York  to  study,  earning  her  way 
by  giving  concerts  en  route,  and  receiving  aid 
and  encouragement  from  Clara  Louisa  Kellogg : 
in  New  York  was  patronized  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  and  others,  and  aided  in  securing  the 
training  of  European  masters.  Compelled  to  sur- 
mount many  obstacles  from  poverty  and  other 
causes,  her  after  success  in  her  profession  was 
phenomenal.  Died,  during  a  professional  tour, 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  Jan.  5,  1891.  Miss  Abbott 
married  her  manager,  Eugene  Wetherell,  who 
died  before  her. 

WH EATON,  a  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Du 
Page  County,  situated  on  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway,  25  miles  west  of  Chicago.  Agri- 
culture and  stock-raising  are  the  chief  industries 
in  the  surrounding  region.  The  city  owns  a  new 
water- works  plant  (costing  $60,000)  and  has  a 
public  library  valued  at  $75.000,  the  gift  of  a 
resident,  Mr.  John  Quincy  Adams;  has  a  court 
house,  electric  light  plant,  sewerage  and  drainage 
system,  seven  churches,  three  graded  schools, 
four  weekly  newspapers  and  a  State  bank. 
Wheaton  is  the  seat  of  Wheaton  College  (which 
nee).  Population  (1880),  1,160;  (1890),  1.622; 
(1900),  2.345. 

WHEATON  COLLEGE,  an  educational  insti- 
tution located  at  Wheaton,  Du  Page  County,  and 
under  Congregational  control.  It  was  founded 
in  1853,  as  the  Illinois  Institute,  and  was  char- 
tered under  its  present  name  in  1860.  Its  early 
existence  was  one  of  struggle,  but  of  late  years  it 
has  been  established  on  a  better  foundation,  in 
1898  having  $54,000  invested  in  productive  funds, 
and  property  aggregating  $136.000.  The  faculty 
comprises  fifteen  professors,  and,  in  1898,  there 
were  321  students  in  attendance.  It  is  co-edu- 
cational and  instruction  is  given  in  business  and 
preparatory  studies,  as  well  as  the  fine  arts, 
music  and  classical  literature. 

WHEELER, David  Hilton,  D.D.,  LL.D., clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y  ,  Nov.  19,  1829; 
graduated  at  Rock  River  Seminary,  Mount 
Morris,  in  1851;  edited  "The  Carroll  County 
Republican"  and  held  a  professorship  in  Cornell 
College,  Iowa,  (1*57-61) ;  was  United  States  Con- 
sul at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  (1861-66) ;  Professor  of 
English  Literature  in  Northwestern  University 
(1867-75);  edited  "The  Methodist"  in  New  York, 
seven  years,  and  was  President  of  Allegheny 
College  (1883-87);  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
from  Cornell  College  in  1867,  and  that  of  LL.D. 
from  the  Northwestern  University  in  1881.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Brigandage  in  South  Italy" 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


685 


(two  volumes,  1864)  and  "By-Ways  of  Literature'' 
(1883),  besides  some  translations. 

WHEELER,  Hamilton  K.,  ex-Congressman, 
was  born  at  Ballston,  N.  Y.,  August  5,  1848,  but 
emigrated  with  his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1852; 
remained  on  a  farm  until  19  years  of  age,  his 
educational  advantages  being  limited  to  three 
months'  attendance  upon  a  district  school  each 
year.  In  1871,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Kankakee,  where  he  has  since  continued  to  prac- 
tice. In  1884  he  was  elected  to  represent  the  Six- 
teenth District  in  the  State  Senate,  where  he 
served  on  many  important  committees,  being 
Chairman  of  that  on  the  Judicial  Department. 
In  1892  he  was  elected  Representative  in  Con- 
gress from  the  Ninth  Illinois  District,  on  the 
Republican  ticket. 

WHEELING,  a  town  on  the  northern  border  of 
Cook  County,  on  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railway. 
Population  (1890),  811;  (1900),  331. 

WHISTLER,  (MaJ.)  John,  soldier  and  builder 
of  the  first  Fort  Dearborn,  was  born  in  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, about  1756 ;  served  under  Burgoyne  in  the 
Revolution,  and  was  with  the  force  surrendered 
by  that  officer  at  Saratoga,  in  1777.  After  the 
peace  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  settled  at 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  and  entered  the  United  States 
Army,  serving  at  first  in  the  ranks  and  being 
severely  wounded  in  the  disastrous  Indian  cam- 
paigns of  1791.  Later,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
captaincy  and,  in  the  summer  of  1803,  sent  with 
his  company,  to  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan, 
where  he  constructed  the  first  Fort  Dearborn 
within  the  limits  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago, 
remaining  in  command  until  1811,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Captain  Heald.  He  received  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major,  in  1815  was  appointed 
military  store-keeper  at  Newport,  Ky.,  and  after- 
wards at  Jefferson  Barracks,  near  St.  Louis, 
where  he  died,  Sept.  3,  1829.  Lieut.  William 
Whistler,  his  son,  who  was  with  his  father,  for  a 
time,  in  old  Fort  Dearborn — but  transferred,  in 
1809,  to  Fort  Wayne — was  of  the  force  included 
in  Hull's  surrender  at  Detroit  in  1812.  After 
his  exchange  he  was  promoted  to  a  captaincy,  to 
the  rank  of  Major  in  1826  and  to  a  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nelcy in  1845,  dying  at  Newport,  Ky.,  in  1863. 
James  Abbott  McNiel  Whistler,  the  celebrated, 
but  eccentric  artist  of  that  name,  is  a  grandson 
of  the  first  Major  Whistler. 

WHITE,  George  E.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born 
in  Massachusetts  in  1848;  after  graduating,  at  the 
age  of  16,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Fifty- 
seventh  Massachusetts  Veteran  Volunteers,  serv- 
ing under  General  Grant  in  the  campaign 


against  Richmond  from  the  battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness until  the  surrender  of  Lee.  Having  taken  a 
course  in  a  commercial  college  at  Worcester, 
Mass.,  in  1867  he  came  to  Chicago,  securing  em- 
ployment in  a  lumber  yard,  but  a  year  later 
began  business  on  his  own  account,  which  he  has 
successfully  conducted.  In  1878  he  was  elected 
to  the  State  Senate,  as  a  Republican,  from  one  of 
the  Chicago  Districts,  and  re-elected  four  years 
later,  serving  in  that  body  eight  years.  He 
declined  a  nomination  for  Congress  in  1884,  but 
accepted  in  1894,  and  was  elected  for  the  Fifth 
District,  as  he  was  again  in  1896,  but  was 
defeated,  in  1898,  by  Edward  T.  Noonan,  Demo- 
crat. 

WHITE,  Horace,  journalist,  was  born  at  Cole- 
brook,  N.  H.,  August  10,  1834;  in  1853  graduated 
at  Beloit  College,  Wis.,  whither  his  father  had 
removed  in  1837 ;  engaged  in  journalism  as  city 
editor  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Journal,"  later 
becoming  agent  of  the  Associated  Press,  and,  in 
1857,  an  editorial  writer  on  "The  Chicago  Trib- 
une," during  a  part  of  the  war  acting  as  its 
Washington  correspondent.  He  also  served,  in 
1856,  as  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Kansas 
National  Committee,  and,  later,  as  Secretary  of 
the  Republican  State  Central  Committee.  In 
1864  he  purchased  an  interest  in  "The  Tribune," 
a  year  or  so  later  becoming  editor-in-chief,  but 
retired  in  October,  1874.  After  a  protracted 
European  tour,  he  united  with  Carl  Schurz  and 
E.  L.  Godkin  of  "The  Nation,"  in  the  purchase 
and  reorganization  of  "The  New  York  Evening 
Post,"  of  which  he  is  now  editor-in-chief. 

WHITE,  Julius,  soldier,  was  born  in  Cazen- 
ovia,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1816;  removed  to  Illinois 
in  1836,  residing  there  and  in  Wisconsin,  where 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  1849;  in 
1861  was  made  Collector  of  Customs  at  Chicago, 
but  resigned  to  assume  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Thirty-seventh  Illinois  Volunteers,  which  he 
commanded  on  the  Fremont  expedition  to  South- 
west Missouri.  He  afterwards  served  with  Gen- 
eral Curtiss  in  Arkansas,  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Brigadier-General.  He  was  subsequently 
assigned  to  the  Department  of  the  Shenandoah, 
but  finding  his  position  at  Martinsburg,  W.  Va., 
untenable,  retired  to  Harper's  Ferry,  voluntarily 
serving  under  Colonel  Miles,  his  inferior  in  com- 
mand. When  this  post  was  surrendered  (Sept. 
15,  1862),  he  was  made  a  prisoner,  but  released 
under  parole ;  was  tried  by  a  court  of  inquiry  at 
his  own  request,  and  acquitted,  the  court  finding 
that  he  had  acted  with  courage  and  capability. 


686 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


He  resigned  in  1864,  and,  in  March,  1865,  was 
brevetted  Major-General  of  Volunteers.  Died, 
at  Evanston,  May  12,  1890. 

WHITE  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southeastern 
quarter  of  the  State,  and  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  Wabash  River;  was  organized  in  1816,  being 
the  tenth  county  organized  during  the  Territorial 
period:  area,  500  square  miles.  The  county  is 
crossed  by  three  railroads  and  drained  by  the 
Wabash  and  Little  Wabash  Rivers.  The  surface 
consists  of  prairie  and  woodland,  and  the  soil  is, 
for  the  most  part,  highly  productive.  The  princi- 
pal agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  tobacco,  fruit,  butter,  sorghum  and 
wool.  The  principal  industrial  establishments 
are  carriage  factories,  saw  mills  and  flour  mills. 
Carmi  is  the  county-seat.  Other  towns  are  En- 
field,  Orayville  and  Norris  City.  Population 
(1880),  23.087;  (1890),  25,005;  (1900),  25,386. 

WHITEHALL,  a  city  in  Greene  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads.  65  miles 
north  of  St.  Louis  and  24  miles  south-southwest 
of  Jacksonville;  in  rich  farming  region;  has 
stoneware  and  sewer-pipe  factories,  foundry  and 
machine  shop,  flour  mill,  elevators,  wagon  shops, 
creamery,  water  system,  sanitarium,  heating, 
electric  light  and  power  system,  nurseries  and 
fruit-supply  houses,  and  two  poultry  packing 
douses;  also  lias  five  churches,  a  graded  school, 
two  banks  an  J  three  newspapers — one  daily.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  1,961;  (1900),  2.030. 

H  II ITKIIOl  M:,  Henry  John,  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Bishop,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  August 
19,  1803;  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in 
1821,  and  from  the  (New  York)  General  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  in  1824.  After  ordination  he  was 
rector  of  various  parishes  in  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York  until  1851,  when  he  was  chosen  Assist- 
ant Bishop  of  Illinois,  succeeding  Bishop  Chase 
in  1852.  In  1867,  by  invitation  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  he  delivered  the  opening  sermon 
before  the  Pan-Anglican  Conference  held  in 
England.  During  this  visit  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Oxford  University,  and  that 
of  LL.D.  from  Cambridge.  His  rigid  views  as  a 
churchman  and  a  disciplinarian,  were  illustrated 
in  his  prosecution  of  Rev.  Charles  Edward 
Cheney,  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the 
Reformed  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  a  brilliant 
orator  and  a  trenchant  and  unyielding  controver- 
sialist. Died,  in  Chicago.  August  10,  1874. 

WHITESIDE  COUNTV,  in  the  northwestern 
portion  of  the  State  bordering  on  the  Mississippi 
River;  created  by  act  of  the  Legislature  passed  in 


1836,  and  named  for  Capt.  Samuel  Whiteside,  a 
noted  Indian  fighter;  area,  700  square  miles.  The 
surface  is  level,  diversified  by  prairies  and  wood- 
land, and  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile.  The 
county-seat  was  first  fixed  at  Lyndon,  then  at 
Sterling,  and  finally  at  Morrison,  its  present 
location.  The  Rock  River  crosses  the  county 
and  furnishes  abundant  water  power  for  numer- 
ous factories,  turning  out  agricultural  imple- 
ments, carriages  and  wagons,  furniture,  woolen 
goods,  flour  and  wrapping  paper.  There  are  also 
distilling  and  brewing  interests,  besides  saw  and 
planing  mills.  Corn  is  the  staple  agricultural 
product,  although  all  the  leading  cereals  are 
extensively  grown.  The  principal  towns  are 
Morrison,  Sterling,  Fulton  and  Rock  Falls.  Popu- 
lation (1880).  30,885;  (1890),  30  854;  (1900),  34.710. 

WHITESIDE,  William,  pioneer  and  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  emigrated  from  the  frontier  of 
North  Carolina  to  Kentucky,  and  thence,  in  1793, 
to  the   present  limits  of   Monroe  County,    111., 
erecting  a  fort  between  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia, 
which    became   widely    known   as    "Whiteside 
Station."    He  served  as  a  Justice  of  the  Peace, 
and  was  active  in  organizing  the  militia  during 
the  War  of  1812-14,  dying  at  the  old  Station  in 
1815. — John  (Whiteside),  a  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  also  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  came  to 
Illinois  at  the  same  time,  as  also  did  William  B. 
and  Samuel,  sons  of  the   two  brothers,  respec- 
tively.    All  of  them  became  famous  as  Indian 
fighters.    The  two  latter  served  as  Captains  of 
companies  of  "Rangers"   in  the  War  of  1812, 
Samuel  taking  part  in  the  battle  of  Rock  Island 
in  1814,  and  contributing  greatly  to  the  success 
of  the  day.     During  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1832) 
he    attained    the    rank    of    Brigadier-General. 
Whiteside  County  was  named  in  his  honor.    He 
made  one  of  the  earliest  improvements  in  Ridge 
Prairie,  a  rich  section  of  Madison  County,  and 
represented  that  county  in    the    First   General 
Assembly.     William  B.  served  as  Sheriff  of  Madi- 
son County  for  a  number  of  years.  —  John  D. 
(Whiteside),    another  member  of   this  historic 
family,  became  very  prominent,  serving  in  the 
lower  House  of  the  Seventh,  Eighth,  Ninth  and 
Fourteenth  General  Assemblies,  and  in  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  Tenth,   from  Monroe  County;  was  a 
Presidential    Elector   in    1836,   State   Treasurer 
(1837-41)  and  a    member  of  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847.    General  Whiteside,  as 
he  was  known,  was  the  second  of  James  Shields 
in  the  famous  Shields  and  Lincoln  duel  (so-called) 
in  1842.  and,  as  such,  carried  the  challenge  of  the 
former  to  Mr.  Lincoln.  •  (See  Duels. ) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


587 


WHITING,  Lorenzo  I).,  legislator,  was  born 
in  Wayne  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17,  1819;  came  to 
Illinois  in  1838,  but  did  not  settle  there  perma- 
nently until  1849,  when  he  located  in  Bureau 
County.  He  was  a  Representative  from  that 
county  in  the  Twenty-sixth  General  Assembly 
•  1869),  and  a  member  of  the  Senate  continuously 
from  1871  to  1887,  serving  in  the  latter  through 
eight  General  Assemblies.  Died  at  his  home 
near  Tiskilwa,  Bureau  County,  111.,  Oct.  10, 
1889. 

WHITING,  Richard  H.,  Congressman,  was 
born  at  West  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  17,  1826,  and 
received  a  common  school  education.  In  1862  he 
was  commissioned  Paymaster  in  the  Volunteer 
Army  of  the  Union,  and  resigned  in  1866.  Hav- 
ing removed  to  Illinois,  he  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Fifth 
Illinois  District,  in  February,  1870,  and  so  contin- 
ued until  the  abolition  of  the  office  in  1873.  On 
retiring  from  the  Assessorship  he  was  appointed 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue,  and  served  until 
March  4,  1875,  when  he  resigned  to  take  his  seat 
as  Republican  Representative  in  Congress  from 
the  Feoria  District,  to  which  he  had  been  elected 
in  November,  1874.  After  the  expiration  of  his 
term  he  held  no  public  office,  but  was  a  member 
of  the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1884. 
Died,  at  the  Continental  Hotel,  in  New  York 
City,  May  24,  1888. 

WHITNEY,  James  W.,  pioneer  lawyer  and 
early  teacher,  known  by  the  nickname  of  "Lord 
Coke" ;  came  to  Illinois  in  Territorial  days  (be- 
lieved to  have  been  about  1800) ;  resided  for  some 
time  at  or  near  Edwardsville,  then  became  a 
teacher  at  Atlas,  Pike  County,  and,  still  later,  the 
first  Circuit  and  County  Clerk  of  that  county. 
Though  nominally  a  lawyer,  he  had  little  if  any 
practice.  He  acquired  the  title,  by  which  he  was 
popularly  known  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  by 
his  custom  of  visiting  the  State  Capital,  during 
the  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  when 
he  would  organize  the  lobbyists  and  visit- 
ors about  the  capital— of  which  there  were  an 
unusual  number  in  those  days — into  what  was 
called  the  "Third  House."  Having  been  regu- 
larly chosen  to  preside  under  the  name  of 
"Speaker  of  the  Lobby,"  he  would  deliver  a  mes- 
sage full  of  practical  hits  and  jokes,  aimed  at 
members  of  the  two  houses  and  others,  which 
would  be  received  with  cheers  and  laughter. 
The  meetings  of  the  "Third  House."  being  held 
in  the  evening,  were  attended  by  many  members 
and  visitors  in  lieu  of  other  forms  of  entertain- 
ment. Mr.  Whitney's  home,  in  his  latter  years, 


was  at  Pittsfield.  He  resided  for  a  time  at 
Quincy.  Died,  Dec.  13,  1860,  aged  over  80  years. 

WHITTEMOKE,  Floyd  K.,  State  Treasurer,  is 
a  native  of  New  York,  came  at  an  early  age,  with 
his  parents,  to  Sycamore,  111.,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated in  the  high  school  there.  He  purposed 
becoming  a  lawyer,  but,  on  the  election  of  the 
late  James  H.'  Beveridge  State  Treasurer,  in  1864, 
accepted  the  position  of  clerk  in  the  office. 
Later,  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  the  banking 
house  of  Jacob  Bunn  in  Springfield,  and,  on  the 
organization  of  the  State  National  Bank,  was 
chosen  cashier  of  that  Institution,  retaining  the 
position  some  twenty  years.  After  the  appoint- 
ment of  Hon.  John  R.  Tanner  to  the  position  of 
Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  at  Chi- 
cago, in  1892,  Mr.  Whittemore  became  cashier  in 
that  office,  and,  in  1865,  Assistant  State  Treas- 
rure  under  the  administration  of  State  Treasurer 
Henry  Wulff.  In  1898  he  was  elected  State 
Treasurer,  receiving  a  plurality  of  43,450  over 
his  Democratic  opponent. 

WICKERSHAM,  (Col.)  Dudley,  soldier  and 
merchant,  was  bom  in  Woodford  County,  Ky., 
Nov.  22,  1819;  came  to  Springfield,  111.,  in  1843. 
and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Fourth  Regiment 
Illinois  Volunteers  (Col.  E.  D.  Baker's)  through 
the  Mexican  War.  On  the  return  of  peace  he 
engaged  in  the  dry-goods  trade  in  Springfield, 
until  1861,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  Tenth  Regi- 
ment Illinois  Cavalry,  serving,  first  as  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  and  then  as  Colonel,  until  May,  1864. 
when,  his  regiment  having  been  consolidated 
with  the  Fifteenth  Cavalry,  he  resigned.  After 
the  war,  he  held  the  office  of  Assessor  of  Internal 
Revenue  for  several  years,  after  which  he  en- 
gaged in  the  grocery  trade.  Died,  in  Springfield, 
August  8,  1898. 

WIDEN,  Raphael,  pioneer  and  early  legislator, 
was  a  native  of  Sweden,  who,  having  been  taken 
to  France  at  eight  years  of  age,  was  educated  for 
a  Catholic  priest.  Coming  to  the  United  States 
in  1815,  he  was  at  Cahokia,  IIL,  in  1818,  where, 
during  the  same  year,  he  married  into  a  French 
family  of  that  place.  He  served  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  Randolph  County,  in  the 
Second  and  Third  General  Assemblies  (1820  24), 
and  as  Senator  in  the  Fourth  and  Fifth  (1824-28). 
During  his  last  term  in  the  House,  he  was  one  of 
those  who  voted  against  the  pro-slavery  Con- 
vention resolution.  He  died  of  cholera,  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  in  1833. 

WIEE,  Scott,  lawyer  and  ex-Congressman,  was 
born  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  April  6,  1834;  at  4  years 
of  age  removed  with  his  parents  to  Quincy,  III , 


688 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


and,  in  1844,  to  Pike  County.  Having  graduated 
from  Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  in  1857,  he 
began  reading  law  with  Judge  O.  C.  Skinner  of 
Quincy.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858, 
but,  before  commencing  practice,  spent  a  year  at 
Harvard  Law  School,  graduating  there  in  1859. 
Immediately  thereafter  he  opened  an  office  at 
Pittsfield,  111.,  and  has  resided  there  ever  since. 
In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  strong  Democrat. 
He  served  two  terms  in  the  Legislature  (1863-67) 
and,  in  1874,  was  chosen  Representative  from  his 
District  in  Congress,  being  re-elected  in  1888  and, 
again,  in  1890.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Cleveland  Third  Assistant  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  which  position  he  continued 
to  fill  until  March,  1897,  when  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  at  Pittsfield.  Died  Jan.  15,  1901. 
WILEY,  (Col.)  Benjamin  Ladd,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Smithneld,  Jefferson  County,  Ohio, 
March  25,  1821,  came  to  Illinois  in  1845  and  began 
life  at  Vienna,  Johnson  County,  as  a  teacher. 
In  1846  he  enlisted  for  the  Mexican  War,  as  a 
member  of  the  Fifth  (Colonel  Newby's)  Regiment 
Illinois  Volunteers,  serving  chiefly  in  New 
Mexico  until  mustered  out  in  1848.  A  year  later 
he  removed  to  Jonesboro,  where  he  spent  some 
time  at  the  carpenter's  trade,  after  which  he 
became  clerk  in  a  store,  meanwhile  assisting  to 
edit  "The  Jonesboro  Gazette"  until  1853;  then 
became  traveling  salesman  for  a  St.  Louis  firm, 
but  later  engaged  in  the  hardware  trade  at 
Jonesboro,  in  which  he  continued  for  several 
years.  In  1856  he  was  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Congress  for  the  Ninth  District,  receiving 
4,000  votes,  while  Fremont,  the  Republican  can- 
didate for  President,  received  only  825  in  the 
same  district.  In  1857  he  opened  a  real  estate 
office  in  Jonesboro  in  conjunction  with  David  L. 
Phillips  and  Col.  J.  W.  Ashley,  with  which  he 
was  connected  until  1860,  when  he  removed  to 
Makanda,  Jackson  County.  In  September,  1861, 
he  was  mustered  in  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
Fifth  Illinois  Cavalry,  later  serving  in  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  under  Generals  Steele  and  Curtis-,, 
being,  a  part  of  the  time,  in  command  of  the  First 
Brigade  of  Cavalry,  and.  in  the  advance  on  Vicks- 
burg,  having  command  of  the  right  wing  of 
General  Grant's  cavalry.  Being  disabled  by 
rheumatism  at  the  end  of  the  siege,  he  tendered 
his  resignation,  and  was  immediately  appointed 
Enrolling  Officer  at  Cairo,  serving  in  this  capac- 
ity until  May,  1865,  when  he  was  mustered  out. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Palmer 
one  of  the  Commissioners  to  locate  the  Southern 
Illinois  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  served  as 


Secretary  of  the  Board  until  the  institution  was 
opened  at  Anna,  in  May,  1871.  In  1869  he  was 
defeated  as  a  candidate  for  County  Judge  of 
Jackson  County,  and,  in  1872,  for  the  State  Sen- 
ate, by  a  small  majority  in  a  strongly  Democratic 
District;  in  1876  was  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Congress,  in  the  Eighteenth  District,  against 
William  Hartzell,  but  was  defeated  by  only 
twenty  votes,  while  carrying  six  out  of  the  ten 
counties  comprising  the  District.  In  the  latter 
years  of  his  life,  Colonel  Wiley  was  engaged  quite 
extensively  in  fruit-growing  at  Makanda,  Jack- 
son County,  where  he  died,  March  22,  1890. 

WILKIE,  Franc  Bangs,  journalist,  was  born 
in  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1830;  took  a 
partial  course  at  Union  College,  after  which  he 
edited  papers  at  Scbenectady,  N.  Y.,  Elgin,  111., 
and  Davenport  and  Dubuque,  Iowa;  also  serving, 
during  a  part  of  the  Civil  War,  as  the  western 
war  correspondent  of  "The  New  York  Times.'' 
In  1863  he  became  an  editorial  writer  on  "The 
Chicago  Times,"  remaining  with  that  paper, 
with  the  exception  of  a  brief  interval,  until  1888 
— a  part  of  the  time  as  its  European  correspond- 
ent. He  was  the  author  of  a  series  of  sketches 
over  the  nom  de  plume  of  "Poliuto,"  and  of  a 
volume  of  reminiscences  under  the  title. 
"Thirty-five  Years  of  Journalism,"  published 
shortly  before  his  death,  which  took  place,  April 
13,  1892. 

WILKIN,  Jacob  W.,  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  June 
7,  1837;  removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois,  at 
12  years  of  age,  and  was  educated  at  McKendree 
College ;  served  three  years  in  the  War  for  the 
Union;  studied  law  with  Judge  Scholfield  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866.  In  1872,  he  was 
chosen  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  and,  in  1879,  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  and  re-elected  in  1885 — the  latter  year 
being  assigned  to  the  Appellate  bench  for  the 
Fourth  District,  where  he  remained  until  his 
election  to  the  Supreme  bench  in  1888,  being 
re-elected  to  the  latter  office  in  1897.  His  home 
is  at  Danville. 

WILKINSON,  Ira  0.,  lawyer  and  Judge,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1822,  and  accompanied  his 
father  to  Jacksonville  (1835),  where  he  was  edu- 
cated. During  a  short  sen-ice  as  Deputy  Clerk  of 
Morgan  County,  he  conceived  a  fondness  for  the 
profession  of  the  law,  and,  after  a  course  of  study 
under  Judge  William  Thomas,  was  admitted  to 
practice  in  1847.  Richard  Yates  (afterwards  Gov- 
ernor and  Senator)  was  his  first  partner.  In  1845 
he  removed  to  Rock  Island,  and,  six  years  later, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


589 


was  elected  a  Circuit  Judge,  being  again  closen 
to  the  same  position  in  1861.  At  the  expiration 
of  his  second  term  he  removed  to  Chicago. 
Died,  at  Jacksonville,  August  24,  1894. 

WILKINSON,  John  P.,  early  merchant,  was 
born,  Dec.  14,  1790,  in  New  Kent  County,  Va., 
emigrated  first  to  Kentucky,  and,  in  1838,  settled 
in  Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile business.  Mr.  Wilkinson  was  a  liberal 
friend  of  Illinois  College  and  Jacksonville  Female 
Academy,  of  each  of  which  he  was  a  Trustee 
from  their  origin  until  his  death,  which  occurred, 
during  a  business  visit  to  St.  Louis,  in  December, 
1841. 

WILL,  Conrad,  pioneer  physician  and  early 
legislator,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  June  4,  1778 ; 
about  1804  removed  to  Somerset  County  Pa.,  and, 
in  1813,  to  Kaskaskia,  111.  He  was  a  physician 
by  profession,  but  having  leased  the  saline  lands 
on  the  Big  Muddy,  in  the  vicinity  of  what  after- 
wards became  the  town  of  Brownsville,  he 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  removing 
thither  in  1815,  and  becoming  one  of  the  founders 
of  Brownsville,  afterwards  the  first  county-seat 
of  Jackson  County.  On  the  organization  of 
Jackson  County,  in  1816,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  first  Board  of  County  Commissioners,  and,  in 
1818,  served  as  Delegate  from  that  county  in  the 
Convention  which  framed  the  first  State  Consti- 
tution. Thereafter  he  served  continuously  as  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  from  1818  to  '34 — first 
as  Senator  in  the  First  General  Assembly,  then 
as  Representative  in  the  Second,  Third,  Fourth 
and  Fifth,  and  again  as  Senator  in  the  Sixth, 
Seventh,  Eighth  and  Ninth — his  career  being 
conspicuous  for  long  service.  He  died  in  office, 
June  11,  1834.  Dr.  Will  was  short  of  stature, 
fleshy,  of  jovial  disposition  and  fond  of  playing 
practical  jokes  upon  his  associates,  but  very 
popular,  as  shown  by  his  successive  elections  to 
the  Legislature.  He  has  been  called  "The  Father 
of  Jackson  County."  Will  County,  organized  by 
act  of  the  Legislature  two  years  after  his  death, 
was  named  in  his  honor. 

WILL  COUNTY,  a  northeastern  county,  em- 
bracing 850  square  miles,  named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Conrad  Will,  an  early  politician  and  legislator. 
Early  explorations  of  the  territory  were  made 
in  1829,  when  white  settlers  were  few.  The  bluff 
west  of  Joliet  is  said  to  have  been  first  occupied 
by  David  and  Benjamin  Maggard.  Joseph 
Smith,  the  Mormon  "apostle,"  expounded  his 
peculiar  doctrines  at  "the  Point"  in  1831.  Sev- 
eral of  the  early  settlers  fled  from  the  country 
•  during  (or  after)  a  raid  by  the  Sac  Indians. 


There  is  a  legend,  seemingly  well  supported,  to 
the  effect  that  the  first  lumber,  sawed  to  build 
the  first  frame  house  in  Chicago  (that  of  P.  F.  W. 
Peck),  was  sawed  at  Plainfield.  Will  County, 
originally  a  part  of  Cook,  was  separately  erected 
in  1836,  Joliet  being  made  the  county-seat 
Agriculture,  quarrying  and  manufacturing  are 
the  chief  industries.  Joliet,  Lockport  and  Wil- 
mington are  the  principal  towns.  Population 
(1880),  53,422;  (1890),  62,007;  (1900),  74,764. 

WILLABD,  Frances  Elizabeth,  teacher  and 
reformer,  was  born  at  Churchville,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
28,  1839,  graduated  from  the  Northwesters 
Female  College  at  Evanston,  111.,  in  1859,  and,  in 
1862,  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  that  institution.  During  1866-67  she 
was  the  Principal  of  the  Genessee  Wesleyan 
Seminary.  The  next  two  years  she  devoted  to 
travel  and  study  abroad,  meanwhile  contribut- 
ing to  various  periodicals.  From  1871  to  1874  ah* 
was  Professor  of  Esthetics  in  the  Northwester* 
University  and  dean  of  the  Woman's  College. 
She  was  always  an  enthusiastic  champion  of 
temperance,  and,  in  1874,  abandoned  her  profes- 
sion to  identify  herself  with  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union.  For  five  years  she  was 
Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  national  body, 
and,  from  1879,  its  President.  While  Secretary 
she  organized  the  Home  Protective  Association, 
and  prepared  a  petition  to  the  Illinois  Legislature, 
to  which  nearly  200,000  names  were  attached, 
asking  for  the  granting  to  women  of  the  right  to 
vote  on  the  license  question.  In  1878  she  suc- 
ceeded her  brother,  Oliver  A.  Willard  (who  had 
died),  as  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Post," 
but,  a  few  months  later,  withdrew,  and,  in  1882, 
was  elected  as  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  National  Prohibition  party.  IB 
1886  she  became  leader  of  the  White  Cross  Move- 
ment for  the  protection  of  women,  and  succeeded 
in  securing  favorable  legislation,  in  this  direc- 
tion, in  twelve  States.  In  1883  she  founded  the 
World's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  and,  in 
1888,  was  chosen  its  President,  as  also  President 
of  the  International  Council  of  Women.  The 
latter  years  of  her  life  were  spent  chiefly  abroad, 
much  of  the  time  as  the  guest  and  co-worker  of 
Lady  Henry  Somerset,  of  England,  during  which 
she  devoted  much  attention  to  investigating  the 
condition  of  women  in  the  Orient.  Miss  Willard 
was  a  prolific  and  highly  valued  contributor  to 
the  magazines,  and  (besides  numerous  pamphlets) 
published  several  volumes,  including  "Nineteen 
Beautiful  Years"  (a  tribute  to  her  sister): 
"Woman  in  Temperance";  "How  to  Win,"  "™* 


690 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


"Woman  in  the  Pulpit."    Died,  in  New  York, 
Feb.  18,  1898. 

WILLARD,  Sanmel,  A.M.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  phy- 
sician and  educator,  was  born  in  Lunenberg, 
Vt.(  Dec.  30,  1821— the  lineal  descendant  of  Maj. 
Simon  Willard,  one  of  the  founders  of  Concord, 
Mass.,  and  prominent  in  "King  Philip's  War." 
and  of  his  son,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Willard,  of  the 
Old  South  Church,  Boston,  and  seventh  President 
of  Harvard  College.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  taken  in  his  infancy  to  Boston,  and,  in  1831, 
to  Car  roll  t..n,  111.,  where  his  father  pursued  the 
avocation  of  a  druggist.  After  a  preparatory 
course  at  Shurtleff  College,  Upper  Alton,  in  1838 
he  entered  the  freshman  class  in  Illinois  College 
at  Jacksonville,  but  withdrew  the  following  year, 
re-entering  college  in  1840  and  graduating  in  the 
class  of  1843,  as  a  classmate  of  Dr.  Newton  Bate- 
man,  afterwards  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  and  President  of  Knoz  College,  and 
Rev.  Thomas  K.  Beecher,  now  of  Elmira,  N.  Y. 
The  next  year  he  spent  as  Tutor  in  Illinois  Col- 
lege, when  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  at 
Quincy,  graduating  from  the  Medical  Department 
of  Illinois  College  in  1848.  During  a  part  of  the 
latter  year  he  edited  a  Free-Soil  campaign  paper 
("The  Tribune")  at  Quincy,  and,  later,  "The 
Western  Temperance  Magazine"  at  the  same 
place.  In  1849  he  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  St.  Louis,  but  the  next  year  removed 
toCollinsville,  III,  remaining  until  1857,  when  he 
took  charge  of  the  Department  of  Languages  in 
the  newly  organized  State  Normal  University  at 
Normal.  The  second  year  of  the  Civil  War  (1862) 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Ninety -seventh 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  soon  after 
commissioned  as  Surgeon  with  the  rank  of  Major, 
participating  in  the  campaigns  in  Tennessee  and 
in  the  first  attack  upon  Vicksburg.  Being  dis- 
abled by  an  attack  of  paralysis,  in  February,  1863, 
he  was  compelled  to  resign,  when  he  had  suffici- 
ently recovered  accepting  a  position  in  the  office 
of  Provost  Marshal  General  Oakes,  at  Spring- 
field, where  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  then  became  Grand  Secretary  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd-Fellows  for  the  State 
of  Illinois — a  position  which  he  had  held  from 
1856  to  1862— remaining  under  his  second  appoint- 
ment from  1865  to  '69.  The  next  year  he  served 
as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Springfield, 
meanwhile  assisting  in  founding  the  Springfield 
public  library,  and  serving  as  its  first  librarian. 
In  1870  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  History 
in  the  West  Side  High  School  of  Chicago, 
which,  with  the  exception  of  two  years  (1884-86), 


he  continued  to  occupy  for  more  than  twenty- 
five  years,  retiring  in  1898.  In  the  meantime, 
Dr.  Willard  has  been  a  laborious  literary  worker, 
having  been,  for  a  considerable  period,  editor,  or 
assistant-editor,  of  "The  Illinois  Teacher,"  a  con- 
tributor to  "The  Century  Magazine"  and  "The 
Dial"  of  Chicago,  besides  having  published  a 
"Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Odd  Fellowship"  in  six- 
teen volumes,  begun  while  he  was  Grand  Secre- 
tary of  the  Order  in  1864,  and  continued  in  1872 
and  '82;  a  "Synopsis  of  History  and  Historical 
Chart,"  covering  the  period  from  B.  C.  800 
to  A.  D.  1876 — of  which  he  has  had  a  second 
edition  in  course  of  preparation.  Of  late  years 
he  has  been  engaged  upon  a  "Historical  Diction- 
ary of  Names  and  Places,"  which  will  include 
some  12,000  topics,  and  which  promises  to  be  the 
most  important  work  of  his  life.  Previous  to  the 
war  he  was  an  avowed  Abolitionist  and  operator 
on  the  "Underground  Railroad,"  who  made  no 
concealment  of  his  opinions,  and,  on  one  or  two 
occasions,  was  called  to  answer  for  them  in 
prosecutions  under  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Act." 
(See  "Underground  Railroad.")  His  friend 
and  classmate,  the  late  Dr.  Bateman,  says  of 
him:  "Dr.  Willard  is  a  sound  thinker;  a  clear 
and  forcible  writer;  of  broad  and  accurate 
scholarship;  conscientious,  genial  and  kindly, 
and  a  most  estimable  gentleman." 

WILLIAMS,  Archibald,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Ky.,  June  10, 
1801;  with  moderate  advantages  but  natural 
fondness  for  study,  he  chose  the  profession  of 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Tennessee 
in  1828,  coming  to  Quincy,  111.,  the  following 
year.  He  was  elected  to  the  General  Assembly 
three  times — serving  in  the  Senate  in  1832-36,  and 
in  the  House,  1836-40 ;  was  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  the  Southern  District  of  Illinois,  by 
appointment  of  President  Taylor,  1849-53;  wan 
twice  the  candidate  of  his  party  (the  Whig)  for 
United  States  Senator,  and  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  in  1861,  United  States  District 
Judge  for  the  State  of  Kansas.  His  abilities  and 
high  character  were  widely  recognized.  Died, 
in  Quincy,  Sept.  21,  1863— His  son,  John  II.,  an 
attorney  at  Quincy,  served  as  Judge  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  1879-85. — Another  son,  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, was  twice  elected  Attorney -General  of 
Kansas. 

WILLIAMS,  Erastns  Smith,  lawyer  and  ju- 
rist, was  bom  at  Salem,  N.  Y.,  May  22,  1821.  In 
1842  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where,  after  reading 
law,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844.  In  1854 
he  was  appointed  Master  in  Chancery,  which 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


591 


office  he  filled  until  1863,  when  he  was  elected  a 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County. 
After  re-election  in  1870  he  became  Chief  Justice, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  heard  most  of  the  cases  on 
the  equity  side  of  the  court.  In  1879  he  was  a 
candidate  for  re-election  as  a  Republican,  but 
was  defeated  with  the  party  ticket.  After  his 
retirement  from  the  bench  he  resumed  private 
practice.  Died,  Feb.  24,  1884. 

WILLIAMS,  James  R.,  Congressman,  was 
born  in  White  County,  111.,  Dec.  27,  1850,  at  the 
age  of  25  graduated  from  the  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity, at  Bloomington,  and,  in  1876,  from  the 
Union  College  of  Law.  Chicago,  since  then  being 
an  active  and  successful  practitioner  at  Canni. 
In  1880  he  was  appointed  Master  in  Chancery  and 
served  two  years.  From  1882  to  1886  he  was 
County  Judge.  In  1892  he  was  a  nominee  on 
the  Democratic  ticket  for  Presidential  Elector. 
He  was  elected  to  represent  the  Nineteenth  Illi- 
nois District  in  the  Fifty-first  Congress  at  a 
special  election  held  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned 
by  the  death  of  R.  W.  Townshend,  was  re-elected 
in  1890  and  1892,  but  defeated  by  Orlando  Burrell 
(Republican)  for  re-election  in  the  newly  organ- 
ized Twentieth  District  in  1894.  In  1898  he  was 
again  a  candidate  and  elected  to  the  Fifty -sixth 
Congress. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  pioneer  merchant,  was 
born  in  Bath  County,  Ky.,  Sept.  11,  1808;  be- 
tween 14  and  16  years  of  age  was  clerk  in  a  store 
in  his  native  State;  then,  joining  his  parents, 
who  had  settled  on  a  tract  of  land  in  a  part  of 
Sangamon  (now  Menard)  County,  111.,  he  found 
employment  as  clerk  in  the  store  of  Major  Elijah 
lies,  at  Springfield,  whom  he  succeeded  in  busi- 
ness at  the  age  of  22,  continuing  it  without  inter- 
ruption until  1880.  In  1856  Mr.  Williams  was 
the  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
Springfield  District,  and,  in  1861,  was  appointed 
Commissary-General  for  the  State,  rendering 
valuable  service  in  furnishing  supplies  for  State 
troops,  in  camps  of  instruction  and  while  proceed- 
ing to  the  field,  in  the  first  years  of  the  war ;  was 
also  chief  officer  of  the  Illinois  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion for  two  years,  and,  as  one  of  the  intimate 
persona)  friends  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  was  chosen  to 
accompany  the  remains  of  the  martyred  President, 
from  Washington  to  Springfield,  for  burial. 
Liberal,  enterprising  and  public-spirited,  his  name 
was  associated  with  nearly  every  public  enter- 
prise of  importance  in  Springfield  during  his 
business  career — being  one  of  the  founders,  and, 
for  eleven  years  President,  of  the  First  National 
Bank;  a  chief  promoter  in  the  construction  of 


what  is  now  the  Springfield  Division  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad,  and  the  Springfield  and 
Peoria  line;  a  Director  of  the  Springfield  Iron 
Company;  one  of  the  Commissioners  who  con- 
structed the  Springfield  water-works,  and  an 
officer  of  the  Lincoln  Monument  Association, 
from  18C5  to  his  death,  May  29,  1890. 

WILLIAMS,  Norman,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  Feb.  1,  1833,  being  related,  on 
both  the  paternal  and  maternal  sides,  to  some  of 
the  most  prominent  families  of  New  England. 
He  fitted  for  college  at  Union  Academy,  Meriden, 
and  graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont 
in  the  class  of  1855.  After  taking  a  course  in 
the  Albany  Law  School  and  with  a  law  firm  in 
his  native  town,  he  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
both  New  York  and  Vermont,  removed  to  Chi- 
cago in  1858,  and,  in  1860,  became  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  King,  Kales  &  Williams,  still  later 
forming  a  partnership  with  Gen.  John  L.  Thomp- 
son, which  ended  with  the  death  of  the  latter  in 
1888.  In  a  professional  capacity  he  assisted  in 
the  organization  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Com- 
pany, and  was  a  member  of  its  Board  of  Directors ; 
also  assisted  in  organizing  the  Western  Electric 
Company,  and  was  prominently  identified  with 
the  Chicago  Telephone  Company  and  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company.  In  1881  he  served  as 
the  United  States  Commissioner  to  the  Electrical 
Exposition  at  Paris.  In  conjunction  with  his 
brother  (Edward  H.  Williams)  he  assisted  in 
founding  the  public  library  at  Woodstock,  Vt, 
which,  in  honor  of  his  father,  received  the  name 
of  "The  Norman  Williams  Public  Library.'' 
With  Col.  Huntington  W.  Jackson  and  J.  Mc- 
Gregor Adams,  Mr.  Williams  was  named,  in  the 
will  of  the  late  John  Crerar,  as  an  executor  of  the 
Crerar  estate  and  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Crerar  Public  Library,  and  became  its  first  Presi- 
dent; was  also  a  Director  of  the  Chicago  Pub- 
lic Library,  and  trustee  of  a  number  of  large 
estates.  Mr.  Williams  was  a  son-in-law  of  the 
late  Judge  John  D.  Caton,  and  his  oldest  daughter 
became  the  wife  of  Major-General  Wesley  Mer- 
ritt,  a  few  months  before  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred at  Hampton  Beach,  X.  H.,  June  19,  1899 
— his  remains  being  interred  in  his  native  town 
of  Woodstock,  Vt. 

WILLIAMS,  Robert  Ebenezer,  lawyer,  born 
Dec.  3,  1825,  at  Clarksville,  Pa.,  his  grandfathers 
on  both  sides  being  soldiers  of  the  Revolutionary 
War.  In  1830  his  parents  removed  to  Washing- 
ton in  the  same  State,  where  in  boyhood  he 
worked  as  a  mechanic  in  his  father's  shop, 
attending  a  common  school  in  the  winter  until 


693 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


he  reached  the  age  of  17  years,  when  he  entered 
Washington  College,  remaining  for  more  than  a 
year.  He  then  began  teaching,  and,  in  1845 
went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  pursued  the  business 
of  a  teacher  for  four  years.  Then  he  entered 
Bethany  College  in  West  Virginia,  at  the  same 
time  prosecuting  his  law  studies,  but  left  at  the 
close  of  his  junior  year,  when,  having  been 
licensed  to  practice,  he  removed  to  Clinton, 
Texas.  Here  he  accepted,  from  a  retired  lawyer, 
the  loan  of  a  law  library,  which  he  afterwards 
purchased ;  served  for  two  years  as  State's  Attor- 
ney, and,  in  1856,  came  to  Bloomington,  111., 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  Much  of  his  time  was 
devoted  to  practice  as  a  railroad  attorney,  espe- 
cially in  connection  with  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroads,  in  which  he 
acquired  prominence  and  wealth.  He  was  a  life- 
long Democrat  and,  in  1868,  was  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  his  party  for  Attorney-General  of 
the  State.  The  last  three  years  of  his  life  he  had 
been  in  bad  health,  dying  at  Bloomington,  Feb. 
15.  1899. 

WILLIAMS.  Samuel,  Bank  President,  was  born 
in  Adams  County,  Ohio,  July  11,  1820;  came  to 
Winnebago  County,  111.,  in  1835,  and,  in  1842. 
removed  to  Iroquois  County,  where  he  held  vari- 
ous local  offices,  including  that  of  County  Judge, 
to  which  he  was  elected  in  1861.  During  his 
later  years  he  had  been  President  of  the  Watseka 
Citizens'  Bank.  Died,  June  16,  1896. 

WILLIAMSON,  Rollln  Samuel,  legislator  and 
jurist,  was  born  at  Cornwall,  Vt.,  May  23,  1839. 
At  the  age  of  14  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he 
began  life  as  a  telegraph  messenger  boy.  In 
two  years  he  had  become  a  skillful  operator,  and, 
as  such,  was  employed  in  various  offices  in  New 
England  and  New  York.  In  1857  he  came  to 
Chicago  seeking  employment  and,  through  the 
fortunate  correction  of  an  error  on  the  part  of 
the  receiver  of  a  message,  secured  the  position  of 
operator  and  station  agent  at  Palatine,  Cook 
County.  Here  he  read  law  during  his  leisure 
time  without  a  preceptor,  and,  in  1870,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  The  same  year  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  House  of  the  General 
Assembly  and,  in  1872,  to  the  Senate.  In  1880  he 
waa  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Cook  County,  and,  in  1887,  was  chosen  a  Judge 
of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court.  Died,  Au- 
gust 10,  1889. 

WILLIAMSON  COUNTY,  in  the  southern'part 
of  the  State,  originally  set  off  from  Franklin  and 
organized  in  1839.  The  county  is  well  watered, 


the  principal  streams  being  the  Big  Muddy  and 
the  South  Fork  of  the  Saline.  The  surface  is 
undulating  and  the  soil  fertile.  The  region  was 
originally  well  covered  with  forests.  All  the 
cereals  (as  well  as  potatoes)  are  cultivated,  and 
rich  meadows  encourage  stock-raising.  Coal  and 
sandstone  underlie  the  entire  county.  Area,  440 
square  miles;  population  (1880),  19,324:  (1890) 
22,226;  (1900),  27,796. 

WILLIAMSTILLE,  village  of  Sangamon  Coun- 
ty, on  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  12  miles  north 
of  Springfield;  has  a  bank,  elevator.  3  churches, 
a  newspaper  and  coal-mines.  Pop.  (1900),  573. 

WILLIS,  Jonathan  Clay,  soldier  and  former 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commissioner,  was  born 
in  Sumner  County,  Tenn. ,  June  27,  1826;  brought 
to  c ;il lut in  County,  111.,  in  1834,  and  settled  at 
Golconda  in  1843;  was  elected  Sheriff  of  Pops 
County  in  1856,  removed  to  Metropolis  in  1859, 
and  engaged  in  the  wharf -boat  and  commission 
business.  He  entered  the  service  as  Quarter- 
master of  the  Forty-eighth  Illinois  Volunteers  in 
1861,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  on  account  of 
injuries,  in  1863;  was  elected  Representative  ir 
the  Twenty-sixth  General  Assembly  (1868). 
appointed  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  in  1869, 
and  Railway  and  Warehouse  Commissioner  in 
1892,  as  the  successor  of  John  R.  Tanner,  serving 
until  1893. 

WILMETTE,  a  village  in  Cook  County,  14  miles 
north  of  Chicago,  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroad ,  a  handsome  suburb  of  Chicago  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan ;  principal  streets  paved 
and  shaded  with  fine  forest  trees;  has  public 
library  and  good  schools.  Pop.  (1900),  2,300. 

WILMINGTON,  a  city  of  Will  County,  on  the 
Kankakee  River  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
road, 53  miles  from  Chicago  and  15  south-south- 
west of  Joliet;  has  considerable  manufactures, 
two  National  banks,  a  graded  school,  churches 
and  one  newspaper.  Wilmington  is  the  location 
of  the  Illinois  Soldiers'  Widows'  Home.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,576;  (1900),  1,430. 

WILSON,  Charles  Lush,  journalist,  was  bom 
in  Fairfield  County,  Conn.,  Oct.  10,  1818,  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  at  an  academy 
in  his  native  State,  and,  in  1835,  removed  to  Chi- 
cago, entering  the  employment  of  his  older 
brothers,  who  were  connected  with  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  at  Joliet. 
His  brother,  Richard  L.,  having  assumed  charge 
of  "The  Chicago  Daily  Journal"  (the  successor 
of  "The  Chicago  American"),  in',1844,  Charles  L. 
took  a  position  in  the  office,  ultimately  securing 
a 'partnership,  which  continued  until  the  death 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  his  brother  in  1856,  when  he  succeeded  to  the 
ownership  of  the  paper.  Mr.  Wilson  was  an 
ardent  friend  and  supporter  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
for  the  United  States  Senate  in  1858,  but,  in  1860, 
favored  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Seward  for  the 
Presidency,  though  earnestly  supporting  Mr.  Lin- 
coln after  his  nomination.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  American  Legation  at 
London,  serving  with  the  late  Minister  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  until  1864,  when  he  resigned  and 
resumed  his  connection  with  "The  Journal."  In 
1875  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  three  years 
later,  having  gone  to  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  in  the 
hope  of  receiving  benefit  from  a  change  of  cli- 
mate, he  died  in  that  city,  March  9,  1878. — 
Richard  Lnsh  (Wilson),  an  older  brother  of  the 
preceding,  the  first  editor  and  publisher  of  "The 
Chicago  Evening  Journal,"  the  oldest  paper  of 
consecutive  publication  in  Chicago,  was  a  native 
of  New  York.  Coming  to  Chicago  with  his 
brother  John  L. ,  in  1834,  they  soon  after  estab- 
lished themselves  in  business  on  the  Illinois  & 
Michigan  Canal,  then  in  course  of  construction. 
In  1844  he  took  charge  of  "The  Chicago  Daily 
Journal"  for  a  publishing  committee  which  had 
purchased  the  material  of  "The  Chicago  Ameri- 
can," but  soon  after  became  principal  proprietor. 
In  April,  1847,  while  firing  a  salute  in  honor  of 
the  victory  of  Buena  Vista,  he  lost  an  arm  and 
was  otherwise  injured  by  the  explosion  of  the  can- 
non. Early  in  1849,  he  was  appointed,  by  Presi- 
dent Taylor,  Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Chicago, 
but,  having  failed  of  confirmation,  was  compelled 
to  retire  in  favor  of  a  successor  appointed  by 
Millard  Fillmore,  eleven  months  later.  Mr. 
Wilson  published  a  little  volume  in  1842  entitled 
"A  Trip  to  Santa  Fe,"  and,  a  few  years  later, 
a  story  of  travel  under  the  title,  "Short  Ravel- 
lings  from  a  Long  Yarn."  Died,  December,  1856. 
— John  Lush  (Wilson),  another  brother,  also  a 
native  of  New  York,  came  to  Illinois  in  1834,  was 
afterwards  associated  with  his  brothers  in  busi- 
ness, being  for  a  time  business  manager  of  "The 
Chicago  Journal;"  also  served  one  term  as  Sher- 
iff of  Cook  County.  Died,  in  Chicago,  April  13, 
1888. 

WILSON,  Isaac  Grant,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Middlebury,  N.  Y.,  April  26,  1817,  graduated 
from  Brown  University  in  1838,  and  the  same 
year  came  to  Chicago,  whither  his  father's 
family  had  preceded  him  in  1835.  After  reading 
law  for  two  years,  he  entered  the  senior  class  at 
Cambridge  (Mass.)  Law  School,  graduating  in 
1841.  In  August  of  that  year  he  opened  an 
office  at  Elgin,  and.  for  ten  years  "rode  the  cir- 


cuit." In  1851  he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of 
the  Thirteenth  Judicial  Circuit  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
and  re-elected  for  a  full  terra  in  1855,  and  again 
in  '61.  In  November  of  the  latter  year  he  was 
commissioned  the  first  Colonel  of  the  Fifty- 
second  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  resigned, 
a  few  weeks  later,  and  resumed  his  place  upon 
the  bench.  From  1867  to  1879  he  devoted  him- 
self to  private  practice,  which  was  largely  in 
the  Federal  Courts.  In  1879  he  resumed  his  seat 
upon  the  bench  (this  time  for  the  Twelfth  Cir- 
cuit), and  was  at  once  designated  as  one  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Appellate  Court  at  Chicago,  of 
which  tribunal  he  became  Chief  Justice  in  1881. 
In  1885  he  was  re-elected  Circuit  Judge,  but  died, 
about  the  close  of  his  term,  at  Geneva,  June  8. 
1891. 

WILSON,  James  (jrant,  soldier  and  author, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  April  28,  1832, 
and,  when  only  a  year  old,  was  brought  by  his 
father,  William  Wilson,  to  America.  The  family 
settled  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  where  Jarnes 
Grant  was  educated  at  College  Hill  and  under 
private  teachers.  After  finishing  his  studies  he 
became  his  father's  partner  in  business,  but,  in 
1855,  went  abroad,  and,  shortly  after  his  return, 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  founded  the  first 
literary  paper  established  in  the  Northwest.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  disposed  of  his 
journal  to  enlist  in  the  Fifteenth  Illinois  Cavalry, 
of  which  he  was  commissioned  Major  and  after- 
wards promoted  to  the  colonelcy.  In  August. 
1863,  while  at  New  Orleans,  by  advice  of  General 
Grant,  he  accepted  a  commission  as  Colonel  of 
the  Fourth  Regiment  United  States  Colored 
Cavalry,  and  was  assigned,  as  Aid-de-camp,  to 
the  staff  of  the  Commander  of  the  Department  of 
the  Gulf,  filling  this  post  until  April,  1865. 
When  General  Banks  was  relieved,  Colonel  Wil- 
son was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  and  placed 
in  command  at  Port  Hudson,  resigning  in  July. 
1865,  since  which  time  his  home  has  been  in  New 
York.  He  is  best  known  as  an  author,  having 
published  numerous  addresses,  and  being  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  American  and  European 
magazines.  Among  larger  works  which  he  has 
written  or  edited  are  "Biographical  Sketches  of 
Illinois  Officers";  "Love  in  Letters";  "Life  of 
General  U.  S.  Grant";  "Life  and  Letters  of 
Fitz  Greene  Halleck";  "Poets  and  Poetry  of 
Scotland";  "Bryant  and  His  Friends",  and 
"Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography." 

WILSON,  James  Harrison,  soldier  and  mili- 
tary engineer,  was  bom  near  Shawneetown,  111. , 
Sept.  2.  1837.  His  grandfather.  Alexander  Wil- 


594 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


son,  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Illinois,  and 
his  father  (Harrison  Wilson)  was  an  ensign  dur- 
ing the  War  of  1812  and  a  Captain  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War.  His  brother  (Bluford  Wilson) 
served  as  Assistant  Adjutant-General  of  Volun- 
teers during  the  Civil  War,  and  as  Solicitor  of  the 
United  States  Treasury  during  the  "whisky  ring" 
prosecutions.  James  H.  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools,  at  McKendree  College,  and 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1860,  and 
being  assigned  to  the  Topographical  Engineer 
Corps.  In  September,  1861,  he  was  promoted  to 
a  First  Lieutenancy,  then  served  as  Chief  Topo- 
graphical Engineer  of  the  Port  Royal  expedition 
until  March,  1862;  was  afterwards  attached  to 
the  Department  of  the  South,  being  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  Fort  Pulaski;  was  Aid-de- 
camp to  McClellan,  and  participated  in  the  bat- 
tles of  South  Mountain  and  Antietum ;  was  made 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  Volunteers  in  November, 
1862;  was  Chief  Topographical  Engineer  and 
Inspector-General  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee 
until  October,  1863,  being  actively  engaged  in 
the  operations  around  Vicksburg;  was  made 
Captain  of  Engineers  in  May,  1863,  and  Brigadier- 
General  of  Volunteers,  Oct.  31,  following.  He 
also  conducted  operations  preliminary  to  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga  and  Missionary  Ridge,  and 
for  the  relief  of  Knoxville.  Later,  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  Third  Division  of  the  cavalry 
corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  serving  from 
May  to  August,  1864,  under  General  Sheridan. 
Subsequently  he  was  transferred  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Mississippi,  where  he  so  distinguished 
himself  that,  on  April  20,  1865,'  he  was  made 
Major-General  of  Volunteers.  In  twenty-eight 
days  he  captured  five  fortified  cities,  twenty- 
three  stands  of  colors.  288  guns  and  6,820  prison- 
ers— among  the  latter  being  Jefferson  Davis.  He 
was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service  in 
January,  1866,  and,  on  July  28,  following,  was 
commissioned  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Thirty- 
fifth  United  States  Infantry,  being  also  brevetted 
Major-General  in  the  regular  army.  On  Dec.  31, 
1870,  he  returned  to  civil  life,  and  was  afterwards 
largely  engaged  in  railroad  and  engineering  oper- 
ations, especially  in  West  Virginia.  Promptly 
after  the  declaration  of  war  with  Spain  (1898) 
General  Wilson  was  appointed,  by  the  President, 
Major-General  of  Volunteers,  serving  until  its 
close.  He  is  the  author  of  "China:  Travels  and 
Investigations  in  the  Middle  Kingdom" ;  "Life  of 
Andrew  J.  Alexander";  and  the  "Life  of  Gen. 
U.  8.  Grant,"  in  conjunction  with  Charles  A. 


Dana.  His  home,  in  recent  years,  has  been  in 
New  York. 

WILSON,  John  M.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1802,  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  College  in  1824 — the  classmate  of  Frank- 
lin Pierce  and  Nathaniel  Hawthorne;  studied  law 
in  New  Hampshire  and  came  to  Illinois  in  1835, 
locating  at  Joliet;  removed  to  Chicago  in  1841, 
where  he  was  the  partner  of  Norman  B.  Judd, 
serving,  at  different  periods,  as  attorney  of  the 
Chicago  &  Rock  Island,  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michi- 
gan Southern  and  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railways;  was  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Cook  County,  1853-59,  when  he  became 
Presiding  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Chicago, 
serving  until  1868.  Died,  Dec.  7,  1883. 

WILSON,  John  P.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  White- 
side  County,  111.,  July  3,  1844;  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Knox  College,  Galesburg. 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1865;  two  years 
later  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Chicago,  and 
speedily  attained  prominence  in  his  profession. 
During  the  World's  Fair  period  he  was  retained 
as  counsel  by  the  Committee  on  Grounds  and 
Buildings,  and  was  prominently  connected,  as 
counsel  for  the  city,  with  the  Lake  Front  litiga- 
tion. 

WILSON,  Robert  I ...  early  legislator,  was  born 
in  Washington  County,  Pa.,  Sept.  11,  1805,  taken 
to  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in  1810,  graduated  at  Frank- 
lin College  in  1831,  studied  law  and,  in  1833. 
removed  to  Athens  (now  in  Menard  County),  111. ; 
was  elected  Representative  in  1836,  and  was  one 
of  the  members  from  Sangamon  County,  known 
as  the  "Long  Nine,"  who  assisted  in  securing  the 
removal  of  the  State  Capital  to  Springfield.  Mr. 
Wilson  removed  to  Sterling,  Whiteside  County, 
in  1840,  was  elected  five  times  Circuit  Clerk  and 
served  eight  years  as  Probate  Judge.  Immedi- 
ately after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter,  he  enlisted  as 
private  in  a  battalion  in  Washington  City  under 
command  of  Cassias  M.  Clay,  for  guard  duty 
until  the  arrival  of  the  Seventh  New  York  Regi- 
ment. He  subsequently  assisted  in  raising 
troops  in  Illinois,  was  appointed  Paymaster  by 
Lincoln,  serving  at  Washington,  St.  Louis,  and, 
after  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  at  Springfield — being 
mustered  out  in  November,  1865.  Died,  in  White- 
side  County,  1880. 

WILSON,  Robert  S.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Mont  rose,  Susquehanna  County,  Pa.,  Nov. 
6,  1M-:  learned  the  printer's  art,  then  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Allegheny 
County,  about  1833;  in  1836  removed  to  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  where  he  served  as  Probate  Judge 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  State  Senator;  in  1850  came  to  Chicago,  was 
elected  Judge  of  the  Recorder's  Court  in  1853, 
and  re-elected  in  1858,  serving  ten  years,  and 
proving  "a  terror  to  evil-doers."  Died,  at  Law- 
rence, Mich.,  Dec.  23,  1882. 

WILSON,  William,  early  jurist,  was  born  in 
Loudoun  County,  Va.,  April  27,  1794;  studied  law 
with  Hon.  John  Cook,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
and  minister  to  France  in  the  early  part  of  the 
century ;  in  1817  removed  to  Kentucky,  soon  after 
came  to  Illinois,  two  years  later  locating  in  White 
County,  near  Carmi,  which  continued  to  be  his 
home  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1819 
he  was  appointed  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  as  successor  to  William  P. 
Foster,  who  is  described  by  Governor  Ford  as 
"a  great  rascal  and  no  lawyer,"  and  who  held 
office  only  about  nine  months.  Judge  Wilson 
was  re-elected  to  the  Supreme  bench,  as  Chief- 
Justice,  in  1825,  being  then  only  a  little  over  30 
years  old,  and  held  office  until  the  reorganization 
of  the  Supreme  Court  under  the  Constitution  of 
1843 — a  period  of  over  twenty-nine  years,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  Judge  Browne's,  the  long- 
est term  of  service  in  the  history  of  the  court. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  White  County,  April  29, 
1857.  A  Whig  in  early  life,  he  allied  himself 
with  the  Democratic  party  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  former.  Hon.  James  C.  Conkling,  of  Spring- 
field, says  of  him,  "as  a  writer,  his  style  was  clear 
and  distinct;  as  a  lawyer,  his  judgment  was 
sound  and  discriminating," 

WINCHESTER,  a  city  and  county-seat  of  Scott 
County,  founded  in  1839,  situated  on  Big  Sandy 
Creek  and  on  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
&  Quincy  Railroad,  29  miles  south  of  Beardstown 
and  84  miles  north  by  west  of  St.  Louis.  While 
the  surrounding  region  is  agricultural  and  largely 
devoted  to  wheat  growing,  there  is  some  coal 
mining.  Winchester  is  an  important  shipping- 
point,  having  three  grain  elevators,  two  flouring 
mills,  and  a  coal  mine  employing  fifty  miners. 
There  are  four  Protestant  and  one  Catholic 
church,  a  court  house,  a  high  school,  a  graded 
school  building,  two  banks  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1880),  1,626;  (1890),  1,542; 
(1900).  1,711. 

WINDSOR,  a.  city  of  Shelby  County  at  the  cross- 
ing of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St. 
Louis  and  the  Wabash  Railways,  11  miles  north- 
east of  Shelbyville.  Population  (1880),  768; 
(1890),  888;  (1900),  866. 

WINES,  Frederick  Howard,  clergyman  and 
sociologist,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April 
0,  1838,  graduated  at  Washington  (Pa. )  College 


in  1857,  and,  after  serving  as  tutor  there  for  a 
short  time,  entered  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
nary, but  was  compelled  temporarily  to  discon- 
tinue his  studies  on  account  of  a  weakness  of 
the  eyes.  The  Presbytery  of  St.  Louis  licensed 
him  to  preach  in  1860,  and,  in  1862,  he  was  com- 
missioned Hospital  Chaplain  in  the  Union  army. 
During  1862-64  he  was  stationed  at  Springfield. 
Mo.,  participating  in  the  battle  of  Springfield  on 
Jan.  8,  1863,  and  being  personally  mentioned  for 
bravery  on  the  field  in  the  official  report.  Re- 
entering  the  seminary  at  Princeton  in  1864,  he 
graduated  in  1865,  and  at  once  accepted  a  call  to 
the  pulpit  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Springfield,  111.,  which  he  filled  for  four  years. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  newly 
created  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Public  Chari- 
ties of  Illinois,  in  which  capacity  he  continued 
until  1893,  when  he  resigned  For  the  next  four 
years  he  was  chiefly  engaged  in  literary  work,  in 
lecturing  before  universities  on  topics  connected 
with  social  science,  in  aiding  in  the  organization 
of  charitable  work,  and  in  the  conduct  of  a 
thorough  investigation  into  the  relations  between 
liquor  legislation  and  crime.  At  an  early  period 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  organizing  the 
various  Boards  of  Public  Charities  of  the  United 
States  into  an  organization  known  as  the  National 
Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections,  and,  at 
the  Louisville  meeting  (1883),  was  elected  its 
President.  At  the  International  Penitentiary 
Congress  at  Stockholm  (1878)  he  was  the  official 
delegate  from  Illinois.  On  his  return,  as  a  result 
of  his  observations  while  abroad,  he  submitted 
to  the  Legislature  a  report  strongly  advocating 
the  construction  of  the  Kankakee  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  then  about  to  be  built,  upon  the 
"detached  ward"  or  "village"  plan,  a  departure 
from  then  existing  methods,  which  marks  an  era 
in  the  treatment  of  insane  in  the  United  States. 
Mr.  Wines  conducted  the  investigation  into  the 
condition  and  number  of  the  defective,  depend- 
ent and  delinquent  classes  throughout  the  coun- 
try, his  report  constituting  a  separate  volume 
under  the  "Tenth  Census,"  and  rendered  a  simi- 
lar service  in  connection  with  the  eleventh 
census  (1890).  In  1887  he  was  elected  Secretary 
of  the  National  Prison  Association,  succeeding  to 
the  post  formerly  held  by  his  father,  Enoch  Cobb 
Wines,  D.D.,  LL.D.  After  the  inauguration  of 
Governor  Tanner  in  1897,  he  resumed  his  former 
position  of  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Charities,  remaining  until  1899,  when  he  again 
tendered  his  resignation,  having  received  the 
appointment  to  the  position  of  Assistant  Director 


696 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  the  Twelfth  Census,  which  he  now  holds.  He 
is  the  author  of  "Crime  and  Reformation"  (1895); 
of  a  voluminous  series  of  reports;  also  of  numer- 
oun  pamphlets  and  brochures,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  "The  County  Jail  System;  An 
Argument  for  its  Abolition"  (1878) ;  "The  Kanka- 
kee  Hospital"  (1883);  "Provision  for  the  Insane 
in  the  United  States"  (1885);  "Conditional 
Liberation,  or  the  Paroling  of  Prisoners"  (1886), 
and  "American  Prisons  in  the  Tenth  Census" 
(1888). 

WINES,  Walter  B.,  lawyer  (brother  of  Freder- 
ick H.  Wines),  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct. 
10,  1848,  received  his  primary  education  at  Willis- 
ton  Academy,  East  Hamilton,  Mass. ,  after  which 
he  entered  Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  taking  a 
classical  course  and  graduating  there.  He  after- 
wards became  a  student  in  the  law  department 
of  Columbia  College,  N.  Y.,  graduating  in  1871, 
being  admitted  to  the  bar  the  same  year  and 
commencing  practice  in  New  York  City.  In  1879 
he  came  to  Springfield,  111. ,  and  was,  for  a  time, 
identified  with  the  bar  of  that  city.  Later,  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  has  been  engaged 
in  literary  and  journalistic  work. 

WINNEBAGO  COUNTY,  situated  in  the 
"northern  tier,"  bordering  on  the  Wisconsin 
State  line;  was  organized,  under  an  act  passed  in 
1836,  from  La  Salle  and  Jo  Daviess  Counties,  and 
has  an  area  of  553  square  miles.  The  county  is 
drained  by  the  Rock  and  Pecatonica  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  rolling  prairie  and  the  soil  fertile. 
The  geology  is  simple,  the  quaternary  deposits 
being  underlaid  by  the  Galena  blue  and  buff 
limestone,  adapted  for  building  purposes.  All 
the  cereals  are  raised  in  abundance,  the  chief 
product  being  corn.  The  Winnebago  Indians 
(who  gave  name  to  the  county)  formerly  lived 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Rock  River,  and  the  Potta- 
watomies  on  the  east,  but  both  tribes  removed 
westward  in  18:!5.  (As  to  manufacturing  inter- 
ests see  Rockford.)  Population  (1880),  30,505; 
(1890),  39,938;  (1900),  47,845 

WINNEBAGO  WAR.  The  name  given  to  an 
Indian  disturbance  which  had  its  origin  in  1837, 
during  the  administration  of  Gov.  Ninian 
Edwards.  The  Indians  had  been  quiet  since  the 
conclusion  of  the  War  of  1813,  but  a  few  isolated 
outrages  were  sufficient  to  start  terrified  "run- 
ners'' in  all  directions.  In  the  northern  portion 
of  the  State,  from  Galena  to  Chicago  (then  Fort 
Dearborn)  the  alarm  was  intense.  The  meagre 
militia  force  of  the  State  was  summoned  and 
volunteers  were  called  for.  Meanwhile,  600 
United  States  Regular  Infantry,  under  command 


of  Gen.  Henry  Atkinson,  put  in  an  appearance. 
Besides  the  infantry,  Atkinson  had  at  his  disposal 
some  130  mounted  sharpshooters.  The  origin  of 
the  disturbance  was  as  follows:  The  Winne- 
bagoes attacked  a  band  of  Chippewas,  who  were 
(by  treaty)  under  Government  potection,  several 
of  the  latter  being  killed.  For  participation  in 
this  offense,  four  Wiunebago  Indians  were  sum- 
marily apprehended,  surrendered  to  the  Chippe- 
was and  shot.  Meanwhile,  some  dispute  had 
arisen  as  to  the  title  of  the  lands,  claimed  by  the 
Winnebagoes  in  the  vicinity  of  Gale'ia,  which 
had  been  occupied  by  white  miners.  Repeated 
acts  of  hostility  and  of  reprisal,  along  the  Upper 
Mississippi,  intensified  mutual  distrust.  A  gather- 
ing of  the  Indians  around  two  keel-boats,  laden 
with  supplies  for  Fort  Snelling,  which  had 
anchored  near  Prairie  du  Chien  and  opposite  a 
Winnebago  camp,  was  regarded  by  the  whites  as 
a  hostile  act.  Liquor  was  freely  distributed,  and 
there  is  historical  evidence  that  a  half-dozen 
drunken  squaws  were  carried  off  and  shamefully 
maltreated.  Several  hundred  warriors  assembled 
to  avenge  the  deception  which  had  been  practiced 
upon  them.  They  laid  in  ambush  for  the  boats 
on  their  return  trip.  The  first  passed  too  rapidly 
to  be  successfully  assailed,  but  the  second 
grounded  and  was  savagely,  yet  unsuccessfully, 
attacked.  The  presence  of  General  Atkinson's 
forces  prevented  an  actual  outbreak,  and,  on  his 
demand,  the  great  Winnebago  Chief.  Red  Bird, 
with  six  other  leading  men  of  the  tribe,  sur- 
rendered themselves  as  hostages  to  save  their 
nation  from  extermination.  A  majority  of  these 
were,  after  trial,  acquitted.  Red  Bird,  however, 
unable  to  endure  confinement,  literally  pined  to 
death  in  prison,  dying  on  Feb.  16,  1838.  He  is 
described  as  having  been  a  savage  of  superior 
intelligence  and  noble  character.  A  treaty  of 
peace  was  concluded  with  the  Winnebagoes  in  a 
council  held  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  a  few  months 
later,  but  the  affair  seems  to  have  produced  as 
much  alarm  among  the  Indians  as  it  did  among 
the  whites.  (For  Winnebago  Indians  see  page  576. ) 

WINNETKA,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  16'/4  miles 
north  of  Chicago.  It  stands  eighty  feet  above 
the  level  of  Lake  Michigan,  has  good  schools 
(being  the  seat  of  the  Winnetka  Institute),  sev- 
eral churches,  and  is  a  popular  residence  town. 
Population  (1880).  584;  (1890),  1,079;  (1900),  1,833. 

WINSTON,  Frederick  Hampton,  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  Nov.  20,  1830,  was 
brought  to  Woodford  County,  Ky.,  in  1835,  left 
an  orphan  at  13,  and  attended  the  common 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


597 


schools  until  18,  when,  returning  to  Georgia,  he 
engaged  in  cotton  manufacture.  He  finally 
began  the  study  of  law  with  United  States  Sena- 
tor W.  C.  Dawson,  and  graduated  from  Harvard 
Law  School  in  1852 ;  spent  some  time  in  the  office 
of  W.  M.  Evarts  in  New  York,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  came  to  Chicago  in  1853,  where  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Norman  B.  Judd, 
afterwards  being  associated  with  Judge  Henry 
W.  Blodgett;  served  as  general  solicitor  of  the 
Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern,  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Pittsburgh,  Fort 
Wayne  &  Chicago  Railways — remaining  with  the 
latter  twenty  years.  In  1885  he  was  appointed, 
by  President  Cleveland,  Minister  to  Persia,  but 
resigned  the  following  year,  and  traveled  exten- 
sively in  Russia,  Scandinavia  and  other  foreign 
countries.  Mr.  Winston  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Conventions  of  1868,  '76  and 
'S4;  first  President  of  the  Stock  Yards  at  Jersey 
City,  for  twelve  years  President  of  the  Lincoln 
Park  Commission,  and  a  Director  of  the  Lincoln 
National  Bank. 

WISCONSIN  CENTRAL  LINES.  The  Wiscon- 
sin Central  Company  was  organized,  June  17, 
1887,  and  subsequently  acquired  the  Minnesota, 
St.  Croix  &  Wisconsin,  the  Wisconsin  &  Minne- 
sota, the  Chippewa  Falls  &  Western,  the  St. 
Paul  &  St.  Croix  Falls,  the  Wisconsin  Central,  the 
Penokee,  and  the  Packwaukee  &  Montebello  Rail- 
roads, and  assumed  the  leases  of  the  Milwaukee 
&  Lake  Wionebago  and  the  Wisconsin  &  Minne- 
sota Roads.  On  July  1,  1888,  the  company  began 
to  operate  the  entire  Wisconsin  Central  system, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Wisconsin  Central 
Railroad  and  the  leased  Milwaukee  &  Lake  Win- 
nebago.  which  remained  in  charge  of  the  Wis- 
consin Central  Railroad  mortgage  trustees  until 
Nov.  1,  1889,  when  these,  too,  passed  under  the 
control  of  the  Wisconsin  Central  Company.  The 
Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  Company  is  a  re- 
organization (Oct.  1,  1879)  of  a  company  formed 
Jan.  1,  1871.  The  Wisconsin  Central  and  the 
Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  Companies,  though 
differing  in  name,  are  a  financial  unit;  the 
former  holding  most  of  the  first  mortgage  bonds 
of  the  latter,  and  substantially  all  its  notes,  stocks 
and  income  bonds,  but,  for  legal  reasons  (such  as 
the  protection  of  land  titles),  it  is  necessary  that 
separate  corporations  be  maintained.  On  April 
1,  1890,  the  Wisconsin  Central  Company  executed 
a  lease  to  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  but  this 
was  set  aside  by  the  courts,  on  Sept.  27,  1893,  for 
non-payment  of  rent,  and  was  finally  canceled. 
On  the  same  day  receivers  were  appointed  to 


insure  the  protection  of  all  interests.  The  total 
mileage  is  415.46  miles,  of  which  the  Company 
owns  258.90 — only  .10  of  a  mile  in  Illinois.  A 
line,  58.10  miles  in  length,  with  8.44  miles  of 
side-track  (total,  66.54  miles),  lying  wholly  within 
the  State  of  Illinois,  is  operated  by  the  Chicago  & 
Wisconsin  and  furnishes  the  allied  line  an  en- 
trance into  Chicago. 

WITHROW,  Thomas  F.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  March,  1833,  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Ohio  in  childhood,  attended  the  Western 
Reserve  College,  and,  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  taught  school  and  worked  as  a  printer, 
later,  editing  a  paper  at  Mount  Vernon.  In  1855 
he  removed  to  Janesville,  Wis.,  where  he  again 
engaged  in  journalistic  work,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Iowa  in  1857,  settled  at 
Des  Moines  and  served  as  private  secretary  of 
Governors  Lowe  and  Kirkwood.  In  1860  he 
became  Supreme  Court  Reporter;  served  as 
Chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1863  and,  in  1866,  became  associated 
with  the  Rock  Island  Railroad  in  the  capacity  of 
local  attorney,  was  made  chief  law  officer  of  the 
Company  in  1873,  and  removed  to  Chicago,  and, 
in  1890,  was  promoted  to  the  position  of  General 
Counsel.  Died,  in  Chicago,  Feb.  3,  1893. 

WOLCOTT,  (Dr.)  Alexander,  early  Indian 
Agent,  was  born  at  East  Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb. 
14,  1790;  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1809, 
and,  after  a  course  in  medicine,  was  commis- 
sioned, in  1812,  Surgeon's  Mate  in  the  United 
States  Army.  In  1820  he  was  appointed  Indian 
Agent  at  Fort  Dearborn  (now  Chicago),  as  suc- 
cessor to  Charles  Jouett — the  first  Agent — who 
had  been  appointed  a  United  States  Judge  in 
Arkansas.  The  same  year  he  accompanied  Gen- 
eral Lewis  Cass  and  Henry  Schoolcraft  on  their 
tour  among  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest;  was 
married  in  1823  to  Ellen  Marion  Kinzie,  a 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Kinzie,  the  first  perma- 
nent settler  of  Chicago;  in  1825  was  appointed  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  for  Peoria  County,  which 
then  included  Cook  County;  was  a  Judge  of 
Election  in  1830,  and  one  of  the  purchasers  of  a 
block  of  ground  in  the  heart  of  the  present  city 
of  Chicago,  at  the  first  sale  of  lots,  held  Sept.  27, 
1830,  but  died  before  the  close  of  the  year.  Dr. 
Wolcott  appears  to  have  been  a  high-minded  and 
honorable  man,  as  well  as  far  in  advance  of  the 
mass  of  pioneers  in  point  of  education  and  intel- 
ligence. 

WOMAN'S  MEDICAL  COLLEGE  OF  CHI- 
CAGO.  (See  Northwestern  University  Woman's 
Medical  School.) 


098 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


WOMAN  SUFFRAGE.    (See  Suffrage.) 

WOOD,  Benson,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Susquehanna  County,  Fa.,  in  1839;  re- 
ceived a  common  school  and  academic  education ; 
at  the  age  of  20  came  to  Illinois,  and,  for  two 
years,  taught  school  in  Lee  County.  He  then 
enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  an  Illinois  regiment, 
attaining  the  rank  of  Captain  of  Infantry ;  after 
the  war,  graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of 
the  old  Chicago  University,  and  has  since  been 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Twenty-eighth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1872)  and  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  National  Conventions  of  1876  and 
1888 ;  also  served  as  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Effing- 
ham,  where  he  now  resides.  In  1894  he  was 
elected  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  by  the 
Republicans  of  the  Nineteenth  District,  which  lias 
uniformly  returned  a  Democrat,  and,  in  office, 
proved  himself  a  most  industrious  and  efficient 
member.  Mr.  Wood  was  defeated  as  a  candidate 
for  re-election  in  1896. 

WOOD,  John,  pioneer,  Lieutenant-Governor 
and  Governor,  was  born  at  Moravia,  N.  Y. ,  Dec. 
20,  1798 — his  father  being  a  Revolutionary  soldier 
who  had  served  as  Surgeon  and  Captain  in  the 
army.  At  the  age  of  21  years  young  Wood  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  settling  in  what  is  now  Adams 
County,  and  building  the  first  log-cabin  on  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Quincy.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  upper  house  of  the  Seventeenth  and  Eight- 
eenth General  Assemblies,  and  was  elected  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor  in  1859  on  tha  same  ticket  with 
Governor  Bissell,  and  served  out  the  unexpired 
term  of  the  latter,  who  died  in  office.  (See  Bis- 
sell, William  II. )  He  was  succeeded  by  Richard 
Yates  in  1861.  In  February  of  that  year  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  five  Commissioners  from 
Illinois  to  the  "Peace  Conference"  at  Wash- 
ington, to  consider  methods  for  averting 
civil  war.  The  following  May  he  was  appointed 
Quartermaster-General  for  the  State  by  Governor 
Yates,  and  assisted  most  efficiently  in  fitting  out 
the  troops  for  the  field.  In  June,  1864,  he  was 
commissioned  Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-seventh  Illinois  Volunteers  (100-days'  men) 
and  mustered  out  of  service  the  following  Sep- 
tember. Died,  at  Quincy,  June  11,  1880.  He 
was  liberal,  patriotic  and  public-spirited.  His 
fellow-citizens  of  Quincy  erected  a  monument  to 
his  memory,  which  was  appropriately  dedicated, 
July  4,  1883. 

WOODFORD  COUNTY,  situated  a  little  north 
of  the  center  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Illinois  River;  organized  in  1841;  area. 


540  square  miles.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
except  along  the  Illinois  River,  the  soil  fertile 
and  well  watered.  The  county  lies  in  the  north- 
ern section  of  the  great  coal  field  of  the  State. 
Eureka  is  the  county-seat.  Other  thriving  cities 
and  towns  are  Metamora,  Minonk,  El  Paso  anil 
Roanoke.  Corn,  oats,  wheat,  potatoes  and  barley 
are 'the  principal  crops.  The  chief  mechanical 
industries  are  flour  manufacture,  carriage  and 
wagon-making,  and  saddlery  and  harness  work. 
Population  (1890),  21,429;  (1900),  21,822. 

WOODHDLL,  a  village  of  Henry  County,  on 
Keithsburg  branch  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  15  miles  west  of  Galva;  has  a  bank, 
electric  lights,  water  works,  brick  and  tile  works, 
six  churches  and  weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1900),  774. 

WOODMAN,  Charles  W.,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  in  Aalborg,  Denmark.  March  11, 
1844;  received  his  early  education  in  the  schools 
of  his  native  country,  but  took  to  the  sea  in  1860, 
following  the  life  of  a  sailor  until  1863,  when, 
coming  to  Philadelphia,  he  enlisted  in  the  Gulf 
Squadron  of  the  United  States.  After  the  war 
he  came  to  Chicago,  and,  after  reading  law  for 
some  time  in  the  office  of  James  L.  High,  gradu- 
ated from  the  Law  Department  of  the  Chicago 
University  in  1871.  Some  years  later  he  was 
appointed  Prosecuting  Attorney  for  some  of  tlie 
lower  courts,  and.  in  1881,  was  nominated  by  the 
Judges  of  Cook  County  as  one  of  the  Justices  of 
the  Peace  for  the  city  of  Chicago.  In  1894  he 
became  the  Republican  candidate  for  Congress 
from  the  Fourth  District  and  was  elected,  but 
failed  to  secure  a  renomination  in  1896.  Died,  in 
Elgin  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  March  18.  1898. 

WOODS,  Robert  Mann,  was  born  at  Greenville. 
Pa.,  April  17,  1840;  came  with  his  parents  to  Illi- 
nois in  1842,  the  family  settling  at  Barry,  Pike. 
County,  but  subsequently  residing  at  Pittsfield. 
Canton  and  Galesburg.  He  was  educated  at 
Knox  College  in  the  latter  place,  which  was  his 
home  from  1849  to  '58;  later,  taught  school  in 
Iowa  and  Missouri  until  1861,  when  he  went  to 
Springfield  and  began  the  study  of  law  with 
Milton  Hay  and  Shelby  M.  Cullom.  His  law 
studies  having  been  interrupted  by  the  Civil 
War,  after  spending  some  time  in  the  mustering 
and  disbursing  office,  he  was  promoted  by  Gov- 
ernor Yates  to  a  place  in  the  executive  office, 
from  which  .  he  went  to  the  field  as  Adjutant  of 
the  Sixty-fourth  Illinois  Infantry,  known  as  the 
"Yates  Sharp-Shooters."  After  participating, 
with  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  he  took  part  in  the  "March  to  the 
Sea,"  and  the  campaign  in  the  Carolinas.  includ- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


699 


ing  the  siege  of  Savannah  and  the  forcing  of  the 
Salkahatchie,  where  he  distinguished  himself,  as 
also  in  the  taking  of  Columbia,  Fayetteville, 
Cheraw,  Raleigh  and  Bentonville.  At  the  latter 
place  he  had  a  horse  shot  under  him  and  won  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major  for  gallantry  in  the  field, 
having  previously  been  commissioned  Captain  of 
Company  A  of  his  regiment.  He  also  served  on 
the  staffs  of  Gens.  Giles  A.  Smith,  Benjamin  F. 
Potts,  and  William  W.  Belknap,  and  was  the  last 
mustering  officer  in  General  Sherman's  army. 
In  1867  Major  Woods  removed  to  Chicago,  where 
lie  was  in  business  for  a  number  of  years,  serving 
as  chief  clerk  of  Custom  House  construction 
from  1872  to  1877.  In  1879  he  purchased  "The 
Daily  Republican"  at  Joliet,  which  he  conducted 
successfully  for  fifteen  years.  While  connected 
with  "The  Republican,"  he  served  as  Secretary  of 
the  Illinois  Republican  Press  Association  and  in 
various  other  positions. 

Major  Woods  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  whose  birth-place 
was  in  Illinois.  (See  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic; also  Stephenson,  Dr.  B.  F.)  When  Dr. 
Stephenson  (who  had  been  Surgeon  of  the  Four- 
teenth Illinois  Infantry),  conceived  the  idea  of 
founding  such  an  order,  he  called  to  his  assist- 
ance Major  Woods,  who  was  then  engaged  in 
writing  the  histories  of  Illinois  regiments  for  the 
Adjutant-General's  Report.  The  Major  wrote 
the  Constitution  and  By-laws  of  the  Order,  the 
charter  blanks  for  all  the  reports,  etc.  The  first 
official  order  bears  his  name  as  the  first  Adjutant- 
General  of  the  Order,  as  follows: 


HEADQUARTERS  DKPABTMKNT  op  ILLINOIS 
GRAND  AKMV  or  THE  REPUBLIC. 

SPRINGFIELD.  ILL..  AI>KJL  1,  1866. 
(JKKERAL  ORDERS  I 

No.  1.  &  Tlie  following  named  officers  are  hereby 

appointed  and  assigned  to  duty  at  these  headquarters.    They 
will  be  obeyed  and  respected  accordingly: 

Colonel  Jules  C.  Webber.  A.D.C.  and  Chler  of  Stair. 

Colonel  John  M.  Snyder,  Quartermaster-General. 

Major  Ki.lx.Tt  M.  Woods.  Adjutant-General. 

Captain  John  A.  Llghtfoot,  Assistant  Adjutant-General. 

Captain  Jobn 8.  Pbelps.  Ald-de-C'amp. 

By  order  of  B.  F.  stepbenson,  Department  Commander. 

KOBKRT  M.    WOODS, 

Adjutant-General. 

Major  Woods  afterwards  organized  the  various 
Departments  in  the  West,  and  it  has  been  con- 
ceded that  he  furnished  the  money  necessary  to 
carry  on  the  work  during  the  first  six  months  of 
the  existence  of  the  Order.  He  has  never 
accepted  a  nomination  or  run  for  any  political 
office,  but  is  now  engaged  in  financial  business  in 
Joliet  and  Chicago,  with  his  residence  in  the 
former  place. 


WOODSOK,  David  Meade,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Jessamine  County,  Ky.,  May  18, 
1806;  was  educated  in  private  schools  and  at 
Transylvania  University,  and  read  law  with  his 
father.  He  served  a  term  in  the  Kentucky  Legis- 
lature in  1832,  and,  in  1834,  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  at  Carrollton,  Greene  County.  In  1830 
he  was  elected  State's  Attorney  and,  in  1840,  a 
member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature, 
being  elected  a  second  time  in  1868.  In  1843  he 
was  the  Whig  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
Fifth  District,  but  was  defeated  by  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Conventions  of  1847  and  1869-70.  In  1848  he  was 
elected  a  Judge  of  the  First  Judicial  Circuit, 
remaining  in  office  until  1867.  Died,  in  1877. 

WOODSTOCK,  the  county-seat  of  McHenry 
County,  situated  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railway,  about  51  miles  northwest  of  Chicago 
and  32  miles  east  of  Rockford.  It  contains  a 
court  house,  eight  churches,  four  banks,  three 
newspaper  offices,  foundry  and  machine  shops, 
planing  mills,  canning  works,  pickle,  cheese  and 
butter  factories.  The  Oliver  Typewriter  Factory 
is  located  here:  the  town  is  also  the  seat  of  the 
Todd  Seminary  for  boys.  Population  (1890), 
1,683;  (1900),  2,502. 

WORCESTER,  Linns  E.,  State  Senator,  was 
born  in  Windsor,  Vt.,  Dec.  5,  1811,  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  State  and  at 
Chester  Academy,  came  to  Illinois  in  1836,  and. 
after  teaching  three  years,  entered  a  dry-goods 
store  at  Whitehall  as  clerk,  later  becoming  a 
partner.  He  was  also  engaged  in  various  other 
branches  of  business  at  different  times,  including 
the  drug,  hardware,  grocery,  agricultural  imple- 
ment and  lumber  business.  In  1843  he  was 
appointed  Postmaster  at  Whitehall,  serving 
twelve  years ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1847,  served  as  County  Judge  for 
six  years  from  1853,  and  as  Trustee  of  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Jacksonville, 
from  1859,  by  successive  reappointments,  for 
twelve  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected,  as  a  Demo- 
crat, to  the  State  Senate,  to  succeed  John  M. 
Palmer,  resigned ;  was  re-elected  in  1860,  and,  at 
the  session  of  1865,  was  one  of  the  five  Demo- 
cratic members  of  that  body  who  voted  for  the 
ratification  of  the  Emancipation  Amendment  of 
the  National  Constitution.  He  was  elected 
County  Judge  a  second  time,  in  1863,  and  re- 
elected  in  1867,  served  as  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  of  1876,  and,  for  more 
than  thirty  years,  was  one  of  the  Directors  of  the 
Jacksonville  branch  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton 


600 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Railroad,  serving  from  the  organization  of  the 
corporation  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Oct. 
19,  1891. 

W  OIMtF.N,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Wabash  and  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville  &  St. 
Louis  Railways,  32  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis. 
Population  (1890),  522;  (1900),  544 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION.  An 
exhibition  of  the  scientific,  liberal  and  mechan- 
ical arts  of  all  nations,  held  at  Chicago,  between 
May  1  and  Oct.  31,  1893.  The  project  had  its 
inception  in  November,  1885,  in  a  resolution 
adopted  by  the  directorate  of  the  Chicago  Inter- 
State  Exposition  Company.  On  July  6,  1888,  the 
first  well  defined  action  was  taken,  the  Iroquois 
Club,  of  Chicago,  inviting  the  co-operation  of  six 
other  leading  clubs  of  that  city  in  "securing  the 
location  of  an  international  celebration  at  Chi- 
cago of  the  400th  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of 
America  by  Columbus."  In  July,  1889,  a  decisive 
step  was  taken  in  the  appointment  by  Mayor 
Cregier,  under  resolution  of  the  City  Council,  of 
a  committee  of  100  (afterwards  increased  to  256) 
citizens,  who  were  charged  with  the  duty  of 
promoting  the  selection  of  Chicago  as  the  site  for 
the  Exposition.  New  York,  Washington  and  St. 
Louis  were  competing  points,  but  the  choice  of 
Congress  fell  upon  Chicago,  and  the  act  establish- 
ing the  World's  Fair  at  that  city  was  signed  by 
President  Harrison  on  April  25,  1890.  Under  the 
requirements  of  the  law,  the  President  appointed 
eight  Commissioners-at-large,  with  two  Commis- 
sioners and  two  alternates  from  each  State  and 
Territory  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Col. 
George  R.  Davis,  of  Chicago,  was  elected  Direc- 
tor-General by  the  body  thus  constituted.  Ex- 
Senator  Thomas  M.  Palmer,  of  Michigan,  was 
chosen  President  of  the  Commission  and  John  T. 
Dickinson,  of  Texas,  Secretary.  This  Commis- 
sion delegated  much  of  its  power  to  a  Board  of 
Reference  and  Control,  who  were  instructed  to 
act  with  a  similar  number  appointed  by  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  The  latter 
organization  was  an  incorporation,  with  a  direc- 
torate of  forty-five  members,  elected  annually  by 
the  stockholders.  Lyman  J.  Gage,  of  Chicago, 
was  the  first  President  of  the  corporation,  and 
was  succeeded  by  W.  T.  Baker  and  Harlow  N. 
Higinbotham. 

In  addition  to  these  bodies,  certain  powers  were 
vested  in  a  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  composed 
of  two  members,  with  alternates,  from  each 
State  and  Territory,  besides  nine  from  the  city 
of  Chicago.  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer  was  chosen 
President  of  the  latter.  This  Board  was  particu- 


larly charged  with  supervision  of  women's  par- 
ticipation in  the  Exposition,  and  of  the  exhibits 
of  women's  work. 

The  supreme  executive  power  was  vested  in 
the  Joint  Board  of  Control.  The  site  selected 
was  Jackson  Park,  in  the  South  Division  of  Chi- 
cago, with  a  strip  connecting  Jackson  and 
Washington  Parks,  known  as  the  "Midway 
Plaisance,"  which  was  surrendered  to  "conces- 
sionaires" who  purchased  the  privilege  of  giving 
exhibitions,  or  conducting  restaurants  or  selling- 
booths  thereon.  The  total  area  of  the  site  was 
633  acres,  and  that  of  the  buildings — not  reckon- 
ing those  erected  by  States  other  than  Illinois, 
and  by  foreign  governments — was  about  200 
acres.  When  to  this  is  added  the  acreage  of  the 
foreign  and  State  buildings,  the  total  space 
under  roof  approximated  250  acres.  These  fig- 
ures do  not  include  the  buildings  erected  by 
private  exhibitors,  caterers  and  venders,  which 
would  add  a  small  percentage  to  the  grand  total. 
Forty-seven  foreign  Governments  made  appropri- 
ations for  the  erection  of  their  own  buildings  and 
other  expenses  connected  with  official  represen- 
tation, and  there  were  exhibitors  from  eighty -six 
nations.  The  United  States  Government  erected 
its  own  building,  and  appropriated  $500,000  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  a  national  exhibit,  besides 
$2,500,000  toward  the  general  cost  of  the  Exposi- 
tion. The  appropriations  by  foreign  Governments 
aggregated  about  $6,500.000,  and  those  by  the 
States  ana  Territories,  §6,120,000— that  of  Illinois 
being  $800,000.  The  entire  outlay  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  Company,  up  to  March  31, 
1894,  including  the  cost  of  preliminary  organiza- 
tion, construction,  operating  and  post-Exposition 
expenses,  was  $27,151,800.  This  is,  of  course, 
exclusive  of  foreign  and  State  expenditures, 
which  would  swell  the  aggregate  cost  to  nearly 
$45,000.000.  Citizens  of  Chicago  subscribed 
$5,608,206  toward  the  capital  stock  of  the  Exposi- 
tion Company,  and  the  municipality,  $5,000,000, 
which  was  raised  by  the  sale  of  bonds.  (See 
Thirty-sixth  General  Assembly.) 

The  site,  while  admirably  adapted  to  the  pur- 
pose, was,  when  chosen,  a  marshy  flat,  crossed 
by  low  sand  ridges,  upon  which  stood  occasional 
clumps  of  stunted  scrub  oaks.  Before  the  gates 
of  the  great  fair  were  opened  to  the  public,  the 
entire  area  had  been  transformed  into  a  dream  of 
beauty.  Marshes  had  been  drained,  filled  in  and 
sodded;  driveways  and  broad  walks  constructed; 
artificial  ponds  and  lagoons  dug  and  embanked, 
and  all  the  highest  skill  of  the  landscape  garden- 
er's art  had  been  called  into  play  to  produce 


MAP  OP 

THE  GROUNDS  OF  THE 


bulk  far: 

Stat.on 


EXJ»O^IJIO;N 


AT 

Jackson  Park 

showing  the  General  Arrangement 


4-UUU 


600 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    Of    ILLINOIS. 


Railroad,  serving  from  the  organization  of  the 
corporation  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Oct. 
1«.  IMJ1. 

WOIfKKN.il  village  of  Madison  County,  on  the 
Wahash  anil  the  Jacksonville.  l.oui-\illc  \  St. 
Ixmis  Itailways  l!i  miles  northeast  of  St.  l.onis. 
Population  (|S!Mii,  :,•,'•,';  il'.um>.  •">  1 1 

\Milli  ll's  I  01  I  Mill  \N  EXPOSITION.  An 
exhibition  of  the  scientitie.  liberal  and  meehan- 
ieal  arts  of  all  nations,  held  al  Chicago,  between 
May  1  ainl  Oct  :il.  IsJKJ.  The  project  had  its 
inception  in  November.  IS.-Oi,  in  :\  resolution 
.adopted  hy  the  directorate  of  the  L'hi<  airo  Idler- 
State  Kxposition  Company.  On  .Inly  I!.  Isss.  tl,,. 
first  well  dcliiifd  action  was  taken,  the  IIOIMIOI- 
Club,  of  Chicago,  inviting  the  co-operation  of  si\ 
other  leading  clubs  of  that  cit\  in  "si-curing  tin- 
location  of  an  inteniation.il  celehralion  at  Chi- 
cago of  the  •)< >f i|| i  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of 
America  hy  i  'olnmlms. "  In  .July.  ISMI,  a  decisive 
step  was  taken  in  the  appointment  hy  Mayor 
Cretrier,  under  resolution  of  the  City  Council  of 
a  committee  of  Inn  {afterwards  increased  to  '.'."iiv, 
citi/i  us.  who  were  charged  with  the  duty  of 

promol  ill^  t  he  select  ion  of  (  'hica^o  a-'  t  he  site  tor 

tile  Imposition.     New  York,  Washington  and  St. 
I.i  ,1      were  competing  point.s.  hut    the  choice  . 
Congress  fell  upon  <  'hicax",  and  tin1  act  establish- 
ing  the   World's  l-'airat  I  hat  city  was  signed   In. 
President  1  farrison  on  April  il.  1S!HI.     1'nder  the 

n  .pon   niciil  -••!    the  law.  the  ('resident   appointed 

ei^ht  Commissioners-at-lar^e,  with  two  Commis- 
sioners and  two  alternates  Imm  each  State  and 
Territory  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Col 
(ieorp'  IJ.  l)avis.  of  Chicago,  was  elected  l)iree- 

tor-(  ieneral    hy    the    hi.dy    t  hlis   const  i  I  Illed.       K.\- 

S.-n:itov  'rii-Miia^  M.  I'ahnec.  of  Micliii:an.  \\as 
i-ho-i-i:  :'..'...  M  ol  the  I  'ommission  and  .lolm  T. 
IlicUinsini.  of  Texas,  Secri'tary,  This  Commis 
siuii  ilele^'ati'd  much  of  its  (Kiwer  to  a  Hoard  of 
IJelelelice  and  Control,  who  were  instructed  to 
act  win.  a  similar  numlx-r  appointed  hy  the 
World's  Columbian  Kxpositinii.  The  latter 
orxanixation  was  an  incorporation,  with  a  direc- 
torate uf  lorty-live  memlHTs  elected  annually  by 
the  stoekliolders.  l.yman  .1.  (ia^'c>.  of  Chii'a^'o 
was  the  lirsl  ('resident  (d'  the  corporation,  and 
was  snccei'dcil  by  W.  T.  lijiker  and  Ilarlow  N. 

Hif;inbotliam. 

In  addit  ion  to  these  Uulies.  certain  powers  w  ere 
vosted  in  a  Hoard  of  I.ady  Managers.  com|Kisi'd 
ot  two  memltcrs,  with  alternatt's.  from  each 
State  ami  Territory,  besides  nine  from  the  city 
of  Chicago  Mrs  Potter  Palmer  was  choseu 
President  of  the  latter.  This  Hoard  was  particu- 


larly churned  with  supervision  of  women's  par 
ticipation  ia  the  Exposition,  and  of  the  exhibit* 

of  women's  work. 

The  supreme  e.xecntivc  power  was  vested  in 
the  Joint  Hoard  of  Control.  The  site  selected 
was  Jackson  1'arlc.  in  the  South  I)i\isi,m  of  Ciii 
rajjo.  with  a  strip  connect iny;  Jackson  an>: 
\Vashinj;ton  Parks,  known  as  the  "Midway 
Plaisance,"  which  was  surrendi-reil  to  ''<-once:, 
sionaires"  w no  purchased  the  priv|Ipj3>  of  giving 
exhibitions,  or  conducting  i\>tama!iis  or  selling 
biKiths  thereon.  The  total  area  of  th"  site  w;.. 
r,:;:!  acres,  and  that  of  the  buildings — not  reckon- 
ing those  erected  by  States  oth<  r  than  Illinois, 
ami  by  foreign  .governments — w:is  abi.nl  ','"'> 

acres.       When    to  this  is  added  liit    aciiitU'    of    tlif 

foreign  ami  State  buildings,  the  total  space 
under  roof  approximated  L'.'il)  acn->.  These  lij; 
ures  do  not  include1  the  buildings  erected  liy 
prii'ate  exhibiii  irs.  cati-rers  an-l  \eiulcrs.  whi«-h 
wcnild  add  a  small  percentage  to  the  .land  total 
Forty-seven  i'.irei^n  (iovernmeiits  made  appropri- 
ations lor  t  ile  erect  ion  of  their  o\\  n  ii:lil.lii.-  s  atld 

other  i  \pensi-s  connected  with  ullicial  represei 
tation.  and  there  were  (.-xhibitors  I'n.ni  eighty  six 
nations.     The  L'niled  Stall's  (Mivernnn  nt  erecteii 
its  own   building,    and  appropriated    S"ii«i  nnip  t,, 
defray  the  i  xpenses  of  a  national  exiiihii.  beside 
-•<•-'. ."inn. (inn  toward  tin-  ^'eniTal  cost  ,,i   tin-  I'.xposj 
lion.    The  appropriations  by  foreign  Coveinments 
aj^'rc^ated    about    *r,..10(l.ll(lfl.    and     tliose    by    I  h< 
Stales  ami  Tei riiufios,  sii,  |-,Mt,niK(— thai  of  Illiimi 
bein^r  ssiiii.iinn.     The  entire  outlay  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Kxpositi,,n  Company,  up  to  March  :!l. 
ls!ll    including  thecosi  ,,i    preliminary  01  ^iini/.a- 
tion.  construction,  opera!  in;;  and  |n.-t  K.\posiiinn 
expenses,    was  S'j;.  l.'il.MUI.     This    is,    ol     coin  si 

exclusive     of     foreign     and     State     i      pellditllles 

which  would  swell  the  ii^jjrofsitu  eo,l  to  nearly 
si.'i.iHMi.mm.  Citixeiis  of  Chicago  snbscrilH-ii 
s'l.tiilN.-.Mir,  toward  the  capital  stock  of  the'  K.\i>o.si 
lion  ("oni|iiiny.  and  the  municipality.  s."i.iK«>.liiK> 
which  was  raised  by  the  sale  of  bonds.  (See 

Tllift If  xi.rtll    (llHI'I'tll   Axxi'Httittf    ) 

The  site,  while  admirably  adapt*-  I  to  the  pur- 
IMISC.  was.  wln-n  chosen,  a  marshy  llat.  crossed 
by  low  sand  ridges.  U|KIN  which  sl.n  d  occasional 
clumps  of  stunted  scrub  oaks.  Hi  Ion  tlie  j;ates 
ol  the  ;rreat  fair  were  oficned  to  tlie  public,  the 

entire  area  had  been  transfori 1  into  a  dream  of 

boanty.  Marshes  h.id  been  ilriiined.  lilled  in  anil 
sodded:  ilrivcways  and  broad  walk-  constructed. 
artificial  ponds  and  lagoons  du^'  and  embank<>d. 
and  all  the  highest  skill  of  the  landsc;i|ie  garden- 
ers iirt  hid  been  called  into  play  to  produce 


MAP  or 

THE  GROUNDS  OF  THE 


AT 

Jackson  Park 

g  the  General  Arrangement 

of 

Iclings  and  Grounds 
1893. 


cz:--:-: »  t— :  i  ^  r,  ^ j   -    , 

c~~ ^3  r;.  —  — i  r-~ sTiQCK   -  n         ;r- 


LJJLJJULJJLJ 


MIIMTAY  1'l.tlSAXK 

n  [Moor, sli     ;  Turlosti| 

-j  ^H  Palace  .   .  Village  j 


niitri 


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z 

o 


IT. 

c 

X 


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J 

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t/5 

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X 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


601 


varied  and  striking  effects.  But  the  task  had 
been  a  Herculean  one.  There  were  seventeen 
principal  for,  as  they  may  be  called,  depart- 
mental) buildings,  all  of  beautiful  and  ornate 
design,  and  all  of  vast  size.  They  were  known 
as  the  Manufacturers'  and  Liberal  Arts,  the 
Machinery,  Electrical,  Transportation,  Woman's, 
Horticultural,  Mines  and  Mining,  Anthropolog- 
ical, Administration,  Art  Galleries,  Agricultural, 
Art  Institute,  Fisheries,  Live  Stock,  Dairy  and 
Forestry  buildings,  and  the  Music  Hall  and  Ca- 
sino. Several  of  these  had  large  annexes.  The 
Manufacturers'  Building  was  the  largest.  It  was 
rectangular  (1687x  787  feet),  having  a  ground 
area  of  31  acres  and  a  floor  and  gallery  area  of 
44  acres.  Its  central  chamber  was  1280x380 
feet,  with  a  nave  107  feet  wide,  both  hall  and 
nave  being  surrounded  by  a  gallery  50  feet  wide. 
It  was  four  times  as  large  as  the  Roman  Coliseum 
and  three  times  as  large  as  St.  Peter's  at  Rome ; 
17,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  13,000,000  pounds  of 
steel,  and  2,000,000  pounds  of  iron  had  been  used 
in  its  construction,  involving  a  cost  of  81, 800,000. 

It  was  originally  intended  to  open  the  Exposi- 
tion, formally,  on  Oct.  21,  1892,  the  quadri-centen- 
nial  of  Columbus'  discovery  of  land  on  the 
Western  Hemisphere,  but  the  magnitude  of  the 
undertaking  rendered  this  impracticable.  Con- 
sequently, while  dedicatory  ceremonies  were  held 
on  t  hat  day,  preceded  by  a  monster  procession  and 
followed  by  elaborate  pyrotechnic  displays  at 
night,  May  1,  1893,  was  fixed  as  the  opening  day 
— the  machinery  and  fountains  being  put  in  oper- 
ation, at  the  touch  of  an  electric  button  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  at  the  close  of  a  short  address. 
The  total  number  of  admissions  from  that  date 
to  Oct.  31,  was  27,530,460— the  largest  for  any 
single  day  being  on  Oct.  9  (Chicago  Day)  amount- 
ing to  761,944.  The  total  receipts  from  all  sources 
(including  National  and  State  appropriations, 
subscriptions,  etc.),  amounted  to  $28,151,168.75, 
of  which  $10.626,330.76  was  from  the  sale  of  tick- 
ets, and  $3,699,581.43  from  concessions.  The 
aggregate  attendance  fell  short  of  that  at  the 
Paris  Exposition  of  1889  by  about  500,000,  while 
the  receipts  from  the  sale  of  tickets  and  con- 
cessions exceeded  the  latter  by  nearly  $5,800,000. 
Subscribers  to  the  Exposition  stock  received  a 
return  of  ten  per  cent  on  the  same. 

The  Illinois  building  was  the  first  of  the  State 
buildings  to  be  completed.  It  was  also  the 
largest  find  most  costly,  but  was  severely  criti- 
cised from  an  architectural  standpoint.  The 
exhibits  showed  the  internal  resources  of  the 
State,  as  well  as  the  development  of  its  govern- 


mental system,  and  its  progress  in  civilization 
from  the  days  of  the  first  pioneers.  The  entire 
Illinois  exhibit  in  the  State  building  was  under 
charge  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  who 
devoted  one-tenth  of  the  appropriation,  and  a  like 
proportion  of  floor  space,  to  the  exhibition  of  the 
work  of  Illinois  women  as  scientists,  authors, 
artists,  decorators,  etc.  Among  special  features 
of  the  Illinois  exhibit  were:  State  trophies  and 
relics,  kept  in  a  fire-proof  memorial  hall;  the  dis- 
play of  grains  and  minerals,  and  an  immense 
topographical  map  (prepared  at  a  cost  of  $15,000), 
drafted  on  a  scale  of  two  miles  to  the  inch,  show- 
ing the  character  and  resources  of  the  State,  and 
correcting  many  serious  cartographical  errors 
previously  undiscovered. 

WOBTHEN,  Amos  Henry,  scientist  and  State 
Geologist,  was  born  at  Bradford,  Vt.,  Oct.  31, 
1813,  emigrated  to  Kent -icky  in  1834,  and,  in  1838, 
removed  to  Illinois,  locating  at  Warsaw.  Teach- 
ing, surveying  and  mercantile  business  were  his 
pursuits  until  1842,  when  he  returned  to  the 
East,  spending  two  years  in  Boston,  but  return- 
ing to  Warsaw  in  1844.  His  natural  predilections 
were  toward  the  natural  sciences,  and,  after 
coming  west,  he  devoted  most  of  his  leisure  time 
to  the  collection  and  study  of  specimens  of 
mineralogy,  geology  and  conchology.  On  the 
organization  of  the  geological  survey  of  Illinois 
in  1851,  he  was  appointed  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  G. 
Norwood,  then  State  Geologist,  and,  in  1858,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office,  having  meanwhile  spent 
three  years  as  Assistant  Geologist  in  the  first  Iowa 
survey.  As  State  Geologist  he  published  seven 
volumes  of  reports,  and  was  engaged  upon  the 
eighth  when  overtaken  by  death.  May  6,  1888. 
These  reports,  which  are  as  comprehensive  as 
they  are  voluminous,  have  been  reviewed  and 
warmly  commended  by  the  leading  scientific 
periodicals  of  this  country  and  Europe.  In  1877 
field  work  was  discontinued,  and  the  State  His- 
torical Library  and  Natural  History  Museum  were 
established,  Professor  Worthen  being  placed  in 
charge  as  curator.  He  was  the  author  of  various 
valuable  scientific  papers  and  member  of  numer- 
ous scientific  societies  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe. 

WORTHI\GTOJT,  Nicholas  Ellsworth,  ex-Con- 
gressman,  was  born  in  Brooke  County,  W.  Va., 
March  30,  1S36,  and  completed  his  education  at 
Allegheny  College,  Pa. ,  studied  Law  at  Morgan- 
town,  Va.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860. 
He  is  a  resident  of  Peoria,  and,  by  profession,  a 
lawyer;  was  County  Superintendent  of  Schools 
of  Peoria  County  from  1868  to  1872,  and 


•jr. 

X 

y. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


OOi 


varied  and  striking  ell'ecls.  But  tin-  task  had 
been  a  Herculean  one  There  were  seven', i -> -n 
principal  <or.  as  they  may  lie  called,  depart- 
mental buildings,  all  of  beauliiiil  ami  ornate 
design,  and  all  ol  vast  .sl/.e.  They  wen-  known 
as  the  Manufacturers'  anil  Liberal  Ail-,  the 
Machinery.  Klccirieal.  Transportation,  Woman  -. 
Ilurtii'iillural.  Mine-,  ami  Miiiii.^.  .\mliro;i..loi; 
ical,  Adiaini.str.itiiiu.  Art  Gallei  ii  .  Agricultural. 
Art  Institute,  rishci-;.-.  l.ixe  St,,<-l<  Dairy  an. I 
Forestry  buildings,  ami  the  Music  Hall  ami  ('a 
siuo.  Several  of  these  had  UII-L_O  ai'iiexes.  Tii  • 
Manufacturers'  Buildinc;  was.  the  largest.  It  u;.s 
rectanu'iiai-  l  H'>s7  .\  7>7  feel).  lia»'in;;  .i  uround 
,-trt-a  of  ->\  acres  ami  a  Moor  ami  xallc'y  :.iv::  ol 
44  acres  lii  central  eham'.icr  was  I'.'Mix:!.1-!) 
fei  t  wiih  a  n:ivc  l»7  lee!  wide.  l;i/!li  'nail  an.! 
nave  1 1.  ITU  surrounded  by  .,  L_'all.-i-y  "HI  I'IT!  wide. 
It  was  four  time-  as  larvrc  as  the  1,'on'an  I'  •' 
ah<l  lliri-i-  times  as  lalije  a*-  St.  i'eler'sal  iit-ln. 

IT.mlll.lHM)     f,vl     nl       Illllllii-r.    |:,.ITI'."IIII    j,..i;..(;        ,   ; 

tiled    :iii  i  C.IIIIII.IMIII  |i,nimls  nf  iron  i::M  I..--M  ii-.-.l 
in  ii>  i -on  si  ruction.  iu\nl\  iii',- s;  i  ! '  si..-im  .IMM. 

It  "as  originally  inteml.'il  to  open  Hie  l'!\j.,».-i 
tiim.  fonnally.  on  I  lei.  '.'I  Is'.r.',  ;l:i'  i|tiailri  c.  :,ien- 
nial  ci  ( '.iliinilins'  iliM-nvei-y  ol  laml  01  ll:e 
\\VMrrn  lleinis|iliere  lull  the  nia.^nit mle  ol  ihe 
umlertaUin^  ivmlenil  this  ini[>r,u'ti(-.il>lc.  Coii- 
M-ijiieiit  \\  .  while  ileiiicatory  ceremonies  \\eri'  lie!. I 
on  tliat  -lav',  precede-!  li\  a  mon-iter  jiroi-fssion  an«i 
follow  rd  liy  elaliorate  |iyri>tecliiiic  dis|ilay>  ui 
flight,  .May  I,  l.s'.^S.  was  lixed  as  t  he  ojienin^  day 
— the  machinery  ami  fountains  l«-in^  put  in  oper- 
ation, at  the  touch  of  an  eleelrie  tuition  liy  IVesi- 
ileni  Cli'Velaml  at  the  close  of  a  short  addle-. 
The  loial  niiinlier  of  admissions  from  that  da:< 
t*i  Del.  :!1.  "as  iT..V!il.  Ilio  -the  lar-est  for  an\ 
single  day  lieinj;  on  ( )el  11 1(  'liica.^o  Day  I  aniotinl 
iii£  to  ; ill. !i II.  The  total  receipts  from  all  souri  .  . 
iiiM-ln.iii.L-  National  and  stale  appropriations^ 
Kiibscriplions.  etc .  i,  amounteil  to  s-,'s.  l.")1.1(is.7">. 
of  which  S10  li;>i:.:;:!i).  Tli  was  from  the  sale  of  tick 
ets,  and  s:;, (Kill. .~i«l. -1:1  from  concessions.  Tlio 
a^'grejiate  attendance  fell  short  of  that  at  the 
Paris  i:.\|Hi.sitioii  of  ISSH  liy  al««it  .VKI.IMKI,  while 
the  receipts  from  the  sale  of  tickets  and  con- 
cessions exceeded  the  latter  liy  nearly  S.'i.MiHI.IMMI. 
SubscriU'l's  to  the  Exposition  stock  received  a 
return  of  ten  per  cent  on  tho  same 

The  Illinois  liuiMin^  was  the  first  of  the  State 
buildings  to  tie  completed.  It  was  also  the 
largest  ami  most  costly,  but  was  severely  criti- 
cised from  an  architectural  standjHiint.  The 
exhibits  showed  the  internal  resources  of  the 
State,  aw  well  as  the  development  of  its  govern- 


mental system,  and  its  progress  in  rivili/atiot, 
from  the  da\-  •-;  tin  lirst  piori'-.-r-  Theenlin 
Illinois  exhii'i:  i-.  :-  •  Siale  buil.iini;  \V:LS  uiulei 
<  bar^e  of  li-  Slal  ii.  aid  of  \: 'culture,  win 
ilevoted  otie  tOMtliul  i  he  appmpr'  n  ..  MI.  and  a  lik< 
pro|Mirt  ioii  of  ill....  r~t  .,:•<•.  to  the  <  \iiiiiit  ion  ol  tli. 
work  if  Illli. -i. s  \\oim-n  as  sci..ntists  atitbors 
•  ••i'-  ts.  -'  i-  i'.-  Amor;.  sj.,i;al  featimf 

'  :    the    i  .    were:    St..  .   u'opbies  ami 

relics.  !.-;.:   in  :i  l,if-,.io«f  i i-lai   j.ali;   tile  di- 

piay    i-l    -.:-.i;i.s  .-..    :    minera).    ;;:.      an  immetis. 
pare  !  a!  .-;     .    ,  <il  Sl'i.lHHi), 

draf:.-.:  on  i  >-vo  mil,  i'li-li.  show 

solin  .     •  Stale,  am: 

cor.-ectil     -       :ii.i:;\       ..Kills      c;.|          'i.i.lH-ill      I.TroIT 

pivvioi;    :  .    lllldi.s  -,.., -ri  -d. 

Vt'OJM  !II..\,  A:i.!s   licnrj.  and  Siaii 

(iixiUiKisl.    ivii-;  Uirn  ai    lirao1... .:.  \;.  D.t.  ::i 

M::.  i-:;-i  T,  :•  -•  to  i..    i--ickyia        -  ..:•,<!.  in  |S:M; 

ri -in:.\  ,-i  :o  !!!iiiois    I'.calin;,' :.:   \.  :::-.iw.     Teach 

..:i. I   •!!•  re.intile   .1-1  .  -s  were  hi:^ 

I        iiiw    un::i    ;    :.     when     :,.  urni  -I   t-i  the 

I-     :    ?•:•   :    tin      Iwo  ;  .  ai-s   ju  (  ,    :,,,t    i   turn 

l-t      His  tlM|u  .  -i- .lileclion: 

ivrii      li  -...I  .     .:,.      i..tiual   s   ,  and.   altei 

:      I..     .:, -Voted    most    ,          .  ',-l.sliri'  tillK. 

[In  '      ;:nd     si  i,,jv  .  ,,. ciiitens    of 

n.:i;er..l.i;_-y.    p.,._,    and    c,,-  •      .      y       DM    the 

IXUtiOn    ul    lll<      .-'  oio-ie: :  i  -  .  •  ..   .  of   Ilii-lioL' 
ill     is.,i.    I.,.  \-.  .,-.    :ii>|io;n|e,l    ;.-         .  t    I  >r.  J.  4; 

'.i!    IheaSia'c  Ceoloirist.  .  ,.       .11  1(S.",S,  sue 

lee.J.-d    [.-   '  h.    <  :iit  ,-.    having     i  hile    S|K'III. 

1  "'i.'-  .  •  lirst  Iowa 

Mirie\.  l,s  M:,|,.  l.-olo^jsl  ii,  ;.,;  :;s!:ed  seven 
volumes  oi  re|iii,-i-..  and  was  ,  :,  d  upon  tin 
ci-Jilh  wiien  ..-.  .-riaKeii  l.y  dea'.o,  M.iy  «,  1KSH. 
Thi-s.-  re|K,rls  »  Inch  are  as  .  !••  i.siv<-  av 

the\  are  voluniiiioiis.  have  lice'  ;-\iew«  .  : 
warmly  commended  by  tin-  1. ;  .•••icntilii. 

periodicals  of  li.i    ntrvan-l    .  ....  ,-•       In  1ST". 

field  work  was  .ii->  ontinue,!  an. I  l!  Stale  His 
torieal  Library  ami  Natural  History  M iiseiiin  were 
established.  1'rofi-ssor  U'ortheii  l.<  i  :y  jil.iceil  iu 
char_-e  as  curator.  lie  was  the  author  of  various 
valuable  scientific  p-i|icisand  men  l«-r  of  niiiner- 
oiis  scientific  societies  in  this  cei}ii(ry  and  in 
Europe. 

WOKTIIIXUTOV.  M.-liolas  KINn.irlh, ex-Con- 
^'r<'ssman  was  IHHH  in  Brooke  i'ouuty,  \V.  Va., 
March  :ill  ISIMi  and  coiiijileied  his  education  at 
Allegheny  College.  Pa  studied  l.-iv.  at  Morgan- 
town.  Va..  and  was  admitlcd  to  the  Uir  in  tSIK) 
He  is  a  resident  of  IVoria.  ami,  by  prolessmn.  a 
lawyer:  was  Ponnty  Superinlen-lent  of  ScliooLs 
of  Peoria  County  from  1S<OH  to  1S7-*.  and  a  uieiu- 


602 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


her  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  from  1869  to 
1872.  In  1882  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  as  a 
Democrat,  from  the  Tenth  Congressional  District, 
and  re-elected  in  1884.  In  1886  he  was  again  a 
candidate,  but  was  defeated  by  his  Republican 
opponent,  Philip  Sidney  Post.  He  was  elected 
Circuit  Judge  of  the  Tenth  Judicial  District  in 
1891.  and  re-elected  in  1897.  In  1894  he  served 
upon  a  commission  appointed  by  President  Cleve- 
land, to  investigate  the  labor  strikes  of  that  year 
•  it  Chicago. 

WKKJHT,  John  Stephen,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  July  16,  1815;  came  to 
Chicago  in  1832,  with  his  father,  who  opened  a 
.store  in  that  city .  in  1837,  at  his  own  expense, 
built  the  first  school  building  in  Chicago;  in  1840 
established  "The  Prairie  Farmer,"  which  he  con- 
ilucted  for  many  years  in  the  interest  of  popular 
education  and  progressive  agriculture.  In  1852 
he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  Atkins'  self- 
raking  reaper  and  mower,  was  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  and  the 
Illinois  Central  Railways,  and  wrote  a  volume 
entitled,  "Chicago:  Past,  Present  and  Future," 
published  in  1870.  Died,  in  Chicago.  Sept.  26, 1874. 

WULFF,  Henry,  ex-State  Treasurer,  was  born 
in  Meldorf,  Germany,  August  24,  1854;  came  to 
Chicago  in  1863,  aud  began  his  political  career  as 
a  Trustee  of  the  town  of  Jefferson.  In  1866  he 
was  elected  County  Clerk  of  Cook  County,  and 
re-elected  in  1890;  in  1894  became  the  Republican 
nominee  for  State  Treasurer,  receiving,  at  the 
November  election  of  that  year,  the  unprece- 
dented plurality  of  133.427  votes  over  his  Demo- 
cratic opponent. 

WYANET,  a  town  of  Bureau  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
and  the  Chicago.  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railways, 
~  miles  southwest  of  Princeton.  Population 
(1890),  670;  (1900),  902. 

WYLIE,  (Rev.)  Samuel,  domestic  missionary, 
born  in  Ireland  and  came  to  America  in  boyhood ; 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  ordained  in  1818. 
Soon  after  this  he  came  west  as  a  domestic  mis- 
sionary and,  in  1820,  became  pastor  of  a  church 
at  Sparta,  111. ,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
March  20,  1872,  after  a  pastorate  of  52  years. 
During  his  pastorate  the  church  sent  out  a  dozen 
colonies  to  form  new  church  organizations  else- 
where. He  is  described  as  able,  eloquent  and 
scholarly. 

WYMAN,  (Col.)  John  H.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts,  July  12,  1817,  and  educated  in  the 


schools  of  that  State  until  14  years  of  age,  when 
he  became  a  clerk  in  a  clothing  store  in  his  native 
town  of  Shrewsbury,  later  being  associated  with 
mercantile  establishments  in  Cincinnati,  and 
again  in  his  native  State.  From  1846  to  1850  he 
was  employed  successively  as  a  clerk  in  the  car 
and  machine  shops  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  then  as 
Superintendent  of  Construction,  and,  later,  as  con- 
ductor on  the  New  York  &  New  Haven  Railroad, 
finally,  in  1850,  becoming  Superintendent  of  the 
Connecticut  River  Railroad.  In  1852  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany, assisting  in  the  survey  and  construction  of 
the  line  under  Col.  R.  B.  Mason,  the  Chief  Engi- 
neer, and  finally  becoming  Assistant  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Northern  Division.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  proprietors  of  the  town  of  Amboy, 
in  Lee  County,  and  its  first  Mayor,  also  serving 
a  second  term.  Having  a  fondness  for  military 
affairs,  he  was  usually  connected  with  some  mili- 
tary organization — while  in  Cincinnati  being 
attached  to  a  company,  of  which  Prof.  O.  M. 
Mitchell,  the  celebrated  astronomer  (afterwards 
Major-General  Mitchell),  was  Captain.  After 
coming  to  Illinois  he  became  Captain  of  the  Chi- 
cago Light  Guards.  Having  lef*  the  employ  of 
the  Railroad  in  1858,  he  was  in  private  business 
at  Amboy  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  in 
1861 .  As  Assistant- Ad  jutant  General,  by  appoint- 
ment of  Governor  Yates,  he  rendered  valuable 
service  in  the  early  weeks  of  the  war  in  securing 
arms  from  Jefferson  Barracks  and  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  three-months'  regiments.  Then, 
having  organized  the  Thirteenth  Illinois  Volun- 
teer Infantry — the  first  organized  in  the  State 
for  the  three  years'  service — he  was  commis- 
sioned its  Colonel,  and,  in  July  following,  entered 
upon  the  duty  of  guarding  the  railroad  lines  in 
Southwest  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  The  follow- 
ing year  his  regiment  was  attached  to  General 
Sherman's  command  in  the  first  campaign 
against  Vicksburg.  On  the  second  day  of  the 
Battle  of  Chickasaw  Bayou,  he  fell  mortally 
wounded,  dying  on  the  field,  Dec.  28,  1862.  Colo- 
nel Wyman  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
and  promising  of  the  volunteer  soldiers  sent  to 
the  field  from  Illinois,  of  whom  so  many  were 
former  employes  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road. 

WYOMING,  a  town  of  Stark  County,  31  miles 
north-northwest  from  Peoria,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Peoria  branch  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the 
Rushville  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  A 
Quincy  Railway ;  has  two  high  schools,  churches, 
two  banks,  flour  mills,  water-works,  machine 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


COS 


shop,  and  two  weekly  newspapers.     Coal  is  mined 
here.    Pop.  (1890),  1,116;  (1900).  1,277. 

XENIA,  a  village  of  Clay  County,  on  the  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad,  87  miles 
east  of  St.  Louis.  Population  (1900),  800. 

YATES  CITY,  a  village  of  Knox  County,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Peoria  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  with  the  Rushville 
branch,  23  miles  southeast  of  Galesburg.  The 
town  has  banks,  a  coal  mine,  telephone  exchange, 
school,  churches  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890), 
687;  (1900),  650. 

YATES,  Henry,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Caroline 
County,  Va.,  Oct.  29,  1786 — being  a  grand-nephew 
of  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall;  removed  to  Fa- 
yette  County,  Ky.,  where  he  located  and  laid  out 
the  town  of  Warsaw,  which  afterwards  became 
the  county-seat  of  Gallatin  County.  In  1831  he 
removed  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  and,  in  1832, 
settled  at  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Berlin, 
which  he  laid  out  the  following  year,  also  laying 
out  the  town  of  New  Berlin,  a  few  years  later,  on 
the  line  of  the  Wabash  Railway.  He  was  father 
of  Gov.  Richard  Yates.  Died,  Sept.  13,  1865.— 
Henry  (Yates),  Jr.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Berlin,  111. ,  March  7,  1835 ;  engaged  in  merchan- 
dising at  New  Berlin;  in  1862,  raised  a  company 
of  volunteers  for  the  One  Hundred  and  Sixth 
Regiment  Illinois  Infantry,  was  appointed  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel and  brevetted  Colonel  and  Briga- 
dier-General. He  was  accidentally  shot  in  1863, 
and  suffered  sun-stroke  at  Little  Rock,  from 
which  he  never  fully  recovered.  Died,  August 
3,  1871. 

YATES,  Richard,  former  Governor  and  United 
States  Senator,  was  born  at  Warsaw,  Ky.,  Jan. 
18,  1815,  of  English  descent.  In  1831  he  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Illinois,  the  family  settling 
first  at  Springfield  and  later  at  Berlin,  Sangamon 
County.  He  soon  after  entered  Illinois  College, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1835,  and  3ubse- 
quently  read  law  with  Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  at 
Jacksonville,  which  thereafter  became  his  home. 
In  1842  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  from  Morgan  County,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1844,  and  again  in  1848.  In  1850  he 
was  a  candidate  for  Congress  from  the  Seventh 
District  and  elected  over  Maj.  Thomas  L.  Harris, 
the  previous  incumbent,  being  the  only  Whig 
Representative  in  the  Thirty-second  Congress 
from  Illinois.  Two  years  later  he  was  re-elected 
over  John  Calhoun,  but  was  defeated,  in  1854, 
by  his  old  opponent,  Harris.  He  was  one  of  the 


most  vigorous  opponents  of  the  Kansas- Nebraska 
Bill  in  the  Thirty-third  Congress,  and  an  early 
participant  in  the  movement  for  the  organization 
of  the  Republican  party  to  resist  the  further 
extension  of  slavery,  being  a  prominent  speaker, 
on  the  same  platform  with  Lincoln,  before  the 
first  Republican  State  Convention  held  at  Bloom 
ington,  in  May,  1856,  and  serving  as  one  of  the 
Vioe-Presidents  of  that  body.  In  1860  he  was 
elected  to  the  executive  chair  on  the  ticket 
headed  by  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency, 
and,  by  his  energetic  support  of  the  National 
administration  in  its  measures  for  the  suppression 
of  the  Rebellion,  won  the  sobriquet  of  "the  Illi- 
nois War-Governor."  In  1865  he  was  elected 
United  States  Senator,  serving  until  1871.  He 
died  suddenly,  at  St.  Louis,  Nov.  27,  1873,  while 
returning  from  Arkansas,  whither  he  had  gone, 
as  a  United  States  Commissioner,  by  appointment 
of  President  Grant,  to  inspect  a  land-subsidy 
railroad.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  ability,  earnest- 
ness of  purpose  and  extraordinary  personal  mag- 
netism, as  well  as  of  a  lofty  order  of  patriotism. 
His  faults  were  those  of  a  nature  generous, 
impulsive  and  warm-hearted. 

YORETILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Kendall 
County,  on  Fox  River  and  Streator  Division  of 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Aurora;  on  interurban  electric  line; 
has  water-power,  electric  lights,  a  bank,  churches 
and  weekly  newspaper.  Pop.(1890)  375;  (1900),413. 

YOUNG,  Brigham,  Mormon  leader,  was  born 
at  Whittingham,  Vt.,  June  1,  1801,  joined  the 
Mormons  in  1831  and,  the  next  year,  became  asso- 
ciated with  Joseph  Smith,  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  and, 
in  1835,  an  "apostle."  He  accompanied  a  con- 
siderable body  of  that  sect  to  Independence,  Mo. . 
but  was  driven  out  with  them  in  1S37,  settling 
fora  short  time  at  Quincy,  III.,  but  later  remov- 
ing to  Nauvoo,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  foun- 
ders. On  the  assassination  of  Smith,  in  1844,  he 
became  the  successor  of  the  latter,  as  head  of  the 
Mormon  Church,  and,  the  following  year,  headed 
the  exodus  from  Illinois,  which  finally  resulted  in 
the  Mormon  settlement  in  Utah.  His  subsequent 
career  there,  where  he  was  appointed  Governor 
by  President  Fillmore.  and,  for  a  time,  success- 
fully defied  national  authority,  is  a  matter  of 
national  rather  than  State  history.  He  remained 
at  the  head  of  the  Mormon  Church  until  his 
death  at  Salt  Lake  City,  August  29,  1877. 

YOUNG,  Blchard  Montgomery,  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1796,  studied 
law  and  removed  to  Jonesboro,  111. ,  where  be  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1817;  served  in  the  Second 


604 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


General  Assembly  (1830-22)  as  Representative 
from  Union  County ;  was  a  Circuit  Judge,  1825-27 ; 
Presidential  Elector  in  1828;  Circuit  Judge  again, 
1829-37 ;  elected  United  States  Senator  in  1837  as 
successor  to  W.  L.  D.  Ewing,  serving  until  1843, 
when  he  was  commissioned  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  but  resigned  in  1847  to  become 
Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office  at 
Washington.  During  the  session  of  1850-51,  he 
served  as  Clerk  of  the  National  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. Died,  in  an  insane  asylum,  in  Wash- 
ington, in  1853. 

YOUNtt  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION, 
first  permanently  organized  at  Chicago,  in  1858, 
although  desultory  movements  of  a  kindred  char- 
acter had  previously  been  started  at  Peoria, 
Quincy,  Chicago  and  Springfield,  some  as  early 
as  1854.  From  1858  to  1872,  various  associations 
were  formed  at  different  points  throughout  the 
State,  which  were  entirely  independent  of  each 
other.  The  first  effort  looking  to  union  and 
mutual  aid,  was  made  in  1872,  when  Robert 
Weidensall,  on  behalf  of  the  International  Com- 
mittee, called  a  convention,  to  meet  at  Blooming- 
ton,  November  6-9.  State  conventions  have  been 
held  annually  since  1872.  In  that  of  1875,  steps 
were  taken  looking  to  the  appointment  of  a 
State  Secretary,  and,  in  1876,  Charles  M.  Morton 
assumed  the  office.  Much  evangelistic  work  was 
done,  and  new  associations  formed,  the  total 
number  reported  at  the  Champaign  Convention, 
in  1877,  being  sixty-two.  After  one  year's  work 
Mr.  Morton  resigned  the  secretaryship,  the  office 
remaining  vacant  for  three  years.  The  question 
of  the  appointment  of  a  successor  was  discussed 
at  the  Decatur  Convention  in  1879,  and,  in  April, 
1880,  I.  B.  Brown  was  made  State  Secretary,  and 
has  occupied  the  position  to  the  present  time 
(1899).  At  the  date  of  his  appointment  the 
official  figures  showed  sixteen  associations  in  Illi- 
nois, with  a  total  membership  of  2,443,  and  prop- 
erty valued  at  $126, 500,  including  building  funds, 
the  associations  at  Chicago  and  Aurora  owning 
buildings.  Thirteen  officers  were  employed, 
none  of  them  being  in  Chicago.  Since  1880  the 
work  has  steadily  grown,  so  that  five  Assistant 
State  Secretaries  are  now  employed.  In  1886,  a 
plan  for  arranging  the  State  work  under  depart- 
mental administration  was  devised,  but  not  put 
in  operation  until  1890.  The  present  six  depart- 
ments of  supervision  are:  General  Supervision, 
in  charge  of  the  State  Secretary  and  his  Assist- 
ants; railroad  and  city  work;  counties  and 
towns;  work  among  students;  corresponding 
membership  department,  and  office  work.  The 


two  last  named  are  under  one  executive  head, 
but  each  of  the  others  in  charge  of  an  Assistant 
Secretary,  who  is  responsible  for  its  development. 
The  entire  work  is  under  the  supervision  of  a 
State  Executive  Committee  of  twenty-seven 
members,  one-third  of  whom  are  elected  annually. 
Willis  H.  Herrick  of  Chicago  has  been  its  chair- 
man for  several  years.  This  body  is  appointed 
by  a  State  convention  composed  of  delegates 
from  the  local  Associations.  Of  these  there  were, 
in  October,  1898,  116,  with  a  membership  of 
15,888.  The  value  of  the  property  owned  was 
$2,500,000.  Twenty-two  occupy  their  own  build- 
ings, of  which  five  are  for  railroad  men  and  one 
for  students.  Weekly  gatherings  for  young  men 
numbered  248,  and  there  are  now  representatives 
or  correspondents  in  665  communities  where  no 
organization  has  been  effected.  Scientific  phys- 
ical culture  is  made  a  feature  by  40  associations, 
and  educational  work  has  been  largely  developed. 
The  enrollment  in  evening  classes,  during  1898-99, 
was  978.  The  building  of  the  Chicago-  branch 
(erected  in  1893)  is  the  finest  of  its  class  in  the 
world.  Recently  a  successful  association  has 
been  formed  among  coal  miners,  and  another 
among  the  first  grade  boys  of  the  Illinois  State 
Reformatory,  while  an  extensive  work  has  been 
conducted  at  the  camps  of  the  Illinois  National 
Guard. 

ZANE,  Charles  S.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
in  Cumberland  County,  N.  J.,  March  2,  1831,  of 
English  and  New  England  stock.  At  the  age  of 
19  he  emigrated  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  fora 
time  working  on  a  farm  and  at  brick-making. 
From  1852  to  '55  he  attended  McKendree  College, 
but  did  not  graduate,  and,  on  leaving  college, 
engaged  in  teaching,  at  the  same  time  reading 
law.  In  1857  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
commenced  practice  at  Springfield.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  elected  City  Attorney.  He  had 
for  partners,  at  different  times,  William  H. 
Herndon  (once  a  partner  of  Abraham  Lincoln) 
and  Senator  Shelby  M.  Cullom.  In  1873  he  was 
elected  a  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  for  the  Fifth 
Judicial  Circuit,  and  was  re-elected  in  1879.  In 
1883  President  Arthur  appointed  him  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  Utah,  where  he  has  since  resided,  though 
superseded  by  the  appointment  of  a  successor  by 
President  Cleveland.  At  the  first  State  elec- 
tion in  Utah,  held  in  November,  1895,  he  was 
chosen  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  new  Commonwealth,  but  was  defeated 
for  re-election,  by  his  Democratic  opponent,  in 
1898. 


SCENES  IN  SOUTH  PARK. 


604 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


General  Assembly  (ISUU-'J'J)  ;is  Kepresentalive 
from  C'niou  County;  wits  a  Circuit  Judge.  IS'J.VCT; 
Presidential  laectorin  l1^*:  Circuit  Judge  again, 

1S1!U-:!T:  elected  United  Stiit i.".  Senator  in  IVi;  ;i.s 
successor  to  W.  L.  I).  Ev.in.;.  serving  until  |s|:t, 
when  ho  \v;is  commissioned  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  hut  resigned  in  is (7  to  l.ecome 
Commissioner  of  tin:  (it  m-ral  Ijmd  Oliico  at 
Washington.  Dtiriutf  tin1  session  of  is.lii-.~i I,  he 
served  as  Clerk  ol tin:  National  ll<  >••-••  of  K<  i  e- 
sentatives.  Died,  in  an  in^ai;-  ;.-•.  ;..ni.  in  AVash- 
in^ton,  i'l  ls">-'« 

101'Ml  MK.VN  niltlS'llAX  ASSOriATHiN, 
lirst  |>erinanuntly  organized  at  t  ;..c.c.;o.  in  lv",s. 
although  desi.!;i.;-y  movcmi  nts  uf  ;i  kindled  char- 
acter had  previously  Iwen  started  :it  I'eori;;. 
Quinoy.  Ci,-ca_'o  and  Spring-held,  some  as  earix 
.is  ls.1l.  From  l-.is  m  I>7'J,  various  a-soe:..!i.,n~ 
>vi  re  formed  at.  ilillVreiit  points  t  liroii/liout  tin) 
Stall-,  xvl.icli  V..-H-  entirely  inil<>penilei:l  of  each 
otiier.  "flic  lirst  ell'ort  looUin^r  to  union  ami 
mutual  ai-i.  was  mailc  in  Is?'.'.  x\  hi n  ifoln-rl 
\V>  i  iensalt.  on  ln'iialf  of  ll»>  Intel-national  ( '0111- 
mitti-e.  e.-illi  I  a  ronxeiitioii.  t"  mi-  I  ai  lilnoiiiiii^'- 
ton  Nim  ini.er  (i-!i.  Slate  conventions  liaxt-  l«-i-u 
helil  anmiaii\  MI.I-I'  I--7','.  In  that  of  ls7.1.  st"|is 
tt-eri-  l:ik":i  I'K.i.in^  to  the  iip|M>ilitlliCIl1  <il  a 
Slat'.'  >  •••'.'•  iar\.  an. I.  in  |s7'i.  t  'liarl.--  M.  Mort'Hi 
iUisiiiueil  I  in'  oliicc.  IMui'h 'exaii^eliMic  xvnrli  was. 
'lorn  ati>)  nexv  a-soi-iat  ions  I'l.rnn.i.  tin-  i,.;..l 
nuni'n-r  !•'•;. ortcil  al  the  ( 'lianipau'n  <  'onv.-nt  !on. 
in  1S77.  ln'!n^  MMv  two.  Afleron»  year's  xxorl; 
Mr.  Morion  re-i^nei|  the  secrelaryshi|i.  Hie  oiliei; 
romainin'.:  \a<-ant  for  three  \ears.  Tin-  <jn»  svion 
of  t  he  a  |i|n,!nl  ;ii<'til  of  a  successor  u'as  iliscuss.-ii 
at  the  I >ecalur  < 'oiivent ion  in  1*7'.',  an>l.  in  Apnl. 
I  SMI.  I.  if  I'.ioun  \\asinaile  Slati' S  cn-tary.  ai;  ! 
has  oi-riipieil  II.-  position  lo  the  r,i,  -.-:ii  tim< 
(IWKii.  At  the  ilale  of  hi.s  appoint rneiil  tin 
ollicial  liirures  si;oxx-cil  sixteen  associations  in  Illi- 
nois, with  a  total  membership  of  ',',  1 1:;.  ami  prop- 
erty x-alueil  at  .s  I  .'i ;  .11  n  i.  i'..  la.hn_-  liiiihlinx  I'umls. 
the  assoi'i.'i  ion  ,it  (Miica^n  ami  Aurora  owning 
Imililin^s.  Tniriei'ii  ollicers  xvi-re  employ  >vl. 
none  of  them  li'-in^  in  C'hica^o.  Sinet-  Issn  tin- 
work  has  stcatlily  ^roxx'n.  so-  thai  live  Assistant 
Slate  Sccretari"*  are  now  employeil.  Ill  ISM>.  a 
plan  for  arran^in^'  the  State  work  umler  ih-part- 
mental  administration  was  ileviseil.  hut  not  put 
fat  Operation  until  Is'JO.  The  present  six  ilepart- 
monls  of  supervision  are:  (ieneral  Supervision, 
in  charge  of  the  State  Secretary  ami  his  Assist- 
ants; railroail  anil  city  work:  counties  ami 
towns:  work  unions  students:  corres|«imlinn 
mmiuersuip  ilepartment.  and  ollici-  work.  The 


txvo  last  iinmod  aro  wndor  one  rxerutive  head. 
hut  i-acli  of  the  others  in  charge  of  an  Assistant 
Secretary,  xvho"  is  res|>onsihle  for  its  development  . 

The  entire  xvork  is  under  the  suiiervision  of  a 
State  Kxecutix'e  Committee  of  twenty-sevei. 
inemlters  one-  third  of  \v  horn  are  elected  annually 
U'illis  II.  llerrii-k  of  Chicago  has  hei'n  its  chair 
man  for  several  year~.  This  liody  is  appointed 
l»v  a  State  convention  composed  of  delegate* 
from  the  local  Associations,  of  ti;i--i-  there  \\en 
it.  i  i,  -toiler.  IVis.  Hi;,  with  :;  i.:.-ni!.ei-shi|i  o! 
|.1>-s  The  value  »f  the  properly  owned  xxa.- 
£•„>  .',1  n  1  1  u  n  i.  Tweiily-two  occupy  ln-.r  own  huilii 
iri^s.  of  which  H\e  are  for  railroad  men  and  one 
for  -indents.  \Ve-.-kly  ^atherin^s  for  yoiiti^  mei. 
numiiereil  -J|s.  and  there  are  now  K  ;.rcseiitatives 
or  correspond'  nts  in  005  communities  where  n» 
organization  lioa  In  '-n  elFeeted.  .-:iii,iilir  phys- 
iral  i-ultni'i'  is  made  a  feature  hy  •,'•  as-m-iat  ions. 
and  education:;!  xvork  has  been  largely  ileveloped. 
Theeiirilline!.;  in  e\.  nin^'  class,.  s.  ..mih_'  l-!(s.«iii. 
xvas  !>7s.  Th"  i.uii'i.iL,'  of  tlie  i  '!.i  :a^<>  hrancli 
(eri'cted  in  ls;i:;j  i:.;  the  finest  of  ill-  <  lass  in  tin 
xv  rid.  Ile.-enily  a  sueeessl'nl  a--oi'i:ilion  has 
o.-(-:i  lorin.'d  aiii"i:_'  <-oal  minef.  a:!-!  another 
:i!i.i'i:iT  l'i.'  iir.-l  J;T,-nl'.'  hoys  of  the  Illinois  Stale 

Reformatory,  while  an  extensive  work  has  heei, 
conducted  at  tin-  i  amps  of  the  Illi::oi-  National 
(JUiird. 


/AM!;  Charles  >.,  laxvyer  and  .jtirist,  xv;i_s  I 
in  Ciliulieriaml  Connly.  N.  .1..  March  :.'  |s':;|.of 
Kir.lish  and  Nev.  lin^land  stock.  .\;  the  a^'1  of 
HI  lie  emi^'rateil  ic.  S.m^anion  <''.iiiily.  111.,  for  a 
lime  working  on  a  farm  and  ai  In  n-i,  -making 
l-'rom  l-'i'.'  to  '.'.."i  !.eat;endi-d  M.  !<<  n.iiee  College, 
lult  did  not  ^'raduale.  and.  on  lei\he_-  college 
I'lixaxed  ii.  tea.  Inn;;,  at  the  saint  lime  reading 
law.  In  ls.17  In.  was  admitted  l»  the  liar  ami 
commenced  pracliceat  Sprin^liel-i.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  wa>  elected  City  Attorney.  He  had 
f'ir  partners,  at  inherent  times,  William  II. 
llermlon  (once  a  partner  of  Ahiai.:im  Lincoln) 
ami  Senator  Shelln  M.  Ciillom.  in  Is7o  lie  xvas 
elected  a  .Iml^e  of  the  f'ircuit  Court  for  the  Fifth 
.ludicial  Circuit,  and  xvas  re-elected  in  ls7'J.  In 
|ss;i  President  Arthur  appointed  loin  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  ('tail,  xvhere  he  has  since  re-,.1.  d.  though 
superseded  hy  the  aplHiintmenl  of  a  successor  liy 
President  Cleveland.  At  the  first  Slate  elec- 
tion in  I'tah.  held  in  November,  lsit-1.  ho  xx-as 
chosen  one  of  the  .luil^es  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  new  Commonwealth,  hut  was  defeated 
for  re-election,  hy  his  Democratic  opponent,  in 

IK'JH. 


SCI.M  S   IN  SOI  Til   I'AKK 


WORLD'S  FAIR  BUILDINGS. 

The  Peristyle.  (ierman  Bulldlog, 

Administration  I'.mldini:.  The  Fisheries. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


The  following  matter,  received  too  late  for  Insertion  In  the  body  of  this  work,  is  added  In  the  form  of  a  supplement. 


COGHLAN,  (Capt.)  Joseph  Bullock,  naval 
officer,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  and,  at  the  age  of 
15  years,  came  to  Illinois,  living  on  a  farm  for  a 
time  near  Carlyle,  in  Clinton  County.  In  1860  he 
was  appointed  by  his  uncle,  Hon.  Philip  B. 
Fouke — then  a  Representative  in  Congress  from 
the  Belleville  District — to  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis,  graduating  in  1863,  and  being  pro- 
moted through  the  successive  grades  of  Ensign, 
Master,  Lieutenant,  Lieutenant-Commander,  and 
Commander,  and  serving  upon  various  vessels 
until  Nov.  18,  1893,  when  he  was  commissioned 
Captain  and,  in  1897,  assigned  to  the  command 
Of  the  battleship  Raleigh,  on  the  Asiatic  Station. 
He  was  thus  connected  with  Admiral  Dewey's 
squadron  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish- Ameri- 
can War,  and  took  a  conspicuous  and  brilliant  part 
in  the  affair  in  Manila  Bay.  on  May  1, 1898,  which 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleet. 
Captain  Coghlan's  connection  with  subsequent 
events  in  the  Philippines  was  in  the  highest 
degree  creditable  to  himself  and  the  country. 
His  vessel  (the  Raleigh)  was  the  first  of  Admiral 
Dewey's  squadron  to  return  home,  coming  by 
way  of  the  Suez  Canal,  in  the  summer  of  1899,  he 
and  his  crew  receiving  an  immense  ovation  on 
their  arrival  in  New  York  harbor. 

CRANE,  (Ber.)  Junes  Lyons,  clergyman, 
army  chaplain,  was  born  at  Mt.  Eaton,  Wayne 
County.  Ohio,  August  30,  1823,  united  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Cincinnati  in 

1841,  and,  coming  to  Edgar  County.  Illinois,  in 

1842,  attended  a  seminary  at  Paris  some  three 
years.    He  joined  the  Illinois  Conference  in  1846, 
and  was  assigned  to  the  Danville  circuit,  after- 
wards presiding  over  charges  at  Grand  vie  w.  Hills- 
boro,  Alton,  Jacksonville,  and  Springfield — at  the 
last  two  points  being  stationed   two  or  more 
times,  besides  serving  as  Presiding  Elder  of  the 
Paris,  Danville,  and  Springfield  Districts.    The 
importance  of  the  stations  which  he  filled  during 
bis  itinerant  career  served  as  evidence  of  his 
recognized  ability  and  popularity  as  a  preacher. 


In  July,  1861,  he  was  appointed  Chaplain  of  the 
Twenty-first  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  at 
that  time  commanded  by  Ulysses  S.  Grant  at 
Colonel,  and,  although  he  remained  with  the 
regiment  only  a  few  months,  the  friendship  then 
established  between  him  and  the  future  com- 
mander of  the  armies  of  the  Union  lasted  through 
their  lives.  This  was  shown  by  his  appointment 
by  President  Grant,  in  1869,  to  the  position  of 
Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Springfield,  which  came 
to  him  as  a  personal  compliment,  being  re- 
appointed  four  years  afterwards  and  continuing 
in  office  eight  years.  After  retiring  from  tho 
Springfield  postoffice,  he  occupied  charges  at 
Island  Grove  and  Shelby  ville,  his  death  occurring 
at  the  latter  place,  July  29,  1879.  as  the  result  of 
an  attack  of  paralysis  some  two  weeks  previous, 
Mr  Crane  was  married  in  1847  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Mayo,  daughter  of  CoL  J  Mayo — a  prominent 
citizen  of  Edgar  County,  at  an  early  day — his 
wife  surviving  him  some  twenty  years.  Rev. 
Charles  A  Crane  and  Rev  Frank  Crane,  pastors 
of  prominent  Methodist  churches  in  Boston  and 
Chicago,  are  eons  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch 

DA  WES,  Charles  Gates,  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury,  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  August  27. 
1865;  graduated  from  Marietta  College  in  1884, 
and  from  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  in  1886; 
worked  at  civil  engineering  during  his  vacations, 
finally  becoming  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Toledo  ft 
Ohio  Railroad.  Between  1887  and  1894  he  wac 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Lincoln,  Neb., 
but  afterwards  became  interested  in  the  gas  busi- 
ness in  various  cities,  including  Evanston,  I1L. 
which  became  his  home.  In  1896  he  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  securing  instructions  by  the  Republi- 
can State  Convention  at  Springfield  in  favor  of 
the  nomination  of  Mr  McKinley  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  during  the  succeeding  campaign 
served  as  a  member  of  the  National  Republican 
Committee  for  the  State  of  Illinois.  Soon  after 
the  accession  of  President  McKinley,  he  wa« 
appointed  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  a  position 


805 


i  ill  }-:i  in  Jii    iiiiw;ii^ 


UnKI.ICS   FAIR    111   II.HIN'.S. 

'""'  lvrM>'ll--  A.iniiiiistr:it ;uii.iniK.         nfru* 


SUPPLEMENT. 


The  following  matter,  received  too  lato  for  insertion  in  the  body  of  this  work,  is  :i<Med  In  the  for:;i 


COUHLAX,   (Capt.)    Joseph    Bullock,    nav.J 

ollicer,  was  born  iu  Kentucky,  and,  at  the  age  of 
13  years,  came  to  Illinois,  living  ou  a  farm  fur  a 
time  noar  Carlylo.  in  Clinton  County.  In  Ifiiti  he 
was  ap|)ointed  by  his  uncle,  Hon.  Philip  1!. 
Fuukc — then  a  Representative  in  Congress  fnuu 
the  Belleville  District — to  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis,  graduating  in  Ib(i3,  and  being  pro- 
moted through  the  successive  grades  of  Ensign, 
Master.  Lieutenant,  Lieutenant-Commander,  at.d 
Commander,  and  serving  upon  various  vessels 
until  Nov  18,  189.1,  when  he  was  commissioned 
Captain  and.  in  1SU7,  assigned  to  the  command 
Of  the  battleship  IJaleigh,  on  the  Asiatic  Station. 
He  V.MS  thus  connected  with  Admiral  Devvey's 
squadron  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War.  and  took  a  conspicuous  ami  brilliant  part 
in  tho  alfair  iu  Manila  Hay.  on  May  1.  lb!is.  which 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleet. 
Captain  Coghlan's  connection  with  subsequent 
events  in  the  Philippines  was  in  the  highest 
degree  creditable  to  himself  and  the  count  rv 
His  vessel  (the  lialeigh)  was  the  tirst  of  Admiral 
Devvey's  squadron  to  return  home,  coming  by 
way  of  the  Suez  Canal,  in  the  summer  of  IWI'.I.  he 
and  his  ereu*  receiving  an  immense  ovation  on 
their  arrival  in  New  York  harbor. 

CHAM-:,  (Rev.)  Jumps  Lyons,  clergyman, 
army  chaplain,  was  l>orn  at  Mt.  Eaton,  Wayne 
County  Ohio,  August  :!0.  182a,  united  with  tho 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Cincinnati  in 

1841,  and,  coming  to  Edgar  County.  Illinois,  in 

1842.  attended  a  seminary  at  Paris  some  three 
years,     lie  joined  the  Illinois  Conference  in  It-lii, 
and  was  assigned  to  the  Danville  circuit,  after- 
wards presiding  over  charges  at  Grandview.  Ilills- 
boro,  Alton.  Jacksonville,  and  Springfield — at  tho 
last   two   points    being  stationed    two   or    more 
times,  besides  serving  as  Presiding  Elder  of  the 
Paris,   Danville,   and  Springfield   Districts.     Tho 
importance  of  the  stations  which  he  filled  during 
his   itinerant   carper  server!   as  evidence  of   his 
recognized  ability  and  popularity  as  a  preacher 


In  July,  IsGl,  ho  V>MS  npp'  ink  i  Chaplain  of  tho 
Twenty-first  Kcgimcnt  Kiini'.s  Volunteers,  at 
that  timo  commanded  by  Cij  >~.-s  S.  Uraut  as 
Colonel,  and,  although  he  remained  with  the 
regiment  only  a  few  months,  the  friendship  ther. 
established  between  him  an  !  the  fist ';ie  coin- 
niaiiderof  tho  armies  of  tho  Ui'.Km  lasted  through 
their  lives.  This  was  shown  by  his  appointment 
by  President  Giant  in  1SCI),  to  t"e  p<>siti<ni  of 
Post  master  of  the  city  of  Springfield,  which  came 
to  him  as  a  personal  comiuiiueut,  U'itig  re- 
appointed  four  \ cars  afterwards  and  continuing 
in  office  eight  years.  After  retiring  from  tliO 
Spriuglield  postiulicc,  lie  occupied  fhargi-s  a* 
Island  tirove  and  Shclbyvillo.  his  death  occurring 
at  the  latter  plate.  July  -0.  IsT'.i.  as  tix  result  of 
mi  attack  of  paralysis  some  two  weeks  previous. 
Mr  Crane  was  married  in  1S1?  lo  Miss  U'i::-::ibclh 
Mayo,  daughter  of  Col.  J  Slayo — a  prominent 
citizen  of  Edgar  County,  at  aa  early  day — bis 
wife  surviving  him  some  twenty  ye:1  vs.  Ilev. 
Charles  A  Crane  and  Rev  IY..I.';  Crane,  pastors 
of  prominent  Methodist  churches  in  Boston  and 
Chi. -ago.  are  sous  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch 

DAWKS,  Charles  <;alcs,  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasury,  was  lx>rn  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  August  27, 
isir,.  graduated  from  Marietta  College  i:i  1"!. 
and  from  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  ill  1SSG; 
worked  at  civil  engineering  during  his  vacations, 
finally  becoming  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Toledo  & 
Ohio  Railroad.  Between  ISs?  and  1S91  he  wa« 
engaged  iu  the  practice  of  law  at  Lincoln.  N.-h.. 
hut  afterwards  became  interested  in  the  gas  busi- 
ness in  various  cities,  including  Evanston.  IlL. 
which  became  his  homo.  In  18!H'>  ho  took  a  Ic.ul- 
ing  part  in  securing  instructions  uy  the  Republi- 
can State  Convention  at  Springfield  in  favor  of 
the  nomination  of  Mr  McKinley  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  during  the  succeeding  campaign 
served  as  a  memlierof  the  National  Republican 
Committee  for  the  State  of  Illinois.  Soon  after 
the  accession  of  President  McKinley.  he  was 


appointed  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  a  position 


605 


606 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA  OP   ILLINOIS. 


which  he  now  holds.  Mr.  Dawes  is  the  son  of 
R.  B.  Dawes,  a  former  Congressman  from  Ohio, 
and  the  great-grandson  of  Manasseh  Cutler,  who 
was  an  influential  factor  in  the  early  history  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  and  has  beeii  credited 
with  exerting  a  strong  influence  in  shaping  and 
securing  the  adoption  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 

JUSTIN,  (CoL)  William  L.,  former  Depart- 
ment Commander  of  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic for  the  State  of  Illinois,  was  born  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Feb.  9,  1843,  his  father  being  of 
English  descent,  while  his  maternal  grandfather 
was  a  Colonel  of  the  Polish  Lancers  in  the  army 
of  the  first  Napoleon,  who,  after  the  exile  of  his 
leader,  came  to  America,  settling  in  Indiana. 
The  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  settled  at 
Keokuk,  Iowa,  where  the  son  grew  to  manhood 
and  in  February,  1863,  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Seventeenth  Iowa  Infantry,  having  been  twice 
rejected  previously  on  account  of  physical  ail- 
ment. Soon  after  enlistment  he  was  detailed  for 
provost-marshal  duty,  but  later  took  part  with 
his  regiment  in  the  campaign  in  Alabama.  He 
served  for  a  time  in  the  Fifteenth  Army  Corps, 
under  Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  was  subsequently 
detailed  for  duty  on  the  Staff  of  General  Raum, 
and  participated  in  the  battles  of  Resaca  and 
Tilton,  Ga.  Having  been  captured  in  the  latter, 
he  was  imprisoned  successively  at  Jacksonville 
(Ga.),  Montgomery,  Savannah,  and  finally  at 
Andersonville.  From  the  latter  he  succeeded  in 
effecting  his  escape,  but  was  recaptured  and 
returned  to  that  famous  prison-pen.  Having 
escaped  a  second  time  by  assuming  the  name  of 
a  dead  man  and  bribing  the  guard,  he  was  again 
captured  and  imprisoned  at  various  points  in  Mis- 
sissippi until  exchanged  about  the  time  of  the 
assassination  of  President  Lincoln.  He  was  then 
so  weakened  by  his  long  confinement  and  scanty 
fare  that  he  had  to  lie  carried  on  board  the 
steamer  on  a  stretcher.  At  this  time  he  narrowly 
escaped  being  on  board  the  steamer  Sultana, 
which  was  blown  up  below  Cairo,  with  2,100 
.soldiers  on  board,  u  large  proportion  of  whom  lost 
their  lives.  After  being  mustered  out  at  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  June  28,  186,'},  he  was  employed  for  a 
time  on  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  and  as  a 
messenger  and  route  agent  of  the  United  States 
Express  Company.  In  1872  he  established  him- 
self in  business  in  Quincy,  111  ,  in  which  he 
proved  very  successful.  Here  he  became  prom- 
inent in  local  Grand  Army  circles,  anil,  in  1890, 
was  unanimously  elected  Commander  of  the 
Department  of  Illinois.  Previous  to  this  he  had 
been  an  officer  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard,  and 


served  as  Aid-de-Camp,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel,  on  the  staff  of  Governors  Hamilton, 
Oglesby  and  Fifer.  In  1897  Colonel  Distin  was 
appointed  by  President  McKinley  Surveyor-Gen- 
eral for  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  a  position  which 
(1899)  he  still  holds. 

DUMMER,  Henry  £.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Hallowell.  Maine,  April  9,  1808,  was  educated  in 
Bowdoin  College,  graduating  there  in  the  class  of 
1827,  after  which  he  took  a  course  in  law  at  Cam- 
bridge Law  School,  and  was  soon  after  admitted 
to  the  bar.  Then,  having  spent  some  two  years 
in  his  native  State,  in  1832  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  first  in  Springfield,  where  he  remained  six 
years,  being  for  a  part  of  the  time  a  partner  of 
John  T.  Stuart,  who  afterwards  became  the  first 
partner  in  law  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Mr.  Dum- 
mer  had  a  brother,  Richard  William  Dummer, 
who  had  preceded  him  to  Illinois,  living  for  a 
time  in  Jacksonville.  In  1838  he  removed  to 
Beardstown,  Cass  County,  which  continued  to  be 
his  home  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
During  his  residence  there  he  served  as  Alder- 
man, City  Attorney  and  Judge  of  Probate  for 
Cass  County .  also  represented  Cass  County  in  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  and,  in  1860, 
was  elected  State  Senator  in  the  Twenty-second 
General  Assembly,  serving  four  years.  Mr. 
Dummer  was  an  earnest  Republican,  and  served 
that  party  as  a  delegate  for  the  State-at-large  to 
the  Convention  of  1864,  at  Baltimore,  which 
nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency  a 
second  time.  In  1864  he  removed  to  Jackson- 
ville, and  for  the  next  year  was  the  law  partner 
of  David  A.  Smith,  until  the  death  of  the  latter 
in  1865.  In  the  summer  of  1878  Mr.  Dummer 
went  to  Mackinac,  Mich. ,  in  search  of  health,  but 
died  there  August  12  of  that  year. 

ECKELS,  James  H.*  ex-Comptroller  of  the 
Currency,  was  born  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage  at 
Princeton,  111.,  Nov.  22,  1858,  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  and  the  high  school  of  his 
native  town,  graduated  from  the  Law  School  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1881,  and  the  following  year 
began  practice  at  Ottawa,  111.  Here  he  con- 
tinued in  active  practice  until  1893,  when  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Cleveland  Comptroller  of 
the  Currency,  serving  until  May  1,  1898,  when  he 
resigned  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Com- 
mercial 'National  Bank  of  Chicago.  Mr.  Eckels 
manifested  such  distinguished  ability  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  as  Comptroller  that  he 
received  the  notable  compliment  of  being 
retained  in  office  by  a  Republican  administration 
more  than  a  year  after  the  retirement  of  Presi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF  ILLINOIS. 


607 


dent  Cleveland,  while  his  selection  for  a  place  at 
the  head  of  one  of  the  leading  banking  institu- 
tions of  Chicago  was  a  no  less  marked  recognition 
of  his  abilities  as  a  financier.  He  was  a  Delegate 
from  the  Eleventh  District  to  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  at  Chicago  in  1892,  and 
repiesented  the  same  district  in  the  Gold  Demo- 
cratic Convention  at  Indianapolis  in  1896,  and 
assisted  in  framing  the  platform  there  adopted — 
which  indicated  his  views  on  the  financial  ques- 
tions involved  in  the  campaign  of  that  year. 

FIELD,  Daniel,  early  merchant,  was  born  in 
Jefferson  County,  Kentucky,  Nov.  30,  1790,  and 
settled  at  Golconda,  111.,  in  1818,  dying  there  in 
1865.  He  was  a  man  of  great  enterprise,  engaged 
in  merchandising,  and  became  a  large  land- 
holder, farmer  and  stock-grower,  and  an  extensive 
shipper  of  stock  and  produce  to  lower  Mississippi 
markets.  He  married  Elizabeth  Dailey  of 
Charleston,  Ind.,  and  raised  a  large  family  of 
children,  one  of  whom,  Philip  D.,  became  Sheriff. 
while  another,  John,  was  County  Judge  of  Pope 
County.  His  daughter,  Maria,  married  Gen. 
Green  B.  Itnuin,  who  became  prominent  as  a 
soldier  during  the  Civil  War  and,  later,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  Commissioner  of  Internal 
Revenue  and  Pension  Commissioner  in  Wash- 
ington. 

FIELD,  Green  B.,  member  of  a  pioneer  family, 
was  born  within  the  present  limits  of  the  State  of 
Indiana  in  1787,  served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
War  of  1812,  was  married  in  Bourbon  County, 
Kentucky,  to  Miss  Mary  E.  Cogswell,  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Joseph  Cogswell,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and,  in  1817,  removed  to 
Pope  County,  Illinois,  where  he  laid  off  the  town 
of  Golconda,  which  became  the  county-seat.  He 
served  as  a  Representative  from  Pope  County  in 
the  First  General  Assembly  (1818-20),  and  was 
the  father  of  Juliet  C.  Field,  who  became  the 
wife  of  John  Raum ;  of  Edna  Field,  the  wife  of 
Dr.  Tarlton  Dunn,  and  of  Green  B.  Field,  who 
was  a  Lieutenant  in  Third  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteers  during  the  Mexican  War.  Mr.  Field 
was  the  grandfather  of  Gen.  Green  B.  Raum, 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  paragraph.  He  died 
of  yellow  fever  in  Louisiana  in  1823. 

GALE,  Stephen  Francis,  first  Chicago  book- 
seller and  a  railway  promoter,  was  born  at 
Exeter,  N.  H..  March  8,  1812;  at  15  years  of  age 
became  clerk  in  a  leading  book-store  in  Boston; 
came  to  Chicago  in  1835,  and  soon  afterwards 
opened  the  first  book  and  stationery  establish- 
ment in  that  city,  which,  in  after  years,  gained 
an  extensive  trade.  In  1842  the  firm  of  S.  F. 


Gale  &  Co.  was  organized,  but  Mr.  Gale,  having 
become  head  of  the  Chicago  Fire  Department, 
retired  from  business  in  184">  As  early  as  1840 
he  was  associated  with  W  m.  B.  Ogden  and  John 
B.  Turner  in  the  steps  then  being  taken  to  revive 
the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad  (now  a 
part  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern),  and,  in 
conjunction  with  these  gentlemen,  becamo 
responsible  for  the  means  to  purcliase  the  charter 
and  assets  of  the  road  from  the  Eastern  bond- 
holders. Later,  he  engaged  iu  the  construction 
of  the  branch  road  from  Turner  Junction  to 
Aurora,  became  President  of  the  line  and  ex- 
tended it  to  Mendota  to  connect  with  the  Illinois 
Central  at  that  Point.  Tlie.se  roads  afterwards 
became  a  part  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  line.  A  number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Gale 
returned  to  his  old  home  in  New  Hampshire, 
where  he  has  since  resided. 

HAY,  John,  early  settler,  came  to  the  region  of 
Kaskaskia  between  1790  and  1800,  and  became  a 
prominent  citizen  of  St.  (.'lair  County.  He  was 
selected  as  a  member  of  the  First  Legislative 
Council  of  Indiana  Territory  for  St.  Clair  County 
in  1805.  In  1809  he  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Court  of  St.  Clair  County,  and 
was  continued  in  office  after  the  organization  of 
the  State  Government,  serving  until  his  death  at 
Belleville  in  1845. 

HAYS,  John,  pioneer  settler  of  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, was  a  native  of  New  York,  who  came  to 
Cahokia,  in  the  "Illinois  Country,"  in  1793,  and 
lived  there  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  early 
life  had  been  spent  in  the  fur-trade  about  Macki- 
nac,  in  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  region  and  about 
the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  During  the  War 
of  1812  he  was  able  to  furnish  Governor  Edwards 
valuable  information  in  reference  to  the  Indians 
in  the  Northwest.  He  filled  the  office  of  Post- 
master at  Caliokia  for  a  number  of  years,  and  was 
Sheriff  of  St.  Clair  County  from  1798  to  1818. 

JKOCLTON,  (Col.)  George  M.,  soldier  and 
building  contractor,  was  born  at  Readsburg,  Vt.. 
March  15, 1851,  came  early  in  life  to  Chicago,  and 
was  educated  in  the  schools  of  that  city.  By  pro- 
fession he  is  a  contractor  and  builder,  the  firm  of 
which  he  is  a  member  having  been  connected 
with  the  construction  of  a  number  of  large  build- 
ings, including  some  extensive  grain  elevators. 
Colonel  Moulton  became  a  member  of  the  Second 
Regiment  Illinois  National  Guard  in  June,  1884. 
being  elected  to  the  office  of  Major,  which  he 
retained  until  January,  1893,  when  he  was 
appointed  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  on  the  staff 
of  General  Wheeler.  A  year  later  he  was  con> 


608 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


missioned  Colonel  of  the  regiment,  a  position 
which  he  occupied  at  the  time  of  the  call  by  the 
President  for  troops  to  serve  in  the  Spanish- 
American  War  in  April,  1898.  He  promptly 
answered  the  call,  and  was  sworn  into  the  United 
States  service  at  the  head  of  his  regiment  early 
in  May.  The  regiment  was  almost  immediately 
ordered  to  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  remaining  there 
And  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  until  early  in  December, 
when  it  was  transferred  to  Havana,  Cuba.  Here 
he  was  soon  after  appointed  Chief  of  Police  for 
the  city  of  Havana,  remaining  in  office  until  the 
middle  of  January,  1899,  when  he  returned  to  his 
regiment,  then  stationed  at  Camp  Columbia,  near 
the  city  of  Havana.  In  the  latter  part  of  March 
he  returned  with  his  regiment  to  Augusta,  Ga., 
where  it  was  mustered  out,  April  26,  1899,  one 
year  from  the  date  of  its  arrival  at  Springfield. 
After  leaving  the  service  Colonel  Moulton 
resumed  his  business  as  a  contractor. 

SHERMAN,  Lawrence  V.,  legislator  and 
Speaker  of  the  Forty-first  General  Assembly,  was 
born  in  Miami  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  6,  1858;  at  3 
years  of  age  came  to  Illinois,  his  parents  settling 
at  Industry,  McDonough  County.  When  he  had 
reached  the  age  of-  10  years  he  went  to  Jasper 
County,  where  he  grew  to  manhood,  received  his 
education  in  the  common  schools  and  in  the  law- 


department  of  McKendree  College,  graduating 
from  the  latter,  and,  in  1881,  located  at  Macomb, 
McDonough  County.  Here  he  began  his  career 
by  driving  a  team  upon  the  street  in  order  to 
accumulate  means  enabling  him  to  devote  his 
entire  attention  to  his  chosen  profession  of  law. 
He  soon  took  an  active  interest  in  politics,  was 
elected  County  Judge  in  1886,  and,  at  the  expire-' 
tion  of  his  term,  formed  a  partnership  with 
George  D.  Tunnicliffe  and  D.  G.  Tunnicliffe, 
ex-Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1894  he  was 
a  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly,  but 
withdrew  to  prevent  a  split  in  the  party;  was 
nominated  and  elected  in  1896,  and  re-elected  in 
1898.  and,  at  the  succeeding  session  of  the 
Forty-first  General  Assembly,  was  nominated 
by  the  Republican  caucus  and  elected  Speaker, 
as  he  was  again  of  the  Forty-second  in  1901. 

VINYARD,  Philip,  early  legislator,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania  in  1800.  came  to  Illinois  at  an 
early  day,  and  settled  in  Pope  County,  which  he 
represented  in  the  lower  branch  of  the  Thirteenth 
and  Fourteenth  General  Assemblies.  He  married 
Miss  Matilda  McCoy,  the  daughter  of  a  prominent 
Illinois  pioneer,  and  served  as  Sheriff  of  Pope 
County  for  a  number  of  years.  Died,  at  Got 
conda,'  in  1862. 


SUPPLEMENT  NO.   II. 


BLACK  HAWK  WAR,  THE.  The  episode 
known  in  history  under  the  name  of  '  'The  Black 
Hawk  War,"  was  the  most  formidable  conflict 
between  the  whites  and  Indians,  as  well  as  the 
most  far-reaching  in  its  results,  that  ever  oc- 
curred upon  the  soil  of  Illinois.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  Indian  Chief,  of  the  Sac  tribe, 
Black  Hawk  (Indian  name,  Makatai  Meshekia- 
kiak,  meaning  "Black  Sparrow  Hawk"),  who 
was  the  leader  of  the  hostile  Indian  band  and  a 
principal  factor  in  the  struggle.  Black  Hawk 
had  been  an  ally  of  the  British  during  the  War 
of  1812  15,  served  with  Tecumseh  when  the  lat- 
ter fell  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813,  and, 
after  the  war,  continued  to  maintain  friendly  re- 
lations with  his  "British  father."  The  outbreak 


in  Illinois  had  its  origin  in  the  construction 
put  upon  the  treaty  negotiated  by  Gen.  William 
Henry  Harrison  with  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians 
on  behalf  of  the  United  States  Government,  No- 
vember 3,  1804,  under  which  the  Indians  trans- 
ferred to  the  Government  nearly  15,000,000  acres 
of  land  comprising  the  region  lying  between  the 
Wisconsin  River  on  the  north.  Fox  River  of  Illi- 
nois on  the  east  and  southeast,  and  the  Mississippi 
on  the  west,  for  which  the  Government  agreed  to 
pay  to  the  confederated  tribes  less  than  $2,500  in 
goods  and  the  insignificant  sum  of  $1,000  per  an- 
num in  perpetuity.  While  the  validity  of  the 
treaty  was  denied  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  on  the 
ground  that  it  had  originally  been  entered  into  by 
their  chiefs  under  duress,  while  held  as  prisoners 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


601 


under  a  charge  of  murder  at  Jefferson  Barracks, 
during  which  they  had  been  kept  in  a  state  of  con- 
stant intoxication,  it  had  been  repeatedly  reaf- 
firmed by  parts  or  all  of  the  tribe,  especially  iu 
1815,  in  1816,  in  1822  and  in  1823,  and  finally  recog- 
nized by  Black  Hawk  himself  in  i831.  The  part  of 
the  treaty  of  1804  which  was  the  immediate  cause 
of  the  disagreement  was  that  which  stipulated 
that,  so  long  as  the  lands  ceded  under  it  remained 
the  property  of  the  United  States  (that  is,  should 
not  be  transferred  to  private  owners),  "the  Indians 
belonging  to  the  said  tribes  shall  enjoy  the  priv- 
ilege of  living  or  hunting  upon  them."  Al- 
though these  lands  had  not  been  put  upon  the 
market,  or  even  surveyed,  as  "squatters"  multi- 
plied in  this  region  little  respect  was  paid  to  the 
treaty  rights  of  the  Indians,  particularly  with 
reference  to  those  localities  where,  by  reason  of 
fertility  of  the  soil  or  some  other  natural  advan- 
tage, the  Indians  had  established  something  like 
permanent  homes  and  introduced  a  sort  of  crude 
cultivation.  This  was  especially  the  case  with 
reference  to  the  Sac  village  of  "Saukenuk"  on 
the  north  bank  of  Rock  River  near  its  mouth, 
where  the  Indians,  when  not  absent  on  the  chase, 
had  lived  for  over  a  century,  had  cultivated 
fields  of  corn  and  vegetables  and  had  buried  their 
dead.  In  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  it  is 
estimated  that  some  five  hundred  families  had 
been  accustomed  to  congregate  here,  making  it 
the  largest  Indian  village  in  the  West.  As  early 
as  1823  the  encroachments  of  squatters  on  the 
rights  claimed  by  the  Indians  under  the  treaty 
of  1804  began ;  their  fields  were  taken  possession 
of  by  the  intruders,  their  lodges  burned  and  their 
women  and  children  whipped  and  driven  away 
during  the  absence  of  the  men  on  their  annual 
hunts.  The  dangers  resulting  from  these  con- 
flicts led  Governor  Edwards,  as  early  as  1828,  to 
demand  of  the  General  Government  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Indians  from  Illinois,  which  resulted 
in  an  order  from  President  Jackson  in  1829  for 
their  removal  west  of  the  Mississippi.  On  appli- 
cation of  Col.  George  Davenport,  a  trader  of 
much  influence  with  the  Indians,  the  time  was 
extended  to  April  1, 1830.  During  the  preceding 
year  Colonel  Davenport  and  the  firm  of  Davenport 
and  Fan  i  ham  bought  from  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment most  of  the  lands  on  Rock  River  occupied 
by  Black  Hawk's  band,  with  the  intention,  as  has 
been  claimed,  of  permitting  the  Indians  to  remain. 
This  was  not  so  understood  by  Black  Hawk,  who 
was  greatly  incensed,  although  Davenport  offered 
to  take  other  lands  from  the  Government  in  ex- 
change or  cancel  the  sale  —  an  arrangement  to 


which  President  Jackson  would  not  consent.  OB 
their  return  in  the  spring  of  1830,  the  Indians 
found  whites  in  possession  of  their  village.  Pre- 
vented from  cultivating  their  fields,  and  their 
annual  hunt  proving  unsuccessful,  the  following 
winter  proved  for  them  one  of  great  hardship. 
Black  Hawk,  having  made  a  visit  to  his  "  British 
father  "  (the  British  Agent)  at  Maiden,  Canada, 
claimed  to  have  received  words  of  sympathy  and 
encouragement,  which  induced  him  to  determine 
to  regain  possession  of  their  fields.  In  this  he 
was  encouraged  by  Neapope,  his  second  in  com- 
mand, and  by  assurance  of  support  from  White 
Cloud,  a  half  Sac  and  half  Winnebago  —  known 
also  as  "  The  Prophet "  —  whose  village  (Prophet's 
Town)  was  some  forty  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  Rock  River,  and  through  whom  Black  Hawk 
claimed  to  have  leceived  promises  of  aid  in  guns, 
ammunition  and  provisions  from  the  British. 
The  reappearance  of  Black  Hawk's  band  in  the 
vicinity  of  his  old  haunts,  in  the  spring  of  1831, 
produced  a  wild  panic  among  the  frontier  settlers. 
Messages  were  hurried  to  Governor  Reynolds, 
who  had  succeeded  Governor  Edwards  in  De- 
cember previous,  appealing  for  protection  against 
the  savages.  The  Governor  issued  a  call  for  700 
volunteers  "  to  remove  the  band  of  Sac  Indians" 
at  Rock  Island  beyond  the  Mississippi.  Al- 
though Gen.  E.  P.  Gaines  of  the  regular  army, 
commanding  the  military  district,  thought  the 
regulars  sufficiently  strong  to  cope  with  the  situa- 
tion, the  Governor's  proclamation  was  responded 
to  by  more  than  twice  the  number  called  for. 
The  volunteers  assembled  early  in  June,  1831,  at 
Beardstown,  the  place  of  rendezvous  named  in 
the  call,  and  having  been  organized  into  two  regi- 
ments under  command  of  Col.  James  D.  Henrj  and 
Col.  Daniel  Laeb,  with  a  spy  battalion  under  Gen. 
Joseph  Duncan,  marched  across  the  country  and, 
after  effecting  a  junction  with  General  Gaines' 
regulars,  appeared  before  Black  Hawk's  village  OB 
the  25th  of  June.  In  the  meantime  General 
Gaines,  having  learned  that  the  Pottawatomies, 
Winnebagos  and  Kickapoos  had  promised  to  join 
the  Sacs  in  their  uprising,  asked  the  assistance  of 
the  battalion  of  mounted  men  previously  offered 
by  Governor  Reynolds.  The  combined  armies 
amounted  to  2.500  men,  while  the  fighting  force 
of  the  Indians  was  300.  Finding  himself  over- 
whelmingly outnumbered.  Black  Hawk  withdrew 
under  cover  of  night  to  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi After  burning  the  village,  General  Gainee 
notified  Black  Hawk  of  his  intention  to  pursue 
and  attack  his  band,  which  had  the  effect  to 
bring  the  fugitive  chief  to  the  General's 


610 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


quarters,  where,  on  June  30,  a  new  treaty  was 
entered  into  by  which  he  bound  himself  and  his 
people  to  remain  west  of  the  Mississippi  unless 
permitted  to  return  by  the  United  States.  This 
ended  the  campaign,  and  the  volunteers  returned 
to  their  homes,  although  the  affair  had  produced 
an  intense  excitement  along  the  whole  frontier, 
and  involved  a  heavy  expense. 

The  next  winter  was  spent  by  Black  Hawk  and 
his  band  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Madison,  in  the 
present  State  of  Iowa.  Dissatisfied  and  humil- 
iated by  his  repulse  of  the  previous  year,  in  disre- 
gard of  his  pledge  to  General  Games,  on  April  6, 
1832,  at  the  head  of  500  warriors  and  their  fam- 
ilies, he  again  crossed  the  Mississippi  at  Yel- 
low Banks  about  the  site  of  the  present  city  of 
Oquawka,  fifty  miles  below  Rock  Island,  with  the 
intention,  as  claimed,  if  not  permitted  to  stop  at 
his  old  village,  to  proceed  to  the  Prophet's  Town 
and  raise  a  crop  with  the  Winnebagoes.  Here  he 
was  met  by  The  Prophet  with  renewed  assurances 
of  aid  from  the  Winnebagoes,  which  was  still 
further  strengthened  by  promises  from  the  Brit- 
ish Agent  received  through  a  visit  by  Neapope  to 
Maiden  the  previous  autumn.  An  incident  of  this 
invasion  was  the  effective  warning  given  to  the 
white  settlers  by  Shabona,  a  friendly  Ottawa 
chief,  which  probably  had  the  effect  to  prevent 
a  widespread  massacre.  Besides  the  towns  of 
Galena  and  Chicago,  the  settlements  in  Illinois 
north  of  Fort  Clark  (Peoria)  were  limited  to  some 
thirty  families  on  Bureau  Creek  with  a  few 
cabins  at  Hennepin,  Peru,  LaSalle,  Ottawa,  In- 
dian Creek,  Dixon,  Kellogg's  Grove,  Apple  Creek, 
and  a  few  other  points.  Gen.  Henry  Atkinson, 
commanding  the  regulars  at  Fort  Armstrong 
(Rock  Island),  having  learned  of  the  arrival  of 
Black  Hawk  a  week  after  he  crossed  the  Missis- 
sippi, at  once  took  steps  to  notify  Governor  Rey- 
nolds of  the  situation  with  a  requisition  for  an 
adequate  force  of  militia  to  cooperate  with  the 
regulars.  Under  date  of  April  16,  1832,  the  Gov- 
ernor issued  his  call  for  "a  strong  detachment  of 
militia,"  to  meet  by  April  22,  Beardstown  again 
being  named  as  a  place  of  rendezvous.  The  call 
resulted  in  the  assembling  of  a  force  which  was 
organized  into  four  regiments  under  command  of 
Cols.  John  DeWitt,  Jacob  Fry,  John  Thomas  and 
Samuel  M.  Thompson,  together  with  a  spy  bat- 
talion under  Maj.  James  D.  Henry,  an  odd  bat- 
talion under  Maj.  Thomas  James  and  a  foot 
battalion  under  Maj.  Thomas  Long.  To  these  were 
subsequently  added  two  independent  battalions 
of  mounted  men,  under  command  of  Majors 
Isaiah  Stillman  and  David  Bailey,  which  were 


finally  consolidated  as  the  Fifth  Regiment  under 
command  of  Col.  James  Johnson.  The  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  four  regiments  at  Beardstown 
was  completed  by  April  27,  and  the  force  under 
command  of  Brigadier-General  Whiteeide  (but 
accompanied  by  Governor  Reynolds,  who  was 
allowed  pay  as  Major  General  by  the  General 
Government)  began  its  march  to  Fort  Armstrong, 
arriving  there  May  7  and  being  mustered  into  the 
United  States  service.  Among  others  accompany- 
ing the  expedition  who  were  then,  or  afterwards 
became,  noted  citizens  of  the  State,  were  Vital 
Jarrot,  Adjutant-General;  Cyrus  Edwards,  Ord- 
nance Officer;  Murray  McConnel,  Staff  Officer, 
and  Abraham  Lincoln,  Captain  of  a  company  of 
volunteers  from  Sangamon  County  in  the  Fourth 
Regiment.  Col.  Zachary  Taylor,  then  commander 
of  a  regiment  of  regulars,  arrived  at  Fort  Arm- 
strong about  the  same  time  with  reinforcements 
from  Fort  Leavenworth  and  Fort  Crawford.  The 
total  force  of  militia  amounted  to  1,935  men,  anil 
of  regulars  about  1,000.  An  interesting  story  is 
told  concerning  a  speech  delivered  to  the  volun- 
teers by  Colonel  Taylor  about  this  time.  After 
reminding  them  of  their  duty  to  obey  an  order 
promptly,  the  future  hero  of  the  Mexican  War 
added:  "The  safety  of  all  depends  upon  the  obe- 
dience and  courage  of  all.  You  are  citizen  sol- 
diers; some  of  you  may  fill  high  offices,  or  even  be 
Presidents  some  day — but  not  if  you  refuse  to  do 
your  duty.  Forward,  march!"  A  curious  com- 
mentary upon  this  speech  is  furnished  in  the  fact 
that,  while  Taylor  himself  afterwards  became 
President,  at  least  one  of  his  hearers — a  volunteer 
who  probably  then  had  no  aspiration  to  that  dis- 
tinction (Abraham  Lincoln) — reached  the  same 
position  during  the  most  dramatic  period  in  the 
nation's  history. 

Two  days  after  the  arrival  at  Fort  Armstrong, 
the  advance  up  Rock  River  began,  the  main  force 
of  the  volunteers  proceeding  by  land  under  Gen- 
eral Whiteside,  while  General  Atkinson,  with 
400  regular  and  300  volunteer  foot  soldiers,  pro- 
ceeded by  boat,  carrying  with  him  the  artillery, 
provisions  and  bulk  of  the  baggage.  Whiteside. 
advancing  by  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  was  the 
first  to  arrive  at  the  Prophet's  Town,  which, 
finding  deserted,  he  pushed  on  to  Dixon's  Ferry 
(now  Dixon),  where  he  arrived  May  12.  Here  he 
found  the  independent  battalions  of  Stillman  and 
Bailey  with  ammunition  and  supplies  of  which 
Whiteside  stood  in  need.  The  mounted  battalions 
under  command  of  Major  Stillman,  having  been 
sent  forward  by  Whiteside  as  a  scouting  party, 
left  Dixon  on  the  13th  and,  on  the  afternoon  of 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


611 


the  next  day,  went  into  camp  in  a  strong  position 
near  the  mouth  of  Sycamore  Creek.  As  soon  dis- 
covered, Black  Hawk  was  in  camp  at  the  same 
time,  as  he  afterwards  claimed,  with  about  forty 
of  hia  braves,  on  Sycamore  Creek,  three  miles 
distant,  while  the  greater  part  of  his  band  were  en- 
camped with  the  more  war-like  faction  of  the  Pot  - 
taw-atomies  some  seven  miles  farther  north  on  the 
Kishwaukee  River.  As  claimed  by  Black  Hawk 
in  his  autobiography,  having  been  disappointed  in 
his  expectation  of  forming  an  alliance  with  the 
Winnebagoes  and  the  Pottawatomies,  he  had  at 
this  juncture  determined  to  return  to  the  west 
side  of  the  Mississippi.  Hearing  of  the  arrival  of 
Stillman's  command  in  the  vicinity,  and  taking 
it  for  granted  that  this  was  the  whole  of  Atkin- 
son's command,  he  sent  out  three  of  his  young 
men  with  a  white  flag,  to  arrange  a  parley  and 
convey  to  Atkinson  his  offer  to  meet  the  latter  in 
council.  These  were  captured  by  some  of  Still- 
man's band  regardless  of  their  flag  of  truce,  while 
a  party  of  five  other  braves  who  followed  to  ob- 
serve the  treatment  received  by  the  flagbearers, 
were  attacked  and  two  of  their  number  killed,  the 
the  other  three  escaping  to  their  camp.  Black 
Hawk  learning  the  fate  of  his  truce  party  was 
aroused  to  the  fiercest  indignation.  Tearing  the 
flag  to  pieces  with  which  he  had  intended  to  go 
into  council  with  the  whites,  and  appealing  to  his 
followers  to  avenge  the  murder  of  their  comrades, 
he  prepared  for  the  attack.  The  rangers  num- 
bered 275  men,  while  Black  Hawk's  band  has  been 
estimated  at  less  than  forty.  As  the  rangers 
caught  sight  of  the  Indians,  they  rushed  forward 
in  pell-mell  fashion.  Retiring  behind  a  fringe 
of  bushes,  the  Indians  awaited  the  attack.  As 
the  rangers  approached,  Black  Hawk  and  his 
party  rose  up  with  a  war  whoop,  at  the  same  time 
opening  fire  on  their  assailants.  The  further 
history  of  the  affair  was  as  much  of  a  disgrace  to 
Stillman's  command  as  had  been  their  desecra- 
tion of  the  flag  of  truce.  Thrown  into  panic  by 
their  reception  by  Black  Hawk's  little  band,  the 
rangers  turned  and,  without  firing  a  shot,  began 
the  retreat,  dashing  through  their  own  camp  and 
abandoning  every  thing,  which  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Indians.  An  attempt  was  made  by  one  or 
two  officers  and  a  few  of  their  men  to  check  the 
retreat,  but  without  success,  the  bulk  of  the  fu- 
gitives continuing  their  mad  rush  for  safety 
through  the  night  until  they  reached  Dixon, 
twenty-five  miles  distant,  while  many  never 
stopped  until  they  reached  their  homes,  forty 
or  fifty  miles  distant.  The  casualties  to  the 
rangers  amounted  to  eleven  killed  and  two 


wounded,  while  the  Indian  loss  consisted  of  two 
spies  and  one  of  the  flag-bearers,  treacherously 
killed  near  Stillman's  camp,  'ihis  ill-starred  af- 
fair, which  has  passed  into  history  38  "Stillman  - 
defeat,"  produced  a  general  panic  alon-j  the  fron- 
tier by  inducing  an  exaggerated  estimate  of  the 
strength  of  the  Indian  force,  while  it  led  1  lack 
Hawk  to  form  a  poor  opinion  of  the  courage  f 
the  white  troops  at  the  same  time  that  it  led  to 
an  exalted  estimate  of  the  prowess  of  his  own 
little  band — thus  becoming  an  important  factor 
in  prolonging  the  war  and  in  the  bloody  massacres 
which  followed.  Whiteside,  with  his  force  of 
1,400  men,  advanced  to  the  scene  of  the  defeat 
the  next  day  and  buried  the  dead,  while  on  the 
19th,  Atkinson,  with  his  force  of  regulars,  pro- 
ceeded up  Rock  River,  leaving  the  remnant  of 
Stillman's  force  to  guard  the  wounded  and  sup- 
plies at  Dixon.  No  sooner  had  he  left  than  the 
demoralized  fugitives  of  a  few  days  before  de 
serted  their  post  for  their  homes,  compelling  At- 
kinson to  return  for  the  protection  of  his  base  of 
supplies,  while  Whiteside  was  ordered  to  follow 
the  trail  of  Black  Hawk  who  had  started  up  the 
Kishwaukee  for  the  swamps  about  Lake  Kosh- 
konong,  nearly  west  of  Milwaukee  within  the 
present  State  of  Wisconsin. 

At  this  point  the  really  active  stage  of  the 
campaign  began.  Black  Hawk,  leaving  the 
women  and  children  of  his  band  in  the  fastnesses 
of  the  swamps,  divided  his  followers  into  two 
bands,  retaining  about  200  under  his  own  com- 
mand, while  the  notorious  half-breed,  Mike  Girty , 
ledaband  of  one  hundred  renegadePottawatomies. 
Returning  to  the  vicinity  of  Rock  Island,  he 
gathered  some  recruits  from  the  Pottawatomies 
and  Winnebagoes,  and  the  work  of  rapine  and 
massacre  among  the  frontier  settlers  began.  One 
of  the  most  notable  of  these  was  the  Indian 
Creek  Massacre  in  LaSalle  County,  about  twelve 
miles  north  of  Ottawa,  on  May  21,  when  sixteen 
persons  were  killed  at  the  Home  of  William 
Davis,  and  two  young  girls — Sylvia  and  Rachel 
Hall,  aged,  respectively,  17  and  15  years — were 
carried  away  captives.  The  girls  were  subse- 
quently released,  having  been  ransomed  for  $2,000 
in  horses  and  trinkets  through  a  Winnebago 
Chief  and  surrendered  to  sub-agent  Henry 
Gratiot.  Great  as  was  the  emergency  at  this 
juncture,  the  volunteers  began  to  manifest  evi- 
dence of  dissatisfaction  and,  claiming  that  they 
had  served  out  their  term  of  enlistment,  refused 
to  follow  the  Indians  into  the  swamps  of  Wis- 
consin. As  the  result  of  a  council  of  war,  the 
volunteers  were  ordered  to  Ottawa,  where  they 


HISTOKICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


were  mustered  out  on  May  28,  by  Lieut.  Robt. 
Anderson,  afterwards  General  Anderson  of  Fort 
Sumter  fame.  Meanwhile  Governor  Reynolds  had 
issued  his  call  (with  that  of  1831  the  third,)  for 
9,000  men  to  serve  during  the  war.  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott  was  also  ordered  from  the  East 
with  1,000  regulars  although,  owing  to  cholera 
breaking  out  among  the  troops,  they  did  not 
arrive  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  campaign.  The 
rank  and  file  of  volunteers  responding  under  the 
new  call  was  3,148,  with  recruits  and  regulars 
then  in  Illinois  making  an  army  of  4,000.  Pend- 
ing the  arrival  of  the  troops  under  the  new  call, 
and  to  meet  an  immediate  emergency,  300  men 
were  enlisted  from  the  disbanded  rangers  for  a 
period  of  twenty  days,  and  organized  into  a 
regiment  under  command  of  Col.  Jacob  Fry, 
with  James  D.  Henry  as  Lieutenant  Colonel  and 
John  Thomas  as  Major.  Among  those  who  en- 
listed as  privates  in  this  regiment  were  Brig.- 
Gen.  Whiteside  and  Capt.  Abraham  Lincoln.  A 
regiment  of  five  companies,  numbering  195  men, 
from  Putnam  County  under  command  of  Col. 
John  Strawn,  and  another  of  eight  companies 
from  Vermilion  County  under  Col.  Isaac  R. 
Moore,  were  organized  and  assigned  to  guard 
duty  for  a  period  of  twenty  days. 

The  new  volunteers  were  rendezvoused  at  Fort 
Wilbourn,  nearly  opposite  Peru,  June  15,  and 
organized  into  three  brigades,  each  consisting  of 
three  regiments  and  a  spy  battalion.  The  First 
Brigade  (915  strong)  was  placed  under  command 
of  Brig. -Gen.  Alexander  Posey.  the  Second 
under  Gen.  Milton  K.  Alexander,  and  the  third 
under  Gen.  James  D.  Henry.  Others  who  served 
as  officers  in  some  of  these  several  organizations, 
and  afterwards  became  prominent  in  State  his- 
tory, were  Lieut. -Col.  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard  of  the 
Vermilion  County  regiment ;  John  A.  Modern  - 
and,  on  the  staff  of  General  Posey ;  Maj.  John 
Dement ;  then  State  Treasurer ;  Stinson  H.  Ander- 
son, afterwards  Lieutenant-Governor;  Lieut.  - 
GOT.  Zadoc  Casey;  Maj.,  William  McHenry; 
Sidney  Breese  (afterwards  Judge  of  the  State 
Supreme  Court  and  United  States  Senator) :  W. 
L.  D.  Ewing  (as  Major  of  a  spy  battalion,  after- 
wards United  States  Senator  and  State  Auditor) ; 
Alexander  W.  Jenkins  (afterwards  Lieutenant- 
Governor)  ;  James  W.  Semple  (afterwards  United 
States  Senator) ;  and  William  Weather  ford  (after- 
wards a  Colonel  in  the  Mexican  War),  and  many 
more.  Of  the  Illinois  troops,  Posey 's  brigade 
was  assigned  to  the  duty  of  dispersing  the  Indians 
between  Galena  and  Rock  River,  Alexander's  sent 
to  intercept  Black  Hawk  up  the  Rock  River, 


while  Henry's  remained  with  Gen.  Atkinson  at 
Dixon.  During  the  next  two  weeks  engage- 
ments of  a  more  or  less  serious  character  were 
had  on  the  Pecatonica  on  the  southern  border  of 
the  present  State  of  Wisconsin;  at  Apple  River 
Fort  fourteen  miles  east  of  Galena,  which  was 
successfully  defended  against  a  force  under  Black 
Hawk  himself,  and  at  Kellogg's  Grove  the  next 
day  (June  25),  when  the  same  band  ambushed 
Maj.  Dement 's  spy  battalion,  and  rani'!  near  in- 
flicting a  defeat,  which  was  prevented  by 
Dement's  coolness  and  the  timely  arrival  of  re- 
inforcements. In  the  latter  engagement  the 
whites  lost  five  killed  besides  47  horses  which  had 
been  tethered  outside  their  lines,  the  loss  of  tha 
Indians  being  sixteen  killed.  Skirmishes  also 
occurred  with  varying  results,  at  Plum  River 
Fort,  Burr  Oak  Grove,  Sinsiniwa  and  Blue 
Mounds — the  last  two  within  the  present  State  of 
Wisconsin. 

Believing  the  bulk  of  the  Indians  to  be  camped 
in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Koshkonong,  General 
Atkinson  left  Dixon  June  27  with  a  combined 
force  of  regulars  and  volunteers  numbering  2,600 
men — the  volunteers  being  under  the  command 
of  General  Henry.  They  reached  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake  July  2,  but  found  no  Indians,  being  joined 
two  days  later  by  General  Alexander'sbrigade.and 
on  the  6th  by  Gen.  Posey's.  From  here  the  com- 
mands of  Generals  Henry  and  Alexander  were 
sent  for  supplies  to  Fort  Winnebago,  at  the  Port- 
age of  the  Wisconsin ;  Colonel  Ewing,  with  the 
Second  Regiment  of  Posey's  brigade  descending 
Rock  River  to  Dixon,  Posey  with  the  remainder, 
going  to  Fort  Hamilton  for  the  protection  of 
settlers  in  the  lead-mining  region,  while  Atkin- 
son, advancing  with  the  regulars  up  Lake  Koshko- 
nong, began  the  erection  of  temporary  fortifica- 
tions on  Bark  River  near  the  site  of  the  present 
village  of  Fort  Atkinson.  At  Fort  Winnebago 
Alexander  and  Henry  obtained  evidence  of  the 
actual  location  of  Black  Hawk's  camp  through 
Pierre  Poquette,  a  half-breed  scout  and  trader 
in  the  employ  of  the  American  Fur  Company, 
whom  they  employed  with  a  number  of  Winne 
bagos  to  act  as  guides.  From  this  point  Alex- 
ander's command  returned  to  General  Atkinson's 
headquarters,  carrying  with  them  twelve  day's 
provisions  for  the  main  army,  while  General 
Henry 's  (600  strong),  with  Major  Dodge's  battalion 
numbering  150,  with  an  equal  quantity  of  supplies 
for  themselves,  started  under  the  guidance  of 
Poquette  and  his  Winnebago  aids  to  find  Black 
Hawk's  camp.  Arriving  on  the  18th  at  the 
Winnebago  village  on  Rock  River  where  Black 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


613 


Hawk  and  his  band  had  been  located,  their  camp 
was  found  deserted,  the  Winnebagos  insisting 
that  they  had  gone  to  Cranberry  ( now  Horicon) 
Lake,  a  half-day's  inarch  up  the  river.  Messen- 
gers were  immediately  dispatched  to  Atkinson's 
headquarters,  thirty-five  miles  distant,  to  ap- 
prise him  of  this  fact.  When  they  had  proceeded 
about  half  the  distance,  they  struck  a  broad, 
fresh  trail,  which  proved  to  be  that  of  Black 
Hawk's  band  headed  westward  toward  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  guide  having  deserted  them  in 
order  to  warn  his  tribesmen  that  further  dis- 
sembling to  deceive  the  whites  as  to 
the  whereabouts  of  the  Sacs  was  use- 
less, the  messengers  were  compelled  to  follow 
him  to  General  Henry's  camp.  The  discovery  pro- 
duced the  wildest  enthusiasm  among  the  volun- 
teers, and  from  this  time-events  followed  in  rapid 
succession.  Leaving  as  far  as  possible  all  incum- 
brances  behind,  the  pursuit  of  the  fu0uives  was 
begun  without  delay,  the  troops  wading  through 
swamps  sometimes  in  water  to  their  armpits. 
Soon  evidence  of  the  character  of  the  flight  the 
Indians  were  making,  in  the  shape  of  exhausted 
horses,  blankets,  and  camp  equipage  cast  aside 
along  the  trail,  began  to  appear,  and  straggling 
bands  of  Winnebagos,  who  had  now  begun  to 
desert  Black  Hawk,  gave  information  that  the 
Indians  were  only  a  few  miles  in  advance.  On 
the  evening  of  the  20th  of  July  Henry's  forces 
encamped  at  "The  Four  Lakes,"  the  present 
site  of  the  city  of  Madison,  Wis. ,  Black  Hawk's 
force  lying  in  ambush  the  same  night  seven  or 
eight  miles  distant.  During  the  next  afternoon 
the  rear-guard  of  the  Indians  under  Neapope  was 
overtaken  and  skirmishing  continued  until  the 
bluffs  of  the  Wisconsin  were  reached.  Black 
Hawk's  avowed  object  was  to  protect  the  passage 
of  the  main  body  of  his  people  across  the  stream. 
The  loss  of  the  Indians  in  these  skirmishes  has 
been  estimated  at  40  to  68,  while  Black  Hawk 
claimed  that  it  was  only  six  killed,  the  loss  of 
the  whites  being  one  killed  and  eight  wounded. 
During  the  night  Black  Hawk  succeeded  in 
placing  a  considerable  number  of  the  women  and 
children  and  old  men  on  a  raft  and  in  canoes 
obtained  from  the  Winnebagos,  and  sent  them 
down  the  river,  believing  that,  as  non-combat- 
ants, they  would  be  permitted  by  the  regulars 
to  pass  Fort  Crawford,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 
consin, undisturbed.  In  this  he  was  mistaken. 
A  force  sent  from  the  fort  under  Colonel  Ritner  to 
intercept  them,  fired  mercilessly  upon  the  help- 
less fugitives,  killing  fifteen  of  their  number, 
while  about  fifty  were  drowned  and  thirty-two 


women  and  children  made  prisoners.  The  re- 
mainder, escaping  into  the  woods,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions died  from  starvation  and  exposure,  or 
were  massacred  by  their  enemies,  the  Henomi- 
nees,  acting  under  white  officers.  During  the 
night  after  the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights,  a 
loud,  shrill  voice  of  some  one  speaking  in  an  un- 
known tongue  was  heard  in  the  direction  where 
Black  Hawk's  band  was  supposed  to  be.  This 
caused  something  of  a  panic  in  Henry's  camp,  as 
it  was  supposed  to  come  from  some  one  giving 
orders  for  un  attack.  It  was  afterwards  learned 
that  the  speaker  was  Neapope  speaking  in  the 
Winnebago  language  in  the  hope  that  he  might 
be  heard  by  Poquette  and  the  Winnebago  guides. 
He  was  describing  the  helpless  condition  of  his 
people,  claiming  that  the  war  had  been  forced 
upon  them,  that  their  women  and  children  were 
starving,  and  that,  if  permitted  peacefully  to  re- 
cross  the  Mississippi,  they  would  give  no  further 
trouble.  Unfortunately  Poquette  and  the  other 
guides  had  left  for  Fort  Winnebago,  so  that  no 
one  was  there  to  translate  Neapope's  appeal  and 
it  failed  of  its  object. 

General  Henry's  force  having  discovered  that  the 
Indians  had  escaped — Black  Hawk  heading  with 
the  bulk  of  his  warriors  towards  the  Mississippi — 
spent  the  next  and  day  night  on  the  field,  but  on 
the  following  day  (July  23)  started  to  meet  General 
Atkinson,  who  had,  in  the  meantime,  been  noti- 
fied of  the  pursuit.  The  head  of  their  columns 
met  at  Blue  Mounds,  the  same  evening,  a  com- 
plete junction  between  the  regulars  and  the 
volunteers  being  effected  at  Helena,  a  deserted 
village  on  the  Wisconsin.  Here  by  using  the 
logs  of  the  deserted  cabins  for  rafts,  -the  army 
crossed  the  river  on  the  27th  and  the  28th  and  the 
pursuit  of  black  Hawk's  fugitive  band  was  re- 
newed. Evidence  of  their  famishing  condition 
was  found  in  the  trees  stripped  of  bark  for  food, 
the  carcasses  of  dead  ponies,  with  here  and  there 
the  dead  body  of  an  Indian. 

On  August  1, Black  Hawk's  depleted  and  famish- 
ing band  reached  the  Mississippi  two  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Bad  Ax,  an  insignificant 
stream,  and  immediately  began  trying  to  cross 
the  river ;  but  having  only  two  or  three  canoes, 
the  work  was  slow.  About  the  middle  of  the 
afternoon  the  steam  transport,  "  Warrior,"  ap- 
peared on  the  scene,  having  on  board  a  score  of 
regulars  and  volunteers,  returning  from  a  visit 
to  the  village  of  the  Sioux  Chief,  Wabasha,  to 
notify  him  that  his  old  enemies,  the  Sacs,  were 
headed  in  that  direction.  Black  Hawk  raised  the 
white  flag  in  token  of  surrender,  but  the  officer 


614 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


in  command  claiming  that  he  feared  treachery  or 
an  ambush,  demanded  that  Black  Hawk  should 
come  on  board.  This  he  was  unable  to  do,  as  he 
had  no  canoe.  After  waiting  a  few  minutes  a 
murderous  fire  of  canister  and  musketry  was 
opened  from  the  steamer  on  the  few  Indians  on 
shore,  who  made  such  feeble  resistance  as  they 
were  able.  The  result  was  the  lulling  of  one 
white  man  and  twenty -three  Indians.  After  this 
exploit  the  "Warrior"  proceeded  to  Prairie  du 
Chien,  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  distant,  for  fuel. 
During  the  night  a  few  more  of  the  Indians 
crossed  the  river,  but  Black  Hawk,  seeing  the 
hopelessness  of  further  resistance,  accompanied 
by  the  Prophet,  and  taking  with  him  a  party  of 
ten  warriors  and  thirty-five  squaws  and  children, 
fled  in  the  direction  of  "  the  dells  "  of  the  Wis- 
oonsin.  On  the  momingof  the  2d  General  Atkinson 
arrived  within  four  or  five  miles  of  the  Sac 
position.  Disposing  his  forces  with  the  regulars 
and  Colonel  Dodge's  rangers  in  the  center.the  brig- 
ades of  Posey  and  Alexander  on  the  right  and 
Henry's  on  the  left,  he  began  the  pursuit,  but 
was  drawn  by  the  Indian  decoys  up  the  river 
from  the  place  where  the  main  body  of  the 
Indians  were  trying  to  cross  the  stream.  This 
had  the  effect  of  leaving  General  Henry  in  the  rear 
practically  without  orders,  but  it  became  the 
means  of  making  his  command  the  prime  factors 
in  the  climax  which  followed.  Some  of  the  spies 
attached  to  Henry's  command  having  accidental- 
ly discovered  the  trail  of  the  main  body  of  the  fu- 
gitives, he  began  the  pursuit  without  waiting  for 
orders  and  soon  found  himself  engaged  with  some 
300  savages,  a  force  nearly  equal  to  his  own.  It 
was  here  that  the  only  thing  like  a  regular  battle 
occurred.  The  savages  fought  with  the  fury  of 
despair,  while  Henry's  force  was  no  doubt  nerved 
to  greater  deeds  of  courage  by  the  insult  which 
they  conceived  had  been  put  upon  them  by  Gen- 
eral Atkinson.  Atkinson,  hearing  the  battle  in 
progress  and  discovering  that  he  was  being  led 
off  on  a  false  scent,  soon  joined  Henry's  force 
with  his  main  army,  and  the  steamer  "  Warrior," 
arriving  from  Prairie  du  Chien,  opened  a  fire  of 
canister  upon  the  pent-up  Indians.  The  battle 
soon  degenerated  into  a  massacre.  In  the  course 
of  the  three  hours  through  which  it  lasted,  it  is  es- 
timated that  150  Indians  were  killed  by  fire  from 
the  troops,  an  equal  number  of  both  sexes  and 
all  ages  drowned  while  attempting  to  cross  the 
river  or  by  being  driven  into  it,  while  about  50 
(chiefly  women  and  children^  were  made  prison- 
ers. The  loss  of  the  whites  was  20  killed  and  13 
wounded.  When  the  "battle"  was  nearing  its 


close  it  is  said  that  Black  Hawk,  having  repented 
the  abandonment  of  his  people,  returned  within 
sight  of  the  battle-ground,  but  seeing  the  slaugh- 
ter in  progress  which  he  was  powerless  to  avert,  he 
turned  and,  with  a  howl  of.  rage  and  horror,  fled 
into  the  forest.  About  300  Indians  (mostly  non- 
combatants)  succeeded  in  crossing  the  river  in  a 
condition  of  exhaustion  from  hunger  and  fatigue, 
but  these  were  set  upon  by  the  Sioux  under  Chief 
Wabasha,  through  the  suggestion  and  agency  of 
General  Atkinson,  and  nearly  one-half  their  num- 
ber exterminated.  Of  the  remainder  many  died 
from  wounds  and  exhaustion,  while  still  others 
perished  while  attempting  to  reach  Keokuk's  band 
who  had  refused  to  join  in  Black  Hawk's  desper- 
ate venture.  Of  one  thousand  who  crossed  to  the 
east  side  of  the  river  with  Black  Hawk  in  April, 
it  is  estimated  that  not  more  than  150  survived 
the  tragic  events  of  the  next  four  months. 

General  Scott,  having  arrived  at  Prairie  du  Chien 
early  in  August,  assumed  command  and,  on 
August  15,  mustered  out  the  volunteers  at  Dixon, 
111.  After  witnessing  the  bloody  climax  at  the 
Bad  Axe  of  his  ill-starred  invasion.  Black  Hawk 
fled  to  the  dells  of  the  Wisconsin,  where  he  and 
the  Prophet  surrendered  themselves  to  the  Win. 
nebagos,  by  whom  they  were  delivered  to  the 
Indian  Agent  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Having  been 
taken  to  Fort  Armstrong  on  September  21,  he 
there  signed  a  treaty  of  peace.  Later  he  was 
taken  to  Jefferson  Barracks  (near  St.  Louis)  in 
the  custody  of  Jefferson  Davis,  then  a  Lieutenant 
in  the  regular  army,  where  he  was  held  a  captive 
during  the  following  winter.  The  connection  of 
Davis  with  the  Black  Hawk  War,  mentioned  by 
many  historians,  seems  to  have  been  confined  to 
this  act.  In  April,  1833,  with  the  Prophet  and 
Neapope,  he  was  taken  to  Washington  and  then 
to  Fortress  Monroe,  where  they  were  detained  as 
prisoners  of  war  until  June  4,  when  they  were 
released.  Black  Hawk,  after  being  taken  to  many 
principal  cities  in  order  to  impress  him  with  the 
strength  of  the  American  nation,  was  brought  to 
Fort  Armstrong,  and  there  committed  to  the 
guardianship  of  his  rival,  Keokuk,  but  survived 
this  humiliation  only  a  few  years,  dying  on  a 
small  reservation  set  apart  for  him  in  Davis 
County,  Iowa,  October  3,  1838. 

Such  is  the  story  of  the  Black  Hawk  War,  the 
most  notable  struggle  with  the  aborigines  in  Illi- 
nois history.  At  its  beginning  both  the  State 
and  national  authorities  were  grossly  misled  by 
an  exaggerated  estimate  of  the  strength  of  Black 
Hawk's  force  as  to  numbers  and  his  plans  for 
recovering  the  site  of  his  old  village,  while 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


616 


Black  Hawk  had  conceived  a  low  estimate  of  the 
numbers  and  courage  of  his  white  enemies,  es- 
pecially after  the  Stillman  defeat.  The  cost  of 
the  war  to  the  State  and  nation  in  money  has  been 
estimated  at  $3,000,000,  and  in  sacrifice  of  life 
on  both  sides  at  not  less  than  1,200.  The  loss  of 
life  by  the  troops  in  irregular  skirmishes,  and  in 
massacres  of  settlers  by  the  Indians,  aggregated 
about  250,  while  an  equal  number  of  regulars 
perished  from  a  visitation  of  cholera  at  the 
various  stations  within  the  district  affected  by 
the  war,  especially  at  Detroit,  Chicago,  Fort 
Armstrong  and  Galena.  Yet  it  is  the  judgment 
of  later  historians  that  nearly  all  this  sacrifice  of 
life  and  treasure  might  have  been  avoided,  but 
for  a  series  of  blunders  due  to  the  blind  or  un- 
scrupulous policy  of  officials  or  interloping  squat- 
ters upon  lands  which  the  Indians  had  occupied 
under  the  treaty  of  1804.  A  conspicious  blunder- 
to  call  it  by  no  harsher  name  —  was 
the  violation  by  Stillman 's  command  of  the 
rules  of  civilized  warfare  in  the  attack  made 
upon  Black  Hawk's  messengers,  sent  under 
flag  of  truce  to  request  a  conference  to  settle 
terms  under  which  he  might  return  to  the  west 
side  of  the  Mississippi — an  act  which  resulted  in 
a  humiliating  and  disgraceful  defeat  for  its 
authors  and  proved  the  first  step  in  actual  war. 
Another  misfortune  was  the  failure  to  understand 
Neapope's  appeal  for  peace  and  permission  for  his 
people  to  pass  beyond  the  Mississippi  the  night 
after  the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights;  and  the 
third  and  most  inexcusable  blunder  of  all,  was 
the  refusal  of  the  officer  in  command  of  the 
"  Warrior  "  to  respect  Black  Hawk's  flag  of  truce 
and  request  for  a  conference  just  before  the 
bloody  massacre  which  has  gone  into  history 
under  the  name  of  the  "  battle  of  the  Bad  Axe." 
Kither  of  these  events,  properly  availed  of,  would 
have  prevented  much  of  the  butchery  of  that 
bloody  episode  which  has  left  a  stain  upon  the 
page  of  history,  although  this  statement  implies 
•in  disposition  to  detract  from  the  patriotism  and 
courage  of  some  of  the  leading  actors  upon  whom 
the  responsibility  was  placed  of  protecting  the 
frontier  settler  from  outrage  and  massacre.  One 
of  the  features  of  the  war  was  the  bitter  jealousy 
engendered  by  the  unwise  policy  pursued  by 
General  Atkinson  towards  some  of  the  volun- 
teers— especially  the  treatment  of  General  James 
D.  Henry,  who,  although  subjected  to  repeated 
slights  and  insults,  is  regarded  by  Governor  Ford 
and  others  as  the  real  hero  of  the  war.  Too 
brave  a  soldier  to  shirk  any  responsibility  and 
too  modest  to  exploit  his  own  deeds,  he  felt 


deeply  the  studied  purpose  of  his  superior  to 
ignore  him  in  the  conduct  of  the  campaign — a 
purpose  which,  as  in  the  affair  at  the  Bad  Axe, 
was  defeated  by  accident  or  by  General  Henry's 
soldierly  sagacity  and  attention  to  duty,  although 
he  gave  out  to  the  public  no  utterance  of  com- 
plaint. Broken  in  health  by  the  hardships  and 
exposures  of  the  campaign,  he  went  South  soon 
after  the  war  and  died  of  consumption,  unknown 
and  almost  alone,  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  less 
two  years  later. 

Aside  from  contemporaneous  newspaper  ac- 
counts, monographs,  and  manuscripts  on  file 
in  public  libraries  relating  to  this  epoch  in  State 
history,  the  most  comprehensive  records  of  the 
Black  Hawk  War  are  to  be  found  in  the  "  Life  of 
Black  Hawk,"  dictated  by  himself  (1834) ;  Wake- 
field's  "  History  of  the  War  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Sac  and  Fox  Nations"  (1834); 
Drake's"  Life  of  Black  Hawk"  (1854);  Ford's 
"History  of  Illinois"  (1854);  Reynolds'  "Pio- 
neer History  of  Illinois;  and  "  My  Own  Times"; 
Davidson  &  Stuve's  and  Moses'  Histories  of  Illi- 
nois; Blanchard's  "The  Northwest  and  Chicago"; 
Armstrong's  "  The  Sauks  and  the  Black  Hawk 
War,"  and  Reuben  G.  Thwaite's  "Story  of  the 
Black  Hawk  War  "  (1892.) 

CHICAGO  HEIGHTS,  a  village  in  the  southern 
part  of  Cook  County,  twenty-eight  miles  south  of 
the  central  part  of  Chicago,  on  the  Chicago  & 
Eastern  Illinois,  the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  and 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroads;  is  located  in  an 
agricultural  region,  but  has  some  manufactures 
as  well  as  good  schools — also  has  one  newspaper. 
Population  (1900),  5,100. 

GRANITE,  a  city  of  Madison  County,  located 
five  miles  north  of  St.  Louis  on  the  lines  of  the 
Burlington;  the  Chicago  &  Alton;  Cleveland, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis;  Chicago,  Peoria 
&  St.  Louis  (Illinois),  and  the  Wabash  Railways. 
It  is  adjacent  to  the  Merchants'  Terminal  Bridge 
across  the  Mississippi  and  has  considerable  manu- 
facturing and  grain-storage  business;  has  two 
newspapers.  Population  (1900),  3,122. 

HARLEM,  a  village  of  Proviso  Township,  Cook 
County,  and  suburb  of  Chicago,  on  the  line  of  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad,  nine  miles 
west  of  the  terminal  station  at  Chicago.  Harlem 
originally  embraced  the  village  of  Oak  Park,  now 
a  part  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  but,  in  1884,  was  set 
off  and  incorporated  as  a  village.  Considerable 
manufacturing  is  done  here.  Population  (1900), 
4,085. 

HARTET,  a  city  of  Cook  County,  and  an  im- 
portant manufacturing  suburbof  the  city  of  Chi- 


616 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


cago,  three  miles  southwest  of  the  southern  city 
limits.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Illinois  Central 
and  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  Railways,  and 
has  extensive  manufactures  of  harvesting,  street 
and  (team  railway  machinery,  gasoline  stoves, 
enameled  ware,  etc. ;  also  has  one  newspaper  and 
ample  school  facilities.  Population  (1900),  5,395. 

IOWA  CENTRAL  RAILWAY,  a  railway  line 
having  its  principal  termini  at  Peoria,  111.,  and 
Manly  Junction,  nine  miles  north  of  Mason  City, 
Iowa,  with  several  lateral  branches  making  con- 
nections with  Centerville,  Newton,  State  Center, 
Story  City,  Algona  and  Northwood  in  the  latter 
State.  The  total  length  of  line  owned,  leased 
and  operated  by  the  Company,  officially  reported 
in  1899,  was  508.98  miles,  of  which  89.76  miles- 
including  3.5  miles  trackage  facilities  on  the 
Peoria  &  Pekin  Union  between  Iowa  Junction 
and  Peoria — were  in  Illinois.  The  Illinois  divi- 
sion extends  from  Keithsburg — where  it  enters 
the  State  at  the  crossing  of  the  Mississippi — to 
Peoria. — (HISTORY.)  The  Iowa  Central  Railway 
Company  WAS  originally  chartered  as  the  Central 
Railroad  Company  of  Iowa  and  the  road  com- 
pleted in  October,  1871.  In  1873  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  a  receiver  and,  on  June  4,  1879,  was 
reorganized  under  the  name  of  the  Central  Iowa 
Railway  Company.  In  May,  1883,  this  company 
purchased  the  Peoria  &  Farmington  Railroad, 
which  was  incorporated  into  the  main  line,  but 
defaulted  and  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver 
December  1,  1886;  the  line  was  sold  under  fore- 
closure in  1887  and  1888,  to  the  Iowa  Central 
Railway  Company,  which  had  effected  a  new 
organization  on  the  basis  of  $11, 000,000 common 
stock,  $6,000,000  preferred  stock  and  $1,379,625 
temporary  debt  certificates  convertible  into  pre- 
ferred stock,  and  $7,500,000  first  mortgage  bonds. 
The  transaction  was  completed,  the  receiver  dis- 
charged and  the  road  turned  over  to  the  new 
company,  May  15, 1889.— (FINANCIAL).  The  total 
capitalization  of  the  road  in  1899  was  $21,337,558, 
of  which  $14,159,180  was  in  stock,  $6,650,095  in 
bonds  and  $528, 283  in  other  forms  of  indebtedness. 
The  total  earnings  and  income  of  the  line  in  Illi- 
nois for  the  same  year  were  $532,568,  and  the  ex- 
penditures $566,333. 

SPARTA,  a  city  of  Randolph  County,  situated 
on  the  Centralia  &  Chester  and  the  Mobile  & 
Ohio  Railroads,  twenty  miles  northwest  of  Ches- 
ter and  fifty  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  It  has 


a  number  of  manufacturing  establishments,  in- 
cluding plow  factories,  a  woolen  mill,  a  cannery 
and  creameries;  also  has  natural  gas.  The  first 
settler  was  James  McClurken,  from  South  Caro- 
lina, who  settled  here  in  1818.  He  was  joined  by 
James  Armour  a  few  years  later,  who  bought 
land  of  McClurken,  and  together  they  laid  out 
a  village,  which  first  received  the  name  of  Co- 
lumbus. About  the  same  time  Robert  O.  Shan- 
non, who  had  been  conducting  a  mercantile  busi- 
ness in  the  vicinity,  located  in  the  town  and 
became  the  first  Postmaster.  In  1839  the  name 
of  the  town  was  changed  to  Sparta.  Mr.  McClur- 
ken, its  earliest  settler,  appears  to  have  been  a 
man  of  considerable  enterprise,  as  he  is  credited 
with  having  built  the  first  cotton  gin  in  this  vi- 
cinity, besides  still  later,  erecting  saw  and  flour 
mills  and  a  woolen  mill  Sparta  was  incorporated 
as  a  village  in  1837  and  in  1859  as  a  city.  A  col- 
ony of  members  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 
Church  (Covenanters  or  "Seceders")  established 
at  Eden,  a  beautiful  site  about  a  mile  from 
Sparta,  about  1822,  cut  an  important  figure  in 
the  history  of  the  latter  place,  as  it  became  the 
means  of  attracting  here  an  industrious  and 
thriving  population.  At  a  later  period  it  became 
one  of  the  most  important  stations  of  the  "Under- 
ground Railroad"  (so  called)  in  Illinois  (which 
see).  The  population  of  Sparta  (1890)  waa  1,979: 
(1900),  2,041. 

TOLUCA,  a  city  of  Marshall  County  situated 
on  the  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Ft- 
Railroad,  18  miles  southwest  of  Streator.  It  is  in 
the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  district ;  has  the 
usual  church  and  educational  facilities  of  cities 
of  its  rank,  and  two  newspapers.  Population 
(1900),  2,629. 

WEST  HAMMOND,  a  village  situated  in  the 
northeast  corner  of  Thornton  Township,  Cook 
County,  adjacent  to  Hammond,  1ml.,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Indiana  State  line.  It  is  on 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  one  mile  south  of 
the  Chicago  City  limits,  and  has  convenient  ac- 
cess to  several  other  lines,  including  the  Chicago 
&  Erie;  New  York,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis,  and 
Western  Indiana  Railroads.  Like  its  Indiana 
neighbor,  it  is  a  manufacturing  center  of  much 
importance,  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in 
1892,  and  has  grown  rapidly  within  the  last  few- 
years,  having  a. population,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900,  of  2,935. 


'LI  B  R, 

OF   THE'  ' 
U  N  I  VERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


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Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below.  A 
charge  is  made  on  all  overdue 
books. 

'    .  University  of  Illinois  Library 


vjn.V 
r.r.  • 


nV    —  « , 


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SEP  2  9 


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OCT1 


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LIBRARY 

OF   I  HE 

yutVtRSIiY  OF  ILLINOIS 


. 


HISTORICAL 

••-.''  -  -     ".'  ' 

ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


ILLINOIS 


EDITED    BY 

NEWTON   BATEMAN,  LL.  D.  PAI  L  SKLBY,  A.  M. 


AND    HISTORY    OF 


EVANSTON 


EDITED  BY 


HARVEY   B.  HUKD,  LL.D.  ROIJKRT  D.  SIIKIM'AKD,  D.D. 


VOLUME    II 


ILLUSTRATED 


CH  ICAGO: 

MUNSELL    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS. 

1906. 


Entered  according  to  Art  of  Centre**. 
In  the  jettre  18M,  1899.  llWO  anil  1306  by 

WILLIAM        W.       M  U  N  S  E  L  L  . 

hi  the  office  of  ttie  Librarian  of  Cointreau 

WASHINGTON 


PREKACB 


An  analysis  of  the  motives  which  have  induced  Evanstonians  to  join  in  the  fur- 
nishing of  material  for  this  record  of  local  history  would  afford  evidence,  not  only  of  a 
feeling  of  obligation  to  the  past  and  present,  but  also  to  future  generations ;  and  this,  it 
is  but  just  to  say,  has  been  the  impelling  force  in  the  conception  and  preparation  of  this 
volume. 

Book-making  is  an  expensive  undertaking,  and  the  limited  sale  which  a  work  treat- 
ing of  a  small  community  would  obtain,  would  inevitably  involve  heavy  financial  re- 
sponsibilities. The  publishers  of  that  excellent  work,  "The  Historical  Encyclopedia  of 
Illinois,"  have  deemed  it  practicable  to  produce  a  special  Evanston  edition  of  that 
work  embracing,  as  a  feature  of  added  interest  and  value,  a  supplemental  volume 
largely  devoted  to  Evanston  history,  prepared  and  edited  by  Evanstonians.  The  busi- 
ness management  of  the  enterprise  rests  with  the  publishers  who  have  had  a  long  and 
successful  experience  in  the  publication  of  works  of  this  character,  and  to  whom 
great  credit  is  due  for  successfully  financing  the  cost  of  production  and  carrying  to 
a  faithful  completion  this  important  work. 

This  history  has  been  written  in  the  belief  that  it  is  needed ;  that  man's  immor- 
tal instincts  revolt  at  the  thought  of  the  good  of  the  past  being  buried  in  oblivion — 
that  the  fruitage  of  lives  which  have  accomplished  results,  epitomized  in  the  word  "his- 
tory," should  be  forgotten — that  lessons  of  faithful  doing,  accompanied  by  self-sacri- 
fice, zealous  faith  and  daring  courage  little  short  of  the  heroic,  should  fail  of  their 
highest  accomplishment  by  inspiration  and  example,  because  no  one  has  recorded  them 
— that  present  and  future  generations  should  be  deprived  of  these  teachings,  examples 
and  educational  forces,  simply  for  the  want  of  a  proper  and  available  published  record 
of  many  facts  now  having  an  existence  only  in  the  memory  of  individuals  who  cannot 
long  remain,  and  whose  passing  away  will  place  the  foundation  facts  of  our  history 
beyond  the  reach  of  those  who  come  after  them. 

Hence  this  history,  with  the  imperfections  and   shortcomings  always   incident  to 
human  authorship,  yet  the  results  of  the  best  thought  and  intelligent  efforts  of  many 

accomplished  writers  and  contributors  who  have  produced,  in  concise  but  comprehen- 

i 

I  375229 


sive  form,  a  carefully  prepared  and  faithful  record  of  facts  and  events  relating  to  the 
various  topics  assigned  to  them.  Without  attempting  to  enumerate  all  of  them  by  name, 
I  here  wish  to  express  my  personal  obligation  to  Robert  D.  Sheppard,  D.  D.,  as  my 
Editorial  Associate,  and  to  each  author  for  the  faithful  and  intelligent  service  ren- 
dered in  the  preparation  of  this  work,  as  well  as  the  lasting  debt  of  gratitude  due 
to  them  from  the  home-loving  and  Evanston-loving  people  of  to-day  and  the  future. 

The  conception  that  our  city's  history,  together  with  the  memoirs  of  its  founders 
and  builders,  was  deserving  of  record,  received  its  first  practical  suggestion  in  the 
organization,  about  seven  years  ago,  of  the  Evanston  Historical  Society,  which  is  do- 
ing such  noble  work  in  its  chosen  field  of  research  and  collection  of  historical  material. 
To  the  influence  and  labors  of  this  association  is  due,  not  only  the  conception  of  the 
need  of  an  authoritative  published  History  of  Evanston,  but,  in  a  large  degree 
through  the  labors  and  co-operation  of  its  members,  the  success  which  has  attended 
the  preparation  of  such  a  work.  Believing  that  it  will  have  a  permanent  value,  not 
only  to  citizens  of  Evanston  and  Cook  County,  but  to  many  others  interested  in  State 
history,  I  herewith  bring  my  labors  in  connection  with  the  volume  to  a  close,  with 
thanks  to  my  associates  and  co-laborers  and  hope  that  it  will  meet  the  expectation  of  its 
patrons  and  have  for  them  an  interest  corresponding  with  the  labor  required  in  its 
preparation. 


FOREWORD 


The  preface  to  this  work,  written  by  the  late  Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  after  the  vari- 
ous manuscripts  furnished  by  the  many  contributors  were  well  in  hand,  quite  fully 
sets  forth  the  inception  of  this  undertaking  and  the  potent  influences  leading  thereto. 
It  is  self-evident  that  the  preparation  of  so  extended  a  history  of  Evanston  was  a  more 
formidable  task  than  originally  contemplated,  and  unavoidable  delays  were  experi- 
enced incident  to  receiving  the  completed  manuscripts  from  some  of  our  friends  con- 
tributing the  same,  and  still  further  delays  were  occasioned  by  the  sending  to  each 
author  a  copy  of  the  printer's  proof  of  his  or  her  portion  of  the  work.  To  do  this  was 
thought  important  in  order,  first,  that  each  writer  might  thus  have  a  last  opportunity 
to  correct  and  make  more  complete  his  or  her  department ;  and,  second,  that  each  chap- 
ter might,  by  this  means,  receive  any  necessary  additions  extending  its  scope  to  a  more 
recent  period. 

Credit  is  due  to  the  publishers  for  the  pecuniary  outlay  which  they  necessarily 
have  borne,  and  for  the  great  care  evidently  taken  by  them  in  the  preparation  of  the 
whole  work  and  in  placing  it  in  completed  form  before  its  readers. 

I  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  various  chapters,  furnished  by  about  forty 
special  contributors  to  the  city's  history,  have  been  prepared  with  great  care ;  that 
the  completed  work  will  constitute  a  valued  addition  to  the  library  of  all  Evanstonians, 
and  will  be  accorded  a  prominent  place  in  the  historical  collections  of  Illinois. 


INDEX 


CHAPTER  I. 
INTRODUCTORY. 
The  Evanston  of  1905 — Seat  of  Learning  and  Gem  Suburb  of  a  Great  Me- 
tropolis— Results  Accomplished  by  Fifty  Years  of  Development — 
Contrast  Between  Past  and  Present — First  Township  Organization 
Under  Name  of  Ridgeville — Evanston  Township  Organized  in  1857 
— The  Village  Platted  in  1854 — Later  Changes  in  Township  and 
Municipal  Organization — Old  Name  of  Ridgeville  Township  Re- 
sumed in  1903,  with  Boundaries  Identical  with  City  of  Evanston — 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  Precedes  the  University  —  City  Govern- 
ment Organized  in  1892 — Early  Evanston  Homes  and  Their  Occu- 
pants— Advent  of  the  First  Railroad — Career  of  Dr.  John  Evans 


15-20 


CHAPTER  II. 

OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS. 
The  First  Evanstonians — Indian  Relics — Stone  Implements  and  What 
They  Indicate — Early  Explorers — Joliet,  Marquette,  La  Salle  and 
Tonty — Early  Indian  Tribes — The  Iroquois,  Illinois,  and  Pottawat- 
omies — Ouilmette  Reservation  and  Family — The  Fort  Dearborn 
Massacre — Home  of  the  Ouilmettes — Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien 
— Indian  Trails  and  Trees  on  the  North  Shore  —  Aboriginal  Camps 
and  Villages — Indian  Mounds  and  Graves — Reminiscences  of  Ear- 
ly Settlers  —  Important  Treaties  —  An  Englishman's  Story  of 
the  Treaty  of  Chicago  in  1833 

CHAPTER  III. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY. 

The  Beginning — First  Meeting  of  the  Founders  of  the  University — Prime 
Movers  in  the  Enterprise — Resolutions  and  Draft  of  Charter  Adopt- 
ed— The  Legislature  Acts — First  Board  of  Trustees — Organization 
Effected — Search  for  a  Site  for  the  New  Institution — The  Present 
Location  at  Evanston  Finally  Selected — Acquisition  of  Lands — Val- 
uable Real  Estate  in  Chicago  Retained  as  Part  of  the  Endowment — 
Election  of  a  President  is  Decided  Upon 


21-52 


53-3* 


CHAPTER  IV. 

INSTITUTION  IN  DEVELOPMENT. 

Dr.  Clark  T.  Hinman  Chosen  First  President — Sale  of  Scholarships  Begins 
— Career  of  the  New  President  Cut  Short  by  His  Early  Death — 
Town  Site  Platted  and  Named  in  Honor  of  Dr.  John  Evans — Gar- 
rett  Biblical  Institute  Established — First  Corps  of  College  Profes- 
sors Elected — University  Assets  in  1854  —  Four-Mile  Anti-Liquor 
District  Established  by  Act  of  the  Legislature — Teaching  Force  of 
the  University  Increased — Dr.  Evans'  Land  Policy — The  Institution 
is  Opened  for  Pupils — Some  of  the  First  Students 61-66 

CHAPTER  V. 

CONDITIONS  IN  1856-1860. 

Trustees  Meet  in  First  University  Building — Dr.  R.  S.  Foster  Elected  the 
Second  President — The  Faculty  Enlarged  —  Absorption  of  Rush 
Medical  College  Projected — Competitors  Enter  the  Field — Professor 
Jones'  "Fern.  Sem." — President  Foster  Visits  the  LTniversity,  but 
Obtains  a  Year's  Leave  of  Absence — He  Joins  the  Faculty  in  1857 
— The  Assets  of  the  Institution  Increased  to  Nearly  $316,000 — Re- 
inforcement of  the  Faculty — First  Graduated  Class  in  1859 — Dr. 
Foster  Resigns  the  Presidency  and  is  succeeded  by  Dr.  E.  O. 
Haven  67-72 

CHAPTER  VI. 

PERIODS  OF  DEPRESSION  AND  GROWTH. 

Changes  of  Faculty — Charter  Amendments  Adopted — Effect  of  the  Civil 
War  on  Number  of  Students — Accessions  to  the  Faculty — Univer- 
sity Land  Debt  is  Liquidated — Orrington  Lunt  Land  Donation  for 
Benefit  of  Library — University  Hall  Projected — Accession  of  Stu- 
dents and  Teaching  Force  Following  the  War  Period — New  Prizes 
Serve  as  a  Stimulus  to  the  Students — First  Honorary  Degrees  Con- 
ferred— Corporate  N'ame  is  Changed — Professors'  Salaries  Increased 
and  Erection  of  University  Hall  Prosecuted — A  "Gold  Brick"  Dona- 
tion— Encouraging  Financial  Development — Death  of  Acting  Pres-  . 
ident  Noyes 73-7$ 

CHAPTER    VII. 
A  DECADE  OF  CHANGE. 

Chicago  Medical  College  Merged  in  the  University — A  "Town  and  Gown" 
Contest — Dr.  Erastus  O.  Haven  Enters  L'pon  the  Presidency — 
Women  Admitted  to  College  Classes  —  Addition  to  the  Faculty — 
Greenleaf  Library  —  Advent  of  College  Journalism  --  Another 


Change  in  the  Presidency — Dr.  Haven  Succeeded  by  Dr.  C.  H. 
Fowler — Increase  of  Students  and  Growth  of  College  Catalogue — 
Co-Education  Established  and  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  Joins  the 
Faculty — Gymnasium  Erected — Financial  Embarrassment — Presi- 
dent Fowler  Retires  and  Dr.  Oliver  H.  Marcy  Becomes  Acting 
President — The  University  Wins  on  the  Taxation  Issue — Life-Sav- 
ing Station  Established 79-8$ 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
AN  ERA  OF  PROGRESS. 
Dr.  Joseph  Cummings,  the  Nestor  of  Eastern  Educators,  Succeeds  to  the 
Presidency — Indebtedness  Wiped  Out  and  the  Institution  Enters 
Upon  a  More  Prosperous  Era — Munificent  Gifts  and  Improvements 
— Changes  in  Faculty  and  Trustees — Illinois  School  of  Pharmacy 
and  School  of  Dentistry  Added — Celebration  of  University  Day 
Inaugurated — President  Cummings'  Successful  Career  and  His 
Taking  Away — Dr.  Marcy  Temporarily  Assumes  the  Position  of 
Acting  President — Dr.  Henry  Wade  Rogers  Succeeds  to  the  Pres- 
idency in  1890 — Other  Changes  and  Improvements  —  Department 
Schools  and  Colleges — Real  Estate  Investments 87-91 


CHAPTER  IX. 
SOME  SIDE  ISSUES. 
Athletics     and     College     Societies — Women's    Educational    Associations — 
"The  Settlement"  and  the  University    Guild — Dr.    Rogers    Resigns 
the  Presidency  in  1899.  and  is  Succeeded  by  Dr.  Bonbright  as  Act- 
ing President — Long  List  of  Notable    Friends    of    the    University 
Who  Have  Passed  Away — Tribute  to  Their  Memory — Dr.  Edmund 
J.  James'  Two  Years'  Administration  —  He   is    Succeeded   by   Dr. 
Abram  W.  Harris 93-98 

CHAPTER  X. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 
Object  of  its  Organization — Early  Conditions  and  Methods  of  Medical 
Education — Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  Begins  the  Agitation  for  Graded  In- 
struction and  Longer  Courses — Lind  University  Established  in  1859 
— Institution  Affiliated  with  Northwestern  University  in  1869  — 
Changes  of  Name  and  Location — Growth,  Present  Conditions  and 
Methods  of  Instruction — South  Side  Free  Dispensary — Hospitals : 
Mercy,  Wesley,  St.  Luke's  and  Provident — Clinical  and  other  Ad- 
vantages— Influence  of  the  Founders  of  the  School  Shown  in  its 
Growth  and  Character  of  its  Graduates  —  Positions  Won  by  its 
Alumni  99-IO3 


CHAPTER  XI. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  LAW  SCHOOL. 
Historical  Sketch — Law  School  Founded  in  1859 — Hon.  Thomas  Hoyne 
Leads  in  Endowment  of  First  Chair — Only  Three  Law  Schools  then 
West  of  the  Alleghenies — First  Faculty — Notable  Faculty  Members 
of  Later  Date — Union  College  of  Law  Result  of  Combination  of 
Northwestern  and  University  of  Chicago  —  First  Board  of  Mana- 
gers and  First  Faculty  Under  New  Arrangement  —  University  of 
Chicago  Suspended  in  1866— Northwestern  Assumes  Control  of 
Law  School  in  1891 — Subsequent  History  —  Changes  in  Require- 
ments of  Supreme  Court  as  to  Law  Course  —  Present  Home  and 
Conditions — Acquisition  of  Gary  Collection — Present  Outlook 105-108 

CHAPTER  XII. 

NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  DENTAL  SCHOOL. 
Dental  Education  as  a  Distinct  Branch  of  Professional  Training  —  First 
Dental  School  Established  in  1839 — Development  Due  to  State  Leg- 
islation— Dental  Schools  in  Eastern  Cities — Chicago  College  of  Den- 
tal Surgery  Graduates  its  First  Class  in  1885 — Dr.  Thomas  L.  Gil- 
mer  Leads  Movement  for  Establishment  of  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Dental  School — Consolidation  with  American  College  of  Dental 
Surgery — Dr.  Theodore  Menges  Chief  Promoter — First  Faculty  of 
the  Consolidated  School — Present  Condition  —  Finds  a  Permanent 
Home  in  Historic  Tremont  House  Building 109-1 15 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL  OF  PHARMACY. 

Founding  of  School  of  Pharmacy  in  Connection  with  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity— Promoters  of  the  Movement — School  Opened  in  1886— Its 
Extensive  '  Equipment — Instruction  Rooms  and  Laboratories — Num- 
ber of  Students  in  Eighteen  Years — They  are  Drawn  from  Practi- 
cally All  the  States  and  Territories — Present  Location  of  the  Institu- 
tion— Library  and  Value  of  Equipment  —  Annual  Expenditures  — 
Faculty  of  1905 117-118 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

THE  WOMAN'S  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 

Demand  for  Higher  Education  for  Women —  First  Steps  in  Founding 
Woman's  Medical  College — Promoters  of  Movement  in  Chicago — 
"Woman's  Hospital  Medical  College"  Founded  in  1870 — First  Fac- 
ulty— Story  of  "The  Little  Barn" — Career  of  Dr.  Mary  H.  Thomp- 
son, Drs.  Byford,  Dyas  and  Others — Some  Notable  Graduates — A 


Period  of  Struggle — Institution  Reorganized  in  1877  as  Woman's 
Medical  College — President  Byford  Dies  in  1890 — Institution  Affil- 
iated with  Northwestern  University —  Is  Discontinued  in  1902  — 
Graduates  in  Foreign  Missionary  and  Other  Fields  —  Alumnae  Or- 
ganization    1 19-129 

CHAPTER  XV. 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC. 
Sphere  of  Music  in  Higher  Institutions — Its  Influence  on  Character  and  as 
the  Hand-Maid  of  Religion — Higher  Aspects  of  the  Art  —  Its 
Growth  in  the  Universities — History  of  its  Connection  with  Ev- 
anston  Educational  Institutions  — Northwestern  Female  College 
Merged  into  Evanston  College  for  Ladies  in  1871 — The  Latter  Be- 
comes a  Part  of  Northwestern  University  in  1873  —  Struggles, 
Changes  and  Growth  of  Later  Years — Some  Notable  Teachers — In- 
crease in  Roll  of  Pupils — Need  of  Ampler  Buildings  —  Music  Fes- 
tivals    131-148 

. 
CHAPTER  XVI. 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL  OF  ORATORY. 

Professor  Cumnock  as  Founder — Growth  and  Standing  Due  to  his  Labors 
— First  Class  Graduated  in  1881 — Its  Aim  and  Branches  Taught — • 
Building  Erected — Is  Dedicated  in  1895 — Location  and  Description 
— Advantage  over  Private  Institutions  of  Like  Character — Training 
in  English  Composition  and  Rhetoric  —  Enrollment  According  to 
Last  Catalogue — Promising  Outlook  for  the  Future 149-150 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
UNIVERSITY  ATHLETICS. 

Evanston  Life-Saving  Crew — Tragic  Fate  of  the  Steamer  "Lady  Elgin" 
Leads  to  Its  Organization — Its  First  Members  —  List  of  Notable 
Rescues — Service  Rewarded  by  Issue  of  Medals  to  the  Crew  by  Act 
of  Congress — Baseball  History — The  Old  Gymnasium — Tug  of  War 
Teams-:— Football  Records — Athletic  Field  and  Grand  Stand — Track 
Athletics  and  Tennis  Games 151-162 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
GARRETT  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE. 

Historical  Sketch — Origin  of  the  Institute  Due  to  the  Munificence  of  Mrs. 
Augustus  Garrett — Building  Erected  in  1855  and  Institute  Opened 
in  1856 — Additional  Buildings  Erected  in  1867  and  1887 — The  Re- 


publican  "Wigwam"  of  1860  Becomes  the  Property  of  the  Institute 
— Reverse  Caused  by  Fire  of  1871 — Disaster  Averted  in  1897  — 
Growth  of  the  Institute — Personal  History  —  Large  Number  of  the 
Alumni  in  Missionary  and  Other  Fields  —  Members  of  the  Faculty 
and  Board  of  Trustees. 163-167 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
EARLY  DRAINAGE. 

First  Steps  in  Organization  of  a  Drainage  System  for  Evanston — Natural 
Conditions — Early  Legislation  of  1855 — The  Late  Harvey  B.  Hurd 
Member  and  Secretary  of  First  Board  of  Commissioners — Construc- 
tion of  Ditches  Begun — Drainage  Amendment  of  the  Present  Con- 
stitution Adopted  in  1878 — Extension  of  the  System — Local  Opposi- 
tion— A  Tax  Collector's  Experience — A  Flood  Converts  the  Oppo- 
nents of  the  System 169-172 

CHAPTER  XX. 
PUBLIC  UTILITIES. 

Area  and  Topography  of  the  City  of  Evanston — The  Drainage  Problem — 
A  Period  of  Evolution — Municipal  Development  —  Electric  Light 
System  Installed — Street  Improvements  —  Parks  and  Boulevards — 
The  Transportation  Problem  —  Steam  and  Inter-urban  Railway 
Connections— Heating  System— Telephone  Service — Evanston  as  a 
Residence  City 173-180 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

WATER  SUPPLY— LIGHTING  SYSTEM. 

Conditions  Prior  to  1874 — First  Movement  to  Secure  an  Adequate  Water 
Supply— Charles  J.  Gilbert  Its  Leader — Holly  Engines  Installed  in 
1874  and  1886 — Annexation  of  South  Evanston — The  Consolidated 
City  Incorporated  in  1892 — Increase  in  the  Water  Supply  in  1897 — 
Source  of  Supply — Revenue — Extent  of  System  —  Street  Lighting 
by  Gas  Introduced  in  1871 — Introduction  of  Electric  Lighting  in 
1890 — Installation  of  the  Evanston- Yaryan  Light  and  Heating  Sys- 
tem    181-185 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

EDUCATION. 

The  Public  Schools  of  Evanston — Day  of  the  Log  School   House  —  Early 
Schools  and  their  Teachers — Sacrifice  of   School    Lands  —  Present ' 
School  Buildings — Township  High  School — Preliminary    History — 


School  Opened  in  September,  1883 — Prof.  Boltwood  its  First  Princi- 
pal— Present  School  Building — Manual  Training  —  A  Moot  Presi- 
dential Election — Drawing  Department — List  of  Trustees 187-200 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 
EVANSTON  AUTHORS. 
Establishment  of  Northwestern  University  the  Beginning  of  Evanston  Lit- 
erary Life — Effect  of  the  Gathering  of    Professors,    Instructors   and 
Students — Growth  of  Literary  Activity  —  Some   Notable  Authors — 
Edward  Eggleston  and  Frances  E.  Willard  Begin  their  Careers  in 
Evanston — Miss  Willard's  "A  Classic  Town" — Miss  Simpson's  Cata- 
logue of  Evanston  Authors  for  1900 — Growth  of  Nine  Years  —  Al- 
phabetical List  of  Authors  with  Bibliography  and  Biographical  Rec- 
ords            201-215 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 
LIBRARIES— PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE. 

Evanston's  First  Library  —  Major  Mulford  the  "Gentleman  Pioneer  of 
Evanston" — Some  Specimens  of  His  Library — First  Sunday  School 
Library — Private  Libraries  of  Today — Unique  Collection  of  Curios 
— History  of  Evanston  Free  Public  Library  —  Edward  Eggleston 
Prime  Mover  in  Its  Founding — First  Step  in  Organization  —  Later 
History  and  Growth — Roll  of  Librarians  and  Other  Officers — Cata- 
loguing and  Library  Extension — Internal  Management  and  Condi- 
tions— Site  for  a  Library  Building  Secured  in  1904  —  Carnegie  Gift 
of  $50.000 — Erection  of  New  Building  Commenced  in  June,  1906. . .  217-231 


CHAPTER  XXV. 
UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY. 

First  Step  in  the  Organization  of  a  University  Library — President  Foster's 
Gift — Advance  of  Fifty  Years — The  Greenleaf  Library — University 
Library  is  Made  a  Depository  for  Government  Publications  —  Re- 
cent Notable  Donations — Orrington  Lunt  Library  Building  is  Dedi- 
cated in  1894 — The  Orrington  Lunt  Library  Fund  —  Internal  Ad- 
ministration —  List  of  Those  Who  Have  Served  as  Librarians  — 
Libraries  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  and  Professional  Schools. .  . .  233-236 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 
EVANSTON  NEWSPAPERS. 

The  Newspaper  as  a  Necessity — Introduction  and  Growth  of  Local  Jour- 
nals— The  "Suburban  Idea,"  The  "Evanston  Index"  and  Other 


Early  Papers — Story  of  the  "Evanston  Press"  —  Advent  of  the 
Daily— Effect  of  the  Chicago  Printer's  Strike  of  1898  —  Temper- 
ance Organ — College  Journals — A  "Frat."  and  "Barb."  Advertising 
Contest — Quarterly  and  Monthly  Publications — High  Standard  of 
Evanston  Journalism  237-243 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

MEDICAL  HISTORY. 

(REGULAR.) 

Primitive  Sanitary  Conditions — Freedom  from  Malarial  Diseases  —  Some 
Old-Time  Physicians  —  Sketch  of  Dr.  John  Evans  —  Drs.  Lud- 
lam,  Weller  and  Blaney  —  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  the  Nestor  of  Medical 
Education  —  An  Early  Drug  Store  —  Sketches  of  Later  Day  Phy- 
sicians —  Drs.  Webster,  Bannister,  Burchmore,  Brayton,  Bond, 
Phillips,  Haven,  Hemenway,  Kaufman,  and  others  —  Evanston 
Physicians'  Club  245-254 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

MEDICAL  HISTORY. 

(HOMOEOPATHIC.) 

First  Case  of  Homoeopathic  Treatment  in  Evanston  —  Successful  Results 
— Early  Homoeopathic  Physicians  —  Dr.  I  lawkes  First  Local  Prac- 
titioner —  He  is  Followed  by  Dr.  C.  D.  Fairbanks  —  Sketch  of 
Dr.  Oscar  H.  Mann  —  His  Prominence  in  Local  Educational,  Of- 
ficial and  Social  Relations  —  Founding  of  the  Evanston  Hospital  — 
Doctors  Marcy,  Clapp  and  Fuller  —  Roll  of  the  Later  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  255-260 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 
EVANSTON  HOSPITAL. 

The  Evanston  Benevolent  Society  —  First  Steps  in  Founding  a  Hospital 
— Organization  is  Effected  in  1891  —  First  Board  of  Officers  — 
Medical  Staff  —  Fund  and  Building  Campaign  —  Enlargement  of 
the  Institution  Projected  —  Munificent  Gift  of  Mrs.  Cable  —  Other 
Donations  —  The  Endowment  Reaches  $50,000  —  Hospital  of  the 
Present  and  the  Future  —  Internal  Arrangement  and  Official  Ad- 
ministration —  List  of  Principal  Donors  —  Present  Officers 261-2/4 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Evanston  as  it  Existed  in  1856  —  Primitive  Church  Music  —  War  Songs 
—  A  Commencement  Concert  —  The  Hutchinson  Family  —  Jules 


Lumbard  —  O.  H.  Merwin  Becomes  a  Choir  Leader  —  Other 
Notable  Musicians  —  Evanston's  First  Musical  Club  —  Some  Fa- 
mous Teachers  and  Performers  —  Thomas  Concert  Class  Organized 
—  Mrs.  Edward  Wyman  —  Musical  Department  of  Evanston  Wo- 
man's Club  —  Women's  Clubs  as  a  Factor  in  Musical  Training  — 
Evanston  Musical  Club  —  Maennerchor  Organized  —  Programs  — 
Officers  275-287 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 
EVANSTON  BANKS. 

History  of  Evanston  Banking  Enterprises —  Effect  of  the  Chicago  Fire — 
First  Private  Bank  Established  in  1874  —  Incorporated  as  a  State 
Bank  in  1892  —  First  Officers  of  the  New  Institution  —  Growth  of 
Deposits  —  It  Successfully  Withstands  the  Panic  of  1893  —  Pres- 
ent Officers  ( 1906)  —  A  First  National  Bank  Venture  —  The  Panic 
of  1893  Results  in  Disaster  —  The  City  National  Bank  of  Evanston 
Established  in  1900  —  First  Officers  and  Leading  Stockholders  — 
Its  Prosperous  Career  —  Condition  in  1906 289-293 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 
EVANSTON  REAL  ESTATE. 

Primary  Geological  Conditions  —  Early  Roads  —  The  Indian  Trail  —  A 
Period  of  Growth  —  "The  Path  the  Calf  Made"  —  Influence  of 
the  University  —  Evanston  Over-boomed  —  Effect  of  the  Chicago 
Fire  —  Local  Real  Estate  Rivalries —  Notable  Residences  —  The 
Transportation  Problem  —  The  Park  System  —  Taxation  —  Ev- 
anston Homes  —  Real  Estate  Values  295-302 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 
EVANSTON  ARCHITECTURE. 

Historic  Progress  —  Influence  of  the  Architect  on  the  City's  Growth  — 
The  "Georgian"  Style  Follows  the  Log  and  Grout  Houses  — 
Churches  and  Private  Residences  —  Advent  of  the  Victorian  Gothic 
Style  —  University  Hall  and  Union  Park  Congregational  Church 
—  Architect  G.  P.  Randall  the  Designer  —  Asa  Lyons  Evanston's 
First  Resident  Architect  —  Others  who  followed  him  —  Descrip- 
tion of  Some  Notable  Buildings  and  their  Designers  —  Public  Li- 
brary —  Enumeration  of  Principal  Private  and  Public  Buildings. .  303-309 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 
STREET  NOMENCLATURE. 

Origin  of  Street  and  Avenue  Names  in  Evanston  —  Milage  Platted  in 
1853  and  Named  for  Dr.  John  Evans  —  Postoffice  Previous- 
ly Known  as  Ridgeville,  and  Still  Earlier  as  Gross  Point  —  Ev- 
anston Postoffice  Established  in  1855  —  Street  Names  Derived 
from  Prominent  Methodists,  Early  Residents  or  Noted  Statesmen 
—  History  and  Biography  thus  Incorporated  in  Street  Nomencla- 
ture —  System  of  Street  and  Avenue  Numbering  —  List  of  Princi- 
pal Streets  and  Persons  for  Whom  Named  311-316 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 
THE  FOUR-MILE  LIMIT. 

Act  Incorporating  Northwestern  University  Amended  —  Prohibition  Dis- 
trict Established  —  Sale  of  Spirituous  Liquors  Within  Four  Miles 
of  the  University  Prohibited  —  Local  Sentiment  in  Favor  of  the 
Law  —  Violations  and  Anti-Saloon  Litigation  —  Citizens'  League 
Organized  —  Supreme  Court  Decisions  317-321 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870. 

•  Some  of  the  Early  Homes  of  Evanston  —  Men  and  Women  Who  Have 
Left  Their  Impress  on  the  City's  History  - —  What  Evanston 
Owes  to  Its  Early  Home  Builders  —  Historic  Names  on  the  City 
Map  —  Abraham  Lincoln  and  other  Distinguished  Visitors  —  The 
Willard  and  Eggleston  Families  —  Notable  Workers  in  the  Field 
of  Religion,  Education,  Literature  and  the  Arts  323~339 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 
EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY. 

Early  Methodist  Services  in  Grosse  Point  District  —  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  Organized  —  Some  of  the  Pioneer  Preachers  —  Influ- 
ence of  the  Coming  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  and  Northwestern 
University  —  Notable  Ministers  of  a  Later  Date  —  Central  M.  E. 
Church  —  List  of  Pastors  —  Norwegian-Danish  and  Swedish  M.  E. 
Churches  —  Hemenway,  Wheadon  and  Emmanuel  Churches  — 
First  Baptist  Church  —  Its  Founders  and  List  of  Pastors  —  History 
of  Presbyterianism  —  First  and  Second  Presbyterian  Churches  — 
Pastors  and  Auxiliary  Societies  —  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church 
— List  of  Pastors  —  St.  Matthew's  Mission  —  St.  Mary's  Catholic 
Church,  Schools  and  Related  Associations — Congregational  Church 


and  Auxiliary  Organizations  —  Bethlehem  German  Evangelical, 
Norwegian-Danish  and  Swedish  Lutheran  Churches  —  Evanston 
Christian  Church  and  Its  History  —  Church  of  Christ  (Scientist) . .  341-389 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 
YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION. 

Evanston  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  —  Organization  Effected  in 
1885  —  First  Board  of  Officers  —  General  History  —  Association 
Building  Erected  and  Dedicated  in  1898  —  Gymnasium  and  Nata- 
torium  Constructed  —  List  of  Former  and  Present  Officers 39!"393 

CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNIONS. 
Women's  Temperance  Alliance  —  Evanston  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  Organized  in  1875  —  Working  Departments  —  Enforce- 
ment of  Four-Mile  Limit  Law  —  Industrial  School  —  Children's 
Organization  —  Loyal  Temperance  Legion  and  Gospel  Temper- 
ance Meetings  —  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  and  Other  Noted 
Leaders  —  Manual  Training  School — The  Evanston  W.  C.  T.  U. — 
Reiley  and  South  Evanston  Unions  —  Young  Woman's  Organiza- 
tion    395-404 

CHAPTER  XL. 

CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Evanston  Benevolent  Society  Organized  —  Names  of  Its  Founders  and 
First  Officers  —  Hospital  Projected  —  New  Society  Takes  the 
Name  "Associated  Charities"  —  Auxiliary  Organizations  —  Moth- 
ers' Sewing  School  —  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society — Needle  Work 
Guild  —  Mothers'  Club  —  Visiting  Nurse  Association  —  King's 
Daughters  —  Camp  Good  Will  —  Its  Service  in  Behalf  of  Poor 
Mothers  and  Children  —  Receipts  and  Expenditures 405-423 

• 
CHAPTER  XLI. 

SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  A  UNIVERSITY  TOWN. 

Transitions  of  a  Half  Century  —  Social  Life  as  It  Existed  in  Early  Days 
—  The  Building  up  of  a  Great  Christian  Institution  as  Its 
Dominant  Motive  —  Reminiscences  of  Some  of  Its  Early  Factors 
— Influence  of  Hospitality  on  Student  Life  and  Character — Some  of 
Those  Who  Were  Influential  in  Establishing  Evanston's  Reputa- 
tion as  a  Hospitable  Center 425-431 


CHAPTER  XLII. 

SOCIAL  AND  LITERARY  CLUBS. 

A  Reminiscence  of  Noah's  Ark  —  Social  Instincts  of  Evanstonians  — 
Philosophical  Association  —  Its  Founders  and  Their  Favorite  Top- 
ics —  The  "O.  R.  Circle"  Blossoms  Out  as  the  "Legensia"  —  Bry- 
ant Circle  —  Pierian  Club  —  Woman's  Clubs  —  The  Fortnightly 
Succeeds  the  "Woman's  Reading  Circle"  —  Its  Service  in  the  Field 
of  Charity  and  Philanthropy  —  The  Coterie  —  Twentieth  Century 
and  Present  Day  Clubs 433-442 

CHAPTER  XLIII. 

THE  EVANSTON  WOMAN'S  CLUB. 

Origin  of  Evanston  Woman's  Club  —  Julia  Ward  Howe's  Advice  —  Or- 
ganization and  First  Officers  —  Club  Programs  —  Auxiliary  Or- 
ganizations —  Work  of  the  Traveling  Library  Committee  —  Field 
Day  at  Lake  Geneva  —  Object  of  the  Club  Defined  in  Its  Constitu- 
tion —  Club  Motto 443-447 

CHAPTER  XLIV. 

THE  EVANSTON  CLUB. 

Promoters  and  Organizers  of  "The  Greenwood  Club"  —  First  Members 
and  Officers  —  Name  Changed  to  "The  Evanston  Club"  —  Club 
Building  Erected  —  First  Reception  —  Changes  in  By-Laws  and 
Membership  —  Value  of  Club  Property  —  List  of  Officers 449-452 

CHAPTER  XLV. 
EVANSTON  COUNTRY  CLUB. 
First  Steps  and  Motives  Prompting  Organization  —  Names  of  Projectors 

—  Organization  Effected  in  May,  1888  —  The  Xew  Club  Finds  a 
Home  —  Memories  of  the  "Old  Shelter"  and  Its  First  Occupants 

—  The  Club  Formally  Incorporated  —  First  Board  of  Directors  — 
New  Quarters  Dedicated  in  October,    1902  —  New  Year's  Recep- 
tions and  Children's  Day  Chief  Functions  —  Lady  Directors  —  Pro- 
motion   of    Branch    Associations  —   Dramatic,     Cycling,     Musical 
Equestrian  and  Polo  Branches  —  Banjo  and  Mandolin  Association 

—  Former  and  Present  Officers  —  Present   Membership    800    — 

List  of  Life  Members 453-461 


PORTRAITS    AND    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Bassett,  Jared   106 

Boutelle,  Joshua   P 114 

Bragdon,   Merritt  C 123 

Canfield,   William  J 134 

Carson,  Oliver  M 140 

City   Hall    174 

Clark    Alexander     146 

Comstock,    Charles    154 

Condict,  Wallace  R 160 

Grain,   Charles    188 

Cummings,    Joseph    194 

Currey,  J.  Seymour  200 

Dawes,  Charles  G 206 

Dyche,  William   A 212 

• 

Evans,    John    218 

Evanston  Hospital   262 

Farwcll,  Simeon   224 

First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church   342 

Foster,  John  J 230 

Foster,   Volney   W 238 

Gross   Point   Lighthouse    182 

Grover,   Frank   R 242 

Hinman,  Clark  T 266 

Hurd,  Harvey  B 15 

Isbester,  Tunis    280 

Jenks,  Chancellor  L 286 

Jones,  William  H 292 

Kedzie,  John  H 300 

Kirk,  John  B 306 

Kline,  George  R 312 

Kline,    Simon   V 318 


Little,  Charles  J 324 

Lunt,    Orrington    330 

Lyons,  Joseph   M 350 

Map— City  of  Evanston    Facing    Title    Page 

Map — Ridgeville  Township,  1851    1*8 

Mark,    Anson    356 

Northwestern  Female  College   80 

Orrington  Lunt  Home  336 

Orrington   Lunt   Library    234 

Orrington  Lunt  Library   ( Floor  Plans)    234 

Pitner,  Levi  C '. 362 

Pool  on  the  Campus  6S 

Poole,    Isaac    368 

Poppenhusen,   Conrad   H 374 

President  Roosevelt's  Visit 94 

Raymond,    Miner    380 

Residence  of  Aaron  O.  Auten  100 

Residence  of  Abraham  C.  Bird  110 

Residence  of  William  L.  Brown   12S 

Residence  of  Mrs.  Wallace  R.  Condict 116 

Residence  of  Lawrence  G.  Hallberg   246 

Residence  of  Francis  A.   Hardy    256 

Residence  of  the  late   Harvey  B.   Hurd    273 

Residence  of  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Rowe  39S 

Residence  of  Robert  D.  Sheppard  416 

Residence  of  Parke  E.  Simmons   456 

Residence  of  Charles  A.  Ward  434 

Ridgaway,   Henry   B 3S6 

Sargent,  George   M 404 

Schwall,  Andrew    410 

South  End  of  the  Campus   62 

Stockton,  William  E 422 

The  Old  Oak   74 

Townsend,   Adam   F 428 

University  Hall    54 

White,  Hugh  A 438 

Willard,   Frances  E 444 

Williams,  John  M 450 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building  392 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Ahlberg,    August    620 

Anderson,  Frank  Herbert  579 

Andrews,   Wilbur  J 643 

Anthony,    Elliott    500 

Balderston,  Stephen  V 621 

Banks,  Alexander  F 620 

Barker,    John    T 635 

Barlow,    Charles    W 590 

Barnes,  James  Milton   580 

Bass,  Myron  H 584 

Bassett,  Asahel  0 592 

Bassett,  Jared    497 

Bates,  Thomas    615 

Beebe,  Thomas  H 623 

Black,   Carl   Ellsworth    595 

Blake,  Edgar  Ovet   599 

Boltwood,  Henry  Leonidas    540 

Boring,  Ezra  March   641 

Borton,  Frank  Lynn   608 

Boutelle,  Joshua  P 517 

Bragdon,   Charles   C 606 

Bragdon,    Merritt    C : . .  510 

Brainard,  William  Newell   596 

Brayton,   Sarah   H 580 

Bristol,   Lewis  Tabor   632 

Brown,   Andrew  J 565 

Brown,   Walter   Lee    640 

Brown,  William  Liston   543 

Browne,  Vernelle  Freeland   633 

Buntain,  Cassius  M.  C 611 

Burns,   Peter  Thomas   613 

Butler,    Henry    634 

Byrne,   John   G 624 

Calligan,  John  Brenton   610 

Camden,  William  J 614 


Canfield,  William  J 519 

Carney,  John   609 

Carpenter.  William  Montelle   585 

Carson,   Oliver   M :  519 

Catlin.   Franklin    Sexton    606 

Cennak,  Jerome  J 645 

Clark,    Alexander    495 

Coe,   George   Albert    576 

Coe,   Sadie   Knowland    576 

Comstock,    Charles    484 

Condict,   Wallace  Reynolds    518 

Crain,   Charles    538 

Cummings,    Joseph    489 

Cumnock,   Robert  McLean    530 

Currey,  Josiah   Seymour   530 

Damsel,  William  Hudson  627 

Davis,   Nathan   Smith,  Jr 603 

Dawes,   Charles   Gates    509 

Deering,  William   483 

Dixon,  George  William  617 

Dodds,   Robert    611 

Dyche   David   R 608 

Elliot,   Frank   M 563 

Kiting,  Philip  E 646 

Eversz,   Ernest   Hammond    643 

Farwell,    Simeon    507 

Filer,    Alanson    583 

Flinn,   John   J 625 

Follansbee,    Mitchell    Davis    627 

Forrey,  Frank  Myer   626 

Foster,   John   J 537 

Foster,   Volney    W 503 

Fox,   George   Thomas    645 


Gallup,  Walter  L 589 

Garland,  James  A 618 

Gerould,  Frank   Wheelock    629 

Gibson,  John  W 636 

Gooch,  George  E 636 

Greene,  Benjamin  Allen   563 

Griswold,  William  Morse   585 

Grover,   Aldin  J 525 

Grover,  Frank  Reed   526 

Hall,  Winfield  Scott   591 

Mainline,  John  H 553 

Hamline,  Leonidas  P 552 

Harbert,  Elizabeth  Boynton   559 

Harbert,  William  S 558 

Helm,  Walter  B 647 

Hemenway,   Henry   B 564 

Hempstead,   Edward    616 

Herben,  Stephen  Joseph   546 

Herdien,  Elmer  Forrest   633 

Hcrdien,  Walter  Laurance  633 

Hinsdale,  Henry  W 622 

Hitt,  Isaac  R.,  Jr 594 

Hoag,  Thomas  C 555 

Hoag,  William  Gale  556 

Hoffman,  John  Raymond   650 

Holmes,  Raynor  Elmore  615 

Hoover,  Judson   Wilkes   617 

Hotch,   Louis  Grant      646 

Hungate,  John   H 588 

Hurd,   Harvey  B 474 

1  de,  George  Osman   628 

Isbester,    Tunis     537 

Jenks,  Chancellor  Livingston  486 

Johnson,  Richard  R 618 

Jones,   Albert  R 550 

Jones,   William   Hugh    508 

Kedzie,  John  Hume   488 

Kimball,  Dorr  Augustine    573 

Kingsley,   Homer   Hitchcock    549 

Kirk,  John  B 506 

Kirkbride,  Charles  Neville   617 

Kline,   Charles   Gaffield    536 


Kline,  George  Romyne    535 

Kline,  Simon  Veder  535 

Knight,   Newell   Clark    549 

Lake  Richard  Conover   570 

Learned,  Edward  W 571 

Leonhardt,    Susan    631 

Lindsay,   Mary   Boyd    599 

Little,   Arthur  W 544 

Loba,   Jean    Frederic    557 

Logan,   Charles  Lyford    645 

Loomis,  Mason  B 588 

Lorimer,  Joseph  M 582 

Lunt,  Orrington    463 

Lutkin,   Peter  Christian    566 

Lyons,  Joseph   McGee    539 

Mann,  Oscar  H 578 

Marcy,  Elizabeth  Eunice   604 

Mark,  Anson   548 

Mayo,  Charles  H 614 

Maxson,  Orrin  T 629 

McCallin,    Sidney   G 646 

McCleary,  Wilbur  Wallace  587 

Merrick,  George  Peck   547 

Meyer,  Sidney  Bachrach   585 

Miller,  Humphry's  H.  C 521 

Moore,  George  Henry  638 

Murphy,  Edward  J 638 

Murphy,  John   C 637 

Nesbitt,  George  W 648 

Nichols,  Roscoe  Townley  613 

Oldberg,  Prof.  Oscar   596 

Parkes,  William  Beckley  630 

Persons,  Albert  D 647 

Piper,  Charles  Edward   644 

Pitner,  Levi  Carroll   511 

Plummer,    Samuel    Craig    646 

Poole,  Charles  Clarence  639 

Poppenhusen,  Conrad  Herman   534 

Raddin,  Charles   S 639 

Raymond,  Frederick  D 516 


Raymond,  James  Henry  601 

Raymond,    Miner    513 

Remy,   Curtis   H 554 

Richards,  Charles  L 614 

Ridgaway,  Henry  Bascom  498 

Sargent,   George    Myrick    493 

Schwall,    Andrew     538 

Sheppard,   Robert  Dickinson    477 

Sluitterly,  Eugene  E 601 

Sluitterly,   John   Jay    600 

Smith,  Amos  A.  L 618 

Smyth,  Hugh  P 604 

Solcnberger,  Amos  R 649 

Spencer,  Claudius  B 555 

Stevens,   William   Leon    648 

Stockton,  William   Eichbaun    527 

Stow,    Nelson    Lloyd    550 

Stringfield,    C.    Pruyn    619 

Sweet,    Alanson    577 

Synnestvedt,   Paul    648 

Tallmadge,  Lewis  Cass    574 

Terry.  Milton  S 545 


Townsend,   Adam   Fries    520 

Trowbridge,  Lucius  A 572 

Tuttle,  Ole  Hansen   649 

Van  Arsdale,  John  R 572 

Voje,  John   H 590 

Volz,  George  P.  K.  641 

Walcott,   Chester   P 568 

Waldberg,    Benjamin    649 

Walworth,  Nathan  H 568 

Watson,   Thomas   H 593 

Way,   Charles  'L'yman    581 

Webster,  Edward  H 641 

White,   Hugh  Alexander   485 

Whitefield,  George  W 607 

Willard,  Frances  E 47S 

Williams,  John  Marshall   522 

Winslow,    Rollin    Curtis    627 

Woodbridge,   John   R 598 

Work,  Joseph  Waters  631 

Young,    Aaron    Nelson    548 

Zipperman,  Solomon  W 613 


OF  THE 
"WVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


CHAPTER   I. 


HISTORY    OF    EVANSTON 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  Evanston  of  1905 — Gem  Suburb  of  a 
Great  Metropolis  and  Seat  of  Learning — 
Results  Accomplished  by  Fifty  Years 
of  Development — Contrast  Between  Past 
and  Present — First  Township  Organiza- 
tion Under  Name  of  Ridgeville — Evans- 
ton  Township  Organised  in  1857 — The 
Village  Platted  in  1854 — Later  Changes 
in  Township  and  Municipal  Organisation 
— Old  Name  of  Ridgeville  Township  Re- 
sumed in  /poj,  with  Boundaries  Identical 
with  City  of  Evanston — Garrett  Biblical 
Institute  Precedes  the  University — City 
Government  Organized  in  1892 — Early 
Evanston  Homes  and  Their  Occupants — 
Adz-ent  of  the  First  Railroad — The  Ca- 
reer of  Dr.  John  Evans. 

The  Evanston  of  1905  is  justification  of 
an  effort  to  unfold  the  story  of  its  planting 
and  its  development.  Gem  of  suburbs  as  it 
is,  lying  contiguous  to  the  greatest  of  west- 
ern cities  and  the  home  of  many  of  its 
most  active  men  of  affairs,  it  also  occupies 
a  commanding  position  as  a  seat  of  intel- 
ligence and  learning.  It  has  crowded  into 
its  short  career  so  much  of  human  interest, 
it  has  been  the  source  of  so  many  wide 
spreading  and  helpful  influences,  it  is  so 


endeared  to  the  people  who  have  found  in  it 
a  home,  that  the  narration  of  its  fifty  years 
of  progress  must  be  told.  Like  many  an- 
other American  city  closely  associated  with 
a  metropolis,  it  has  attained  its  present 
proud  position  within  the  memory  of  men 
now  living,  among  whom  is  included  the 
general  editor  of  the  present  work.  It  pos- 
sesses no  ruins  and  no  ivy-covered  walls. 
Its  oldest  buildings  bear  the  marks  of  re- 
cent construction,  and  its  well  paved  streets 
have  but  lately  passed  from  the  hands  of 
the  contractor.  Unlike  some  of  the  his- 
toric towns  of  the  United  States,  whose 
history  has  been  written  covering  two  cen- 
turies or  more,  and  which  reflect  the  growth 
and  history  of  the  American  people,  this 
tidy  suburban  town  has  developed  quickly 
within  itself  all  the  forces  that  make  up  our 
active,  advanced  American  life,  of  schools 
and  churches,  of  clubs  and  cabals;  in  re- 
ligion, society,  politics,  philanthropy  and 
pleasure  it  is  an  epitome  of  distinctly  mod- 
ern progress.  Numerous  helpful  hands  have 
been  employed  to  draw  the  composite  pic- 
ture that  is  meant  to  convey  a  lasting  im- 
pression of  the  facts  and  forces  that  make 
up  the  idea  of  Evanston,  and  placing  them 
side  by  side,  or  mingling  them  in  one's 


If, 


INTRODUCTORY 


thought,  we  have  the  resultant  of  as  wide- 
awake, up-to-date,  eager,  intelligent,  inter- 
esting and  hopeful  a  community  of  men, 
women  and  youth  as  the  world  can  furnish. 

Perhaps  you  have  at  some  time  paused 
to  listen  to  the  mingled  din  of  a  great  city 
and,  with  a  quick  ear,  analyzed  the  indi- 
vidual sounds  that  make  up  the  hum  of  the 
city's  life.  That  task  has  been  ours.  The 
hum  is  well  nigh  deafening  to  the  ear, 
sensitized  by  attention  even  in  a  town  which 
boasts  few  noises  of  factories  or  traffic. 
But  its  hum  is  not  less  real,  of  activities 
which  employ  the  finer  faculties  of  men  and 
women.  It  will  be  told  otherwheres  how 
the  particular  region  that  now  bears  the 
name  of  Evanston  came  to  be  selected  as 
the  site  of  a  college  town.  Delving  into 
the  political  conditions  that  antedate  the 
modern  city,  we  find  that  Cook  County,  111., 
in  which  Evanston  is  located,  was,  previous 
to  1849,  under  what  is  known  in  this  State 
as  County  Government ;  that  is,  the  county 
affairs  were  managed  by  a  Board  of  Com- 
missioners, who  supervised  the  community 
business  of  the  neighborhoods  that  had  not 
yet  emerged  into  local  government.  Many 
of  these  were  designated  by  a  name  which 
might  later  attach  to  a  township,  but  there 
was  no  township  government,  though  there 
were  townships  indicated  in  the  United 
States  Survey,  and  designated  by  numbers, 
which  were  used  before  1849,  ar>d  nave 
been  since  used  in  connection  with  school 
purposes,  as  illustrating  this  condition. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  records 
of  Township  41 — in  which  Evanston  is 
located — now  in  possession  of  the  Evanston 
Historical  Society,  were  begun  in  1846, 
and  that  they  record  the  election  of  Town- 
ship Trustees  for  school  purposes  four 
years  before  the  first  election  of  officers  of 
the  town  of  Ridgeville,  which  included 
Evanston;  and,  as  throwing  a  little  light 
upon  the  onerous  duties  of  these  early 


Trustees,  we  read  from  the  minutes  of  their 
third  meeting,  held  May  20,  1846,  at  the 
Ridge  Road  House :  "It  was  ordered  that 
we  proceed  to  hire  Miss  Cornelia  Wheadon 
to  teach  our  school  the  present  season,  at 
one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  a  week. 
Also,  it  was  ordered  that  the  school  house 
should  be  repaired  as  soon  as  possible,  and 
furnished  with  a  water-pail  and  dipper." 

Evidently  Township  41  had  enjoyed  the 
blessing  of  a  school  house  long  enough  for 
it  to  get  out  of  repair,  probably  under  the 
regime  of  County  Commissioners.  In  the 
Code  of  By-Laws  of  the  School  Trustees, 
it  was  provided  that,  in  case  a  patron  of 
the  school  refused,  or  was  not  in  position 
at  the  appointed  time,  to  receive  the  teacher 
the  required  number  of  days,  the  teacher 
should  select  his  or  her  own  boarding  place, 
and  the  board  bill  should  be  taxed  with 
such  patron's  tuition  bill.  From  such  germs 
has  Evanston's  splendid  school  system  de- 
veloped. 

Township  Organization. — By  the  Con- 
stitution of  1848  the  Legislature  was  re- 
quired to  provide  by  general  law  for  town- 
ship organization,  which  it  did  by  Act  of 
February  12,  1849.  By  tn's  act  the  people 
were  permitted  to  divide  their  counties  into 
towns  or  townships,  which  were  to  conform 
as  nearly  as  might  be  with  the  congressional 
townships.  Commissioners  were  appointed 
for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  county,  and 
the  people  were  permitted  to  select  the 
names  of  the  townships.  When  they  could 
not  agree,  the  Commissioners  were  author- 
ized to  select  the  names  for  them.  The 
people  of  fractional  Town  41  North,  Range 
14  East,  chose  the  name  of  Ridgeville.  This 
continued  to  be  the  name  of  the  town  until 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  February  15, 
1857,  it  was  changed  to  Evanston,  and  the 
township  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of 
a  tier  of  sections  taken  from  Niles  Town- 
ship on  the  west  and  the  Archange  Reser- 


HISTORY    OF    EVAXSTOX 


vation  and  several  sections  in  Township  42, 
taken  from  New  Trier  on  the  north.  The 
language  of  the  act  reads:  "The  name  of 
Ridgeville  shall  be  changed  to  Evanston, 
and  the  Town  of  Evanston  shall  comprise 
all  of  fractional  Township  41  North,  Range 
14  East,  Sections  12,  13,  24,  25  'and  36, 
Township  41  North,  Range  13  East,  the 
Archange  Reservation  and  fractional  Sec- 
tions 22,  26  and  27,  Township  42  North, 
Range  14  East,  and  the  same  shall  form  and 
constitute  a  township  for  school  purposes 
and  be  known  as  Town  41  North,  Range 
14  East." 

Dreary  reading — perhaps,  dry  as  dust — 
but  thrilling  none  the  loss,  because  it  is  the 
record  of  a  creative  act  of  great  importance. 
Under  an  enabling  act,  approved  May  23, 
1877,  and  amended  May  15,  1903,  the  ter- 
ritory embraced  within  the  present  limits 
of  the  city  of  Evanston  has  been  formed 
into  a  township  under  the  old  name  of 
Ridgeville,  which  makes  the  boundaries  of 
the  city  and  the  new  township  identical  and 
in  effect  consolidates  the  township  and  city 
governments.  The  new  township  as  now 
constituted  embraces  what  previously 
formed  the  southern  part  of  New  Trier 
Township  and  a  small  section  from  the 
northeast  corner  of  Niles  Township.  The 
remainder  of  the  former  Township  of 
Evanston  now  constitutes  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  City  of  Chicago,  with  a  small 
section  south  of  the  Chicago  city  limits  and 
west  of  the  southern  portion  of  Evanston, 
these  two  sections  remaining  under  the  old 
name  of  Evanston  Township,  though  not 
embracing  any  part  of  the  city  of  that 
name. 

Village  and  City  Organization. — Such 
are  Evanston's  present  geographical  and 
political  relations  to  the  county  and  the 
State.  Under  the  loose  system  of  county 
and  township  government  it  subsisted  till 
1863.  It  had  been  platted  as  a  town  in 


1854,  and  outstripping  all  other  sections 
of  the  township,  and  taking  on  exclusive- 
ness  and  individuality,  it  demanded  a  nar- 
rower and  more  intensive  government  of 
its  platted  territory.  The  agitation  cul- 
minated in  a  meeting  of  voters  on  De- 
cember 29,  1863,  when  it  was  decided,  in 
accordance  with  the  law  on  the  subject,  to 
organize  an  incorporated  town,  and  the 
decision  was  consummated  by  the  election 
of  five  Trustees,  January  6,  1864.  The  new 
town  was  bounded  by  Lake  Michigan  on 
the  east,  Wesley  Avenue  on  the  west,  Crain 
and  Hamilton  Streets  on  the  south,  and 
Foster  Street  on  the  north.  In  1869  a 
special  act  of  the  Legislature  permitted  the 
incorporation  of  the  City  of  Evanston,  but 
content  with  their  simple  form  of  gov- 
ernment, the  citizens  decided  against  its 
adoption  by  a  vote  of  197  to  82.  Yet  with- 
in three  years  they  organized  under  the 
Act  of  1872  for  Cities  and  Villages,  but 
continued  their  village  form  of  government 
by  Trustees  selected  from  the  village  at 
large  instead  of  by  Aldermen  from  wards, 
with  a  Village  President  instead  of  Mayor. 
In  1872  new  territory  was  annexed  to  the 
town  on  petition  of  property  owners  of 
the  district  lying  north  of  Foster  Street 
and  east  of  Wesley  and  Asbury  Avenues, 
and  extending  to  the  present  limits  of  the 
city.  On  October  19,  1872,  village  or- 
ganization was  adopted  under  the  general 
City  and  Village  Incorporation  Act  of 
April  to,  1872,  and  the  first  village  election 
took  place  April  15,  1873.  Further  in- 
crease of  territory  was  made  January  7, 
1873,  by  the  annexation,  on  petition,  of  the 
region  bounded  on  the  north  by  Grant 
Street,  on  the  south  by  Church  and  Foster 
Streets,  on  the  east  by  Wesley  and  Asbury 
Avenues,  and  on  the  west  by  Dodge  Street. 
Then  followed,  during  the  same  month, 
the  accession  of  the  region  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Grant  and  Simpson  Streets, 


i8 


INTRODUCTORY 


on  the  south  by  Church  Street,  on  the  east 
by  Dodge  Street,  and  on  the  west  by  Hart- 
irey  and  McDaniel  Avenues.  April  21, 
1874,  the  Village  of  North  Evanston  suc- 
cumbed to  the  acquisitive  mood  of  its  larger 
neighbor,  and,  in  September  of  the  same 
year,  the  territory  lying  between  Hamilton 
and  Greenleaf  Streets,  with  the  lake  on 
the  east  and  Chicago  Avenue  on  the  west, 
was  included  by  petition.  In  April,  1886, 
the  territory  bounded  by  Church  Street, 
Wesley  Avenue,  Crain  Street  and  McDaniel 
Avenue,  was  likewise  annexed  on  petition. 
Finally,  on  February  20,  1892,  the  important 
question  of  the  annexation  of  South  Evan- 
ston was  submitted  to  the  vote  of  both  vil- 
lages and  approved  by  a  small  majority. 

Thus  the  chapter  of  territorial  expansion 
for  Evanston  was  closed  for  the  time  be- 
ing. It  had  now  outgrown  the  swaddling 
clothes  of  village  government  and  de- 
manded the  habiliments  of  a  city.  The 
question  of  the  adoption  of  city  organiza- 
tion was  submitted  to  the  people  on  March 
29,  1892,  and  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  784 
to  26.  The  first  city  election  took  place 
April  19,  1892,  when  Dr.  Oscar  H.  Mann 
became  the  first  Mayor  of  the  city. 

Physical  Characteristics. — The  physical 
characteristics  of  Evanston  have  changed 
but  little  in  the  progress  of  the  years.  Its 
main  features,  north  and  south,  were  the 
Lake  Shore  on  the  east,  more  wooded  than 
now.  with  two  ridges,  one  called  the  East 
Ridge,  comprising  the  land  purchased  by 
the  University,  and  the  other  the  West 
Ridge,  comprising  the  lands  of  Brown  and 
Hurd,  which  were  a  part  of  the  first  town- 
plat.  The  latter  ridge  was  some  forty-five 
feet  above  the  lake  level.  Between  the 
ridges  was  a  level  valley,  receptacle  of  the 
drainage  of  the  ridges,  often  giving  the 
impression  of  a  swamp,  but  easily  suscept- 
ible of  being  drained  to  the  north  or  by 
ditches  to  the  Lake.  The  trend  of  these 


ridges  constrained  the  surveyors  in  the 
platting  of  the  town,  so  that  the  streets 
running  north  and  south  paralleled  the 
ridge  roads,  and  the  east  and  west  bound 
streets  crossed  the  former  at  right  angles. 
The  original  plat  comprised  three  hundred 
and  fifty  acres,  purchased  by  the  Trustees 
of  the  University  from  John  H.  Foster,  in 
1853,  and  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty 
acres,  purchased  about  the  same  time,  by 
Andrew  J.  Brown  and  Harvey  B.  Hurd, 
from  James  Carney.  The  tract  was  well 
wooded,  especially  along  the  shore  of  the 
Lake,  chiefly  with  oaks,  some  few  of  which 
remain  to  give  a  hint  of  the  noble  forest  of 
which  they  formed  a  part.  The  plat,  which 
perished  in  the  Chicago  fire,  bore  the  names 
of  streets  that  kept  fresh  in  memory  some 
of  the  active  spirits  who  were  associated 
with  the  early  days  of  the  enterprise,  such 
as  Dempster,  Hinman,  Judson,  Benson, 
Sherman,  Davis,  Orrington  and  Clark ; 
while  to  the  west,  such  names  of  streets  as 
Oak,  Maple  Grove  and  Ridge  were  a 
tribute  to  the  conditions  that  then  pre- 
vailed, and  help  the  late-comers  to  picture 
the  leafy  shade,  overlooked  by  the  old-time 
thoroughfare  that  crowned  the  ridge;  and 
still  farther  west,  Wesley  and  Asbury 
Avenues  flanked  the  town,  testifying  to 
the  loyal  Methodism  of  the  settlers  who 
dwelt  within  it. 

The  Town  Platted.— The  purchases  of 
the  land  were  made  in  1853,  and,  during 
that  year,  the  town  was  staked  out  and 
streets  thrown  up,  but  the  plat  was  not 
acknowledged  till  1854,  in  which  year  a 
number  of  lots  were  sold,  houses  built  and 
families  settled.  The  plat  made  by  the 
Northwestern  University  provided  gener- 
ously, in  its  portion  of  the  town,  for  public 
parks  such  as  now  beautify  the  town.  The 
streets  were  spacious,  and  a  constituency 
was  appealed  to  such  as  might  be  attracted 
to  an  educational  center.  This  was  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


chief  magnet.  The  idea  of  the  suburban 
residence  had  not  yet  emerged.  The  fam- 
ilies who  came  were  chiefly  those  that 
were  attracted  by  the  idea  of  residence  in  a 
college  town.  Garrett  Biblical  Institute 
preceded  the  University  on  university 
ground,  and  John  Dempster,  at  Old  Demp- 
ster Hall,  realized  to  the  early  students  of 
the  Institute,  as  Mark  Hopkins  did  to  the 
students  of  Williams  College,  how  a  very 
few  facilities  in  the  hands  of  such  a  master 
will  serve  to  develop  the  minds  and  hearts 
of  men  eager  for  an  education.  Obadiah 
Huse  early  ministered  to  the  physical  wants 
of  students  at  Dempster  Hall  in  such  man- 
ner that  their  slender  purses  might  provide 
for  a  not  too  luxurious  existence.  Philo 
Judson  was  the  advance  guard  of  the  Uni- 
versity, selling  lots,  vending  scholarships, 
drumming  up  settlers  and  promoting  the 
town.  Hurd,  Brown,  Beveridge,  Pearsons, 
Judson,  Evans,  Clifford  and  Ludlam  were 
among  the  people  who  picked  their  way 
over  the  newly  made  thoroughfares  of  the 
new  town  to  their  new  homes,  with  wet  and 
muddy  feet  ofttimes,  during  the  years  1854 
and  1855.  And,  until  the  summer  of  1855, 
if  they  went  to  Chicago,  they  must  do  so 
by  their  own  private  conveyance.  They 
were  sturdy  people ;  practical,  religious, 
neighborly,  genuine  pioneers  who  could 
curry  a  horse,  build  a  house,  lead  a  class- 
meeting  and  finance  a  town  and  two  in- 
stitutions of  learning.  On  the  West  Ridge 
Road  lived  the  Huntoons,  the  Grains  and 
the  McDaniels  and  Carneys,  the  Pratts  and 
the  Garfields,  antedating  the  town.  The 
home  of  John  L.  Beveridge  was  on  Chicago 
Avenue,  near  Clark  Street ;  of  John  A. 
Pearsons  on  Grove  Street,  near  Chicago 
Avenue ;  of  Philo  Judson  at  Ridge  Avenue 
aftid  Davis  Street;  of  Judge  H.  B.  Hurd 
in  the  same  vicinity ;  of  G.  W.  Reynolds 
where  the  Avenue  House  now  stands ;  and 
Dempster  Hall  and  the  home  of  Dr.  John 


Dempster  on  the  .Lake  Shore  north  of 
Simpson  Street.  The  Snyders  home  was 
on  Chicago  Avenue,  near  Dempster  Street. 

These  were  the  scattered  centers  of  life 
in  the  ambitious  hamlet.  They  were  soon 
reinforced  by  the  families  of  the  Professors 
of  the  University  and  Institute,  and  such 
families  as  the  Willards,  from  which  was 
destined  to  proceed  that  bright  and  shining 
light  in  philanthropy  and  temperance  re- 
form, Frances  E.  Willard,  probably  the  best 
known  product  of  Evanston  life,  its  his- 
torian in  "A  Classic  Town,"  an  orator  and 
writer  of  rare  power.  George  F.  Foster  soon 
took  up  his  home  on  Chicago  Avenue  near 
Church  Street — a  shouting  Methodist  and 
social  to  his  finger  tips,  whose  house  was 
a  seat  of  hospitality  and  elegance.  George 
W.  Reynolds  was  on  Davis  Street,  near  to 
the  corner  of  Chicago  Avenue,  on  which 
corner  the  Reynolds  House,  still  a  part  of 
the  Avenue  House,  was  built.  We  take  ex- 
ception to  him  as  a  builder,  for  on  one  occa- 
sion at  a  caucus,  or  neighborhood  meeting, 
the  floor  of  his  house  suddenly  collapsed, 
precipitating  the  company  into  the  cellar, 
and  the  same  performance  was  re-enacted 
at  the  house  of  George  F.  Foster,  also  built 
by  Mr.  Reynolds.  There  was  no  "Index" 
or  "Press"  in  those  days  to  note  these 
happenings,  but  the  survivors  tell  the  tale 
with  more  laughter  than  they  then  ex- 
perienced. 

Church  Street  took  its  name  from  the 
donated  site  of  what  was  to  be  the  Cathedral 
Church  of  the  town,  the  center  of  the  relig- 
ious and  social  life  of  this  God-fearing  com- 
munity, chiefly  of  the  Methodist  persuasion, 
but  broad-minded  enough  to  welcome  those 
of  other  communions  in  their  worship,  and 
disposed,  when  the  time  of  separation 
should  come,  to  give  them  a  site  on  which  to 
raise  their  own  roof-tree,  as  the  title  deeds 
from  the  University  to  Trustees  of  the  older 
churches  of  Evanston  will  testify — consid- 


20 


INTRODUCTORY 


eration  one  dollar  and  other  valuable  bene- 
fits, such  as  good  will  and  gladness  at  their 
coming,  their  loyalty  and  their  prosperity. 

Advent  of  the  First  Railroad.— The 
Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  was  be- 
ing located  in  1853,  and  the  Trustees  of  the 
University,  by  resolution  of  October  26, 
1853,  requested  the  company  to  locate  their 
road  through  the  land  of  the  University  so 
as  to  strike  the  center,  or  within  thirty-five 
rods  south  of  the  center  of  Section  19  of 
Township  41  North,  Range  1 8,  and  offer- 
ing to  donate  the  right  of  way.  and  one  acre 
of  land  for  a  depot,  providing  the  railroad 
company  would  make  such  location  and 
agree  not  to  allow  any  establishment  for 
the  sale  of  liquor  or  gambling  houses,  or 
other  nuisance,  to  be  placed  on  such  right 
of  way  or  depot  ground.  March  28,  1854, 
the  Trustees  passed  another  resolution  re- 
questing the  railroad  company  to  locate  its 
station  on  a  line  west  of  Davis  Street — 
which  terminated  at  Sherman  Avenue — on 
a  small  ridge  on  the  Carney  farm,  or  as 
near  as  may  be  expedient  in  the  judgment 
of  the  agent,  providing  the  owner  of  the 
Carney  farm  lay  off  suitable  streets  for  the 
same.  Mr.  A.  J.  Brown,  who  held  the  title 
of  the  Carney  tract  for  himself  and  others, 
conveyed  the  right  of  way  and  depot  ground 
to  the  railroad  company  about  the  date  of 
the  resolution  referred  to,  and  it  appears  on 
the  plat  of  the  town.  It  was  not,  however, 
till  the  summer  of  1855  that  trains  began 
running  through  the  town.  Two  through 
trains  and  one  accommodation  train  were 
all  the  facilities  that  were  offered.  Evan- 
ston  seldom  filled  the  single  passenger  car 
of  the  accommodation  (or  "Waukegan") 
train,  as  it  was  most  familiarly  known, 
and  the  grumbling  railroad  authorities 
threatened  to  take  off  the  train,  declaring 
that  it  did  not  pay  and  gave  no  promise 


of  ever  paying.  But  they  took  it  out  in 
grumbling.  It  did  pay,  and  was  destined  to 
be  their  best  paying  piece  of  road  through 
its  suburban  traffic,  as  a  prosperous  com- 
munity grew  around  the  cheerful,  hos- 
pitable nucleus  that  had  grouped  itself  near 
to  the  Northwestern  University  and  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute. 

Such  are  some  of  Evanston's  beginnings 
with  which  we  introduce  the  reader  to  the 
more  elaborate  story,  as  told  in  detail  by 
those  familiar  with  it.  One  word  more  we 
cannot  refrain  from  saying  concerning  Dr. 
John  Evans,  the  man  whose  chief  monument 
(though  he  has  many  others)  is  the 
Classic  Town;  in  whose  brain  was  chiefly 
conceived  the  thought  of  this  educational 
and  home  center,  and  by  whose  skill  and 
suggestions  and  influence  the  plans  were 
chiefly  made  to  compass  the  acquisition  of 
the  land  that  should  be  the  Northwestern 
University's  chief  source  of  endowment, 
and  by  whom  the  enterprise  was  financed 
for  all  the  coming  years.  Close  to  him 
wrought  Orrington  Lunt,  imbibing  his  zeal 
and  supplementing  his  labors  by  his  unsel- 
fish devotion  and  tireless  energy.  John 
Evans  was  as  far-seeing  a  man  as  ever 
wrought  in  the  formative  days  of  cities  or 
States ;  a  plain  man  who  dreamed  of  large 
things,  and  whose  heart  kept  pace  with 
his  swift  moving  intellect.  The  sphere  of 
his  activity  was  changed  all  too  soon  from 
the  region  that  bears  his  name  to  a  distant 
State,  where  he  built  railroads,  planned 
Titanic  enterprises,  supervised  the  beginning 
of  a  great  commonwealth  and  helped  to 
found  another  University  in  the  Far  West. 
Evanston  is  honored  in  her  name,  as  she 
honors  the  name  of  her  founder. 

Kind  reader,  if  you  have  read  thus  far, 
read  on. 


CHAPTER    II'. 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS. 

(Bj  FRANK  R.  GROVKR.  Vjce-Prwiilent  Kvanrton  Hietorlcal  Society.) 


The  First  Evans/onions — Indian  Relics — 
Stone  Implements  and  What  They  Indi- 
cate —  Early  Explorers — Joliet,  Mar- 
quettc.  La  Salic  and  Tonty — First  ll'hite 
Visitors — Indian  Tribes — The  Iroquois, 
Illinois  and  Pottawatomies — Ouilmette 
Reservation  and  Family — The  Fort  Dear- 
born Massacre — Home  of  the  Otiil- 
mettes — Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien — In- 
dian Trails  and  Trees  on  North  Shore — 
Aboriginal  Camps  and  Villages — Indian 
Mounds  and  Graves — Reminiscenses  of 
Early  Settlers — Important  Treaties — An 
Englishman's  Story  of  the  Treaty  of  Chi- 
cago in  1833. 

Since  the  discovery  of  this  continent  the 
North  American  Indian  has  ever  been  the 
subject  of  constant  study,  discussion  and 
contention.  His  origin,  his  traditions,  his 
character,  his  manners  and  customs,  his 
superstitions,  his  eloquence,  the  wars  in 
which  he  has  engaged,  his  tribal  relations, 
his  certain  destiny,  the  wrongs  he  has  done 
and  those  that  he  has  suffered  have,  for  four 
centuries,  been  favorite  themes  for  the  his- 
torian, the  poet,  the  philanthropist,  the  eth- 
nologist. And  yet,  with  all  the  countless 
books  that  have  been  written  upon  the  SUb- 


'Compiled  from  two  papers ;  (1).  "Our  Indian 
Predecessors — The  First  Kvanstonians,"  read  before  the 
Eyanston  Historical  Society,  November  2,  1901 ;  and  (2) 
"Some  Indian  Land  Marks  of  the  North  Shore,"  read  be- 
fore the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  February  21,  liX(5, 
with  some  supplemental  notations  by  the  writer. 


ject,  there   is   still    room    for   inquiry,   for 
speculation,  for  historical  research. 

Every  political  division  of  this  country, 
from  state  to  hamlet,  has  a  mine  of  untold 
facts,  which  must  ever  remain  undisclosed. 
Still,  the  diligent  and  the  curious  can,  with 
all  due  regard  to  the  limitations  to  truth 
put  upon  the  honest  historian,  gather  old 
facts  that  will  in  the  aggregate  be  of  inter- 
est as -local  history.  With  that  end  in  view 
I  wish  to  tell  you  what  I  have  been  able 
to  learn  of  our  Indian  predecessors — the 
first  Evanstonians. 

Stone  Implements  Found  in  This  Vi- 
cinity and  What  They  Indicate. — There 
is  no  more  interesting  field  for  historical  re- 
search than  that  of  the  implements  and 
weapons  of  the  prehistoric  Indian.  There  is. 
too,  a  later  time  of  which  there  is  no  writ- 
ten history,  before  the  coining  of  the  Jesuit 
Missionary  and  his  early  successor,  the  In- 
dian Trader,  who  was  the  first  vendor  of 
steel  hatchets  and  arrow  points,  that  is  of 
no  less  interest. 

Much  of  the  Indian  history  of  those  times 
must  of  necessity  remain  forever  undis- 
closed. Some  of  it  has  been  gathered  from 
credible  traditions,  some  of  it  distorted  by 
the  frailty  of  human  recollection  and  by  the 
fragile  partition  that  oft  divides  memory 
from  imagination,  and  truthfulness  from 
the  inclination  to  boast  of  the  prowess  of 
Indian  ancestrv.  All  of  these  factors,  of 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


course,  result  in  endless  confusion,  and 
what  the  exact  truth  is  must  be  left,  for  the 
most  part,  to  uncertainty  and  speculation. 
But  a  portion  of  that  history,  as  applied  to 
the  North  Shore,  is  told  as  simply  and 
plainly  by  the  stone  implements  and  weap- 
ons as  though  written  in  words  on  monu- 
ment or  obelisk.  The  entrance  to  this  field 
of  inquiry  opens,  of  course,  more  easily 
and  widely  to  the  man  of  science — the 
archaeologist — but  the  merest  novice,  if 
he  be  curious  and  diligent,  will  there  find  a 
mine  of  historic  facts  that  are  both  interest- 
ing and  reliable. 

One  of  the  greatest  orators  of  modern 
times  has  entertained  thousands  of  his 
hearers  and  readers  with  the  topic,  "The 
man  of  imagination — what  does  he  see?" 
And  so  the  student,  whether  he  has  great 
learning  or  that  next  best  substitute — in- 
dustry— when  he  finds  the  chippings  of 
flint,  chert  or  cobble-stone  left  in  the  work- 
shop of  the  ancient  artisan  of  the  North 
Shore,  or  when  he  sees  the  many  finish- 
ing wares  that  have  been  worn  and  used 
and  lost  by  the  ancient  customers  of  this 
ancient  artisan,  and  then  found  again,  can 
reproduce  a  reasonably  accurate  picture  of 
the  red  man,  who  sat  ages  ago  on  the  West 
Shore  of  old  Lake  Michigan,  and,  with  un- 
told labor  and  deftness,  prepared  the  ar- 
rows and  spear-heads  that  his  red  brothers, 
in  due  time,  hurled  at  deer,  or  buffalo  or 
dusky  foe;  and  this  student  can,  in  fair 
and  truthful  speculation,  follow  these  red 
brothers  in  all  they  saw  and  did  through 
the  forest  and  across  the  broad  prairies,  in 
the  hunt  and  in  the  chase,  to  the  wigwam 
and  to  the  camp  fire,  on  the  war  path  and  in 
their  idle  roamings  from  place  to  place. 

These  implements  may,  for  convenience 
in  this  discussion,  be  divided  into  two 
classes :  first,  those  found  along  the  lake 
shore  near  the  beach,  which  are  often  im- 
perfect in  form,  consisting  of  "rejects" 


and  chippings,  and  found  in  the  aboriginal 
quarries  and  shops;  and,  second,  the  per- 
fect forms  found  farther  from  the  lake, 
where  they  were  in  use.  I  will  refer  to  them 
in  the  order  named. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that,  from  Wil-  . 
mette  to  Waukegan,  there  are  high  bluffs, 
reaching  to  the  beach,  so  that  in  that  locali- 
ty the  remains  of  these  shops  or  chipping 
stations  have,  to  some  extent  at  least,  been 
obliterated  by  the  waves.    But,  both  north 
and  south  of  these  high  bluffs,   many  of 
these  shops  have  been  located  and  clearly  in- 
dicate that  the  Lake  Shore,  with  its  ready 
material     among     the     gravel     constantly 
thrown  up  by  the  waves,  not  only  furnished 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  material  ready 
for  use  and  easily  accessible,   but  that  it 
was  resorted  to  in  preference  to  the  more 
laborious   method  of   seeking  and   mining 
materials  to  the  West.    Indeed,  it  is  quite 
probable,  and  a  plausible  theory,  that  the 
Indian  population,  for  many  miles  to  the 
west   and    for   untold   centuries,   used   the 
Lake    Shore    almost    exclusively    for  the 
manufacture  of  stone  implements  and  weap- 
ons.   These   shops,    or    chipping   stations, 
have   generally    been    found    in   the   sand 
dunes   or   ridges   immediately   adjacent   to 
the  beach,   where  there  was  shelter  from 
the  wind  and  waves.   Many,  of  course,  have 
long  since  disappeared  by  the  action  of  the 
lake ;  but  at  least  four  of  them  were  located 
along  the  shore  at  Edgewater  and  Rogers 
Park,  one  immediately  south  of  the  Indian 
boundary  line  at  the  city  limits.   In  the  early 
days   of   Evanston   and,    to    my   personal 
knowledge,  even  as  late  as  1870,  the  chip- 
pings, rejects  and  broken  arrow-heads,  in- 
dicating one  of  the  largest  of  these  shops, 
could  easily  be  found  in  Evanston  extend- 
ing  from    what   is    now    Main    Street   to 
Greenleaf  Street,  and  about  on  a  line  from 
the  Industrial  School  to  the  present  Evans- 
ton  residences  of  Messrs.  John  C.   Spry, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Charles  E.  Graves  and  Milton  H.  Wilson. 
This  particular  shop  was  not  only  the  re- 
sort of  the  idle  school  boy  in  his  quest  for 
arrow  points,  but  was,  in  the  year  1884,  the 
subject  of  scientific  investigation  by  Dr. 
William  A.  Phillips,  a  member  of  the  Ev- 
anston  Historical  Society  (Science,  Vol.  3, 
page  273,  1884),  who  made  a  collection  at 
that  time  of  the  chert  refuse,  "illustrating 
the  successive  stages  of  the  chipping  or 
flaking  work,  beginning  with  the  water- 
worn  pebble  from  the  beach  and  ending 
with  the  nearly  completed,  but  broken,  im- 
plement," which  collection  is  now  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Northwestern  University  at 
Evanston  (Rep.  Curator  N.  W.  University 
Museum,  1884,  Smithsonian  Report,  1897 
— 1161,  pp.  587-600). 

At  the  present  site  of  the  Dearborn  Ob- 
servatory, on  the  campus  of  the  North- 
western University,  was  another  of  these 
shops,  although  a  smaller  one,  which  was 
partially  obliterated  in  the  construction  of 
that  building,  and  several  others  have  been 
located  at  different  times  along  the  lake 
front  of  Rogers  Park  and  Evanston. 

Indeed,  the  various  collections  of  these 
implements,  chippings  and  also  of  broken 
pottery  would  indicate  not  only  an  unusual 
Indian  population,  but  that  this  industry 
was  general  along  the  lake  shore,  and  much 
nearer  the  Chicago  river  than  the  sites  just 
described.  This  situation  can  easily  be  dem- 
onstrated by  the  merest  glance  at  the  collec- 
tion of  the  late  Karl  A.  Dilg,  in  possession 
of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society. 

Immediately  north  of  Waukegan,  east  of 
the  Northwestern  Railway,  and  extending 
nearly  to  the  Kenosha  city  limits,  and  be- 
tween the  bluff  that  was  formerly  the  shore 
line  and  the  present  lake  front,  are  some 
1,200  to  1,300  acres  of  low  sand  dunes,  all 
of  which  have,  from  time  to  time,  consti- 
tuted the  shore  of  the  receding  lake.  This 
district  is  replete  with  shops  and  stations  of 


this  character,  especially  so  at  what  was  for- 
merly Benton,  and  now  Beach  Station,  and 
extending  from  there  north,  a  distance  of 
about  five  miles,  through  Doctor  Dowie's 
"City  of  Zion"  to  the  state  line.  As  early 
as  1853  this  locality  was  also  the  subject  of 
scientific  investigation  on  this  subject. 
(Prof.  I.  A.  Lapham,  Antiquities-of  Wis- 
consin, Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Knowledge,  Vol.  7,  page  6,  1885). 

These  investigations  have  been  further 
pursued  by  Dr.  Phillips,  assisted  by  Messrs. 
W.  C.  Wyrnan  and  E.  F.  Wyman,  of  Ev- 
anston, and  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Lyman,  of  Ke- 
nosha. In  the  district  between  Beach  Sta- 
tion and  the  State  line  no  less  than  thirty- 
two  sites  were  located,  and  a  new  group  or 
variety  of  implements  found,  viz.:  weapons 
and  utensils  in  endless  variety,  made  of 
trap  rock  or  cobble-stone,  and  which  are 
now  designated,  "The  Trap  Flake  Series." 
A  very  entertaining  and  instructive  des- 
cription of  this  locality  and  these  imple- 
ments, their  uses  and  the  method  employed 
in  flaking  them,  with  plates  and  pictures, 
will  be  found  in  the  Smithsonian  Report 
for  1897,  pages  587-600,  in  an  able  paper  by 
Dr.  Phillips,  under  the  title,  "A  New  Group 
of  Stone  Implements  from  the  Southern 
Shores  of  Lake  Michigan." 

The  implements  and  weapons,  made  in 
these  localities  along  the  shore  from  the 
Chicago  River  to  Kenosha,  represent  almost 
unlimited  varieties,  from  the  ordinary  ar- 
rowhead and  the  net  weight  or  stone 
sinker  used  by  the  Pottawatomie  fisher- 
man, or  his  ancient  predecessor,  to  the 
finest  of  polished  hatchets,  spear-heads 
and  drills. 

It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this  discus- 
sion to  go  further  into  the  details  of  this 
lost  art,  in  showing  how  these  implements 
were  made  and  for  what  they  were  used — 
that  inquiry  should  be  left  to  more  able 
hands ;  but  the  field  for  exploration  is  as 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


boundless  and  unlimited  as  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  archaeologist,  and  is  full  of  interest 
even  to  the  layman. 

The  second  class,  in  this  subdivision  of 
these  implements,  are  the  finished  weapons 
and  utensils  that,  in  the  long  ago,  left  the 
work-shop  of  the  artisan,  on  the  beach  and 
elsewhere,  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  his 
warrior  customer  and  have  been  scattered, 
used  and  lost  on  the  land  which  we  have 
designated  the  North  Shore.  Generally 
speaking,  these  implements  are  found  in 
about  the  same  variety  and  number  as  in 
any  ordinary  Indian  country,  with  one  or 
two  remarkable  exceptions  that  will  re- 
ceive special  attention.  The  materials  used 
in  their  manufacture  indicate  the  presence 
of  Indians  from  remote  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent, or  barter  and  exchange  with  remote 
tribes.  They  also  indicate  that  the  North 
Shore — especially  for  from-  three  to  six 
miles  from  the  lake — was  not  only  a  great 
hunting  ground,  but  that  the  western  shore 
of  the  lake  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
a  bloody  battle  between  these  red  warriors 
of  the  olden  time.  They  also  further  indi- 
cate, in  one  or  two  localities  that  will  be 
mentioned,  an  extended  Indian  population 
during  a  long  period  of  time.  I  am  told  by 
members  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and 
others,  who  have  the  best  means  of  infor- 
mation, that  it  is  hard  to  distinguish  the 
particular  peoples  by  these  relics,  as  there  is 
great  similarity  in  manufacture  among  re- 
spective tribes — the  distinguishing  marks 
being  more  especially  in  the  wooden  handles 
or  hafts,  which,  of  course,  cannot  be  found 
— and  that  some  of  these  implements  are  of 
prehistoric  origin. 

The  nearest  locality  where  these  imple- 
ments are  found  in  the  greatest  variety  and 
number  is  what  was  formerly  known  as 
Rowmanville — being  the  vicinity  of  Rose 
Hill  Cemetery  and  extending  from  there  to 
the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  and 


throughout  the  territory  north  of  there,  ex- 
tending to  Forest  Glen,  Niles  Center  and 
High  Ridge,  where  they  have  been  found 
in  such  abundance  that  a  great  ancient  vil- 
lage— and  probably  several  such  villages  in 
that  district,  is  a  certainty — all  of  which  will 
receive  later  mention  when  we  consider  the 
sites  of  the  Indian  villages.  The  locality 
west  of  Evanston,  in  the  town  of  Niles, 
which  is  now  a  gardening  district,  has  sup- 
plied many  excellent  specimens  ploughed 
up  by  the  farm  hands,  and  it  has  been  an 
easy  matter,  with  a  little  patience  and  at- 
tention, to  secure  a  good  collection  in  these 
localities ;  and  there  are  many  of  them — 
notably  the  collection  of  William  A.  Peter- 
son, of  the  Peterson  Nursery  Company, 
gathered  largely  from  the  lands  of  that 
company  at  Rose  Hill,  the  collection  of  Dr. 
A.  S.  Alexander,  formerly  of  Evanston, 
gathered  very  largely  in  Evanston  and  the 
township  of  Niles ;  also  the  interesting  col- 
lection of  Karl  A.  Dilg,  already  referred 
to,  and  that  of  Adolph  Miller  at  Bowman- 
ville.  Still  another  locality  is  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Indian  Village  at  Waukegan, 
and  from  there  north  to  the  State  line,  in 
the  'locality  investigated  and  described  by 
Dr.  Phillips  in  his  paper. 

These  land  marks — these  bits  of  clay, 
and  flint  and  cobble-stone — to  which  has 
been  made  but  very  scant  and  imperfect  ref- 
erence, tell,  as  they  have  ever  told,  a  per- 
fect, and  yet  an  imperfect,  story ;  perfect, 
because  we  know  from  that,  in  some  far 
off  day,  the  North  Shore  was,  as  it  is  now, 
a  favorite  abiding  place ;  perfect,  too,  be- 
cause the  man  of  science  can  tell  us  in 
some  measure  of  how  these  people  lived 
and  what  they  did ;  imperfect,  because  we 
must  rely  to  some  extent  upon  theory  and 
speculation  and  cannot  open  wide  the  door 
with  what  is  understood  by  the  term  writ- 
ten history. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


The  Early  Explorers. — All  the  writers 
upon  the  early  history  of  the  Northwest, 
of  necessity  describe,  in  more  or  less  de- 
tail, the  expeditions,  exploits  and  adven- 
tures of  the  explorers  and  Jesuit  mission- 
aries, who  first  saw  the  Indians,  who  were 
the  first  white  men  in  Illinois,  and  who 
have  been  the  greatest  contributors  to  the 
history  of  the  Indians  of  the  Northern 
States.  Among  these  the  names  of  James 
Marquette,  Louis  Joliet,  La  Salle,  Henry 
de  Tonty,  Hennepin  and  Claude  Allouez 
are  so  prominent  that  the  youngest  student, 
who  has  read  even  the  average  school  his- 
tory of  the  day,  can  give,  with  reasonable 
accuracy,  an  outline  of  where  they  went, 
what  they  saw  and  what  they  did. 

In  most  of  their  travels  they  were  ac- 
companied by  friendly  Indians  as  guides 
and  assistants,  to  whose  fidelity  and  atten- 
tion we  owe  quite  as  much  as  to  the  ex- 
plorers themselves.  Reference  to  the  ex- 
tended travels  of  these  daring  and  hardy 
men  would  be  useless  repetition,  but  it  cer- 
tainly is  of  interest  to  know  that  such 
famous  voyagers  as  Father  Marquette, 
Joliet,  La  Salle,  Tonty,  and  Fathers  Hen- 
nepin and  Allouez,  with  their  Indian 
friends,  all  in  their  day  and  in  their  turn, 
visited  the  site  of  Evanston  or  coasted  its 
shores  in  their  canoes.  To  the  circum- 
stances of  some  of  these  early  visits  to  thit, 
locality,  I  briefly  direct  your  attention. 

It  was  the  month  of  June,  1673,  over 
two  hundred  years  ago,  when  Louis  Joliet 
— educated  as  a  priest,  but  with  more  love 
for  exploration  and  adventure — and  James 
Marquette — who  longed  to  see  and  trace 
the  course  of  the  great  river  that  De  Soto 
had  discovered  over  one  hundred  years  be- 
fore, and  who,  godly  man  that  he  was,  loved 
still  more  to  carry  the  tidings  of  the  Christ 
to  the  red  man  of  the  prairies — with  five 
French  companions  in  two  canoes,  started 
upon  that  long  and  toilsome  journey  through 


Green  Bay,  up  the  Fox  River  of  Wiscon- 
sin, from  thence  into  and  down  the  Wis- 
consin and  the  Mississippi,  and  up  the  then 
nameless  river  to  the  Indian  village  of  the 
Illinois,  where  they  arrived  late  in  the  sum- 
mer and  tarried  until  September. 

The  first  visit  of  a  white  man  to  Evans- 
ton,  in  September,  1673,  is  thus  described 
by  Francis  Parkman  in  his  life  of  La  Salle 
and  the  "Discovery  of  the  Great  West": 
"An  Illinois  chief,  with  a  band  of  young 
warriors,  offered  to  guide  them  to  the  Lake 
of  the  Illinois,  that  is  to  say,  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  thither  they  repaired,"  via  the  Illi- 
nois, Desplaines  and  Chicago  rivers,  "and, 
coasting  the  shores  of  the  lake,  reached 
Green  Bay  at  the  end  of  September." 

The  month  of  November  the  following 
year  ( 1674)  found  Marquette  again  coast- 
ing the  western  shores  of  Lake  Michigan, 
accompanied  by  two  white  men,  "Pierre 

Porteret  and  Jacques "  (Marquette's 

diary ) ,  a  band  of  Pottawatomies  and  another 
band  of  Illinois — ten  canoes  in  all — on  his 
way  from  Green  Bay  to  his  beloved  mission 
of  the  Illinois,  to  which  he  had  promised 
the  Indians  surely  to  return.  Frail  and 
sick  in  body,  but  strong  and  rich  in  energy 
and  religious  fervor,  he  made  this,  his  last 
voyage,  from  which  there  proved  to  be  no 
return  for  him.  Parkman  ( La  Salle,  pp.  67, 
68)  describes  the  journey :  "November  had 
come ;  the  bright  hues  of  the  autumn  foliage 
was  changed  to  rusty  brown.  The  shore 
wag  desolate  and  the  lake  was  stormy. 
They  were  more  than  a  month  in  coasting 
its  western  border." 

Marquette's  diary  (brought  to  light 
nearly  two  centuries  later)  gives  an  inter- 
esting account  of  this  journey,  describing 
the  land,  the  forest,  the  prairie,  the  buffalo, 
the  deer  and  other  game;  the  Indians  they 
met,  their  camp  fires  at  night  on  shore  and 
their  battles  with  the  waves  by  day,  and 
tells  the  story  of  their  arrival  at  the  Chicago 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


River  on  December  4,  1674,  and  finding  it 
frozen  over;  but  what  is  of  special  interest 
to  us,  his  diary  shows  almost  conclusively 
that,  on  December  3,  the  day  before,  the 
party  landed  somewhere  near  the  light- 
house within  our  present  city  limits.  His 
notation  is  as  follows: 

"December  3,  having  said  holy  mass  and 
embarked,  we  were  compelled  to  make  a 
point  and  land  on  account  of  floating 
masses  of  ice." 

The  only  point  of  land  within  the  day's 
journey  shown  upon  our  present  maps,  and 
even  the  maps  of  those  days,  including 
that  of  Marquette,  is  what  is  known  to-day 
by  the  sailors  as  "Gross  Point,"  where  the 
Evanston  light-house  stands. 

Father  Allouez  made  the  same  journey 
in  the  winter  of  1676  and  1677,  on  his  way 
with  two  companions  to  the  Illinois  coun- 
try, to  take  the  place  of  Father  Marquette 
in  the  Illinois  mission.  They  encountered 
untold  hardships,  dragging  their  canoes  for 
many  weary  miles  over  the  ice-floes  of  the 
lake  and  the  snow  along  its  shores. 

Two  years  later  is  the  date  when  white 
men  were  next  here  (November,  1679), 
when  La  Salle,  Father  Hennepin  (the  his- 
torian of  the  expedition),  a  Mohegan  In- 
dian (La  Salle's  faithful  servant  and  hunt- 
•  er),  and  fourteen  Frenchmen  in  four  large 
canoes  deeply  laden  with  merchandise, 
tools  and  guns,  made  the  same  voyage 
from  Green  Bay  and  to  St.  Joseph,  Mich., 
then  called  Miami,  on  their  way  to  the  Illi- 
nois country,  to  build  a  fort  and  to  further 
establish  the  trade  and  colonies  of  New 
France.  They  skirted  the  entire  western 
and  southern  shores  of  the  lake,  while  Ton- 
ty  proceeded  by  the  eastern  shore. 

An  interesting  account  of  their  adven- 
tures, hardships  and  meetings  with  both 
hostile  and  friendly  Indians,  can  be  found 
in  Parkman's  Life  of  La  Salle  (pp.  142- 
150).  As  the  author  says : 


"This  was  no  journey  of  pleasure.  The 
lake  was  ruffled  with  almost  ceaseless 
storms ;  clouds  big  with  rain  above,  a  tur- 
moil of  gray  and  gloomy  waves  beneath. 
Every  night  the  canoes  must  be  shouldered 
through  the  breakers  and  dragged  up  the 
steep  banks.  .  .  . 

*•  "The  men  paddled  all  day  with  no  other 
food  than  a  handful  of  Indian  corn.  They 
were  spent  with  toil  and  sick  with  the  wild 
berries  which  they  ravenously  devoured  and 
dejected  at  the  prospects  before  them." 

That  they,  too,  may  have  camped  at  night 
or  rested  by  noonday  within  the  limits  of 
our  present  city  is  entirely  probable. 

"As  they  approached  the  head  of  the  lake 
game  grew  abundant."  Marquette  verifies 
this  latter  statement,  for  in  his  diary  (entry 
of  December  4,  1674),  he  says:  "Deer 
hunting  is  pretty  good  as  you  get  away 
from  the  Pottawatomies."  And  his  next 
entry  (December  12),  made  after  arriving 
at  Chicago,  is  further  verification.  He  says : 

"Pierre  and  Jacques  killed  three  cattle 
(buffalo)  and  four  deer,  one  of  which  ran 
quite  a  distance  with  his  heart  cut  in  two. 
They  contented  themselves  with  killing 
three  or  four  turkeys  of  the  many  that  were 
around  our  cabin.  Jacques  brought  in  a 
partridge  he  had  killed,  in  every  way  re- 
sembling those  of  France." 

It  was  winter  time  a  year  later — 1680. 
La  Salle  had  not  returned  from  his  memo- 
rable and  heroic  tramp  from  the  Illinois  back 
to  Canada.  His  men  had  deserted ;  his  goods 
had  been  destroyed  by  mutineers  and  In- 
dians ;  Hennepin  was  on  the  Mississippi. 
The  Iroquois  had  dispersed  and  all  but  de- 
stroyed the  Illinois,  and  all  that  remained  of 
La  Salle's  party  was  his  faithful  lieutenant 
and  friend,  Henry  de  Tonty,  and  two  fol- 
lowers— Membre  and  Boissondet.  Tonty 
had  failed  to  pacify  the  Iroquois,  had  been 
seriously-  wounded  in  battle  by  them,  and 
he  and  his  two  surviving  companions, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


without  food  or  shelter,  fled  for  their  lives. 
Sick,  wounded  and  maimed,  he  reached  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan  at  Chicago,  and  he 
and  his  companions  began  their  long 
northward  journey  on  foot,  along  the  dreary 
and  ice-bound  shores  of  the  lake  to  old 
Michilimackinac.  Parkman  ("Life  of  La 
Salle,"  p.  220)  thus  describes  their  journey: 
"The  cold  was  intense  and  it  was  no  easy 
task  to  grub  up  wild  onions  from  the  frozen 
ground,  to  save  themselves  from  starving. 
Tonty  fell  ill  of  a  fever  and  swelling  of  the 
limbs,  which  disabled  him  from  traveling, 
and  hence  ensued  a  long  delay.  At  length 
they  reached  Green  Bay,  where  they  would 
have  starved  had  they  not  gleaned  a  few 
ears  of  corn  and  frozen  squashes  in  the 
fields  of  an  empty  Indian  town." 

A  volume  could  easily  be  written  describ- 
ing the  exploits  of  the  later  but  still  early 
white  and  Indian  visitors  to  these  shores. 
The  western  shore  of  the  lake  was  the 
great  highway  between  the  Chicago  port- 
age and  Green  Bay  and  Mackinac.  We  need 
not  depend  upon  imagination  to  paint  the 
picture  of  the  white  voyageur  and  his  In- 
dian companion  plying  the  paddle  with 
steady  stroke,  keeping  time  to  the  notes  of 
his  boat  song,  while  their  birch  bark  ca- 
noes skimmed  the  surface  of  the  lake,  for 
the  "Jesuit  Relations"  of  those  early  days 
will  supply  the  facts. 

[These  travels  along  the  shore  of  the 
lake  call  to  mind  the  early  maps,  tracing 
the  shore  lines  made  by  these  explorers, 
and  a  fact  of  local  interest  is,  that  in  all 
probability  the  shore  line  here  at  Evanston, 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  extended  much 
farther  into  the  lake — how  much  cannot  be 
told  from  the  maps,  as  they  were  not  drawn 
to  scale.  This  fact  appears  from  a  large 
bay  shown  on  the  maps  immediately  north 
of  the  site  of  our  city,  indicating  that  the 
shore  to  the  south  has  since  been  washed 
away.  The  maps  referred  to  are  (i)  one 


called  Marquette's  map,  Hist,  of  Ills.,  by 
Sidney  Breese,  p.  78;  (2)  map  copied  by 
Parkman  found  in  the  "Archives  of  the  Ma- 
rine" at  Paris,  dated  1683 — "may,  in  fact, 
have  been  one  drawn  by  Joliet  from  recol- 
lection"; (3)  Joliet 's  earliest  map  (1673- 
74),  "Windsor's  Geographical  Discoveries 
in  the  Interior  of  North  America" ;  (4) 
Haines'  "American  Indian,"  p.  344. 

On  the  map  first  mentioned  Marquette 
locates  a  copper  mine  near  Evanston.  This 
was  probably  done  from  tales  of  the  In- 
dians describing  such  mines  as  being  to  the 
north,  and  Marquette  misunderstanding  the 
distance.] 

Indian  Tribes. — For  two  hundred 
years  preceding  the  advent  of  the  white 
man  to  Illinois — and  for  how  much  longer 
we  do  not  know — the  territory  lying  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  the  Atlantic,  and 
from  the  Carolinas  to  Hudson  Bay,  was  oc- 
cupied by  two  great  families  of  Indian 
tribes,  distinguished  by  their  languages.  All 
this  vast  wilderness,  with  the  exception  of 
New  York,  a  part  of  Ohio  and  part  of 
Canada,  was  the  country  of  the  tribes 
speaking  the  Algonquin  language  and  H;<t- 
lects.  "Like  a  great  island  in  the  midst  of 
the  Algonquins  lay  the  country  of  the  Iro- 
quois."  The  true  Iroquois,  or  Five  Nations, 
often  called  the  Six  Nations,  occupied  Cen- 
tral and  Western  New  York,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  this  linguistic  group  contiguous 
territory  to  the  west,  in  Ohio  and  Lower 
Canada.  (The  only  exception  to  this  gen- 
eral statement  is  the  Winnebagoes  of  Dah- 
cotah  stock,  who  were  at  Green  Bay  and 
in  Southern  Wisconsin,  and  a  few  scatter- 
ing bands  of  the  Dahcotahs,  who  were  at 
times  on  the  eastern  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.) 

All  the  Indians  who  have  held  and  occu- 
pied this  part  of  Illinois  as  their  homes,  so 
far  back  as  history  tells  us,  or  can  be  ascer- 
tained during  the  past  four  .hundred  years, 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


were  of  the  Algonquin  family ;  and  while 
scattering  bands  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
(Outagamies),  Miamis,  Ottawas  and  other 
Algonquin  tribes,  and  also  the  Kickapoos, 
Shawaneese.  Sioux  and  Winnebagoes,  have 
at  times,  roamed  over  and.  perhaps,  for  very 
brief  periods,  in  roving  bands  occupied  the 
lands  lying  along  the  western  shores  of 
Lake  Michigan  in  this  locality,  the  Indian 
ownership,  as  indicated  by  extended  occu- 
pancy, was  confined  almost,  if  not  entirely, 
to  the  tribes  of  the  Illinois  and  the  Potta- 
watomies.  Therefore,  to  those  two  tribes 
and  their  eastern  enemies,  the  Iroquois, 
who  at  times  paid  unwelcome  visits  to  their 
western  neighbors,  I  direct  your  attention. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  Chicago 
was  as  important  a  point  to  the  Indian  as 
it  has  since  been  to  the  white  man,  partly 
on  account  of  the  portage  leading  to  the 
Desplaines  River,  and,  as  the  lake  was  the 
great  water  highway,  so  also  was  its  west- 
ern shore  an  important  highway  for  these 
Indian  tribes  when  they  traveled  by  land. 

(The  early  explorers  and  missionaries 
often  mention  a  tribe  called  by  them  the 
"Mascoutins,"  and  on  some  of  the  very 
early  maps  of  this  locality  appears  the  name 
of  such  a  tribe  as  occupying  parts  of  north- 
ern Illinois.  The  better  opinion  is,  there 
never  was  in  fact  such  a  tribe  of  Indians. 
This  word — "Mascoutins" — in  the  Algon- 
quin language  means  people  of  the  prairie 
or  meadow  country,  and  it  was  applied,  it 
seems,  indiscriminately  to  indicate  the  lo- 
cality from  which  the  Indians  it  was  ap- 
plied to  had  emigrated  or  were  located. 
Haines'  "American  Indian,"  p.  151.] 

It  is  claimed  by  several  reliable  writers 
that,  from  1700  or  1702  to  1770,  the  coun- 
try about  Chicago  had  no  fixed  Indian  pop- 
ulation, but  that  the  only  Indian  residents 
were  roving  bands  of  Iroquois  and  "North- 
ern Indians."  (See  Andreas'  "Hist,  of  Chi- 
cago," Mason's  "Illinois.") 


The  Iroquois. — The  Iroquois  have  re- 
ceived the  enthusiastic  admiration  of 
many  writers ;  the  best,  and  some  of  the 
worst,  traits  of  Indian  character  found  its 
highest  development  among  them ;  they  are 
designated  by  one  enthusiast  as  "the  In- 
dians of  Indians."  And  they  are  well 
worthy  of  mention  in  our  local  history,  for, 
after  exterminating  and  subduing  their 
nearest  neighbors,  including  the  Hurons, 
the  Eries  and  other  tribes  speaking  the 
same  language,  their  thirst  for  conquest 
led  them  westward  from  their  far  away 
eastern  homes ;  their  war  parties  penetrated 
the  intervening  wilderness  of  forest  and 
plain,  navigated  the  western  rivers  and 
great  lakes,  and  destroyed  or  drove  their 
enemies  in  terror  before  them  across  the 
prairies,  of  Illinois  and  along  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  Distance,  hard- 
ships, winter  and  time  expended  in  travel, 
presented  no  obstacles  to  them,  and  they 
scattered,  and  all  but  destroyed,  the  great 
and  powerful  Algonquin  tribes  of  the  Illi- 
nois, from  which  our  State  takes  its  name ; 
and,  as  early  as  1660,  they  were  known  to 
have  pursued  their  ancient  enemies,  the 
Hurons  or  Wyandots,  across  our  State. 
(Mason's  "Land  of  the  Illinois,"  p.  4.) 

The  Iroquois  are  thus  described  by  Park- 
man  ("Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,"  p.  7) : 
"Foremost  in  war,  foremost  in  eloquence, 
foremost  in  their  savage  arts  of  policy, 
.  .  .  they  extended  their  conquests  and 
their  depredations  from  Quebec  to  the 
Carolinas,  and  from  the  western  prairies  to 
the  forests  of  Maine.  .  .  .  On  the  west 
they  exterminated  the  Eries,  and  Andastes, 
and  spread  havoc  and  dismay  among  the 
tribes  of  the  Illinois.  .  .  .  The  Indians 
of  New  England  fled  at  the  first  peal  of  the 
Mohawk  war  cry.  .  .  and  all  Canada 
shook  with  the  fury  of  their  onset.  .  .  . 
The  blood  besmeared  conquerors  roamed 
like  wolves  among  the  burning  settlements, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


and  the  colony  trembled  on  the  brink  of 
ruin.  .  .  Few  tribes  could  match  them  in 
prowess,  constancy,  moral  energy  or  intel- 
lectual vigor."  They,  in  turn,  and  within 
a  quarter  of  a  century  (1650-1672),  exter- 
minated four  powerful  tribes,  the  Wyan- 
dots,  the  Neutral  Nation,  the  Andastes  and 
the  Eries,  and  reduced  the  ancient  and  pow- 
erful Hurons,  from  whom  the  great  lake 
takes  its  name,  to  a  small  band  of  terror- 
stricken  fugitives;  their  ferocity  and  tor- 
ture of  captives  were  revolting  traits  in 
their  character ;  they  were  the  worst  of  con- 
querors and  their  lust  of  blood  and  do- 
minion is  without  parallel  in  Indian  history. 

Mr.  Mason  says  of  them  ("Land  of  the 
Illinois,"  pp.  113,114):  "Though  number- 
ing but  2,500  warriors,  their  superior  weap- 
ons and  experience  in  warfare  had  enabled 
them  to  defeat  and  finally  exterminate  al1 
their  neighbors.  .  .  .  They  destroyed 
more  than  thirty  nations ;  caused  the  death 
of  more  than  600,000  persons  within  eighty 
years,  and  rendered  the  country  about  the 
great  lakes  a  desert" — and  Mr.  Mason's 
statement  had  ample  corroboration. 

Such  were  the  Indians  who  were  often 
transient  residents  of  this  locality  before 
the  coming  of  the  white  man,  and  their 
depredations  furnish  the  basis  for  much 
of  the  historical  references  to  the  process 
of  self-extermination  of  the  Indian,  by  the 
wars  among  themselves  in  progress  when 
the  white  man  first  saw  the  American  In- 
dian. 

The  French  were  never  successful  in  gain- 
ing the  friendship  of  the  Iroquois  tribes, 
as  they  were  with  almost  all  the  other  In- 
dians of  the  North  and  Northwest ;  but  the 
Iroquois  were  the  friends  of  the  English 
and  Dutch. 

In  Colden's  "History  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions," printed  in  the  old  English  style  of 
that  day  (1750),  the  author,  in  describing 
one  of  the  campaigns  between  the  French 


and  English,  in  1693,  where  Peter  Schuyler, 
a  Major  of  the  New  York  Militia,  was  in 
charge  of  the  English  and  their  Indian  al- 
lies, the  Iroquois,  says : 

"It  is  true  that  the  English  were  in  great 
want  of  Provisions  at  that  time.  •.  .  . 
The  Indians  eat  the  Bodies  of  the  French 
that  they  found.  Col.  Schuyler  (as  he  told 
me  himself)  going  among  the  Indians  at 
that  Time  was  invited  to  eat  broth  with 
them,  which  some  of  them  had  ready  boiled, 
which  he  did,  till  they,  putting  the  Ladle 
deep  into  the  Kettle  to  take  out  more, 
brought  out  a  French  Man's  Hand,  which 
put  an  end  to  his  Appetite." 

The  quaint  humor  in  this  record  of  an 
Englishman  eating  such  French  broth  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  or  at  any  subse- 
quent time,  for  that  matter,  and  losing  his 
appetite,  needs  no  comment ;  the  author 
may  unconsciously  have  offered  a  fair  ex- 
planation of  this  circumstance,  for  he  says 
in  another  connection,  "Schuyler  was  brave, 
but  he  was  no  Soldier." 

The  Illinois. — In  the  year  1615,  five 
years  before  the  landing  of  the  Mayflower. 
Champlain  reached  Lake  Huron.  Upon  his 
crude  map  of  New  France  appears  indica- 
tions that  he  then  heard  and  knew  of  the 
far-away  prairie  land,  in  which  dwelt  the 
tribes  of  the  Illinois — the  land  of  the  Buf- 
falo. (Mason,  supra.)  Jean  Xicolet  saw  or 
heard  of  the  Illinois  again  in  1638  and  two 
young  French  explorers  again  in  1655  (Ma- 
son, Id.)  October  i,  1665,  ten  years  later. 
the  Illinois  sent  a  delegation  to  attend 
an  Indian  Council  at  the  Great  Chippewa 
(Ojibway)  Village,  on  Lake  Superior,  with 
reference  to  war  with  the  Sioux,  which 
Claude  Allouez  attended  and  there  ad- 
dressed the  many  Northern  tribes  assembled 
in  council,  assuring  them  of  the  friendship 
and  protection  of  the  French,  who  would 
"smooth  the  path  between  the  Chippewas 
and  Quebec,  brush  the  pirate  canoes  from 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


the  intervening  rivers  and  leave  the  Iro- 
quois  no  alternative  but  death  and  destruc- 
tion." (Brown's  "History  of  Illinois,"  p. 
115.)  There  is  abundant  evidence  to  show 
that,  during  the  preceding  years,  the  Illi- 
nois had  suffered  greatly  by  wars  with  the 
Sioux  from  the  West  and  with  the  Iroquois 
from  the  East. 

In  1673  Joliet  and  Marquette  found  the 
Illinois  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  on  the  Illinois  River,  where  there 
were  many  villages ;  one  village  found  by 
these  explorers  consisting  of  seventy-four 
cabins,  each  .  containing  several  families. 
In  1675  Marquette  paid  his  second  visit  to 
the  same  locality  and  "summoned  them  to 
a  grand  council  on  the  Great  Meadow  be- 
tween the  Illinois  River  and  the  modern 
village  of  Utica.  Here  five  hundred  chiefs 
and  old  men  were  seated  in  a  ring;  behind 
stood  1,500  youths  and  warriors  and,  be- 
hind them,  all  the  women  and  children  of 
the  village.  Marquette  standing  in  the 
midst,"  told  them  the  story  of  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  (Parkman's  "La  Salle,"  69)  ;  Al- 
louez  visited  them  again  in  1677. 

In  1680  Tonty  and  Hennepin  found  the 
lodges  of  the  great  Indian  town,  460  in 
number,  constructed  of  poles  "in  shape  like 
the  arched  tops  of  a  baggage  wagon,"  cov- 
ered with  mats  of  rushes,  closely  inter- 
woven ;  each  contained  three  or  four  fires ; 
the  greater  part  served  for  two  families. 
The  population  has  been  variously  esti- 
mated at  2,400  families,  1,200  warriors  and 
6,000  souls.  "The  lodges  were  built  along 
the  river  bank  for  the  distance  of  a  mile, 
sometimes  far  more."  (Parkman's  "La 
Salle."  156.) 

Among  the  varying  estimates  as  to  pop- 
ulation of  the  Illinois  tribes  (none  of  them 
very  accurate),  one  early  Jesuit  writer 
( 1658)  describes  their  number  at  "about 
100,000  souls,  with  sixty  villages  and  quite 
20,000  warriors."  (Mason,  Id.,  4.)  "Their 


great  Metropolis,  near  Utica,  in  La  Salle 
County,  was  the  largest  city  ever  built  by 
northern  natives."  (Caton,  "The  Last  of 
the  Illinois.")  Mr.  Mason  locates  the  vil- 
lage four  miles  below  the  present  city  of 
Ottawa.  ("Land  of  the  Illinois,"  p.  44.) 

These  facts  indicate  not  only  a  powerful 
and  populous  nation,  but  their  cemeteries, 
traditions,  implements  and  cultivated  fields, 
a  long  residence  in  the  same  locality — how 
many  the  years  or  how  many  the  centuries 
can  never  be  known. 

Their  most  permanent  homes  were  along 
the  Illinois  River,  but  they  seem  to  have  had 
entire  control  of  all  the  northeastern  por- 
tion of  Illinois,  as  far  back  as  any  record 
can  be  found  and  to  the  time  of  the  occupa- 
tion by  the  Pottawatomies.  The  Chicago 
portage  seems  to  have  been  a  frequent  and 
popular  rendezvous,  and  they  were  so  iden- 
tified with  this  locality  that  Lake  Michigan 
was  generally  known  to  the  early  explorers 
as  the  "Lake  of  the  Illinois." 

The  Illinois  were  a  kindly  people;  hos- 
pitable, affable  and  humane ;  and  it  was  said 
of  them  by  one  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries, 
"When  they  meet  a  stranger  they  utter  a 
cry  of  joy,  caress  him  and  give  him  every 
proof  of  friendship."  They  lived  by  hunt- 
ing and  tilling  of  the  soil,  raising  great 
crops  of  Indian  corn  and  storing  away  a 
surplus  for  future  use ;  they  were  great 
travelers  by  land,  but,  unlike  most  northern 
Indian  tribes,  used  canoes  but  little;  they 
had  permanent  dwellings,  as  well  as  port- 
able lodges;  they  roamed  many  months  of 
the  year  among  the  prairies  and  forests  of 
their  great  country,  to  return  again  and 
join  in  the  feasts  and  merry-making,  when 
their  whole  population  gathered  in  the  vil- 
lages. These  habits  of  travel  indicate  that 
they  were  frequently  along  the  western 
shore  of  the  lake. 

In  September,  1680,  soon  after  La  Salle 
and  Tonty  reached  the  Illinois  country, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


and  while  Tonty  was  still  there,  the  Iro- 
quois  from  New  York  again  attacked  the 
Illinois.  "With  great  slaughter  they  defeat- 
ed this  hitherto  invincible  people;  laid 
waste  their  great  city  and  scattered  them 
in  broken  bands  over  their  wide  domain. 
From  this  terrible  blow  the  Illinois  never 
recovered."  (Caton,  "Last  of  the  Illinois"; 
Mason,  Id.,  pp.  99-103.) 

During  the  succeeding  century  the  Illi- 
nois— lovers  of  peace,  who  had  welcomed 
the  explorer  and  the  missionary — broken  in 
spirit,  their  courage  gone,  decimated  by 
drink  and  disease  and  scattered  by  their 
enemies,  struggled  with  waning  fortunes, 
ending  their  existence  in  the  historic  trag- 
edy of  Starved  Rock,  about  the  year  1770, 
from  which  but  eleven  of  their  number 
escaped. 

An  Indian  boy — a  Pottawatomie — saw 
the  last  remnant  of  this  once  proud  and 
powerful  nation,  brave  warriors,  their  wo- 
men and  little  children,  huddled  together 
upon  the  half  acre  of  ground  that  crowns 
the  summit  of  Starved  Rock ;  saw  the  fierce 
and  war-like  Pottawatomies  and  Ottawas 
swarm  for  days  around  them,  and  perform 
by  the  torture  of  siege  and  starvation  what 
they  could  not  do  by  force  of  arms.  When 
the  little  stock  of  food  was  gone,  and  de- 
spair drove  the  Illinois  to  make  the  last 
brave  dash  for  liberty  in  the  darkness  of 
the  stormy  night,  he  heard  the  yells  and 
clash  of  the  righting  warriors  and  the  dying 
shrieks  of  the  helpless  women  and  children. 
Years  afterward,  when  this  Indian  lad 
(Meachelle)  had  grown  to  be  the  principal 
chief  of  the  Pottawatomies,  he  related  these 
incidents  to  Judge  Caton.  Let  him  who 
cares  for  tragedy  read  what  the  learned 
Judge  says  of  this — the  last  of  the  Illinois. 

The  Pottawatomies. — The  Pottawato- 
mies were  of  the  Algonquin  tribes.  Their 
power  was  severely  felt  by  the  British 
when  at  war  with  the  French  and  in  the 


later  Indian  war  led  by  Pontiac.  When 
Allouez  and  the  other  Jesuit  Fathers  first 
visited  Green  Bay,  in  1670,  the  Pottawato- 
mies were  living  along  its  shores,  and  these 
Jesuits  are  probably  the  first  white  men  who 
saw  them  in  their  homes.  Green  Bay  at 
that  time  was  their  permanent  abode, 
though  they  roamed  far  away  and  extended 
their  visits  over  much  of  the  territory 
around  Lake  Superior,  where  delegations 
of  them  were  seen  as  early  as  1665,  and  in 
1670,  '71  and  '72  ty  tne  Jesuit  Fathers, 
whom  they  frequently  visited  and  invited 
to  their  homes  at  Green  Bay.  In  those  days 
they  were  not  known  in  this  locality,  for 
Joliet  and  Marquette,  returning  from  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Illinois  country  in  1674, 
met  none  of  the  Pottawatomies  in  this  re- 
gion. 

The  date  when  they  left  Green  Bay  is  not 
certain,  or  whether  they  emigrated  from 
there  as  a  whole  or  in.  parties,  but  it  is  a. 
matter  of  history  that,  early  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century  (authorities  differ  as  to  the 
date),  they  scattered  to  the  south  and  east 
and,  thereafter,  occupied  the  Southern 
Peninsula  of  Michigan,  Northeastern  Illi- 
nois and  the  northern  part  of  Indiana. 
Their  advance  into  Illinois  was  sometimes 
accomplished  with  good-natured  tolerance 
on  the  part  of  the  Illinois  tribes,  and  some- 
times by  actual  violence.  This  emigration 
divided  the  tribe  into  two  rather  distinct 
classes,  so  that  we  often  find,  even  in  re- 
cent Government  reports,  the  Pottawato- 
mies of  Michigan  and  Indiana  designated 
as  those  of  the  Woods,  and  those  of  Illinois 
as  those  of  the  Prairie,  or  "The  Prairie 
Band." 

The  exclusive  possession  of  this  territory 
by  the  Pottawatomies  dates  from  the  siege 
of  Starved  Rock  and  the  extinction  of  the 
Illinois.  The  Pottawatomies  and  Ottawas 
supposed  that  the  Illinois  were  accessory  to 
the  murder  of  Pontiac,  who  was  killed  in 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


1769  by  an  Illinois  Indian,  bribed  for  the 
deed  with  a  barrel  of  whiskey.  They  loved 
and  obeyed  this  great  Indian  chieftain  of 
the  Oattawas  and  wreaked  dire  vengeance 
for  his  death  upon  the  luckless  Illinois,  and 
the  date  of  the  massacre  at  Starved  Rock 
and  their  permanent  occupation  of  this  ter- 
ritory is  generally  fixed  as  soon  after  Pon- 
tiac's  death.  No  record  of  their  permanent 
residence  at  Green  Bay  succeeds  this  date. 

The  Pottawatomies  were  of  commanding 
importance  in  this  locality  thereafter,  and 
even  before,  for  in  1763  they  sent  a  delega- 
tion of  450  warriors  to  the  Algonquin  Con- 
ference at  Niagara  Falls,  and,  as  we  all 
know,  they  were  the  last  Indians  to  yield 
their  place  in  this  State  to  the  inevitable 
westward  march  of  the  white  man,  when 
the  tomahawk  gave  way  forever  to  the 
plowshare. 

As  already  stated,  the  Pottawatomies  of 
the  Woods  became, -in  time,  a  different  peo- 
ple than  their  western  brothers ;  they  were 
susceptible  to  the  influence  of  civilization 
and  rjeligion ;  took  kindly  to  agriculture  to 
supplement  the  fruits  of  the  chase. 

It  was  very  different,  however,  with  the 
Illinois  Pottawatomies — the  prairie  In- 
dians. Judge  Caton  says  of  them:  "They 
despised  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  as  too 
mean  even  for  their  women  and  children, 
and  deemed  the  captures  of  the  chase  the 
only  fit  food  for  a  valorous  people."  They 
paid  little  attention  to  the  religion  of  the 
white  man. 

"If  they  understood  something  of  the 
principles  of  the  Christian  religion  which 
were  told  them,  they  listened  to  it  as  a 
sort  of  theory  which  might  be  well  adapted 
to  the  white  man's  condition,  but  was  not 
fitted  for  them,  nor  they  for  it.  They  en- 
joyed the  wild,  roving  life  of  the  prairie, 
and,  in  common  with  most  all  other  native 
Americans,  were  vain  of  their  prowess  and 
manhood,  both  in  war  and  in  the  chase. 


They  did  not  settle  down  for  a  great  length 
of  time  in  a  given  place,  but  roamed  across 
the  broad  prairies,  from  one  grove  or  belt 
of  timber  to  another,  either  in  single  fami- 
lies or  in  small  bands,  packing  their  few 
effects,  their  children,  and  infirm  on  their 
little  Indian  ponies.  They  always  traveled 
in  Indian  file  upon  well-beaten  trails,  con- 
necting, by  the  most  direct  routes,  promi- 
nent trading  posts.  These  native  highways 
served  as  guides  to  our  early  settlers,  who 
followed  them  with  as  much  confidence  as 
we  now  do  the  roads  laid  out  and  worked 
by  civilized  man." 

Schoolcraft  says  they  were  tall  of  stature, 
fierce  and  haughty. 

The  portable  wigwams  of  the  Pottawato- 
mies were  made  of  flags  or  rushes,  woven 
and  lapped  ingeniously  together.  This  ma- 
terial was  wound  around  a  framework  of 
poles,  meeting  at  the  top.  Through  a  hole 
in  the  apex  of  the  roof,  left  for  the  purpose, 
the  smoke  escaped  from  the  fire  in  the  cen  • 
ter ;  the  floor  was  generally  of  mats  of  tlie 
same  material  spread  around  the  fire.  Their 
beds  were  of  buffalo  robes  and  deer  skins 
thrown  over  the  mats.  The  door  consisted 
of  a  simple  opening  covered  with  a  mat  or 
robe. 

Chicago  was  an  important  rendezvous 
for  them,  as  it  had  previously  been  for  the 
Illinois.  There  they  signed  an  important 
treaty  with  the  United  States  in  1821,  ced- 
ing some  5,000,000  acres  in  Michigan  and 
other  treaties,  which  will  receive  later  men- 
tion, and  here  they  held,  in  1835.  immedi- 
ately preceding  their  removal  to  the  West, 
their  last  grand  council  and  war  dance  in 
the  presence  of  the  early  settlers  of  Chica- 
go and  5,000  of  their  tribe. 

The  Ottawas  were  the  firm  allies  of  the 
Pottawatomies,  as  were  also  the  Chippevvas 
(Ojibways)  and  all  three  tribes  were  close- 
ly related,  not  only  as  friends  and  allies,  but 
by  ties  of  blood  and  kinship,  and  they  gen- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


33 


erally  joined  in  signing  treaties ;  some 
writers  assert  that  they  were  formerly  one 
nation. 

In  the  war  of  1812  the  Pottawatomies, 
at  least  in  part,  were  against  the  United 
States,  although  they  fought  the  British 
under  Pontiac  in  1763.  In  the  Black  Hawk 
War  of  1832  they  remained  true  to  our 
Government,  although  it  was  with  difficulty 
that  some  of  their  young  warriors  were  re- 
strained from  joining  the  Sacs  and  Foxes. 
They  participated  in  the  Battle  of  Tippeca- 
noe,  and  stamped  their  names  forever  upon 
the  history  of  Chicago  by  the  Fort  Dear- 
born massacre.  They  were  not  only  actively 
concerned  in  all  the  warlike  transactions  of 
their  time,  but  among  their  numbers  were 
some  of  the  most  noted  orators  of  history. 

Ouilmette  Reservation  and  Family. 
— The  Ouilmette  reservation  and  its  for- 
mer occupants  and  owners  have  been  the 
subject  of  much  solicitude  and  investiga- 
tion, not  entirely  for  historical  purposes, 
but  more  especially  that  the  white  man 
might  know  that  he  had  a  good,  white 
man's  title  to  the  Indian's  land.  The  south- 
ern boundary  was  Central  Street,  or  a  line 
due  west  from  the  light-house;  the  eastern 
boundary  the  lake;  the  northern  boundary 
a  little  south  of  Kenilworth,  and  the  west- 
ern boundary  a  little  west  of  the  western 
terminus  of  the  present  street-car  line  on 
Central  Street,  from  which  it  will  be  seen 
that  some  300  acres  of  the  Reservation  falls 
within  the  city  limits  of  Evanston,  while  the 
remainder  includes  almost  the  whole  of  our 
nearest  neighbor  to  the  north — the  Village 
of  Wilmette. 

The  reservation  takes  its  name  from  its 
original  owner,  Archange  Ouilmette,  wife 
of  Antoine  Ouilmette,  described  in  the  or- 
iginal Treaty  and  Patent  from  the  United 
States  as  a  Pottawatomie  woman.  The 
name  given  the  village — Wilmette— origi- 
nates from  the  phonetic  spelling  of  the 
French  name  "O-u-i-1-m-e-t-t-e." 


There  are  many  interesting  facts  regard- 
ing Ouilmette  and  his  family,  some  of  which 
I  will  mention:  Antoine,  the  husband,  was 
a  Frenchman,  who,  like  many  of  his  coun- 
trymen, came  to  the  West  in  early  days  and 
married  an  Indian  wife.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  white  residents  of  Chicago;  some  of 
the  authorities  say  that,  with  the  exception 
of  Marquette,  he  was  the  very  first.  He 
was  born  at  a  place  called  Lahndrayh,  near 
Montreal,  Canada,  in  the  year  1760.  His 
first  employment  was  with  the  American 
Fur  Company,  in  Canada,  and  he  came  to 
Chicago  in  the  employ  of  that  company  in 
the  year  1790. 

This  striking  figure  in  Our  local  history 
is  sadly  neglected  in  most,  if  not  all,  the  his- 
torical writings.  Almost  every  one  knows 
that  the  Village  of  Wilmette  was  named 
after  its  former  owner;  many  misinformed 
persons  speak  of  him  as  an  Indian  chief; 
a  few  of  the  writers  merely  mention  his 
name  as  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Chi- 
cago. And  that  has  been  the  beginning  and 
the  end  of  his  written  history. 

Ouilmette's  occupation  cannot  be  more 
definitely  stated  than  to  say  that,  at  one 
time,  he  was  an  employe  of  John  Kinzie, 
and  in  turn  Indian  trader,  hunter  and  farm- 
er. He  was  a  type  of  the  early  French 
voyageurs,  who  lived  and  died  among  their 
Indian  friends,  loving  more  the  hardships 
and  excitement  of  the  Western  frontier 
than  the  easier  life  of  Eastern  civilization. 

If  a  detailed  account  of  all  he  saw  and 
did  could  be  written  we  would  have  a  com- 
plete history  of  Chicago,  Evanston  and  all 
the  North  Shore  during  the  eventful  fifty 
years  intervening  between  1790  and  1840. 

It  appears  from  a  letter  signed  with  "his 
mark,"  written  and  witnessed  by  one  James 
Moore,  dated  at  Racine,  June  I,  1839,  that 
he  came  to  Chicago  in  July,  1790.  A  fac- 
simile of  this  letter,  which  is  addressed  to 
Mr.  John  H.  Kinzie,  appears  in  Blanchard's 
History  of  Chicago  (p.  574),  and  contains 


34 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


some  interesting  facts,  both  historical  and 
personal.  He  says: 

"I  cairn  into  Chicago  in  the  year  1790  in  July 
witness  old  Mr.  Veaux  .  .  .  and  Mr  Griano 
.  .  .  These  men  ware  living  in  the  country  Be- 
fore the  war  with  the  winnebagoes.  Trading  with 
them  I  saw  the  Indians  Brake  open  the  Door  of 
my  house  and  also  the  Door  of  Mr.  Kinzie's 
House.  At  first  there  was  only  three  Indians  come. 
They  told  me  there  was  Forty  more  coming  and 
they  told  me  to  run.  i  Did  So.  in  nine  days  all  I 
found  left  of  my  things  was  the  feathers  of  my 
beds  scattered  about  The  floor,  the  amount  Dis- 
troyed  By  them  at  that  time  was  about  Eight 
hundred  Dollars.  Besides  your  fathar  and  me 
Had  about  four  hundred  hogs  Distroyed  by  the 
Saim  Indians  and  nearly  at  the  Saim  time,  fur- 
ther particulars  when  I  See  you.  I  wish  you  to 
write  me  whether  it  is  best  for  me  to  come  thare 
or  for  you  to  come  hear  and  how  son  it  must  be 
Done" 

"Yours  with  Respect" 

his 
Antone  X  Ouilmette" 

"Jas.   Moore"  mark 

Ouilmette  owned  and  occupied  one  of 
the  four  cabins  that  constituted  the  settle- 
ment of  Chicago  in  1803.  The  other  resi- 
dents were  Kinzie,  Burns  and  Lee  (Kirk- 
land's  "Story  of  Chicago,"  "Andreas'  His- 
tory of  Chicago,"  Mrs.  William  Whistler's 
letter,  written  in  1875.) 

Ouilmette  had  eight  children,  four  sons 
and  four  daughters,  viz.: — Joseph,  Louis, 
Francis,  Mitchell,  Elizabeth,  Archange,  Jos- 
ette  and  Sophia ;  also  an  adopted  daughter, 
Archange  Trombla,  who,  on  August  3, 
1830,  married  John  Mann,  who  in  early 
times  ran  a  ferry  at  Calumet.  (Authority 
John  Wentworth  and  Sophia  Martell,  the 
only  surviving  daughter  of  Antoine  Ouil- 
mette.) 

Ouilmette  was  in  Chicago  at  the  time  of 
the  massacre  of  the  garrison  of  Old  Fort 
Dearborn  in  1812  by  the  Pottawatomies, 
and  his  family  was  instrumental,  at  that 
time,  in  saving  the  lives  of  at  least  two 
whites.  Mrs.  John  H.  Kinzie  in  her  book, 
"Wau-bun"  (the  early  day),  describes  the 
circumstances : 

"The  next  day  after  Black  Partridge,  the  Pot- 
tawatomie  Chief,  had  saved  the  life  of  Mrs.  Helm 
in  the  massacre  on  the  lake  shore  (commemorated 


by  the  monument  recently  erected  at  the  place),  a 
band  of  "the  most  hostile  and  implacable  of  all  the 
tribes  of  the  Pottawatomies"  arrived  at  Chicago 
and,  disappointed  at  their  failure  to  participate  in 
the  massacre  and  plunder,  were  ready  to  wreak 
vengeance  on  the  survivors,  including  Mrs.  Helm 
and  other  members  of  Mr.  Kinzie's  family.  Mrs. 
Kinzie  says  ("Wau-bun"  pages  235,  240)  : 

"Black  Partridge  had  watched  their  approach, 
and  his  fears  were  particularly  awakened  for  the 
safety  of  Mrs.  Helm  (Mr.  Kinzie's  step-daughter). 
By  his  advice  she  was  made  to  assume  the  ordi- 
nary dress  of  a  French  woman  of  the  country.  . 

"In  this  disguise  she  was  conducted  by  Black 
Partridge  himself  to  the  house  of  Ouilmette,  a 
Frenchman  with  a  half-breed  wife,  who  formed 
a  part  of  the  establishment  of  Mr.  Kinzie,  and 
whose  dwelling  was  close  at  hand.  .  .  It  so 
happened  that  the  Indians  came  first  to  this  house 
in  their  search  for  prisoners.  As  they  approached, 
the  inmates,  fearful  that  the  fair  complexion  and 
general  appearance  of  Mrs.  Helm  might  betray 
her  for  an  American,  raised  a  large  feather  bed 
and  placed  her  under  the  edge  of  it,  upon  the 
bedstead,  with  her  face  to  the-  wall.  Mrs.  Bison, 
the  sister  of  Ouilmette's  wife,  then  seated  herself 
with  her  sewing  upon  the  foot  of  the  bed." 

It  was  a  hot  day  in  August  and  Mrs. 
Helm  suffered  so  much  from  her  position 
and  was  so  nearly  suffocated  that  she  en- 
treated to  be  released  and  given  up  to  the 
Indians.  "I  can  but  die,"  said  she;  "let  them 
put  an  end  to  my  misery  at  once."  When 
they  assured  her  that  her  discovery  would 
be  the  death  of  all  of  them,  she  remained 
quiet. 

"The  Indians  entered  and  she  could  occasion- 
ally see  them  from  her  hiding  place,  gliding  about 
and  stealthily  inspecting  every  part  of  the  room, 
though  without  making  any  ostensible  search,  un- 
til apparently  satisfied  that  there  was  no  one  con- 
cealed, they  left  the  house.  .  .  All  this  time 
Mrs.  Bison  had  kept  her  seat  upon  the  side  of  the 
bed,  calmly  sorting  and  arranging  the  patch  work 
of  the  quilt  on  which  she  was  then  engaged  and 
preserving  the  appearance  of  the  utmost  tranquil- 
lity, although  she  knew  not  but  the  next  moment 
she  might  receive  a  tomahawk  in  her  brain.  Her 
self  command  unquestionably  saved  the  lives  of 
all  present.  .  .  From  Ouilmette's  house  the 
party  proceeded  to  the  dwelling  of  Mr.  Kinzie." 

The  Indians  had  just  left  Ouilmette's 
house  when  one  Griffin,  a  non-commis- 
sioned officer,  who  had  escaped  and  had 
been  concealed  among  the  currant  bushes  of 
Ouilmette's  garden,  climbed  into  Ouil- 
mette's house  through  a  window  to  hide 
from  the  Indians.  "The  family  stripped  him 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


35 


of  his  uniform  and  arrayed  him  in  a  suit  of 
deer  skin,  with  belt,  moccasins  and  pipe, 
like  a  French  engage,"  in  which  disguise  he 
also  escaped. 

After  the  massacre,  when  John  Kinzie 
and  all  the  other  white  settlers  and  their 
families  fled  from  the  place,  Ouilmette  and 
his  family  remained,  and  he  was  the  only 
white  resident  of  Chicago  for  the  following 
four  years,  1812  to  1816.  (Kirkland's  "Story 
of  Chicago";  Hurlbut's  "Chicago  Antiqui- 
ties.") 

In  1814  Alexander  Robinson  (afterwards 
chief  of  the  Pottawatomies)  came  to  Chi- 
cago, and  he  and  Ouilmette  cultivated  the 
field  formerly  used  as  the  garden  of  old 
Fort  Dearborn;  they  raised  good  crops  of 
corn  and  sold  the  crop  of  1816  to  Captain 
Bradley,  after  his  arrival  at  Chicago  to  re- 
build the  fort.  (Andreas'  "History  of  Chi- 
cago.") 

He  was  still  in  Chicago  in  1821.  (An- 
dreas', Id. ;  Kirkland,  Id.) 

He  had  horses  and  oxen  and  other  stock 
in  abundance.  In  early  days  he  kept  a 
small  store  in  Chicago  and  used  to  tow 
boats  into  the  Chicago  River  with  his  ox 
teams.  He  also  furnished  the  Fort  Dear- 
born garrison  with  meat  and  fuel  and  car- 
ried on  trading  operations  with  the  Indians 
along  the  North  Shore  and  in  Canada, 
where  he  frequently  went.  (Authority, 
Sophia  Martell.) 

Mrs.  Archibald  Clybourne  says  that  Ouil- 
mette raised  sheep  when  he  lived  in  Chica- 
go, and  that  her  mother,  Mrs.  Galloway, 
used  to  purchase  the  wool  of  him  with 
which  she  spun  yarn  and  knit  stockings  for 
the  Fort  Dearborn  soldiers. 

Ouilmette  was  a  thrifty  Frenchman.  In 
1825  he  was  one  of  the  principal  taxpayers 
in  Chicago  and  paid  $4.00  taxes  that  year 
upon  property  valued  at  $400,  as  appears 
by  an  old  tax  roll,  dated  July  25th  of  that 
year  (Blanchard's  "History  of  Chicago,"  p. 


517),  from  which  rate  of  taxation  it  would 
seem  that  the  burden  of  "taxing  bodies,"  of 
which  we  hear  so  much  in  these  days,  began 
very  early  in  Chicago's  history.  With  one 
exception,  none  of  the  fourteen  taxpayers 
of  that  year  owned  property  in  excess  of 
$1,000.  John  Kinzie's  holdings  appear  on 
the  same  roll  as  worth  $500,  while  those  of 
John  B.  Beaubien  are  set  down  at  $1,000; 
the  lowest  man  on  the  list  is  Joseph  La 
Framboise,  who  paid  fifty  cents  on  property 
valued  at  $50,  and  Ouilmette's  taxes  appear 
considerably  above  the  average  in  amount. 
He  also  appears  as  a  voter  upon  the  poll 
book  of  an  election  held  at  Chicago  on 
August  7,  1826,  at  which  election  it  is  said 
he  voted  for  John  Quincy  Adams  for  Pres- 
ident (Blanchard,  Id.,  p.  519),  which  is  the 
last  record  I  have  been  able  to  find  of  his 
residence  in  Chicago. 

The  Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  de- 
scribing the  boundaries  of  .a  part  of  the 
lands  ceded  by  the  Indians,  and  dated  July 
29,  1829,  begins  the  description  as  follows: 
"Beginning  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
field  of  Antoine  Ouilmette,  who  lives  near 
Gross  Point,  about  twelve  (12)  miles  north 
from  Chicago,  thence  due  west  to  the  Rock 
River,"  which  is  the  first  evidence  I  have 
found  of  Ouilmette's  residence  in  this  vi- 
cinity, although  he  was  married  to  Arch- 
ange  in  1796  or  1797  at  "Gross  Point,"  or 
what  is  now  Wilmette  Village,  this  being 
the  first  North  Shore  wedding  of  which 
there  is  any  history.  (Authority,  Sophia 
Martell.) 

Ouilmette  was  a  Roman  Catholic.  In 
April,  1833,  he  joined  with  Alexander  Rob- 
inson, Billy  Caldwell,  several  of  the  Beau- 
biens  and  others,  in  a  petition  to  the  Bishop 
of  the  diocese  of  Missouri,  at  St.  Louis, 
asking  for  the  establishment  of  the  first 
Catholic  Church  in  Chicago.  The  petition 
(written  in  French)  says:  "A  priest  should 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


be  sent  there  before  other  sects  obtain  the 
upper  hand,  which  very  likely  they  will  try 
to  do."  The  early  enterprise  of  the  church 
is  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  the  peti- 
tion was  received  on  April  i6th  and  grant- 
ed the  next  day.  (Andreas'  "History  of 
Chicago.") 

From  the  foregoing  facts  it  is  evident 
that  Ouilmette  located  in  Chicago  in  l~f>o, 
and  lived  there  for  over  thirty-six  years, 
and  that  ?nr-c  'w~"  hc've^i  1826  and  1829 
he  located  within  the  present  limits  of  Ev- 
anston  or  Wilmette  Village,  and  certainly 
within  the  Reservation. 

Mrs.  Kinzie  took  Ouilmette 's  daughter 
Josette  with  her  to  the  Indian  Agency,  of 
which  her  husband  was  in  charge  at  Old 
Fort  Winnebago  in  Wisconsin,  on  her  re- 
turn from  Chicago  in  1831.  She  describes 
her  ("Wau-bun,"  300)  as  "  a  little  bound 
girl,  a  bright,  pretty  child  of  ten  years  of 
age.  She  had  been  at  the  Saint  Joseph's 
Mission  School."  Mrs.  Kinzie,  at  the  time 
of  the  Black  Hawk  war  (1832)  fled  from 
Fort  Winnebago  to  Green  Bay  in  a  canoe 
and  took  this  same  little  Josette  Ouilmette 
with  her  ("Wau-bun,"  426). 

That  Josette  was  a  protege  of  the  Kinzie 
family,  and  that  they  took  a  lively  interest 
in  her  welfare,  further  appears  from  the 
treaty  of  1833  with  the  Pottawatomies  at 
Chicago.  She  is  personally  provided  for. 
probably  at  the  demand  of  the  Kinzies,  in 
the  following  words :  "To  Josette  Ouil- 
mette (John  H.  Kinzie,  Trustee),  $200." 
The  other  children  did  not  fare  so  well,  for 
the  Treaty  further  provides,  "To  Antoine 
Ouilmette's  children,  $300." 

Archange  Ouilmette,  wife  of  Antoine, 
was  a  squaw  of  the  Pottawatomie  tribe,  be- 
longing to  a  band  of  that  tribe  locate'.!  at 
the  time  she  was  married  at  what  is  now 
Wilmette  Village,  although  the  band  were 
constant  rovers  over  what  is  now  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Indiana  and  Wisconsin.  While 


Archange  was  of  the  Pottawatomie  tribe  her 
father  was  a  white  man,  a  trader  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  American  Fur  Company,  a 
Frenchman,  bearing  the  rather  striking 
name  of  Francois  Chevallier.  Archange 
was  born  at  Sugar  Creek,  Michigan,  about 
1764  and  died  at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  in 
1840.  (Authority,  Sophia  Martell,  daugh- 
ter, and  Israel  Martell.  grandson  of  An- 
toine.) 

John  Wentworth  says  in  his  reminis- 
cences that  Ouilmette's  daughter,  Eliza- 
beth, married  for  her  first  husband  en  May 
ii,  1830,  Michael  Welch,  "the  first  Irish- 
man in  Chicago." 

This  wedding,  with  the  son  of  Erin 
groom  and  the  Pottawatomie  bride,  was 
celebrated  in  an  old  log  cabin  that  stood 
until  some  two  years  ago  (1903)  on  the 
east  side  of  Sheridan  Road,  at  Kenilworth, 
and  about  two  blocks  north  of  the  Kenil- 
worth water  tower.  I  secured  a  kodak  pic- 
ture of  this  log  cabin  shortly  before  it  was 
removed,  copy  of  which  appears  on  an 
adjoining  page.  This  cabin  was  built 
by  one  John  Doyle,  who,  considering  his 
name  and  date  of  residence,  may  be  safely 
designated  "the  first  Irishman  of  the  North 
Shore,"  for  I  am  sure  there  are  few  who 
can  successfully  dispute  my  statement,  nor 
do  I  see  any  reason  why  the  North  Shore 
should  not  have  its  "first  Irishman"  as  well 
as  Chicago. 

My  authority  as  to  this  being  the  house 
where  the  wedding  was  celebrated  is  Mr. 
Charles  S.  Raddin,  of  Evanston,  who  se- 
cured the  information  some  years  ago  from 
Mrs.  Archibald  Clybourne,  who  may  have 
been  present  at  the  wedding,  although  Mr. 
Raddin  neglected  to  ask  her.  Mr.  Raddin 
was  further  neglectful  in  failing  to  get  the 
name  of  the  best  man  and  the  maid  of  hon- 
or, and  whether  they  were  Irish  or  Potta- 
watomie. The  ceremony  was  performed  by 
John  B.  Beaubien,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  as 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


37 


is  shown  beyond  question  by  the  records  of 
Peoria  County. 

Ouilmette  and  his  family  lived  in  this 
cabin  at  the  time  of  this  wedding,  and  for 
some  time  thereafter  (authority,  Sophia 
Martell,  who  also  corroborates  Mr.  Raddin 
regarding  her  sister's  marriage),  although 
their  most  permanent  abode  was  about  a 
mile  south  of  there,  as  will  be  shown  later. 

The  Treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien  with  the 
Chippewas,  Ottawas  and  Pottawatomies,  by 
which  the  Reservation  was  ceded  to  Ouil- 
mette's  wife,  was  concluded  July  29,  1829. 
Among  other  provisions  of  land  for  In- 
dians and  others,  Article  4  of  the  Treaty 
provides  as  follows:  "To  Archange  Ouil- 
mette. a  Pottawatomie  woman,  wife  of  An- 
toine,  two  sections  for  herself  and  her  chil- 
dren on  Lake  Michigan,  south  of  and  ad- 
joining the  northern  boundary  of  the  ces- 
sion herein  made  by  the  Indians  aforesaid 
to  the  United  States.  .  .  .  The  tracts 
of  land  herein  stipulated  to  be  granted  shall 
never  be  leased  or  conveyed  by  the  grantees, 
or  their  heirs,  to  any  person  whatever,  with- 
out the  permission  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States." 

The  land  was  surveyed  by  the  Govern- 
ment surveyors  in  1842,  and  the  patent 
therefor  was  issued  October  2gth  of  the 
same  year. 

Site  of  Evanston  Lands  Acquired 
From  the  Indians. — This  treaty  is  of 
special  historical  interest.  By  it  the  United 
States  acquired  title  from  the  Indians  to  all 
of  the  land  within  the  city  limits  of  Evans- 
ton  and  great  tracts  to  the  west,  bounded 
as  follows :  Beginning  at  the  north  line  of 
Ouilmette's  reservation,  or  a  little  south  of 
Kenilworth  on  the  Lake  Shore,  due  west 
to  the  Rock  River,  thence  down  the 
river  and  east  of  it  to  the  Indian 
boundary  line  on  Fox  River,  estab- 
lished by  the  treaty  of  1816;  thence 
northeasterly  on  that  line  to  Lake  Michi- 


gan, thence  north  along  the  lake  shore  to 
the  place  of  beginning.  (The  line  men- 
tioned as  running  "northeasterly  to  Lake 
Michigan"  is  the  center  of  the  street  in 
Rogers  Park,  known  for  many  years  and 
in  our  records  as  the  "Indian  Boundary 
Road."  now  unfortunately  changed  by  di- 
rection of  the  City  Council  of  Chicago  to 
"Rogers  Avenue."  It  is  about  half  way 
between  Calvary  Cemetery  and  the  Rog- 
ers Park  depot ;  crosses  Clark  Street  or 
Chicago  Avenue  at  the  site  of  the  old  toll- 
gate  and  Justice  Murphy's  birthplace  on 
the  opposite  corner). 

There  should  be  active  co-operation  in 
restoring  the  name  "Indian  Boundary"  to 
this  highway.  I  am  informed  that  the  name 
was  changed  at  the  solicitation  of  Mr.  Rog- 
ers' family.  He  was,  no  doubt,  a  worthy 
pioneer,  but  his  name  seems  to  have  been 
sufficiently  perpetuated  by  the  name  Rog- 
ers' Park,  which  was  the  former  village 
now  annexed  to  Chicago.  There  is,  too,  a 
railroad  station  there  of  that  name,  and 
many  real  estate  subdivisions  also  bearing 
his  name.  This  Indian  Boundary  line  is 
not  only  a  great  land  mark,  but  the  treaty 
which  fixed  it  had  great  historical  signif- 
icance in  the  development  of  Illinois.  This 
line  is  referred  to  in  many  maps,  surveys, 
deeds  and  conveyances,  is  in  part  the  divid- 
ing line  between  the  cities  of  Chicago  and 
Evanston,  runs  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
tion, intersecting  other  roads  and  streets 
in  such  manner  as  to  make  it  an  important 
and  distinctive  highway,  the  importance  of 
which  will  grow  more  and  more  as  the 
years  go  by.  The  disinclination  of  the 
City  Council  to  disturb  historical  land- 
marks by  changing  the  names  of  old  high- 
ways should  surely  have  been  exercised  in 
this  instance,  and  one  of  the  aldermen  of 
that  ward,  Mr.  W.  P.  Dunn,  assures  me 
that  he  agrees  with  this  sentiment. 

This   treaty   also   included   a   vast   terri- 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


tory  lying  between  the  Mississippi  and 
Rock  rivers  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and 
was  planned,  it  is  said,  with  reference  to 
the  succeeding  Treaty  of  Chicago  in  1833, 
to  finally  clear  Western  Illinois  and  South- 
ern Wisconsin  of  the  Indians.  "By  its  pro- 
visions the  Indians  became  completely 
hemmed  in  or  surrounded.  To  use  a  com- 
mon saying  in  playing  checkers,  the  In- 
dians were  driven  into  the  'single  corner' 
before  they  were  aware  of  it."  Haines,  p 

554-) 

This  treaty  was  the  entering  wedge,  de- 
signed, as  above  stated,  to  eventually  oust 
the  Pottawatomies  and  other  tribes  from 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  the  manner  in 
which  its  execution  was  secured  reflects 
no  credit  upon  our  nation.  If  the  writers 
who  have  investigated  the  subject  can  be 
relied  upon,  hardly  any  treaty  with  the  In- 
dians ever  made  is  subject  to  more  just 
criticism. 

Story  of  the  Ouilmette  Reservation. — 
It  is  claimed  by  Elijah  M.  Haines,  au- 
thor of  "The  American  Indian,"  that  the 
two  sections  of  land  constituting  the  Ouil- 
mette Reservation,  were  given  to  Ouil- 
mette's  wife  and  children  as  a  bribe  for  the 
husband's  influence  in  securing  the  execu- 
tion of  this  treaty.  Mr.  Haines,  late  of 
Waukegan,  was  for  some  years  Speaker  of 
the  Illinois  House  of  Representatives,  and 
spent  a  portion  of  each  year,  for  many 
years,  among  the  Indians.  In  his  book  he 
devotes  some  ten  pages  (550-560)  to  "the 
ingenious  work  in  overreaching  the  In- 
dians in  procuring  the  execution  of  this 
treaty,"  from  which  it  appears,  if  Mr. 
Haines  is  correct,  that  plans  were  laid  in 
advance  by  the  Government's  agents  to 
carry  it  through  by  electing  chiefs  to  fill 
vacancies  in  the  Pottawatomie  tribe,  who 
were  not  only  friendly  to  the  whites,  but 
who  were  parties  to  a  prior  conspiracy  to 
dupe  the  Indians.  As  the  author  says,  "the 


jury  being  thus  successfully  packed,  the 
verdict  was  awaited  as  a  matter  of  form." 
Mr.  Haines  seems  to  have  reached  this  con- 
clusion after  careful  investigation,  includ- 
ing personal  interviews  with  some  of  the 
principals,  among  whom  was  Alexander 
Robinson,  one  of  the  chiefs  who  was  elected 
at  the  very  time  the  treaty  was  signed.  Mr. 
Haines  sets  out  a  personal  interview  be- 
tween himself  and  Robinson  on  the  sub- 
ject, which  is  as  follows: 

"Mr.  Robinson,  when  and  how  did  you  become 
a  chief?" 

"Me  made  chief  at  the  treaty  of  Prairie  du 
Chien." 

"How  did  you  happen  to  be  made  chief?" 

"Old  Wilmette,  he  come  to  me  one  day  and 
he  say:  Dr.  Wolcott"  (then  Indian  agent  at  Chi- 
cago, who  Mr.  Haines  says,  planned  the  deal) 
"want  me  and  Billy  Caldwell  to  be  chief.  He 
ask  me  if  I  will.  Me  say  yes,  if  Dr.  Wolcott  want 
me  to  be." 

"After  the  Indians  had  met  together  at  Prairie 
du  Chien  for  the  Treaty,  what  was  the  first  thing 
done  ?" 

"The  first  thing  they  do  they  make  me  and  Billy 
Caldwell  chiefs;  then  we  be  chiefs  .  .  .  then 
we  all  go  and  make  the  treaty." 

Chiefs  Robinson  and  Caldwell  were  hand- 
somely taken  care  of,  both  -in  this  treaty 
and  -subsequent  ones,  in  the  way  of  an- 
nuities, cash  and  lands,  as  were  also  their 
friends.  Archange  Ouilmette,  Indian  wife 
of  the  man  designated  by  Chief  Robinson 
as  "Old  Wilmette,"  and  her  children  thus, 
according  to  Mr.  Haines,  secured  the  two 
sections  of  land  constituting  the  Reserva- 
tion under  discussion,  and  which  seems  to 
show  that  Ouilmette  was,  indeed,  as  al- 
ready stated,  a  thrifty  Frenchman. 

There  is  ample  ground,  however,  for 
disagreement  with  Mr.  Haines  in  his  volun- 
tary criticism  of  Ouilmette  in  this  trans- 
action. It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
Ouilmette  and  his  family  were  not  only 
friendly  to  the  whites  during  the  stirring 
and  perilous  times  at  Chicago  in  the  War 
of  1812,  but  they  themselves  had  suffered 
depredations  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians, 
as  shown  by  Ouilmette's  letter  to  John  H. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


39 


Kinzie.  Then,  too,  he  was  occupying  this 
very  land,  then  of  little  value,  and  consid- 
ering his  fidelity  to  the  Government,  not- 
withstanding his  marriage  to  a  Pottawato- 
mie  wife,  it  would  seem  that  this  cession  of 
these  two  sections  of  land,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances, was  entirely  right  and  prob- 
ably very  small  compensation  for  his 
friendly  services.  Then,  too,  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  he  did  not  get  the  land,  but 
it  went  to  his  Pottawatomie  wife  and  her 
children. 

Mr.  Haines  says  of  this  transaction  and 
of  Dr.  Wolcott's  and  Ouilmette's  connec- 
tion with  it  (p.  557) :  "In  aid  of 
this  purpose,  it  seems  he  secured  the 
services  of  Antoine  Wilmette,  a  French- 
man, who  had  married  an  Indian 
wife  of  the  Pottawatomie  tribe,  one 
of  the  oldest  residents  of  Chicago,  and  a 
man  of  much  influence  with  the  Indians 
and  a  particular  friend  of  Robinson's." 

It  is  fair  to  say  that  Mr.  Haines  excuses 
both  Robinson  and  Caldwell  for  their  action 
in  the  matter,  on  the  ground  that  they  had 
long  been  friendly  to  the  whites  and  were 
misled  into  believing  that  the  integrity  of 
their  white  friends  was  as  lasting  as  their 
own  (p.  556).  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
Mr.  Haines  did  not  express  the  same  views 
as  to  Ouilmette,  for  history  clearly  demon- 
strates that  he  was  richly  entitled  to  it. 

Ouilmette  was  also  on  hand  when  the 
Treaty  of  Chicago  (1833)  was  negotiated, 
as  he  was  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  for  the 
treaty  not  only  provides  for  the  donations 
already  mentioned  to  Chiefs  Robinson  and 
Caldwell,  to  Ouilmette's  children  and 
others,  but  he  secured  $800  for  himself,  as 
the  treaty  shows.  Whether  this  was  com- 
pensation for  his  hogs  that  had  been  "dis- 
troyed"  some  thirty  years  before  by  the  In- 
dians, or  as  further  compensation  for  his 
prior  services  at  Prairie  du  Chien  or  at 
Chicago  in  1812,  is  not  disclosed,  but  it  cer- 


tainly is  evidence  of  his  desire  to  see  that 
his  finances  should  not  suffer  in  deals  made 
with  his  wife's  relations. 

Joseph  Fountain,  late  of  Evanston,  now 
deceased,  father-in-law  of  ex-Alderman 
Carroll,  says  in  an  affidavit  dated  in  1871, 
"that  when  he  first  came  here  he  lived  with 
Antoine  Ouilmette;  that  at  that  time  he 
(Antoine)  was  an  old  man,  about  70  years 
of  age,  and  was  living  upon  the  Reservation 
with  his  nephew,  Archange,  his  wife,  being 
then  absent.  .  .  .  That  within  a  year  or 
two  thereafter  the  children  returned  and 
lived  with  their  father  upon  the  Reservation 
The  children  went  away  again  and  return- 
ed again  in  1844.  They  were  then  all  over 
lawful  age,  had  usual  and  ordinary  intelli- 
gence of  white  people  and  were  competent 
to  manage  and  sell  their  property.  .  .  . 

That  he  was  intimate  with  the  children 
and  their  father  and  after  their  return  as- 
sisted them  in  building  a  house  to  live  in  on 
the  Reservation.  That  during  the  last 
twenty  (20)  years  the  Indian  heirs  have 
not  been  back  there.  .  .  .  That  in  the 
years  1852  and  1853  the  land  was  not  worth 
over  $3,00  per  acre." 

I  find  by  inquiry  of  Mary  Fountain,  Jo- 
seph Fountain's  widow,  a  very  old  lady,  in 
Evanston,  still  living  in  1901",  and  by  like 
inquiry  of  Mr.  Benjamin  F.  Hill2  and 
others,  that  the  house  just  mentioned  was 
built  of  logs,  situated  on  the  high  bluffs  on 
the  lake  shore,  opposite,  or  a  little  north  of 
Lake  Avenue,  in  the  Village  of  Wilmette, 
and  that  the  former  site  of  the  house  has 
long  since,  and  within  the  memory  of  old 
residents  been  washed  into  the  lake,  many 
acres  of  land  having  been  thus  washed 
away.  Mr.  Hill  says  that  this  house  was 
at  one  time  occupied  by  Joel  Stebbins,  who 
used  it  as  a  tavern. 


JMrs.  Fountain  died  in  Evanston  February  17.  190». 
^Benjamin  F.  Hill  died  in  Milwaukee.  Wisconsin.  Oc- 
tober 7,  1!X>5— his  residence  up  to  that  time,  hoocver. 


having  been  in  Evanston. 


4o 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


The  affidavit  of  Mr.  Fountain  indicates 
that  Ouilmette  lived  on  the  Reservation  un- 
til 1838.  His  letter  of  1839  indicates  a 
residence  at  Racine,  at  which  place  he  had 
a  farm  for  several  prior  years,  and  while 
living  in  Chicago,  or  at  least  a  tract  of 
land  where  he  frequently  went.  (Author- 
ity, Sophia  Martell.) 

Mr.  Benjamin  F.  Hill  says  that  he  knew 
him  about  the  year  1838;  that  he  was  then 
a  very  old  man,  rather  small  of  stature, 
dark  skinned  and  bowed  with  age ;  that 
about  that  year  he  went  away.  He  died 
at  Council  Bluffs.  December  I,  1841. 

Mr.  Hill  says  that  Mr.  Fountain  omits 
in  his  affidavit  one  item  concerning  the 
acquaintance  between  Ouilmette  and  Foun- 
tain, viz. :  a  lawsuit,  in  which  Ouilmette 
prosecuted  Fountain  and  others  for  tres- 
passing upon  the  Reservation  by  cutting 
timber,  which  resulted  unfavorably  to  Ouil- 
mette ;  that  there  was  a  large  bill  of  court 
costs  which  Fountain's  lawyer  collected  by- 
having  the  Sheriff  levy  upon  and  sell  a  pair 
of  fine  Indian  ponies  belonging  to  Ouil- 
mette, which  were  his  special  pride,  and 
that  it  was  immediately  after  this  incident 
that  Ouilmette  left  the  Reservation  never 
to  return. 

(The  value  of  the  timber  probably  ac- 
counts for  the  selection  of  this  land  by 
Ouilmette  when  the  treaty  was  drawn.) 

There  are  many  other  interesting  remin- 
iscences among  old  settlers  of  Evanston  re- 
garding Ouilmette.  One  from  William 
Carney,  former  Chief  of  Police  of  Evans- 
ton  and  for  many  years  a  Cook  County 
Deputy  Sheriff,  who  was  born  in  Evanston, 
is  to  the  effect  that  Ouilmette  often  went 
through  Evanston,  along  the  old  Ridge 
trail  on  which  the  Carneys  lived,  on  foot 
and  always  carrying  a  bag  over  his  shoul- 
der ;  that  the  children  were  afraid  of  him, 
and  that  Carney's  mother,  when  he  was  a 
small  bov,  used  to  threaten  him  with  the 


punishment  for  misconduct  of  giving  him  to 
"Old  Ouilmette,"  who  would  put  him  in  the 
bag  and  carry  young  Carney  home  to  his 
squaw.  Mr.  Carney  says,  "Then  I  used  to 
be  good" ;  and  it  is  local  history  that,  in 
later  years,  my  youthful  associates  used  to 
say  something  to  the  same  effect  about  be- 
ing good  after  an  interview  with  Mr.  Car- 
ney himself,  when  he  had  grown  to  man- 
hood and  become  the  first  Chief  of  Police 
of  Evanston,  his  brother  John  constituting 
the  remainder  of  the  force.  In  those  days, 
too,  "Carney  will  get  you  if  you  don't  look 
out!"  was  a  common  parental  threat  in 
Evanston. 

As  already  shown,  neither  Archange 
Ouilmette  nor  her  children  could,  under  the 
treaty  and  patent,  sell  any  of  the  land  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  Consequently  there  is 
much  data  respecting  the  family,  both  in 
the  Recorder's  office  of  this  county,  in  the 
form  of  affidavits  and  in  the  office  of  the 
Interior  Department  at  Washington,  es- 
pecially in  the  General  Land  Office  and  the 
office  of  Indian  Affairs.  To  some  of  these 
documents  I  refer : 

By  a  petition  dated  February  22,  1844, 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
signed  by  seven  of  the  children  of  Ouil- 
mette (all  except  Joseph),  it  appears  that 
Archange  Ouilmette,  the  mother,  died  at 
Council  Bluffs  on  November  25,  1840;  that 
six  of  the  children  signing  the  petition  then 
resided  at  Council  Bluffs,  and  one  (prob- 
ably the  former  little  Josette)  at  Fort  Win- 
nebago,  Wisconsin  Territory;  that  in  con- 
sequence of  their  living  at  a  remote  dis- 
tance, the  land  is  deteriorating  in  value  "by 
having  much  of  its  timber,  which  con- 
stitutes its  chief  worth,  cut  off  and  stolen 
by  various  individuals  living  near  by," 
which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  people 
were  not  so  good  in  those  days  in  Evans- 
ton  as  they  have  been  reputed  to  be  in  some 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


later  days,  if  the  Chicago  newspapers  can 
be  believed  in  this  respect.  The  petition 
further  says : 

"The  home  of  your  petitioners,  with  one 
exception,  is  at  Council  Bluffs,  with  the 
Pottawatomie  tribe  of  Indians,  with  whom 
we  are  connected  by  blood,  and  that  your 
petitioners  cannot,  with  due  regard  to  their 
feelings  and  interests,  reside  away  from 
their  tribe  on  said  Reserve" ;  also  that 
they  have  been  put  to  expense  in  em- 
ploying agents,  whose  employment  has  not 
been  beneficial. 

The  petition  then  asks  leave  to  sell  or 
lease  the  land,  and  the  prayer  concludes 
in  the  following  words: 

"Or,  that  your  Excellency  will  cause  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  to  pur- 
chase back  from  us  said  Reserve  of  land, 
and  pay  us  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents 
per  acre  therefor." 

"And  your  petitioners  further  show  that 
they  are  now  at  Chicago  on  expense,  wait- 
ing for  the  termination  of  this  petition,  and 
anxious  to  return  home  as  soon  as  possible," 
and  request  action  "without  delay." 

As  the  result  of  this  petition  and  subse- 
quent ones,  Henry  W.  Clarke  was  ap- 
pointed a  Special  Indian  Agent  to  make 
sale  of  the  Reservation,  or  rather  that  part 
of  it  owned  by  the  seven  petitioners,  so 
that  a  fair  price  could  be  obtained,  and  sale 
was  made  to  real  estate  speculators  during 
the  years  1844  and  1845.  ^n  tne  corre- 
spondence between  the  various  departments 
of  the  Government  with  reference  to  the 
sale,  appear  the  signatures  of  John  H.  Kin- 
zie.  John  Went  worth  (then  member  of 
Congress),  William  Wilkins,  Secretary  of 
War,  President  John  Tyler,  W.  L.  Marcy, 
Secretary  of  War;  also  the  signatures  of 
Presidents  James  K.  Polk  and  U.  S. 
Grant.1  ' 


tpor    copies    of   these    documents    pee    "Historical    Col- 
lections,"   Kvanston    Historical   Society. 


The  south  half  of  the  Reservation,  in- 
cluding all  that  is  in  Evanston  (640  acres), 
sold  for  $1,000,  or  a  little  over  $1.50  per 
acre.  The  north  section  was  sold  in  sep- 
arate parcels  for  a  larger  sum.  The  cor- 
respondence tends  to  show  that  the  seven 
Ouilmette  children  carried  their  money 
home  with  them,  but  as  the  Special  Indian 
Agent  had  no  compensation  from  the  Gov- 
ernment and  there  were  several  lawyers  en- 
gaged in  the  transaction,  the  amount  that 
the  Indians  carried  back  to  Council  Bluffs 
can  be  better  imagined  than  described. 

Joseph  Ouilmette  in  the  year  1844  took 
his  share  of  the  Reservation  in  severally, 
deeding  the  remainder  of  the  Reservation 
to  his  brothers  and  sisters,  and  they  in  turn 
deeding  his  share  to  him.  The  share  that 
he  took  was  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
Reservation;  he  secured  the  best  price  in 
making  a  sale  and  seemed  inclined,  not  only 
to  separate  his  property  interests  from  his 
brothers  and  sisters,  but  to  be  more  of  a 
white  man  than  an  Indian,  as  he  did  not 
follow  the  family  and  the  Pottawatomie 
tribe  to  the  West  for  several  years,  but 
adopted  the  life  of  a  Wisconsin  farmer,  re- 
moving later  to  the  Pottawatomie  Reserva- 
tion in  Kansas. 

An  affidavit  made  by  Norman  Clark, 
May  25,  1871,  states  that  Joseph  Ouilmette 
was  in  1853  a  farmer,  residing  on  his  farm 
in  Marathon  county,  Wis.,  "about  300  miles 
from  Racine,"  and  that  the  $460  he  re- 
ceived for  his  share  of  the  Reservation 
"was  used  in  and  about  the  improvement  of 
his  farm,"  upon  which  he  lived  for  about 
seven  years,  and  that  he  was  capable  of 
managing  his  affairs  "as  ordinary,  full- 
blooded  white  farmers  are" ;  that  from 
1850  to  1853  he  carried  on  a  farm  within 
two  miles  of  Racine,  presumably  on  the 
land  formerly  owned  by  his  father,  An- 
toine. 

It   appears    from   various   recorded   affi- 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


davits  that  all  of  the  children  of  Ouil- 
mette  are  now  dead.  Such  affidavits  must 
have  been  made  from  hearsay  and  with  a 
view  of  extinguishing  upon  the  face  of  the 
records  all  possible  adverese  claims,  for  I 
find  by  investigation  that  a  daughter  of 
Ouilmette  (Sophia  Martell)  is  still  (1905) 
living  on  the  Pottawatomie  Reservation  in 
Kansas,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  but  with  a 
good  memory  that  has  served  a  useful 
purpose  in  supplying  the  writer  with  a  few 
of  the  facts  here  noted.  With  this  excep- 
tion, all  of  the  children  are  dead,  but  many 
of  their  descendants  are  still  living  on  this 
same  Reservation,  and  several  of  them  are 
people  of  intelligence  and  education,  priz- 
ing highly  the  history  of  their  ancestors. 

Mitchell  Ouilmette,  on  May  2,  1832,  (as 
John  Went  worth  says)  enlisted  in  the  first 
"militia  of  the  town  of  Chicago  until  all 
apprehension  of  danger  from  the  Indians 
may  have  subsided" — probably  referring  to 
the  Black  Hawk  War.  Mr.  Went  worth's 
authority  is  a  copy  of  the  enlistment  roll, 
where,  in  transacting  the  copy,  his  name 
is  stated  as  "Michael,"  an  evident  mistake 
in  transcribing  from  the  original  signa- 
ture. 

While  it  is  true  that  Captain  Heald,  of 
Fort  Dearborn,  was  notified  on  August  7  or 
9,  1812,  of  the  declaration  of  war  against 
England  by  a  message  carried  by  the 
Pottawatomie  chief  Win-a-mac,  or  Win- 
nemeg  (the  Catfish),  from  General  Hull  at 
Detroit,  warning  Captain  Heald  that  the 
Post  and  Island  of  Mackinac  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  British,  of  the  conse- 
quent danger  to  the  Chicago  garrison,  and 
the  probable  necessity  of  retiring  to  Fort 
Wayne,  still  it  is  stated  upon  good  author- 
ity that  Louis  Ouilmette,  son  of  Antoint, 
learned  the  same  facts  from  a  band  of  In- 
dians on  the  North  Shore,  who  had  come 
either  from  Mackinac  or  from  that  vicin- 
ity, and  at  once  carried  the  information  to 


the  garrison  several  days  before  the  arrival 
of  Win-a-mac.  (Authority,  data  in  hands 
of  C.  S.  Raddin.) 

The  only  relic  of  Antoine  Ouilmette  in 
the  hands  of  the  Evanston  Historical  So- 
ciety is  an  old  chisel,  or  tapping  gouge, 
used  by  him  in  tapping  maple  trees  in  making 
maple  sugar  on  the  Reservation,  at  a  point 
a  little  west  and  some  two  blocks  north  of  the 
present  Wilmette  station  of  the  Northwest- 
ern Railway,  immediately  west  of  Dr.  B.  C. 
Stolp's  residence.  This  chisel,  or  gouge, 
was  secured  by  Mr.  Benjamin  F.  Hill  in 
this  sugar  bush  soon  after  Ouilmette  went 
away,  and  there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt 
of  its  being  the  former  property  of  Ouil- 
mette ;  for  Mr.  Hill,  who  has  been  quoted 
frequently  in  this  paper,  is  not  only  the 
John  Wentworth  of  Evanston  in  the  mat- 
ter of  being  an  early  settler  (1836),  with  a 
great  fund  of  authentic  information,  but 
he  is  a  man  of  force  and  intelligence,  of  ex- 
cellent memory,  unquestionable  integrity, 
and  always  interested  in  historical  sub- 
jects, as  his  many  valuable  contributions 
to  the  Evanston  Historical  Society  abun- 
dantly show. 

Convincing  evidence  of  the  shortness 
of  the  span  between  the  wigwam,  the  log 
cabin  and  the  modern  home,  is  presented 
when  we  consider  that  there  are  many  liv- 
in  Evanstonians  who  knew  the  Ouilmette 
family,  and  who  saw  their  North  Shore 
Reservation  in  all  the  primeval  beauty  of 
its  ancient  forest  and  towering  elms. 

Indian  Trails  of  the  North  Shore. — 
"Red  Men's  Roads"  have  of  late  been  the 
subject  of  much  investigation.  Passing 
reference,  therefore,  to  some  of  the  Indian 
Trails  of  the  North  Shore  will  not  be 
out  of  place  here.  My  information  is  con- 
fined largely  to  Evanston  and  that  imme- 
diate vicinity.  For  over  a  quarter  of  a 
century  the  Northwestern  Railway  has 
operated  what  the  North  Shore  residents 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


43 


call  "The  Green  Bay  Train."  A  quarter  of 
a  century  before  that  the  white  pioneer 
went  to  "Little  Fort"  or  Waukegan  on  the 
"Green  Bay  Road,"  and  before  that 
old  settlers  say  it  was  the  "Green  Bay  In- 
dian Trail."  Along  this  trail,  in  the 
year  1680,  fled  the  wounded  Henri  de 
Tonty  and  his  two  or  three  follow- 
ers, in  their  historic  flight  from  the 
blood-thirsty  Iroquois,  who  time  and 
again  had  also  chased  their  red  enemies  in 
terror  before  them  along  this  same  Indian 
trail,  and,  in  the  later  days,  the  white  pio- 
neer saw,  in  the  same  trail,  the  tracks  of 
many  moccasined  feet  and  of  many  Indian 
ponies  wending  their  way  to  and  from  the 
treaty  making  councils  at  Fort  Dearborn. 
Evanston  historians  have  long  been  at 
loggerheads  as  to  the  location  of  this 
Green  Bay  Road.  They  all  agree  that  it 
followed  the  line  of  Clark  Street  north,  to  a 
point  opposite  the  north  line  of  Rose  Hill 
Cemetery,  and  there  the  trouble  begins. 
Some  insist  that  it  went  due  north,  follow- 
ing Clark  Street  and  its  Evanston  exten- 
sion— called  there  Chicago  Avenue — to  a 
point  a  little  north  of  the  Evanston  light- 
house, there  reaching  "the  Ridge."  Others 
claim  that  its  divergence  to  'the  Ridge"  was 
at  the  point  of  difference.  Probably  Both 
are  right,  each  route  being  used,  accord- 
ing to  the  wetness  or  dryness  of  the  sea- 
son. At  all  events,  there  is  no  doubt — for 
old  settlers  all  agree,  from  Benjamin  F.  Hill, 
who  came  to  Evanston  in  1836,  to  Frances 
E.  Willard,  author  of  "The  Classic  Town" 
in  1892 — that  through  Evanston  there  were 
at  least  two  well-defined  north  and  south 
Indian  trails,  one  following  "the  Ridge" 
or  the  high  ground  that  extends  from  the 
terminus  of  Lincoln  Avenue  at  Bowman- 
ville,  or  Rose  Hill,  on  the  south,  to  the  high 
bluff  on  the  lake  front  to  the  north  of 
Evanston,  and  the  other  trail  was  right  on 
the  bank  of  the  lake  shore.  This  latter 


trail,  however,  there  is  reason  to  believe, 
was  a  very  ancient  trail,  leading  to  the 
chipping  stations  or  shops  already  de- 
scribed; and,  in  the  later  days,  when  the 
settlers  began  to  arrive,  and  when  weapons 
were  purchased  of  traders — and,  therefore, 
no  further  use  for  the  primitive  article — 
this  latter  trail  was  used  only  in  following 
the  game  that  also  used  it.  "The  Ridge" 
trail  ran  to  the  south,  along  the  high 
ground,  through  Rose  Hill  Cemetery, 
reaching  both  the  ancient  and  the  modern 
Indian  Village  somewhere  in  that  vicinity — 
probably  at  or  near  the  western  limits  of 
the  cemetery  or  on  the  North  Branch. 
There  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that 
north  of  Evanston,  this  trail,  which  reaches 
the  Lake  Shore  in  the  north  part  of  Evans- 
ton,  led  to  Milwaukee  and  even  north  of 
that,  following  generally  the  present  line  of 
Sheridan  Road — with  a  branch  around  the 
south  end  of  "The  Skokie,"  reaching  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  at  or 
near  its  source,  and  in  turn  the  Desplaines 
River  and  the  Lake  region  to  the  north- 
west. One  authority  places  the  "Little 
Fort  (Waukegan)  Trail"  six  miles  west  of 
Evanston,  on  one  of  the  sand  ridges  there. 
As  these  ridges  (of  which  there  are  sev- 
eral) lie  generally  alongside  low,  marshy 
places  between  the  ridges,  and  as  these 
ridges  extend  north  and  south,  it  is  no 
doubt  true,  considering  the  Indian  popula- 
tion and  the  important  points  both  north 
and  south,  that  there  were  well  denned  In- 
dian trails  on  all  of  them,  with  branches  in 
varying  directions,  that  would  lead  to  Lit- 
tle Fort;  but  whatever  may  have  been  the 
name  of  this  western  trail,  the  most  direct 
ones  from  Chicago  to  Little  Fort  were 
through  Evanston. 

The  existence  and  location  of  these 
Evanston  trails  is  not  left  in  doubt,  for 
there  are  several  living  witnesses,  both  in 
Chicago  and  Evanston,  who  have  seen  them 


44 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


and  have  traveled  them.  The  Ridge  Trail 
had  been  in  such  constant  use  that  the  path 
was  worn  more  than  a  foot  into  the  ground 
from  constant  travel.  Major  Mulford,  one 
of  Evanston's  pioneers,  had  his  home  ad- 
joining his  trail,  immediately  west  of  the 
present  site  of  Calvary  Cemetery,  and  was 
frequently  visited  there  by  his  Chicago 
friends,  among  them  Fernando  Jones.  The 
site  of  this  trail  is  known  as  Ridge  Boule- 
vard, in  Evanston,  and  upon  it  live  many  of 
Chicago's  leading  citizens. 

Mr.  B.  F.  Hill,  in  describing  the  Ridge 
Trail,  says:  "On  each  side  of  the  Ridge 
and  close  to  it,  were  two  Indian  '  trails, 
where  the  Indians  traveled  north  and  south'. 
One  was  about  where  Ridge  Avenue  now 
is,  and  the  other  in  the  neighborhood  of  As- 
bury  Avenue,  or  perhaps  a  little  west  of 
that.  These  trails  were  so  much  used  that 
the  path  was  worn  more  than  a  foot  into 
the  ground  from  the  constant  travel,  show- 
ing that  these  trails  had  been  used  for 
many  years." 

Indian  Trees  of  the  North  Shore.— 
There  are,  at  various  places  along  the 
North  Shore,  and  following  closely  the  line 
of  several  of  the  old  Indian  trails,  some 
curious  trees  that  apparently  have  been 
broken,  or  rather  bent  and  tied  down  while 
saplings  by  Indians  to  mark  these  trails ; 
that  custom  has  been  followed  in  other  lo- 
calities, among  which,  it  is  said,  is  the  Brad- 
dock  trail,  several  localities  near  Fox  Lake, 
111.,  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Mackinac,  and  it 
is  entirely  probable  here.  The  trees  are  in- 
variably large  and.  if  this  convenient  and 
plausible  theory  is  correct, some  of  this  work 
of  so  marking  the  trails  must  have  been 
done  a  century  and  more  ago,  for  many  of 
the  trees  are  white  oaks  of  considerable  size. 
These  trees,  and  this  theory,  present  also  a 
most  interesting  field  for  inquiry  and  specu- 
lation. Photographs  of  some  of  these  trees 
were  taken  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Watriss  of  Rog- 


ers Park,  who,  as  well  as  Mr.  C.  S.  Rad- 
din  of  the  Evanston  Historical  Society  and 
Vice-President  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of 
Sciences,  have  taken  great  interest  in  this 
subject.  One  of  these  trees  is  located  on 
the  county  line,  beside  the  railroad  tracks 
of  the  Northwestern  Railroad  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  Highland  Park  Ceme- 
tery, and  can  easily  be  seen  from  passing 
trains;  and  another  at  Calvary  Cemetery, 
west  of  the  railroad,  can  also  be  so  seen; 
and  one  of  them  long  stood  in  the  dooryard, 
at  Davis  Street  and  Hinman  Avenue,  of  the 
late  Dr.  Miner  Raymond,  of  Evanston, 
father  of  Messrs.  Samuel,  James  and  Fred 
D.  Raymond. 

But  some  six  years  ago  there  were  eleven 
of  these  trees  in  perfect  alignment,  leading 
from  the  site  of  the  old  Indian  Village  at 
Highland  Park  in  a  northwesterly  direc* 
tion  for  several  miles.  Most  of  them  are 
still  standing  and  can  be  easily  identified ; 
anil  what  is  particularly  of  interest  is  the 
fact  that  all  of  these  trees  are  white  oaks, 
while  another  old  trail  farther  to  the  south, 
near  Wilmette,  are  without  exception 
white  elms,  indicating  system  in  the  selec- 
tion. Those  in  the  City  of  Evanston  were 
oaks,  and  supposed  by  the  supporters  of 
this  theory  to  lead  to  the  chipping  stations 
or  shops  on  the  lake  shore.  Two  or  three 
of  these  trees  were  also  located  on  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  near 
the  Glen  View  Golf  Club,  probably  mark- 
ing the  trail  to  one  of  the  near-by  villages. 
Another  circumstance  that  gives  color  to 
this  contention  is,  that  where  those  trees  are 
found  was  once  a  dense  and  heavy  forest, 
where  it  is  probable  that  an  Indian  trail 
would  be  marked,  if  marked  at  all. 

There  is  still  another  theory  to  the  ef- 
fect that  these  trees  were  bent  down  when 
young  saplings,  and  used  in  the  construction 
of  wigwams  by  covering  them  with  mats — a 
common  method  among  the  Algonquins ; 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


45 


but  as  these  trees  generally  stand  alone, 
with  no  near-by  duplicates,  there  seems  to 
be  little  to  warrant  this  contention. 

Another  North  Shore  tree  that  has  be- 
come historic  on  account  of  the  attention  of 
the  modern  newspaper  reporter,  is  what 
was  known  as  "the  Pottawatomie  tree,"  lo- 
cated about  three  miles  west  of  Wilmette, 
on  the  farm  of  M.  A.  Kloepfer,  who  se- 
cures quite  a  revenue  from  its  exhibition. 
This  was  a  remarkable  tree,  but  is  now 
dead,  having  been  partially  destroyed  by 
fire  and  cut  off  some  thirty  feet  from  the 
ground.  It  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
tree  in  Illinois,  a  cottonwood,  160  feet  high 
and  eighteen  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  hol- 
low trunk  that  would  hold  thirty-one  people. 
All  sorts  of  Indian  traditions,  of  the  im- 
promptu variety,  have  been  related  with  ref- 
erence to  its  Indian  history,  most  of  them  be- 
ing about  as  reliable  as  the  average  historical 
novel,  or  the  relation  of  an  old  settler  in  his 
dotage,  who  sometimes  has  been  found  to 
know  many  things  that  were  not  so.  Still, 
it  may  be  true  that  such  a  tree,  towering  so 
high  above  the  surrounding  forest,  may,  on 
account  of  being  such  a  conspicuous  land- 
mark, have  been  a  place  of  Indian  rendez- 
vous. 

Indian  Camps  and  Villages. — A  picture 
of  an  Indian  country  would  be  sadly  dis- 
appointing and  deficient  without  the  In- 
dian camps  and  villages,  and,  therefore.  I 
direct  your  attention  to  the  sites  of  such 
camps  an.l  villages  as  I  have  been  able 
to  locate  in  Evanston  and  vicinity. 

The  village  near  Bowmanville,  already 
referred  to,  was  designated  by  the  late  Karl 
Dilg,  in  an  article  published  in  "The  Lake 
View  Independent,"  as  "Chicago's  Great- 
est Indian  Village,"  and  it  is  quite  certain 
that  there  is  every  reason  for  giving  it  that 
name.  The  vast  number  and  variety  of  the 
weapons,  utensils,  chippings,  bits  of  pottery 
and  litter  of  many  descriptions  not  only  in- 


dicate an  unusual  population,  but  extended 
residence  for  a  very  long  space  of  time. 
Some  of  these  utensils  are  claimed  to  be 
pre-historic  and  very  ancient,  and  the  area 
covered  by  them,  extending  practically 
over  the  territory  from  Rose  Hill  Cemetery 
to  the  Xorth  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River, 
with  like  finds  as  far  north  as  High  Ridge, 
would  indicate  a  very  extensive  village. 
Another  populous  village  is  said  to  have 
been  at  Xiles  Center,  one  at  Forest  Glen, 
or  Edgebrook,  and  still  another  on  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  near 
the  Glen  View  golf-grounds.  One  of  these 
villages  is,  in  all  probability,  the  one  re- 
ferred to  in  Marquette's  diary  as  being  six 
leagues  (or  some  18  miles)  to  the  north. 
These  locations  by  Mr.  Dilg  are  further 
corroborated  by  Mr.  Albert  F.  Scharf,  who 
has  made  extensive  personal  examination 
of  the  ground,  and  has  shown  many  of  the 
locations  upon  a  map.  which  not  only  seems 
to  have  been  prepared  with  great  care,  but 
which  is,  in  many  instances  that  I  could 
name,  entirely  corroborated  by  other  inde- 
pendent investigations.  Mr.  Dilg  locates 
also  another  village  on  the  Ridge  Trail  at 
Rogers  Park,  which  he  says  is  practically 
a  continuation  of  this  Bowmanville  village, 
"as  there  are  chips  everywhere"  in  this  vi- 
cinity indicating  this  fact  and  such  inhabi- 
tants to  the  Evanston  City  Limits  on  "the 
Ridge" ;  and  further  claims  that  these  vil- 
lages are  of  great  antiquity,  reaching  back 
to  the  time  of  the  Mound  Builders,  and  cor- 
roborated, he  says,  by  tht  utensils  found, 
some  of  copper,  and  by  the  further  fact 
that  there  is  no  written  history  concerning 
any  such  population  as  must  have  lived  for 
a  long  space  of  time  in  this  locality. 

Whether  Mr.  Dilg  be  right  or  wrong  in 
these  conclusions,  it  is  certain  that  these 
were  populous  villages  in  times  of  which 
there  is  no  written  history  of  this  vicinity, 
and  these  same  localities  were  in  later  times 


46 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


favorite  camping  grounds  and  smaller  vil- 
lage sites  for  the  Pottawatomies,  as  is 
abundantly  shown  by  the  testimony  of 
many  early  pioneers  who  saw  them  here 
along  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River. 

Mr.  Budlong,  proprietor  of  the  present 
extensive  truck  farm,  or  garden,  at  Bow- 
manville,  very  recently  (1904)  in  excavat- 
ing a  gravel-pit,  unexpectedly  opened  and 
exposed  to  view  an  Indian  grave  of  more 
than  ordinary  interest.  The  grave  con- 
tained fourteen  skeletons  buried  in  a 
circle,  the  feet  without  exception  pointing 
toward  the  center.  Although  apparently 
well  preserved  when  uncovered,  they  soon 
crumbled  to  pieces  after  being  exposed  to 
the  air.  The  site  of  this  grave  is  about  ten 
rods  north  of  Foster  Avenue,  and  of  the 
center  of  Section  12  ;  and,  when  California 
Avenue  is  opened,  the  site  of  these  graves 
will  be  in  that  highway  (authority,  Wil- 
liam A.  Peterson,  who  pointed  out  the  lo- 
cation to  the  writer.)  It  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  these  fourteen  mute  tenants 
of  Mr.  Budlong's  gravel-pit  were  Potta- 
watomies, who  were  some  of  the  later  res- 
idents of  the  Bowmanville  Indian  Village. 

Two  small  villages  are  said  to  have  been 
located  at  Rogers  Park,  on  the  Indian 
boundary  line,  and  between  Clark  Street 
and  the  Lake,  one  of  them  within  the  pres- 
ent limits  of  Evanston  (authority,  Albert  F. 
Scharf's  map).  The  same  authority  lo- 
cates a  small  village  at  the  foot  of  Demp- 
ster Street,  in  Evanston,  which  must  have 
been  done  by  the  litter  of  a  temporary  vil- 
lage or  camp  that  was  there  about  the  year 
1840,  during  the  summer  season,  and  oc- 
cupied by  a  small  roving  band  of  Potta- 
watomie  fishermen,  described  by  an  Evans- 
ton  pioneer,  James  Carney,  who  visited  them. 
Still  another  small  village  was  on  the  north 
side  of  Hill  Street,  in  Wilmette,  about  300 
feet  east  of  Sheridan  Road,  on  the  north 


boundary   of   the   Evanston   golf-grounds, 
and  one  also  at  Gross  Point,  I  am  informed. 

In  1835,  when  the  Carney  family  first 
came  to  Evanston,  there  was,  at  about  the 
southwest  corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Wes- 
ley Avenue,  in  Evanston,  a  log  hut,  with 
roof  of  straw,  that  is  said  to  have  been 
constructed  by  Indians,  and  that  was,  in 
fact,  inhabited  by  them  (one  or  two  fam- 
ilies), for  quite  a  time  while  hunting  in 
the  vicinity. 

Immediately  north  of  Sheridan  Road, 
where  it  turns  to  the  west,  some  two  or 
three  blocks  north  of  the  Evanston  light- 
house, fronting  the  lake  shore  and  on  the 
property  belonging  to  Mr.  Charles  Deering, 
was  another  Indian  Village  consisting  of 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  wigwams.  It  must 
have  been  quite  a  permanent  place  of  abode, 
for  they  had  a  cornfield  there,  and  the 
mounds  showing  where  the  corn  grew 
in  rows  could  be  seen  but  a  few  years 
ago.  Mr.  James  Carney,  of  Evanston,  vis- 
ited this  village  when  a  small  boy,  and  has 
a  vivid  recollection  of  the  wigwams  built 
of  rushes  and  mats,  the  Indians,  their 
squaws,  the  children,  the  dogs,  and  espe- 
cially of  five  or  six  of  the  Indians  who  fol- 
lowed him  home  after  one  of  his  visits  to 
secure  a  certain  black  pup  to  which  they 
took  a  fancy,  which  Mrs.  Carney,  his 
mother,  gave  them,  much  to  his  disappoint- 
ment, for  he,  too,  was  fond  of  the  dog.  This 
was  done  while  James  was  in  hiding  in  a 
hay  stack  back  of  the  house. 

In  1852  Dr.  Henry  M.  Bannister  and  a 
companion,  while  hunting  on  the  Lake 
Shore  discovered  the  site  of  an  Indian  vil- 
lage immediately  south  of  what  is  now 
Greenleaf  Street  and  east  of  the  present 
Sheridan  Road  and  lying  east  of  the  shop 
or  chipping  station  before  described.  The 
site  was  well  defined,  not  only  by  the  fire 
places,  but  by  the  litter  of  many  kinds,  in- 
cluding broken  utensils  and  pottery.  This 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


47 


discovery  of  Dr.  Bannister's  has  received 
ample  corroboration  by  other  investiga- 
tions. 

Still  another  village  is  thus  described  by 
Mr.  B.  F.  Hill,  of  Evanston : 

"The  Indians  had  winter  quarters  at  Wil- 
mette  and  lived  in  wigwams  made  of  poles 
and  mats  of  rushes.  The  village  was 
where  the  Westerfield  place  used  to  be, 
near  the  present  intersection  of  Lake  Ave- 
nue and  Sheridan  Road.  It  was  their  cus- 
tom to  come  there  late  in  the  fall  and  stay 
for  the  winter."  (This  village  was  com- 
posed, not  only  of  Indians,  but  French  and 
half-breeds,  the  Ouilmettes  and  some  of  the 
Beaubiens  are  said  to  have  lived  with  them 
part  of  the  time). 

A  part  of  the  same  interview  with  Mr. 
Hill  is  also  of  interest  in  this  connection.  I 
quote  from  it  as  follows:  "Evanston  was 
quite  a  hunting  ground  for  the  Indians  on 
account  of  the  deer  being  plenty  there. 
During  the  early  years  of  my  residence  here 
Indians  were  coming  and  going  all  the 
time,  traveling  north  and  south  from 
Chicago,  Green  Bay  and  other  points,  in- 
cluding the  winter  village  at  Wilmette,  and 
to  and  from  the  lake  on  hunting  expedi- 
tions. The  last  band  that  I  remember  of 
seeing  was  some  time  in  the  early  for- 
ties ;  they  were  camping  temporarily  on  the 
side  of  the  road  and  at  about  what  is  now 
the  intersection  of  Lake  Avenue  and  Eighth 
Street  in  Wilmette. 

"I  remember  seeing  John  Kinzie  Clark, 
who  had  a  ranch  in  Northfield,  where  he 
raised  ponies,  on  one  occasion,  coming 
along  through  the  Wilmette  woods  with 
three  or  four  Indian  ponies.  He  was  a 
great  hunter,  and,  on  this  occasion,  had  three 
or  four  deer  tied  onto  the  backs  of  the  pon- 
ies. He  was  riding  one  pony  and  the  pony 
to  the  rear  had  his  bridle  tied  to  the  tail  of 
the  pony  Clark  was  riding,  and  the  whole 
string  was  thus  tied  together,  Indian  file  or 
tandem  fashion. 


"The  Indians  I  have  described  were  all 
Pottawatomies.  Roaming  bands  frequent- 
ly camped  near  my  father's  house  and 
would  call  and  trade."  ("Our  Indian  Pre- 
decessors," 23.) 

The  wigwams  of  all  these  North  Shore 
camps  and  villages  have,  like  their  builders, 
disappeared  forever  from  the  earth,  but  it 
is  a  pleasing  reverie  to  think  of  them  and 
of  the  forests  and  the  ridges  and  the  North 
Shore,  as  in  those  olden  days  they  used  to 
be. 

The  Indian  Mounds  and  Graves  of  the 
North  Shore  are  also  most  interesting  land 
marks.  Indian  graves  have  been  found  in 
Evanston  in  many  localities  along  the  lake 
front,  one  on  the  property  of  Dr.  Robert  D. 
Sheppard.  by  Mr.  C.  S.  Raddin  and  Dr. 
William  A.  Phillips,  two  by  my  father,  Al- 
din  J.  Grover,  in  the  year  1866,  in  laying 
the  foundation  for  "Heck  Hall,"  the  first 
building  constructed  on  the  Northwestern 
University  campus ;  two  more  about  a  block 
north  of  Mr.  Charles  Deering's  residence, 
on  the  bank  of  the  lake ;  another  in  the  ex- 
cavation for  the  foundation  of  James 
Rood's  building  on  Davis  Street,  some  ten 
years  ago. 

The  emblematic  or  totemic  mound,  in  the 
form  of  a  huge  lizard  that  was  under  the 
present  site  of  the  Wellington  Street  Sta- 
tion of  the  Northwestern  Elevated  Rail- 
road, may  well  be  classed  among  the  North 
Shore  landmarks,  and  I  was  informed  its 
existence  has  been  fully  authenticated.  An- 
other one  used  for  burial  purposes,  and 
now  also  obliterated,  was  located  near  the 
Saint  Paul  Railway  viaduct,  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  Ridge  Boulevard  in  Evanston.  This 
mound  was  excavated  some  fifty  years  ago 
by  Evanston  pioneers,  Joel  Stebbins,  Paul 
Pratt  and  James  Colvin,  who  found  a  col- 
lection of  "war  instruments  and  skeletons." 
(Authority,  James  Carney,  of  Evanston.) 

Another  landmark  that  may  well  be 
classed  under  this  heading  is  across  the  ra- 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


vine  from  the  residence  and  on  the  premises 
of  the  late  McGregor  Adams,  at  Highland 
Park,  which  is  circular  in  form,  and  about 
thirty  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  round  eleva- 
tion in  the  center,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
the  site  of  a  huge  wigwam  used  as  a  "coun- 
cil house,"  with  trails  leading  to  it  from 
the  west,  marked  by  the  trees  elsewhere  de- 
scribed. 

But  to  return  to  Evanston :  there  was  an 
Indian  cemetery  beside  the  Green  Bay  or 
Ridge  Avenue  trail,  some  four  or  five 
blocks  northwest  of  the  Evanston  light- 
house, and  extending  from  the  Evanston 
Hospital  north  to  the  lake,  terminating 
about  at  the  property  now  owned  by  Mr.  P. 
W.  Gates,  and  extending  across  the  eastern 
edge  of  the  Evanston  golf-grounds.  The 
last  burial  there  is  fully  described  in 
Frances  E.  VVillard's  history  of  Evanston, 
"The  Classic  Town"  (page  21).  The  last 
burial  in  this  cemetery  is  well  authenticated 
by  old  settlers. 

"This  Indian's  coffin  was  made  of  poles 
or  saplings,  laid  up  like  a  log  house  and 
bound  together  at  the  corners  with  withes 
of  bark,  and  the  top  was  also  of  poles  fas- 
tened in  like  manner.  With  him  was  bu- 
ried his  gun  and  tomahawk  and  his  dog. 
He  was  buried  in  a  sitting  posture,  above 
ground,  and  facing  the  east."  (See  Mr. 
Hill's  account  of  this  in  Miss  Willard's 
"Classic  Town.") 

Some  old  settlers  (then  boys)  were  kept 
awake  many  nights  by  visions  of  the  grin- 
ning skeleton,  which  they  saw  by  peeping 
through  the  cracks  between  the  poles, 
which  immediately  preceded  their  flight  in 
terror  to  their  home.  The  tomahawk  bu- 
ried with  this  Indian  was  found  on  the 
site  of  the  grave  of  this  identical  Indian  in 
1875,  and  is  now  the  property  of  the  Evans- 
ton  Historical  Society.  The  exact  site  of 
this  burial  is  on  the  west  side  of  Ridge 
Boulevard,  a  little  north  of  the  intersection 


of  Sheridan  Road  and  thirty  to  forty  feet 
south  of  Joseph  Nellessen's  house,  and  it 
may  be  of  interest  to  Evanston  golf  en- 
thusiasts, who  pursue  the  game  until  the 
shadows  of  evening  fall,  to  know  that  Hole 
or  Green  No.  9,  of  the  Evanston  Golf  Club's 
course,  is  within  less  than  fifty  feet  of  this 
former  sepulcher.  (Authority. 'B.  F.  Hill, 
who  saw,  when  a  boy,  the  grave,  procured 
the  tomahawk  and  presented  it  to  the  Ev- 
anston Society,  and  who  has  described  to 
the  writer  the  exact  location  as  deter- 
mined by  the  modern  landmarks  just 
mentioned.) 

The  many  burials,  so  wildly  scattered 
over  Evanston,  have  an  important  signifi- 
cance in  the  respect  that  they  indicate  more 
than  the  ordinary  scattering  Indian  popu- 
lation. 

Recollections  of  Later  Settlers. — In 
later  years  and.  even  as  late  as  1870,  single 
Indians  and  very  small  bands  or  families, 
came  through  Evanston,  traveling  to  and 
from  the  north  and  Chicago,  following  the 
railroad  and  the  lake.  I  have  personal  rec- 
ollection of  such  visitors  on  two  or  three 
occasions  between  1866  and  1870,  when 
they  would  camp  and  spend  the  night  un- 
der the  oaks  at  the  northeast  corner  of 
Sherman  Avenue  and  Lake  Street ;  but 
these  were  not  the  wild  prairie  Indians  of 
the  olden  time,  and  their  character  may  be 
illustrated  by  an  anecdote.  A  year  or  two 
ago  I  was  visiting  the  summer  home  of  a 
Kentucky  gentleman  on  Lake  Huron.  His 
family  had  a  colored  cook — "Aunt  Caro- 
line"— who  had  never  before  been  in  the 
North.  My  friend  had  in  his  employ,  about 
his  grounds,  several  half-breed  Chippewas 
(Ojilnvays).  The  next  morning,  after 
"Aunt  Caroline's"  arrival,  one  of  the  chil- 
dren of  the  family  tried  to  alarm  her  by 
saying  that  the  Indians  were  apt  to  scalp 
her.  to  which  she  replied:  "Law  no.  honey! 
them's  pet  Indians." 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


49 


Five  Great  Treaties — Removal  of  the 
Pottawatomies. — Five  important  treaties 
preceded  and  were  effective  in  divesting  the 
Pottawatomies  of  their  title  to  this  part  of 
the  land  of  the  Illinois.  The  first  was  the 
treaty  of  Greenville,  effected  by  William  H. 
Harrison,  as  aid-de-camp  to  Major-General 
Anthony  Wayne,  August  3,  1795,  by  which 
the  Indians  ceded  "one  piece  of  land  six 
miles  square  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chikago 
River,  emptying  into  the  southwest  end  of 
Lake  Michigan,  where  a  fort  formerly 
stood." 

The  second  was  the  treaty  of  Saint  Louis, 
concluded  August  24,  1816,  and  negotiated 
by  Gov.  N'in inn  Edwards,  by  which  the  In- 
dians ceded  twenty  miles  of  lake  front,  di- 
rectly south  of  Evanston,  and  a  great  ad- 
jacent territory  lying  to  the  west  and  south. 
The  northern  boundary  of  this  cession  (ten 
miles  north  of  the  Chicago  River)  is  what 
has  been  known  by  Ridgeville  and  Evans- 
ton  citizens,  for  some  fifty  years,  as  "the 
Indian  Boundary  line"  and  "Indian  Boun- 
dary Road,"  above  referred  to.  The  south- 
ern boundary  of  the  land  ceded  by  this 
treaty  began  on  the  lake  shore,  ten  miles 
south  of  the  Chicago  River.  The  Indians 
retained  by  the  provisions  of  this  treaty 
the  right  to  hunt  and  fish,  within  the  tract 
of  land  ceded,  "so  long  as  it  may  continue 
to  be  the  property  of  the  United  States." 
The  object  of  the  Government  in  securing 
this  land,  was  said  to  be  "to  construct  a 
military  road  to  facilitate  the  building  of 
the  proposed  ship  canal."  (Blanchard, 
supra,  419.) 

The  third  of  the  treaties  referred  to  was 
the  Treaty  of  Chicago,  concluded  August 
29,  1821,  by  which  the  Pottawatomies  ceded 
some  5,000,000  acres  of  land  in  Michigan, 
and  thus  began  the  most  important  cessions 
of  their  large  domain.  It  was  at  Chicago 
at  this  time  that  the  Pottawatomie  Chief 
Me-te-a  made  his  eloquent  and  historical 


speech,  so  often  quoted  by  Indian  histori- 
ans. It  is  of  interest  to  show  the  feeling  of 
the  Pottawatomies  in  regard  to  parting 
with  their  lands.  The  following  quotations 
are  from  Samuel  G.  Drake's  "Book  of  the 
Indians": 

"You  know  that  we  first  came  to  this  country 
a  long  time  ago,  and  when  we  sat  ourselves  down 
upon  it,  we  met  with  a  great  many  hardships  and 
difficulties.  Our  country  was  then  very  large ;  but 
it  has  dwindled  away  to  a  small  spot,  and  you 
wish  to  purchase  that.  .  .  .  We  have  brought  all 
the  warriors  and  the  young  men  and  women  of 
our  tribe  that  one  part  may  not  do  what  the  oth- 
ers object  to.  ...  Our  country  was  given  to  us 
by  the  Great  Spirit,  who  gave  it  to  us  to  hunt 
upon,  to  make  our  cornfields  upon,  to  live  upon, 
and  to  make  our  beds  upon  when  we  die,  and  He 
would  never  forgive  us  should  we  bargain  it 
away.  When  you  first  spoke  to  us  of  lands  at  St. 
Mary's  we  said  we  had  a  little  and  agreed  to  sell 
you  a  piece  of  it ;  but  we  told  you  we  could  spare 
no  more.  Now  you  ask  us  again.  You  are  never 
satisfied.  We  have  sold  you  a  great  tract  of  land 
already,  but  it  is  not  enough.  .  .  .  You  are  grad- 
ually taking  away  our  hunting  grounds.  Your 
children  are  driving  us  before  them.  We  are 
growing  uneasy.  What  lands  you  have  you  can 
retain  forever,  but  we  shall  sell  no  more.  You 
think,  perhaps,  that  I  speak  in  passion,  but  my 
heart  is  good  towards  you.  I  speak  like  one  of 
your  own  children.  I  am  an  Indian,  a  red-skin, 
and  live  by  hunting  and  fishing,  but  my  country  is 
already  too  small,  and  I  do  not  know  how  to  bring 
up  my  children  if  I  give  it  all  away.  .  .  .  We 
speak  to  you  with  a  good  heart  and  the  feelings  of 
a  friend.  You  are  acquainted  with  this  piece  of 
land — the  country  we  live  in.  Shall  we  give  it 
up?  Take  notice  it  is  a  small  piece  of  land,  and 
if  we  give  it  away  what  will  become  of  us?  .  .  . 
If  we  had  more  land,  you  should  get  more,  but 
our  land  has  been  wasting  away  ever  since  the 
white  people  became  our  neighbors  and  we  now 
have  hardly  enough  left  to  cover  the  bones  of  our 
tribe.  You  are  in  the  midst  of  your  red  children. 
We  all  shake  hands  with  you.  Behold  our  war- 
riors, our  women  and  children.  Take  pity  on 
us  and  on  our  words." 

The  fourth  of  the  treaties  in  question  was 
that  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  concluded  July  29, 
1829,  ceding  the  lake  front  from  Kenilworth 
to  Rogers  Park,  including  Wilmette  and 
Evanston  and  lands  to  the  west,  fully  men- 
tioned in  references  to  Ouilmette,  his  fam- 
ily and  Reservation. 

The  fifth  of  the  treaties  mentioned  was 
the  final  treaty  of  Chicago,  concluded  Sep- 
tember 26,  1833,  by  which  the  Pottawato- 
mies ceded  to  the  United  States  all  that 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


remained  of  their  lands  in  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin ("supposed  to  contain,"  the  treaty 
says,  "about  five  million  acres"),  and  which 
provided  for  and  resulted  in  their  removal 
from  Illinois  and  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

There  is  a  very  numerous  class  of  Ameri- 
can writers  who  have  little  or  no  sympa- 
thy with  the  Indian  or  his  supposed  rights ; 
they  look  upon  him  and  the  land  he  has  oc- 
cupied as  not  only  the  inevitable,  but  the 
just  spoil  of  advancing  civilization.  It  must, 
however,  be  a  man  with  a  heart  of  stone 
that  could  view,  without  some  feeling  of 
sentiment,  this  once  proud  and  powerful  na- 
tion, compelled  by  circumstance  to  which 
they  had  made  no  contribution,  to  desert  the 
land  of  their  fathers  and  terminate  a  resi- 
dence of  more  than  a  century  and  a  half,  at 
the  demand  of  more  powerful  masters. 

Chicago  in  1833  was  an  insignificant 
frontier  village :  but  it  was  then  the  scene 
of  a  great  and  historic  drama,  both  pictur- 
esque and  pathetic.  At  the  time  the  treaty 
was  concluded  an  English  writer,  a  gentle- 
man of  learning — Charles  J.  Latrobe — was 
making  a  tour  of  this  country,  and  was  in 
Chicago.  In  a  book  dedicated  to  Washing- 
ton Irving,  entitled  "Rambler,"  printed  in 
London  in  1835,  he  describes  the  scene  from 
which  I  quote: 

"When  within  five  miles  of  Chicago  we  came  to 
the  first  Indian  encampment ;  five  thousand  Indians 
were  said  to  be  collected  around  this  little  upstart 
village. 

"We  found  the  village  on  our  arrival  crowded 
to  excess,  and  we  procured  with  great  difficulty  a 
small  apartment,  comfortless  and  noisy  from  its 
close  proximity  to  others,  but  quite  as  good  as  we 
could  have  hoped  for.  The  Pottawatomies  were 
encamped  on  all  sides — on  the  wide  level  prairie 
beyond  the  scattered  village,  beneath  the  shelter 
of  the  low  woods  on  the  side  of  the  small  river, 
or  to  the  leeward  of  the  sand  hills  near  the  beach 
of  the  lake.  They  consisted  of  three  principal 
tribes  with  certain  adjuncts  from  smaller  tribes. 
The  main  divisions  are,  the  Pottawatomies  of  the 
prairie  and  those  of  the  forest,  and  these  are  sub- 
divided into  distinct  villages  under  their  several 
chiefs.  .  .  . 

"A  preliminary  council  had  been  held  with  the 
chiefs  some  days  before  our  arrival.  The  princi- 
pal commissioner  had  opened  it,  as  we  learned,  by 


stating  that,  'as  their  great  father  in  Washington 
had  heard  that  they  wished  to  sell  their  land,  he 
had  sent  Commissioners  to  treat  with  them.'  The 
Indians  promptly  answered  by  their  organ  'that 
their  great  father  in  Washington  must  have  seen  a 
bad  bird  which  had  told  him  a  lie,  for  that,  far 
from  wishing  to  sell  their  land,  they  wished  to 
keep  it.'  The  commissioner,  nothing  daunted,  re- 
plied :  'That  nevertheless,  as  they  had  come  to- 
gether for  a  council,  they  must  take  the  matter 
into  consideration.'  He  then  explained  to  them 
promptly  the  wishes  and  intentions  of  their  great 
father,  and  asked  their  opinion  thereon.  Thus 
pressed,  they  looked  at  the  sky,  saw  a  few  wander- 
ing clouds,  and  straightway  adjourned  sine  die, 
as  the  weather  is  not  clear  enough  for  so  solemn 
a  council. 

"However,  as  the  treaty  had  been  opened,  pro- 
vision was  supplied  to  them  by  regular  rations; 
and  the  same  night  they  had  great  rejoicing — 
danced  the  war  dance,  and  kept  the  eyes  and  ears 
of  all  open  by  running  and  howling  about  the 
village. 

"Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  on  our  arrival. 
Companies  of  old  warriors  might  be  seen  sitting 
smoking  under  every  bush,  arguing,  palavering  or 
'pow-wowing'  with  great  earnestness;  but  there 
seemed  no  possibility  of  bringing  them  to  another 
council  in  a  hurry.  .  . 

"Next  in  rank  to  the  officers  and  commissioners, 
may  be  noticed  certain  store-keepers  and  mer- 
chants here;  looking  either  to  the  influx  of  new 
settlers  establishing  themselves  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, or  those  passing  yet  further  to  the  westward, 
for  custom  and  profit ;  not  to  forget  the  chance  of 
extraordinary  occasions  like  the  present.  Add  to 
these  a  doctor  or  two,  two  or  three  lawyers,  a 
land  agent,  and  five  or  six  hotel-keepers.  These 
may  be  considered  as  stationary,  and  proprietors 
of  the  half  a  hundred  clap-board  houses  around 
you. 

"Then,  for  the  birds  of  passage— exclusive 
of  the  Pottawatomies,  of  whom  more  anon — and 
emigrants  and  land  speculators  as  numerous  as  the 
sands.  You  will  find  horse-dealers  and  horse- 
stealers;  rogues  of  every  description,  white,  black, 
brown,  and  red ;  half-breeds,  quarter-breeds,  and 
men  of  no  breed  at  all;  dealers  in  pigs,  poultry 
and  potatoes;  men  pursuing  Indian  claims,  some 
for  tracts  of  land,  others,  like  our  friend  Snipe 
(one  of  his  stage  coach  companions  on  the  way), 
for  pigs  which  wolves  had  eaten,  creditors  of  the 
tribes  or  of  particular  Indians,  who  know  that  they 
have  no  chance  of  getting  their  money,  if  they  do 
not  get  it  from  the  government  agents — sharpers 
of  every  degree;  peddlers,  grog-sellers,  Indian 
agents  and  Indian  traders  of  every  description, 
and  contractors  to  supply  the  Pottawatomies  with 
food.  The  little  village  was  in  an  uproar  from 
morning  to  night,  and  from  night  to  morning ;  for, 
during  the  hours  of  darkness,  when  the  housed 
portion  of  the  population  of  Chicago  strove  to  ob- 
tain repose  in  the  crowded  plank  edifices  of  the 
village,  the  Indians  howled,  sang,  wept,  yelled  and 
whooped  in  their  various  encampments. 

"I  loved  to  stroll  out  toward  sunset  across  the 
river,  and  gaze  upon  the  level  horizon,  stretching 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


to  the  northwest  over  the  surface  of  the  prairie, 
dotted  with  innumerable  objects  far  and  near. 
Not  far  from  the  river  lay  many  groups  of  tents 
constructed  of  coarse  canvas,  blankets  and  mats, 
and  surmounted  by  poles  supporting  meat,  moc- 
casins and  rags.  Their  vicinity  was  always  en- 
livened by  various  painted  Indian  figures,  dressed 
in  the  most  gaudy  attire.  The  interior  of  the  hov- 
els generally  displayed  a  confined  area,  perhaps 
covered  with  a  few  half-rotten  mats  or  shavings, 
upon  which  men,  women,  children  and  baggage 
were  heaped  pell-mell. 

"Far  and  wide  the  grassy  prairie  teemed  with 
figures ;  warriors  mounted  or  on  foot,  squaws  and 
horses;  here  a  race  between  three  or  four  Indian 
ponies,  each  carrying  a  double  rider,  whooping  and 
yelling  like  fiends ;  there  a  solitary  horseman  with 
a  long  spear,  turbaned  like  an  Arab,  scouring 
along  at  full  speed ;  groups  of  hobbled  horses,  In- 
dian dogs  and  children,  or  a  grave  conclave  of 
gray  chiefs  seated  on  the  grass  in  consultation. 

"It  was  amusing  to  wind  silently  from  group  to 
group — here  noting  the  raised  knife,  the  sudden 
drunken  brawl,  quashed  by  the  good-natured  and 
even  playful  interference  of  the  neighbors;  there 
a  party  breaking  up  their  encampment,  and  falling 
with  their  little  train  of  loaded  ponies  and  wolfish 
dogs  into  the  deep,  black  narrow  trail  running  to 
the  north.  You  peep  into  a  wigwam  and  see  a 
domestic  feud ;  the  chief  sitting  in  dogged  silence 
on  the  mat,  while  the  women,  of  which  there  were 
commonly  two  or  three  in  every  dwelling,  and  who 
appeared  every  evening  more  elevated  with  the 
fumes  of  whisky  than  the  males,  read  him  a  lect- 
ure. From  another  tent  a  constant  voice  of 
wrangling  and  weeping  would  proceed,  when  sud- 
denly an  offended  fair  one  would  draw  the  mat 
aside,  and  taking  a  youth  standing  without  by  the 
hand,  lead  him  apart  and  sitting  down  on  the 
grass,  set  up  the  most  indescriable  whine  as  she 
told  her  grief.  Then  forward  comes  an  Indian, 
staggering  with  his  chum  from  a  debauch;  he  is 
met  by  his  squaw,  with  her  child  dangling  in  a 
fold  of  her  blanket  behind,  and  the  sobbing  and 
weeping  which  accompanies  her  whining  appeal  to 
him,  as  she  hangs  to  his  hand,  would  melt  your 
heart,  if  you  did  not  see  that  she  was  quite  as  tipsy 
as  himself.  .  .  . 

"It  is  a  grievous  thing  that  the  government  is 
not  strong-handed  enough  to  put  a  stop  to  the 
shameful  and  scandalous  sale  of  whisky  to  those 
poor,  miserable  wretches.  But  here  lie  casks  of 
it  for  sale  under  the  very  eyes  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, met  together  for  purposes  which  demand 
that  sobriety  should  be  maintained,  were  it  only 
that  no  one  should  be  able  to  lay  at  their  door  an 
accusation  of  unfair  dealing,  and  of  having  taken 
advantage  of  the  helpless  Indian  in  a  bargain, 
whereby  the  people  of  the  United  States  were  to 
be  so  greatly  the  gainers.  .  .  . 

"Day  after  day  passed.  It  was  in  vain  that  the 
signal  gun  from  the  fort  gave  notice  of  an  as- 
semblage of  chiefs  at  the  council  fire.  Reasons 
were  always  found  for  its  delay.  One  day  an  in- 
fluential chief  was  not  in  the  way;  another,  the 
sky  looked  cloudy,  and  the  Indian  never  performs 
an  important  business  except  the  sky  be  clear.  At 


length,  on  September  21st,  the  Pottawatomies  re- 
solved to  meet  the  Commissioners.  We  were 
politely  invited  to  be  present. 

"The  council  fire  was  lighted  under  a  spacious 
open  shed  on  the  green  meadow,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river  from  that  on  which  the  fort 
stood.  From  the  difficulty  of  getting  all  together, 
i:  was  late  in  the  afternoon  when  they  assembled. 
There  might  be  twenty  or  thirty  chiefs  present, 
seated  at  the  lower  end  of  the  enclosure,  while  the 
commissioners,  interpreters,  etc.,  were  at  the  up- 
per. The  palaver  was  opened  by  the  principal 
Commissioner.  .  .  . 

"The  relative  positions  of  the  Commissioners 
and  the  whites  before  the  council  fire,  and  that  of 
the  red  children  of  the  forest  and  prairie,  were  to 
me  strikingly  impressive.  The  glorious  light  of 
the  setting  sun  streaming  in  under  the  low  roof  of 
the  council  house,  fell  full  on  the  countenances  of 
the  former  as  they  faced  the  west — while  the  pale 
light  of  the  east  hardly  lighted  up  the  dark  and 
painted  lineaments  of  the  poor  Indians,  whose 
souls  evidently  clave  to  their  birthright  in  that 
quarter.  Even  though  convinced  of  the  necessity 
of  their  removal,  my  heart  bled  for  them  in  their 
desolation  and  decline.  Ignorant  and  degraded 
as  they  may  have  been  in  their  original  state,  their 
degradation  is  now  ten-fold,  after  years  of  inter- 
course with  the  whites;  and  their  speedy  disap- 
pearance from  the  earth  appears  as  certain  as 
though  it  were  already  sealed  and  accomplished. 

"Your  own  reflections  will  lead  you  to  form  the 
conclusion — and  it  will  be  a  just  one — that  even 
if  he  had  the  will,  the  power  would  be  wanting  for 
the  Indian  to  keep  his  territory,  and  that  the  busi- 
ness of  arranging  the  terms  of  an  Indian  treaty — 
whatever  it  might  have  been  two  hundred  years 
ago,  while  the  Indian  tribes  had  not,  as  now, 
thrown  aside  the  rude  but  vigorous  intellectual 
character  which  distinguished  many  among  them 
— now  lies  chiefly  between  the  various  traders, 
agents,  creditors  and  balf-breeds  of  the  tribes, 
on  whom  custom  and  necessity  have  made  the  de- 
graded chiefs  dependent,  and  the  Government 
agents.  When  the  former  have  seen  matters  so 
far  arranged  their  self-interests  and  various 
schemes  and  claims  are  likely  to  be  fulfilled  and 
allowed  to  their  hearts'  content,  the  silent  acqui- 
escence of  the  Indian  follows  of  course;  and  till 
this  is  the  case,  the  treaty  can  never  be  amicably 
effected.  In  fine,  before  we  quitted  Chicago  on 
the  25th.  three  or  four  days  later,  the  treaty  with 
the  Pottawatomies  was  concluded — the  Commis- 
sioners putting  their  hands,  and  the  assembled 
chief  their  paws,  to  the  same." 

Thus,  as  so  ably  described  by  the  English 
writer,  was  consummated  the  transfer  by 
which  Illinois  ceased  to  be  the  land  of  the 
Indian.  The  Indians  received  as  compensa- 
tion for  this  vast  grant  $100,000  "to  satisfy 
sundry  individuals  in  behalf  of  whom  res- 
ervations were  asked,  which  the  Commis- 
sioners refused  to  grant";  $175,000  to  "sat- 


OUR  INDIAN  PREDECESSORS 


isfy  the  claims  made  against"  the  Indians ; 
$100,000  to  be  paid  in  goods  and  provisions ; 
$280,000  to  be  paid  in  an  annuity  of  $14,000 
each  year  for  twenty  years;  $150,000  "to 
be  applied  to  the  erection  of  mills,  farm 
houses,  Indian  houses,  blacksmith  shops,  ag- 
ricultural improvements,"  etc.,  and  $70,000 
"for  purposes  of  education  and  the  encour- 
agement of  the  domestic  arts." 

One  remarkable  feature  of  this  treaty  is 
the  fact  that,  by  its  provisions,  some  five 
hundred  to  one  thousand  persons,  most  of 
them  with  no  Indian  blood  in  their  veins, 
derived  personal  gain  from  the  transaction ; 
the  allowance  and  payment  of  individual 
claims  ranging  in  amount  from  a  few  dol- 
lars to  many  thousands,  and,  as  already 
noted,  about  one-third  of  the  cash  consider- 
ation was  thus  disbursed.  Among  the  in- 
dividual beneficiaries  also  appear  the  follow- 
ing: Alexander  Robinson,  $10,000  cash 
and  $300  annuity,  "in  addition  to  annuities 
already  granted" ;  Billy  Caldwell,  $10,000 
cash  and  $400  annuity,  "in  addition  to  an- 
nuities already  granted" ;  John  Kinzie 
Clark,  $400;  allowances  to  Ouilmette  and 
his  family,  already  noted ;  "John  K.  Clark's 
Indian  children  $400"  (John  Kinzie  Clark 
— see  B.  F.  Hill's  interview  supra),  and 
various  allowances  to  the  Kinzie  family. 

The  mere  reading  of  the  treaty  demon- 
strates that  the  "birds  of  pasage,"  "land 
speculators,"  "men  pursuing  Indian  claims," 
"creditors  of  the  tribe,"  "sharpers  of  every 
degree,"  and  "Indian  traders  of  every 
description,"  so  graphically  described  by 
the  English  tourist,  constituted  no  small 


minority  of  the  assembly  at  Chicago  on  this 
occasion,  or  of  those  who  had  to  do  with 
framing  that  part  of  the  treaty  that  pro- 
vided for  the  payment  of  individual  claims. 

Three  years  after  the  signing  of  this  last 
treaty  and  in  the  years  1835  and  1836,  the 
Pottawatomies — or  at  least  the  most  of 
them — then  some  5,000  in  number,  were  re- 
moved west  of  the  Mississippi,  into  Mis- 
souri, near  Fort  Leavenworth.  They  re- 
mained there  but  a  year  or  two  on  account 
of  the  hostility  of  the  frontier  settlers,  and 
were  again  removed  to  Council  Bluffs,  and 
in  a  few  years  again  to  a  reservation  in 
Kansas,  where  three  or  four  hundred  of 
their  number  still  exist,  while  others  are  in 
the  Indian  Territory.  Their  history  since 
leaving  Illinois  has  been  in  the  main  that 
of  all  the  Indian  tribes — a  steady  dwindling, 
until  less  than  what  was  one-fourth  of 
their  numbers  in  1836  now  remain. 

These  transactions  are  all  within  the 
memory  of  many  living  citizens.  A  little 
more  than  half  a  century  has  rolled  by  since 
these  children  of  the  prairie  and  of  the  for- 
est took  their  farewell  look  at  old  Lake 
Michigan  and  crossed,  for  the  last  time,  in 
their  westward  journey,  the  plains  and 
woods  and  streams  of  the  land  of  the  Illi- 
nois. Their  fathers  entered  here  with  strong 
and  bloody  hands;  peacably,  yet  by  still 
stronger  hands,  have  they  gone  the  way  of 
all  their  race.  They  have  caused  the  white 
man  to  hear  and  to  speak  of  the  last  of  the 
Illinois ;  and  soon — too  soon — will  the  white 
man  also  hear  of  the  last  of  the  Pottawa- 
tomies. 


CHAPTER   III. 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


The  Beginning — First  Meeting  of  fhe 
Founders — Prime  Movers  in  the  Enter- 
prise— Resolutions  and  Draft  of  Charter 
Adopted — The  Legislature  Acts — First 
Board  of  Trustees — Organisation  Ef- 
fected— Search  for  a  Site  for  the  New 
Institution — The  Present  Location  at  Ev- 
anston  Finally  Selected — Acquisition  of 
Lands — Valuable  Real  Estate  in  Chicago 
Retained  as  Part  of  the  Endowment — 
Election  of  a  President  is  Decided  Upon. 

Most  American  Universities  that  have 
attained  to  a  position  of  strength  and  wide 
usefulness  have  had  humble  beginnings, 
and  have  gathered  volume  and  momentum 
through  a  long  period  of  years.  They  have 
acquired,  too,  in  that  time,  a  style  and  a 
spirit,  all  their  own,  which  it  is  difficult  to 
portray  in  words.  It  needs  the  experience 
and  interest  of  an  alumnus  to  give  life  to 
what  would  be  the  dreary  details  of  its 
progress ;  yet  these  details  are  what  we  call 
history.  They  are  the  footprints  of  its  for- 
ward march.  What  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity is  now,  is — to  most  of  us — the  thing 
that  makes  the  story  of  interest.  This  will 
be  hinted  at  in  the  progress  of  this  narra- 
tion, and  will  be  told  more  fully  by  other 
writers.  The  period  of  the  existence  of 
Northwestern  University  has  been  under 
the  close  observation  of  men  now  living. 
One  of  its  original  founders — then  a  young 


man,  now  full  of  years — still  tarries  among 
us,  and  some  of  its  earliest  graduates  are 
still  in  the  vigor  of  life.  Its  records  are  all 
accessible,  unfaded  as  if  written  only  yes- 
terday. Its  growth  coincides  with  that  of 
the  town  in  which  it  is  located  and  the 
neighboring  city.  It  is  a  perilous  task  to 
deal  with  names  so  familiar  as  the  names  of 
the  men  who  have  chiefly  wrought  out  its 
fortunes,  or  with  events  so  recent  We  can 
deal  more  bravely,  and  perhaps  more  freely, 
with  men  and  events  of  a  few  centuries 
gone. 

First  Meeting  of  the  Founders. — It  was 
on  May  31,  1850,  that  a  little  company  of 
men  gathered  by  appointment  in  the  dingy 
law  office  of  Grant  Goodrich,  on  Lake 
Street,  between  Clark  and  Dearborn,  in  the 
City  of  Chicago,  over  the  hardware  store 
of  Jabez  K.  Botsford.  That  region  was 
then  the  very  heart  of  the  business  life  of 
Chicago.  These  men  were  convened  for 
the  ambitious  purpose  of  establishing  a  uni- 
versity at  what  they  considered  the  Center 
of  Influence  in  the  Northwest,  under  the 
patronage  and  government  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  Chicago  then  had  three 
Methodist  Churches:  Clark  Street,  the 
munificent  Mother  of  Chicago  Methodism, 
on  the  South  Side;  Canal  Street  on  the 
West  Side;  and  Indiana  Street  Chapel  on 
the  North  Side.  The  men  present  were 
representatives  of  those  churches.  The 


53 


54 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


most  positive  and  aggressive  among  them 
were  Grant  Goodrich  and  John  Evans.  The 
latter  was  most  likely  the  leader,  for  he  was 
a  man  who  dreamed  great  dreams,  and  then 
set  to  work  to  realize  them.  The  roll  of  the 
founders  who  disposed  themselves  in  the  law 
office  that  day  were:  Rev.  Richard  Haney, 
then  pastor  of  Clark  Street  Church;  Rev. 
R.  K.  Blanchard,  Pastor  of  Canal  Street 
Church;  Rev.  Zadok  Hall,  Pastor  of  In- 
diana Street  Church ;  Grant  Goodrich,  An- 
drew J.  Brown,  John  Evans,  Orrington 
Lunt,  Jabez  K.  Botsford  and  Henry  W. 
Clark ;  three  ministers  of  the  gospel,  three 
attorneys,  one  physician  and  two  mer- 
chants evidenced  that  the  future  would 
not  neglect  the  departments  of  Theology, 
Medicine,  Law  and,  possibly,  Commerce. 
These  were  devoted  men,  men  of  zeal,  en- 
thusiastic Methodist  Christians  who  had 
faith  in  the  future  and  wished  their  church, 
in  its  educational  work,  to  share  in  the  op- 
portunities they  believed  the  future  had  in 
store.  There  was,  at  that  time,  no  institu- 
tion of  college  rank  nearer  than  Galesburg, 
Illinois,  where  Knox  College  was  situated. 
The  only  other  colleges  in  the  State  at  that 
time  were  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville. 
Shurtleff  at  Alton,  and  McKendree  at 
Lebanon  ;  and  inasmuch  as  Chicago  was  to 
be  the  metropolis  of  the  Northwest  and  a 
great  center  of  population,  it  should  also 
be  a  seat  of  learning. 

The  chair  was  taken  by  Grant  Goodrich. 
The  work  of  the  meeting  had  been  cut  and 
dried.  Brother  Goodrich  had  a  little  paper 
in  his  pocket  which  he  was  prepared  to  read, 
explaining  the  purpose  of  their  gathering. 
He  was  the  Methodist  attorney  of  Chicago. 
There  were  other  Methodist  lawyers  in 
Chicago,  but  he  over-topped  them ;  he  was 
earlier  in  the  field ;  keen,  combative,  per- 
sistent, devoted  to  his  clients  and  of  stain- 
less honor,  a  man  who  wanted  his  own  way 
and  fought  for  it.  There  were  men  in 


that  company  who  would  give  Brother 
Goodrich  good  battle  if  he  left  any  weak 
points  exposed,  notably  Dr.  Evans,  who  had 
a  mind  of  his  own  and  no  hesitancy  or  lack 
of  skill  in  expressing  it.  The  scheme  of 
Northwestern  University  bears  the  marks 
of  his  far-seeing  mind,  whose  plans  were 
uniformly  bold  and  full  of  faith,  and  which, 
with  the  added  element  of  time,  have,  in 
almost  every  scheme  with  which  he  was 
connected,  achieved  a  splendid  result. 

Steps  Taken  for  Founding  the  Univer- 
sity.— The  purpose  of  the  meeting  was 
briefly  explained.  Andrew  J.  Brown  was 
made  Secretary,  and  then  the  paper  was 
produced — the  first  formal  step  in  the 
establishment  of  the  University.  That 
paper  read  as  follows : 

"\\"HEREAS,  The  interests  of  sanctified  learning 
require  the  immediate  establishment  of  a  univer- 
sity in  the  Northwest,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church : 

"Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed 
to  prepare  a  draft  of  a  charter  to  incorporate  a 
literary  university,  to  be  located  at  Chicago,  to 
be  under  the  control  and  patronage  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
next  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

"Retailed,  That  said  committee  memorialize 
the  Rock  River,  Wisconsin,  Michigan  and  North 
Indiana  Conferences  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  to  mutually  take  part  in  the  government 
and  patronage  of  said  university. 

"Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  ap- 
pointed to  ascertain  what  amount  can  be  obtained 
for  the  erection  and  endowment  of  said  institu- 
tion." 

These  resolutions  were  spoken  to  by 
Rev.  Richard  Haney,  the  foremost  preacher 
in  Rock  River  Conference,  at  that  early 
day  pastor  of  its  leading  pulpit,  a  man  of 
commanding  presence  and  persuasive 
speech,  and  very  loyal  to  his  church  and  all 
her  agencies,  against  whom  posterity  has  no 
charge  to  make  that  he  did  not  labor  tire- 
lessly or  wisely,  or  plan  broadly  for  the 
coming  years,  and  a  man  who  was  destined 


w 

•5 


\(  iRTIIVv  KSTKKX    L'XI\ T.RSITY 


most  positive  and  aggressive  among  them 
were  Grant  Goodrich  and  John  Evans.  The 
latter  was  most  likely  the  leader,  for  he  was 
a  man  who  dreamed  great  dreams,  and  then 
set  to  work  to  realize  them.  The  roll  of  the 
founders  who  disposed  themselves  in  the  law 
office  that  day  were:  Rev.  Richard  Haney, 
then  pastor  of  Clark  Street  Church ;  Rev. 
R.  K.  IJlanchard,  Pastor  of  Canal  Street 
Church:  Rev.  Zadok  Hall,  Pastor  of  In- 
diana Street  Church:  Grant  Goodrich.  An- 
drew J.  Brown.  John  Evans,  Orrington 
Lunt,  Jabez  K.  Botsford  and  Henry  \V. 
Clark;  three  ministers  of  the  gospel,  three 
attorneys,  one  physician  and  two  mer- 
chants evidenced  that  the  future  would 
not  neglect  the  departments  of  Theology, 
Medicine,  Law  and,  possibly.  Commerce. 
These  were  devoted  men,  men  of  zeal,  en- 
thusiastic Methodist  Christians  who  had 
faith  in  the  future  and  wished  their  church, 
in  its  educational  work,  to  share  in  the  op- 
portunities they  believed  the  future  had  in 
store.  There  was,  at  that  time,  no  institu- 
tion of  college  rank  nearer  than  Galesburg. 
Illinois,  where  Knox  College  was  situated. 
The  only  other  colleges  in  the  State  at  that 
time  were  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville. 
ShurtlerT  at  Alton,  and  McKendrec  at 
Lebanon  :  and  inasmuch  as  Chicago  was  to 
be  the  metropolis  of  the  Northwest  and  a 
great  center  of  population,  it  should  also 
be  a  seat  of  learning. 

The  chair  was  taken  by  ( Irani  Goodrich. 
The  work  of  the  meeting  had  been  cut  and 
dried.  Brother  Goodrich  had  a  little  paper 
in  his  pocket  which  he  was  prepared  to  read. 
explaining  the  purpose  of  their  gathering. 
He  was  the  Methodist  attorney  of  Chicago. 
There  were  other  Methodist  lawyers  in 
Chicago,  but  he  over-topped  them  :  he  was 
earlier  in  the  field ;  keen,  combative,  per- 
sistent, devoted  to  his  clients  and  of  stain- 
less honor,  a  man  who  wanted  his  own  way 
and  fought  for  it.  There  were  men  in 


that  companv  \\lio  would  give  Brother 
Goodrich  good  battle  if  he  left  any  weak 
points  exposed,  notably  Dr.  Evans,  who  had 
a  mind  of  his  own  and  no  hcsitancv  or  lack 
of  skill  in  expressing  it.  The  scheme  of 
Northwestern  University  bears  the  marks 
of  his  far-seeing  mind,  whose  plans  were 
uniformly  bold  and  full  of  faith,  and  which, 
with  the  added  element  of  time.  have,  in 
almost  every  scheme  with  uhich  he  wa.-. 
connected,  achieved  a  splendid  result. 

Steps  Taken  for  Founding  the  Univer- 
sity.— The  purpose  of  the  meeting  was 
briefly  explained.  Andrew  J.  Brown  was 
made  Secretary,  and  then  the  paper  was 
produced — the  first  formal  step  in  the 
establishment  of  the  I'niversity.  That 
paper  read  as  follows  : 

"\\UIREAS.  Tin-  interests  of  sanctified  learnini; 
require  the  immediate  establishment  of  a  univer- 
sity in  the  Northwest,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  : 

"Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed 
to  prepare  a  draft  of  a  ciiarter  to  incorporate  a 
literary  university,  to  be  located  at  Chicago,  to 
be  under  the  control  and  patronage  of  the  Meth- 
odist  Episcopal  Church,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
next  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois 

"Retailed,  That  said  committee  mcmoriah/e 
the  Rock  River.  Wisconsin.  Michigan  and  North 
Indiana  Conferences  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  to  mutually  take  part  in  the  government 
and  patronage  of  said  university. 

"Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  lie  ap 
pointed  to  ascertain  what  amount  can  be  obtained 
for  the  erection  and  endowment  of  said  institu- 
tion." 

These  resolutions  were  spoken  to  bv 
Rev.  Richard  I  fancy,  the  foremost  preacher 
in  Rock  River  Conference,  at  that  early 
day  pastor  of  its  leading  pulpit,  a  man  of 
commanding  presence  and  persuasive 
speech,  and  very  loyal  to  his  church  and  all 
her  agencies,  against  whom  posterity  has  no 
charge  to  make  that  he  did  not  labor  tire- 
lessly  or  wisely,  or  plan  broadlv  for  the 
coming  years,  and  a  man  who  wa>  destined 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


55 


to  be  associated  with  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, as  a  Trustee,  till  his  death,  and  who, 
during  that  time,  never  missed  an  annual 
meeting  of  its  Board  of  Trustees,  save  one, 
when  sickness  interfered. 

Then  Dr.  Evans  spoke,  with  kindling  eye 
and  with  the  fervid  speech  of  a  great  pro- 
moter. He  saw  the  future  in  the  instant. 
He  would  associate  the  cause  of  education 
with  the  inevitable  growth  of  Chicago  and 
the  increase  of  values  of  property.  Let 
men  sacrifice  something  now,  and  the  com- 
ing peoples  would  pay  tribute  to  their  de- 
votion and  sagacity,  was  the  burden  of  his 
speech. 

The  resolutions  were  unanimously 
adopted.  The  two  committees  suggested 
were  appointed:  First,  On  the  Charter — 
John  Evans,  A.  J.  Brown,  E.  G.  Meek,  A. 
S.  Sherman  and  Grant  Goodrich ;  Second, 
On  Co-operation  of  Northwest  Conferences 
—Rev.  R.  Haney,  Rev.  R.  H.  Blanchard 
and  Dr.  John  Evans.  They  were  requested 
to  report  in  two  weeks  from  that  date,  at 
three  o'clock  p.  m.,  at  the  Clark  Street 
parsonage.  They  meant  business,  and  the 
committees  went  immediately  about  their 
work.  Promptly  at  three  o'clock  of  the 
day  appointed,  the  brethren  gathered  in  the 
parlor  of  Brother  Haney's  parsonage  on 
Clark  Street,  in  the  rear  of  the  First  Church. 
Dr.  Evans  reported  for  his  committee  the 
draft  of  a  charter  as  follows: 

Form  of  Charter  Proposed. 

Section  I. — Be  it  enacted  by  the  people  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  represented  in  the  General  As- 
sembly :  That  Richard  Haney,  Philo  Judson,  S.  P. 
Keyes  and  A.  E.  Phelps,  and  such  persons  as  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  Rock  River  Annual  Confer- 
ence of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  to  suc- 
ceed them  in  the  said  office;  Henry  Summers, 
Elihu  Springer,  David  Brooks  and  Elmore  Yo- 
cum,  and  such  persons  as  shall  be  appointed  by 
the  Wisconsin  Annual  Conference  of  said  Church 
to  succeed  them ;  four  individuals,  if  chosen,  and 
such  persons  as  shall  be  appointed  to  succeed 
them  by  the  Michigan  Annual  Conference  of  said 


Church;  four  individuals,  if  chosen,  and  such 
persons  as  shall  be  appointed  to  succeed  them  by 
the  North  Indiana  Annual  Conference  of  said 
Church;  H.  W.  Reed,  I.  I.  Stewart,  D.  N.  Smith 
and  George  M.  Teas,  and  such  persons  as  shall  be 
appointed  to  succeed  them  by  the  Iowa  Annual 
Conference  of  said  Church;  four  individuals,  if 
chosen,  and  such  persons  as  shall  be  appointed  to 
succeed  them  by  the  Illinois  Annual  Conference  of 
said  Church ;  A.  S.  Sherman,  Grant  Goodrich, 
Andrew  J.  Brown,  John  Evans,  Orrington  Lunt, 
J.  K.  Botsford,  Joseph  Kettlestrings,  George  F. 
Foster,  Eri  Reynolds,  John  M.  Arnold,  Absalom 
Funk  and  E.  B.  Kingsley,  and  such  persons,  citi- 
zens of  Chicago  or  its  vicinity,  as  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  of  Trustees  hereby  consti- 
tuted to  succeed  them ;  be  and  they  are  hereby 
created  and  constituted  a  body  politic  and  corpor- 
ate, under  the  name  and  tide  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Northwestern  University,  and  henceforth  shall  be 
styled  and  known  by  that  name,  and  by  name  and 
style  to  remain  and  have  perpetual  succession,  with 
power  to  sue  and  to  be  sued,  plead  and  be  implead- 
ed,  to  acquire,  hold  and  convey  property,  real,  per- 
sonal or  mixed,  in  all  lawful  ways ;  to  have  and  to 
use  a  common  seal  and  to  alter  the  same  at  pleas- 
ure ;  to  make  and  alter,  from  time  to  time,  such  by- 
laws as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  govern- 
ment of  said  institution,  its  officers  and  servants, 
provided  such  by-laws  are  not  inconsistent  with 
the  Constitution  and  laws  of  this  State  and  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  confer  on  such  persons  as 
may  be  considered  worthy  such  academical  or  hon- 
orary degrees  as  are  usually  conveyed  by  similar 
institutions. 

Section  2. — The  term  of  office  of  said  Trustees 
shall  be  four  years,  but  that  of  one  member  of  the 
Board  for  each  Conference  enjoying  the  appoint- 
ing power  by  this  act,  and  (the)  term  of  three  of 
the  members  whose  successors  are  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  hereby  constituted,  shall  ex- 
pire annually,  the  term  of  each  member  of  the 
Board  herein  named  to  be  fixed  by  lot  at  the  first 
meeting  of  said  Board,  which  Board  shall,  in 
manner  above  specified,  have  perpetual  succession, 
and  shall  hold  the  property  of  said  institution  sole- 
ly for  the  purposes  of  education,  and  not  as  a 
stock  for  the  individual  benefit  of  themselves  or 
any  contributor  to  the  endowment  of  the  same; 
and  no  particular  religious  faith  shall  be  required 
of  those  who  become  students  of  the  institution. 
Nine  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the 
transaction  of  any  business  of  the  Board,  except 
the  appointment  of  President  or  Professor,  or  tho 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


establishment  of  chairs  in  said  institution,  and  the 
enactment  of  by-laws  for  its  government,  for  which 
the  presence  of  a  majority  of  the  Board  shall  be 
necessary. 

Section  3. — Said  Annual  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  under  whose  con- 
trol and  patronage  said  University  is  placed,  shall 
each  also  have  the  right  to  appoint  annually  two 
suitable  persons,  members  of  their  own  body, 
visitors  to  said  University,  who  shall  attend  the 
examination  of  students,  and  be  entitled  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  deliberations  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  and  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  members 
of  said  Board,  except  the  right  to  vote. 

Section  4. — Said  institution  shall  remain  located 
in  or  near  the  City  of  Chicago,  Cook  County,  and 
the  corporators  and  their  successors  shall  be  com- 
petent in  law  or  equity  to  take  to  themselves,  in 
their  said  corporate  name,  real,  personal  or  mixed 
estate,  by  gift,  grant,  bargain  and  sale,  conveyance, 
will,  devise  or  bequest  of  any  person  or  persons 
whomsoever;  and  the  same  estate,  whether  real, 
personal  or  mixed,  to  grant,  bargain,  sell,  convey, 
devise,  let,  place  out  at  interest,  or  otherwise  dis- 
pose of  the  same  for  the  use  of  said  institution  in 
such  manner  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  beneficial 
to  said  institution.  Said  corporation  shall  faith- 
fully apply  all  the  funds  collected,  or  the  proceeds 
of  the  property  belonging  to  the  said  institution, 
according  to  their  best  judgment,  in  erecting  and 
completing  suitable  buildings,  supporting  necessary 
officers,  instructors  and  servants,  and  procuring 
books,  maps,  charts,  globes  and  philosophical, 
chemical  and  other  apparatus  necessary  to  the 
success  of  the  institution,  and  do  all  other  acts 
usually  performed  by  similar  institutions  that  may 
be  deemed  necessary  or  useful  to  the  success  of 
said  institution,  under  the  restrictions  herein  im- 
posed :  Provided,  nevertheless,  that  in  case  any 
donation,  devise  or  bequest  shall  be  made  for  par- 
ticular purposes,  accordant  with  the  design  of  the 
institution,  and  the  corporation  shall  accept  the 
same,  every  such  donation,  devise  or  bequest  shall 
be  applied  in  conformity  with  the  express  condi- 
tions of  the  donor  or. devisor:  provided,  further, 
that  said  corporation  shall  not  be  allowed  to  hold 
more  than  two  thousand  acres  of  land  at  any  one 
time,  unless  the  said  corporation  shall  have  re- 
ceived the  same  gift,  grant  or  devise;  and  in  such 
case  they  shall  be  required  to  sell  or  dispose  of  the 
same  within  ten  years  from  the  time  they  shall 
acquire  such  title;  and,  on  failure  to  do  so,  such 
lands,  over  and  above  the  before-named  two  thou- 


sand acres,  shall  revert  to  the  original  donor, 
grantor,  devisor  or  their  heirs. 

Section  5. — The  Treasurer  of  the  institution, 
and  all  other  agents  when  required,  before  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  their  appointment,  shall  give 
bond  for  the  security  of  the  corporation  in  such 
penal  sums,  and  with  such  securities  as  the  cor- 
poration shall  approve,  and  all  process  against  the 
corporation  shall  be  by  summons,  and  the  service 
of  the  same  shall  be  by  leaving  an  attested  copy 
thereof  with  the  Treasurer,  at  least  sixty  days  be- 
fore the  return  day  thereof. 

Section  6. — The  corporation  shall  have  power  to 
employ  and  appoint  a  President  or  Principal  for 
said  institution,  and  all  such  professors  or  teachers 
and  all  such  servants  as  shall  be  necessary,  and 
shall  have  power  to  displace  any  or  such  of  them 
as  the  interest  of  the  institution  shall  require,  to 
fill  vacancies  which  may  happen  by  death,  resig- 
nation or  otherwise,  among  said  officers  and  ser- 
vants, and  to  prescribe  and  direct  the  course  of 
studies  to  be  pursued  in  said  institution. 

Section  7. — The  corporation  shall  have  power  to 
establish  departments  for  the  study  of  any  and  all 
the  learned  and  liberal  professions  in  the  same,  to 
confer  the  degree  of  doctor  in  the  learned  arts  and 
sciences  and  belles-lettres,  and  to  confer  such  other 
academical  degrees  as  are  usually  conferred  by  the 
most  learned  institutions. 

Section  8. — Said  institution  shall  have  the  power 
to  institute  a  board  of  competent  persons,  always 
including  the  faculty,  who  shall  examine  such  in- 
dividuals as  shall  apply,  and  if  such  applicants  are 
found  to  possess  such  knowledge  pursued  in  said 
institution  as,  in  the  judgment  of  said  Board,  ren- 
ders them  worthy,  they  may  be  considered  gradu- 
ates in  course,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  diplomas  ac- 
cordingly on  paying  such  fee  as  the  corporation 
shall  affix,  which  fee,  however,  shall  in  no  case 
exceed  the  tuition  bills  of  the  full  course  of  studies 
in  said  institution.  Said  Examination  Board 
may  not  exceed  the  number  of  ten,  three  of  whom 
may  transact  business,  provided  one  be  of  the 
faculty. 

Section  9. — Should  the  corporation  at  any  time 
act  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  charter,  or 
fail  to  comply  with  the  same,  upon  complaint 
being  made  to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  a 
scire  facias  shall  issue,  and  the  Circuit  Attorney 
shall  prosecute,  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  this 
State,  for  the  forfeiture  of  this  charter. 

This  act  shall  be  a  public  act,  and  shall  be  con- 
strued liberally  in  all  courts,  for  the  purpose 
herein  expressed. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


57 


The  draft  of  the  charter  was  approved 
as  read,  and  it  was  agreed  that  the  Legis- 
lature, at  its  ensuing  session,  should  be 
asked  to  enact  it  into  law.  A  memorial 
was  framed  at  the  same  meeting  to  the  dif- 
ferent conferences  in  the  region  of  the 
Northwest,  asking  their  participation.  Min- 
nesota, Nebraska  and  the  Dakotas  were  then 
unknown  quantities  in  their  conception  of 
the  Northwest,  and  were  not  included  in 
the  memorial. 

Organization  is  Effected. — The  charter 
became  a  law  at  the  ensuing  session  of  the 
Legislature,  the  act  being  signed  by  Sidney 
Breese,  Speaker  of  the  House,  and  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  William  McMurtry,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  and  received  the  approval 
of  Gov.  A.  C.  French,  January  28,  1851.  On 
the  I4th  of  June,  next  ensuing,  the  first 
meeting  of  the  corporation  was  held  for 
purposes  of  organization,  and  their  first 
formal  action  was  the  election  of  Dr.  N.  S. 
Davis  as  Trustee,  to  succeed  Eri  Reynolds, 
one  of  the  charter  members,  who  had  died. 
They  accepted  the  act  of  the  Legislature, 
divided  the  members  into  classes  by  lot,  and 
adopted  a  plan  of  operations  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts, 
with  a  President  who  should  be  Professor 
of  Moral  and  Intellectual  Philosophy,  a 
Professor  of  Mathematics,  one  of  Natural 
Sciences,  and  another  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages. A  Preparatory  School  was  like- 
wise contemplated  in  the  City  of  Chicago, 
where  there  was  not,  at  that  time,  even  a 
high  school,  and  steps  were  taken  to  raise 
money  for  these  purposes.  Beginning  at 
the  bottom,  their  thought  was,  first,  to  set 
the  Preparatory  School  in  operation.  For 
this  purpose  twenty-five  thousand  dollars 
was  needed.  It  was  firmly  resolved,  "that 
no  debts  should  be  contracted  or  money  ex- 
pended, without  the  means  be  first  pro- 
vided," and  Congress  was  to  be  memorial- 
ized for  a  grant  of  lands  to  the  Northwest- 


ern L^niversity.  Nothing  ever  resulted  from 
this  memorial,  but  the  Trustees  were  not 
idle  in  other  directions.  They  organized 
by  the  election  of  Dr.  John  Evans,  the 
master  spirit  among  them,  as  President ; 
A.  S.  Sherman  as  Vice-President ;  Andrew 
J.  Brown  as  Secretary;  and  Jabez  K. 
Botsford  as  Treasurer.  These,  with  Grant 
Goodrich,  George  F.  Foster  and  Dr.  N.  S. 
Davis,  constituted  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  Board. 

Seeking  a  Site. — The  Committee  on  Site 
for  the  Preparatory  School  reported 
August  4,  1852,  recommending  the  purchase 
of  the  property  of  the  First  Universalist 
Society  in  Chicago,  which  had  a  frontage 
of  eighty  feet  on  Washington  Street,  about 
the  middle  of  the  block  east  of  the  Clark 
Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  at  a 
cost  of  four  thousand  dollars,  one-half  cash 
and  the  balance  in  three  years,  at  six  per 
cent  interest.  On  August  28th  they  raised 
their  bid  on  this  property  to  forty-eight 
hundred  dollars,  and  started  a  subscription 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  funds.  Evi- 
dently there  was  a  hitch  in  the  negotiations, 
for  the  Board  appointed  Dr.  Evans  and 
Orrington  Lunt  to  view  other  lots  for  the 
same  purpose.  That  committee  turned  aside 
from  the  Universalist  Church  property,  and 
recommended  the  purchase  of  a  lot  about 
two  hundred  feet  square  at  the  corner  of 
LaSalle  and  Jackson  Streets,  from  P.  F.  W. 
Peck.  This  situation  was  thought  to  be 
a  little  remote,  but,  the  lot  being  larger,  it 
was  deemed  more  desirable  for  the  pro- 
posed Preparatory  School,  and  the  purchase 
was  consummated — a  thousand  dollars  be- 
ing paid  down,  contributed  by  a  few  of  the 
brethren.  The  title  was  taken  in  the  name 
of  John  Evans,  to  be  later  transferred  to 
the  Trustees  of  Northwestern  University. 
The  consideration  was  eight  thousand  dol- 
lars. 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


Erection  of  Building  Authorized. — On 
September  22,  1852,  the  erection  of  a  build- 
ing upon  this  property  was  authorized,  to 
accommodate  three  hundred  students,  and, 
on  the  same  date  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed, consisting  of  S.  P.  Keyes,  N.  S. 
Davis  and  Orrington  Lunt,  to  recommend 
a  site  for  the  Collegiate  Department.  The 
ambition  and  scope  of  these  early  founders 
is  seen  in  a  series  of  resolutions  adopted 
at  this  meeting,  appealing  to  the  Methodist 
people  of  the  Northwest  not  to  multiply 
higher  institutions  of  learning,  but  to  con- 
centrate their  effort  upon  a  single  institu- 
tion, viz.,  the  Northwestern  University, 
and  to  make  it  an  institution  of  the  highest 
order  of  excellence,  complete  in  all  its 
parts;  and,  further,  they  resolved  to  ask 
from  the  Legislature  power  to  establish  pre- 
paratory schools  in  different  sections  of  the 
Northwest,  and  to  affiliate  preparatory  in- 
stitutions already  in  existence. 

In  the  following  October  Rev.  Philo  Jud- 
son  was  appointed  to  solicit  subscriptions 
for  the  new  enterprise.  He  had  been  pastor 
of  the  Clark  Street  Church,  was  an  accom- 
plished and  influential  preacher  and  a  man 
of  affairs,  with  just  the  make-up  to 
appeal  to  the  constituency  of  the  new 
institution.  His  first  duty  was  to  obtain 
funds  for  the  Preparatory  School  on  La- 
Salle  Street. 

Site  for  Collegiate  Department  Sought. 
— But  the  developments  with  reference  to 
the  site  of  the  Collegiate  Department  were 
destined  to  turn  the  Trustees  away  from 
Chicago.  The  Committee  on  Site  con- 
sidered a  location  at  Rose  Hill,  strongly 
commended  by  William  B.  Ogden ;  a  farm 
near  Jefferson  was  looked  upon  with  favor ; 
then  the  Lake  Shore  in  the  region  of  Win- 
netka  and  Lake  Forest.  The  region  contig- 
uous to  Chicago  on  the  north,  because  it 
was  swampy,  was  usually  avoided  in  going 


north  by  taking  what  was  known  as  the 
"Old  Sand  Road."  This  road  veered  to 
the  northwest  at  a  point  half  a  mile  west 
of  the  northern  limit  of  Lincoln  Park — at 
that  time  an  old  Chicago  Cemetery — and 
struck  the  Ridge  Road  just  north  of  what 
is  now  Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  then  known  as 
Rose's  Ridge.  Thus,  to  the  ordinary 
traveler,  the  region  north  of  Lincoln  Park, 
adjoining  the  lake,  was  a  terra  incognita. 
Orrington  Lunt  had  casually  visited  that 
region  and  demanded,  before  a  location  was 
settled  upon,  that  the  Lake  Shore  be  ex- 
plored. He  delayed  a  decision  upon  the 
Jefferson  property  and  arranged  a  tour  of 
inspection  of  the  Lake  Shore.  Andrew  J. 
Brown  recalls  it  as  of  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1853.  Disposed  in  various  vehicles,  the 
Trustees  took  the  Sand  Road,  stopped  for 
lunch  at  the  Rose's  Ridge  Tavern,  and 
pursued  their  way  along  the  Ridge  Road 
to  what  is  the  corner  of  Ridge  Avenue  and 
Clark  Street ;  thence  following  an  old  cow 
path  easterly, over  the  slough  in  the  region  of 
Davis  Street  and  Sherman  Avenue,  they 
found  themselves  in  a  splendid  oak  forest 
skirting  the  Lake  Shore,  the  remains  of 
which  will  help  us  to  recall  that  scene  of  ex- 
ploration for  a  university  site  fifty  years 
ago.  To  see  it  was  to  desire  it. 
Three  hundred  and  eighty  acres  lay 
in  a  single  tract,  owned  by  Dr.  J. 
H.  Foster.  The  price  asked  was  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars — far  in  excess  of  its 
'value,  as  values  were  then  estimated.  The 
terms  were  easy ;  one  thousand  dollars 
down,  the  balance  in  ten  years  at  six  per 
cent  interest.  Releases  might  be  given  from 
time  to  time  on  payment  of  one  hundred 
dollars  per  acre.  The  purchase  was  con- 
summated, and  the  college  site  and  college 
town,  made  up  of  forest  and  swamp,  was 
permanently  located. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON                                             59 

It  was  decided  that  it  was  "inexpedient  Bank,  would  furnish  valuable  endowment 

to  erect  a  Preparatory  School  in  the  City  for  the  fledgling  college, 

of  Chicago  at  the  present  time" ;  the  chosen  The  Trustees  decided  likewise  to  elect  a 

site  for  that  building,  however,  was  good  President  of  the  institution,  whose  first  duty 

enough  to  keep,  and,  in  the  years  to  come,  should  be  to  procure  subscriptions  and  plan 

as  the  site  of  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  and  for  the  establishment  of  an  endowment  for 

later,   of  the   Illinois   Trust   and    Savings  the  University. 


CHAPTER   IV. 


INSTITUTION    IN    DEVELOPMENT 


Dr.  Hinman  Chosen  First  President — Sale 
of  Scholarships  Begins — Career  of  the 
New  President  Cut  Short  by  His  Early 
Death — Town  Platted  and  Named  in 
Honor  of  Dr.  John  Evans — Garrett  Bib- 
lical Institute  Established — First  Corps 
of  College  Professors  Elected — Universi- 
ty Assets  in  1854 — Four-Mile  Anti- 
Liquor  District  Established  by  Act  of  the 
Legislature — The  Teaching  Force  In- 
creased— Dr.  Evans'  Land  Policy — The 
Institution  is  Opened  for  Pupils — Some 
of  the  First  Students. 

At  the  meeting  of  June  23,  1853,  Dr. 
Clark  T.  Hinman  was  unanimously  elected 
the  first  President  of  the  University.  He 
was  thirty-six  years  of  age,  a  Trustee  from 
Michigan  Conference  and  principal  of  Al- 
bion Seminary.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Wesleyan  University,  Connecticut,  and  had 
been  principal  of  Newbury  Seminary,  in 
Vermont.  He  was  a  man  of  zeal  and 
method.  He  laid  hands  upon  one  and  an- 
other of  the  Trustees,  and  took  them  out 
among  their  business  acquaintances  to  give 
him  an  opportunity  to  present  his  cause. 
The  scheme  of  raising  money,  which  was 
adopted,  and  which  Dr.  Hinman  was 
especially  to  present,  was  by  the  sale  of 
scholarships.  Perpetual  scholarships  were 
issued,  which  were  to  entitle  to  tuition  the 
purchaser,  his  son  or  grandson  and  other 


descendants  by  will,  and  were  sold  for  one 
hundred  dollars ;  transferable  scholarships 
were  sold  for  one  hundred  dollars,  entitling 
the  holder  to  five  hundred  dollars  in  tuition ; 
and  scholarships  were  sold  for  fifty  dollars, 
entitling  the  holder  to  two  hundred  dollars 
in  tuition.  A  bond  was  issued  on  the  first 
payment,  and  the  scholarship  was  to  be 
issued  on  the  completion  of  payments  with- 
in an  allotted  time.  One-half  of  the  funds 
from  these  sales  was  to  be  used  for  pur- 
poses of  instruction,  and  the  other  half  for 
the  purchase  of  lands,  not  to  exceed  twelve 
hundred  acres,  as  a  site  for  the  University 
and  for  the  erection  of  buildings.  The 
Trustees  evidently  thought  that  some  tan- 
gible equivalent  must  be  tendered  for 
money  spent  for  education  in  that  early 
da)r.  Scholarships  certainly  proved  market- 
able ;  and,  if  the  same  zeal  had  been  exer- 
cised in  the  careful  collection  of  the 
amounts  pledged  for  them  as  was  shown  in 
their  sale,  the  growth  of  the  institution 
would  have  been  more  rapid ;  for  Dr.  Hin- 
man disposed  of  them  with  great  success 
among  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men — on 
Water  Street,  among  commission  men  and 
grain  dealers ;  on  Canal  Street,  to  the  lum- 
ber men  ;  in  town,  to  the  merchants  ;  and 
in  the  country,  to  the  farmers.  In  the  short 
period  of  his  service  he  sold  scholarships 
to  the  amount  of  $64.600,  while  others,  under 
the  stimulus  of  his  activity,  sold  $37,000 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


worth.  He  was  dreaming,  meanwhile,  of 
the  institution  whose  financial  foundations 
he  sought  to  lay,  but  death  overtook  him 
ere  his  dream  had  been  realized.  He  died 
in  1854,  one  year  before  the  formal  open- 
ing of  the  institution  in  which  he  hoped  to 
teach  as  Professor  of  Moral  and  Intellectual 
Philosophy. 

Town  Platted  and  Named — Public  Parks. 
— In  the  meantime,  the  land  purchased  by 
the  Trustees  from  Dr.  Foster,  and  some 
two  hundred  and  forty-eight  acres  adjoining 
it  on  the  west,  which  had  been  purchased 
by  Andrew  J.  Brown  and  Harvey  B.  Hurd, 
was  laid  out  into  lots  and  blocks,  and  platted 
and  named  Evanston.  in  honor  of  Dr.  John 
Evans.    The  University's  part  was  bounded 
on  the  west  by  Sherman  Avenue.    What  lay 
west  of  Sherman  Avenue  was  in  the  Brown 
and  Hurd  tract.    Many  of  the  avenues  and 
streets    bear    the    names    of    the    favorite 
friends    of    the    University — as    ( )rrington 
Avenue,  named  for  Orrington  Lunt :   Sher- 
man Avenue,  for  A.  S.  Sherman :    Hinman 
Avenue,  for  Dr.  Hinman,  the  first  President ; 
Judson   Avenue,    for   Rev.    Philo   Judson ; 
Davis  Street,  in  honor  of  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis. 
Six  public   parks  were   included   in  the 
plan  to  beautify  the  future  Evanston,  and 
the  Lake  Shore,  from  Davis  Street  to  Uni- 
versity   Place,   east   of   Michigan   Avenue, 
was  dedicateil  to  the  same  purpose.     The 
contemplated    campus   extended    from    the 
projection   eastward   of  the   south   line  of 
Foster  Street  to  the  north  line  of  University- 
Place — a   beautiful   and   spacious   campus, 
respected  Founders,  but  hardly  enough  for 
a  university  of  so  ambitious  a  title  as  yours. 
But  Block   I.  to  Simpson  Street — so  they 
thought — might  be  used  as  a  campus  in  an 
emergency,    and    they    still    held    lands    to 
the  north,  unplatted,  which  might  be  used 
for  the  same  purpose,  but  which,  in  their 
wildest  dreams,  they  did  not  fancy  would  be 
needed   for  the  campus  of  the  institution 
they  were  founding. 


Garrett  Biblical  Institute  Founded. 
— The  scheme  of  a  Biblical  Institute  had 
been  started  in  Chicago  by  the  same  found- 
ers, and  Eliza  Garrett,  by  her  will,  had  ar- 
ranged for  the  endowment  of  such  an  insti- 
tution ;  but  the  beginnings  of  the  institution 
were  had  in  February,  1854.  To  them  the 
Trustees  of  the  University  offered  a  site  at 
a  nominal  rent.  The  offer  was  accepted 
and  an  institution  established  on  the  campus 
that  was  destined  to  make  splendid  history 
in  theological  education.  Streets  were 
graded  in  the  growing  town ;  transporta- 
tion was  furnished  by  the  Chicago  &  Mil- 
waukee Railroad — now  the  Milwaukee  di- 
vision of  the  Chicago  Northwestern — the 
right  of  way  for  which  was  given  by  Brown 
&  Hurd.  It  is  notable  that  this  gift  was 
coupled  with  the  agreement  that  all  pas- 
senger trains  should  stop  at  Evanston — an 
agreement  that  it  would  be  difficult  for  the 
road  to  fulfill. 

Not  content  with  their  three  hundred 
acres  of  ground,  the  Billings  farm  (con- 
tiguous to  their  first  purchase)  was  bought, 
consisting  of  twenty-eight  acres,  for  three 
thousand  dollars.  They  chose  to  forget,  for 
the  time  being,  one  of  their  earlier  resolu- 
tions, viz. :  "Resolved,  That  no  debts  shall 
be  contracted  or  money  expended  without 
the  means  be  first  provided.''  It  was  a 
purchase  on  time,  and  time,  they  believed, 
was  on  their  side.  Values  of  their  sub- 
divided property  were  advancing.  They 
could  soon  open  their  school,  possibly  in 
1855.  To  this  end  they  elected  a  small 
corps  of  professors  in  June,  1854:  Henry 
S.  Noyes,  Professor  of  Mathematics;  W. 
D.  Godman,  Professor  of  Greek ;  and  Abel 
Stevens,  Professor  of  Literature. 

When  the  Treasurer  made  his  report  in 
1854,  the  assets  of  the  University,  in  land, 
notes  and  subscriptions,  were  estimated  at 
$281,915,  with  liabilities  of  $32.255.04.  The 
Foster  purchase  had  increased  in  value  from 
$25,000  to  $102,000;  the  Billings  farm  from 


V, 

c 


w 
z 
o 


Jj 

a 


worth.  He  was  dreaming,  meanwhile,  of 
tin-  institution  whose  financial  foundations 
he  sought  to  lay.  but  death  overtook  him 
f-n-  his  tin-am  had  been  realized.  !li-  died 
in  18:54.  one  year  before  the  formal  open- 
ing of  the  institution  in  which  he  hoped  to 
teach  as  Professor  of  Moral  and  Intellectual 
Philosophy. 

Town  Platted  and  Named — Public  Parks. 
—  In  the  meantime,  the  land  purchased  by 
the   Trustees    from    Dr.    Foster,   and    -ome 
tuo  hundred  and  forty-eight  acres  adjoining 
it  on  the  west,   which  had  been  purchased 
by  Andrew  J.  Ilrown  and  1 larve\   11.  !  iurd. 
wa-  laid  out  into  lots  and  blocks,  and  platted 
and  named  Lvanston.  in  honor  of  Dr.  John 
Evans.     The  I'nivcrsity's  pan  was  bounded 
on  the  wist  by  Sherman  Avenue.     What  lay 
west  of  Sherman  Avenue  was  in  the  Ilrown 
and   llur.l  tract.    Many  of  the  avuv.u-  and 
streets    bear    the     names     of    the     favorite 
friend-    •  •!'    ihe     l'imer-it\      a-    <  >rnnut"ii 
Avenue,  named  for  Orrington  l.unt:    Sher- 
man .\\eiuu-.  for  A.  S.  Sherman:    ilinman 
Avenue,  fin-  Dr.  Uinman,  the  first  i're-ident: 
Indson    Avenue,    for    Rev.     1'hiln    Jud-on: 
Davis  Street,  in  honor  of  Dr.  \.  S.  Davi-. 
Six    public    park-    were    included    in    the 
plan  to  beautify  the   future   L\an-to:i.  and 
the  Lake  Shore,  from   Davi-  Street  1"  I'ni- 
versity     I 'lace,    ea-t    of    Michigan    Avenue, 
was   dedicated   to   the    -ame   p:irpo-e.      The 
Contl'illJ>latt'd    campus    exteiideil    irom    the 
projection    ea-t  ward    of   the    -outh    line    of 
Footer  Street  to  tlie  north  line  of  I 'niversity 
Place — a    beautiful    and    -pacious    campus, 
re-pected  Founders,  but  hardly  enough   for 
a  univer-i'.v  of  so  ambitious  a  title  :t-  \ours. 
I'ut    Iliock    i.   to   Simp-on    Street — -o  they 
thought — might  be  u-ed  a-  a  camp'.:-  in  an 
emergency,    and    I!HA     -till    held    l::n  ':-    to 
the  north,  unplatted,  which  might  !"•  u-ed 
for   the   same   purpose,  but    which,   in   their 
uilde-t  dream-,  thev  did  not  fanc\   would  be 
needed    for    the   campus   of   the    iii-titutioil 
thev   were   founding. 


r.\i\  KKSITY 


Garrett  Biblical  Institute  Founded. 
— The  scheme  of  a  Biblical  Institute  had 
been  started  in  Chicago  by  the  same  found- 
ers, and  F.liza  I  iarrett.  by  her  will,  had  ar- 
ranged lor  the  endowment  of  such  an  insti- 
tution :  but  the  beginnings  of  the  institution 
were  had  in  February.  1854.  To  them  the 
Trustees  of  the  University  offered  a  site  at 
a  nominal  rent.  The  offer  was  accepted 
and  an  institution  established  on  the  campus 
that  was  destined  to  make  splendid  history 
in  theological  education.  Streets  were 
graded  in  the  growing  town:  transporta- 
tion was  furnished  by  the  Chicago  &  Mil- 
waukee Railroad — now  the  Milwaukee  di- 
vision of  the  I  hicago  Northwestern — the 
right  of  wax  for  which  was  given  by  Ilrown 
&  I  Iurd.  It  is  notable  that  this  gift  was 
coupled  with  the  agreement  that  all  pas- 
senger trains  should  •-top  at  Kvanston — an 
agreement  that  it  would  be  difficult  for  the 
road  to  fulfill. 

N'ot  content  with  their  three  hundred 
acres  of  ground,  the  Hillings  farm  (con- 
tiguous to  their  first  purchase  I  was  bought, 
consisting  of  twenty-eight  acres,  for  three 
thousand  dollar-.  Thev  chose  to  forget,  for 
the  time  being,  one  of  their  earlier  resolu- 
tions, viz. :  "Resolved,  That  no  debts  -hall 
he  contracted  or  money  expended  without 
the  means  be  first  provided."  It  was  a 
purchase  on  time,  and  time,  they  believed, 
was  on  their  siile.  Values  of  their  Mih- 
divided  property  were  advancing.  They 
could  soon  open  their  school ,  possihlv  in 
1855.  To  this  end  they  elected  a  small 
corps  of  professor*  in  June.  1854:  Henry 
S.  Noves.  Professor  of  Mathematics:  W. 
D.  ( iodman.  I'rofe-sor  of  <  ireek  :  and  Abel 
Sleven-.  I'rofe-sor  of  Literature. 

When  the  Treasurer  made  his  report  in 
1854.  the  asset-  of  the  I 'niversity,  in  land, 
note-  and  subscription-,  were  estimated  at 
$.281.1115.  with  liahilitie-  of  $.}_'. -255.04.  The 
Foster  purchase  had  increased  in  value  from 
8j5.«Ki  to  Sioj.ooo :  the  Hilling-  farm  from 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


$3,000  to  $4,200;  and  the  Peck  purchase, 
from  $8.000  to  $43,400.  Subscriptions  to 
scholarships  made  up  the  remainder  of  the 
estimated  wealth. 

Site  of  the  University  Described. — 
It  was  probably  at  the  annual  meeting  in 
June,  1854,  that  the  hopeful  feeling  and 
aggressive  spirit  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
institution  were  voiced  in  a  report  which 
was  of  the  nature  of  a  proclamation  and 
formulation  of  their  plans,  as  thus  far  de- 
veloped. They  offered  devout  praise  to 
God  and  their  sincere  thanks  to  the  found- 
ers for  the  present  success  and  the  future 
prospects  of  the  University.  They  described 
the  location  at  Evanston  in  glowing  terms, 
stating  that,  "On  the  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, eleven  miles  north  of  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago and  on  the  line  of  the  Chicago  & 
Milwaukee  Railroad — the  site  being  large, 
beautiful  and  healthful,  including  some  four 
hundred  and  forty  acres  of  land,  sufficiently 
elevated  above  the  lake  and  the  surrounding 
country  to  afford  an  extensive  view  of  each, 
extending  nearly  two  miles  along  the  shore 
aiid  about  one-half  of  it  covered  with  a 
young  and  thrifty  forest  in  its  natural  state, 
affording  the  lovers  of  good  taste  every 
facility  desirable  for  the  most  lovely  resi- 
dence in  the  country — a  town  has  been  laid 
out  and  named  Evanston.  The  University 
buildings  will  occupy  the  latitudinal  center 
of  the  town  and  the  highest  point  of  land, 
covered  with  a  beautiful  grove,  and  inclin- 
ing at  an  angle  of  some  thirty  degrees 
toward  the  lake  shore."  They  add  that, 
"In  respect  of  the  motive  in  selecting  the 
site  of  the  University  and  establishing  the 
institution,  neither  local  prejudice  nor  a 
spirit  of  opposition  to  kindred  institutions 
has  had  any  place  in  the  hearts  of  its 
friends,  but  rather  a  desire  to  meet  ad- 
equately the  growing  need  in  the  Northwest 
of  a  university  of  the  highest  grade,  adapted 
to  the  country,  to  its  increasing  prosperity 


and  the  advanced  state  of  learning  in  the 
present  age.  Its  location  makes  it  central 
for  the  entire  Northwest ;  and  the  magni- 
tude of  the  enterprise,  by  developing  the 
educational  resources  of  the  country  on  a 
large  scale,  and  by  stimulating  a  spirit  of 
noble,  generous  rivalry,  will  benefit  institu- 
tions of  every  grade.  We  very  frankly,  and 
we  hope  not  ostentatiously,  aver  our  design 
of  making  it  an  institution  second  to  none, 
and  worthy  of  the  country  in  which  it  is 
located  and  its  name,  'The  Northwestern 
University.'  " 

Teaching  Features  of  the  University. — 
They  then  proceed  to  state  its  distinctive 
features :  Undergraduate  courses  of  in- 
struction ;  Post-Graduate  courses ;  a  Med- 
ical Department  in  the  near  future ;  a  Law 
School.  But  immediate  attention  was  to  be 
given  to  the  College  of  Literature,  Science 
and  the  Arts,  with  a  classical  course  of  four 
years,  a  scientific  course  and  an  elective 
course  of  the  same  duration.  The  condi- 
tions of  admission  were  to  be  the  same  as 
those  of  other  colleges  of  the  country,  not 
excepting  Yale  or  Harvard.  The  scheme 
of  contemplated  professorships  numbered 
fourteen,  among  which  were  some  not  yet 
realized;  as  a  Professorship  of  the  Fine 
Arts  and  Arts  of  Design,  a  Professorship 
of  Didactics,  of  Physical  Education  and 
Hygiene.  Young  men  were  had  in  mind  for 
these  various  chairs,  some  of  whom  were  to 
increase  their  efficiency  by  devoting  a  year 
or  more  to  travel  in  Europe  and  to  study  in 
the  best  Eastern  Universities,  comparing 
their  own  modes  of  instruction  and  profiting 
by  the  society  of  the  ripest  scholars  of  the 
age.  Abel  Stevens,  William  D.  Godman 
and  Henry  S.  Noyes  had  been  selected  for 
Literature,  Greek  and  Mathematics.  The 
merits  of  these  men  were  set  forth  in  a 
manner  that  showed  their  confidence,  as,  for 
instance:  "To  speak  of  their  qualifications 
is  superfluous";  and  then,  speaking  of 


NORTHWESTERN*    UNIVERSITY 


Abel  Stevens,  they  say:  "As  a  rhetorician 
and  finished  scholar  in  English  Literature, 
Abel  Stevens  stands  beside  the  finest  writ- 
ers of  the  nation,  and  as  a  preacher,  and 
particularly  a  platform  speaker,  is  unsur- 
passed in  America."  The  commendation 
was  doubtless  merited ;  but  their  expres- 
sions lead  us  to  say,  verily  those  founders 
knew  how  to  blow  the  Northwestern  trum- 
pet. 

They  hoped  to  fill  the  remaining  chairs, 
or  such  as  were  needed,  at  the  subsequent 
session.  They  presented  a  tabulation  of 
their  net  assets,  showing  the  estimate  of  their 
resources  in  land  and  promises  at  $250,000, 
to  which  they  proposed  to  add  $150,000  by 
the  sale  of  scholarships,  and  $100,000  by 
donations — the  last  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing suitable  buildings,  including  an  observa- 
tory, and  purchasing  a  library,  cabinet,  ap- 
paratus and  other  university  fixtures.  This 
report,  or  proclamation,  was  signed  by 
Grant  Goodrich,  Chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee, attorney  and  special  pleader  for  the  in- 
fant University,  and  bears  date  July  4,  1854 
— the  spirit  of  the  day,  no  doubt,  giving 
color  to  his  rhetoric  and  a  touch  of  ex- 
travagance to  the  document.  But  he  was  in 
earnest,  and  so  were  they  all. 

When  the  Board  met  in  June,  1855,  Dr. 
Hinman,  was  no  longer  with  them.  That 
eager  spirit  had  succumbed  to  the  burden  of 
his  labors.  He  had  undertaken  to  increase 
the  endowment  from  the  sale  of  scholar- 
ships to  $250,000,  and  to  secure  the  needed 
$100.000  for  the  erection  of  buildings. 
There  is  every  probability  that,  with  his 
rare  faculty  for  influencing  men,  he  would 
have  accomplished  even  more  than  he1  had 
undertaken  had  time  permitted.  Fitting 
resolutions  were  passed,  recounting  the  ser- 
vice which  this  gifted  young  man  had 
rendered  and  the  hopes  that  were  enter- 
tained of  him.  Those  inadequate  resolu- 
tions have  perished ;  at  least,  they  are  not 


of  record.  His  monument  is  in  the  insti- 
tution he  helped  to  found ;  and,  while  it 
lives,  his  name  and  his  service  will  not  be 
forgotten.  They  sought  two  years  later  to 
perpetuate  his  memory  by  some  monument 
on  the  college  grounds.  It  is,  perhaps,  well 
that  they  failed  in  this,  for  he  partakes,  with 
others,  in  the  monumental  character  of  the 
entire  University  enterprise  to  the  devotion 
and  sacrifice  of  its  founders. 

At  this  session  of  the  Board  the  liberal 
policy  of  the  institution  was  signalized  by 
the  grant  of  a  large  lot  for  the  Evanston 
public  schools,  and  it  was  decided  that  the 
formal  opening  of  the  University  should 
take  place  on  November  1st  of  the  same 
year.  A  building  was  in  course  of  erection, 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  Block  20,  on 
Davis  Street,  near  Hinman  Avenue,  in 
which  to  house  the  infant  college.  Sub- 
scriptions, running  through  three  years  had 
been  taken  for  this  purpose.  That  building 
is  with  us  still :  the  "Old  College"  on  the 
campus,  a  building  about  fifty  feet  in  width 
and  forty  feet  in  depth,  of  three  stories  in 
height  with  an  attic  and  a  belfry.  It  con- 
tained six  class-rooms,  a  chapel,  a  small 
museum  and  halls  for  two  literary  societies, 
with  three  rooms  in  the  attic,  where,  with 
a  little  oat-meal  for  food,  a  few  aspiring 
students  might  board  themselves  and  com- 
pensate the  University  for  their  rent  by 
ringing  the  college  bell.  The  chapel  fur- 
nished the  meeting  place  of  the  Society  of 
the  First  Methodist  Church  until  they 
erected  a  church  edifice  of  their  own. 
Other  meetings,  political  and  social,  were 
also  held  there. 

The  liberal  spirit  of  the  founders  was 
further  evidenced  at  this  meeting  by  the 
adoption  of  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Professorships,  which  declared  that,  "In 
the  election  of  Professors  of  Northwestern 
University,  the  Board  of  Trustees  will  have 
reference  to  character  and  qualifications 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


alone:   that  is  to  say,  that  a  professor  need 
not  necessarily  be  a  Methodist." 

The  Anti-Liquor  Limit  Established. — 
It  was  at  this  meeting  that  an  amend- 
ment to  their  charter,  enacted  at  the  last 
session  of  the  Legislature,  was  accepted, 
two  sections  of  which  were  fraught  with 
tremendous  issues  for  the  future  institution. 
Section  II  provided  that,(  "No  spirituous, 
vinous  or  fermented  liquors  shall  be  sold, 
under  .license  or  otherwise,  within  four 
miles  of  the  location  of  said  University,  ex- 
cept for  medicinal,  mechanical  or  sacra- 
mental purposes,  under  a  penalty  of  twenty- 
five  dollars  for  each  offense,  to  be  re- 
covered before  any  Justice  of  the  Peace  in 
said  County  of  Cook;  provided,  that  so 
much  of  this  act  as  relates  to  the  sale  of 
intoxicating  drinks  within  four  miles  may 
be  repealed  by  the  General  Assembly  when- 
ever they  think  proper."  This  created  a 
prohibition  district,  ostensibly  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  students  against  the  tempta- 
tions of  the  saloon,  and  incidentally  protect- 
ing the  city  that  should  grow  up  about  the 
University  from  the  evils  of  the  liquor  traf- 
fic ;  and  against  this  prohibition,  the  arts 
and  persistence  of  the  traffic  in  ardent 
spirits  were  to  be  continuously  exerted. 
The  third  section  of  the  amendment  or- 
ganized the  University  into  a  Trust  Com- 
pany, presumably  for  its  own  benefit,  but 
its  language  was  broader  than  that.  It 
said,  "The  said  corporation  shall  have 
power  to  take,  hold,  use  and  manage,  lease 
and  dispose  of  all  such  property,  as  may  in 
any  manner  come  to  said  corporation, 
charged  with  any  trust  or  trusts,  in  con- 
formity with  such  trusts  and  direction,  and 
to  execute  all  such  trusts  as  may  be  confided 
to  it."  Section  4  conceded  the  public  value 
of  such  an  institution  as  the  Northwestern 
University,  and  ordained,  "That  all  prop- 
erty, of  whatever  kind  or  description,  be- 
longing to  or  owned  by  said  corporation. 


shall  be  forever  free  from  taxation  for 
any  and  all  purposes.  This  act  shall  be 
public  and  take  effect  from  and  after  its 
passage."  It  was  signed  by  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  and  President  of  the  Senate, 
and  approved  by  Joel  A.  Matteson,  Gover- 
nor, February  14,  1855. 

On  June  I5th  the  chosen  corps  of  teach- 
ers was  sought  to  be  increased  by  the  ad- 
dition of  Dr.  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney,  to  the  pros- 
pective faculty,  as  Professor  of  Chemistry, 
of  whom  similar  high  praise  could  be  given, 
as  to  fitness  for  the  work  upon  which 
he  was  expected  to  enter,  as  to  his  colleagues 
in  the  notable  prommciamento  of  July  4. 
1854;  but  it  was  discovered  that  there  was 
not  a  sufficient  number  of  Trustees  present 
to  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  election  of 
professors,  so  the  election  was  declared 
void,  but,  in  1857,  he  was  duly  elected  to 
the  chair  of  Natural  Science. 

It  was  now  apparent  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  hold  the  entire  territory  of  the 
Northwest  to  the  policy  of  a  single  institu- 
tion, for  the  Trustees  were  requested  to 
permit  cancelling  of  notes  taken  in  Iowa  for 
the  sale  of  scholarships,  or  to  allow  the 
notes  and  subscriptions  to  be  transferred 
to  the  Iowa  Wesleyan  University.  The 
request  was  not  granted,  but  it  gave  evi- 
dence of  a  tendency  which  was  sadly  noted 
to  localize  interests  in  the  matter  of  educa- 
tion in  portions  of  the  district,  which  had 
been  chosen  as  the  field  for  the  University. 

In  July,  1855,  a  movement  was  started 
by  Dr.  Evans,  and  strongly  advocated  by 
him,  seeking  to  fasten  upon  the  Trustees 
the  policy  of  withholding  its  property  from 
sale  and  reserving  it  exclusively  for  pur- 
poses of  lease.  That  far-sighted  man  saw 
clearly  the  value  of  the  property  for  pur- 
pose of  endowment,  but  overlooked  the 
practical  difficulty  of  successfully  maintain- 
ing possession  of  a  large  body  of  land 
within  the  limits  of  a  corporation  such  as 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


Evanston  was  destined  to  be,  on  such  a 
basis.  With  their  usual  sagacity,  the 
Trustees  laid  his  resolution  on  the  table, 
even  though  Dr.  Evans  urged  it  with  his 
usual  vigor  and  persistence. 

University   Opened — First  Students. — 

The  frame  building  on  Davis  Street  was 
completed  for  occupancy  by  November, 
1855,  and  circulars  had  been  sent  out  in- 
viting the  Northwestern  students  to  as- 
semble. Professor  Noyes  was  on  hand  to 
teach  mathematics,  and  Professor  Godman, 
likewise,  to  teach  the  classics.  Professor 
Abel  Stevens  did  not  appear ;  nor  was  he 
greatly  needed,  for  there  were  only  ten 
students  in  all,  and  their  requirements  could 
be  easily  met  by  two  instructors.  Indeed, 
though  Professor  Stevens  was  announced 
for  the  following  year,  he  did  not  even  then 
appear ;  and  the  name  of  Abel  Stevens,  the 
gifted  historian  of  Methodism,  is  connected 
with  the  fortunes  of  Northwestern  only 
as  a  "Might  have  Been."  The  roll  of  pupils 
for  that  year  will  always  be  of  interest, 
as  the  advance  guard  of  that  great  com- 
pany that,  in  time,  should  be  permanently 
enrolled  as  students  of  the  University. 
There  were  Thomas  E.  Annis,  Winchester 
E.  Clifford,  Samuel  L.  Eastman,  J.  Marshall 
Godman,  Horace  A.  Goodrich,  C.  F.  Staf- 


ford, Hart  L.  Stewart,  Albert  Lamb  and 
Elhanon  Q.  Searle.  There  is  one  name 
lacking,  but  history  has  often  to  bewail  that 
there  are  blanks  that  cannot  easily  be  filled. 
These  were,  somehow,  grouped  in  a  Fresh- 
man Class — an  awkward  squad,  I  warrant, 
of  unequal  preparation;  but  the  professors 
had  time  to  spend  on  individual  cases,  so 
that  the  awkward  squad  were  drilled  into 
the  uniformity  of  a  Freshman  Class.  A  lit- 
erary society  was  organized  and  named  in 
honor  of  the  lamented  Dr.  Hinman.  It 
inherited  his  library  as  a  part  of  its  equip- 
ment, and  was  assigned  a  room  for  its 
sessions  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  third 
story  of  the  college  building.  Greek,  Latin 
and  Mathematics,  with  declamations  on 
Saturday,  formed  the  program  of  instruc- 
tion. Permits  must  be  secured  for  absence 
from  town,  and  church  services  must  be 
religiously  attended  on  Sunday;  such  was 
the  routine  of  that  first  college  year. 
Tuition,  when  not  covered  by  a  scholarship, 
was  forty-five  dollars  per  annum,  with 
other  fees  amounting  to  nine  dollars.  The 
price  of  board  was  from  two  dollars  and  a 
half  to  three  dollars  and  a  half  per  week,  in 
homes  of  the  early  settlers.  The  college  bell 
tolled  out  the  hours  of  recitation  and  de- 
votion, and  the  beginnings  of  college  life 
in  Evanston  were  laid. 


CHAPTER  V. 


CONDITIONS    IN    1856-1860 


Trustees  Meet  in  Their  Own  Building — 
Dr.  R.  S.  Foster  Elected  the  Second  Pres- 
ident— The  Faculty  Enlarged — Absorp- 
tion of  Rush  Medical  College  Projected — 
Competitors  Enter  the  Field — Professor 
Jones'  "Fern.  Sem."— President  Foster 
Visits  the  University,  but  Obtains  a 
Year's  Leave  of  Absence — He  Joins  the 
Faculty  in  1857 — The  Assets  of  the  In- 
stitution Increased  to  Nearly  $316,000 — 
Reinforcement  of  the  Faculty — First 
Graduated  Class  in  1850 — Dr.  Foster  Re- 
signs the  Presidency  and  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven 
Becomes  His  Successor. 

In  June  of  1856  the  Trustees  met  under 
their  own  roof  in  the  little  chapel  of  the 
University  Building.  They  had  made  a  be- 
ginning. Two  professors  had  been  at  work 
at  salaries  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  per 
annum.  An  agent  had  been  busy  in  the  sale 
of  lots  and  scholarships.  Their  land  was 
assuming  the  character  of  a  settlement. 
The  frogs  were  still  croaking  in  the  low 
places,  but  drainage  had  been  started  by 
"The  Drainage  Committee,"  and  the  frogs 
were  given  notice  to  quit  or,  at  least,  to  go 
as  far  south  as  Dempster  Street. 

Dr.  Foster  Elected  Second  President. — 
The  Board  of  Trustees  thought  they  re- 
quired a  President  soon,  to  give  direction 
and  leadership  and  help  them  in  acquiring 
the  resources  needful  for  their  work.  Two 


names  were  especially  canvassed :  Those  of 
Randolph  S.  Foster  and  E.  Otis  Haven, 
both  rising  men  of  unusual  talent.  The 
election  resulted  in  fifteen  votes  for  Dr. 
R.  S.  Foster  and  nine  for  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven. 
The  election  of  Dr.  Foster  was  made  unani- 
mous, with  but  one  dissenting  vote.  He  was 
thirty-six  years  of  age  and  had  already 
acquired  a  brilliant  reputation  as  a  pulpit 
orator,  and  was  then  serving  a  prominent 
church  in  New  York.  He  was  to  fill  the 
chair  of  Intellectual  and  Moral  Philosophy 
in  connection  with  the  Presidency.  His 
salary  was  to  be  two  thousand  dollars  a 
year.  A  thousand  dollars  was  appropriated 
for  books.  The  chair  of  Latin  Language 
and  Literature  was  filled  by  the  election  of 
Daniel  Bonbright,  a  young  man  of  great 
promise,  then  a  tutor  in  Yale  College.  His 
service  was  not  to  begin  at  once,  but  he  was 
to  be  allowed  a  year's  absence  in  Europe  be- 
fore taking  up  the  work. 

Tentative  steps  were  taken  at  this  meet- 
ing to  carry  out  the  university  idea,  to 
which  the  Trustees  tenaciously  held,  by 
requesting  Rush  Medical  College,  which 
was  now  in  its  infancy,  and  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute,  to  unite  with  them  in  a  University 
organization  for  the  purpose  of  conferring 
degrees;  but  the  doctors  and  theologians 
preferred  their  single  blessedness,  at  least 
for  the  present.  They  were  willing  to  occupy 
a  sisterly  relation,  but  nothing  more.  There 


68 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


was  little  use  for  a  seal  as  yet  on  diplomas, 
but  one  was  desirable  in  the  execution  of 
scholarships  and  real  estate  instruments  of 
the  corporation.  For  this  purpose  a  design 
was  chosen,  consisting  of  an  open  book  with 
radiating  rays  of  light  encircled  by  the 
words,  "Northwestern  University."  This 
was  to  give  place,  later,  to  a  somewhat 
more  ornate  design;  but  it  was  destined  to 
do  duty  for  many  years  in  the  authorization 
of  titles  to  land  and  scholarships,  and  upon 
the  parchments  of  the  early  graduates. 

The  minds  of  the  brethren  were  deeply 
stirred  over  an  incident  that  was  brought  to 
their  notice  at  this  time.  They  could  not 
easily  understand  why  Iowa  Wesleyan 
University  should  spring  up  within  their 
territory,  but  the  matter  was  brought  very 
close  to  them  when  Rev.  W.  P.  Jones  se- 
cured a  charter  for  the  Northwestern  Fe- 
male College  and  Male  Preparatory  School, 
and  flung  out  his  banners  within  easy  hail 
of  the  building  where  they  were  assembled. 
He  had  appropriated  their  name  and  func- 
tion ;  he  was  aggressive  and  purposeful. 
They  appointed  a  committee,  on  which  was 
the  shrewd  attorney.  Grant  Goodrich,  and 
the  saintly  Hooper  Crews,  to  dissuade  him. 
But  neither  the  law  nor  the  gospel  were 
effective  to  divert  the  professor  from  his 
chosen  name  or  purpose.  Threats  of  prose- 
cution from  the  lawyer  and  persuasion  from 
the  preacher  were  alike  futile.  He  even  had 
the  temerity  to  appear,  later,  before  the 
Trustees  and  request  the  use  of  their  build- 
ing until  such  time  as  his  quarters  should 
be  ready  for  occupancy.  It  does  not  require 
historical  or  other  imagination  to  picture 
the  promptness  with  which  Professor  Jones 
was  shown  the  door.  However,  the  estab- 
lishment of  what  was  known  as  the  "Fern. 
Sem."  was  not  similarly  hailed  by  the 
students  of  the  college.  It  was  counted  a 
boon,  and  often,  I  doubt  not.  when  the  as- 
siduous attention  of  college  students  by  day 


and  by  night  made  life  a  burden  to  the  said 
professor,  he  was  led  to  wonder  if,  indeed, 
he  had  not  committed  an  error  in  invading 
the  territory  of  Northwestern  University 
with  his  Northwestern  Female  College. 
However,  it  lived  on,  doing  good  work 
until  it  was  merged  in  the  institution  whose 
Trustees  it  at  first  defied. 

In  July,  1856,  the  President-elect  ap- 
peared to  look  over  his  heritage  and  exhort 
the  Trustees  to  larger  undertakings.  New 
and  appropriate  buildings  he  evidently 
thought  necessary,  for  the  Board  immedi- 
ately resolved  to  prepare  plans  for  perma- 
nent structures.  He  asked  them  to  excuse 
him  from  entering  upon  his  office  for  the 
period  of  one  year,  so  that  he  might  con- 
tinue for  that  time  in  the  service  of  Trinity 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  New  York. 
His  request  was  granted  and  the  funds  that 
otherwise  would  have  been  devoted  to  his 
salary  were  appropriated  to  the  enrichment 
of  the  library.  Evidently  Dr.  Foster  came 
again  in  September  to  the  opening  of  the 
college  year,  for  the  first  recorded  minutes 
of  the  faculty  bear  date,  September  16, 
1856.  It  took  place  in  the  study  of  Pro- 
fessor Noyes.  There  were  present:  Ran- 
dolph S.  Foster,  President;  Henry  S. 
Noyes,  Professor  of  Mathematics ;  and 
William  D.  Godman,  Professor  of  Greek. 
It  was  agreed  that,  in  the  absence  of  the 
President  for  the  ensuing  year,  the  duties 
of  the  faculty  should  be  divided  as  follows : 
Professor  Noyes  should  assume  the  admin- 
istration of  discipline  and  act  as  Treasurer ; 
Professor  Godman  should  be  Secretary 
and  Librarian.  One  other  item  of  business 
is  recorded:  "Resolved,  That  a  Bible  class 
be  formed  and  taught  on  the  Sabbath  day. 
Professor  Noyes  to  teach  it."  The  next 
meeting  took  place  October  13,  1856,  and 
its  record  is  as  follows: 

"In  Faculty  assembled.  Resolved,  That 
a  student  whose  credit  in  recitations  falls 


o 

X 


f-S 


RTII  WESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


was  little  use  for  a  seal  as  yet  on  diplomas, 
but  one  was  desirable  in  the  execution  of 
scholarships  and  real  estate  instruments  of 
the  corporation.  For  this  purpose  a  design 
was  chosen,  consisting;  of  an  open  book  with 
radiating  rays  of  light  encircled  by  the 
words,  "Northwestern  University."  This 
was  to  give  place,  later,  to  a  somewhat 
more  ornate  design  :  but  it  was  destined  to 
do  dutv  for  many  years  in  the  authorization 
of  titles  to  land  and  scholarships,  and  upon 
the  parchments  of  tile  early  graduates. 

The  minds  of  the  brethren  were  deeply 
stirred  over  an  incident  that  was  brought  to 
their  notice  at  this  time.  They  could  not 
easilv  understand  wh\  Iowa  \\eslevan 
University  should  spring  up  within  their 
territory,  but  the  matter  was  brought  very 
close  to  them  when  Rev.  \Y.  I'.  Junes  se- 
cured a  charter  for  the  Northwestern  Fe- 
male College  and  Male  Preparatory  School, 
and  thing  out  hi-  banner-  within  easv  hail 
of  the  building  where  thev  were  assembled. 
He  had  appropriated  their  name  and  tuiie- 
tion ;  lie  was  aggressive  and  purposeful. 
They  appointed  a  committee,  on  which  was 
the  shrewd  attorney,  ('.rant  <  ioodrich.  and 
the  saintlv  Ilooper  Crews,  to  dissuade  him. 
Hut  neither  the  la\\  nor  the  gospel  were 
effective  to  divert  the  professor  from  his 
chosen  name  or  purpose.  Threats  of  pro-e- 
cution  from  the  lawver  and  persuasion  from 
the  preacher  were  alike  futile.  I  le  even  had 
the  temerity  to  appear,  later,  before  the 
Trustees  and  request  the  Use  of  their  build- 
ing until  such  time  as  his  i|iiarters  should 
he  ready  for  occupancy.  It  doe-  not  require 
historical  or  other  imagination  to  picture 
the  promptness  with  which  l'rofe--or  Junes 
was  shown  the  door.  However,  the  estab- 
lishment of  what  was  known  as  the  "Feni. 
Sem."  was  not  similarly  hailed  by  the 
students  of  the  college.  It  was  counted  a 
boon,  and  often,  1  doubt  not.  when  the  as- 
siduous attention  of  college  students  by  day 


and  by  night  made  life  a  burden  to  the  said 
professor,  he  was  led  to  wonder  if,  indeed, 
he  had  not  committed  an  error  in  invading 
the  territory  of  Northwestern  University 
with  his  Northwestern  Female  College. 
However,  it  lived  on.  doing  good  work 
until  it  was  merged  in  the  institution  whose 
Trustees  it  at  first  defied. 

In  July.  1856.  the  President-elect  ap- 
peared to  look  over  his  heritage  and  exhort 
the  Trustees  to  larger  undertakings.  New 
and  appropriate  buildings  he  evidentl) 
thought  necessary,  for  the  Board  immedi- 
ately resolved  to  prepare  plans  for  perma- 
nent structures.  He  asked  them  to  excuse 
him  from  entering  upon  his  office  for  tin- 
period  of  one  vear.  so  that  he  might  con- 
tinue for  that  time  in  the  service  of  Trinit\ 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  New  York. 
His  request  was  granted  ami  the  funds  that 
otherwi-e  would  have  been  devoted  to  his 
salary  were  appropriated  to  the  enrichment 
of  the  library.  Evidently  Dr.  Foster  came 
again  in  September  to  the  opening  of  the 
college  year,  for  the  first  recorded  minutes 
of  the  faculty  bear  date,  September  id, 
1X5(1.  It  took  place  in  the  study  of  Pro- 
fessor Noyes.  There  were  present:  Ran- 
dolph S.  Foster.  President:  Henry  S. 
Noyes.  Professor  of  Mathematics:  and 
William  I),  (iodman.  Professor  of  (ireek. 
It  was  agreed  that,  in  the  absence  of  the 
President  for  the  ensuing  year,  the  duties 
of  the  faculty  should  be  divider!  as  follows: 
Professor  Noyes  should  assume  the  admi11- 
istration  of  discipline  and  act  as  Treasurer; 
Professor  (iodman  should  be  Secretary 
and  Librarian.  One  other  item  of  business 
i-  recorded:  "Resolved.  That  a  I'.ible  class 
be  formed  and  taught  on  the  Sabbath  day. 
Professor  Noyes  to  teach  it."  The  next 
meeting  took  place  October  13,  1856.  and 
its  record  is  as  follows: 

"In  Faculty  assembled.  Resolved.  That 
a  student  whose  credit  in  recitations  falls 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


69 


below  the  average  for  the  term,  shall  fall 
out  of  his  class  to  the  next  lower;  if  a 
Freshman,  his  recitations  are  postponed  for 
the  year.  W.  D.  GODMAN,  Sec'y." 

Thus  these  two,  in  faculty  assembled, 
carried  on  the  interior  legislation  of  the 
infant  University  during  that  year,  col- 
lecting fees,  attending  to  the  library,  doing 
all  but  the  janitor  work,  which  was  dis- 
charged by  some  embryo  statesmen  who 
lived  in  the  attic,  at  the  munificent  compen- 
sation of  two  dollars  a  week. 

Dr.  Foster  appeared  on  the  5th  of  June, 
1857,  and  then  there  were  three.  They  were 
not  so  lonesome.  They  even  held  two 
faculty  meetings  in  a  month,  and  the  records 
lengthen  to  a  page  and  bristle  with  sug- 
gestions to  the  Trustees  as  to  what  should 
be  done  to  push  the  fortunes  of  the  little 
college.  There  had  been  twenty-two 
students  in  attendance  during  the  year — a 
gain  of  over  one  hundred  per  cent.  Among 
them  I  note  the  familiar  names  of  Henry 
M.  Kidder,  W.  A.  Spencer,  A.  C.  Linn, 
Homer  A.  Plympton,  James  W.  Haney  and 
I.  McCaskey.  There  were  two  classes  now. 
The  library  had  grown  to  two  thousand 
volumes.  The  museum  had  been  begun 
under  the  enthusiastic  labors  of  Robert  Ken- 
nicott.  They  issued  a  circular  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1857,  promising  three  classes  for 
the  ensuing  year,  and  a  fourth,  if  students 
with  advanced  standing  should  make  appli- 
cation; also  an  academic  school,  which 
should  be  a  private  enterprise  where  pre- 
paratory branches  of  study  would  be  taught, 
students,  partially  prepared  for  college,  be- 
ing permitted  to  spend  a  part  of  their  time 
in  college,  the  rest  in  the  academy.  They 
hesitated  about  the  establishment  of  an 
academy  under  university  auspices.  They 
had  not  issued  a  catalogue  as  yet.  Professor 
Bonbright  was  given  permission  to  remain 
abroad  another  year,  and  the  working  force 
of  the  college  was  to  be  reinforced  by  the 


arrival  of  Dr.  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney,  Professor 
of  Natural  Science,  and  the  sum  of  one 
thousand  dollars  was  appropriated  for  the 
purchase  of  philosophical  and  chemical  ap- 
paratus. 

Financial  Conditions  During  1857. — 
The  sessions  of  the  Trustees  for  1857 
give  out  no  sign  of  the  embarrassment  that 
was  prevailing  in  the  business  world.  They 
took  careful  account  of  their  assets  in  va- 
rious schedules,  and  reported  them  as 
$315,845.30  in  excess  of  their  liabilities. 
The  jubilant  Financial  Agent,  in  his  fourth 
annual  report,  says:  "Seldom,  if  ever,  has 
it  been  the  good  fortune  of  an  institution, 
unless  endowed  by  very  liberal  bequests,  to 
present  in  its  infancy  such  a  pecuniary 
basis  as  is  shown  by  the  exhibit  herewith 
submitted.  Four  years  since  this  institution 
was  an  experiment,  and,  by  many,  thought 
to  be  a  visionary  one.  The  entire  capital 
consisted  in  whatever  of  profit  or  advantage 
might  accrue  from  the  ownership  of  six- 
teen lots  in  Chicago,  which  were  held  by 
Dr.  Evans,  and  upon  which  a  few  in- 
dividuals had  made  advances  of  one 
thousand  dollars,  with  the  intention  of  plac- 
ing the  investment  to  the  account  of  the 
University.  During  that  and  the  ensuing 
year,  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of 
$22,440,  payable  in  four  equal  annual  in- 
stallments, were  obtained.  The  site  of  the 
institution  and  that  part  of  the  now  flourish- 
ing city  of  Evanston,  constituting  the 
original  purchase — about  three  hundred  and 
eighty  acres — was  bought  of  Dr.  John  H. 
Foster  for  $25,000,  which  sum,  less  one 
thousand  dollars,  was  to  remain  for  ten 
years  at  six  per  cent  interest.  This  pur- 
chase, and  the  sixteen  lots  in  Chicago 
which  were  subsequently  conveyed  to  the 
Trustees  at  the  original  cost  of  $8,000  and 
expenses,  together  with  two  parcels  of  land 
since  purchased  and  sold  at  an  advance, 
constitute  the  principal  sources  from  which 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  present  capital  of  the  University  has 
been  derived.  To  the  amount  thus  obtained 
add  the  proceeds  of  scholarships  sold,  and 
you  have  the  assets  above  indicated." 

It  is  small  wonder  that  Brother  Judson 
was  jubilant,  and,  with  the  rapid  settlement 
of  Evanston  and  sale  of  lots,  could  meet 
the  hard  times  with  a  smile.  The  schedule 
of  expenses  shows  to  some  extent  the  rough 
work  that  the  University  was  called  upon 
to  do  in  order  to  provide  for  its  educational 
plant.  It  is  largely  made  up  of  items,  such 
as  surveying  and  platting,  grading,  clearing 
streets,  ditching,  chopping,  fencing,  bridg- 
ing, draining,  grubbing,  building  break- 
waters— indeed,  the  whole  vocabulary  of 
the  pioneer  was  taxed  to  describe  their  op- 
erations. Meantime,  while  the  Trustees 
were  grubbing  and  chopping  their  way  to 
the  material  enrichment  of  their  institution, 
students  and  teachers  were  grubbing  and 
chopping  their  way,  under  disadvantages, 
to  the  accomplishment  of  their  ideals.  One 
of  the  reported  schedules  of  this  year  gives 
the  names  of  purchasers  of  homesteads  in 
Evanston — some  eighty-five  in  number,  all 
well  known  Methodist  names — who  were  to 
make  up  the  members  left  of  the  delightful 
company  of  old  settlers,  whose  neighborli- 
ness  and  hospitality,  whose  simple  kindliness 
and  approachability,  made  Evanston  a  good 
place  for  a  homesick  boy  to  happen  into. 
Most  of  these  people  purchased  in  blocks 
contiguous  to  University  Place,  usually  a 
hundred  feet  front,  and  at  prices  ranging 
from  five  to  ten  dollars  a  foot.  The  cat- 
alogue of  1859  announced  that  there  were 
twelve  hundred  inhabitants  in  Evanston. 
The  desert  and  the  solitary  place  were  being 
made  glad  by  habitation.  The  hard  times 
were  somewhat  reflected  in  the  financial  re- 
port of  the  following  year,  when  a  gain  of 
only  about  three  thousand  dollars  was  re- 
ported; and,  though  the  purchase  money 
on  Evanston  lands  was  not  due  until  1863, 


they  passed  a  resolution  setting  aside  fifty 
thousand  dollars  in  securities,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  that  debt  and  for  the  erection  of 
buildings,  provided  no  other  resources  were 
received  for  those  purposes. 

Professor  Bonbright  was  notified  to  ap- 
pear in  Evanston  and  take  up  his  work  in 
1858.  More  students  were  expected  that 
year,  and  arrangements  were  made  to  in- 
sure for  them  board  with  G.  W.  Reynolds, 
at  $2.50  per  week,  including  washing,  light, 
fuel  and  room,  and  he  was  loaned  five 
hundred  dollars  to  assist  in  carrying  out 
the  difficult  project.  Surveying  and  leveling 
instruments  were  furnished  Professor 
Noyes  in  connection  with  his  work,  which 
were  to  be  procured  "with  the  least  possible 
outlay  of  funds."  If  the  Trustees  had 
known  what  good  use  he  would  make  of 
them,  and  how  much  he  would  save  them  as 
a  practical  surveyor,  they  would  not  have 
been  so  niggardly  in  their  grant. 

The  year  1857  passed  uneventfully  in 
the  little  college.  The  faculty  was  reinforced 
by  the  service  of  a  tutor,  S.  L.  Eastman, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  assist  in  preparatory 
classes.  The  library  was  increased  and  the 
foundations  of  the  museum  were  growing, 
in  the  Northwestern  class-room,  under  the 
skillful  hands  of  Robert  Kennicott.  Thus, 
another  year  rolled  round  with  Dr.  Foster 
as  President.  There  were  twenty-nine 
students  in  all,  and  they  were  on  the  eve 
of  sending  out  the  first  graduating  class. 
On  recommendation  of  the  faculty,  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Arts  was  conferred 
upon  Thomas  E.  Annis,  Winchester  E. 
Clifford,  Samuel  L.  Eastman  and  Elhanpn 
Q.  Searles,  and  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Philosophy  upon  Henry  M.  Kidder.  These 
were  to  be  the  advance  guard  of  the  army 
of  Northwestern  graduates.  In  June  of 
1859  the  members  of  this  class  made  their 
graduating  orations  and  departed  from  the 
scenes  of  their  scholastic  training.  These 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


early  graduating  exercises  were  events  in 
Evanston,  when  the  men  who  had  developed 
under  the  eye  of  the  community  took  their 
leave  of  scenes  that  had  become  familiar. 
The  people  were  interested  in  them,  and 
thronged  the  little  church  to  hear  their 
orations.  The  farewell  of  the  President  was 
touching  and  personal,  for  he  knew  these 
men,  had  interested  himself  in  them  person- 
ally, and  regarded  their  going  away  as  a 
father  regards  the  departure  of  his  sons 
from  the  old  home.  The  coming  years 
might  add  the  dignity  of  numbers  to  com- 
mencement occasions,  but  they  would  lack 
the  sweet  flavor  of  personal  acquaintance 
and  the  inspiration  of  departure  amid  the 
regrets  and  tender  farewells  of  a  commu- 
nity who  would  watch  the  careers  of  the 
departing  students  with  solicitude  and  hope. 

The  Financial  Agent,  Rev.  Philo  Judson, 
had  now  resigned  and  Prof.  Henry  S. 
Noyes,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  professor, 
was  appointed  Agent  of  the  University. 
He  had  previously  looked  after  the  financial 
affairs  incidental  to  college  expenses,  tu- 
ition, etc.,  and  now,  in  the  most  painstaking 
way,  he  was  to  carry,  for  a  time,  the  burden 
of  property  management  and  business  detail 
that  was  so  vital  to  the  institution.  Though 
an  excellent  scholar  and  thorough  mathe- 
matician, he  was  a  man  of  affairs.  He  knew 
men  and  things  as  well  as  books,  and  was 
not  niggardly  of  service  of  any  sort  that 
might  advance  the  work  that  was  dear  to 
him. 

The  Trustees  were  a  little  alarmed  lest 
the  expenses  of  the  growing  college  should 
outstrip  the  receipts,  and  their  alarm  took 
the  form  of  a  resolution  instructing  the 
Executive  Committee  to  bring  the  expenses 
of  the  institution  within  the  available  in- 
come. The  budget  showed  expenses  of 
five  thousand  dollars  a  year  in  excess  of  the 
income.  It  was  truly  alarming.  They 
raised  a  subscription  to  lessen  the  deficit  and 


arranged  to  pay  teachers  in  land  when  other 
resources  failed. 

Dr.  Haven  Succeeds  to  the  Presidency. 
— By  June.  1860,  Dr.  Foster  had  resigned 
the  presidency;  his  library  was  added  to 
the  University  library,  and  he  returned  to 
what  was,  to  him,  the  more  attractive  work 
of  the  pastorate  in  New  York  City,  leaving 
behind  him  memories  of  his  genial  and 
helpful  presence  and  his  inspiring  eloquence 
that  graced  any  occasion  when  he  was  the 
orator.  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven  was  elected  in 
his  place.  His  name  had  been  turned  down 
at  the  previous  election ;  this  time  the 
Trustees  were  turned  down,  and  that  all- 
round,  indefatigable,  and  adaptable  pro- 
fessor, Henry  S.  Noyes,  was  made  Yice- 
President.  Dr.  Foster's  departure  was  signal- 
ized by  a  resolution  which  voiced  the  deep 
regret  over  his  going:  "Resolved,  That 
the  intercourse  of  Dr.  Foster  with  the  Board 
has  been  that  of  the  Christian  minister  and 
the  Christian  gentleman,  and  that  his  con- 
nection with  the  University  has  manifested 
his  intelligence  and  earnest  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  education,  and  that  his  influence  of 
the  members  of  the  University  was  such  as 
endears  his  memory  to  all  the  friends  of 
the  institution,  and  that  the  best  wishes  of 
the  Board  attend  him  to  the  avocation  of  the 
Christian  ministry."  They  were  still  under 
the  spell  of  his  charming  presence  and  en- 
gaging speech  when  they  wrote  that.  And 
what  opportunities  those  Trustees  and 
students  had  in  those  days,  to  sit  under  the 
preaching  of  such  men  as  Foster  and 
Simpson  and  Dempster! — giants  whom  the 
moderns  have  hardly  duplicated.  But  there 
were  serviceable  men  to  come.  Professor 
Noyes,  if  not  showy,  was  substantial  and 
useful  beyond  many  more  brilliant  men. 
In  matters  of  discipline  he  was  kind. 
Mischievous  fellows  used  to  hyphenate  his 
name  and  called  him  Professor  No-ves.  But 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


they  found  to  their  sorrow  that,  when  oc- 
casion demanded  it,  in  matters  of  discipline, 
his  Yes  was  Yea,  and  his  No,  Nay — and 
there  was  no  appeal.  He  met  the  in-coming 
student  with  a  warm  greeting  that  dissi- 
pated his  homesickness,  and  his  lovely  wife 
supplemented  his  labors  with  such  graceful 
kindness  as  made  the  new-comer  feel  that 
Evanston  was  all  right  as  long  as  these 
people  were  in  town. 


There  were  thirty  students  in  1859-60, 
and  the  ranks  of  the  graduates  were  in- 
creased by  the  names  of  A.  C.  Linn,  W.  A. 
Lord,  H.  A.  Plympton,  E.  Q.  Searles,  M. 
C.  Spaulding,  B.  A.  Springer  and  H.  L. 
Stewart,  who  received  the  degree  of  A.  B., 
and  W.  H.  H.  Raleigh  who  received  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.  B.  The  Academy  was  now  duly 
organized,  with  a  principal  of  its  own.  War- 
ren Taplin  being  first  called  to  that  office. 


CHAPTER    VI. 


PERIODS  OF  DEPRESSIOX  AND  GROWTH 


Changes  of  Faculty — Charter  Amendments 
Adopted — Effect  of  the  Civil  War  on 
Number  of  Students — Accessions  to  the 
Faculty — University  Land  Debt  is  Liqui- 
dated— Orrington  Lunt  Land  Donation 
for  Benefit  of  Library — University  Hall 
Projected — Accession  of  Students  and 
Teaching  Force  Following  the  War 
Period — New  Prises  Serve  as  a  Stimulus 
to  the  Students — First  Honorary  Degrees 
Conferred — Corporate  Name  is  Changed 
.  — Professors'  Salaries  Increased  and 
Erection  of  University  Hall  Prosecuted 
— A  "Gold  Brick"  Donation — Encourag- 
ing Financial  Development — -Death  of 
Acting  President  Noyes. 

In  1860-61  there  had  been  forty-three 
students  in  College  and  forty-nine  in  the 
Academy,  the  library  had  been  increased  to 
over  three  thousand  volumes,  and  the  cur- 
riculum had  remained  the  same,  with  its 
emphasis  on  Latin,  Greek  and  Mathematics. 
Dr.  Godnian  resigned  his  chair  in  Greek  in 
1860,  thereby  reducing  the  teaching  force 
of  the  college.  The  presumption  is,  that  the 
burden  of  his  work  fell  on  the  broad 
shoulders  of  Professor  Noyes,  who  was  al- 
ready carrying  Mathematics  and  the  Acting 
Presidency,  besides  acting  as  Secretary  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  and  Financial  Agent ; 
and,  in  view  of  his  responsibilities,  six 
hundred  dollars  was  added  to  his  salary 


over  that  of  the  other  professors.  It  was 
an  efficient  and  economical  arrangement; 
but  how  about  the  not  too  strong  Professor  ? 
He  is  weaving  his  life  into  his  work  with- 
out stint. 

A  formal  transfer  of  assets  was  now 
made  to  J.  G.  Hamilton,  as  Trustee,  to  the 
extent  of  $37,949,  to  meet  approaching  in- 
debtedness, and,  as  a  result,  he  was  ready 
to  meet  Dr.  Foster,  the  mortgagee  of  the 
Evanston  lands,  when  he  called  for  pay- 
ment in  1863.  Dr.  Bonbright  now  takes  his 
place  as  Secretary  of  the  faculty,  to  keep 
its  records  almost  continuously  till  1873. 

In  1861  amendments  were  added  to  the 
charter,  regulating  the  number  and  work 
of  Trustees  appointed  by  the  Annual  Con- 
ferences, and  providing  that  any  chartered 
institution  of  learning  may  become  a  de- 
partment of  this  University,  by  agreement 
between  the  Boards  of  Trustees  of  both 
institutions.  They  are  still  coquetting  with 
Rush  Medical  College  and  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute,  and  have  serious  intentions  as  to 
a  Law  School.  They  had  made  some  in- 
vestment in  the  property  of  Rock  River 
Seminary  at  Mt.  Morris,  Illinois,  probably 
in  the  neighborhood  of  five  thousand  dol- 
lars. A  creditor  had  seized  upon  it  and  it 
was  liable  to  be  alienated.  They  were  will- 
ing to  relinquish  their  claim  if  it  could  be 
saved  by  local  friends,  but  it  passed  from 
under  Methodist  control,  and  the  first  of 


73 


74 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


their  ventures  in  affiliated  preparatory 
schools,  as  provided  for  by  their  charter, 
was  a  failure. 

The  Civil  War — Financial  Conditions. 
—The  existence  of  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion was  reflected  in  college  life  in  1862, 
in  the  resignation  by  Dr.  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney, 
of  the  Chair  of  Natural  Science.  He  was 
parted  with  sadly,  and  the  best  wishes  of 
the  little  college  followed  him  in  the  patriotic 
service  in  which  he  engaged.  Many  of  the 
students  followed  him  in  the  service,  among 
them  being  Plympton,  McCaskey,  Spencer 
and  Haney,  H.  A.  Pearsons,  O.  C.  Foster, 
Charles  F.  Smith  and  M.  C.  Springer,  and 
many  others  whose  names  are  lost  to  us; 
and,  from  time  to  time,  the  Recruiting  Ser- 
geant, with  his  fife  and  drum,  found  Evan- 
ston  and  its  students  a  fruitful  field  for  re- 
cruiting operations,  seriously  thinning  the 
ranks  and  causing  the  faculty  to  invoke  the 
authority  of  the  distant  parents  as  to 
whether  or  not  their  boys  should  be  per- 
mitted to  enlist. 

In  consequence  of  the  depletion  of  the 
faculty,  Drs.  Dempster  and  Bannister  were 
called  to  assist  in  the  work  of  instruction. 
Clark  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
offered  in  1862  to  open  its  church  doors  in 
Chicago  for  the  commencement  exercises — 
a  proposition  which  was  declined  on  the 
ground  of  the  smallness  of  the  class;  so 
that,  on  that  occasion,  the  rafters  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Evanston 
resounded  with  the  eloquence  of  Robert 
Bentley,  Isaac  McCaskey,  William  T.  Rose. 
David  Sterrit  and  Bennett  B.  Botsford 
The  number  of  students,  all  told,  that  year, 
had  dwindled  to  eighty-nine.  The  Senior 
class  of  1862-63  was  reduced  by  enlistments 
to  two  persons,  and  one  of  these  had  no 
sooner  doffed  his  scholastic  gown  than  he 
put  on  the  soldier's  uniform  and  marched 
away  to  his  country's  service.  Still,  there 
was  a  gain  of  preparatory  students  that 


year,  and  the  aggregate  number  on  the  col- 
lege roll  was  slightly  increased. 

June  18,  1862,  Oliver  Marcy  was  elected 
to  the  Chair  of  Natural  Science  and 
Physics,  to  succeed  Dr.  Blaney,  who  was 
made  Professor  Emeritus.  Professor 
Marcy  had  been  teaching  at  Wilbraham, 
Mass.  He  was  an  enthusiast  in  his  work 
and  a  most  genial  and  painstaking  teacher, 
who  was  destined  to  a  long  and  honorable 
service  in  his  new  relations.  Rev.  N.  H. 
Axtell,  later  an  honored  member  of  Rock 
River  Conference,  was  likewise  added  to 
the  teaching  force  during  the  year  as  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Academy,  assisted  by  A.  C. 
Linn,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1860,  as 
Tutor  in  Mathematics  and  Latin — a  sturdy, 
thorough-going  teacher  who  was  soon  to 
enter  the  service  of  his  country  and  lay 
down  his  life  in  her  cause. 

The  income  of  the  University  was  now 
estimated  by  a  judicious  committee,  con- 
sisting of  Bishop  Simpson,  J.  G.  Hamilton 
and  Prof.  H.  S.  Noyes,  at  $5,594,  and  its 
whole  property  was  valued  at  $225,000. 
Evidently  there  had  been  a  great  shrink- 
age from  former  valuations,  or  a  strong 
desire  to  stimulate  donations  by  putting  an 
exceedingly  conservative  estimate  upon  the 
property.  At  any  rate,  the  pressure  was 
upon  the  Trustees  to  provide  better  build- 
ings and  better  boarding  accommodations, 
in  order  to  appeal  to  new  students  and  to 
hold  those  already  in  attendance.  From  time 
to  time  the  matter  was  earnestly  discussed 
by  the  Trustees.  A  building  known  as  the 
Club  House,  now  located  on  Orrington 
Avenue,  near  Clark  Street,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating about  twenty  students,  was 
the  result  of  this  agitation — the  first  experi- 
ment of  the  University  in  the  matter  of  dor- 
mitories. Fifteen  thousand  dollars  worth 
of  scholarship  notes  was  likewise  set  apart 
as  a  building  fund,  besides  ten  thousand 


a 
w 

o 
c 


74 


X(  )KTII\\  ESTERX    I'XIVERSITY 


tlicir  ventures  in  affiliated  preparatory 
schools,  as  provided  for  by  their  charter, 
was  a  failure. 

The  Civil  War — Financial  Conditions. 
The  existence  of  the  \\'ar  of  the.  Rebel- 
lion was  reflected  in  college  life  in  1862. 
in  the  resignation  by  Dr.  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney, 
of  the  Chair  of  Natural  Science.  He  was 
parted  with  sadly,  and  the  best  wishes  of 
the  little  college  followed  him  in  the  patriotic 
service  in  which  he  engaged.  Many  of  the 
students  followed  him  in  the  service,  among 
them  being  Plympton,  McCaskey,  Spencer 
and  Haney.  H.  A.  Pearsons.  ().  C.  Foster, 
Charles  F.  Smith  and  M.  C.  Springer,  and 
many  others  whose  names  are  lost  to  us; 
and.  from  time  to  time,  the  Recruiting  Ser- 
geant, with  his  fife  and  drum,  found  Evan- 
ston  and  its  students  a  fruitful  field  for  re- 
cruiting operations,  seriously  thinning  the 
ranks  an.l  causing  the  faculty  to  invoke  the 
authority  of  the  distant  parents  as  to 
whether  or  not  their  boys  should  be  per- 
mitted to  enlist. 

In  consequence  of  the  depletion  of  the 
faculty.  Drs.  Dempster  and  Bannister  were 
called  to  assist  in  the  work  of  instruction. 
Clark  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
offered  in  1862  to  open  its  church  doors  in 
Chicago  for  the  commencement  exercises — 
a  proposition  which  was  declined  on  the 
ground  of  the  smallness  of  the  class;  so 
that,  on  that  occasion,  the  rafters  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Evanston 
resounded  with  the  eloquence  of  Robert 
Bentley.  Isaac  .McCaskey.  U'illiam  T.  Rose. 
David  Sterrit  and  Bennett  11.  Botsford 
The  number  of  students,  all  told,  that  year, 
had  dwindled  to  eighty-nine.  The  Senior 
class  of  1862-63  was  reduced  by  enlistments 
in  iwo  persons,  and  one  of  these  had  no 
-OOIHT  doffed  his  scholastic  gown  than  he 
put  on  the  soldier's  uniform  anil  marched 
awa\  to  his  omntn's  service.  Still,  there 
was  a  gain  of  preparatory  students  that 


year,  and  the  aggregate  number  on  the  col- 
lege roll  was  slightly  increased. 

June  18.  1862,  Oliver  Marcy  was  elected 
to  the  Chair  of  Xatural  Science  and 
Physics,  to  succeed  Dr.  Blaney,  who  was 
made  Professor  Emeritus.  Professor 
Marcy  had  been  teaching  at  Wilbraham, 
Mass.  He  was  an  enthusiast  in  his  work 
and  a  most  genial  and  painstaking  teacher, 
who  was  destined  to  a  long  and  honorable 
service  in  his  new  relations.  Rev.  X.  H. 
Axtell,  later  an  honored  member  of  Rock 
River  Conference,  was  likewise  added  to 
the  teaching  force  during  the  year  as  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Academy,  assisted  by  A.  C. 
Linn,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  r8f>o.  as 
Tutor  in  Mathematics  and  Latin — a  sturdv. 
thorough-going  teacher  who  was  soon  to 
enter  the  service  of  his  country  and  lay 
down  his  life  in  her  cause. 

The  income  of  the  University  was  now 
estimated  by  a  judicious  committee,  con- 
sisting of  Bishop  Simpson.  J.  (i.  Hamilton 
and  Prof.  H.  S.  \oyes,  at  $5,50,4.  all(l  'ts 
whole  property  was  valued  at  $225. (xxj. 
Evidently  there  had  been  a  great  shrink- 
age from  former  valuations,  or  a  strong 
desire  to  stimulate  donations  by  putting  an 
exceedingly  conservative  estimate  upon  the 
property.  At  any  rate,  the  pressure  was 
upon  the  Trustees  to  provide  better  build- 
ings and  better  boarding  accommodations, 
in  order  to  appeal  to  new  students  and  to 
hold  those  already  in  attendance.  From  time 
to  time  the  matter  was  earnestly  discussed 
by  the  Trustees.  A  building  known  as  the 
Club  House,  now  located  on  ( )rrington 
Avenue,  near  Clark  Street,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating about  twenty  students,  \\a> 
the  result  of  this  agitation — the  first  experi- 
ment of  the  University  in  the  matter  of  dor- 
mitories. Fifteen  thousand  dollars  worth 
of  scholarship  notes  was  likewise  set  apart 
as  a  building  fund,  besides  ten  thousand 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  I 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON' 


75 


dollars  from  prospective  sales  of  University 
lands.  The  rest  must  wait  upon  donations. 

In  November,  1863,  James  G.  Hamilton, 
the  University  Treasurer,  announced  the 
fulfilment  of  his  trust  in  the  matter  of  the 
payment  of  the  University  debt,  for  which 
$39,000  of  assets  had  been  put  in  his  hands. 
It  was  a  happy  consummation.  It  realized 
the  forethought  of  the  fathers  and  nerved 
them  to  still  larger  undertakings.  A  definite 
plan  for  locating  upon  the  campus  the  build- 
ings that  were  sure  to  come  with  the  prog- 
ress of  time  was  now  devised ;  and  the 
services  of  the  eloquent  Dr.  Tiffany  were 
secured,  as  Financial  Agent,  to  see  if  his 
powers  of  persuasion  could  not  unlock  the 
pursestrings  of  numerous  patrons  to  the 
extent  of  providing  funds  for  the  projected 
buildings.  The  cost  of  the  main  building 
was  to  be  one  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
and  some  were  sanguine  enough  to  believe 
that,  in  the  space  of  a  few  months,  that 
silver-tongued  orator  could  coin  his  speech 
into  the  needed  amount.  But  the  task  was 
too  difficult :  few  contributions  were  secured 
by  the  gifted  agent,  and  Rev.  S.  A.  W. 
Jewett  took  up  the  task  with  little  better 
success. 

Accessions  to  the  Teaching  Force. — 
In  1865  the  name  of  Rev.  Louis  Kistler 
appears  as  a  temporary  appointment  to  the 
Chair  of  Greek  and  Principal  of  the  Pre- 
paratory Department.  This  appointment 
was  made  permanent  the  following  year. 
He  was  an  animated  instructor,  full  of  ac- 
tion, and  knew  his  subject  well.  His  eccen- 
tricities were  such  as-to  interest  his  students 
and  give  rise  to  those  mischievous  pranks 
that  students  are  wont  to  play  where  there  is 
opportunity.  He  had  his  favorite  pupils ; 
among  them  a  young  Scot,  fresh  from  the 
farm  in  Lake  County,  appealed  to  his 
partiality  by  his  conscientious  devotion  to 
his  work  and  his  uniform  excellence  in  his 
classes — Robert  Baird,  who  was  destined  to 


write  after  his  name,  "Professor  of  Greek 
Language  and  Literature."  Those  of  us 
who  sat  under  Prof.  Kistler  will  readily  con- 
cede to  him  that,  in  the  class-room,  he  put 
a  spirit  and  fire  into  Homer's  heroic  lines 
that  we  were  unable  to  acquire  in  the  ordi- 
nary use  of  our  lexicons. 

It  was  during  the  year  1865  that  Orring- 
ton  Lunt,  upon  whose  heart  rested  heavily 
the  educational  work  of  the  church,  donated 
a  tract  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  acres 
of  land  in  George  Smith's  Sub-division,  ad- 
joining Wilmette,  which  was  to  be  applied 
to  library  endowment.  The  conditions  of 
this  donation  involved  a  few  financial  obli- 
gations on  the  part  of  the  University,  which 
were  gladh  met  in  view  of  the  prospective 
value  of  this  library  endowment,  and,  stimu- 
lated by  the  gift,  the  Trustees  set  themselves 
afresh  to  the  task  of  college  buildings.  They 
employed  an  architect — G.  P.  Randall,  of 
Chicago — who  designed  the  building  that  is 
now  known  as  University  Hall.  It  was 
a  fascinating  thing,  when  drawn  on  paper 
as  it  would  be  when  drawn  in  stone,  dom- 
inating the  campus  and  sounding  out  the 
hours  from  its  watch-tower  to  the  genera- 
tions of  coming  students.  But  how  to 
build  it  was  the  question  which  still  re- 
mained unanswered. 

In  1865  and  1866  we  note  the  name  of 
George  Strobridge  as  Principal  of  the 
Academy.  He  had  returned  from  the  war 
to  the  peaceful  pursuit  of  pedagogy,  and 
John  Poucher  was  his  assistant. 

In  1866  a  new  name  was  added  to  the 
corps  of  instructors — that  of  David  H. 
Wheeler,  Professor  of  History  and  English 
Literature — a  genial  and  accomplished 
scholar  and  elegant  writer,  who  had  seen 
much  of  the  world  and  was  destined  to 
make  a  marked  impression  while  he  re- 
mained in  this  corner  of  it. 

The  items  of  Trustee  business  of  these 
years  are  somewhat  dreary  reading — made 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


up,  as  they  were,  of  transactions  concerning 
the  property  of  the  University,  of  repairs 
and  improvements  of  one  sort  or  anotlur, 
the  discussion  of  the  problem  of  shore  pro- 
tection, and  of  various  ways  and  means  for 
the  enlargement  of  property  interests  and 
the  raising  of  funds.  But  all  this  is  of 
exceeding  importance,  in  order  that  the 
professors  may  be  supported  in  their  work 
and  the  students  kept  at  their  tasks  with 
the  increasing  facilities  that  they  require. 
And  the  work  goes  on.  Evans,  Lunt,  Bots- 
ford,  Hamilton,  Cook,  Noyes  and  Hoag — 
as  the  Executive  Committee — did  the  busi- 
ness that  must  be  done,  held  things  together 
and  hoped  for  improvement  and  growth. 

The  increase  of  college  students  was  not 
rapid,  but  the  academy  numbers  had 
reached  one  hundred  and  five  in  1866,  with  a 
roll  of  seven  teachers,  among  them  being  the 
new  names  of  John  Ellis  and  Edmund  W. 
Burke — the  Judge  Burke,  that  is  to  be, 
though,  to  be  honest,  we  did  not  then 
suspect  it.  The  catalogue  of  that  year  blos- 
soms out  unexpectedly  with  the  announce- 
ment of  the  Lunt  Prize  in  Philology,  the 
Haskin  Prize  in  Mathematics,  the  Hurd 
Prize  in  Physical  Science,  the  Kedzie  Prize 
in  Declamation  and  the  Hamilton  Prize  in 
Composition  and  Reading.  These  prizes 
gave  a  marvelous  stimulus  to  things.  It  all 
came  out  of  the  effort  of  John  A.  Copeland 
to  start  a  prize  declamation  contest,  a  few 
years  before,  when  a  petition  was  presented 
to  the  faculty,  which  was  duly  discussed  and 
about  which  there  was  much  hesitation, 
though  the  petition  was  granted  that  a  prize 
declamation  contest  be  permitted.  Tom 
Strobridge  won  the  first  prize  and  Will 
Comstock  the  second.  The  occasion  aroused 
an  interest  such  as  the  University  had  rarely 
known.  The  contestants  had  raised  the 
funds  for  their  prizes,  but  thereafter,  as  it 
appeared,  kind  friends  would  furnish  them. 

One  incident  of  1866  shows  how  difficult 


it  was  for  the  Trustees  to  anticipate  the 
future  requirements  of  the  University.  A 
deed  was  given  to  the  heirs  of  John  Demp- 
ster for  what  was  known  as  Dempster's 
Sub-division,  which  cut  the  campus  in  twain 
in  the  region  of  the  deep  ditch  which  runs 
from  Sheridan  Road  to  the  Lake,  north  of 
Cook  Street.  This  was  the  result  of  a  pre- 
vious contract,  executed  at  a  time  when  the 
Trustees  might  have  been  forgiven  for 
their  lack  of  foresight.  The  Garrett  Bibli- 
cal Institute  had  been  located  on  the  campus 
just  south  of  the  property  described;  and, 
to  imagine  that  the  remainder  of  the  cam- 
pus would  suffice  for  the  needs  of  the  grow- 
ing institution,  was  a  fallacy  that  it  required 
but  little  time  to  prove.  In  the  same  year 
the  Presbyterians  were  given  a  site  for  a 
church.  The  Baptists  and  Congregational- 
ists  were  similarly  treated,  and  when  they 
had  no  house  of  worship,  they  were  wel- 
come to  the  College  Chapel.  During  the 
same  year  the  corporate  name  of  the  Uni- 
versity was  changed  from  "Trustees  of  the 
Northwestern  University"  to  "Northwestern 
University."  Other  names  were  suggested, 
but  the  Trustees  clung  tenaciously  to  the 
idea  with  which  they  started,  of  a  univer- 
sity for  the  Northwest.  The  Treasurer's 
report  for  that  year  showed  assets  to  the 
amount  of  $419,751.50  and  subscriptions 
to  the  University  Hall  amounting  to 
$48,000. 

The  first  honorary  degrees  given  by  the 
University  were  bestowed  in  1866,  when 
George  W.  Quereau,  George  M.  Steele,  and 
George  S.  Hare  were  given  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Divinity,  and,  upon  Randolph  S. 
Foster  and  Joseph  Cummings  were  con- 
ferred the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Professor  Bonbright  continued  to  act  as 
Secretary  of  the  Faculty  till  1869,  when 
Professor  Marcy  relieved  him  for  a  number 
of  years.  During  this  period  the  faculty  re- 
mained unchanged. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


77 


Increase  in  Salaries  and  Assets. — 
A  strong  desire  was  manifested  in  1867 
to  see  the  erection  of  University  Hall 
pushed  to  completion.  Matters  were  look- 
ing much  more  hopeful.  The  income  from 
endowment  had  been  found  sufficient  to 
warrant  increasing  the  salaries  of  the  pro- 
fessors from  $1,500  to  $2,000  per  annum, 
and  within  a  year  the  assets  had  increased 
over  $40,000.  The  building  was  now  under- 
taken in  a  very  cautious  manner.  It  was  to 
be  constructed  of  Athens  stone,  and,  with 
the  discreetness  that  always  characterized 
them,  the  Trustees  proposed  to  stop  and 
roof  the  building  over  when  it  reached  a 
point  beyond  which  their  available  funds 
would  not  enable  them  to  proceed.  H.  B. 
Hurd  proposed  in  this  emergency — and  the 
proposition  carried — that  the  building  be 
completed  to  the  roof  and  enclosed  before 
halting  in  the  enterprise.  Their  hearts  were 
gladdened  by  the  announcement  made 
by  Prof.  Louis  Kistler,  that  one  William 
Walker,  of  Kankakee,  proposed  to  give  the 
munificent  sum  of  thirty  thousand  dollars 
for  the  completion  of  the  building.  It  was  a 
cruel  disappointment  when  the  discovery 
was  made  that  Lord  Walker's  specialty  was 
subscribing  to  various  benevolent  enter- 
prises. His  benefactions,  however,  were  of 
the  "gold-brick"  variety.  The  Trustees  of 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  were  treated  to  a 
similar  experience  at  the  dedication  of  Heck 
Hall.  But  there  were  those  who  promised 
and  performed ;  and  in  an  emergency,  a 
loan  could  be  safely  made,  so  the  University 
Hall  was  assured.  The  building  went  on, 
giving  marvelous  stimulus  to  the  work  of 
the  college,  as  voiced  in  the  last  report  of 
Professor  Noyes  as  Secretary  and  Financial 
Agent,  made  in  June,  1868,  in  which  he 
says :  "The  work  of  the  new  college  build- 
ing is  progressing  with  gratifying  rapidity. 
Its  erection  has  greatly  inspired  public  con- 
fidence in  the  permanent  growth  of  Evan- 


ston,  and  had  a  marked  influence  in  en- 
hancing the  prices  of  University  property. 
It  can  no  longer  be  doubted  that  the  resolu- 
tion adopted  at  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Board,  to  proceed  at  once  with  the  building, 
was  a  wise  and  prudent  measure.  The 
early  completion  of  the  edifice  will  hasten 
the  day  of  its  more  complete  and  generous 
endowment." 

He  reported  the  assets  of  the  institution 
at  $703,706.08,  with  a  net  income  of  nearly 
seventeen  thousand  dollars  during  1866. 
The  Snyder  farm  had  been  purchased, 
south  of  Dempster  Street,  running  from 
Chicago  Avenue  to  the  lake,  at  a  cost  of 
$26,623.12,  and,  by  June  roth,  sales  and 
leases  of  that  property,  were  made  by  Pro- 
fessor Xoyes,  amounting  to  $42,445,  leav- 
ing a  profit  above  the  original  investment 
of  $15.821.88,  to  which  should  be  added,  as 
a  conservative  estimate,  lots  unsold  to  the 
value  of  $74,470,  and  all  within  the  space 
of  two  years.  Verily,  if  subscriptions  to 
the  new  building  were  not  forthcoming, 
they  could  turn  aside  to  their  old  procedure 
of  building  up  the  L'niversity  on  the  in- 
crease of  land  values.  This  transaction 
Professor  Noyes  carried  through;  sur- 
veyed and  sub-divided  the  grounds,  mar- 
keted the  property  up  to  1868,  and  it  has 
since  proved  one  of  the  choicest  of  the 
University's  holdings.  His  work  was  nearly 
done.  His  strength,  never  great,  was  break- 
ing under  the  load  that  he  had  carried  and 
he  needed  rest  and  change.  The  Trustees 
complimented  him  for  his  fidelity  as  he  laid 
down  his  tasks — all  but  his  teaching  and 
secretaryship  of  the  Board.  Miss  Willard 
has  well  said  of  him:  "Xo  one  ever  con- 
nected with  the  institution  has  placed  upon 
it  a  more  skillful  hand,  or  at  a  time  when 
it  was  more  plastic  to  his  touch.  To  the 
last  syllable  of  recorded  time,  his  name 
should  be  associated  with  the  Xorthwestern 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


University,  and  doubtless  it  will  some  day 
be  permanently  connected  with  some  build- 
ing of  the  growing  group  upon  the  College 
campus."  He  relinquished  his  work  in  1869 
and  his  secretaryship  in  1870,  and  was  ten- 
derly laid  to  rest,  at  Rosehill  Cemetery,  in 
1872.  Professor  D.  H.  Wheeler  succeeded 
him  in  the  Acting  Presidency  of  the  insti- 


tution. T.  C.  Hoag,  the  former  Treasurer 
of  the  University,  now  succeeded  to  the  du- 
ties of  Agent,  bringing  to  the  task  a  large 
business  experience  and  orderly  habits  in  the 
conduct  of  affairs.  For  more  than  twenty- 
five  years  he  was  to  continue  in  the  dis- 
charge of  that  office  or  of  the  treasurership, 
giving  good  account  of  his  stewardship. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


A    DECADE   OF   CHANGE 


Chicago  Medical  College  Merged  in  the 
University — A  "Town  and  Gown"  Con- 
test— Dr.  Erastus  O.  Haven  Enters 
Upon  the  Presidency — Women  Admitted 
to  College  Classes — Addition  to  the  Fac- 
ulty— Greenleaf  Library — College  Jour- 
nals— Dr.  Haven  is  Succeeded  in  the 
Presidency  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Fowler — In- 
crease of  Students  and  Growth  of  College 
Catalogue — Coeducation  Established  and 
Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  Joins  the  Fac- 
ulty— Gymnasium  Erected  —  Financial 
Embarrassment — President  Fowler  Re- 
tires and  Dr.  Oliver  H.  Marcy  Becomes 
Acting  President — The  University  Wins 
on  the  Taxation  Issue — Life-Saving  Sta- 
tion Established. 

The  Chicago  Medical  College  had  now 
become  an  integral  part  of  Northwestern 
University,  located  on  the  corner  of  Prairie 
Avenue  and  Twenty-sixth  Street,  Chicago, 
in  close  conjunction  with  Mercy  Hospital. 
The  University  aided  in  the  erection  of  its 
building  and  felt  great  pride  in  the  new 
connection,  which  was  largely  brought 
about  through  the  agency  of  Dr.  N.  S. 
Davis,  an  early  Trustee  of  the  University 
and  deeply  interested  in  the  cause  of  medi- 
cal education.  The  income  of  the  Univer- 
sity had  now  been  enhanced  by  returns  from 
the  La  Salle  Street  lots,  which  had  been 


leased  to  the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel  corpora- 
tion, and  the  future  looked  brighter. 

In  the  catalogue  of  1868-69  there  appears, 
for  the  first  time,  the  name  of  Robert  M. 
Cumnock,  Instructor  in  Elocution,  with 
the  modest  compensation  of  three  dollars  a 
week.  His  time  as  an  instructor  would 
command  that  much  an  hour  a  few  years 
later.  His  services  proved  so  acceptable 
that  he  was  paid  three  hundred  dollars  the 
following  year  for  such  services  as  he  ren- 
dered in  connection  with  the  College 
students.  He  was  a  rising  man  and  has 
risen  to  be  one  of  the  fixed  stars  in  the 
firmament  of  the  University.  The  name  of 
Robert  Baird  now  appears,  too,  as  Instruc- 
tor in  Greek  in  the  Academy.  He,  too,  was 
a  rising  man,  on  his  way  to  become  a  fixed 
star,  so  to  speak,  in  the  University  constel- 
lation, but  died  deeply  regretted  during 
the  year  19x55. 

Town  and  Gown  Contest — New  Build- 
ings.— Most  colleges  have  had  their  town 
and  gown  experiences  and,  growing  up,  as 
the  Town  of  Evanston  has  done,  under  the 
shadow  of  the  University,  it  would  almost 
seem  that  experiences  of  hostility  would  be 
avoided;  but  the  student  body  was  con- 
stantly discovering  that  they  were  regarded 
as  an  element  that  had  few  rights  at  the 
hands  of  the  native-born,  and  more  than 
once  they  had  rough  treatment  at  the  hands 
of  the  town  boys.  Nor  is  it  to  be  wondered 


79 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


at  that  the  owners  of  melon  patches,  to  the 
south  and  on  the  ridge,  regarded  the  student 
community  with  some  suspicion  during  the 
period  when  the  juicy  melon  ripens  on  its 
vine.  But  the  Trustees,  too,  had  their 
troubles  in  1869,  when  the  Town  vs.  Gown 
spirit  was  manifested  by  a  visitation  of  vil- 
lagers to  the  Trustees'  Board  on  the  subject 
of  taxation.  They  were  respectfully  heard 
and  were  told  that  the  Trustees  had  troubles 
of  their  own  in  maintaining  an  institution 
that  would  be  a  credit  to  all  concerned,  even 
with  the  subsidy  given  by  the  State  in  the 
form  of  exemption  from  general  taxation; 
and,  then,  Grant  Goodrich  took  the  floor 
and  informed  the  visitors  as  to  what  the 
University  had  done  for  the  town,  was  do- 
ing and  would  continue  to  do,  and  what 
were  its  rights  under  its  charter,  and  how 
the  scheme  of  mutual  benefits  ought  at  once 
and  forever  to  quiet  the  incipient  murmur- 
ings  on  the  subject  of  tax-burdens  because 
of  University  exemption.  He  did  not  fully 
lay  the  ghost.  It  has  since  walked  abroad 
and,  perhaps,  will  never  down,  for  there 
never  yet  was  a  college  town  but  had  its 
war  'twixt  "town  and  gown." 

The  lease  of  part  of  the  campus  to  Gar- 
rett  Biblical  Institute  was  put  in  form,  as 
it  now  exists,  after  long  and  tedious  con- 
ferences— indeed,  after  Heck  Hall  had  been 
erected — and  the  mutual  relations  were  so 
adjusted  that  they  might  live  ever  after 
happily  and  helpfully,  side  by  side. 

University  Hall  was  now  well-nigh  com- 
plete and  the  formal  dedication  and  occupa- 
tion was  designed  for  1870.  It  was  con- 
sidered desirable  that  a  President  should  be 
elected  to  begin  service  simultaneously  with 
the  occupation  of  this  Hall,  and  thought 
turned  again  to  Dr.  Erastus  O.  Haven.  He 
was  then  President  of  the  University  of 
Michigan — a  man  whose  coming  would  give 
new  dignity  and  prominence  to  the  Univer- 
sity. 


Dr.  Haven  Assumes  the  Presidency. — 

The  Trustees  fixed  his  salary — uiirabile 
dictu! — at  $4.500  per  annum,  and  elected 
him  without  a  dissenting  vote.  President 
Haven  was  then  forty-nine  years  of  age. 
He  had  graduated  from  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity in  1842 ;  had  been  Principal  of  Amenia 
Seminary ;  had  been  Professor  of  Latin  in 
Michigan  University,  and  later  of  English 
Language,  Literature  and  History ;  had 
been  editor  of  "Zion's  Herald";  a  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Senate,  and 
Overseer  of  Harvard  University ;  then 
President  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
for  six  years  before  accepting  the  Presi- 
dency of  Northwestern.  He  was  a  clear, 
earnest  and  logical  speaker,  and  his  long 
experience  and  eminent  qualifications 
strongly  commended  him  in  his  new  re- 
lations. His  first  year  was  signalized  by 
the  admission  of  women  to  the  college 
classes — almost  a  new  departure  among 
colleges  in  the  United  States,  but  a  move- 
ment that  he  had  championed  and  concern- 
ing which  he  had  assurances  before  coming 
to  Evanston.  The  working  union  with  the 
Chicago  Medical  College  was  consummated 
in  his  first  year,  and  there  were  added  to 
the  roll  of  University  instructors  the  con- 
spicuous names  of  Davis,  Andrews,  John- 
son, Byford,  Isham,  Hollister,  Roler  and 
Bevan,  with  N.  S.  Davis — then  in  his  prime 
— Dean  of  the  Medical  School.  The  sum- 
mary of  names  of  University  students 
counted  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  of 
which  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  were  in 
Evanston.  The  curriculum  had  been  greatly 
enriched.  Julius  F.  Kellogg  had  entered 
the  College  Faculty  as  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering — a  splendid  mathematician,  an 
excellent  teacher  and  well  beloved. 

The  north  end  of  the  third  story  of 
University  Hall  had  been  set  apart  as  a 
library,  in  which  the  accumulated  treasures 
of  twenty  years  were  installed,  and  to  which 


XORTHXVKSTKRX  FKMAI.K  COI.LEGE 


So 


.\<>KTII\\  KSTKKX    UNIVERSITY 


at  that  the  owners  of  nit-Ion  patches,  to  the 
south  and  on  the  ridge,  regarded  the  student 
community  with  some  suspicion  during  the 
period  when  the  juicy  melon  ripens  on  its 
vine.  But  the  Trustees,  too,  had  their 
troubles  in  1869.  when  the  Town  vs.  Gown 
spirit  was  manifested  by  a  visitation  of  vil- 
lagers to  the  Trustees'  Board  on  the  subject 
of  taxation.  They  were  respectfully  heard 
and  were  told  that  the  Trustees  had  troubles 
of  their  own  in  maintaining  an  institution 
that  would  be  a  credit  to  all  concerned,  even 
with  the  subsidy  given  by  the  State  in  the 
form  of  exemption  from  general  taxation  ; 
and.  then,  Grant  Goodrich  took  the  floor 
and  informed  the  visitors  as  to  what  the 
University  had  done  for  the  town,  was  do- 
ing and  would  continue  to  do.  and  what 
were  its  rights  under  its  charter,  and  how 
tile  scheme  of  mutual  benefits  ought  at  once 
and  forever  to  quiet  the  incipient  murmur- 
ings  on  the  subject  of  tax-burdens  because 
of  University  exemption.  He  did  not  fully 
lay  the  ghost.  It  has  since  walked  abroad 
and,  perhaps,  will  never  down,  for  there 
never  \et  wa>  a  college  town  but  had  it> 
war  'twixt  "town  and  gown." 

The  lease  of  part  of  the  campus  to  Gar- 
rett  Biblical  Institute  was  put  in  form,  as 
it  now  exists,  after  long  and  tedious  con- 
ferences— indeed,  after  Heck  Hall  had  been 
erected — and  the  mutual  relations  were  so 
Adjusted  that  they  might  live  ever  after 
happily  anil  helpfully,  side  by  side. 

University  Hall  was  now  well-nigh  com- 
plete anil  the  formal  dedication  and  occupa- 
tion was  designed  for  1870.  It  was  con- 
sidered desirable  that  a  I 'resident  should  be 
elected  to  begin  service  simultaneously  with 
the  occupation  of  this  Hall,  and  thought 
turned  again  to  Dr.  Erastus  ( ).  I  laven.  1  le 
was  then  Pre>ident  of  the  University  of 
Michigan — a  man  whose  coming  would  give 
new  dignity  and  prominence  to  the  I'niver- 
sitv. 


Dr.  Haven  Assumes  the  Presidency. — 

The  Tru-tee-  fixed  his  -alary — iiiimhilc 
i/iclii.' — at  84.51  x)  l"-'r  annum,  and  elected 

him  without  a  dissenting  vote.  President 
Haven  was  then  forty-nine  years  of  age. 
He  had  graduated  from  \Vesleyan  Univer- 
sity in  1842:  had  been  Principal  of  Amenia 
Seminary :  had  been  Professor  of  Latin  in 
Michigan  University,  and  later  of  English 
Language.  Literature  and  History;  had 
been  editor  of  "Zion's  Herald";  a  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Senate,  and 
Overseer  of  Harvard  University:  then 
President  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
for  six  years  before  accepting  the  Presi- 
dency of  Northwestern.  He  was  a  clear, 
earnest  and  logical  speaker,  and  his  long 
experience  and  eminent  qualifications 
-troiiglx1  commended  him  in  hi-  ue\\  re- 
lations. His  first  year  was  signalized  by 
the  admission  of  women  to  the  college 
clas-e- — alniii-t  a  new  departure  ami  ing 
colleges  in  the  L'nited  States,  but  a  move- 
ment that  he  had  championed  and  concern- 
ing which  he  had  assurances  before  coming 
to  Evanston.  The  working  union  with  the 
Chicago  Medical  College  was  consummated 
in  his  first  year,  and  there  were  added  to 
the  roll  of  University  instructors  the  con- 
spicuous names  of  Davis.  Andrews,  John- 
son, liyford,  Isham.  Hollister.  Roler  and 
Ilevan,  with  N.  S.  Davis — then  in  his  prime 
— Dean  of  the  Medical  School.  The  sum- 
mary of  names  of  University  students 
counted  three  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  of 
which  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  were  in 
Evan-ton.  The  curriculum  had  been  greatly 
enriched.  Julius  F.  Kellogg  had  entered 
the  College  Faculty  as  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering — a  splendid  mathematician,  an 
excellent  teacher  and  well  beloved. 

The  north  end  of  the  third  story  of 
University  Hall  had  been  set  apart  as  a 
library,  in  which  the  accumulated  treasures 
of  twentv  vears  were  installed,  and  to  which 


M  iKTiiu  I>TI:KN  I;I-:M  u.r.  ci >i. i.i-:< '.i 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


81 


was  added  the  Greenleaf  Library  of  twenty 
thousand  volumes,  rich  in  classics,  in  phil- 
osophy, in  art  and  education,  the  private 
library  of  Dr.  John  Schulze,  Minister  of 
Education  in  Prussia.  The  funds  for  this 
rich  and  timely  purchase  were  the  gift  of 
Luther  L.  Greenleaf,  one  of  Evanston's 
large-hearted  and  well-disposed  citizens,  a 
friend  and  a  Trustee  of  the  University. 

The  Advent  of  College  Journalism. — 
College  journalism  began  during  the 
presidency  of  Dr.  Haven,  with  the  issue  of 
"The  Tripod" — a  serious  and  well  edited 
publication,  whose  columns  represented  the 
College  and  the  Medical  School.  A  rival 
entered  the  field  in  1878,  and,  for  three 
years,  made  matters  interesting,  as  only 
rival  papers  with  an  inadequate  constituency 
can.  These  papers  were  combined  in  1881 
in  the  "Northwestern,"  the  present  college 
paper,  which  has  held  the  field  alone,  ex- 
cept during  a  single  year,  when  the  "Barbs," 
who  concluded  that  they  were  discrimi- 
nated against  in  the  make-up  of  the  editorial 
staff,  entered  the  field  of  college  journal- 
ism, in  which  Sidney  P.  Johnston  won  his 
newspaper  spurs.  The  "Evanston  Press," 
too,  was  an  outgrowth  of  college  journal- 
ism, bringing  out  the  latent  talent  of  Robert 
Vandercook  and  giving  direction  to  the 
bent  of  Edwin  L.  Shuman,  afterwards  the 
accomplished  literary  editor  of  the  "Chicago 
Tribune,"  and  still  later  of  the  "Record- 
Herald."  And  what  shall  we  say  of  the 
numerous  reporters  who  have  reported 
Evanston  news  for  the  Chicago  press? 
Eager  for  news,  they  have  sometimes 
created  it,  and  very  often  magnified  some 
trivial  incident  into  a  harmful  sensation. 
Many  of  them  have  graduated  into  jour- 
nalism, however,  and  given  a  good  account 
of  themselves.  For  many  years  James  W. 
Scott,  of  the  "Chicago  Herald,"  maintained 
the  Herald  Scholarship  and  Mr.  H.  H. 
Kohlsaat  has  continued  it.  A  publication 


that  has   reflected  much  of  the  spirit  of 
college  life  was  the  "Pandora,"  issued  in 

1884  and  published  by  the  senior  class.    In 

1885  the  name  was  changed  to  "Syllabus," 
and   its   publication   was   assumed   by   the 
fraternities.     In   1893  the  publication  was 
undertaken  by  the  junior  class  and  so  con- 
tinues. 

"Sketches  in  Purple"  is  a  most  creditable 
exhibit  of  literary  work  done  in  the  classes 
of  Prof.  J.  S.  Clark,  first  published  in 
1901,  with  hope  of  an  annual  appearing. 

The  list  of  prizes  as  stimulants  to  all  sorts 
of  intellectual  activity  had  been  increased  by 
the  addition  of  prizes  for  excellence  in  liter- 
ary composition,  leading  up  to  the  Blan- 
chard  Prize  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  the 
best  English  oration,  and  sundry  prizes  for 
excellence  in  debate  and  elocution. 

The  Catalogue  of  1869-70  is  the  most 
attractive  issue  of  that  periodical  thus  far 
published,  and  it  impressed  the  founders 
that  their  hopes  of  Northwestern  were 
reaching  some  fruitage.  A  cut  of  the  new 
University  Hall  adorns  its  pages,  giving  the 
impression  of  amplitude  of  accommodation 
in  which  to  do  the  college  work.  The  joy 
of  teachers  and  students  in  the  spacious 
quarters,  which  contrasted  so  strongly  with 
the  stuffy  quarters  on  Davis  Street, 
amounted  almost  to  intoxication.  Then, 
too,  the  freedom  of  the  splendid  campus, 
with  its  oak-tree  shade,  its  outlook  on  the 
open  lake,  were  means  of  intellectual 
growth  and  culture  that  could  not  be  over- 
rated. The  museum,  that  was  growing  to 
splendid  proportions  under  the  loving  care 
of  Professor  Marcy,  was  given  spacious 
quarters  in  the  lofty  upper  story  of  the 
building.  The  Preparatory  School  was 
given  the  cast-off  garment  of  the  College  on 
Davis  Street;  and  it,  too,  took  on  new 
dignity  and  importance,  with  its  little  cam- 
pus all  its  own,  where  Preps,  would  no 
longer  be  over  awed  by  the  lordly  airs  of 


82 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


college  men.  Amos  W.  Patten,  and  Charles 
W.  Pearson  and  E.  P.  Shrader,  names  that 
will  figure  more  prominently  by  and  by, 
were  added  to  the  teaching  force  of  the 
Academy.  Through  Dr.  Haven's  efforts, 
the  hospitality  of  the  College  was  extended 
to  the  Evanston  College  for  Ladies,  and  an 
opening  made  for  the  co-operation  of  the 
Scandinavians  in  the  work  of  the  College. 
Prof.  H.  S.  Carhart,  fresh  from  Middle- 
town,  was  added  to  the  faculty  in  the  Chair 
of  Civil  Engineering,  while  Professor  Kel- 
logg assumed  the  Chair  of  Mathematics. 
Professor  Carhart  likewise  took  up  the  du- 
ties of  Secretary  of  the  Faculty,  which  Pro- 
fessor Marcy  and  Professor  Bonbright  had 
carried.  Few  colleges  were  then  better 
equipped  with  bright,  earnest  men,  or  had 
a  better  share  of  hope  and  the  stimulus  of 
manifest  progression. 

Another  Change  of  Administration. — 
The  administration  of  Dr.  Haven  was 
all  too  short.  His  ambitions  were,  no  doubt, 
ecclesiastical.  The  General  Conference 
called  him  away  to  the  Secretaryship  of 
the  Board  of  Education,  and  he  inclined  to 
the  summons.  Gentle,  loving  persuasion 
was  of  no  avail  to  divert  him  from  this 
public  call.  In  October,  1872,  Dr.  C.  H. 
Fowler  was  elected  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity for  the  second  time,  he  having  de- 
clined an  earlier  election.  His  career,  since 
1861,  when  he  graduated  from  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,  had  been  in  the  adjacent 
City  of  Chicago,  where  he  had  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  pulpit  orator  of  the 
highest  rank.  His  brilliant  parts  and  large 
influence  promised  well  for  a  splendid 
career  at  Evanston.  He  magnified  his  work 
and  made  it  honorable  and,  with  the  stim- 
ulus of  youth,  he  planned  for  large  things 
in  connection  with  his  charge.  He  planned 
a  School  of  Technology.  A  School  of 
Music  was  established.  The  Evanston  Col- 
lege for  Ladies  was  merged  in  the  Uni- 


versity, and  a  Law  School  was  established  in 
conjunction  with  the  University  of  Chicago, 
which  was  destined  to  become  exclusively 
the  Northwestern  University  Law  School. 
The  catalogue,  never  larger  than  eighty 
pages  in  any  previous  issue,  now  became 
an  imposing  document  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty  pages,  with  broadened  curriculum, 
lists  of  professional  schools  and  affiliated 
preparatory  schools,  and  an  enrollment  of 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-six  students,  to- 
gether with  a  double-page  engraving  of  the 
campus  and  its  buildings  and  the  adjacent 
lake — enough  to  fire  the  prospective  student 
with  an  eager  desire  to  be  a  part  of  such 
a  school.  The  succeeding  catalogue  is  less 
ambitious,  composed  of  one  hundred  and 
twelve  pages,  of  lighter  paper  and  smaller 
type.  The  President  had  doubtless  heard 
from  the  business  office  as  to  the  cost  of 
printing  and  the  matter  of  postage ;  but  the 
roll  of  students  had  increased  to  eight  hun- 
dred ninety-one. 

Organization  of  Teaching  Force. — 
Frances  E.  Willard  had  become  asso- 
ciated with  the  University,  as  Professor  of 
Esthetics,  on  the  merging  of  the  Evanston 
College  for  Ladies  in  the  University.  Her 
students  came  with  her  and  the  roll  of  the 
graduates  of  the  Northwestern  Female  Col- 
lege, to  which  the  Evanston  College  for 
Ladies  succeeded,  was  included  among  the 
alumni  of  Northwestern  University.  That 
brilliant  woman  did  not  tarry  long  in  educa- 
tional work.  She  was  calculated  for  leader- 
ship rather  than  for  service  in  the  ranks.  She 
chafed  under  the  restraints  of  a  conservative 
Board  of  Trustees.  Her  career  was  to  be 
world-wide.  As  the  President  of  the  Wo- 
man's Christian  Temperance  Union  she 
found  her  sphere ;  she  wielded  her  pen  with 
the  most  polished  grace,  and  she  spoke  as 
one  inspired,  when  her  theme  involved  the 
welfare  of  men  and  women.  The  College  was 
proud  of  her,  of  her  genius  and  of  the  sacri- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


fice  and  devotion  with  which  she  applied  it. 
Her  successor,  as  Dean  of  the  Woman's 
College,  was  Miss  Ellen  Soule,  who  be- 
came Mrs.  Professor  Carhart,  and  gave 
place,  in  turn,  to  Miss  Jane  M.  Bancroft. 
With  the  merging  of  the  College  for  Ladies 
a  new  element  was  introduced  in  the  Board 
of  Government  by  the  election  of  three  lady 
Trustees,  one  of  whom,  for  a  time,  served 
on  the  Executive  Committee — Mrs.  Emily 
Huntington  Miller  having  the  distinction  to 
be  the  first  woman  to  take  her  place  in  the 
"Seats  of  the  Mighty." 

A  much  needed  improvement  on  the  cam- 
pus was  made  in  1876  by  the  building  of 
the  Gymnasium  by  a  stock  company  of 
students,  with  a  bowling  alley  in  the  base- 
ment and  a  large  room  for  exercise  above, 
in  size  about  forty  feet  by  eighty.  It  was 
not  adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  institu- 
tion, but  it  would  do  as  a  step  towards  bet- 
ter things, — a  long  step,  perhaps,  ere  the 
new  Gymnasium  is  to  be  erected — but  the 
need  was  so  great  that  students  took  hold  of 
the  enterprise,  managing  it  by  a  Board  of 
Directors. 

New  names  appear  in  1876  as  donors  of 
prizes  to  stimulate  various  sorts  of  effort: 
the  Easter  Prize  displacing  the  Blanchard, 
the  Gage  Prizes,  the  Mann  Prize,  the  Phil- 
lips Prize,  and  others  given  by  the  Uni- 
versity. 

Prof.  Herbert  F.  Fisk  came  to  the  Pre- 
paratory School  in  1875,  with  the  rank  of 
Professor,  and  later  became  Professor  of 
Pedagogics  in  the  College.  He  had  grad- 
uated early  from  Wesleyan  University,  and 
since  his  graduation  had  taught  contin- 
uously in  academies  in  the  East.  He  was 
destined  now  to  find  a  field  of  continuous 
labor,  and  to  make  a  record  as  teacher  and 
disciplinarian.  The  Old  College  Building 
had  been  enlarged  and  moved  to  the  cam- 
pus, to  serve,  for  a  long  series  of  years,  as 
the  scene  of  his  labors  where  he  should 


preside,  a  terror  to  evil-doers  and  a  praise 
to  them  that  do  well.  The  discipline  of 
that  end  of  the  campus  was  safe  while  Dr. 
Fisk  was  in  town. 

Financial  Situation — New  Burdens. — 
It  has  already  been  indicated  that 
President  Fowler  had  started  things  at  a 
more  rapid  pace  than  they  had  previously 
been  going.  Such  movements  require 
money.  The  absorption  of  the  Ladies'  Col- 
lege increased  the  debt  and  a  dangerous 
deficit  was  piling  up.  One  large  subscription 
of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  proved  to 
be  of  the  Walker  variety  and  the  Trustees 
were  greatly  disturbed.  Some  advocated 
the  rapid  sale  of  property  and  its  use  to 
diminish  the  debt  and  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses upon  which  they  had  entered,  rather 
than  take  a  backward  step.  The  records  of 
1875  fairly  reflect  the  earnestness  of  the 
controversy  over  the  question  of  the  policy 
to  be  pursued  by  the  University  with  refer- 
ence to  unproductive  property.  In  the  com- 
munications of  Governor  Evans,  of  T.  C. 
Hoag,  of  W.  H.  Lunt  and  of  Rev.  Philo 
Judson  on  this  subject,  almost  the  last  word 
was  spoken  on  behalf  of  the  respective  pol- 
icies of  holding  for  lease  or  selling  out  the 
residence  property  of  the  University,  at  go- 
ing prices  to  actual  settlers,  and  investing 
the  resultant  funds.  When  this  discussion 
again  arises — as  arise  it  will  from 
time  to  time — the  minutes  of  1875  will 
prove  an  armory  of  weapons  to  the  con- 
testants. Governor  Evans  wrote  as  one 
deeply  interested  in  the  institution,  as  hav- 
ing given  to  it  with  generous  liberality  and 
having  put  it  under  restraint  to  withhold 
from  sale  a  certain  portion  of  its  property. 
Philo  Judson  wrote  as  one  who  met  the 
actual  situation  in  his  work  as  Land  Agent, 
and  reached  a  height  of  eloquence  and  ar- 
gument in  his  plea  for  generous  and  un- 
restricted sales  that  seems  unanswerable. 
If  he  or  Governor  Evans  had  never  written 


84 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


anything  else  than  these  two  papers,  these 
recorded  documents  of  two  of  the  founders 
of  the  institution  would  reveal  to  us  of  a 
later  generation  that  they  were  men  of 
keen  intellectuality  and  good  fighters. 

So  far  as  the  policy  with  reference  to  the 
sale  of  property  is  concerned,  this  discus- 
sion was  without  practical  result.    The  lim- 
itations which  Governor  Evans  placed  upon 
the  sale  of  property,  by  conditional  grants 
to  the  University  of  sundry  pieces  of  Chi- 
cago property,  were  revoked  by  a  later  in- 
strument.   Indeed,  the  limitations  agreed  to 
by  the  Executive  Committee  in  receiving 
gifts  from  Governor  Evans  were  not  ap- 
proved by  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  the 
whole  question  of  the  sale  of  property,  with 
a  view  to  limitations,  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  three,  in   1871,  the  report  from 
whom  has  never  been  called  up.    Rev.  Philo 
Judson's  communication  on  this  subject  was 
his  last  word  to  the  University,  and  it  is 
indeed  a  heritage.     He  died  a  few  months 
later  and  a  feeling  tribute  graces  the  record, 
describing  him  as  "one  of  the  founders  of 
the  institution"  ;  as  "the  first — and,  for  many 
years — Business    Manager    and    Financial 
Agent,   and    later   Trustee   and    Executive 
Officer,  who  has  rendered  long  and  efficient 
service   to   the   University.      To   his   intel- 
lectual   force,   sagacity,   wisdom,   integrity, 
unselfishness  and  fidelity,  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation is  lastingly   indebted."     And  much 
more  to  the  same  effect,  which  was  inspired 
by  a  genuine  appreciation  of  a  man  of  most 
sterling  and  serviceable  qualities. 

The  Board  started  out  upon  the  year 
1876  with  a  discouraging  budget,  showing 
a  probable  deficit  of  nearly  sixteen  thousand 
dollars  ;  but  the  end  of  the  year  was  reached 
with  a  somewhat  better  showing,  though, 
on  the  whole,  not  entirely  satisfactory.  A 
judicious  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means 
was  appointed  to  look  matters  in  the  face, 
and  see  if  some  remedy  could  not  be  devised 


to  avoid  a  crisis.  They  could  only  figure 
out  a  probable  deficit  of  $23,750  per  annum. 
They  reminded  their  brethren  that,  in  their 
great  desire  for  rapid  development,  they  had 
forgotten  the  old  adage,  "Make  haste  slow- 
ly," and  they  recommended  a  return  to  the 
old  ways  of  making  no  appropriations  for 
salaries  or  other  expenses  in  advance  of  cur- 
rent income.  This  policy,  said  they,  must 
be  adhered  to  rigidly,  in  the  future,  for  we 
cannot  afford  to  mortgage  the  future  use- 
fulness of  the  institution. 

Dr.  Fowler  having  been  elected  editor  of 
the  "Christian  Advocate"  in  New  York,  in 
May  of  that  year,  resigned  his  position,  to 
the  great  regret  of  the  Board,  who  passed 
resolutions  of  warm  commendation  of  his 
work  and  his  influence.  The  Chairs  of 
English  Literature  and  Chemistry  were 
likewise  vacated  and  the  work  distributed. 
Thus  the  ship  was  lightened  and  proceeded 
on  its  voyage  with  a  better  prospect  of 
reaching  port.  Dr.  Oliver  Marcy  was  made 
Acting  President — a  work  which,  although 
not  at  all  to  his  taste,  he  took  up  and  admin- 
istered with  the  same  fidelity  and  zeal  that 
he  gave  to  his  own  department,  winning  re- 
spect and  confidence  at  every  step  and  ad- 
ministering government  and  discipline 
with  an  even  hand. 

A  new  menace  came  in  1876  to  try  the 
patience  of  the  Trustees  who  were  heroically 
struggling  with  the  problem  of  finance,  in 
the  listing  of  their  property  by  the  assess- 
ors for  taxation.  The  expense  of  testing 
the  legality  of  the  claim  was  appalling,  and 
the  possibly  unfavorable  outcome  of  litiga- 
tion was  even  more  discouraging.  But 
they  stood  firmly  upon  their  chartered 
rights.  The  contest  in  the  lower  court  of 
the  State  was  adverse,  as  was  expected. 
The  decision  in  the  State  Supreme  Court 
was  similarly  adverse,  but  not  unanimous, 
there  being  two  dissenting  Justices.  The 
case  then  went  to  Washington,  with  Grant 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


Goodrich,  Wirt  Dexter  and  Senator  M.  H. 
Carpenter  as  attorneys  for  the  University, 
and  their  efforts  were  crowned  with  the 
happy  result  of  a  reversal  of  the  decision  of 
the  State  Courts.  The  contention  of  the 
tax-collector  was  that,  though  the  property 
of  the  University  was  exempted  from  tax- 
ation by  the  amendment  to  the  charter  in 
1855,  a  subsequent  statute  of  1872  limited 
this  exemption  to  land  and  other  property 
in  immediate  use  by  the  school.  The 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  con- 
strued the  charter  in  harmony  with  the 
powers  granted  to  the  Legislature  under 
the  Constitution  of  1848,  and,  therefore,  not 
limited  by  the  new  Constitution  of  1870. 
We  cannot  say  if  any  bonfires  blazed  on 
the  campus  when  the  decision  was  made 
known.  It  is  quite  certain  that  a  new  light 
gleamed  from  the  faces  of  the  surviving 
founders,  and  especially  from  the  face  of 
the  surviving  attorney,  Grant  Goodrich, 
who  drew  the  charter  amendment  that  had 
been  controverted  and  which  meant  so 
much  to  the  institution. 

Life  Saving  Station  is  Established. — 
During  1876  the  Life  Saving  Station  of 
the  United  States  was  established  on  the 
campus,  manned  by  students  and  presided 
over  by  Captain  Larson,  an  "old  salt"  who 
is  the  soul  of  discipline  and  fidelity,  as  de- 
vout as  he  is  brave,  whose  influence  upon 
his  boys  has  been  the  very  best.  The  work 
of  life-saving  at  the  station  has  been  a 


source  of  honest  joy  and  pride  to  the  friends 
of  the  University.  The  lease  of  University 
grounds  for  this  purpose  was  for  twenty 
years,  and  in  1896  was  renewed  for  fifty 
years,  so  that  it  has  a  future  in  connection 
with  the  institution. 

Without  serious  diminution  in  numbers, 
but  on  a  more  even  keel,  the  University 
kept  on  its  course  under  the  wise  admin- 
istration of  Dr.  Marcy,  till  1881.  Prof. 
Kistler  had  retired  and  his  old-time  pupil 
was  made  instructor  in  Greek.  Charles  W. 
Pearson,  too,  had  risen  to  an  instructorship 
in  English  Literature  in  place  of  D.  H. 
Wheeler.  New  names  were  appearing  in 
instructorships  which  will  afterwards  figure 
in  connection  with  professorships  in  the  in- 
stitution. The  financial  burden  that  had 
been  much  relieved  was  still  oppressing, 
and  the  heroic  method  of  reduction  of  sal- 
aries was  applied,  with  the  hope  that  it 
would  not  be  for  long. 

George  F.  Foster,  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  passed 
away  in  1878  and  was  memorialized  in  the 
records  of  the  Trustees.  He  was  a  man  of 
zeal  and  generous  liberality ;  a  shouting 
Methodist,  ardent  in  his  temperament, 
earnest  and  persistent  in  the  discharge  of 
what  he  believed  to  be  his  duty.  He  was  a 
warm  and  devoted  friend,  an  open  and  hon- 
orable opponent.  William  Wheeler,  too, 
had  gone,  and  the  ranks  of  the  early  Trus- 
tees were  sadly  thinning. 


CHAPTBR  VIII. 


AN  ERA  OF  PROGRESS 


Dr.  Joseph  Cummings,  the  Nestor  of  East- 
ern Educators,  Succeeds  to  the  Presiden- 
cy— Indebtedness  Wiped  Out  and  the  In- 
stitution Enters  Upon  a  Afore  Prosper- 
ous Era — Munificent  Gifts  and  Improve- 
ments— Changes  in  Faculty  and  Trustees 
— Illinois  School  of  Pharmacy  and  School 
of  Dentistry  Added — Celebration  of  Uni- 
versity Day  Inaugurated  —  President 
Cummings'  Successful  Career  and  His 
Taking  Away — Dr.  Marcy  Temporarily 
Assumes  the  Position  of  Acting  Presi- 
dent— Dr.  Henry  IVade  Rogers  Suc- 
ceeds to  the  Presidency  in  1890 — Other 
Changes  and  Improvements — Depart- 
ment Schools  and  Colleges — Real  Estate 
Investments. 

Dr.  Marcy  was  becoming  weary  of  tasks 
that  took  him  from  his  class-room  and  his 
beloved  museum,  and,  in  June,  1881,  Joseph 
Cummings,  the  Nestor  of  educators  in  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  long-time 
President  of  Wesleyan  University,  an  old 
man  but  full  of  vigor,  was  chosen  for  the 
Presidency.  He  was  coming  to  his  own ; 
for,  had  not  the  Northwestern,  for  years, 
paid  tribute  to  Middletown  in  the  filling  of 
its  chairs?  There  were  Marcy,  and  Fisk, 
and  Carhart,  and  Cumnock,  and  Morse,  and 
there  were  others  coming.  Surely,  the  grand 
old  man  might  take  up  his  work  with  no 
sense  of  novelty  in  his  new  situation.  He 


was  a  man  of  noble  parts,  full  of  dignity 
but  full  of  gentleness,  as  devoted  to  his 
work  as  is  the  sun  to  shining.  He  was  an 
ideal  College  President  of  the  old  school ; 
great  in  the  recitation  room,  great  as  a 
disciplinarian,  strong  in  administration,  a 
financier,  an  economist,  a  mighty  man  in 
the  pulpit  or  on  the  rostrum,  able  to  do 
great  things  and  small,  considerate  of  his 
colleagues,  no  tyrant,  but  a  believer  in 
faculty  government  and,  without  coercion 
of  their  opinion,  willing  to  abide  by  it.  What 
a  mighty  man  he  seemed  on  commencement 
days,  in  his  square  Doctor's  cap  and  silk 
gown,  bidding  candidates  "ascendat,"  and 
conferring  degrees  in  Latin  without  a  slip,  a 
task  over  which  his  successors  stumbled. 
Before  his  work  was  done,  two  hundred 
thousand  dollars  of  indebtedness  from  for- 
mer years  had  been  cleared  off.  Governor 
Evans  helped  nobly :  William  Deering  bore 
the  lion's  share ;  and  one  and  another  lifted, 
under  the  persuasive  power  of  Dr.  Cum- 
mings or  Dr.  Hatfield,  till  the  work  of  liqui- 
dation of  indebtedness  was  wrought,  and 
then,  relieved  of  burden,  the  college  work 
went  on  more  hopefully.  New  professors 
were  secured,  development  took  place  in 
the  line  of  true,  logical  growth  under  the 
hand  of  a  master.  His  annual  reports  were 
and  are  still  the  strongest  and  most  helpful 
papers  ever  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, full  of  stimulus  and  suggestions.  The 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


Fayerweather  Hall  of  Science  was  secured, 
the  gift,  for  a  long  time,  of  an  unknown 
donor  into  whose  ear  Dr.  Hatfield,  at  a  time- 
ly moment,  had  dropped  a  word  concerning 
Northwestern,  and  it  resulted  in  this 
anonymous  gift — and  would  result  in  more 
when  his  will  should  be  opened — that  helped 
mightily  in  the  development  of  the  work  in 
Chemistry  and  Physics.  Professor  Carhart 
was  tempted  away  to  Michigan  University 
just  as  he  was  about  to  enter  into  his 
heritage  of  the  new  building,  to  carry  on 
the  brilliant  career  of  a  physicist,  which  he 
had  so  well  begun  at  Northwestern. 

Organization  of  New  Departments. — 
Then,  too,  on  the  north  campus  arose  the 
graceful  pile  of  Dearborn  Observatory,  the 
gift  of  James  B.  Hobbs,  equipped  with  the 
splendid  instruments  that  were  formerly  in 
the  old  Dearborn  Observatory  at  the  rear  of 
Chicago  University.  The  gift  was  made 
without  ostentation,  after  the  manner  of  the 
princely  giver  that  he  is,  and  there  was 
installed  Prof.  George  W.  Hough  as  astron- 
omer, to  keep  up  his  vigil  over  Jupiter, 
with  whom  he  is  so  well  acquainted,  and  to 
increase  the  list  of  double  stars  whose  hid- 
ings he  has  such  facility  in  finding  out. 

Then,  as  a  result  of  Dr.  Hatfield 's  efforts, 
a  dormitory  was  erected  on  Cook  Street  to 
house  thirty  young  men,  the  second  experi- 
ment of  the  University  in  that  direction. 

The  death  of  Robert  F.  Queal  was  chron- 
icled in  1883,  one  of  the  later  most  valuable 
Trustees  of  the  institution,  a  man  of  grace 
and  tact,  and  loyal  to  the  core.  In  1886 
James  S.  Kirk,  a  stalwart,  useful  member  of 
the  Board  was  taken  away ;  and,  in  1887, 
Philip  R.  Shumway,  who  had  given  great 
promise  of  valuable  aid  in  the  counsels  of 
the  Executive  Committee. 

In  1884  the  Illinois  School  of  Pharmacy 
became  the  property  of  the  University, 
thereafter  to  be  known  as  the  Northwestern 
School  of  Pharmacy — this  through  the 


labors  of  Dr.  D.  R.  Dyche,  one  of  the  most 
self -forgetful,  public-spirited  Trustees  -that 
ever  helped  to  carry  the  burdens  of  the  in- 
stitution. The  School  of  Dentistry  was  like- 
wise taken  on,  to  become  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  departments  by  and  by. 

The  celebration  of  University  Day  was 
begun  February  22,  1886,  by  the  assembling 
of  all  departments  in  Evanston,  who 
marched  through  the  streets  to  the  strains 
of  martial  music,  and  were  addressed  by 
representatives  of  the  University  culminat- 
ing in  a  collation  and  a  reception  at  Willard 
Hall.  This  happy  custom  was  continued 
into  the  administration  of  President  Rogers, 
and  fell  at  last  into  innocuous  desuetude. 

The  Passing  away  of  Dr.  Cummings. 
— For  almost  ten  years,  in  the  ripeness  of 
his  wisdom  and  powers,  without  dimness  of 
vision  or  abatement  of  natural  vigor,  Dr. 
Cummings  kept  on  his  way  as  President  of 
the  University,  with  a  broadening  curricu- 
lum and  increasing  number  of  students, 
large  graduating  classes  and  a  splendid  fac- 
ulty that  were  harmonious  and  enthusiastic 
and  united  in  honoring  their  chief  and  fol- 
lowing his  leadership.  Though  disease  was 
preying  upon  him,  he  gave  out  no  sign  of 
weakness.  He  called  the  regular  meeting  of 
the  faculty  to  assemble  in  his  room  when 
the  hand  of  death  was  upon  him,  and  passed 
away  as  a  soldier  in  battle,  with  his  armor 
on.  His  name  and  character  is  a  heritage 
to  those  of  us  who  knew  him  well,  stimu- 
lating to  duty.  Not  less  useful,  on  the  social 
side  of  college  life,  in  that  eminently  suc- 
cessful administration,  was  the  influence  of 
the  queenly  woman  who  presided  in  the 
home  of  the  President.  She  was  a  woman 
of  striking  presence,  of  tact  and  sprightli- 
ness,  with  a  keen  eye  to  take  in  difficult 
situations  and  a  skillful  hand  to  relieve  all 
embarrassments.  These  two  were  a  mar- 
velous combination  in  a  college  community. 
I  do. not  wonder  that  Middletown  students 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


are  ready  to  bow  down  at  the  mention  of 
.  their  names.  Northwestern  students,  be- 
tween 1880  and  1890,  are  ready  to  do  like- 
wise. Dr.  Cummings'  last  appearance  in 
chapel  was  a  scene  long  to  be  remembered. 
He  would  not  be  relieved  of  his  accustomed 
task  of  leading  the  devotions,  though  his 
breath  came  quick  and  his  utterance  was 
choked.  He  read  the  hymn, 
"My  Jesus,  as  thou  wilt, 

Tho'  seen  through  many  a  tear, 
Let  not  my  star  of  hope 

Grow  dim  or  disappear." 
A  solemn  stillness  pervaded  the  little 
chapel.  The  broken  voice  that  led  the  de- 
votions was  speaking  for  the  last  time 
among  us,  and  it  spoke  out  in  prayer  and 
Scripture  and  hymn,  as  if  conscious  that  it 
was  a  farewell,  the  keynote  of  a  life  attuned 
to  duty,  "My  Lord,  thy  will  be  done." 
Cheerful  and  serene,  though  feeble  from 
acute  disease,  he  left  the  chapel  that  day 
amid  faces  sad  with  fear  and  eager  with 
sympathy,  and  went  home  to  die  as  brave- 
ly as  he  went  to  work.  We  carried  him  to 
his  final  rest  a  few  days  later,  and  enshrined 
him  in  our  hearts  as  one  of  the  few  great 
men  that  we  had  known.  He  was  not  a 
writer  of  dreary  pamphlets  or  a  seeker  after 
notoriety.  He  felt  called  of  God  to  do  the 
work  of  a  Christian  educator  by  character, 
example,  precept  and  wise  and  prayerful 
administration,  and  he  did  it  well,  and 
thereon  rests  his  abiding  fame. 

Then  Dr.  Marcy  was  called  once  more 
to  take  up  the  task  of  administration  till 
some  new  man  could  be  found,  with  youth 
and  strength  and  scope  of  vision,  fit  to  take 
up  the  work  that  had  developed  somewhat 
after  the  hope  of  the  founders. 

A  new  appraisal  had  taken  place  of  the 
property  on  La  Salle  Street  that  had  been 
clung  to  tenaciously  during  the  vicissitudes 
of  forty  years,  which  resulted  in  an  increase 
of  income  of  more  than  fiftv  thousand  dol- 


lars per  annum.  It  meant  the  accomplish- 
ment of  much  that  had  been  dreamed  of, 
and  the  long  hoped  for  development. 

Dr.  Rogers  Called  to  the  Presidency. 
— In  September.  1890,  Dr.  Henry  Wade 
Rogers  was  called  to  the  Presidency  of  the 
institution.  He  had  been  Dean  of  the  Law 
School  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
entered  most  auspiciously  upon  his  work  at 
the  most  fortunate  moment  in  the  career  of 
the  University. 

In  June,  1892,  T.  C.  Hoag.  having  de- 
clined to  serve  longer  as  Treasurer  and 
Business  Agent,  retired  from  the  arduous 
duties  of  his  office  with  an  enviable  record 
for  fidelity  and  skill  in  the  conduct  of  the 
affairs  of  the  University,  and  Prof.  R.  D. 
Sheppard  was  invited  to  assume  the  busi- 
ness cares  of  the  institution,  in  addition  to 
his  college  work.  The  work  of  the  decade 
was  to  be  one  of  development  on  the  mate- 
rial side,  far  in  excess  of  any  similar  period 
in  the  history  of  the  University,  as  the  an- 
nual reports  of  receipts  and  expenditures 
will  show.  The  spacious  buildings  on 
Dearborn  Street,  near  Twenty-fourth,  were 
erected  for  the  proper  housing  of  the  Medi- 
cal School  and  School  of  Pharmacy,  on 
land  that  had  been  purchased  largely  by 
the  gift  for  that  purpose  of  William  Deer- 
ing,  and  an  adjacent  lot  had  been  purchased 
for  the  prospective  occupancy  of  Wesley 
Hospital.  The  Woman's  Medical  College 
on  Lincoln  Street,  Chicago,  was  purchased 
at  a  cost  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars, 
and  it  became  an  integral  part  of  the  Uni- 
versity, with  a  goodly  list  of  alumnae  and  an 
eminent  faculty. 

In  1892  the  American  College  of  Dental 
Surgery  was  combined  with  the  North- 
western Dental  School,  with  a  student  at- 
tendance of  over  five  hundred  and  an  equip- 
ment unsurpassed,  over  which  presided 
Theodore  Menges,  a  phenomenon  of  energy 
and  tact  in  the  organization  and  manage- 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


ment  of  such  an  institution,  whose  untimely 
death,  a  few  years  since,  left  that  school 
sadly  orphaned  but  still  vigorous  and  a 
monument  to  his  energy  and  devotion. 

The  Law  School  was  reorganized  and 
made  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind,  with  better 
quarters  and  with  an  enriched  curriculum. 

Orrington  Lunt  Library  Dedicated. — 
On  the  campus  the  new  Orrington  Lunt 
Library  was  erected  and  named  in  honor 
of  its  principal  benefactor,  the  genial,  saint- 
ly Orrington  Lunt,  who  walked  among  us 
in  the  evening  of  his  days  as  the  spirit  of 
peace  and  benediction.  Justin  Winsor  came 
on  the  dedication  and  spoke  a  splendid  mes- 
sage, but  the  charming  address  of  the 
founder  of  the  library  who,  for  so  long 
had  believed  in  books  as  a  prime  requisite 
of  a  student  community,  and  who  had 
manifested  his  faith  by  his  works,  was  the 
great  event  of  that  dedicatory  occasion. 

Then,  too,  the  School  of  Music  was 
housed  in  its  own  quarters,  with  a  hall  for 
recitals  and  rooms  for  instruction  and  prac- 
tice, presided  over  by  Prof.  P.  C.  Lutkin, 
whose  skill  and  devotion  have  made  it  one 
of  the  important  features  of  the  University 
work. 

Then,  too,  in  this  favored  time  arose  the 
Annie  May  Swift  Hall,  devoted  to  elocu- 
tion and  oratory,  the  gift  chiefly  of 
Gustavus  F.  Swift,  in  honor  of  his 
daughter,  who  died  during  her  career  in 
college.  It  was  the  graceful  tribute  of  the 
bereaved  parent  to  a  beautiful  girl.  Others 
contributed  to  this  building  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  Professor  Cumnock,  but  Mr.  Swift's 
gift  made  it  possible,  and  there  its  enthusi- 
astic Director  has  made  a  school  unique  in 
its  character  and  unsurpassed  anywhere. 

At  last  the  Fayerweather  bequest  of 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  came  to  hand, 
the  result  of  Dr.  Hatfield's  timely  sugges- 
tion to  the  generous  leather  merchant  whose 
benefactions  to  American  colleges  have  been 


one  of  the  phenomenal  things  in  the  history 
of  those  institutions. 

Then  Fisk  Hall  was  constructed — the 
dream  of  Dr.  Fisk  for  twenty  years — • 
crowning  the  labors  of  his  devoted  life. 
William  Deering  built  it  with  a  capacity  to 
care  for  six  or  seven  hundred  students,  with 
a  chapel  that  is  the  best  auditorium  on  the 
campus,  and  with  all  the  appointments  and 
equipment  of  an  academy  of  the  first  rank. 

Woman's  Hall  was  enlarged  by  the  same 
generous  giver,  so  that  its  capacity  was 
almost  doubled. 

Then  the  campus  was  fenced  and  the 
gateways  were  built,  giving  an  air  of  indi- 
viduality and  dignity  to  the  college  en- 
closure. William  Deering  did  that ;  and 
one  quiet  afternoon,  on  his  way  to  town,  he 
left  at  the  business  office  a  package  of 
papers  that  the  dazed  Business  Manager 
found,  on  inspection,  to  consist  of  over  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars  worth  of  securi- 
ties; and,  a  little  later,  when  Wesley  Hos- 
pital was  needed,  not  only  for  the  charity 
work  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
but  also  an  adjunct  to  the  work  of  the 
Medical  School,  he  dazed  the  same  easily 
dazable  Business  Manager  by  the  offer 
of  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  that  purpose, 
and  property  worth  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  the  future  endowment.  Yet 
this  was  not  all;  for,  when  Onarga  Semi- 
nary was  to  be  saved  from  loss  and  made 
an  affiliated  academy  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, Mr.  Deering  gave  five  thousand 
dollars  to  help  that  enterprise  to  a  consum- 
mation ;  and,  again,  when  the  Tremont 
House  was  under  consideration,  his  gift 
of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  helped  to 
acquire  that  splendid  property.  The  chapter 
of  his  gracious  deeds  on  behalf  of  the  Uni- 
versity might  be  prolonged,  but  the  histor- 
ian is  not  permitted  to  dwell  over-much  on 
the  deeds  of  living  men.  Of  the  records 
and  events  of  the  last  ten  years — its  men 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


and  its  transactions — he  feels  compelled  to 
speak  with  cautious  reserve.  But  these 
have  been  years  of  progress. 

Early  in  Dr.  Rogers'  administration,  on 
the  suggestion  of  David  Swing,  the  annual 
commencement  exercises  were  taken  to  Chi- 
cago and  held  in  the  Auditorium,  where 
an  oration  was  delivered  by  some  orator 
of  note  before  a  magnificent  assembly.  Men 
like  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Ex-Governor 
Chamberlain,  Bishops  Warren  and  Gallo- 
way, Drs.  Northrup,  Canfield,  Day  and 
Buckley  have  been  numbered  among  the 
orators,  and  thousands  of  Northwestern 
graduates  have  ascended  the  stage  and  re- 
ceived their  diplomas  at  the  hands  of  the 
President  of  the  University.  Formerly  all 
honorary  degrees  had  been  given  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts,  and  now  that  service 
was  rendered  by  a  University  Council,  con- 
sisting of  representatives  of  the  different 
departments,  who,  in  addition  to  this  func- 
tion, might  recommend  to  the  Trustees 
action  upon  such  matters  as  were  of  general 
University  interest. 


On  the  La  Salle  Street  property  of  the 
University  was  erected  a  building,  un- 
rivaled among  the  bank  buildings  of  the 
world,  for  the  use  of  one  of  the  strongest 
institutions  in  the  West,  and  leased  for  one 
hundred  years  at  a  rental  that  will  be  one 
of  the  principal  supports  of  the  University 
in  beneficent  work  during  that  long  period. 
It  has  improved  the  property  on  Kinzie 
Street,  Chicago,  donated  by  William  Deer- 
ing,  and  leased  it  for  fifty  years  to  a  strong 
corporation  at  a  very  satisfactory  rental. 
It  has  acquired  the  Tremont  House  at  a 
cost  of  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  as 
the  future  home  of  the  Law  School,  the 
Dental  School  and  the  School  of  Pharmacy, 
devoting  to  these  schools  a  space  as  great  as 
that  comprised  by  any  three  of  the  buildings 
on  the  college  campus,  and  has  still  re- 
served the  old  parlor  floor  of  the  Tremont 
House  for  general  University  purposes,  of- 
fices, parlors,  alumni  headquarters,  and  a 
small  assembly  hall,  while  still  retaining 
the  first  floor  as  a  source  of  revenue. 


CHARTER    IX. 


SOME  SIDE  ISSUES 


Athletics  and  College  Societies — Wo- 
men's Educational  Associations — "The 
Settlement"  and  the  University  Guild — 
Dr.  Rogers  Resigns  the  Presidency  in 
1899,  and  is  Succeeded  by  Dr.  Bonbright 
as  Acting  President — A  Long  List  of 
Notable  Friends  of  the  University  Who 
Have  Passed  Away — Tribute  to  Their 
Memory — Dr.  E.  J.  James'  Two  Years' 
Administration — He  is  succeeded  by  Dr. 
Abram  W.  Harris. 

And  what  shall  we  say  of  College  Athlet- 
ics that  have  flourished  during  these  ten 
years,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  expected 
donor  of  a  great  gymnasium  has  not  come 
to  view  ?  The  old  "Gym."  has  done  a  noble 
work,  but  it  is  confessedly  a  back  number. 
Still,  the  students  have  made  good  use  of 
it  and  the  Athletic  Field  on  the  north  cam- 
pus has  been  the  scene  of  vigorous  sport 
and  rare  athletic  performances.  It  is  largely 
within  the  last  ten  years  that  athletic  sports 
have  formed  a  prominent  feature  in  the  life 
of  Western  colleges,  and  during  that  period, 
Northwestern  has  often  ranked  with  the 
best,  and,  even  when  defeated,  has  been 
undiscouraged ;  and,  in  the  trials  of  forensic 
and  dialectic  skill  with  the  great  institu- 
tions of  the  West,  she  has  proved  herself  a 
foeman  not  to  be  despised. 

Y.  M.  and  Y.  W-  C.  A.— Other  Societies. 
— In  the  religious  work  of  the  college,  its 


general  conduct  in  these  later  years  has  been 
in  the  hands  of  the  Young  Men's  and  the 
Young  Woman's  Christian  Associations. 
The  responsibility  has  been  largely  on  the 
students,  with  the  sympathetic  aid  of  mem- 
bers of  the  faculty.  A  house  has  been  occu- 
pied by  the  young  men  as  an  Association 
headquarters;  secretaries  have  been  em- 
ployed, with  University  aid,  by  both  Asso- 
ciations ;  and  the  evangelistic  spirit  with 
marked  results  has  attended  both  these 
associations. 

Greek  Letter  Societies  have  taken  deep 
root  in  the  University  and  detracted  some- 
what from  the  vigor  of  the  old  debating 
societies  that  were  of  such  educational 
value  in  the  early  history  of  the  University. 
"Phi  Kappa  Psi"  was  founded  in  1864,  and 
the  "Alpha  Phi"  in  1881.  Now  there  are 
numerous  other  organizations,  with  their 
cliques  and  politics,  and  other  redeeming 
features  of  good  fellowship,  that  are  among 
the  pleasant  recollections  of  college  life. 

For  a  few  years,  beginning  in  1893,  the 
"University  Record"  was  published,  with  a 
compendium  of  information  of  interest  to 
the  alumni  and  the  public.  Professor  Cald- 
well  and  Professor  Gray  were  editors,  and 
performed  their  task  well.  The  last  issue 
was  of  June,  1895.  The  scheme  will  bear 
resurrection  when  some  fit  man  with  ade- 
quate support  can  give  it  attention. 

Collateral  with  the  work  of  the  Univer- 


93 


94 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


sity,  and  springing  out  of  it,  has  been  the 
work  of  the  Woman's  Educational  Aid 
Association,  of  which,  for  many  years,  Mrs. 
J.  A.  Pearsons  has  been  President,  and  with 
whom  have  been  associated  such  elect  ladies 
as  Mrs.  Cummings,  Mrs.  Morse,  Mrs.  Gage, 
Mrs.  Townsend,  Mrs.  Clifford  and  others, 
in  an  effort  to  furnish  a  home  for  young 
women  during  their  college  life,  where  they 
can  board  cheaply,  assisting  in  the  work, 
and  yet  be  provided  with  the  comforts  and 
elegances  that  are  so  desirable  from  an 
educational  point  of  view.  With  the  aid  of 
Dr.  Pearsons  they  have  sustained  the  Col- 
lege Cottage  for  many  years,  which  has  been 
once  enlarged ;  and  now,  by  the  timely  gift 
of  thirty  thousand  dollars  from  the  same 
philanthropic  source,  they  have  under  their 
charge  the  new  Chapin  Hall,  which  was 
dedicated  in  the  fall  of  1901  by  its  generous 
donor,  and  where  sixty  young  women  are 
housed  as  a  happy  family  in  elegance  and 
comfort. 

Another  collateral  institution  has  been 
that  of  "The  Settlement,"  started  and  pre- 
sided over  during  her  presence  in  Evanston 
by  Mrs.  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  to  minister, 
as  such  institutions  do,  to  the  life  of  the 
neglected  poor  in  the  Northwestern  section 
of  Chicago.  There  University  graduates 
are  in  residence  and  University  students 
help  to  carry  on  the  various  forms  of  life 
and  service  peculiar  to  the  settlement.  To 
carry  on  this  work  and  erect  their  com- 
modious building,  Mr.  Milton  Wilson  gave 
the  munificent  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars,  and  the  finished  structure — with 
its  perfect  appointments,  the  property  of 
Northwestern  University — stands  as  a  mon- 
ument of  his  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his 
fellowmen. 

Another  collateral  institution  founded  by 
Mrs.  Rogers  was  the  University  Guild,  an 
association  of  women  whose  pursuit  has 
been  culture,  and  who,  in  a  few  years,  have 


gathered  together  a  beautiful  collection  of 
art  treasures  which  are  deposited  in  Lunt 
Library.  These  are  now  the  property  of  the 
University,  and  may  serve  as  the  nucleus 
of  an  Art  Museum,  when  these  treasures, 
and  those  which  Dr.  Marcy  gathered  dur- 
ing his  long  career,  are  fitly  housed. 

Resignation  of  President  Rogers. — 
In  1899  Dr.  Rogers  resigned  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  University  and  returned  to  a 
law  professorship  at  Yale  University,  and 
Dr.  Bonbright  was  persuaded  to  take  up  the 
Acting  Presidency  during  a  brief  inter- 
regnum, while  the  quest  for  a  new  presi- 
dent went  on.  The  period  ended  in  January, 
1902.  It  is  not  often  in  American  life  that 
a  man  is  planted  in  a  community  to  grow 
as  a  tree  grows,  from  the  sapling  period 
to  the  period  of  advanced  maturity,  be- 
coming a  landmark  and  a  source  of  benefit 
to  all  passers-by.  But  all  this  is  true  of  the 
Professor  of  Latin,  Acting  President  of 
Northwestern  University.  Seized  upon  as 
a  stripling  tutor,  rounded  out  in  culture  and 
methods  by  foreign  study  and  observation, 
he  has  spent  an  ordinary  lifetime  in  his 
chair ;  devoted  as  a  lover  to  a  single  love ; 
doing  his  part  with  a  wisdom,  thoroughness 
and  grace  that  has  left  nothing  to  be  desired 
as  a  teacher,  gentleman,  friend  and  inspirer 
of  youth. 

From  the  very  first  date  of  graduations  at 
Evanston  he  has  seen  the  stream  of  students 
go  by ;  has  known  them  all  and  taken  a 
place  in  their  memories  as  an  integral  part 
of  their  culture,  their  character  and  ideals. 
He  has  noted  every  step  of  progress,  every 
movement  of  whatever  sort  that  has  gone  to 
make  up  the  traditions  of  Northwestern 
University,  so  that  his  were  safe  hands  in 
which  to  entrust  for  any  length  of  time 
the  discipline,  the  growth,  the  care  of  the 
institution,  with  the  assurance  that  the  ad- 
ministration would  be  without  caprice  or 
doubtful  experiment.  Eager  to  escape  pub- 


PRESIOKXT  ROOSKVKLTS  VISIT  IN  1<»03 


'•4 


\<  "RTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


sity,  and  springing  out  of  it,  has  been  the 
work  of  the  Woman's  Educational  Aid 
Association,  of  which,  for  many  years,  Mrs. 
J.  A.  Pearsons  has  been  President,  and  with 
whom  have  been  associated  such  elect  ladies 
as  Mrs.  Cummings.  Mrs.  Morse,  Mrs.  Gage. 
Mrs.  Townsend.  Mrs.  Clifford  and  others, 
in  an  effort  to  furnish  a  home  for  young 
women  during  their  college  life,  where  they 
can  hoard  cheaply,  assisting  in  the  work, 
and  yet  be  provided  with  the  comforts  and 
elegances  that  are  MI  desirable  from  an 
educational  point  of  view.  With  the  aid  of 
Dr.  Pearsons  they  have  sustained  the  Col- 
lege Cottage  for  many  years,  which  has  been 
once  enlarged;  and  now.  by  the  timely  gift 
of  thirty  thousand  dollars  from  the  same 
phil.inthropic  source,  they  have  under  their 
charge  the  new  Chapin  Hall,  which  was 
dedicated  in  the  fall  of  Kpl  by  its  generous 
donor,  and  where  sixty  young  women  are 
housed  as  a  happy  family  in  elegance  and 
comfort. 

Another  collateral  institution  has  been 
that  of  "The  Settlement."  started  and  pre- 
sided over  during  her  presence  in  Evanston 
by  Mrs.  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  to  minister, 
as  such  institutions  do,  to  the  life  of  the 
neglected  poor  in  the  Northwestern  section 
of  Chicago.  There  University  graduates 
are  in  residence  and  University  students 
help  to  carry  pn  the  various  forms  of  life 
and  service  peculiar  to  the  settlement.  To 
carry  on  this  work  and  erect  their  com- 
modious building.  Mr.  Milton  Wilson  gave 
the  munificent  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars,  and  the  finished  structure — with 
its  jierfei't  appointments,  the  property  of 
Northwestern  University — stands  as  a  mon- 
ument of  his  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his 
fellowmen. 

Another  collateral  institution  founded  by 
Mrs.  Rogers  was  the  University  Guild,  an 
association  of  women  whose  pursuit  has 
been  culture,  and  who.  in  a  few  vears.  have 


gathered  together  a  beautiful  collection  of 
art  treasures  which  are  deposited  in  Lunt 
Library.  These  are  now  the  property  of  the 
University,  and  may  serve  as  the  nucleus 
of  an  Art  Museum,  when  these  treasures, 
and  those  which  Dr.  Marcy  gathered  dur- 
ing his  long  career,  are  fitly  housed. 

Resignation  of  President  Rogers. — 
In  iS'ii)  Dr.  Kngers  resigned  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  University  and  returned  to  a 
law  professorship  at  Yale  University,  and 
Dr.  Donbright  was  persuaded  to  take  up  the 
Acting  Presidency  during  a  brief  inter- 
regnum, while  the  quest  for  a  new  presi- 
dent went  on.  The  period  ended  in  January, 
KJO.J.  It  is  not  often  in  American  life  that 
a  man  is  planted  in  a  community  to  grow 
as  a  tree  grows,  from  the  sapling  period 
to  the  period  of  advanced  maturity,  be- 
coming a  landmark  and  a  source  of  benefit 
to  all  passers-by.  I'ut  all  this  is  true  of  the 
Professor  of  Latin,  Acting  President  of 
Northwestern  University.  Seized  upon  as 
a  stripling  tutor,  rounded  out  in  culture  and 
methods  by  foreign  study  and  observation. 
hi1  has  >pent  an  ordinarv  lifetime  in  his 
chair ;  devoted  as  a  lover  to  a  single  love ; 
doing  his  part  with  a  wisdom,  thoroughness 
and  grace  that  has  left  nothing  to  be  desired 
as  a  teacher,  gentleman,  friend  and  inspirer 
of  youth. 

From  the  very  first  date  of  graduations  at 
Evanston  he  has  seen  the  stream  of  students 
go  by  ;  has  known  them  all  ami  taken  a 
place  in  their  memories  as  an  integral  part 
of  their  culture,  their  character  and  ideals. 
He  has  noted  every  step  of  progress,  every 
movement  of  whatever  sort  that  has  gone  to 
make  up  the  traditions  of  Northwestern 
University,  so  that  his  were  safe  hands  in 
which  to  entrust  for  any  length  of  time 
the  discipline,  the  growth,  the  care  of  the 
institution,  with  the  assurance  that  the  ad- 
ministration would  be  without  caprice  or 
doubtful  experiment.  Eager  to  escape  pub- 


rivi:sini-:\T  K<MIM:\  KI.TS  VISIT  IN  r«^ 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


95 


licity  and  diffident  under  public  gaze,  he 
took  up  his  public  cares  with  the  easy  grace 
of  one  born  to  the  purple ;  and,  when  pub- 
lic utterance  was  needed,  he  spoke  with  the 
charm  of  one  accustomed  to  public  address, 
with  a  play  of  fancy  and  with  such  aptness 
of  illustration  and  vigorous  marshalling  of 
ideas,  that  we  were  made  to  wonder  that 
these  talents  had  been  so  long  concealed. 
With  all  the  honors  that  Northwestern 
could  confer  upon  him,  after  the  term  of  his 
Acting  Presidency,  he  quietly  returned  to 
his  class-room  to  preside  with  the  same  sim- 
ple dignity  as  of  old,  as  if  nothing  unusual 
had  happened  in  his  career. 

Passing  Away  of  University  Founders. 
— The  past  ten  years  has  been  a  time  of 
harvesting  of  the  ripened  grain  among  the 
surviving  toilers  in  the  early  years  of  Uni- 
versity history.  John  Evans,  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  at  a  ripe  old  age  passed 
away  in  the  distant  State  of  Colorado,  of 
which  he  had  been  Governor,  and  where  he 
displayed  the  same  enterprise  and  leader- 
ship in  affairs  that  characterized  him  in 
Chicago  and  Evanston.  He  had  been  one 
of  the  University's  chief  benefactors,  and  at 
a  time  when  gifts  were  most  acceptable. 
Two  principal  professorships  were  named  in 
his  honor ;  and  while  he  was  in  Evanston, 
the  weight  of  his  judgment  was  well-nigh 
preponderating  in  University  counsels.  He 
aided  in  founding  another  university  in 
Denver,  but  the  University  at  Evanston  was 
the  child  of  his  youth  and  the  pride  of  his 
old  age. 

J.  K.  Botsford,  too,  passed  away  in  this 
decade — the  quiet  hardware  merchant  on 
Lake  Street,  over  whose  store  the  meeting 
was  held  that  launched  the  infant  Univer- 
sity. An  unobtrusive  man  who  built  up  a 
good  competence  in  honorable  trade ;  who 
loved  the  Church  and  all  her  enterprises ; 
who  talked  little  and  thought  much ;  who 
sat  quietly  in  Trustee  meetings,  made  no 


long  speeches,  and  always  voted  right.  He 
was  the  soul  of  honor,  a  good  man  for 
Treasurer  and  serviceable  in  any  situation 
that  required  prompt  action,  integrity  and 
discreetness. 

J.  G.  Hamilton  was  another  of  the  old- 
time  Trustees  whose  name  was  added  to  the 
death  roll :  Treasurer,  Agent,  Secretary  of 
the  Board,  a  prosperous  and  useful  man  in 
his  time — so  useful  that,  when  misfortune 
and  feebleness  seized  upon  him,  and  he  was 
left  alone  in  the  world  and  without  re- 
sources, his  fellow  Trustees  pensioned  him, 
and  gave  him  the  honorable  consideration 
that  was  due  to  the  valuable  and  unselfish 
service  he  had  rendered  to  the  cause  of 
education. 

Richard  Haney  was  another  who  came  to 
the  councils  of  the  Trustees  with  each  re- 
curring year,  till  he  could  come  no  longer. 
A  giant  in  stature,  with  the  heart  of  a  child 
— under  his  eye  the  institution  had  grown 
for  nearly  fifty  years.  Children  whom  he  had 
baptized  in  infancy  were  filling  important 
chairs  in  the  University  and,  like  a  fond 
father,  he  smiled  with  joyful  benignity  upon 
the  large  heritage  that  had  come  to  him  and 
his  comrades,  most  of  whom  had  gone  be- 
fore him  to  their  reward.  It  was  one  of 
the  features  of  the  Trustee  meetings  of 
later  years  to  listen  to  his  opening  prayer — 
for  that  was  his  assigned  part — and,  when 
the  meeting  closed,  it  was  with  his  benedic- 
tion and  with  a  farewell  word  that  spoke  of 
the  joy  of  his  heart  over  what  God  had 
wrought  at  the  hands  of  his  servants,  and 
the  assurance  to  his  brethren  that  he  could 
not  expect  to  meet  with  them  often  in  the 
future,  perhaps  never.  He  was  waiting  daily 
for  his  summons  to  ascend.  Such  incidents 
pertain  to  a  distinctly  Christian  institution. 
They  lift  the  business  side  of  education  out 
of  the  region  of  ordinary  business,  and  in- 
spire those  who  toil  therein  with  the  thought 
that  they  are  doing  a  God-like  work  in  the 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


world  that  will  beget  sweet  memories,  such 
as  kindled  in  the  heart  of  the  old  founder 
when  he  looked  back  on  his  own  labors  and 
saw  the  work  still  going  on,  larger  in  vol- 
ume and  with  a  far-reaching  influence  such 
as  he  had  never  dreamed  it  would  attain. 
Then,   too,    Orrington    Lunt,    who    suc- 
ceeded to  John  Evans  as  President  of  the 
Board,  was  another  of  the  surviving  group 
of  founders  that  passed  away,  than  whom 
no  single  man  connected  with  the  institution 
had  given  to  the  University  more  of  his 
thought  and  attention,  or  sacrificed  more  for 
it.     The   library   was  his   darling  project, 
and   to  it,  as   already  noted,   he  gave  an 
endowment  and  a  building.     Without  Or- 
rington Lunt,  we  cannot  say  what  would 
have  been  done;    but  true  it  is,  that  the 
Trustees  took  no  step  in  which  he  did  not 
actively   participate.      No   important    com- 
mittee was  complete  without  him.    No  dif- 
ficult negotiation  could  be  carried  on  with- 
out his  help.     Wise,  forceful,  gentle,  de- 
voted as  he  was,  his  colleagues  caught  his 
spirit  and  were  braced  by  his  example  to  a 
like  fidelity  and  devotion.     When  disease 
prevented  his  meeting  with  them,  they  took 
their  meetings  to  his  home;   and  when  the 
end  came  he  summoned  them,  one  by  one, 
to  a  sunny  farewell.    He  loved  them  in  the 
bonds  of  a  common  labor  of  love.    Verily, 
when  wo  speak  of  the  endowment  of  the 
University,  though  the  things  that  might 
seem   most   important   may   be    lands   and 
buildings  and  securities,  wt  must  not  over- 
look, among  its  chief  assets,  the  undying  in- 
vestment of  the  prayers,  and  love  and  labor  ' 
of  such  choice  spirits  as  are  reckoned  among 
the  men  whose  names  adorn  our  history, 
among  whom  there  was  no  whiter  soul  than 
Orrington  Lunt. 

Then  there  was  another  Trustee,  who 
does  not  rank  with  the  founders,  but  who 
took  his  place  naturally  among  the  later 
Trustees  who  efficiently  labored  in  the  up- 


building of  the  institution — Robert  M.  Hat- 
field.  In  his  time,  a  peerless  pulpit  orator, 
with  a  diction  unsurpassed,  an  intensity  and 
fervor  that  enthralled  and  possessed  men, 
and  a  mastery  of  scorn  and  invective  that 
was  a  terror  to  all  shams,  injustice  and  de- 
ceit, his  forceful  speech  and  influence  meant 
much  for  the  University  endowment. 

And  there  was  David  R.  Dyche,  who 
could  drop  his  business  cares  any  time  to 
talk  and  plan  for  the  University's  good; 
who  carried  the  burden  of  the  four-mile 
limit  on  his  heart ;  who  gave  generously  of 
his  substance,  as  of  his  time  and  influence, 
and  by  his  wisdom  and  his  gentleness  helped 
on  the  march  of  progress. 

And  in  March,  1899,  Oliver  Marcy,  the 
grand   old  man   who  had  been  connected 
with  the  University  for  nearly  forty  years, 
finished  his  work.    He  had  been  twice  Act- 
ing   President;    had    taught    an    immense 
range  of  subjects,  and  had  become  the  most 
striking  figure  in  connection  with  the  in- 
stitution.   He  did  not  grow  old.    His  body 
failed,   but   his   keen   intellect   retained   its 
edge ;    his   love   for  the  things   of  nature 
never  failed ;  he  wrought  to  the  last  in  his 
dear  museum,  fondling  his  specimens  as  of 
old.     They   spoke   to   him   of  the   mighty 
universe  of  which  they  were  a  part.    They 
disclosed   chapters   of   flood   and   fire   that 
ordinary  vision  could  not  see  in  them,  and 
which   he   delighted   to   reveal   to   any   in- 
terested listener.     His  daily  walk  made  us 
love  him  and  the  things  he  loved.    It  spoke 
to  us  of  duty  and  devotion  and  joy  in  learn- 
ing.   He  was  called  of  God  to  be  an  educa- 
tor, and  he  fulfilled  his  calling.    His  career 
is  a  part  of  the  University's  richest  endow- 
ment. 

Julius  F.  Kellogg,  too,  long  time  Profes- 
sor of  Mathematics,  faded  away  in  this  de- 
cade, and  was  borne  to  rest  by  the  loving 
hands  of  his  old  comrades,  who  knew  him 
as  a  thorough  mathematician,  an  excellent 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


97 


teacher  and  a  simple  hearted  Christian. 
But  I  have  played  the  role  of  Old  Mortality 
long  enough.  These,  and  others  of  similar 
spirit,  have  served  the  University  well,  have 
gone  to  their  reward  and  others  have  taken 
up  their  work. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  reach  an  exact 
statement  of  the  number  of  young  men  and 
women  who  have  shared  the  educational 
opportunities  furnished  by  the  University 
since  its  organization.  Like  a  stream  rising 
in  the  mountains — a  rivulet  at  first,  then  a 
river,  with  increasing  tributaries  and  en- 
larging volume — so  the  stream  of  students 
has  enlarged,  from  ten  in  number  in  1855, 
to  nearly  three  thousand  in  1901.  Very 
many,  of  course,  have  attended  the  insti- 
tution for  a  longer  or  a  shorter  course  with- 
out graduating.  Of  those  who  have  grad- 
uated, fifteen  hundred  have  been  from  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts ;  eighteen  hundred 
and  forty-four  from  the  Medical  School; 
five  hundred  and  fifty-nine  from  the 
Woman's  Medical  School ;  eleven  hundred 
and  eighty-six  from  the  School  of  Phar- 
macy; sixteen  hundred  and  five  from  the 
Law  School ;  and  fifteen  hundred  and  thirty- 
one  from  the  Dental  School — in  all,  eight 
thousand,  two  hundred  and  twenty -five  men 
and  women,  who  have  given  a  good  account 
of  themselves  in  the  varied  walks  in  life, 
and  some  of  whom  have  attained  to  conspic- 
uous positions  and  shed  luster  on  their  Alma 
Mater. 

College  Administration  of  Today. — 
Little  has  been  said  of  the  labors  of  living 
men  in  connection  with  the  history  of  the 
University,  either  in  the  faculty  or  the  board 
of  government.  This  much  ought  to  be 
stated,  however:  that  the  body  of  teachers 
in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  are  a  de- 
voted, harmonious  body  of  men  and  women, 
devoted  chiefly  to  under-graduate  work,  and 
are  hence  confined  largely  to  the  work  of 
instruction,  though  they  do  find  time,  now 


and  then,  to  publish  a  volume  in  connection 
with  their  various  specialties. 

In  the  large  faculty  of  the  College  nearly 
every  study  that  would  be  selected  as  a 
culture  study  is  represented  by  a  specialist 
who  knows  his  work ;  and,  when  they  meet 
"in  faculty  assembled,"  according  to  the 
phrase  adopted  from  Professor  Godman  of 
an  early  date,  they  are  a  distinguished  body 
of  men  and  women,  keen  in  debate,  deferen- 
tial to  each  other,  and  with  a  single  eye  to 
the  interests  ot  the  youth  committed  to  their 
care. 

And  it  is  with  unusual  restraint  that  I 
refrain  from  writing  of  the  labors  of  the 
men  who  have  cared  for  the  material  in- 
terests of  the  institution,  and  who  still  carry 
on  that  work ;  men  as  conspicuous,  able  and 
devoted  as  any  who  have  toiled  in  former 
generations,  and  who  have  finished  their 
work  and  gone  to  their  reward.  When  Or- 
rington  Lunt  ascended,  William  Deering 
took  his  place  as  primus  inter  pares,  ad- 
ministering his  office  with  a  dignity  and  dis- 
creetness that  commends  him  to  the  con- 
fidence and  affection  of  his  colleagues,  and 
with  such  a  knowledge  of  the  situation,  such 
solicitude  for  progress,  and  such  generous 
liberality  as  to  constitute  him  easily  the 
chief  patron  in  our  history.  Beside  him 
are  eminent  men  who  take  up  his  work  when 
absence  or  illness  interferes. 

And  the  able  Secretary  and  Auditor, 
Frank  P.  Crandon,  who  has  carried  for- 
ward the  work  of  the  secretaryship  since 
J.  G.  Hamilton  laid  down  his  pen,  has  put 
the  University  under  a  debt  of  obligation 
for  service  which  it  can  never  adequately 
reward.  The  volume  of  University  busi- 
ness has  become  so  great  and  its  tran- 
sactions so  important — all  of  which  pass 
through  a  central  office  and  must  be  scru- 
tinized from  week  to  week — that  it  makes 
demands  upon  this  officer  that  few  appre- 
ciate as  do  those  nearest  his  work,  but  to 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


which  he  addresses  himself  with  a  constancy 
and  painstaking  fidelity  that  are  beyond 
praise.  I  have  referred  to  endowments  that 
are  not  expressed  in  lands  and  buildings  or 
notes  of  hand ;  such  labors  as  his  enter  into 
this  list,  and  swell  the  wealth  of  the  favored 
institution  that  has  commanded  such  ser- 
vices as  his  without  fee  or  reward. 

The  Executive  Committee  are  busy  men 
of  large  private  interests,  but  they  are  al- 
ways about  the  Trustees'  table  when  called ; 
and  they  are  regularly  and  irregularly 
called,  and,  without  haste  and  after  full 
discussion,  they  give  all  the  time  that  is 
needful,  in  committee  and  out  of  committee, 
to  carrying  on  their  trust,  with  generous 
gifts  of  valuable  time  and  other  resources 
as  they  are  able. 

Dr.  James  Two  Years'  Administration. 
— From  small  beginnings,  by  careful  man- 
agement and  timely  benefactions,  the  Uni- 
versity has  acquired  a  property  conserva- 
tively valued  at  six  million  dollars,  and  has 
done  its  work  for  fifty  years  with  increasing 
vigor  and  enlargement  as  the  years  have 
advanced.  In  the  summer  of  1902,  Dr. 
Edmund  J.  James  was  selected  to  fill  the 
vacant  Presidency,  and  for  two  years  car- 
ried on  the  work  with  great  vigor  and 
promise,  infusing  fresh  life  into  all  depart- 
ments of  the  institution.  But  in  1904,  the 
claims  of  the  Illinois  State  University  upon 
him  were  too  strong  for  him  to  resist,  and 
he  resigned  to  be  succeeded  by  Prof. 
Thomas  F.  Holgate,  as  Acting  President. 


The  service  of  Professor  Holgate  as  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  has  fitted  him 
well  for  the  duties  that  have  been  thrust 
upon  him,  while  his  familiarity  with  the 
history  and  traditions  of  the  University 
justify  the  belief  that,  under  his  guiding 
hand,  the  institution  will  maintain  its  steady 
and  healthy  progress,  growing  as  the  tree 
grows,  nourished  by  the  kindly  care  of  the 
men  and  women  who  stand  forth  as  its  rep- 
resentatives— its  Trustees,  its  Professors, 
its  Alumni,  and  the  great  Church  in  whose 
name  it  was  founded,  and  whose  zeal  for 
Christian  culture  it  expresses. 

The  University  Finds  a  New  President 
— On  February  1,  1906,  the  Trustees  of 
Northwestern  University  closed  their 
long  quest  for  a  successor  to  President 
James,  by  the  election  of  Abram  W. 
Harris.  LL.D.,  of  Tome  Institute,  Mary- 
land, to  the  Presidency.  Dr.  Harris  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  November  7,  1858, 
graduated  from  the  Wesleyan  University, 
at  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  1880,  and  has 
followed  an  educational  career  since  that 
time,  except  for  a  few  years  when  he  was 
in  government  service.  His  experience 
in  University  work  and  the  secondary 
schools  gives  promise  of  great  usefulness 
in  his  new  field.  His  term  of  service  was 
designated  to  commence  July  1,  1006,  un- 
til which  time  the  interests  of  the  Univer- 
sity are  presided  over  by  Acting  President 
Holgate,  who  has  borne  well  the  burdens 
and  responsibilities  of  his  office  for  near- 
ly two  years  past. 


CHAPTBR  X. 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY  MEDICAL  SCHOOL 

(Bj  N.  S.  DAVIS.  JB..  A.  M.,  M.  D.) 


Object  of  its  Organisation — Early  Condi- 
tions and  Methods  of  Medical  Education 
—Dr.  X.  S.  Davis  Beginsthe Agitation/or 
Graded  Instruction  and  Longer  Courses 
— Lind  University  Established  in  1859 — 
Institution  affiliated  ivith  N  orthn'cstern 
University  in  1869 — Changes  of  Xante 
and  Location — Growth,  Present  Condi- 
tions and  Methods  of  Instruction — South 
Side  Free  Dispensary — Hospitals:  Mercy, 
Wesley,  St.  Luke's  and  Provident — 
Clinical  and  other  Advantages — Influence 
of  the  Founders  of  the  School  Shovjn  in 
its  Groivth  and  Character  of  its  Grad- 
uates— Positions  Won  by  its  Alumni. 

Northwestern  University  Medical  School 
was  founded  to  demonstrate  the  practica- 
bility of  what  were  admitted  to  be  good 
methods  of  teaching  the  art  and  science  of 
medicine.  So  long  as  this  country  was 
sparsely  settled  and  means  of  rapid  transit 
were  wanting,  it  was  difficult  for  physicians 
educated  abroad  to  find  communities  of  suf- 
ficient size  or  of  such  character  as  to  tempt 
them  to  settle  here.  It  was  equally  difficult 
for  those  of  our  own  people  inclined  to  study 
medicine  to  obtain  suitable  opportunities. 
For  many  years  most  practitioners  of  med- 
icine received  their  training  from  others 
to  whom  they  were  apprenticed.  For  half 
a  century  after  the  Revolutionary  War  the 
medical  colleges,  which  were  established, 


were  regarded  as  not  essential  to  the  mak- 
ing of  physicians  and  surgeons,  but  as  use- 
ful places  for  the  review  of  studies  pursued 
under  a  preceptor  and  for  the  prosecution 
of  practical  studies  in  anatomy.  The  annual 
course  in  these  schools  was  from  four  to 
five  months  in  duration.  During  this  time 
all  the  students  attended  all  the  lectures. 
These  courses  they  repeated  a  second  year, 
when  they  were  granted  a  diploma.  It  is 
evident  that  such  schools  in  no  sense  sup- 
planted the  work  of  preceptors  or  general 
practitioners  who  received  apprentices,  but 
supplemented  it.  The  colleges  contained  no 
laboratories,  and  few  were  connected  with 
hospitals  or  attempted  clinical  teaching. 
During  the  next  twenty-five  years  a  gradual 
evolution  took  place ;  clinics  were  estab- 
lished in  most  schools  and  a  better  quality 
of  teaching  was  done.  By  both  practition- 
ers and  laymen  colleges  were  regarded  as 
of  more  importance  for  the  acquisition  of 
the  knowledge  which  medical  men  must 
have. 

In  the  second  decade  of  the  last  century 
Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  began  to  agitate  the  need 
of  graded  instruction  in  medical  schools 
and  of  longer  courses.  This  he  did  in  med- 
ical societies  and  by  writing  a  small  treatise 
upon  medical  education.  Later,  in  order  to 
further  this  end,  he  induced  the  leading 
teachers  and  practitioners  of  various  States 
to  assemble  to  form  a  National  Medical  So- 


99 


IOO 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


ciety.  He  hoped  that,  by  agitating  the  sub- 
ject in  such  a  body,  reforms  might  be  in- 
augurated simultaneously  in  all  the  States. 
Although  medical  societies  by  numerous 
resolutions  urged  such  reforms  upon  the 
colleges,  they  were  not  made.  In  1859  a 
group  of  men,  most  of  whom  had  been 
teachers  in  Rush  College,  Chicago,  estab- 
lished a  new  school  in  that  city,  which  was 
to  demonstrate  the  feasibility  of  some  of 
these  long-needed  reforms.  Minimum  re- 
quirements for  entrance  to  the  school  were 
made ;  three  years  of  study,  at  least  two  of 
which  must  have  been  in  a  medical  college, 
were  demanded  for  graduation,  and  the 
studies  were  graded  so  that  the  most  ele- 
mentary were  taught  first  and  the  others 
followed  in  logical  order.  Clinical  teaching 
was  made  a  prominent  feature  of  the  in- 
struction from  the  beginning.  Surprising 
as  it  seems,  considering  the  evident  need  of 
these  changes,  it  was  nearly  ten  years  before 
any  other  college  in  the  country  followed  its 
example,  and  many  more  before  it  was 
followed  by  all. 

Originally  this  college  was  not  a  depart- 
ment of  Northwestern  University.  In  1859 
Lind  University  was  established  and  Doc- 
tors Hosmer  A.  Johnson,  David  Rutter, 
Edmund  Andrews,  and  Ralph  Isham  or- 
ganized a  medical  department  of  it.  N.  S. 
Davis,  William  H.  Byford  and  numerous 
other  leading  physicians  of  this  small  city 
were  invited  to  form  its  faculty.  Lind  Uni- 
versity soon  went  out  of  existence  for  want 
of  sufficient  financial  support,  but  the  med- 
ical school  was  re-organized  under  a  charter 
of  its  own  and  was  called  Chicago  Medical 
College.  Under  this  name  it  made  a  per- 
manent reputation.  In  1869  it  was  affiliated 
with  Northwestern  University,  because  it 
was  thought  that  a  university  connection 
would  enable  it  to  stimulate  students  to  pre- 
pare better  for  college  and  to  maintain  a 
higher  grade  of  instruction  itself.  From 


this  time  until  1890  the  institution  was 
known  as  "Chicago  Medical  College" — the 
Medical  Department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. In  the  latter  year  a  close  union 
with  the  University  was  effected,  and  the 
name  was  again  changed,  this  time  to 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 

With  each  of  these  changes  of  title  a 
change  of  location  was  made.  Originally 
the  college  was  housed  in  the  Lind  Block 
in  the  heart  of  the  city ;  later  it  moved  into 
a  building  of  its  own  on  State  Street  near 
Twenty-second.  In  1870  it  was  compelled 
to  move,  as  its  home  was  destroyed  in  the 
process  of  widening  State  Street.  It  then 
built  anew  at  the  corner  of  Twenty-sixth 
and  Prairie  Avenue,  immediately  adjoin- 
ing Mercy  Hospital.  Here  it  remained 
twenty  years ;  but  the  growth  of  the  hos- 
pital in  time  necessitated  abandonment  of 
this  site.  New  and  entirely  modern  build- 
ings were  constructed  for  its  accommoda- 
tion in  1890  on  Dearborn  Street,  between 
Twenty-fourth  and  Twenty-fifth  Streets ; 
and,  in  1901,  Wesley  Hospital  was  built 
beside  it. 

While  in  material  possessions  the  insti- 
tution has  grown,  it  has  also  steadily  ad- 
vanced, and  even  led,  in  most  of  the  re- 
forms in  teaching  which  have  taken  place. 
In  1868  it  demanded  attendance  upon  three 
annual  courses  of  instruction  in  the  college 
for  graduation,  and  lengthened  each  course 
to  six  months.  By  1870  the  number  of  de- 
partments of  instruction  had  been  increased 
from  eleven  to  thirteen,  and,  during  the 
next  twenty  years,  to  eighteen.  In  1890 
the  annual  term  was  lengthened  to  seven 
months,  and  four  years  of  study  in  college 
were  required  for  graduation.  For  several 
years  before  these  changes  were  made  a 
fourth  year  was  offered  but  not  required. 
In  1894  the  annual  term  was  made  eight 
months.  In  1892  Latin  and  physics  were 
added  to  the  entrance  requirements  and, 


LICUARY 

OF  THE 

HWVERSirir  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


101 


three  years  later,  algebra,  and  in  1896  sev- 
eral other  branches  of  a  high  school  course. 
A  year  later  the  requirements  for  entrance 
to  the  medical  school  were  made  the  same  as 
those  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts. 

Laboratory  and  clinical  teaching  were 
conspicuous  elements  of  instruction  from 
the  inception  of  this  college.  When  it  was 
established,  the  only  laboratory  teaching 
done  in  medical  schools  was  in  chemistry 
and  anatomy.  Some  years  later  a  labora- 
tory of  histology  was  opened.  In  1886  lab- 
oratory instruction  was  given  to  all  students 
in  pathology.  Bacteriology  was  taught  for 
several  years  as  an  optional  study,  but  work 
was  required  of  all  students  in  the  bacterio- 
logical laboratory  in  1891.  In  1894  lab- 
oratories of  experimental  physiology  and 
pharmacology  were  opened,  although  for 
several  years  prior  to  this,  instruction  had 
been  given  in  physiological  chemistry ;  still 
more  recently  those  of  clinical  pathology 
were  established.  This  kind  of  practical 
teaching  has  so  grown  that  it  now  consti- 
tutes the  largest  part  of  the  work  done  by 
students  in  their  first  two  years  of  medical 
study.  The  development  of  this  kind  of 
teaching,  which  is  largely  individual,  has 
necessitated  the  employment  of  numerous 
teachers  who  devote  their  entire  time  to  the 
school.  In  the  earlier  history  of  this  insti- 
tution, these  branches  were  taught  by  prac- 
titioners of  medicine  who  devoted  only  a 
few  hours  per  week  to  the  work,  a  practice 
which  is  still  continued  by  many  colleges. 

Clinical  teaching  bears  to  the  studies  of 
the  last  two  years  the  same  relationship  that 
laboratory  teaching  does  to  the  first.  It 
practically  illustrates  all  instruction  in  the 
various  departments  of  medicine,  surgery 
and  the  specialties,  and  brings  students  in 
personal  contact  with  patients  and  teacher. 
As  laboratories  have  multiplied  so  have 
clinics,  and  in  each  the  amount  of  teaching 
has  been  increased  and  improved.  A  few 


clinics  are  introduced  into  the  second  year 
course  to  illustrate  methods  of  examina- 
tion, a  subject  taught  at  that  time  in  order 
to  prepare  students  for  the  study  of  disease 
which  completely  occupies  their  attention 
during  the  junior  and  senior  years.  The 
senior  year  is  given  up  almost  exclusively 
to  clinical  teaching.  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity offers  its  students  much  more  clinical 
instruction  than  most  other  schools  do,  and 
especially  a  large  amount  of  bedside  instruc- 
tion to  small  groups  of  them.  The  clinical 
laboratory  enables  students  to  apply  all 
kinds  of  scientific  methods  of  research  to 
the  examination  of  patients.  In  it  they 
make  blood  examinations,  sputa  examina- 
tions and  analyze  the  other  secretions  and 
excretions  of  the  body.  The  aim  of  this 
school  is  not  simply  to  afford  students  an 
opportunity  to  learn  what  is  known  of  dis- 
ease, but  to  become  intimately  acquainted 
with  it  by  contact  with  patients,  to  obtain 
experience  by  watching  the  course  of  dis- 
ease and  the  effect  of  remedial  procedures. 
The  unusual  clinical  facilities  of  this  col- 
lege are  made  possible  by  the  South  Side 
Free  Dispensary— which  is  in  Davis  Hall, 
one  of  the  University  buildings — by  Mercy 
Hospital.  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  and  by  Wes- 
ley and  Provident  Hospitals.  These  hospi- 
tals together  accommodate  from  eight  hun- 
dred to  one  thousand  patients.  In  the  South 
Side  Free  Dispensary  twenty-five  thousand 
patients  are  prescribed  for  annually,  and  are 
treated,  in  many  cases,  by  the  best  physi- 
cians, surgeons  and  specialists  of  the  city. 
Rooms  are  arranged  for  the  proper  ex- 
amination and  care  of  eye  and  ear.  nose  and 
throat,  gynecological,  skin,  nervous,  surgi- 
cal and  medical  cases,  as  well  as  of  children. 
Trained  nurses  assist  in  several  of  these  de- 
partments. This  dispensary  is  not  only  an 
important  educational  institution,  but  one 
of  the  best  philanthropies  in  Chicago. 
Davis  Hall,  in  which  the  dispensary  is 


102 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


housed,  was  constructed  for  its  accommo- 
dation. The  building  is  a  well  planned  and 
commodious  out-patient  hospital. 

Mercy  Hospital,  which  is  the  oldest  and 
one  of  the  largest  public  hospitals  in  the 
city,  has  been  intimately  associated  with 
this  school  ever  since  its  founding.  The 
hospital  consists  of  a  series  of  buildings, 
with  a  total  length  of  six  hundred  feet. 
It  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Twenty-sixth 
Street  and  Calumet  Avenue,  and  covers 
nearly  half  a  block  of  land.  It  owns  prop- 
erty adjoining  its  present  buildings,  which 
will  enable  it  to  grow  and  ultimately  to 
cover  nearly  a  square  of  land.  A  part  of 
this  vacant  property  is  an  attractive  garden, 
which  is  much  frequented  by  convalescent 
patients  during  the  summer. 

There  has  recently  been  completed  an  ad- 
dition to  the  hospital  devoted  to  a  large  oper- 
ating and  clinic  hall,  which  will  accommo- 
date four  hundred  students.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  and  perfect  operating 
rooms  in  the  city.  In  connection  with  this 
are  numerous  small  rooms  for  private  opera- 
tions, for  the  care  of  instruments  and  sur- 
gical supplies,  for  preparing  patients  and 
for  preparing  operators  and  their  assistants. 
These  rooms  are  of  the  most  modern  and 
approved  construction  and  contain  the 
best  equipment  known. 

Mercy  Hospital  has  also  one  of  the  best 
training  schools  for  nurses  in  the  city.  In- 
struction and  training  is  given  them  in  the 
hospital  by  the  staff,  as  well  as  by  regular 
teachers  devoting  their  time  to  the  school. 

The  attending  staff  of  physicians  and 
surgeons  is  selected  from  the  Faculty  of 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 
Eight  resident  physicians  and  surgeons  are 
chosen  annually  from  the  graduating  class 
of  the  college,  and  serve  for  eighteen 
months  in  the  hospital.  During  the  college 
year  from  one  to  four  clinics  are  given 
dailv  in  this  institution. 


The  most  notable  recent  addition  to  the 
equipment  of  the  Medical  School  is  Wesley 
Hospital.  It  is  located  beside  the  college 
building,  and  is  connected  with  Davis  Hall 
by  an  enclosed  bridge.  Neither  expense  nor 
time  has  been  spared  to  make  this  one  of  the 
best  equipped  hospitals  in  the  world.  It  is 
the  last  built  in  Chicago  and  contains  all  of 
the  newest  improvements  in  hospital  con- 
struction. 

With  its  laboratories  for  sterilizing  and 
preparing  dressings  and  instruments,  its 
amphitheatre,  its  clinical  and  pathological 
laboratories,  drug-room  and  morgue ;  with 
its  sun-baths  and  suites  of  private  roo.iis. 
and  with  its  commodious,  light  and  well 
ventilated  wards,  this  institution  would  seem 
to  have  reached  the  highest  mark  in  hospital 
construction  and  equipment.  The  staff  of 
this  hospital  is  also  selected  from  the  faculty 
of  the  college.  Four  resident  physicians 
and  surgeons  are  chosen  annually  from  the 
graduating  class.  It  also  has  an  excellent 
training  school  for  nurses. 

The  instruction  given  to  the  students 
in  Wesley  Hospital  makes  a  very  important 
portion  of  their  clinical  course.  This  is 
naturally  consequent  upon  the  close  relation 
of  the  two  institutions — the  hospital  stand- 
ing beside  the  College  Building  and  con- 
nected with  it  by  corridors. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital  is  situated  on  Indiana 
Avenue,  near  Fourteenth  street.  Owing  to 
its  central  location,  it  receives  a  large  num- 
ber of  accident  cases,  and  its  surgical  clinic 
is,  consequently,  an  extensive  one.  Clinics 
are  given  regularly  in  Medicine,  Nervous 
Diseases,  Surgery,  Gynecology,  and  Diseases 
of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  The  clinics  and  autop- 
sies of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  are  attended 
principally  by  the  third  year  students. 

Provident  Hospital,  located  at  the  corner 
of  Thirty-sixth  and  Dearborn  streets,  has 
recently  been  much  enlarged.  Besides  its 
100  beds,  which  can  accommodate  800  to 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


103 


1,000  patients  annually,  there  is  a  large  dis- 
pensary in  which  about  6,000  ambulatory 
patients  receive  treatment  each  year. 

The  students  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Medical  School  have  an  opportunity 
to  attend  clinics  by  the  Medical  Staff  and 
operations  by  the  Surgical  Staff,  and  are 
assigned,  in  small  classes,  to  ward  visits  in 
Surgery  and  Gynecology. 

The  college  possesses,  in  addition  to  the 
equipment  of  its  laboratories  and  clinics, 
a  fine  collection  of  pathological  and  anatom- 
ical specimens.  Its  present  museum  is 
crowded  and  more  space  is  needed.  It  also 
has  an  excellent  reference  library,  which 
is  in  constant  use  by  the  students.  This  is 
in  charge  of  a  librarian  who  devotes  her  en- 
tire time  to  it. 


The  inspiration  which  its  founders  gave 
thit  school,  to  maintain  in  it  the  most  thor- 
ough and  complete  instruction  possible,  has 
never  been  lost.  Its  success  is  shown  by  its 
growth  and,  best  of  all,  by  the  character  of 
its  graduates.  For  a  number  of  years  past 
from  one-third  to  one-half  of  each  grad- 
uating class  has  received  hospital  appoint- 
ments, in  which  they  obtain  from  a  year  to 
eighteen  months  of  practical  post-graduate 
training.  Many  of  its  alumni  are  filling  im- 
portant professorships  in  colleges  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coasts.  They  are 
found  leaders  in  the  communities  in  which 
they  live  and  in  the  societies  of  their  pro- 
fession. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY   LAW   SCHOOL 

(By  F.  B.  CROSSLEY.  l.L  B.) 


Historical  Sketch — Law  School  Founded  in 
1859 — Hon.  Thomas  Hoyne  Leads  in 
Endowment  of  First  Chair — Only  Three 
Law  Schools  then  West  of  the  Alleghen- 
ies — First  Faculty — Notable  Members  of 
Faculty  of  Later  Date — Union  College  of 
Law  Result  of  Combination  of  North- 
western and  University  of  Chicago — 
First  Board  of  Managers  and  First 
Faculty  Under  Netv  Arrangement — Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  Suspended  in  1866 
and  Northwestern  Assumed  Entire  Con- 
trol of  Law  School  in  1891 — Subsequent 
History — Changes  in  Requirements  of 
Supreme  Court  as  to  Law  Course — 
Present  Home  and  Conditions — Acquisi- 
tion of  Gar\  Collection — Present  Out- 
look. 

The  present  Northwestern  University 
Law  School  was  founded  in  1859  through 
the  generosity  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  Hoyne, 
who  contributed  five  thousand  dollars  to  the 
original  University  of  Chicago  to  endow 
a  "chair  of  International  and  Constitutional 
Law"  which  contribution  enabled  the  Uni- 
versity to  establish  a  Law  Department. 

At  that  time  there  were  but  three  other 
law  schools  west  of  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains, and  the  need  of  an  institution  that 
could  offer  a  better  legal  training  than  could 
be  obtained  in  a  law  office,  was  becoming 


more  and  more  apparent  with  the  growth 
of  the  city. 

The  School  was  first  opened  for  instruc- 
tion in  1860,  with  Honorable  Henry  Booth 
and  Judges  -John  M.  Wilson  and  Grant 
Goodrich  as  professors.  Dr.  Booth  was 
the  first  to  be  called  as  a  professor  and  to 
serve  as  Dean,  and  continued  in  that  joint 
capacity  for  thirty-two  years,  retiring  as 
Dean  Emeritus  in  1892.  The  inauguration 
ceremonies  of  the  School  took  place  in  Met- 
ropolitan Hall,  the  chief  address  being  made 
by  the  Hon.  David  Dudley  Field,  of  New 
York;  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Illinois,  Sidney  Breese,  and  sev- 
eral other  Judges  of  prominence  being 
present  and  assisting. 

The  School  was  conducted  continuously 
by  the  University  of  Chicago  until  1873, 
becoming  better  known  throughout  the 
United  States  each  year  for  the  thorough 
character  of  its  instruction  and  the  high 
standard  of  scholarship  set  for  its  grad- 
uates; and  though  the  dominating  control 
of  the  School  has  changed  several  times 
from  the  date  of  its  organization,  the  policy 
outlined  by  Dean  Booth  and  his  co-work- 
ers has  been  followed,  and  at  no  time  has 
the  School  lost  in  influence  or  prestige 
through  any  attempt  by  the  different  in- 
terests to  lower  the  quality  of  its  instruction 
or  the  standard  of  its  scholarship.  The 


105 


io6 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


faith  of  these  different  interests  in  the  pol- 
icy of  its  first  Dean  and  his  fellow-labor- 
ers is  illustrated  by  the  long  tenure  of 
office  and  the  service  on  the  Faculty  of 
one  of  Evanston's  best  known  citizens,  the 
Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  who  became  a  Pro- 
fessor in  the  Law  School  in  1862,  and  re- 
mained in  active  service  until  May  23,  1902. 
when  he  retired  as  Emeritus  Professor  of 
Law. 

In  1873,  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening 
the  School  and  adding  a  department  of  law, 
Northwestern  University  entered  into  an 
agreement  with  the  University  of  Chicago 
whereby  the  Law  School  came  under  the 
joint  control  of  the  two  Universities.  By 
the  terms  of  this  agreement  the  School  was 
placed  under  the  direct  management  of  a 
"Joint  Board,"  "comprising  an  equal  num- 
ber of  persons  from  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  each  University,"  the  announcement  of 
the  change  setting  forth  that  "it  should  not 
be  overlooked  by  any  of  the  graduates  of 
the  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago, that  this  School  is  a  legitimate  off- 
spring and  successor  to  its  claims,  and,  as 
such,  is  entitled  to  receive  all  the  honors 
and  support  of  the  large  number  of  those, 
fast  rising  into  professional  eminence,  who 
acquired  the  rudiments  of  their  legal  learn- 
ing within  the  walls  of  this  School."  The 
joint  agreement  provided  that  the  School 
should  be  known  as  the  Law  Department  of 
both  Universities,  "with  full  right  to  each  to 
publish  the  same  in  all  catalogues  and  cir- 
culars, as  its  law  department;  that  diplo- 
mas should  be  signed  by  the  President  and 
Secretary  of  both  Universities,  under  the 
seal  of  each,  and  that,  "as  far  as  practicable, 
the  graduating  exercises  of  the  law  classes 
shall  be  held  in  the  name  of,  and  attended 
by,  the  Trustees,  officers  and  Faculties  of 
both  Universities";  that,  "for  the  purpose 
of  placing  said  Law  School  upon  a  sure  and 


substantial  financial  basis,"  each  University 
should  pay  annually  towards  its  support  not 
less  than  two  thousand  dollars  and,  in  case 
of  default  for  six  months,  the  party  in  de- 
fault should  forfeit  its  interest  and  control 
in  the  School. 

Northwestern  University  was  represented 
on  the  first  Board  of  Management,  as 
above  provided  for,  by  Hon.  Grant  Good- 
rich, Wirt  Dexter,  Esq.,  Robert  F.  Queal, 
and  Rev.  Charles  H.  Fowler,  President  of 
the  University. 

The  first  Faculty  under  joint  control  of 
the  two  Universities  was  composed  as  fol- 
lows: Hon.  Henry  Booth,  Dean  and  Pro- 
fessor of  the  law  of  Property  and  of  Plead- 
ing;  Hon.  Lyman  Trumbull,  Professor  of 
Constitutional  Law,  Statute  Law,  and  Prac- 
tice in  the  United  States  Courts  ;  Hon.  James 
R.  Doolittle,  Professor  of  Equity  Jurispru- 
dence, Pleading  and  Evidence ;  Van  Buren 
Denslow,  Esq.,  Professor  of  Contracts  and 
Civil  and  Criminal  Practice ;  Philip  Myers, 
Esq.,  Professor  of  Commercial  Law ;  Hon. 
James  B.  Hradwell,  Lecturer  on  Wills  and 
Probate :  Dr.  Nathan  S.  Davis,  Lecturer  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence. 

The  School  was  now  known  as  the  Union 
College  of  Law,  and  was  located  at  this 
time  ( 1873)  in  the  Superior  Block,  fronting 
the  Court-House.  Sixty  regular  students 
were  registered  .during  the  year  1872-73 — 
and,  after  three  years  of  joint  management, 
one  hundred  and  thirty  students  were  en- 
rolled in  one  year.  The  requirements  for  ad- 
mission at  this  time  were  low  in  all  law 
schools,  this  School  requiring  merely  a  com- 
mon school  education,  but  recommending  a 
college  training,  and  during  the  year  1876 — 
or  three  years  after  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity assumed  partial  control — almost  one- 
third  of  the  students  in  the  Law  School  pos- 
sessed academic  degrees.  The  course,  as  in 
nearly  all  the  better  schools,  covered  a  pe- 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


107 


riod  of  two  years  and  the  diploma  of  the 
School  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois. 

The  joint  management  was  continued 
until  1886,  when  the  original  University  of 
Chicago  ceased  to  exist  actively,  and  later 
surrendered  its  charter.  For  a  period  of 
about  five  years  (1886  to  1891)  the  control 
of  the  Law  School  was  still  exercised  by  a 
"Joint  Board,"  but  in  1891  Xorthwestern 
University  assumed  entire  control  and  the 
School  received  its  present  name.  The 
agreement  under  which  the  Xorthwestern 
University  assumed  exclusive  control  of  the 
Law  School  was  made  July  i,  1891,  with 
the  L'nion  College  of  Law  represented  by 
Hon.  Oliver  H.  Horton  and  William  V. 
Farwell ;  Northwestern  University  being 
represented  by  Orrington  Lunt,  its  Yice- 
President.  This  agreement,  among  other 
provisions,  set  forth  that  the  School  should 
thereafter  be  known  as  Xorthwestern  Uni- 
versity Law  School,  with  the  privilege  to 
continue  the  name  "Union  College  of  Law" 
in  brackets,  and  that  "all  persons  who  are 
alumni  of  Union  College  of  Law  are  hereby 
made  alumni  of  Northwestern  University 
Law  School." 

Since  Xorthwestern  University  obtained 
sole  control  of  the  Law  School,  its  position 
among  the  foremost  in  the  country  has  been 
maintained  and  the  School  has  led  in  all 
attempts  to  raise  the  standard  of  legal  edu- 
cation and  of  the  legal  profession  in  the 
West.  An  academic  training  equivalent  to 
that  of  a  graduate  of  a  high  school  was  soon 
made  a  requirement  for  admission,  and,  in 
1897,  the  required  period  of  study  in  the 
School  of  all  candidates  for  a  degree  was 
extended  to  three  years,  although  at  that 
time  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  required 
but  two  years'  study  for  admission  to  prac- 
tice within  its  jurisdiction.  This  change  in 
the  requirements  for  graduation  was  soon 
followed  by  a  new  rule  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Illinois,  governing  admission  to 


the  bar  and  requiring  an  academic  training 
equivalent  to  that  of  a  high  school  graduate, 
and  three  years'  study  of  law  of  all  appli- 
cants for  admission  to  practice.  A  change 
was  also  made  in  the  Law  School  in  the 
method  of  instruction  by  the  adoption  of 
the  case  system  instead  of  the  text,  the 
curriculum  was  greatly  enlarged  and  the 
Faculty  increased. 

The  policy  of  the  University  toward  the 
Law  School  has  been,  at  all  times  since  its 
assumption  of  executive  control,  one  of 
commendable  liberality,  and  because  of  it 
the  School  has  been  able  to  keep  up  its 
progress  and  maintain  its  prestige.  To  do 
this,  because  of  the  large  gifts  of  money 
contributed  in  recent  years  to  Universities 
throughout  the  country  other  than  Xorth- 
western, and  the  consequent  increase  in 
efficiency  and  equipment  of  their  various 
departments,  the  University  found  it  neces- 
sary, in  1902,  to  increase  very  largely  its 
annual  financial  contribution  to  the  Law 
School,  and  this  was  done  by  adding  there- 
to the  income  from  a  quarter  of  a  million 
dollars  and,  in  addition,  an  appropriation 
of  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  im- 
mediate increase  of  the  library ;  so 
that,  when  the  School  ceased  its  mi- 
gratory career  and  moved  into  its 
present  permanent  home  in  Xorthwest- 
ern University  Building,  purchased  and 
equipped  at  a  cost  of  nearly  one  million 
dollars  by  the  L'niversity,  as  a  home  for  its 
professional  Schools  other  than  Medical,  it 
possessed  a  Faculty  of  six  professors  giving 
the  whole  or  the  substance  of  their  time  to 
the  School,  besides  an  excellent  staff  of  in- 
structors and  lecturers,  and  a  library  of  over 
12,000  volumes.  The  present  home  of 
the  School,  in  what  was  widely  known  for 
more  than  half  a  century  as  the  "Tremont 
House,"  is  well  adapted  to  its  needs.  It 
occupies  the  entire  third  floor  of  Xorth- 
western University  Building,  in  the  heart  of 


io8 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  business  section  of  Chicago.  The 
twenty-three  thousand  square  feet  of  floor 
space  is  divided  into  well  equipped  library, 
lecture,  study  and  court  rooms,  and  offices. 
The  library  reading  room  will  accommodate 
450  students  at  its  tables.  The  students' 
assembly  room  provides  pleasant  quarters 
for  rest  and  conversation.  The  walls  of  the 
School  are  hung  with  an  interesting  collec- 
tion of  portraits  of  prominent  Judges,  and 
legal  writers,  teachers,  and  lawyers  of  all 
countries — a  collection  that  is  probably  not 
equaled  in  the  United  States.  The  equip- 
ment throughout,  aside  from  the  library, 
was  made  possible  by  generous  money 
contributions  from  alumni,  Trustees  and 
other  friends  of  the  School  upon  its  removal 
to  its  permanent  home. 

Through  the  generosity  of  Hon.  Elbert 
H.  Gary,  '67,  the  School  in  1903  acquired 
the  Gary  Collection  of  Continental  Juris- 
prudence. This  Collection,  the  most  com- 
plete of  its  kind  this  side  the  Atlantic, 
comprises  an  extensive  collection  of  the  laws 
and  jurisprudence  of  all  the  countries  of 


Continental  Europe.  It  is  of  incalculable 
practical  value  to  Chicago  and  the  North- 
west, and  to  students  of  the  law  in  this  coun- 
try interested  in  the  study  of  comparative 
laws.  Judge  Gary  has  also  made  it  possible 
for  the  School  to  greatly  increase  its  collec- 
tion of  English  and  American  laws  and 
treatises,  and  placed  it  (1905)  in  a  position 
for  the  first  time  to  compare  favorably  in 
this  respect  with  the  best  law  school 
libraries  in  the  country. 

After  forty-six  years  of  existence  the 
Law  School  stands  for  the  best  in  legal 
training.  During  the  past  it  has  occupied 
constantly  a  high  place  as  one  of  the  best 
law  schools,  although  greatly  handicapped 
by  lack  of  proper  equipment  and  insuffi- 
cient financial  support.  Today,  with  its 
large  body  of  alumni,  many  of  whom  are 
of  State  and  National  reputation,  scattered 
over  thirty-five  States  and  Territories,  with 
its  excellent  equipment  and  its  increased 
financial  support,  the  future  of  this  depart- 
ment seems  almost  assured. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY    DENTAL    SCHOOL 

(By  O.  V.  BLACK.  M.  D..  D.  D.  S.,  IX.  D.) 


Dental  Education  as  a  Distinct  Branch  of 
Professional  Training  —  First  Dental 
School  Established  in  1839 — Development 
Due  to  State  Legislation — Dental  Schools 
in  Eastern  Cities — Chicago  College  of 

•  Dental  Surgery  Graduates  its  First  Class 
in  1885 — Dr.  Thomas  L.  Gilmer  Leads 
Movement  for  Establishment  of  North- 
western University  Dental  School — Con- 
solidation with  American  College  of 
Dental  Surgery  — •  Dr.  Theodore  M  cages 
Chief  Promoter  —  First  Faculty  of  the 
Consolidated  S-chool  —  Present  Condi- 
tion —  It  Finds  a  Permanent  Home  in 
Historic  Trcinont  House  Building. 

In  order  to  understand  the  conditions  in- 
fluencing the  growth  of  the  Northwestern 
University  Dental  School,  it  seems  necessary 
to  intermingle  with  the  more  direct  account 
of  it,  a  brief  explanation  of  some  of  the  gen- 
eral conditions  peculiar  to  dental  education 
which  have  had  so  large  an  influence  on  its 
development. 

Dental  education,  as  a  distinct  branch  of 
activity  in  the  development  of  science  and 
art,  began  in  1839,  when  Dr.  Chapin  Harris 
and  his  colleagues,  who  had  been  teaching 
oral  surgery  in  a  medical  school  in  Balti- 
more, withdrew  and  founded  an  independent 
school  of  dentistry,  establishing  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Dental  Surgery  as  earned  by  a 
definite  course  of  study.  The  effort  was  so 


successful  that  since  that  time  dental  edu- 
cation in  America  has  been  on  a  separate 
basis  from  general  medical  education.  Yet 
it  has  always  been  regarded  as  a  branch  of 
the  healing  art,  having  much  in  common 
with  general  medicine,  and  especially  as 
requiring  similar  preparation  in  the  funda- 
mental branches,  viz :  anatomy,  physiology, 
histology,  pathology  and  chemistry.  Dental 
schools  made  slow  progress,  however,  in  the 
earlier  years  of  their  existence.  It  had 
been  the  custom  that  one  desiring  to  engage 
in  the  practice  of  dentistry  became  a  student 
in  the  office  of  a  practitioner,  and,  when 
considered  sufficiently  proficient,  entered 
upon  the  practice  independently  without 
question.  So  firmly  fixed  was  this  practice 
that,  for  a  time,  few  students  entered  the 
dental  schools ;  though  from  year  to  year 
they  increased  in  numbers  and  new  schools 
were  organized  and  operated  successfully  in 
several  of  the  larger  cities. 

About  1870  there  was  a  general  move- 
ment for  the  better  education  of  dentists. 
The  need  for  the  better  education  of  phy- 
sicians was  being  urged,  and  laws  for  the 
regulation  of  the  practice  of  medicine,  and 
incidentally  requiring  improvement  in  edu- 
cational qualification,  were  being  enacted 
by  the  different  State  Legislatures.  Den- 
tistry followed,  and  laws  were  also  rapidly 
adopted  regulating  the  practice  of  den- 
tistry. These  laws  have  been  sustained  by 


109 


no 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  sentiment  of  the  people  for  whose  bene- 
fit they  were  drawn,  by  the  profession  and 
by  the  courts  of  law.  Those  entering  upon 
the  practice  of  dentistry  then  found  that 
the  easier  way  to  obtain  an  education  that 
would  satisfy  the  State  Boards  of  Dental 
Examiners,  was  by  attending  the  dental 
schools.  This  brought  about  a  very  rapid 
increase  in  the  number  of  students,  and  also 
a  similar  increase  in  the  number  of  dental 
schools.  In  1870  there  were  eight  dental 
schools  in  operation,  from  which  were 
graduated  140  students.  This,  with  the  con- 
ditions of  graduation  then  prevailing,  would 
indicate  a  total  attendance  of  but  little  over 
200  students.  In  1901  there  were  fifty-four 
dental  schools  and  from  these  about  2,300 
students  were  graduated.  This  would  indi- 
cate a  total  attendance  of  about  7,000  stu- 
dents. 

This  seemingly  extreme  educational  activ- 
ity in  dentistry  was  also  accompanied  by  a 
similar  activity  in  the  development  of  den- 
tal science  and  practice.  Many  active  men 
were  coming  forward  with  new  facts  and 
with  new  thought  for  the  betterment  of  the 
treatment  of  dental  diseases.  The  people 
were  gaining  confidence  in  dental  opera- 
tions and  making  larger  demands  on  the 
dental  profession,  and  increased  numbers  of 
dentists  were  required  to  satisfy  these  de- 
mands, thus  giving  substantial  support  to 
the  educational  impulse.  Baltimore  and 
Philadelphia  were  the  earlier  seats  of  dental 
educational  work,  though  successful  dental 
schools  were  being  developed  in  other  cities. 
In  Chicago  the  first  dental  school  in  actual 
operation  (some  charters  for  dental  schools 
were  obtained  earlier)  was  Chicago  College 
of  Dental  Surgery,  which  graduated  its 
first  class  in  1885.  In  the  activity  of  the 
time  many  efforts  failed,  or  were  imperfect- 
ly organized  and  continued  but  a  short 
time. 

Dr.  Thomas  L.  Gilmer  inaugurated,  and 


was  principally  instrumental  in  carrying 
through,  the  initial  movement  which  result- 
ed in  the  organization  of  the  present  North- 
western University  Dental  School.  In  1890 
there  were  a  number  of  men  in  Chicago 
who  had  obtained  some  prominence  as 
teachers  in  dentistry  who  were  not  then  en- 
gaged in  teaching.  Having  noted  this,  and 
having  carefully  studied  the  conditions,  Dr. 
Gilmer  gave  a  dinner  at  the  Leland  Hotel, 
to  which  Drs.  George  H.  Gushing,  Edgar  D. 
Swain,  Edmund  Noyes  and  W.  V-B.  Ames 
were  invited,  and  to  whom  he  opened  the 
subject  of  the  organization  of  a  new  dental 
school.  There  were  at  the  time  several  den- 
tal schools  in  the  city  that  were  not  doing 
well,  and  the  question  of  the  reorganization 
of  some  one  of  these  was  discussed,  with 
the  result  that  Dr.  Gilmer  was  authorized 
to  investigate  the  advisability  of  the  pur- 
chase of  the  American  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  then  under  the  control  of  Dr. 
Clendenen.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  Dr. 
Gilmer  reported  adversely  to  the  purchase 
of  that  school.  Chicago  University  was 
then  in  process  of  organization,  and  an  in- 
terview was  had  with  President  Harper 
with  reference  to  the  organization  of  a 
dental  school  as  a  department  of  that  uni- 
versity, but  at  the  time  they  were  not  ready 
for  such  an  undertaking.  The  discussion 
of  various  schemes  continued  from  time  to 
time  until  the  resignation  of  the  faculty  of 
the  University  Dental  College  seemed  to 
create  an  opening  in  that  direction. 

The  University  Dental  College  was 
finally  organized  under  a  charter  grant- 
ed from  the  State  of  Illinois  in  1887. 
The  first  session  was  held  in  the  win- 
ter of  1887-88,  with  a  class  of  six  students, 
the  dental  faculty  consisting  of  W.  W.  All- 
port  (Emeritus),  L.  P.  Haskell,  R.  F.  Lud- 
wig,  John  S.  Marshall  (Dean),  A.  E.  Bald- 
win, Charles  P.  Pruyn,  R.  C.  Baker  and 
Arthur  B.  Freeman.  An  agreement  was 


Lib!'.  Art  Y 

OF  THE 

NMVERSIIY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


in 


effected  between  President  Cummings  of 
Northwestern  University,  Nathan  S.  Davis, 
Dean  of  Chicago  Medical  College,  and  the 
faculty  of  the  new  Dental  College,  by 
which  the  students  should  take  lectures  in 
anatomy,  physiology,  histology,  materia 
medica,  pathology  and  surgery  with  the 
medical  classes ;  but  this  agreement  in- 
volved no  further  connection  with  the  Med- 
ical College.  Also  the  connection  with 
Northwestern  University  was  nominal  and 
prospective  only,  the  University  assuming 
no  responsibility  for  the  Dental  College. 

The  new  college  was  located  on  Twenty- 
sixth  Street,  Chicago,  near  the  Medical  Col- 
lege. The  students  were  required  to  take  a 
course  of  three  years,  of  seven  months 
each,  before  graduation.  This  was  the  first 
dental  college  to  make  this  requirement,  and 
this  fact  operated  very  much  against  its  suc- 
cess in  obtaining  students ;  so  that  its 
classes  remained  very  small.  There  were 
only  eleven  students  at  the  end  of  the  sec- 
ond year.  At  the  beginning  of  the  third 
year  the  three-year  course  was  made  op- 
tional, and  the  students  were  allowed  to 
elect  to  take  a  two  years'  course.  At  the 
end  of  the  fourth  year  the  class  numbered 
nineteen.  The  college  could  not  continue  to 
meet  its  expenses  on  the  income  derived 
from  this  number  of  students  and,  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  the  Faculty  resigned,  as  has 
been  noted  above. 

At  that  time  Dr.  Henry  Wade  Rogers 
had  recently  become  President  of  North- 
western University,  and  was  actively  en- 
gaged in  bringing  the  professional  schools, 
which  had  previously  but  a  nominal  connec- 
tion with  the  University  at  Evanston.  into  a 
closer  relationship.  He  was  seen  by  Dr. 
Gilmer  with  regard  to  the  reorganization  of 
this  college,  and  he  actively  favored  it. 
After  a  number  of  conferences  between  the 
parties  interested,  which  included  especially 
Drs.  Chas.  P.  Pruyn,  I.  A.  Freeman,  A.  B. 


Freeman  and  A.  E.  Matteson,  of  the  old 
faculty,  the  officers  of  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  Drs.  T.  L.  Gilmer,  E.  D.  Swain, 
Geo.  H.  Cushing,  Edmund  Noyes,  W.  V-B. 
Ames  and  others,  an  organization  was  ef- 
fected under  the  charter  of  Northwestern 
University,  and  the  charter  of  the  Univer- 
sity Dental  College  from  the  State  allowed 
to  lapse.  In  making  this  change  the  word 
college  was  dropped  and  the  word  school 
substituted,  in  accord  with  a  policy  of  the 
University,  in  which  the  teaching  organiza- 
tions under  its  jurisdiction  are  called 
"schools"  rather  than  colleges.  The  new 
school  took  the  name  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Dental  School.  The  Chicago  Medical 
College  also  came  into  closer  relationship 
with  the  University  and  took  the  name 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 
The  new  dental  faculty  was  composed  of 
Edgar  D.  Swain,  Dean ;  Edmund  Noyes, 
Secretary ;  G.  V.  Black,  George  H.  Cush- 
ing, J.  S.  Marshall,  Charles  P.  Pruyn,  Isaac 
A.  Freeman,  Thomas  L.  Gilmer,  Arthur  B. 
Freeman,  B.  S.  Palmer,  W.  V-B.  Ames, 
Arthur  E.  Matteson,  E.  L.  Clifford,  G.  W. 
Haskins,  D.  M.  Cattell  and  H.  P.  Smith. 
Arrangements  were  made  with  the  medical 
school  by  which  the  dental  students  took 
lectures  on  the  fundamental  subjects  with 
the  medical  classes.  The  school  was  re- 
moved to  more  commodious  quarters  on 
Twenty-second  Street,  but  near  enough  to 
he  convenient  to  the  Medical  School,  which 
was  also  moved  to  new  quarters  on  Dear- 
born Street,  near  Twenty-fourth.  In  the 
summer  of  1891  the  National  Association  of 
Dental  Faculties  passed  an  order  which  re- 
quired all  schools  affiliated  with  it  to  ex- 
tend the  course  of  study  to  three  terms  of 
not  less  than  six  months  each,  in  separate 
years  before  graduation.  This  order  was 
complied  with  at  once,  and  the  new  organi- 
zation began  its  first  session  with  a  class  of 
fifty-three  students,  only  six  of  whom  came 
from  the  old  school. 


112 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


The  National  Association  of  Dental  Fac- 
ulties was  formed  in  1884,  having  as  its  ob- 
ject the  improvement  of  the  methods  of  den- 
tal education  and  harmony  of  action  among 
the  separate  schools.  The  National  Associa- 
tion of  Dental  Examiners  had  been  formed 
a  year  earlier,  having  for  its  object  the  pro- 
motion of  harmony  of  action  among  the 
separate  Examining  Boards  of  the  different 
States.  These  associations,  while  remain- 
ing distinct,  have,  for  the  most  part, 
worked  in  unison,  both  having  for  their 
prime  object  the  better  education  and  pro- 
fessional qualification  of  young  men  for  the 
practice  of  dentistry,  and  their  influence  has 
been  too  important  to  be  passed  without 
some  consideration.  It  must  be  understood 
that,  before  this  time,  dental  schools  were 
without  law  or  rule  other  than  such  as  each 
might  adopt  at  will,  and  there  was  little 
harmony  of  action  among  them.  Some  were 
graduating  students  on  a  single  course  of 
six  months.  There  was  no  standard  of  edu- 
cational requirement  for  matriculation,  etc. 
The  object  of  the  Faculties  Association  was 
to  bring  about  harmony  and  establish  rules 
regarding  all  such  matters. 

Perhaps  the  best  definition  of  the  objects 
and  purposes  of  this  organization  will  be 
expressed  in  its  first  official  acts.  It  was 
agreed  by  the  association  at  its  first  meeting 
thaf,  after  the  close  of  the  sessions  of  1884- 
85,  each  college  belonging  to  the  Associa- 
tion would  refuse  to  allow  a  candidate  to 
come  up  for  final  examination  who  had  not 
attended  two  full  courses  of  lectures,  the 
last  of  which  should  have  been  spent  in  the 
college  where  the  candidate  for  graduation 
proposed  to  take  the  degree.  A  preliminary 
examination  of  all  students  not  possessing 
an  academic  or  high  school  education  was 
also  ordered  to  go  into  effect  at  the  same 
time.  It  was  ordered  that  an  examination  of 
junior  students  should  take  place  at  the  end 
of  their  first  course,  and  that  certificates 


should  be  issued  showing  their  fitness  to  en- 
ter the  senior  class  of  any  one  of  the  chain 
of  colleges,  and  that  no  college  belonging  to 
the  Association  would  allow  a  student  to 
enter  the  senior  class  who  did  not  exhibit 
such  a  certificate  of  qualification,  and  this 
class  of  legislation  has  since  been  continued. 
This  organization  quickly  gathered  into  its 
membership  all  of  the  dental  schools  re- 
garded as  reputable ;  and,  although  a  purely 
voluntary  organization,  it  has  attained  such 
power  through  the  general  support  of  the 
dental  profession  that  its  edicts  have  the 
force  of  law. 

It  was  under  these  general  conditions  that 
the  new  school  began  its  work.  After  two 
years  in  its  location  on  Twenty-second 
Street,  the  school  was  moved  into  new  build- 
ings erected  on  Dearborn  Street,  between 
Twenty-fourth  and  Twenty-fifth  Streets, 
and  was  housed  with  the  Medical  School ; 
each,  however,  having  its  own  rooms,  clinic- 
al outfits  and  laboratories.  In  this  location, 
and  with  these  arrangements,  the  school 
was  fairly  prosperous  and  the  number  of 
students  increased  so  that,  in  the  fall  of 
1895,  the  whole  number  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty-eight.  With  this  number  in  the 
Dental  School  and  the  continued  increase 
in  the  Medical  School,  the  space  was  over- 
crowded, so  that  it  became  necessary  to 
procure  additional  buildings  outside  for  a 
portion  of  the  laboratories  of  the  Dental 
School.  This  arrangement  proved  very  un- 
satisfactory, as  it  required  much  running  to 
and  fro,  and  it  became  clear  that  something 
else  must  be  done  in  order  to  accommodate 
the  increasing  demands.  The  extension  of 
the  course  to  three  years  instead  of  two,  as 
had  been  the  former  custom,  had  not  served 
materially  to  diminish  the  number  of  appli- 
cants for  matriculation. 

In  the  meantime  the  American  College  of 
Dental  Surgery,  previously  mentioned,  had 
been  purchased  bv  Dr.  Theodore  Menges 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


and  others,  its  equipment  had  been  im- 
proved, it  was  being  put  in  better  condition 
for  giving  instruction  and  its  classes  were 
rapidly  increasing  in  numbers.  Dr.  Menges, 
who  was  showing  much  energy  and  tact, 
especially  in  gaining  students,  proposed  in 
the  winter  of  1895-96  the  consolidation  of 
these  two  schools.  After  numerous  confer- 
ences usual  in  such  proceedings,  this  was 
effected  during  the  following  spring  on 
terms  which,  for  the  time,  left  the  principal 
management  of  the  school  in  the  hands  of 
Dr.  Menges,  but  provided  for  the  ultimate 
complete  ownership  by  the  University.  The 
faculty  was  again  reorganized,  a  part  of 
each  of  the  old  faculties  being  retained. 
The  new  faculty  at  the  beginning  of  1896- 
97  was  composed  of  Edgar  D.  Swain 
(Dean),  G.  V.  Black,  George  H.  Gushing. 
Thomas  L.  Gilmer,  J.  S.  Marshall  (Emer- 
itus), B.  J.  Cigrand,  A.  H.  Peck,  E.  H. 
Angle,  Edmund  Noyes,  I.  B.  Crissman,  \V. 
E.  Harper,  G.  W.  Haskins,  James  H.  Proth- 
ero,  G.  W.  Swartz,  William  Stearns, 
Charles  B.  Reed,  F.  B.  Xoyes,  T.  B.  Wig- 
gin,  W.  T.  Eckley,  L.  B.  Haymen,  George 
Leininger,  C.  E.  Say  re,  V.  J.  Hall,  with 
Theodore  Menges  as  Secretary  and  Busi- 
ness Manager.  The  Dental  School  was  re- 
moved to  the  building  that  had  been  occu- 
pied by  the  American  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  on  the  corner  of  Franklin  and 
Madison  Streets,  where  it  has  since  re- 
mained. In  this  building  additional  space 
could  be  had  from  time  to  time  for  indefi- 
nite expansion.  In  this  arrangement  the 
American  College  of  Dental  Surgery  went 
out  of  existence,  and,  as  its  graduates  would 
have  no  alma  mater,  it  was  agreed  that  those 
students  who  had  graduated  in  1891  and 
since  should  be  made  alumni  of  the  Xorth- 
western  University  Dental  School. 

Northwestern  University  Dental  School 
now  undertook  to  teach  all  of  the  depart- 
ments, including  the  fundamental  branches. 


by  its  own  professors  and  instructors,  thus 
separating  it  entirely  from  the  Medical 
School.  The  work  was  now  with  much 
larger  classes  than  had  before  been  as- 
sembled in  dental  schools,  and,  as  the  year 
passed,  it  was  seen  that,  while  the  general 
methods  of  instruction  in  vogue  were  well 
adapted,  much  improvement  in  the  system- 
atization  of  the  work  of  the  teaching  force 
was  desirable.  At  the  end  of  the  year  the 
Dean,  Dr.  Edgar  D.  Swain,  resigned.  Dr. 
G.  V.  Black  was  then  appointed  Dean,  and 
was  charged  especially  \vith  the  systemati- 
zation  of  the  methods  of  instruction.  Each 
of  the  departments  of  instruction  was  grad- 
ually brought  under  the  control  of  a  single 
responsible  professor,  who  controlled  the 
methods  of  presentation  of  the  subjects  in 
his  field  of  work  by  those  associated  with 
him,  and  the  courses  of  study  were  so 
graded  that  the  classes  of  each  year  re- 
mained separate  in  the  class  room.  Per- 
sonal teaching  was  provided  for  by  the  sep- 
aration of  classes  into  sections  and  the  ar- 
rangement of  quiz-masters  and  demonstrat- 
ors for  special  duties,  so  that  the  individual 
student  could,  at  any  time,  obtain  a  person- 
al answer  to  his  question  or  the  demonstra- 
tion of  a  technical  procedure. 

In  following  out  these  arrangements,  sub- 
jects that  had  been  divided  among  different 
members  of  the  faculty  were  grouped  under 
one  head  and  managed  by  a  single  profes- 
sor with  the  aid  of  assistants,  so  that  the 
faculty  was  reduced  in  number  and  the  as- 
sistant teachers,  demonstrators  and  quiz- 
masters increased.  In  1899-1900  the  facility 
was  composed  of  Greene  V.  Black  (Dean), 
Thomas  L.  Gilmer,  John  S.  Marshall  (Em- 
eritus'), Adelbert  H.  Peck.  Edmund  Xoyes. 
William  E.  Harper.  James  H.  Prothero. 
Frederick  B.  Xoyes.  Twing  B.  Wiggin, 
William  T.  Eckley,  Yernon  J.  Hall,  George 
A.  Dorsey.  Theodore  Menges  (Secretary 
of  the  Faculty)  and  Tames  N.  McDowell. 


114 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


This  faculty  was  assisted  by  about  thirty 
assistants,  teachers,  demonstrators  and  quiz- 
masters. 

Northwestern  Dental  College,  a  small 
school  also  located  in  Chicago,  had  given 
much  annoyance  on  account  of  the  similari- 
ty of  name,  especially  in  the  confusion  it 
caused  in  the  delivery  of  mail.  In  1898  this 
was  purchased,  the  college  closed,  and  its 
plant  added  to  the  Northwestern  University 
Dental  School.  This  arrangement  included 
the  recognition  of  the  recent  graduates  of 
the  Northwestern  Dental  College  as  alumni 
of  Northwestern  University  Dental  School. 

The  school  as  thus  organized  prospered, 
and  the  classes  steadily  increased  until,  in 
1899-1900,  they  numbered  six  hundred  stu- 
dents— the  largest  number  ever  collected  in 
one  dental  school.  Additional  space  in  the 
building  was  obtained  from  time  to  time 
for  new  laboratories  and  class  rooms.  In 
1899  an  entire  floor  was  added  to  gain  addi- 
tional space  for  necessary  class  rooms,  lec- 
ture rooms  and  laboratories,  and  also  to  pro- 
vide space  for  a  library,  museum  and  read- 
ing room.  It  has  been  found  particularly  de- 
sirable that  students  should  be  provided  with 
well-arranged  space  in  the  school  building,  to 
which  they  could  go  during  any  leisure  hour 
for  the  purpose  of  reading  and  study,  or 
which  they  could  occupy  at  regular  hours 
and  where  they  could  find  books  upon  any 
topic  in  dentistry.  The  work  of  assembling 
a  library  and  museum  of  comparative  den- 
tal anatomy  and  dental  pathology  was  act- 
ively undertaken,  and  the  material  has  been 
rapidly  brought  together,  so  that,  at  the 
present  time,  these  may  be  justly  regarded 
as  excellent  and  as  quite  fully  supplying  the 
needs  of  a  dental  school.  To  these  members 
of  the  profession  have  contributed  books, 
journals  and  specimens  liberally,  and  have 
in  this  way  very  materially  aided  in  the 
gathering  of  the  collection.  This  work  is 
still  in  progress.  Members  of  the  profes- 


sion are  also  permitted  to  make  use  of  this 
library  and  museum. 

On  the  first  of  June,  1900,  Dr.  Theodore 
Menges,  Secretary  and  Business  Manager 
of  Northwestern  University  Dental  School, 
died  of  appendicitis,  after  an  illness  of  a  lit- 
tle less  than  one  week.  He  was  thus  cut  off, 
seemingly  before  his  time,  in  the  midst  of  a 
robust  manhood  and  mental  vigor,  while  in 
the  active  prosecution  of  the  work  that 
seemed  to  have  been  allotted  him  to  do. 
His  sudden  death  threw  a  wave  of  grief 
over  all  connected  with  the  school,  upon  its 
alumni,  the  dental  profession  and  all  who 
knew  him  and  the  work  he  was  doing.  He 
was  an  active,  energetic  and  persistent 
worker,  devoting  his  life  to  the  upbuilding 
of  the  dental  profession. 

With  the  death  of  Dr.  Menges  the  dental 
school  became  completely  the  property  of 
Northwestern  University.  Dr.  W.  E.  Har- 
per was  appointed  Secretary  and  the  school 
went  regularly  forward  with  its  work  with- 
out other  change  in  its  faculty.  Its  alumni 
now  number  about  fourteen  hundred. 

In  1901  the  University  purchased  a  new 
building  at  a  cost  of  half  a  million  dollars, 
which  two  years  since  became  the  perma- 
nent home  of  the  Dental  School,  as  also  of 
the  schools  of  Law  and  Pharmacy.  This 
building — formerly  the  "Tremont  House." 
for  more  than  fifty  years  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  hostelries  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago— is  located  at  the  corner  of  Lake  and 
Dearborn  Streets,  within  the  downtown  loop 
of  the  elevated  roads,  is  convenient  of  ac- 
cess from  all  lines  of  travel,  both  general 
and  suburban,  and  furnishes  especially  com- 
modious quarters  for  the  uses  of  the  school. 
It  has  a  frontage  of  180  feet  on  Dearborn 
Street  and  160  feet  on  Lake  Street,  and 
since  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Uni- 
versity, has  undergone  thorough  reconstruc- 
tion, fitting  it  for  the  several  departments 
there  located. 


LlbHARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


The  several  schools  in  this  building  are 
entirely  separate  and  distinct  from  each 
other  in  their  respective  rooms,  equipment 
and  special  work — as  much  so  as  if  in  sepa- 
rate buildings — so  situated  as  to  have  a 
much  closer  community  of  interest  and  of 
helpfulness  with  reference  to  each  other 
than  had  previously  existed.  The  annual 
sessions  of  the  Dental  School  are  held  in 
this  new  building,  and  there  is  every  reason 
to  believe  that  in  its  new  and  permanent 
home  the  Dental  department  has  entered 
upon  a  new  period  of  increasing  prosperity 
and  usefulness. 

ADDENDUM 

Since  the  above  was  written  Northwest- 
ern University  Dental  School  has  gone  reg- 
ularly forward  with  its  educational  work. 
Dr.  Elgin  MaWhinney  has  been  appointed 
to  fill  the  place  made  vacant  by  the  resigna- 
tion af  Dr.  A.  H.  Peck.  A  vacancy  occur- 
ing  through  the  resignation  of  Dr.  E.  H. 
Angle  is  filled  by  Dr.  Ira  B.  Sellery.  Sec- 


retary Dr.  XV.  E.  Harper  resigned  anil  his 
place  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
C.  R.  E.  Koch.  Also  three  of  the  younger 
men  who  had  been  serving  the  school  as 
Demonstrators  and  Lecturers,  have  been 
appointed  Asistant  Professors  to  the  chair 
of  Operative  Dentistry  and  Bacteriology. 
These  are  Dr.  E.  S.  Willard,  in  charge  of 
Bacteriology ;  Dr.  F.  W.  Gethro,  in  charge 
of  Dental  Anatomy  and  Operative  Tech- 
nics ;  and  Dr.  A.  D.  Black,  in  charge  of  the 
Junior  work  in  Operative  Dentistry. 

The  annual  session  has  been  lengthened 
to  include  thirty-two  weeks  exclusive  of 
holidays,  teaching  six  days  per  week,  mak- 
ing the  actual  work  of  instruction  equal  to 
the  full  nine-months'  academic  course.  The 
educational  requirements  for  registration 
have  also  been  advanced  to  graduation 
from  a  recognized  high  school  or  an  equiv- 
alent preliminary  education. 

The  school  continues  in  a  prosperous 
condition. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


UNIVERSITY    SCHOOL   OF    PHARMACY 

(Bj  PBOF.  OSCA1!  OLDBEKG.  1'h  inn    D.,  Dfali) 


Founding  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy  in 
Connection  with  Northwestern  Universi- 
ty— Promoters  of  the  Movement — School 
Opened  in  1886 — Its  Extensive  Equip- 
ment— Instruction  Rooms  and  Labora- 
tories— \iinibcr  of  Students  in  Eighteen 
years — 7~/ii\v  arc  Dnncn  from  Practically 
.•I/!  the  States  and  Territories — Present 
Location  of  the  Institution — Library  and 
1  'alnc  of  Equipment — Animal  Expendi- 
tures— Faculty  of  /ooj. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  Northwestern  University, 
upon  the  motion  of  Dr.  David  R.  Dyclie.  at 
its  regular  meeting  April  10,  1886,  adopted 
a  resolution  favoring  the  establishment  of  a 
School  of  Pharmacy  and  invited  the  co-op- 
eration of  friends  of  sound  pharmaceutical 
education  in  the  project.  Associated  with 
Dr.  Dyche  in  this  movement  were  Messrs. 
Ezekiel  H.  Sargent,  Theodore  H.  Patterson, 
Wilhelm  Bodetnann,  Henry  S.  Maynard, 
Oscar  Oldberg  and  John  H.  Long.  The  or- 
ganization of  the  school  was  completed  and 
the  addition  of  this  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity was  formally  approved  by  vote  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  in  June.  The  new 
school  was  opened  to  students  on  the  first 
day  of  October,  1886,  with  a  more  extensive 
equipment  than  that  of  any  other  American 
pharmaceutical  school  existing  at  that  time. 
In  addition  to  its  other  instruction  rooms 


the  School  of  Pharmacy  of  Northwestern 
University  provided  four  laboratories.  One 
of  these — and  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
history  of  pharmaceutical  education — was 
a  special  laboratory  for  systematic  practical 
training  in  the  work  of  preparing  and  dis- 
pensing medicines  in  accordance  with  phy- 
sician?' prescriptions.  This  "dispensing 
laboratory"  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
important  and  useful  features  of  the  new  in- 
stitution. The  other  laboratories  were  a 
chemical,  a  microscopical,  and  a  manufac- 
turing laboratory. 

During  the  first  eighteen  years  of  its  ca- 
reer, from  1886  to  1904.  the  School  of  Phar- 
macy of  Northwestern  University  has  had 
an  annual  attendance  averaging  215  stu- 
dents. These  students  have  come  from  all 
the  States  and  Territories  of  the  United 
States  except  Nevada  and  Delaware.  De- 
grees have  been  conferred  by  this  school 
upon  1.516  graduates  up  to  the  end  of  the 
academic  year  1903-1904.  The  number  of 
students  in  attendance  in  1903-1904  was 
284. 

The  School  of  Pharmacy  is  now  housed 
in  Northwestern  University  Building,  cor- 
ner of  Lake  and  Dearborn  streets,  Chicago, 
where  it  occupies  all  of  the  fourth  and  part 
of  the  fifth  floor,  the  twenty-six  rooms  used 
exclusively  by  this  school  having  a  total 
floor  space  of  about  27,000  square  feet.  It 
has  now  seven  laboratories,  with  an  aggre- 


117 


NORTHWESTERN'    UNIVERSITY 


gate  floor  space  of  10,780  square  feet  and 
provided  with  over  300  individual  work 
tables,  enabling  that  number  of  students  to 
be  concurrently  at  work.  There  are  two  lec- 
ture rooms,  one  capable  of  seating  184  pu- 
pils and  the  other  96. 

The  library  of  this  school  contains  about 
1,000  bound  volumes,  of  an  estimated  value 
of  not  less  than  $3,400  (March,  1905).  The 
museum  contains  over  2,000  selected  speci- 
mens of  drugs,  pharmaceutical  and  chemical 
products,  industrial  materials,  etc. 

The  value  of  the  furniture,  fixtures,  ap- 
paratus, instruments,  books,  museum  speci- 
mens and  other  educational  equipment  and 
materials  is  not  less  than  $26.500  (March, 
1905). 

The  annual  expenditures,  including  sal- 
aries, furniture,  apparatus,  materials  and 
other  necessary  current  school  expenses, 
amount  to  about  $29.000.  It  should  be  re- 
membered that  this  sum  does  not  include 
any  rent. 

The  teaching  staff  of  the  School  of  Phar- 
macy in  1905  embraced  the  following 
names : 

Thomas  Franklin  Holgate.  Ph.  D.,  Acting  President  of 
the  University. 

Oscar  Otdberg.  Pharm.  D..  Dean.  Professor  of  Phar- 
macy and  Director  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Laboratories. 

William  Edward  Ouine,  M.  D.,  Emeritus  Professor 
Physiology,  Therapeutics  and  Toxicology. 

Harry  Mann  (iordin.  Ph.  D.,  (University  of  Berne. 
Switzerland).  Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry  and  Di- 
rector of  the  Organic  Chemical  Laboratory. 


Theodore  Wnittelsey,  1'h.  D.  (University  of  Goettingen, 
Germany),  Professor  of  Inorganic  and  Analytical  Chem- 
istry, and  Director  of  the  Inorganic  Chemical  Labora- 
tories. 

Raymond  II.  Pond,  Ph.  D.  (University  of  Michigan), 
Professor  of  Botany,  Microscopy,  Phcrmacognosy  and 
Bacteriology,  and  Director  of  the  Microscopical  and 
Bacteriological  Laboratories. 

Maurice  Ashbel  Miner,  Pharm.  M.  (University  of  Mich- 
igan), Assistant  Professor  of  Pharmacy,  in  charge  of  the 
Manufacturing  Laboratory.  Curator. 

Charles  Waggener  Paterson,  Sc.  B.,  Ph.  C.  (North- 
western University),  Assistant  Professor  of  Organic  Ana- 
lytical Pharmaceutical  Chemistry,  in  charge  of  the  Or- 
ganic Chemical  Laboratory.  Registrar. 

Harry  Kahn,  Pharm.  M.  (University  of  Michigan), 
M.  D.  (Northwestern),  Assistant  Professor  •  of  Phys- 
iology and  Materia  Medica. 

David  Charles  Eccles,  Sc.  B.,  A.  M.  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity), Instructor  in  Pharmacy,  in  Charge  of  the  Dis- 
pensing Laboratory,  Secretary  of  the  Faculty. 

Gustave  E.  F.  Lundell,  Sc.  B.  (Cornell  University),  In- 
structor in  the  Inorganic  Chemical  Laboratories. 

Gerhard  H.  Jensen,  .Sc.  B.  (Cornell  L'niversity),  In- 
structor in  Botany  and  Pharmacognosy. 

John  Ferd.  Fischnar,  Ph.  C.  (Northwestern),  Assistant 
in  the  Pharmaceutical  Laboratory. 

William  Henry  Harrison,  Ph.  C'.  (Northwestern),  As- 
sistant in  the  Chemical  Laboratories. 

Ernest  Woollen,  College  Clerk,  Instructor  in  Book- 
keeping and  Business  Methods. 

Lee  R.  Girton,  Ph.  I!.,  Lecture  Assistant  in  Inor- 
ganic Chemistry. 

All  these  teachers  devote  their  time  to 
the  School  of  Pharmacy  exclusively,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Professor  of  Physiolo- 
gy and  Materia  Medica,  who  has  no  labora- 
tory courses  under  his  charge, 

Tlx1  professors  are  provided  with  private 
offices  and  laboratories  for  the  effective  per- 
formance of  their  duties  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions  and  for  research  work. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


THE   WOMAN'S   MEDICAL   SCHOOL 

(By  ELIZA  H.  ROOT,  M.  D.) 


Demand  for  Higher  Education  for  Women 
• — First  Steps  in  Founding  Woman's  Med- 
ical College — Promoters  of  Movement  in 
Chicago  —  "Woman's  Hospital  Medical 
College"  Founded  in  1870 — First  Faculty 
— Story  of  "The  Little  Barn" — Career  of 
Dr.  Mary  H.  Thompson,  Drs.  Byford, 
Dyas  and  Others — Some  Notable  Gradu- 
ates— A  Period  of  Struggle — Institution 
Reorganized  in  1877  as  Woman's  Medical 
College — President  Byford  Dies  in  1890 
— Institution  Affiliated  with  Northwest- 
ern University — Is  Discontinued  in  1902 
— Graduates  in  Foreign  Missionary  and 
Other  Fields — Alumnae  Organization. 

About  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury there  was  a  great  awakening  along 
lines  of  intellectual  freedom.  It  spread  like 
a  tidal  wave  over  the  country,  and  it  trav- 
eled into  the  frontier  West  in  "the  prairie 
schooner."  The  slave  question  became  a 
burning  one,  and  one  that  required  courage 
to  attack  openly.  Women  caught  the  spirit 
of  the  times  and  began  to  enter  their  own 
claims  for  greater  freedom.  Equal  suf- 
frage came  to  the  front,  enlisting'  men  as  its 
champions,  and  brought  women  before  the 
public  with  a  most  unprecedented  frequency 
and  prominence.  The  question  of  a  more 
liberal  education  for  women  became  a  ques- 
tion of  fervent  heat,  permeating  every  walk 
of  life.  Women  began  to  teach  in  our  pub- 


lic schools  and  to  plead  for  better  prepara- 
tion for  their  work. 

No  question,  perhaps,  has  enlisted  the 
championship  of  noble,  free-minded  men 
and  women  more  than  did  the  question  of 
admitting  women  to  our  colleges  and  uni- 
versities on  the  same  terms  as  men.  Among 
the  innovations  of  that  time  was  the  urgent 
appeal  made  to  the  medical  colleges  by  wo- 
men seeking  a  medical  training.  There 
was  no  use  in  trying  to  evade  the  question ; 
it  was  up  and  sides  must  be  taken,  and  were 
taken.  Men  of  noble  stamp  took  the  affirma- 
tive and  advocated  the  right  of  women  to  a 
medical  education.  Men  of  equally  noble 
stamp,  but  less  liberal  in  their  views,  took 
the  negative,  and  would  lock  all  doors  of 
learning  against  the  importuning  woman. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  our  country  medical 
schools  were  approached,  but  no  entrance 
was  obtained  until  Dr.  Elizabeth  Black- 
well  succeeded  in  gaining  entrance  to  the 
Geneva  Medical  School  in  New  York,  from 
which  she  graduated  in  1849.  In  Philadel- 
phia the  movement  met  with  an  opposition 
that  led  to  the  founding,  in  1850,  of  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, which  is  still  a  prosperous  school  of 
medicine.  In  the  Middle  West  women  were 
repeatedly  asking  for  admission  to  the  Med- 
ical Colleges  of  Chicago  and  elsewhere. 

In  1852  Emily  Blackwell  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  in  Rush  Medical  College. 


I2O 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


She  was  denied  admission  the  second  year 
and  went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

There  are  very  incomplete  records  of  this 
case,  but  referring  to  this  period  of  inquiry 
that  led  to  the  founding  of  the  Medical  Col- 
lege for  Women  in  Chicago,  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Charles  Warrington  Earle  says: 
"This  much,  however,  is  known ;  the  Illinois 
Medical  Society,  saturated  with  the  then 
prevailing  prejudices  against  female  medi- 
cal education,  censured  the  college  for  ad- 
mitting women  to  its  institution." 

Six  or  eight  years  after  this  Dr.  Mary  H. 
Thompson  came  to  Chicago  and  entered 
upon  practice.  The  city  had  poor  hospital 
facilities  at  this  time,  and  when  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  between  the  Xorth  and  the 
South,  many  women — soldiers'  wives — were 
left  with  children  helpless  and  nearly  desti- 
tute. To  meet  the  demands  for  medical  care 
made  by  these  women  and  their  children 
and  the  poor  generally,  the  Chicago  Hospi- 
tal for  Women  and  Children  was  founded 
in  1865.  This  hospital,  founded  on  the  basis 
of  a  charitable  institution,  soon  won  a  cli- 
entele among  the  poor,  its  dispensary  and 
wards  being  well  patronized.  The  clinical 
advantages  afforded  by  the  hospital  conse- 
quently provided  the  nearest  approach  to 
an  institution  for  medical  instruction  that 
was  open  to  women  in  the  West  seeking  a 
medical  education.  Applications  were  made 
to  the  hospital  for  clinical  instruction :  but 
while  the  hospital  could  furnish  excellent 
clinical  advantages,  there  was  no  place  pro- 
vided for  giving  didactic  instruction,  and  no 
properly  organized  body  to  bestow  a  medi- 
cal diploma  when  the  course  was  finished. 

Dr.  Mary  H.  Thompson,  who  took  an 
active  part  in  founding  the  hospital,  asked 
at  two  different  times  for  the  admission  of 
women  into  Rush  Medical  College  and  was 
refused.  In  the  meantime  she  became  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  William  Heath  Byford, 
of  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  which  was 


then,  as  now,  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  Northwestern  University.  Dr.  Byford 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  women  who  were 
asking  for  admission  to  medical  lectures. 
He  laid  the  matter  before  his  Faculty,  giv- 
ing the  measure  his  hearty  support.  This 
college  consented  to  admit  women,  but  only 
four  entered.  The  remainder  of  the  appli- 
cants, pending  the  discussion  and  a\vare  of 
the  uncertainty  of  what  the  decision  might 
be,  had  gone  East  to  the  Woman's  Medical 
College  in  Philadelphia,  to  New  York,  or 
had  given  up  the  idea  of  studying  medicine. 
The  four  women  who  entered  the  Chicago 
Medical  College— one  of  the  number  being 
Dr.  Thompson  herself — attended  lectures  in 
that  institution  for  one  year.  Dr.  Thomp- 
son, already  a  graduate  in  medicine,  re- 
ceived the  diploma  of  the  institution,  which 
was  granted,  after  some  hesitancy  and  warm 
discussion  upon  the  propriety  of  granting 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  to  a  wo- 
man. Dr.  Thompson  was  thus  the  first  and 
only  woman,  for  years,  to  hold  a  diploma  of 
the  Xorthwestern  University  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Chicago. 

The  following  year  "mixed  classes"  were 
found  to  be  objectionable,  and  women  were 
refused  further  admission.  This  refusal,  to- 
gether with  the  increasing  number  of  appli- 
cations, determined  the  founding  of  the 
Woman's  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1870. 

Once  decided  upon,  the  despatch  with 
which  this  college  started,  notwithstanding 
the  lack  of  money  for  the  enterprise,  is  re- 
markable, and  is  characteristic  of  the  ener- 
gy and  push  that  existed  among  the  citizens 
of  a  young  and  growing  city. 

Dr.  Byford  was  the  instigator,  by  sugges- 
tion and  generous  aid,  of  the  establishment 
of  the  new  college.  He  was,  in  fact,  its 
founder. 

"The  first  meeting,"  according  to  the  rec- 
ords, "was  held  at  Dr.  Byford's  office,  at 
No.  60  State  Street,  Chicago,  August  2, 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


121 


1870."  This  meeting  was  held  "for  the  pur- 
pose of  considering  the  expediency  of  the 
organization  of  a  Woman's  Medical  College 
in  Chicago."  There  were  eight  physicians 
present  at  that  first  meeting :  Drs.  William 
H.  Byford,  Mary  H.  Thompson,  Eugene 
Marguerat,  R.  G.  Bogue.  Xorman  Bridge, 
Charles  Warrington  Earle,  Addison  H.  Fos- 
ter and  T.  D.  Fitch.  A  Faculty  was  formed, 
in  part,  that  night,  and  was  composed  of 
those  present  at  the  meeting,  with  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Godfrey  Dyas  added  to  the  list.  Of 
this  original  number,  only  three  are  now  liv- 
ing (March,  1905),  Drs.  Marguerat  and 
Foster,  both  now  weighted  with  years,  and 
men  who  have  followed  an  active  pioneer 
practice  that  has  been  crowned  with  achieve- 
ments that  have  contributed  to  the  making 
of  modern  methods  in  medical  education 
and  practice  possible,  and  Dr.  Norms n 
Bridge,  now  of  Pasadena,  Cal.,  who  has 
won  an  honorable  and  honored  place  in 
the  medical  profession  and  who  is  widely 
known  as  an  authority  on  tuberculosis  and 
climatology. 

At  this  same  meeting — a  most  important 
one  in  its  relation  to  the  medical  training 
of  women  in  the  West — committees  were 
appointed  for  tile  purpose  of  procuring  a 
place  in  which  college  work  could  be  com- 
menced. 

A  little  band  of  nine  physicians,  without 
means  and  without  professional  sympathy 
or  approval,  was  now  a  college  without  a 
home.  But  this  difficulty  was  soon  over- 
come. By  October  i,  1870,  the  faculty  was 
completed  and  a  home  secured. 

The  records  are  very  meager  in  regard  to 
this  important  event.  But  it  is  evident  that 
some  ceremony  was  observed,  for  Dr.  By- 
ford  was  chosen  on  September  12,  18-70, 
"for  the  opening  address  to  be  given  in  a 
public  hall."  At  this  same  meeting  a  "time 
table"  was  adopted,  and  a  committee  on  an- 
nouncement was  appointed. 


The  college  was  founded  under  the  name 
of  "The  Woman's  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Chicago,"  with  Dr.  Byford  as  its 
President.  Drs.  Byford,  Thompson  and 
Dyas  (with  his  noble  and  high-minded 
wife,  Miranda  B.  Sherwood  Dyas)  were 
active  promoters  of  the  new  college  and 
the  hospital ;  in  fact,  the  hospital  was  more 
than  once  saved  from  rum  by  the  energy, 
influence  and  faith  in  the  cause  by  Mrs. 
Dyas. 

In  an  address  delivered  February  27, 
1879,  i-*r-  Dyas  said  of  the  school's  origin: 
"Whatever  merit  attaches  to  the  project — 
whether  in  its  inception,  in  its  further- 
ance, or  in  its  subsequent  progress — can  be 
claimed  by  no  one  to  the  same  extent  as  by 
Professor  Byford."  Just  and  true  as  this 
tribute  is,  to  one  who  gave  so  much  of  his 
life  to  this  institution,  it  must  not  be  for- 
gotten that  Dr.  Dyas  himself,  and  his  wife, 
took  no  small  part  in  promoting  the  college, 
especially  in  its  early  history  and  its  strug- 
gles against  adversity,  prejudice  and  hre. 

The  first  regular  course  of  lectures  began 
with  seventeen  students,  and  was  sriven  in 
the  building  occupied  by  the  hospital  re- 
ferred to  above,  then  situated  at  402  Xorth 
Clark  Street,  Chicago.  The  session  was  a 
greater  success  than  the  most  sanguine 
friends  of  the  movement  had  dared  to  hope. 
The  year  closed  with  the  first  graduating 
exercises  (1871).  A  class  of  three  were 
given  diplomas  by  the  college.  All  three  of 
these  ladies  had  had  a  first  year's  course  in 
some  other  college — two  of  the  number — 
Mrs.  Kent  and  Julia  Cole-Blackman — hav- 
ing taken  theirs  in  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege the  year  before. 

A  spring  course,  from  April  I  to  July 
i,  1871,  was  held,  and  was  attended  by  fif- 
teen students.  The  second  session  began 
October  3,  1871,  in  rooms  fitted  up  at  Xos. 
i  and  3  Xorth  Clark  Street,  near  the  bridge, 
with  the  following  named  Faculty,  which 


122 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


was  practically  the  same  as  that  for  the  first 
year:  William  H.  Byford,  M.  D.,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  of  Clin- 
ical Surgery  of  Women ;  William  G.  Dyas, 
M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  S.  I.,  Professor  of  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Medicine ;  A.  Fisher,  M.  D., 
Professor  Emeritus  of  Surgery ;  R.  G. 
Bogue,  M.  D.,  Treasurer  of  the  Faculty  and 
Professor  of  Surgery;  T.  D.  Fitch.  M.  D., 
Secretary  of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  of 
Diseases  of  Women ;  Eugent  Marguerat, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Obstetrics ;  Charles  G. 
Smith.  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of 
Children ;  Mary  H.  Thompson,  M.  D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Hygiene  and  Clinical  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women ;  Samuel  C.  Blake, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind 
and  Nervous  System;  G.  C.  Paoli,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics :  S.  A.  McWilliams,  M.  D.,  Profes- 
sor of  Anatomy;  Charles  W.  Earle,  M.  D., 
Proftssor  of  Physiology ;  Norman  Bridge, 
M.  D..  Professor  of  Pathology;  A.  H.  Fos- 
ter, M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy 
and  Operations  in  Surgery;  M.  Delafon- 
taine.  Ph.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry; 
Samuel  Cole,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Ophthal- 
mology and  Otology ;  P.  S.  MacDonald,  M. 
D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy.  Six  of  this 
Faculty  were  clinical  instructors  at  the  Chi- 
cago Hospital  for  Women  and  Children 
and  at  the  Cook  County  Hospital.  The 
Board  of  Trustees  was  chosen  fiom  the 
Faculty  and  from  the  Hospital  Board  (see 
second  annual  announcement  1871-72), 
which  united  the  two  institutions,  ostensibly 
in  oneness  of  purpose,  if  not  in  harmony. 

The  work  of  the  young  College  was 
scarcely  well  begun  when  the  Great  Fire 
of  October  9,  1871,  swept  away  the  college 
and  hospital,  with  all  their  material  belong- 
ings. The  fire  swept  away  the  larger  part 
of  the  city,  including  its  entire  business  por- 
tion. Desolation  and  ruin  were  complete 
throughout  the  city.  Although  three- 


fourths  of  the  Faculty  had  lost  their  homes, 
their  offices  and  libraries,  the  members  con- 
vened on  the  loth  of  October,  amid  the 
smoking  ruins  of  a  destroyed  city,  and  de- 
cided that  the  College  should  be  continued. 
The  scattered  students  were  notified  and 
lectures  were  resumed  on  the  West  Side — 
the  only  considerable  portion  of  the  city  that 
had  escaped  the  fire.  A  residence  at  341 
West  Adams  Street  afforded  shelter  to  the 
College,  while  the  hospital  was  re-established 
at  another  residence,  600  West  Adams 
Street,  which  is  still  standing.  To  this  loca- 
tion the  College  was  soon  again  moved.  In 
1872  the  College  was  moved  again,  this  time 
to  a  home  of  its  own,  the  first  in  its  hither- 
to checkered  existence.  This  home  is  known 
in  the  history  of  the  institution  as  "The  Lit- 
tle Rarn."  This  barn  was  of  mean  propor- 
tions, situated  in  the  rear  of  the  lot  occu- 
pied by  the  hospital — and  on  which  the  hos- 
pital now  stands — on  the  corner  of  Adams 
and  Paulina  Streets.  The  barn,  as  it  stood, 
was  offered  gratuitously  by  the  hospital  au- 
thorities to  the  Faculty  for  a  college  build- 
ing. Enough  money  was  expended  upon 
this  shabby  old  barn,  built  of  wood,  to  make 
a  fairly  comfortable  and  moderately  con- 
venient Woman's  Medical  College.  On  the 
first  floor  was  a  small  lecture  room,  which 
served  as  a  library,  faculty  room  and  mu- 
seum. The  second  floor  was  used  for  prac- 
tical anatomy. 

There  were  five  classes  graduated  from 
"the  little  barn,"  the  members  of  which 
have  attained  to  honor  and  able  distinction 
in  the  medical  profession.  Among  those 
most  successful  may  be  mentioned  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Dr.  Julia  Cole-Blackman,  of  Geneva,  111., 
whose  life  has  been  devoted  to  matters  per- 
taining to  medicine,  as  the  wife  of  one  of 
the  leading  surgeons  of  Kane  county,  111., 
and  the  only  surviving  member  of  her  class. 
She  was  the  first  woman  to  become  a  mem- 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

HNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


her  of  the  Fox  River  Valley  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  has  been  an  active  and  honored 
member  for  years. 

Dr.  Rosa  Engert,  of  the  class  of   1873 
(there  was  no  class  graduated   in    1872), 
was  of  German  birth  and  practiced  medicine 
in  Chicago  for  many  years,  when  she  re- 
tired to  private  life.    She  came  to  Chicago 
after    receiving    a    training    in    a    German 
school  of  midwifery.    She  was  not  satisfied 
with  the  limits  to  which  this  training  con- 
fined her,  so  she  entered  the  College  and 
became  one  of  its  honored  graduates.    She 
was  at  one  time  attending  surgeon  at  the 
Chicago  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children, 
and  connected  with  the  College  as  instructor. 
She  also  established  the  Engert  Prize  for 
the   best    work   with   the   microscope   and 
maintained  it  for  several  years.    Dr.  Mar- 
garet E.  Holland,  of  the  same  class,  served 
the  Chicago  Hospital  for  Women  and  Chil- 
dren, as  interne,  for  one  year  after  gradua- 
tion,  and   then   went   to   Houston,   Texas, 
where  she  still  is  in  practice.   She  has  done 
praiseworthy  pioneer  work  for  the  medical 
woman,  winning  the  respect  and  confidence 
of  the  medical  profession  of  a  conservative 
Southern   city    and    a    practice    that   has 
brought  her  a  fitting  competency.    She  has 
served   in   various   positions    in    which   her 
work  has  promoted  the  public  health  and 
welfare. 

Of  the  class  of  1874  Dr.  Lucinda  Corr,  of 
Carlinville.  111.,  has  won  distinction  as  a 
physician  of  skill  and  as  an  active  philan- 
thropist. She  has  always  been  an  active 
member  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, taking  active  part  in  its  proceedings, 
and  has  won  an  honorable  place  in  the 
ranks  of  the  profession  in  Illinois,  where 
she  stood  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  her 
husband,  a  broad-minded  man  of  ability 
and  endowed  with  an  enterprising  public 
spirit.  Dr.  Lettie  Mason  Quine,  of  the  same 
class,  was  the  first  medical  missionarv  sent 


to  China  from  this  College  and  the  third 
medical  woman  sent  to  China  by  the  Wo- 
man's Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
.Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  After  her  re- 
turn to  America  she  became  the  wife  of  Dr. 
William  E.  Quine,  of  Chicago,  and  contin- 
ued active  in  missionary  society  work  and 
never  lost  her  interest  in  the  medical  mis- 
sionary. She  died  an  honored  and  valuable 
member  of  the  Northwest  Branch  of  the  M. 
E.  Woman's  Foreign  Mission  Board. 

Last,  but  not  least  of  this  class,  may  be 
mentioned  Dr.  Sarah  Hackett  Stevenson, 
who  is  widely  known  and  who  has  won 
place  and  position  in  college,  hospital  and 
society  excelled  by  none  and  equaled  by  few. 
After  graduation  in  medicine  with  honors, 
she  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Physiolo- 
gy in  her  Alma  Mater,  which  she  filled  un- 
til 1881,  when  she  resigned  this  chair  to 
take  that  of  Obstetrics,  which  she  filled  un- 
til 1894,  when  she  resigned  from  the  Fac- 
ulty. While  a  member  of  the  Faculty  she 
was,  for  a  time,  its  Secretary.  Her  vote 
on  questions  of  standards  is  found  record- 
ed in  favor  of  the  highest,  even  when  ex- 
pediency demanded  a  medium  policy.  She 
founded  the  Chicago  Maternity  Hospital, 
an  unique  institution,  in  that  it  has  con- 
nected with  it  a  training  school  for  nursery 
maids.  She  was  the  first  woman  to  secure 
membership  in  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Of  the  class  of  1875  Dr.  Edith  A.  Root, 
of  Denver,  Colo.,  may  be  mentioned  as  the 
most  prominent  figure.  She  has  practiced  in 
Denver,  where  she  first  located  over  thirty 
years  ago,  and  has  done  her  share  of  pio- 
neer work  in  winning  confidence  for  the 
medical  woman.  Of  the  class  of  1876  Drs. 
Margaret  Caldwell  of  Waukesha,  Wis.,  and 
Harriet  E.  Garrison  of  Dixon,  111.,  are 
both  conspicuous  examples  of  successful 
achievements  attained  by  medical  women. 
Leaving  the  alumnae  of  "the  little  barn" 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


and  returning  to  the  history  of  the  College 
proper,  we  approach  a  new  epoch  in  the 
history  of  the  institution.  As  early  as  1873 
there  began  a  growing  dissatisfaction 
among  students  and  Faculty  regarding  "the 
little  barn"  as  a  properly  equipped  college 
building.  Many  means  of  escape  from  the 
increasing  dilemma  were  thought  of,  chief 
among  which  was  a  new  building.  Union 
with  the  Northwestern  University  was  also 
discussed,  and  a  committee  was  appointed 
as  early  as  1875  to  confer  with  the  Universi- 
ty regarding  the  matter.  Nothing  more  than 
a  report  "of  progress"  ever  came  of  this 
committee's  efforts.  There  was  no  money 
for  University  affiliation  nor  for  the  new 
building;  still  the  idea  of  a  new  college 
building  was  not  lost  sight  of  by  the  more 
interested  and  progressive  members  of  the 
Faculty  who  were  anxious  to  put  the  Col- 
lege upon  a  more  substantial  footing.  Dur- 
ing this  same  year  several  resignations  from 
the  Faculty  took  place;  the  office  of  Corre- 
sponding Secretary  was  created  and  Dr. 
Mary  H.  Thompson  was  elected  to  fill  the 
position ;  some  amendments  to  the  constitu- 
tion and  by-laws  were  enacted  for  the  pur- 
pose of  improving  the  existing  standard  for 
entrance  upon  the  study  of  medicine  and 
for  graduation,  and  Dr.  Sarah  Hackett 
Stevenson  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
Physiology.  The  new  building  remained  a 
matter  of  prime  importance  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  strongly  favored  the  movement, 
while  others  as  strongly  opposed  it,  believ- 
ing it  to  be  "an  unwarranted  venture."  The 
prospects  for  further  progress  were  cer- 
tainly not  very  encouraging ;  finances  were 
low,  and  some  of  the  most  desirable  mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty  were  threatening  to  re- 
sign if  the  building  was  undertaken.  As  an 
indication  of  the  financial  standing  we  find 
these  figures  for  the  year  1874:  "Receipts. 
$758:  expenditures,  $958,  with  but  few  as- 
sets and  a  debt  on  the  present  building." 


Notwithstanding  these  gloomy  and  discour- 
aging conditions,  there  were  those  on  the 
Faculty  who  firmly  believed  that  the  means 
for  a  new  building  were  within  reach,  if  a 
proper  plan  could  be  agreed  upon.  While 
desirable  progress  must  remain  at  a  stand- 
still, for  awhile  at  least,  the  college  course 
must  be  provided  for.  Vacancies,  caused 
by  resignations,  were  filled ;  the  course 
(1874)  was  made  to  consist  of  twenty-one 
weeks ;  holiday  vacations  were  provided 
for  and  the  summer  courses  were  continued. 

During  this  period  of  the  College  history. 
Dr.  William  Godfrey  Dyas  was  President 
of  the  Faculty;  he  was  elected  in  April, 
1873,  and  served  until  the  year  1877,  Dr. 
Ryford  meanwhile  remaining  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  and  on  the  list  of 
teachers.  In  1876  finances  were  a  little 
easier.  The  total  receipts  for  that  year 
were  $1,105  <  expenditures,  $893.93,  witn 
assets  $533.57;  liabilities,  $555.50.  This 
year  the  munificent  sum  of  $25  was  appro- 
priated for  the  Department  of  Chemistry, 
to  which  Dr.  Plymon  S.  Hayes  had  been 
appointed  to  succeed  Dr.  Delafontainc.  re- 
signed. The  facilities  for  teaching  were 
seriously  affected  by  the  financial  stringen- 
cy, and  students  naturally  complained. 
"The  little  barn"  was  uncomfortably  small 
and  wholly  inadequate  for  proper  class 
work. 

In  May,  1876,  a  committee  was  appointed 
on  a  new  building,  progress  was  slow  and 
conditions  began  to  be  desperate.  At  a 
meeting  held  early  in  1877,  we  find  it  re- 
corded that,  "Professor  Earle  delivered  the 
same  old  speech  on  a  New  College."  This 
year  proved  a  revolutionary  year  in  the 
history  of  the  College.  In  February  and 
March  of  this  year  of  1877,  it  became  im- 
perative that  something  be  done.  The  num- 
ber of  students  was  falling  off ;  the  restrain- 
ing conservatism  of  a  large  number  of  the 
Faculty,  together  with  the  half-hearted  in- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


125 


terest  they  took  in  the  worx  of  "teaching 
women,"  blocked  all  progress.  A  commit- 
tee was  appointed,  composed  of  Professors 
Byford,  Dyas  and  Bartlett,  to  investigate 
the  institution  in  all  its  bearings  upon 
medical  instruction.  This  committee  re- 
ported that,  for  the  future  life  and  progress 
of  the  school,  it  was  indispensable  to  secure 
a  better  building  and  apparatus  for  teach- 
ing- purposes,  and  that  the  poor  attendance 
and  half-hearted  interest  on  the  part  of 
the  Faculty  was  working  great  harm  to 
the  institution.  To  build  or  rent  a  building 
was  now  the  question.  The  latter  would 
involve  a  large  expenditure  of  money  and 
add  little  or  nothing  to  the  property  hold- 
ings of  the  College.  This  step  was  advo- 
cated by  some  and  opposed  by  others.  The 
new  building  idea  was  strongly  he'd  to  by 
a  few  devoted  and  progressive  members  of 
the  Faculty,  and  it  was  strongly  opposed 
by  those  who  held  illiberal  and  pessimistic 
views  on  the  cause  they  had  practically 
espoused.  It  was  impossible  to  arrive  at 
any  agreement.  Affiliation  with  the  North- 
western University  was  again  considered, 
but  there  were  financial  reasons  on  both 
sides  that  made  affiliation  impracticable. 

At  a  meeting  held  March  27,  1877,  Dr. 
Byford  spoke  warmly  of  the  lack  of  ap- 
paratus, and  means  of  illustrating  lectures, 
the  tardiness  and  want  of  interest  shown 
by  the  Faculty,  and  the  extreme  poverty 
of  the  College.  Something  must  be  done 
or  close  the  College.  At  this  meeting  a 
committee  of  three  was  appointed  with  Dr. 
William  H.  Byford,  Chairman,  for  the 
purpose  of  suggesting  a  name  for  a  new 
College,  to  be  reorganized  "on  some  basis 
which  would  insure  better  facilities  for 
teaching  and  a  better  place  to  teach  in." 
A  motion  prevailed  at  this  meeting  that 
every  member  of  the  Faculty,  except  the 
committee  on  reorganization,  resign.  Res- 
ignations were  handed  in  and  Dr.  Dyas 


vacated  the  chair,  which  was  now  occupied 
by  the  Chairman  of  the  Reorganization 
Committee. 

The  Faculty  as  reorganized  consisted  of 
William  Heath  Byford,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Pres- 
ident and  Professor  of  Obstetrics  ;  T.  Davis 
Fitch,  M.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  and 
Professor  of  Gynecology ;  Charles  War- 
rington  Earle,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Treasurer 
and  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children ; 
Isaac  Newton  Danforth,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 
Professor  of  Pathology ;  John  E.  Owens, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgery ;  Henry  M. 
Lyman,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Medicine ;  Daniel  Roberts 
Brower,  A.  M.,  M.  D..  Professor  of  Ma- 
teria  Medica,  Therapeutics  and  Nervous 
Diseases ;  Sarah  Hackett  Stevenson,  M.  D., 
Corresponding  Secretary  and  Professor  of 
Physiology;  David  Wilson  Graham,  A.  M.. 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy ;  Plymon  S. 
Hays,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry.  Dr. 
Mary  H.  Thompson  was  invited  to  the  chair 
of  Clinical  Medicine,  but  refused  to  accept. 
This  was  certainly  a  missed  opportunity, 
for  the  doctor  had  absolute  control  of  the 
clinical  material  at  the  Chicago  Hospital  for 
women  and  children,  the  one  institution 
where  women  could  or  should  have  been 
able  to  receive  bedside  instruction — a  priv- 
ilege decidedly  limited  in  the  men's  colleges 
at  that  time.  The  new  Faculty  organized, 
it  now  became  necessary  to  form  a  plan 
that  would  secure  the  means  needed  for 
building. 

This  new  organization  began  business 
with  the  sum  of  ten  dollars  in  its  treasury. 
Nothing  daunted,  it  organized  a  stock  com- 
pany, in  June,  1877.  under  the  name  of  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  of  Chicago,  sev- 
ering all  organized  connection  with  the  Chi- 
cago Hospital  for  Women  and  Children. 
A  fair-sized  modern  residence,  at  337  and 
339  South  Lincoln  Street,  was  bought  and 
remodeled  into  a  very  complete  College 


126 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


building.  This  building  contained  two 
amphitheaters,  a  comfortable  anatomical 
laboratory,  and  a  fairly  well  equipped  chem- 
ical laboratory. .  It  was  a  vast  improvement 
on  the  previous  accommodations.  Indeed, 
it  placed  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of 
Chicago  among  the  recognized  Colleges 
of  Medicine.  Classes  doubled  in  size.  The 
increase  in  requirements  and  demands  for 
better  opportunities  soon  made  it  necessary 
to  erect  a  new  and  larger  building,  which 
was  completed  in  1890.  The  old  building 
was  remodeled  for  laboratory  and  dispen- 
sary purposes,  and  was  connected  directly 
with  the  new  one. 

The  new  building  had  two  amphitheaters 
with  a  seating  capacity  each  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty,  new  laboratories  and  other  ad- 
ditional conveniences.  From  a  poor,  pen- 
niless and  despised  institution,  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  had  grown  to  a  well 
equipped  institution  with  valuable  property 
holdings,  and  its  earnings  allowed  all  run- 
ning expenses  and  a  fair  dividend  rate  on 
the  money  invested.  The  year  that  marked 
the  completion  of  the  second  and  entirely 
new  building  also  marks  the  death  of  Dr. 
Byford,  which  was  a  great  shock  to  the 
College  and  to  the  profession  at  large.  He 
died  on  May  21,  1890,  after  his  life-work 
and  hope  had  been  realized.  A  noble, 
strong  and  practical  friend  had  been  called 
home,  but  another  who  had  been  equally 
devoted,  and  who  had  worked  hard  for 
the  accomplishment  of  these  results,  re- 
mained to  us,  namely,  Charles  Warrington 
Earle,  who  was  elected  President  by  the 
Faculty,  to  succeed  his  life-long  friend  and 
co-worker. 

With  the  change  that  had  taken  place 
in  public  sentiment  concerning  the  admis- 
sion of  women  to  higher  educational  insti- 
tutions, and  the  high  standing  which  the 
College  itself  had  attained,  it  now  seemed 
practicable,  on  the  part  of  the  Northwest- 


ern University  and  on  the  part  of  the  Col- 
lege, that  the  two  institutions  should  be- 
come allied.  This  question  of  alliance 
had  been  considered  before,  but  was  never 
taken  up  with  the  same  seriousness  of  pur- 
pose as  now.  In  1892,  the  College  was 
made  a  department  of  the  University,  and 
assumed  the  name  "Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Woman's  Medical  School."  The  for- 
mer graduates  of  the  College,  "by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Universities  Authorities,  were 
made  Alumnae  of  the  University."  The 
University  made  additions  to  the  College 
building,  at  considerable  expense,  which 
were  equipped  as  a  chemical  laboratory  and 
commodious  and  convenient  dispensary 
rooms. 

The  school  continued  prosperous  for  a 
few  years,  when  the  number  of  students 
began  to  fall  off  in  consequence  of  co-edu- 
cation being  adopted  in  many  of  the  lead- 
ing medical  colleges  of  the  country.  As 
a  financial  investment  it  began  to  fall  be- 
hind— there  being  a  small  deficit  each  year 
— and  the  University  sold  the  property  and 
closed  the  school  in  June,  1902. 

Dr.  Byford  served  the  College,  except 
for  an  interval  of  about  four  years,  from 
its  organization  in  1870  until  his  death  in 
1890.  He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Charles 
Warrington  Earle,  first  as  President  of  the 
Faculty  and  later  as  Dean,  serving  until  his 
death  in  November,  1894.  Dr.  I.  N.  Dan- 
forth  was  then  appointed  Dean  by  the  Uni- 
versity authorities,  and  continued  in  office 
until  1899,  when  he  resigned  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  Marie  J.  Mergler,  a  graduate 
of  the  class  of  '79,  who  held  the  office  until 
her  death  in  May,  1901.  Dr.  Eliza  H.  Root, 
also  a  graduate  of  the  school  (class  1882). 
was  appointed  Dean  by  the  University 
Trustees,  and  went  out  of  office  with  the 
closing  of  the  school.  Dr.  John  Ridlon 
succeeded  Dr.  Mergler  as  Secretary  of  the 
Faculty  and  its  Executive  Committee,  in 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


127 


1899,  and  continued  in  office  until  the  school 
was  closed. 

The  school  was  built  up,  maintained  and 
its  welfare  promoted  at  the  expense  of 
much  energy,  faithfulness  and  self-sacrifice 
on  the  part  of  its  most  interested  friends. 
For  many  years  it  was  necessary  for  the 
Faculty  to  assume  large  financial  respon- 
sibility, which  was,  in  fact,  assumed  chief- 
ly by  Drs.  Byford  and  Earle.  The  work 
accomplished  by  the  school  has  not  been 
a  small  or  an  insignificant  work. 

Early  in  its  history,  missionary  societies 
began  to  inquire  for  terms  for  the  education 
of  their  students  designed  for  the  medical 
mission  field  in  foreign  countries.  Fees 
were  reduced  one-half  for  these  students 
when  the  institution  needed  money,  and  each 
member  of  the  Faculty  was  doing  the  work 
assigned  him  or  her  without  pay  or  price. 
The  training  which  these  students  received 
made  it  a  desirable  and  profitable  measure 
for  the  missionary  societies  to  establish 
scholarships  for  the  education  of  their  med- 
ical missionaries. 

In  1884  a  scholarship — "The  Grace 
Chandler  Scholarship" —  was  created  by 
Mrs.  Chandler,  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  for 
the  Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Mis- 
sions of  the  Northwest.  This  scholarship 
was  secured  through  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Sarah  Cummings-Porter,  a  graduate  of  the 
School  and,  for  many  years,  medical  mis- 
sionary in  Japan,  and  Dr.  D.  W.  Graham, 
a  loyal  friend  of  the  institution  from  the 
time  that  he  came  onto  the  Faculty  in  1877. 
Other  scholarships  were  founded  from  time 
to  time  as  follows: 

Nos.  2-3.  "The  Emily  W.  N.  Scofield 
Scholarship,"  by  Mrs.  Scofield,  of  Elgin, 
111.,  for  the  Northwest  Branch  of  the  Wo- 
man's Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
M.  E.  Church. 

No.  4.  "The  Woman's  Board  of  Mis- 
sions of  the  Interior''  (of  the  Congrega- 
tional church). 


No.  5.  "The  Woman's  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Southwest." 

No.  6.  "The  Elisabeth  Skelton-Danforth 
Memorial  Scholarship." 

This  scholarship  was  founded  by  Pro- 
fessor I.  N.  Danforth,  in  memory  of  his  late 
wife,  and  in  recognition  of  her  long  and 
active  interest  in  all  that  related  to  the  edu- 
cation of  women. 

The  "Lucy  S.  Ingots  Prise  Scholarship" 
was  founded  by  Professor  E.  Fletcher  In- 
gals,  long  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  and 
who  served  the  institution  as  Treasurer 
for  several  years.  This  scholarship  was 
founded  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  or- 
iginal work  in  Medical  Science  and  to 
promote  higher  medical  education.  It  was 
conferred  as  a  prize  for  excellent  original 
work  done  in  some  branch  pertaining  to 
the  Science  of  Medicine. 

Five  of  these  scholarships  were  purely 
missionary,  while  another  was  at  the  dis- 
posal of  other  students  when  a  missionary 
student  was  not  offered  as  a  beneficiary. 
Consequently,  the  Alumnae  of  this  school 
have  furnished  some  fifty  women  medi- 
cal missionaries  who  are  working,  or  who 
have  worked,  in  India,  China,  Japan,  Ko- 
rea, Persia,  Africa,  Mexico  and  Alaska. 
China  alone  has  been  supplied  with  twenty- 
two  women  medical  missionaries  from  this 
school.  Dr.  Lettie  Mason-Quine,  previous- 
ly mentioned,  was  the  first  one  sent  out 
from  this  school ;  Dr.  Anna  D.  Gloss,  of 
Pekin,  China,  class  of  1885,  has  been  in 
the  mission  field  since  her  graduation,  and 
is  still  there  doing  heavy  medical  work. 
Dr.  Gloss  was  sent  out  to  aid  Dr.  Estello 
Akers-Perkins,  of  the  class  of  1881,  who 
is  still  in  Pekin.  Boxer  uprisings,  plague 
or  famine  have  in  no  way  deterred  these 
women  from  the  work  in  which  they  have 
engaged  heart  and  soul.  Of  the  number 
sent  out,  so  far  as  we  know  to  date,  only 
two  have  died  in  the  field :  Dr.  Anna  Lar- 
son, in  China,  and  Dr.  Yasu  Hishekawa. 


128 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


in  Japan.  The  latter  was  a  native  Japanese 
woman  who  was  sent  to  America  by  one 
of  the  school's  alumnae,  a  medical  mission- 
ary to  Japan,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
a  medical  education  in  this  school.  Two 
have  died  since  their  return  home.  These 
medical  missionaries  are  all  in  charge  of 
hospitals  where  they  practice  general  sur- 
gery and  medicine  and  are  training  na- 
tive women  as  "helpers"  in  their  work, 
caring  for  the  sick  and  afflicted  natives. 

Drs.  Ellen  M.  Lyons,  in  Foochow,  China, 
and  Izilla  Ernsberger,  in  India,  are  ex- 
amples of  the  faithful  and  persevering 
work  that  is  being  carried  on  by  medical 
missionaries  sent  our  from  the  Woman's 
Medical  School  by  Methodist,  Presbyterian, 
Baptist  and  other  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
cieties. 

Turning  from  the  foreign  field  to  the 
home-workers,  we  find  that  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  graduates  have  filled,  or 
are  filling,  hospital  and  college  positions 
that  involve  responsibility  and  skill. 

The  graduates  of  this  school  have  been 
the  first  and  only  women,  so  far  ( 1905),"  to 
secure,  by  competitive  examinations,  the  po- 
sition of  interne  in  Cook  County  Hospital. 
Dr.  Mary  E.  Bates,  now  of  Denver,  Colo., 
was  the  first,  receiving  her  appointment 
in  1881.  She  has  been  followed  by  seven 
others,  all  of  whom  filled  their  terms  of 
service  with  credit. 

Positions  in  State  and  other  institutions 
and  in  other  States  of  the  Union,  have  been 
won  by  these  earnest  women.  Colorado. 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Texas,  and  Mas- 
sachusetts are  among  the  States,  outside 
of  Illinois,  where  they  are  filling  responsible 
positions  in  State  institutions.  One  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Colorado  Legisla- 
ture and  one  was  at  one  time  Railroad  Sur- 
geon for  a  rnad  in  the  West,  and  the  first 
woman  to  fill  such  a  position.  Others 
have  been  and  are  members  of  Boards  of 


Health.  The  first  woman  to  pass  the  exam- 
ination for  the  position  of  interne  in  the 
public  institutions  at  Dunning,  Cook  Coun- 
ty. Illinois,  was  Marie  J.  Mergler,  of  the 
class  of  1879.  She  passed  with  high  credit, 
was  recommended  for  appointment,  but  was 
never  indorsed  by  the  County  Commission- 
ers because  she  was  a  woman. 

"We  believe  that  nothing  in  the  entire 
history  of  the  College  was  so  conducive  to 
the  high  rank  which  it  attained,  as  the 
persistent  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  students 
to  be  given  an  opportunity  to  fairly  test 
their  ability  by  entering  into  the  competitive 
examinations,  and  by  insisting  on  equal 
privileges  with  the  men  in  holding  positions 
in  their  public  institutions."  (Dr.  Mergler.) 

A  total  of  575  women  were  graduated 
from  the  school.  The  large  majority  have 
been  and  are  successful  members  of  the 
medical  profession.  Death  has  claimed  a 
considerable  number.  Chief  among  these, 
we  find  the  name  of  our  lamented  friend, 
Dr.  Marie  Josepha  Mergler,  who  by  means 
of  persistent,  hard  and  faithful  work,  won 
a  place  among  the  foremost  surgeons  of 
the  West,  and  who  enjoyed  the  confidence 
of  the  medical  profession.  She  stood  high 
with  her  colleagues,  and  was  an  active 
member  of  local  and  State  Medical  Socie- 
ties. She  began  teaching  in  her  Alma  Ma- 
ter after  she  graduated,  in  the  Spring 
Course.  The  following  year  she  studied 
abroad,  and  further  prepared  herself  to  fill 
the  chairs  of  Histology  and  Materia  Medi- 
ca.  Later  she  succeeded  Dr.  William  H. 
By  ford,  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1890,  to 
the  chair  of  Gynecology,  which  she  held 
at  the  time  of  her  death.  She  was  Secretary 
of  the  Faculty  from  1885  to  1899,  when 
she  was  appointed  Dean  of  the  Northwest- 
ern University  Woman's  Medical  School 
(her  Alma  Mater)  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
University,  on  the  nomination  to  the  posi- 
tion bv  the  Faculty  of  the  School.  She 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

HHIVERSITY  OF  ILLISGJS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


129 


won  a  lucrative  practice  and  left  at  her 
death  a  competent  estate.  She  was  prompt 
and  faithful  to  duty  and  never  betrayed  a 
trust  or  confidence.  During  her  lifetime 
she  held  several  important  hospital  posi- 
tions, retaining  them  until  her  death. 

The  writer,  Eliza  H.  Root,  matriculated 
in  1879,  graduated  in  1882,  doing  her  first 
teaching  in  the  school  in  the  Spring  Course 
of  the  same  year.  From  the  day  of  matric- 
ulation to  the  closing  of  the  school,  her 
connection  with  it  was  never  severed.  She 
served  her  Alma  Mater  as  Assistant,  Pro- 
fessor (State  Medicine  and  Medical  Juris- 
prudence, later  on  Obstetrics  and  Clinical 
Obstetrics)  and  as  Dean. 


There  is  an  organization  of  the  Alumnae 
known  as  the  Alumnae  of  the  Woman's 
Medical  School  (nee  College).  This 
Association  placed  a  portrait  bust  of 
Dr.  Byford  in  the  College  building, 
founded  a  Charles  W.  Earle  Memorial  Li- 
brary that  had  accumulated  over  600  vol- 
umes at  the  time  of  the  school's  closing. 
In  1896  it  issued  a  history  of  the  "Alumnae 
of  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago— 1870  to  1896."  The  organization 
still  exists  and  is  the  only  organized  body 
representing  what  was  once  one  of  the  lead- 
ing and  prosperous  institutions  of  the  City 
of  Chicago  and  the  Middle  West. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC 

(87  PROF.  t.  C.  LUTKIN,  HUB.  D.) 


Sphere  of  Music  in  Higher  Institutions — 
Its  Influence  on  Character  and  as  the 
Hand-Maid  of  Religion — Higher  Aspects 
of  the  Art — Its  Growth  in  the  Universi- 
ties— History  of  its  Connection  u'ith  Ev- 
anston  Educational  Institutions — North- 
western Female  College  Merged  into 
Evanston  College  for  Ladies  in  7^77 — 
Two  Years  Later  the  Latter  becomes  a 
Part  of  the  Northu'cstern  University — 
Struggles,  Changes  and  Groit-th  of  Later 
Years — Some  Notable  Teachers — In- 
crease in  Roll  of  Pupils — Need  of  Ampler 
Buildings — Music  Festivals. 

Universities  and  colleges  have  been 
rather .  tardy  in  recognizing  the  proper 
sphere  and  scope  of  music  in  the  economy 
of  intellectual  and  psychical  development. 
It  has  been  looked  upon  as  a  graceful  ac- 
complishment and  a  more  or  less  fascinat- 
ing and  attractive  art,  but  its  far-reaching 
influence  on  character,  its  importance  to 
many  of  the  practical  relations  of  life,  its 
complexity  as  an  art,  its  discipline  as  a 
study,  its  manifold  demands  upon  the  intel- 
lectual, physical  and  spiritual  faculties,  and 
its  vital  relation  to  the  emotions,  religious 
and  otherwise,  are  all  matters  that  have 
been  but  little  appreciated  or  understood. 

That  music  has  a  definite  influence  in 
molding  and  developing  character  there  can 
be  no  doubt.  Beginning  with  the  cradle, 


the  mother's  lullaby  soothes  the  restless 
babe,  and  the  songs  of  childhood  have  a 
direct  bearing  on  the  ethics  of  the  young. 
In  the  school-room,  music  lessens  the  te- 
dium of  study  and  can  be  made  the  vehicle 
for  inculcating  good  morals  and  awaken- 
ing a  love  for  the  beautiful,  both  in  verse 
and  music.  An  appreciation  of  the  emo- 
tional qualities  of  music  tends  to  keep  alive 
the  gentler  states  of  feeling,  and  the  finer 
intuitions  of  youth,  which  are  only  too 
often  blunted,  if  not  entirely  destroyed,  by- 
contact  with  the  selfishness  and  sordidness 
of  social  and  commercial  amenities  in  later 
life.  Song  is  the  core  and  essence  of  col- 
lege spirit,  and  the  only  concrete  and  ade- 
quate expression  of  that  spirit.  It  is  the 
only  means  by  which  unity  of  sentiment  or 
feeling  can  be  jointly  and  satisfactorily 
manifested.  It  heightens  our  joys  and 
pleasures,  lessens  our  griefs  and  sorrows, 
increases  our  affections  and  incites  to  wor- 
thy endeavor. 

But  it  is  principally  as  the  hand-maid 
of  religion  that  music  has  its  greatest  value. 
From  the  street-corner  rally  of  the  Salva- 
tion Army  to  an  oratorio  performance  in 
cathedral  walls,  music  voices  and  intensi- 
fies every  shade  of  religious  emotion.  Here 
again  it  forms  the  one  medium  of  expres- 
sion in  which  rich  and  poor,  saint  and 
sinner,  join  in  common  utterance  of  praise 
or  supplication.  It  is  hard  to  conceive  of 


1 32 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  services  of  the  church  without  the  aid 
of  music.  'It  is  equally  indispensable  at 
the  revival  meeting  or  the  most  elaborate 
ceremonial,  at  the  wedding,  or  at  the  fun- 
eral service,  for  the  joy  of  Christmas  or 
Easter,  or  for  the  sorrow  of  penitential  sea- 
sons. Sermons  can  be  preached  with  migh- 
ty eloquence  in  the  musical  settings  of  the 
Crucifixion,  the  Nativity  or  the  Resurrec- 
tion, but  no  spoken  sermon  can  replace  the 
hymns  of  the  church. 

In  its  higher  aspects  as  an  art,  music 
is  a  world  of  unceasing  delight  to  the  ini- 
tiated, a  world  devoid  of  cares  and  anxie- 
ties and  free  from  evil  associations  or  sug- 
gestions. Far  beyond  the  power  of  words 
it  depicts  the  finest  gradations  of  feeling 
and  the  subtlest  shades  of  expression.  It 
has  logic,  proportion,  order  and  symmetry, 
in  the  highest  degree.  To  infinitely  more 
rhythmic  possibilities  than  exist  in  poetry, 
it  adds  the  warm  color  of  painting,  the 
beauty  of  outline  and  dignity  of  sculpture, 
and  the  structural  principles  of  architec- 
ture. No  other  study  combines,  to  the 
same  degree,  the  esthetic  and  the  mechani- 
cal, the  spiritual  and  the  physical.  The 
science  of  music  is  an  extremely  complex 
and  intricate  matter.  It  has  to  do  with 
elements  that  are  inexhaustible  in  their 
rhythmic,  melodic  and  harmonic  combina- 
tions, even  when  confined  to  a  single  instru- 
ment, such  as  the  piano  or  organ.  When 
they  are  applied  to  works  for  chorus  and 
full  orchestra,  the  element  of  tone  color  is 
added  with  its  infinite  possibilities,  and  the 
command  of  all  this  material  only  comes 
after  years  of  study  involving  harmony, 
counterpoint,  form  and  instrumentation. 
Even  if  these  are  mastered,  they  count  for 
little  without  the  saving  grace  of  artistic 
intuition  and  a  keen  sense  of  esthetic 
values. 

In  the  study  of  music  as  an  applied  art, 
totally  different  factors  come  to  light.  Phys- 


ical dexterity  is  a  prerequisite  and,  to  this 
foundation,  a  long  and  arduous  schooling 
is  necessary  before  the  demands  of  a  mod- 
ern technique  are  approximated.  This  rigid 
disciplining  of  brains  and  fingers  in  mus- 
cular and  nerve  control,  often  means  the 
deliberate  sacrifice  of  much  that  is  attractive 
in  the  social  or  intellectual  life,  and  gives 
rise  to  perplexing  problems  in  the  process 
of  elimination.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  fact 
remains  that  the  study  of  music  alone,  in 
any  wide  sense,  is  a  liberal  education  in  it- 
self, calling  upon  a  fine  perception  of  math- 
ematical niceties,  logical  development,  ar- 
tistic symmetry  and  emotional  expression. 

The  study  of  music,  theoretically,  is  rap- 
idly finding  its  way  into  all  of  our  leading 
universities.  For  a  number  of  years, 
courses  in  harmony,  counterpoint,  fugue, 
musical  form  and  musical  history  have  ex- 
isted at  Harvard  in  charge  of  Professor 
John  Knowles  Paine.  The  result  has  been 
that  Boston  comes  nearer  giving  us  a  dis- 
tinctive school  of  American  composition 
than  any  other  city  in  the  country.  Yale 
followed  the  example  of  Harvard  by  install- 
ing Horatio  W.  'Parker  in  a  chair  of  music, 
a  few  years  ago.  Professor  Parker  is  un- 
questionably the  greatest  American  com- 
poser of  large  choral  works  with  orchestral 
accompaniment.  His  oratorios  are  given 
at  the  prominent  English  musical  festivals, 
where  they  are  most  highly  esteemed  and 
considered  quite  on  a  par  with  similar  pro- 
ductions from  any  living  composer.  Not 
only  is  credit  allowed  at  Yale  for  theoreti- 
cal studies  as  at  Harvard,  but  also  for  pro- 
ficiency in  performing  ability  as  well.  An- 
other gifted  American  composer,  Edward 
A.  MacDowell,  was  appointed  to  the  re- 
cently endowed  chair  of  Music  at  Colum- 
bia College.  Professor  MacDowell  has 
written  some  important  orchestral  composi- 
tions, but  his  fame  lies  principally  in  his 
works  for  the  piano.  In  this  regard  he  is 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


133 


a  conspicuous  figure  among  modern  com- 
posers. His  works  possess  a  rare  and  dis- 
tinct personality,  and  his  workmanship  is 
characterized  by  extreme  finish  and  deli- 
cacy. 

This  tendency  to  make  room  for  our  most 
gifted  tone-poets  in  our  leading  universi- 
ties is  most  commendable  and  is  full  of 
promise  for  the  future.  It  is  only  through 
freedom  from  the  harassing  cares  of  the 
ordinary  professional  connection  that  a  man 
can  give  himself  up  to  the  creation  of  the 
larger  and  more  pretentious  works  of  art. 
A  generously  endowed  chair,  with  a  limited 
amount  of  routine  duties,  gives  opportunity 
for  the  necessary  abstraction  and  concentra- 
tion, and  the  university  environment  will 
be  an  additional  incentive  to  scholarly  work. 

Under  its  cultured  Professor  of  Music, 
Hugh  A.  Clarke,  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania has  won  an  enviable  reputation  with 
its  theoretical  courses  in  the  higher  mathe- 
matics of  music.  Professor  Clarke  has  per- 
fected a  system  of  instruction  by  mail  that 
has  largely  extended  his  sphere  of  influ- 
ence. Cornell  and  Princeton  have  not  as 
yet  made  official  recognition  of  music,  but 
Syracuse  University  has  a  finely  developed 
School  of  Fine  Arts,  which  not  only  em- 
braces music,  but  painting,  sculpture  and 
architecture  as  well.  It  ranks  next  to  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  in  numbers  and  im- 
portance, and  each  department  has  its  own 
faculty. 

The  University  of  Michigan  maintains 
a  chair  of  theoretical  music,  ably  filled  by 
Professor  Albert  A.  Stanley,  who  is  also 
Director  of  an  affiliated  "University  School 
of  Music."  which  supplies  excellent  instruc- 
tion in  all  branches  of  music.  Professor 
Stanley  has  evolved  and  developed  a  series 
of  May  Festivals,  which  are  the  event  of  the 
college  year  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  which  bring 
the  masterpieces  of  musical  art  before 
large  and  enthusiastic  audiences.  His  ex- 


ample is  followed  on  a  smaller  scale  by  a 
number  of  Western  State  Universities, 
where  provision  for  the  study  of  music  is 
made,  both  theoretically  and  practically. 

A  school  that  has  had  a  notable  influence 
for  good  is  the  Conservatory  of  Music  at 
Oberlin,  Ohio.  It  is  the  largest  and  most 
widely  known  of  the  departments  of  Ober- 
lin College.  It  is  finely  housed  in  a  hun- 
dred-thousand-dollar building,  the  gift  of 
an  Oberlin  graduate  who  has  since  come 
to  fame  and  fortune.  Its  success  and  pros- 
perity are  almost  entirely  due  to  the  fore- 
sight, good  judgment  and  abiding  faith  of 
its  late  director.  Professor  Fenelon  B.  Rice. 

These  facts  are  very  encouraging,  and 
all  this  artistic  activity  must  have  a  direct 
and  important  bearing  on  our  national  de- 
velopment. We  sadly  need  the  counter- 
... balancing  influence  of  art  in  these  days  of 
intellectual  and  commercial  expan-r.or..  It 
is  the  best  antidote  for  materialism,  realism 
and  anaichy.  The  appreciation  of  the  beau- 
tiful ;s  not  a  question  of  birth,  of  wealth, 
of  social  position  or  even  of  intellect  or  edu- 
cation. It  is  the  common  ground  on  which 
all  innately  refined  and  sensitive  souls  meet 
in  a  brotherhood  of  mutual  love  and  kindly 
feeling. 

The  first  definite  record  of  musical  in- 
struction in  connection  with  Evanston  edu- 
cational institutions  is  found  in  the  cata- 
logue of  the  Northwestern  Female  College 
in  the  year  1865.  Instruction  in  music  had 
doubtless  been  given  previously  to  this  date, 
and  in  all  probability  from  the  founding 
of  the  College  in  1855  '•  but  printed  informa- 
tion to  that  effect  is  missing.  In  1865  Xich- 
olas  Cawthorne  is  mentioned  in  the  annual 
catalogue  as  teacher  of  the  piano,  organ  and 
voice.  He  was  organist  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian church  in  Chicago.  He  had  an 
assistant  instructor,  James  A.  Doane.  The 
following  quotation  from  the  catalogue  will 
give  an  idea  of  the  advantages  offered : 


'34 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


"The  course  of  study  in  the  Department 
is  intended  to  furnish  a  solid  musical  edu- 
cation, both  in  practice  and  theory.  In- 
struction will  be  given  in  the  following 
branches:  System  of  Notation,  Harmony, 
Composition  with  reference  to  Musical 
Forms,  and  Instrumentation,  Practice  in 
Chorus  singing,  Pianoforte  and  Organ.  A 
complete  course  of  study  will  extend 
through  four  years,  a  new  class  opening 
each  term.  Diplomas  certifying  proficiency 
and  qualifications  as  artists  or  teachers  will 
be  given  to  those  finishing  the  entire  course. 
Each  student  receives  two  hours'  instruction 
per  week  and  has  the  use  of  a  piano  for 
private  practice  one  and  one-half  hours 
daily.  The  rudiments  of  music  are  taught 
and  chorus  singing  practised  in  classes. 

PIANOFORTE    COURSE. 

"First  Year. — Richardson's  Methods  and 
pieces  by  Batimbach,  Grove,  etc. 

''Second  Year. — Studies  by  Duvernov 
and  Czerny.  and  pieces  like  'Monastery 
Bells,'  Wely ;  'Carnival  of  Venice,'  Bel- 
lak.  etc. 

"Third  Year. — Czerny  studies,  Dr.  Call- 
cott's  Musical  Grammar,  Zundel's  Har- 
mony, Overtures  to  Stradella  and  Der 
Freischutz. 

"Fourth  Year. — Cramer  studies,  Sonatas 
of  Beethoven  and  dementi,  Marx  Musical 
Composition." 

Mr.  Cawthorne  remained  in  charge  for 
another  year  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Oscar  Mayo,  who  came  highly  recommend- 
ed from  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Female  Col- 
lege. With  the  advent  of  Mr.  Mayo  the 
following  announcement  was  made:  "The 
Music  Department  of  the  College  offers  ex- 
traordinary facilities  to  students  of  the  Pi- 
ano, Organ  or  Vocal  Music.  The  Depart- 
ment is  under  the  supervision  of  Professor 
O.  A.  Mayo,  an  educated  and  scientific 
musician,  a  thorough  teacher  and  a  brilliant 


performer  of  classic  as  well  as  modern 
Piano  and  Organ  music."  Mr.  Mayo  was 
to  appoint  his  own  assistants  and  the  fol- 
lowing courses  were  announced : 

Organ  Course. — Zundel  and  Rink. 

Piano  Course. — Rudiments,  practice  of 
easy  exercises,  Mason's  Technics,  Heller 
studies,  Etudes  of  Chopin,  Mendelssohn, 
etc. 

As  assistant,  Professor  Mayo  had  Count 
Laurent  de  Fosso,  who  also  taught  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian.  Piano,  organ,  me- 
lodeon  and  guitar  were  the  branches  taught, 
and  from  sixty  to  seventy  students  took 
music. 

In  1871  the  Northwestern  Female  Col- 
lege was  merged  into  the  Evanston  College 
for  Ladies,  with  Miss  Frances  Willard  as 
President.  Professor  Mayo  continued  in 
charge  of  the  Music  Department,  and  there 
are  evidences  of  an  attempt  to  improve  and 
enlarge  the  musical  advantages.  Only  ten 
names  appear  as  music  students  on  the  cata- 
logue this  year,  but  these  obviously  studied 
music  to  the  exclusion  of  other  studies, 
white  previous  student  lists  included  these 
who  had  taken  music  as  a  supplementary 
study  as  well. 

In  1873  the  absorption  ot  the  Evanston 
College  for  Ladies  by  the  Northwestern 
University  was  announced,  together  with 
plans  for  the  formation  of  a  Conservatory 
of  Music  on  the  European  plan.  This  went 
into  effect  with  the  completion  of  the  present 
Willard  Hall,  and  the  top  story  was  devot- 
ed to  the  study  of  art  and  music.  An  at- 
tempt was  evidently  made  to  secure  a  good 
faculty,  as  arrangements  were  made  with 
some  of  the  best  known  musicians  of  that 
date  in  Chicago.  Professor  Mayo  remained 
at  the  head.  Mr.  Silas  G.  Pratt,  a  pianist 
and  composer  of  attainments,  who  had  re- 
cently returned  from  his  studies  in  Berlin, 
appears  to  have  been  head  instructor  of  the 
piano.  Mr.  Pratt  organized  the  present 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


135 


Apollo  Club  in  the  city,  and  was  later  chief- 
ly instrumental  in  promoting  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  Auditorium  Building 
and  the  Orchestral  Association.  James 
Gill,  who  was  for  many  years  the  most 
prominent  baritone  in  Chicago,  was.  en- 
gaged as  instructor  in  voice  culture,  and 
Hans  Balatka,  the  veteran  chorus  and  or- 
chestral conductor,  had  charge  of  chorus 
and  quartette  classes.  The  following  year 
Mr.  Pratt's  name  disappeared  from  the  cat- 
alogue and  later  Mr.  Balatka's,  their  places 
being  filled  by  musicians  of  less  celebrity. 
Eighty-eight  students  appeared  on  the  list 
after  the  installation  of  the  Conservatory 
of  Music,  but  catalogues  of  the  succeeding 
three  years  are  missing.  In  1876  Professor 
Mayo  was  succeeded  by  Oren  E.  Locke  and 
the  Conservatory  of  Music  appears  for  the 
first  time  in  the  University  Catalogue.  Pro- 
fessor Locke  had  been  a  student  in  both 
the  Leipzig  and  Boston  Conservatories,  and 
introduced  the  so-called  "Conservatory  Sys- 
tem" into  the  school.  The  characteristic 
feature  of  this  system  was  the  teaching  of 
piano,  voice  and  orchestral  instruments  in 
classes  instead  of  private  individual  instruc- 
tion. The  University  catalogue  gives  but 
thirty-three  students  in  the  Conservatory  at 
the  end  of  Professor  Locke's  first  year,  and 
the  attendance  increased  but  slowly  for  the 
three  succeeding  years.  In  1880-81  mat- 
ters improved  materially,  one  hundred  and 
sixteen  students  being  enrolled,  and  the 
number  steadily  increased  until  the  maxi- 
mum of  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  was 
reached  in  1886-87.  James  Gill  was  the 
only  faculty  member  left  over  from  the 
previous  regime.  From  time  to  time  Pro- 
fessor Locke  had  associated  with  him  E.  S. 
Metcalf,  voice  instructor;  Joseph  Singer, 
instructor  of  violin ;  Professor  R.  L.  Cum- 
nock,  instructor  of  elocution ;  Professor  A. 
S.  Carhart,  lecturer  on  the  laws  of  sound : 
Warren  Graves,  instructor  of  piano  and  or- 


gan, and  C.  M.  Hutchins,  instructor  of  band 
instruments.  In  1880  and  1881  the  present 
Dean  of  the  School  of  Music  was  instructor 
of  piano  and  organ,  prior  to  his  departure 
for  Europe  for  a  three  years'  course  of 
study  in  Berlin,  Vienna  and  Paris.  In 
June,  1884,  Professor  Locke,  in  a  printed 
report  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  makes 
mention  of  nine  thousand  lessons  having 
been  given  during  the  year,  of  fifteen  pianos 
being  in  use,  and  calls  attention  to  the 
growth  and  future  possibilities  of  the 
school.  Three  students  were  graduated  this 
year  and  the  following  courses  were  in 
operation : 

Course  i.     Piano. 

Course  2.     Voice. 

Course  3.     Organ. 

Course  4.     Orchestral  Instruments. 

In  the  year  1887-1888  the  numerical 
prosperity  of  the  school  declined  and  con- 
tinued to  do  so  until  1890-91,  when  Pro- 
fessor Locke  resigned,  leaving  the  affairs  of 
the  school  in  a  somewhat  chaotic  condition. 
There  was  a  strong  sentiment  in  favor  of 
discontinuing  the  Conservatory  of  Music, 
but  yielding  to  the  wishes  of  Miss  Nina 
Gray  Lunt,  an  effort  was  made  to  continue 
the  study  of  music  in  the  University.  At 
her  suggestion  Peter  C.  Lutkin,  of  Chicago, 
was  put  in  charge,  and  gave  a  portion  of  his 
time  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  music  de- 
partment. A  faculty  was  hastily  organ- 
ized, of  which  the  principal  members  were : 
J.  Harry  Wheeler,  a  widely  known  vocal 
instructor,  formerly  a  prominent  member 
of  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Mu- 
sic, Boston ;  Allen  Hervey  Spencer,  a  well- 
known  concert  pianist  and  teacher  of  Chi- 
cago; Joseph  Vilim,  violin  instructor,  and 
William  Smedley,  choir-master  of  St.  James' 
Church,  Chicago,  as  instructor  of  choral 
singing  and  sight-reading.  A  Glee  Club 
was  organized  for  the  first  time  in  the 
University,  and  also  a  Cecilian  Choir  for 


136 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  young  women.  Eighty-nine  students 
attended  during  the  year,  and  a  creditable 
concert  was  given  at  its  close  in  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  which  the 
advanced  piano  and  voice  students,  the 
Glee  Club,  and  the  Cecilian  Choir  took  part. 
Three  students  were  graduated. 

This  first  year's  work  was  looked  upon 
as  tentative  and,  at  its  completion,  a  formal 
proposition  was  made  by  the  Director, 
which  included  a  professorship  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts,  and  the  severing  of 
his  city  connections  in  order  to  devote  his 
entire  time  and  energies  to  the  up-building 
of  the  music  school.  Largely  upon  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.  James  H.  Raymond, 
the  then  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the 
Conservatory  of  Music,  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee accepted  the  proposition  of  Profes- 
sor Lutkin.  The  official  appellation  of  the 
school  was  changed  from  "Conservatory 
of  Music"  to  "Department  of  Music,"  and 
the  courses  were  rearranged  so  as  to  mark 
a  distinction  between  those  studying  as 
amateurs  and  those  studying  professionally. 
Diplomas  were  not  issued  at  all  and  cer- 
tificates only  to  those  completing  the  Pro- 
fessional Course.  One  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  students  attended  this  second  year  and 
the  income  of  the  school  increased  about 
seventy-five  per  cent. 

The  financial  stringency  of  the  year  1893- 
94  was  felt  to  the  extent  that  the  attendance 
and  income  were  practically  at  a  standstill. 
Several  changes  were  made  in  the  faculty. 
Harold  E.  Knapp,  who  had  recently  re- 
turned from  two  years  of  study  at  the  re- 
nowned Leipzig  Conservatory  of  Music, 
succeeded  Joseph  Vilim  as  instructor  of  the 
violin.  William  H.  Knapp,  as  instructor 
of  voice  and  'cello ;  William  H.  Cutler,  as 
instructor  of  piano ;  and  William  Hubbard 
Harris,  as  instructor  of  piano  and  harmony, 
were  added.  A  choral  society,  confined  to 
students  of  the  University,  had  been  organ- 


ized and  gave  two  concerts  at  the  Congre- 
gational Church.  The  works  performed 
were  Gaul's  cantata  of  "Israel  in  the  Wil- 
derness" and  Haydn's  "Creation."  In  both 
cases  the  solo  parts  were  nearly  all  taken 
by  members  of  the  University.  An  impor- 
tant event  was  the  formation  of  a  String 
Quartette,  of  which  the  personnel  was  as 
follows : 

First  Violin,  Harold  E.  Knapp. 

Second  Violin,  Joseph  Bichl. 

Viola,  Caspar  Grilnberger. 

Violoncello,  William  H.  Knapp. 

This  organization  permitted  us  to  give 
five  recitals  of  Chamber  Music,  which  add- 
ed greatly  to  the  interest  of  the  school  year. 
Sixteen  recitals  were  given  by  the  students 
and  four  were  graduated  from  the  Profes- 
sional Course. 

The  year  1894-95  saw  a  large  increase 
in  the  attendance  and  prosperity  of  the 
school.  The  number  increased  from  one 
hundred  and  twenty-nine  to  two  hundred 
and  three,  and  the  graduates  from  four  to 
eight.  Mrs.  George  A.  Coe,  who  had  re- 
cently returned  from  extended  studies  in 
Berlin  under  Heinrich  Barth  and  Moritz 
Moskowsky.  was  added  to  the  faculty  as 
instructor  of  the  piano,  and  instruction  in 
wind  instruments  was  provided  for.  Eigh- 
teen recitals  were  given  by  the  students,  and 
at  the  eight  faculty  recitals,  many  important 
works  by  Beethoven,  Mendelssohn,  Dvorak, 
Schubert,  Chopin,  Goldmark  and  Weber 
were  given  with  the  assistance  of  the  Uni- 
versity String  Quartette.  The  Director 
gave  a  number  of  lectures  analyzing  the 
thematic  structure  of  important  works 
given  by  the  Thomas  Orchestra. 

As  the  attempt  to  establish  a  good  choral 
society  within  the  University  had  not  been 
altogether  successful,  owing  to  the  constant 
shifting  of  membership,  Professor  Lutkin 
assumed  the  conductorship  of  the  Evanston 
Musical  Club,  in  the  hope  that  the  larger 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


137 


field  would  give  more  favorable  results.  In 
this  he- was  not  disappointed,  and  the  history 
of  that  organization  will  be  found  elsewhere 
in  these  pages.  Membership  in  the  Club 
has  always  been  open  to  students  of  the 
University,  and  the  privilege  has  been  taken 
advantage  of,  more  particularly  by  the 
members  of  the  Department  of  Music.  The 
theoretical  courses  were  greatly  extend- 
ed this  year,  and  arranged  on  a  four-year 
plan  to  conform  to  the  courses  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts.  The  student  recitals 
presented,  in  an  excellent  manner,  a  higher 
grade  of  compositions  than  had  ever  been 
given  before,  notably  piano  concertos  by 
Beethoven,  Mozart  and  Mendelssohn.  A 
small  pipe  organ  was  added  to  the  equip- 
ment of  the  school,  which  greatly  increased 
the  study  of  that  instrument.  The  Depart- 
ment had  now  reached  a  point  where  its 
self-maintenance  was  fully  assured,  and  it 
was  sadly  in  need  of  larger  and  better  quar- 
ters. 

In  the  following  year  (1895-96)  the  of- 
ficial title  of  the  school  was  changed  from 
"Department  of  Music"  to  "School  of  Mu- 
sic," thus  putting  it  upon  the  same  basis 
as  the  other  professional  schools  of  the 
University.  Mr.  J.  Harry  Wheeler  was 
succeeded  by  Karleton  Hackett  as  Director 
of  the  Vocal  Department.  Mr.  Hackett  had 
recently  come  to  Chicago  after  three  years' 
study  with  Yincenso  Vannini,  the  famous 
voice  instructor  of  Florence.  He  had  for- 
merly studied  singing  with  Cornelius  Chen- 
ery  of  Boston,  and  theory  under  Professor 
Paine  while  a  student  at  Harvard.  Miss 
Carlotta  M.  Glazier  was  added  as  instructor 
of  piano.  The  various  courses  were  con- 
siderably strengthened,  and  the  theoretical 
study  of  music  was  made  the  kernel  of  all 
graduating  requirements.  The  theoretical 
studies  embraced  harmony,  musical  history, 
counterpoint,  and  musical  form.  The 
ground  was  taken  that  mere  technical  facil- 
ity, even  when  allied  to  distinct  musical 


talent,  was  not  sufficient  to  complete  a 
course  in  a  University  school,  but  rather  a 
comprehensive  understanding  of  the  na- 
ture and  material  of  music,  and  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  good  art.  The  scholar- 
ly aspects  of  music  are  thus  emphasized, 
and  the  endeavor  is  to  graduate  well- 
equipped  musicians  rather  than  superficial 
and  showy  performers.  The  same  theoreti- 
cal studies  are  required  of  all  candidates  for 
graduation,  be  he  pianist,  organist,  singer 
or  violinist. 

Professor  Lutkin  was  appointed  Dean 
of  the  reconstructed  school,  the  other 
members  of  the  faculty  ranking  as  Instruc- 
tors. As  the  Dean  was  also  Professor  of 
Music  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  the 
theoretical  classes  in  the  School  of  Music 
were  open  to  the  College  students  as  elec- 
tives  in  their  various  courses.  Owing  to 
the  prevailing  financial  stringency  there 
was  but  a  slight  increase  in  the  attendance 
this  year.  The  number  of  graduates  re- 
mained the  same.  Fifteen  student  recitals, 
two  student  concerts  with  orchestra,  eight 
chamber  music  recitals  and  four  faculty 
concerts  were  given.  A  student  or- 
chestra of  twenty-five  had  been  or- 
ganized, which  gave  very  creditable  per- 
formances. One  of  the  chamber  music  re- 
citals was  devoted  exclusively  to  serious 
works  by  various  members  of  the  faculty, 
including  a  String  Quartette  by  Harold 
Knapp,  part  of  a  Trio  for  Piano,  Violin 
and  'Cello,  by  P.  C.  Lutkin,  and  songs  by 
Hubbard  W.  Harris.  Among  important 
works  brought  out  were  the  Brahm's  Quin- 
tette for  Piano  and  Strings,  Op.  67,  in 
which  Mrs.  Coe  assisted  the  University 
String  Quartette,  the  Dvorak  Quintette,  Op. 
81,  and  Quartettes  by  Schumann  and  Bee- 
thoven. Under  Mr.  Harold  Knapp  the 
violin  department  greatly  increased  in  num- 
bers, and  furnished  an  excellent  nucleus  for 
the  school  orchestra. 

In   his   annual    report   to   the   Board   of 


138 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


Trustees,  President  Rogers  called  attention 
to  the  urgent  need  of  providing  a  suitable 
building  for  the  School  of  Music,  adding 
that  after  the  Academy — which  had  been 
provided  for — it  was  the  next  most  desir- 
able acquisition.  The  recommendations  of 
President  Rogers  bore  fruit  more  promptly 
than  was  expected.  The  lack  of  accommo- 
dations for  the  school  in  Woman's  Hall, 
the  poorly  adapted  rooms  for  instruction 
and  practice,  not  to  mention  the  unavoidable 
annoyance  to  college  students  by  the  inces- 
sant playing  and  singing,  rendered  it  all  but 
imperative  that  other  quarters  should  be 
supplied.  Although  the  finances  of  the  Uni- 
versity were  in  a  somewhat  crippled  condi- 
tion owing  to  the  temporary  loss  of  income 
from  the  Grand  Pacific  property,  it  was 
decided  to  erect  a  building  for  the  special 
and  exclusive  use  of  the  School  of  Music. 
A  site  was  decided  upon  immediately  to  the 
north  of  Woman's  Hall,  and  ground  was 
broken  during  the  summer  of  1896.  The 
building  was  completed  during  the  following 
fall  and  winter,  and  taken  possession  of  at 
the  beginning  of  the  spring  term,  in  1897. 
In  Woman's  Hall  fourteen  rooms  had  been 
in  use  by  the  school.  Music  Hall,  as  the 
new  structure  was  named,  provided  us  with 
nineteen  rooms  and  a  small  recital  hall, 
seating  about  three  hundred.  Seventeen  of 
these  rooms  were  at  once  put  into  service, 
and  the  year's  records  showed  an  increase 
from  207  to  218  students.  The  dedication 
of  the  new  building  was  marked  by  two 
faculty  concerts  and  a  students'  recital.  At 
the  first  of  them  a  chorus  from  the  Evan- 
ston  Musical  Club  and  the  School  of  Music 
Orchestra  assisted  in  the  following  program, 
given  on  the  evening  of  April  26,  1897: 

Chorus,    "The    Heavens   Are    Telling" Haydn 

Prayer   by    President   Henry   Wade    Rogers. 

Aria,    "Rejoice    Greatly" Handel 

Miss  Helen  Buckley. 
Address  by  Professor  P.  C.   Lutlcin. 

Overture,   "The  Marriage  of   Figaro" Mozart 

Orchestra. 


Andante  for  Violin  and  Orchestra P.   C.   Lutkin 

Mr.   Harold  E.  Knapp. 

Songs,    "The    Broken    Lyre,"    "Shepherd    of 
Israel,"  "From  the  Bosom  of  Ocean 

I  Seek  Thee" Hubbard  W.  Harris 

Miss    Buckley. 

Quartette  for  Strings,  C  major Harold  E.  Knapp 

The  University  String  Quartette. 

Sanctus,   from    Messe   Solonelle Gounod 

Mr.  W.  F.  Hypes,  Chorus  and  Orchestra. 

After  the  concert  a  reception  was  held 
and  the  building  was  thrown  open  for  in- 
spection. On  the  following  evening  a 
Chamber  Music  Recital  was  given,  in  which 
Mrs.  George  A.  Coe,  pianist,  Miss  Mabel 
Goodwin,  soprano,  and  the  University 
String  Quartette  took  part.  The  program 
was  as  follows : 

Trio  for   Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  97 Beethoven 

Songs,   La  Serenata  Tosti 

Ecstasy     Beach 

May  Morning Denza 

Quartette    for    Strings,    G    Minor Grieg 

Nine  students  were  graduated  this  year 
in  the  Normal  Course,  and  one  from  the 
advanced,  or  Artist's  Course.  Twenty-four 
recitals  and  five  concerts,  with  orchestra, 
were  given  by  the  students,  and  six  chamber 
music  recitals  and  four  concerts  by  the  fac- 
ulty. The  student  orchestra  assisted  the 
Evanston  Musical  Club  in  their  perform- 
ances of  Handel's  Messiah  and  Haydn's 
Creation.  In  all  directions  the  year  showed 
substantial  progress. 

The  first  complete  year  in  the  new  build- 
ing (1897-98)  found  its  capacity  tested  to 
the  utmost.  The  attendance  increased  from 
218  to  293.  The  theoretical  courses  were 
extended  by  the  addition  of  classes  in 
Analysis  and  Sight-reading.  The  recita- 
tions in  Musical  History  under  the  charge 
of  Mrs.  Coe  were  doubled.  The  classes  in 
Sight-reading  were  thrown  open  to  students 
of  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  and  the 
latter  part  of  the  year  was  devoted  to  hymn 
music  with  the  object  of  demonstrating  the 
fundamental  principles  of  good  church 
music.  A  good  pipe-organ,  with  two  man- 
uals and  pedals,  and  blown  by  a  water- 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


139 


motor,  was  erected  in  the  recital  hall.  Miss 
Carlotta  M.  Glazier  was  succeeded  by  Miss 
Una  Howell,  a  graduate  of  the  advanced 
course  of  the  school,  and  Mr.  Franz  Wag- 
ner of  the  Thomas  Orchestra,  succeeded 
Mr.  W.  H.  Knapp  in  the  University  String 
Quartette,  and  was  added  to  the  faculty  as 
Instructor  of  Violoncello.  Mr.  Walter 
Keller  was  also  added  as  Instructor  of 
Piano.  The  usual  student  and  faculty  con- 
certs were  given  and  the  commencement 
concerts  presented  a  distinct  advance  on 
previous  efforts,  both  in  the  selections  and 
in  the  performance  of  the  same.  Twelve 
students  were  graduated  from  the  Normal 
Course.  Doubtless  the  added  dignity  and 
importance  given  to  the  school  by  being 
housed  in  its  own  building  had  much  to 
do  with  the  general  prosperity. 

The  succeeding  year  was  a  repetition  of 
the  previous  experience,  that  a  very  decided 
gain  in  one  year  was  followed  by  a  slight 
reaction  in  the  following.  The  scholastic 
year;i898-99  showed  a  decrease  of  nine  stu- 
dents, but  a  gain  of  ten  per  cent  in  the  in- 
come. The  discrepancy  between  the  loss  in 
attendance  and  the  gain  in  income  meant 
that  a  larger  percentage  of  students  re- 
mained through  the  year,  and  that  there  was 
a  corresponding  decrease  in  the  unsatisfac- 
tory patronage,  composed,  for  the  most 
part,  of  triflers  who  enter  and  remain  but 
a  term  or  two. 

The  basement  of  Music  Hall  had  been 
originally  designed  for  a  gymnasium  for 
women,  and  the  prospect  of  soon  having  a 
properly  equipped  plant  was  hailed  with 
much  delight  and  enthusiasm  by  those  in- 
terested. It  was  a  keen  disappointment  to 
many  when  it  was  decided  to  sub-divide  the 
ground  floor  to  make  space  for  the  im- 
perative demands  of  the  music  school.  The 
results  of  this  change  added  ten  practice 
rooms  and  a  much-needed  class  room,  seat- 
ing seventy-five,  to  the  equipment  of  the 


school,  and  temporarily  relieved  the  pres- 
sure for  more  space. 

The  student  recitals  averaged  one  per 
week  and  evidenced  a  very  good  standard 
of  attainment.  Nine  students  were  grad- 
uated from  the  Normal  Course,  and  three 
from  the  Advanced  Course.  The  usual 
series  of  chamber  music  concerts  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  loss  of  the  viola  player 
in  the  University  String  Quartette,  owing 
to  his  departure  from  the  city. 

The  year  1899-190x3  exhibited  an  in- 
crease of  about  five  per  cent  in  the  attend- 
ance (the  total  number  being  297)  and  of 
fifteen  per  cent  in  the  income  of  the  school. 
The  largest  class  in  the  history  of  the 
school  was  graduated,  ten  in  the  Normal 
Course  and  three  in  the  Advanced  Course. 
The  most  important  event  of  the  year  was 
the  rearrangement  of  courses,  requiring 
four  years  for  graduation.  The  theoretical 
requirements  consist  of  ten  terms  of  har- 
mony, four  terms  of  musical  history,  four 
terms  of  sight-reading  and  musical  dicta- 
tion, eight  terms  of  counterpoint,  two  terms 
of  musical  form,  eight  terms  of  analysis 
and  four  terms  of  ensemble  playing.  In 
addition  the  candidate  is  required  to  show 
distinct  talent  as  a  performer  in  the  Prac- 
tical School,  or  as  a  composer  in  the  The- 
oretical School.  In  the  former  case,  two 
programs  are  required  of  standard  classical 
compositions.  Students  creditably  finishing 
two  years  of  this  course  are  entitled  to  a 
certificate,  but  a  diploma  is  given  only  for 
the  longer  course.  These  requirements  are 
equaled  by  but  few  schools  in  the  country. 

Mr.  Arne  Oldberg,  who  had  recently  re- 
turned from  extended  studies  in  Europe, 
was  added  to  the  faculty  as  Instructor  of 
Piano.  Mr.  Oldberg  studied  piano  in 
Vienna  with  Leschetitzky  and,  later,  com- 
position in  Munich  with  Rheinberger.  His 
abilities,  both  as  a  pianist  and  composer, 
have  attracted  the  favorable  attention  of 


140 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


the  profession  in  Chicago.  Mr.  Day  Wil- 
liams, one  of  the  most  gifted  of  local  'cel- 
lists, succeeded  Mr.  Franz  Wagner  both  in 
the  String  Quartette  and  as  instructor  of  the 
violoncello.  Mr.  Walter  George  Logan  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Caspar  Grilnberger  as  assistant 
in  the  violin  department,  and  Mr.  Frank 
Lee  Robertshaw  was  put  in  charge  of  the 
sight-reading  classes.  The  regular  faculty 
of  the  school  now  consisted  of  fifteen  mem- 
bers, of  whom  six  taught  piano,  two  violin, 
two  voice  culture,  two  organ,  two  theory, 
and  one  each,  musical  history,  composition, 
violoncello,  flute,  clarionet,  oboe,  bassoon, 
cornet,  French  horn  and  trombone. 

The  first  decade  of  the  music  school 
under  its  present  head  was  completed  with 
the  year  1900-01,  and  the  event  was 
marked  by  several  matters  of  interest  in  the 
development  of  the  school.  A  decided  in- 
crease in  attendance  crowded  the  capacity 
of  the  building  to  the  utmost,  and  forced 
many  students  to  make  arrangements  for 
their  practice  at  private  houses.  The  total 
number  of  students  for  the  year  was  348 — a 
gain  of  fifty-one  over  the  previous  year. 
For  the  first  time  a  fixed  sum  per  term  was 
charged  for  the  regular  courses,  instead  of  a 
graduated  scale  depending  upon  the  indi- 
vidual instructor.  This  charge  was  thirty- 
five  dollars  per  term,  and  included  private 
instruction  from  the  principal  instructors 
in  instrumental  or  vocal  music,  and  the 
privilege  of  attendance  at  the  required 
classes.  Considering  the  advantages  of- 
fered and  the  quality  of  instruction  given, 
the  charge  was  put  at  a  very  reasonable 
figure.  In  fact,  the  results  at  the  end  of 
the  year  proved  that  the  sum  was  hardly 
sufficient  to  cover  the  expenses  of  the 
course,  and  a  recommendation  to  increase  it 
to  forty  dollars  per  term  was  put  into  effect 
the  following  year. 

The  record  for  the  ten  years  showed  an 
increase  in  attendance  from  eighty-nine  to 


348,  and,  in  income,  of  over  400  per 
cent.  Six  members  of  the  faculty  give 
their  entire  time  to  the  school  as 
against  none  in  1890-91.  Extended  and 
comprehensive  courses  have  been  developed 
and  the  reputation  of  the  school  is  such  as 
to  bring  a  better  class  of  students  each  year. 
Graduate  students  from  the  smaller  music 
schools  come  to  us  and  expect,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  that  much  of  their  work  is  not  up 
to  our  requirements.  In  fact,  there  are 
very  few  who  are  able  to  enter  the  second 
year's  work. 

The  following  changes  took  place  in  the 
faculty:  Walter  G.  Logan  was  succeeded 
by  Lewis  Randolph  Blackman,  a  young 
violinist  of  excellent  reputation  in  Chicago. 
Mr.  John  Harlan  Cozine,  an  experienced 
and  well  known  voice  specialist  and  choral 
conductor,  and  Mr.  Anthony  Stankowitch, 
an  instructor  of  the  Clavier  method,  were 
added  to  the  list  of  instructors.  During  the 
year  an  interesting  series  of  historical  reci- 
tals was  given  by  various  members  of  the 
faculty,  beginning  with  a  lecture  on  Primi- 
tive Music,  with  illustrations,  by  Mrs.  Coe. 
This  was  followed  by  Bach,  Mozart,  Bee- 
thoven, Schubert,  Schumann  and  Chopin 
programs,  in  which  various  members  of  the 
faculty  assisted.  The  University  String 
Quartette  had  a  number  of  outside  engage- 
ments which  brought  forth  a  number  of 
flattering  press  notices  of  their  excellent  en- 
semble work.  This  was  notably  the  case  at 
Cleveland,  where  Mr.  Oldberg  assisted  in 
the  performance  of  a  new  Trio  of  his  own 
composition  for  piano,  violin  and  'cello. 
During  the  year  the  Dean  of  the  school  was 
honored  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Music 
by  the  Syracuse  University. 

Some  five  years  ago  a  Preparatory  De- 
partment was  formed  for  giving  thorough 
and  systematic  instruction  to  beginners  in 
music.  The  instructors  are  drawn  from  the 
more  talented  graduates  of  the  school,  the 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

HNIVERSIH  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


present  list  including  Mr.  Louis  Norton 
Dodge,  Director;  Mrs.  Nina  Shumway 
Knapp,  Miss  Elizabeth  Raymond,  Miss 
Mabel  Dunn,  Miss  Edna  Eversz,  Miss  Kath- 
erine  Hebbard,  Miss  Laura  Case  Whitlock 
and  Mr.  Curtis  A.  Barry.  This  department 
has  been  very  prosperous.  It  has  its  own 
solo  classes  and  recitals  which  stimulate 
ambition  and  emulation,  and  it  produces  far 
better  results  than  the  usual  private  home- 
training  of  young  children.  It  also  prepares 
the  more  gifted  ones  for  the  regular  courses 
and  accustoms  them  to  public  appearances. 

The  year  1901-02  was  signalized  by  ad- 
vancing to  professorships  Mrs.  Coe,  Mr. 
Oldberg  and  Mr.  Harold  E.  Knapp,  in  their 
respective  specialties  of  piano  and  musical 
history,  piano  and  composition,  and  violin 
and  ensemble  playing.  In  other  regards  the 
faculty  remained  the  same,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Miss  Una  Howell,  who  resigned  at 
the  middle  of  the  previous  year,  and  was 
replaced  by  Miss  Margaret  Cameron,  a  pupil 
of  Leschetitsky,  who  has  won  an  enviable 
position  as  pianist  and  teacher  in  the  city. 
The  registrations  numbered  366  for  the 
year,  and  the  income  exceeded  that  of 
the  previous  year  by  about  20  per  cent. 
Some  ten  students  completed  the  Certificate 
Course,  while  three  were  graduated  from 
the  Diploma  Course.  Of  the  thirty-five  or 
more  student  recitals,  thirteen  were  indi- 
vidual recitals,  giving  many  important  musi- 
cal compositions  and,  for  the  most  part,  the 
programs  were  memorized.  Advanced 
students  played  the  following  concertos: 
For  piano,  the  Beethoven  C  minor,  Men- 
delssohn G  minor,  Rubinstein  D  minor, 
Grieg  A  minor  and  St.  Saens  G  minor ;  for 
violin,  the  Beethoven  D  major  (first  move- 
ment), Mendelssohn  E  minor  and  Vieux- 
temps  A  minor. 

Advanced  classes  have  done  very  credit- 
able work  in  eight-part  counterpoint,  as  well 
as  in  double  and  triple  counterpoint,  fig- 


ured chorals  and  fugue  up  to  four  parts. 
Many  typical  works  by  Bach  and  Beethoven 
have  been  analytically  dissected  and  also 
concertos,  chamber  music  and  symphonies 
from  full  score.  Capable  students  have  as- 
sisted at  the  meetings  of  the  musical  section 
of  the  Woman's  Club,  the  Thomas  Orches- 
tral Class,  local  concerts,  and  have  given  bi- 
monthly Sunday  afternoon  entertainments 
at  the  University  Settlement.  Two  impor- 
tant compositions  of  Professor  Oldl>erg's 
have  received  their  first  performance  at  the 
faculty  concerts,  a  Trio  for  piano,  violin  and 
'cello,  and  a  String  Quartette.  This  latter 
work  was  repeated  at  a  concert  of  the  Chi- 
cago Manuscript  Society,  of  which  Profes- 
sor Oldberg  is  President.  Other  numbers 
on  the  same  occasion  were  the  Finale  from 
a  String  Quartette  by  Professor  Knapp,  and 
a  sacred  solo  for  contralto  with  violin  obli- 
gate by  Professor  Lutkin. 

A  matter  of  congratulation  has  been  the 
steady  increase  in  the  interest  and  appre- 
ciation of  the  Chamber  Music  Recitals  by 
our  faculty.  Works  of  this  character  are  the 
most  difficult  to  comprehend  in  all  musical 
literature,  and  many  of  the  greatest  com- 
posers have  confided  their  loftiest  inspira- 
tions to  this  most  refined  form  of  composi- 
tion, calling,  as  it  does,  upon  a  company  of 
individual  artists  for  its  proper  representa- 
tion. The  patience,  devotion  and  zeal  neces- 
sary to  produce  a  good  ensemble  of  con- 
certed instruments  is  something  enormous, 
and  the  school  and  the  community  are  very 
fortunate  in  having  professional  musicians 
of  such  high  ideals  and  ambitions.  For  the 
sake  of  those  interested,  a  list  is  appended  of 
the  works  given  during  the  past  seven  sea- 
sons, a  number  of  which  are  but  rarely  per- 
formed : 

Bach,   Concerto  for  two  Violins. 

Bargiel,  String  Quartette  No.  3,  Op.  15. 

Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello.  Op.  6.  No.  1 
Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  8.  No.  3. 


142 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


Beethoven,   String  Quartette,  Op.  15,  No.  3. 
String  Quartette,  Op.  18,  No.  2. 
String  Quartette,  Op.   18,  No.  6 
String  Quartette,  Op.  50,  No.  1. 
String  Quartette,  Op.  59,   No.  3. 
String  Quartette,  Op.  18,  No.  2. 
String  Quartette,  Op.  18,  No.  4. 
String   Quartette,  Op.  95. 
String  Quartette,  Op.  74. 
String  Trio,  Op.  9,  No.  3. 
Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  97. 
Serenade  for  Violin,  Viola,  and  'Cello,  Op.  8. 
Serenade  for  Flute,  Violin,  and  Viola.  Op.  25. 
Septette    for    Clarionet,    Bassoon,    Horn,    and 
Strings,  Op.  20. 

(Four   movements.     The   wind   instruments 
supplied  upon  the  organ.) 
Concerto  for  Violin,  Op.  61. 

(First   movement    with    Leonard    Cadenza.) 
Sonata  for  Piano  and  Violin,  Op.  47. 
Borodine.    Serenade    Espagnole    for   Strings. 
Brahms,  Quintette    for    Piano,    two    Violins,    Viola,    and 

'Cello,  Op.  34. 
Sextette  for  Strings,  Op.  18. 

Chopin,    Polonaise  for   'Cello   and   Piano,   Op.   3. 
Dvorak,  String  Quartette,  Op.  51. 

Quintette  for  Piano,  two  Violins,   Viola,  'Cello, 

Op.  81. 
Bagatelles   for   two   Violins,    'Cello,   and   Organ, 

Op.  47. 
Bagatelles   for   two   Violins,    'Cello,   and   Organ, 

Op.  95. 

String  Quartette,  Op.  96. 
Cesar  Franck,  Sonata  for  Piano  and  Violin. 
Foote,   Arthur,    Quintette   for    Piano,   two    Violins,   Viola 

and  'Cello.  Op.  38. 

Gade,  Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  42. 
Godard,  Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  72. 
Goldmark,   Quintette  for   Piano,  two  Violins,   Viola,   and 

'Cello,  Op.  30. 

Golterman,   Concertstueck  for  'Cello,  Op.  65. 
Grieg,  Sonata  for  Piano  and  Violin,  Op.  45. 
Sonata  for  Piano  and  Violin,  Op.  13. 
String   Quartette,   G.   minor. 
Hubbard  W.  Harris,  Sonata  for  'Cello  and  Piano. 

(Second  and  third  movements.) 
Handel,  Sonata  for  Piano  and  Violin,  A.  major. 
Haydn,  String  Quartette,  Op.  77,  No.  1. 

Variations   from   Kaiser   Quartette. 
Hoffmann,  Sonata  for  Violin  and  Piano,  Opi  67. 
Harold   E.   Knapp,  String  Quartette  in   C  major. 
Liadow,    Scherzo   for   Strings. 
P.  C.  Lutkin,  Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  1. 

(Second  movement.) 

Andante  for  Violin  and  Orchestra,  Op.  6. 
(Orchestral  part  arranged  for  strings  and  organ.) 
Mendelssohn,  String  Quartette,  Op.  12,  No.  1. 

Trio  for  Piano,  Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.  66. 
Sonata  for  'Cello  and  Piano,  Op.  45,  No.  1. 
Mozart,  Quintette  for  Clarionette  and  Strings. 

String  Quartette  No.  14. 
Arne  Oldberg,  String  Quartette,  C    minor. 

Trio  for  Piano,  Violin  and  'Cello,  E   minor. 
String  Quartette,  D    major. 


Rubinstein,  Sonata  for  'Cello  and  Piano,  Op.  18. 

(First   movement.) 
Sonata  for  Violin  and  Piano,  Op.  13. 

(First   movement.) 
String  Quartette,  Op.  17,  No.  3. 
Charles  Schubert,  Andante  and  Caprice  for  'Cello. 
Schubert,  String  Quartette,  Op.  29. 

(Two  movements.) 
String  Quartette,  D    minor. 

(Two  movements.) 
String  Quintette. 

Trio  for   Piano,   Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.   00. 
Trio   for   Piano,   Violin,  and  'Cello,  Op.   100. 

(Two  movements.) 
Quintette  for  Piano,  Violin,  Viola,  'Cello,   and 

Bass,    Op.    114. 
Schumann,  String  Quartette,  Op.  41,  No.  2. 

Quintette   for   Piano,  two   Violins,   Viola,   and 

'Cello,  Op.  44. 
Quartette  for  Piano,  Violin,  Viola,  and  'Cello, 

Op.  45. 

Saint  Saens,  Quintette  for  Piano  and  Strings,  Op.  14. 
Svendsen,  Allegro  Scherzando. 
Tschaikowsky,  String  Quartette,   Op.    11. 

Trio,  for  Piano,  Violin  and  'Cello,  Op.  50. 
Wathall,  A.  G.,  Suite  for  Strings. 
Weber,  Concerto  for  Clarionet,  Op.  7u. 

(Orchestral  part  arranged  for  Organ  and  Strings.) 
Weber,  Josef  Miroslav,  String  Quartette  in  B    minor. 

It  is  with  difficulty  that  the  business  of 
the  School  is  properly  attended  to  in  its 
present  inadequate  quarters.  Thirty  rooms 
with  as  many  pianos,  are  in  constant  use  for 
instruction  and  practice.  Ten  more  would 
only  relieve  our  immediate  necessities.  A 
concert  hall,  with  larger  seating  capacity, 
and  a  good-sized  organ  are  also  much  need- 
ed. That  the  conditions  exist  in  Evanston 
for  the  development  of  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  influential  schools  oi  music  in  the 
country,  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Students 
have  been  registered  from  China,  East  India, 
South  America,  Mexico,  France,  England, 
Newfoundland,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba 
and  twenty-eight  of  the  United  States.  Each 
year  brings  us  a  more  talented  and  desirable 
class  of  students,  as  our  reputation  expands. 
Very  capable  students  have  been  graduated 
and  at  least  three  prominent  Chicago 
churches  have  been  supplied  by  us  with 
organists,  where  the  duties  are  as  exacting 
as  any  churches  in  the  West.  A  gifted 
violin  student,  who  has  received  his  entire 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


training  in  the  school,  recently  played  for 
one  of  the  most  capable  judges  in  the  coun- 
try, and  his  work  was  most  highly  com- 
mended and  a  brilliant  future  for  him  pre- 
dicted. Alfred  G.  Wathall,  one  of  our  grad- 
uates in  theory,  has  written  the  music  to  a 
light  opera  in  conjunction  with  George  Ade, 
and  it  has  had  an  unprecedented  run  at  the 
Studebaker  in  Chicago.  Our  piano  grad- 
uates have  appeared  professionally  with 
success  and  many  have  established  good 
teaching  connections  and  send  capable  stu- 
dents to  us  every  year.  Another  has  gone 
to  Madison,  Wis.,  where  he  is  instructor  in 
the  University  of  Wisconsin,  has  the  most 
important  church  position  and  conducts  two 
choral  societies,  one  of  which  he  organized. 
These  instances  are  cited  to  show  some  of 
the  practical  results  of  the  School. 

A  crying  need  in  the  musical  education 
of  America  is  a  more  thorough  training  in 
the  theory  of  composition  in  music.  With- 
out this  we  can  never  attain  to  artistic 
prominence  in  the  world  of  art,  as  far  as 
original  work  is  concerned.  The  average 
American  composer  has  a  smattering  of 
harmony  and,  possibly,  a  faint  idea  of  strict 
counterpoint.  With  this  limited  equipment 
he  rushes  into  print  with  the  hope  of  meet- 
ing the  popular  taste  and  gaining  notoriety 
and  wealth.  Of  the  exacting  discipline  that 
would  place  the  material  of  musical  com- 
position at  his  ready  command,  the  close 
study  of  the  masters,  the  comprehension 
of  the  subtle  laws  of  esthetics,  of  propor- 
tion, balance  and  contrast,  of  even  the 
mechanical  outline  of  musical  forms,  he 
knows  little  and  cares  less. 

A  University  School  of  Music  should 
strive  to  supply  this  great  lack  and  to  estab- 
lish not  only  a  high  standard  of  musical 
learning,  but  of  general  culture  as  well.  It 
should  guard  against  the  one-sided  tenden- 
cies of  professional  education  and  add  to 
it  such  elements  as  will  serve  to  broaden  the 


vision,  enlarge  the  sympathies,  and  sharpen 
the  intellect  and  understanding.  Scholarli- 
ness  and  thoroughness  should  characterize 
its  teachings  and  its  faculty  should  stand  for 
the  highest  ideals  of  art.  Of  equal,  if  not 
greater,  importance  should  be  its  moral  tone 
and  influence.  The  sensitive  and  emotional 
nature  associated  with  the  artistic  tempera- 
ment should  be  safeguarded  in  every  possi- 
ble way.  In  large  cities  there  is,  unhappily, 
a  tinge  of  the  moral  laxity  prevalent  in 
European  capitals  among  professional  men. 
It  is  by  no  means  confined  to  musicians. 
It  is  a  most  dangerous  and  pernicious  en- 
vironment for  the  young  in  their  formative 
years,  and  not  infrequently  ends  most  dis- 
astrously. Against  these  lamentable  possi- 
bilities the  wholesome  surroundings  of 
Evanston  offer  a  marked  contrast.  Its 
churches  and  Christian  associations,  its 
freedom  from  saloons  and  questionable  re- 
sorts, together  with  its  educational  facilities 
and  attractive  location,  make  it  an  ideal 
home  for  the  pursuit  of  a  musical  educa- 
tion. 

Evanston,  with  its  beautiful  homes  and 
cultured  residents,  should  take  a  peculiar 
pride  in  the  cultivation  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
should  loyally  support  all  educational  ef- 
forts in  that  direction.  The  School  of 
Music  has  grown  steadily  from  small  be- 
ginnings and  its  one  advertisement  has  been 
its  own  work.  It  has  drawn  to  itself  an  able 
faculty  thoroughly  in  accord  with  Univer- 
sity ideals.  It  has  an  unusual  proportion  of 
men  actively  engaged  in  composition  of  the 
better  sort.  It  attracts  talented  students 
and  holds  them  to  such  an  extent,  that,  in 
several  instances,  the  entire  family  have 
changed  their  mode  of  life  in  order  to  live 
in  Evanston,  so  that  the  student  could 
reap  the  full  benefit  of  the  advantages  of- 
fered by  continuous  residence  here.  With 
its  Preparatory  Department  it  has  given  op- 
portunity to  a  number  of  its  capable  grad- 


144 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


uates  to  make  a  start  professionally.  Its 
faculty  and  student  recitals  have  been  open 
to  the  public  without  charge,  and  they 
have  formed,  together  with  the  concerts  of 
the  Evanston  Musical  Club,  by  far  the 
larger  and  more  important  part  of  the  musi- 
cal attractions  in  Evanston.  Concert  pro- 
grams that  are  arranged  to  please  the  aver- 
age audience  are  rarely  of  real  educational 
value.  The  school  has  consistently  and 
persistently  held  to  the  highest  standards, 
and  the  value  of  such  a  rigid  policy  is  not 
always  readily  recognized,  but  the  wisdom 
of  it  has  been  amply  justified  by  the  steady 
increase  in  attendance  and  appreciation. 
There  is  no  surer  gauge  of  real  refinement 
and  culture  than  the  measure  of  esteem  in 
which  good  music  is  held  in  a  community. 

But  Evanston  should  not  confine  its 
ambition  or  interest  to  the  welfare  of  a  Con- 
servatory of  Music.  Great  possibilities  exist 
here  for  the  development  of  the  art  outside 
the  scope  of  a  good  music  school.  Music 
Festivals,  after  the  plan  of  Cincinnati  or 
Worcester,  are  quite  feasible  here.  They 
are  managed  successfully,  both  from  an  ar- 
tistic and  a  financial  point  of  view,  at  such 
small  places  as  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  and 
Oberlin,  Ohio,  where  they  have  but  a  frac- 
tion of  our  advantages  or  facilities.  Still 
they  contrive  to  have  good  choruses  and 
orchestras  and  to  engage  really  great  artists. 
We  are  more  fortunately  situated  here,  in 
that  we  have  better  choral  resources,  and 
that  an  unsurpassed  orchestra  can  be  ob- 
tained without  the  great  expense  that  is 
entailed  by  transportation  and  hotel  accom- 
modations in  places  remote  from  large 
cities.  The  only  essential  lack  in  Evanston 
is  a  suitable  hall.  The  rest  is  merely  a 
matter  of  enterprise  and  ambition. 

The  music  festival  presents  peculiar  con- 
ditions for  the  effective  performance  of 
music — conditions  that  are  almost  a  neces- 
sity for  a  satisfactory  rendition  of  certain 
great  works.  These  works  require  an  enthu- 


siastic and  responsive  state  of  feeling  as  re- 
gards the  audience,  and  this  condition  is 
difficult  to  arouse  without  the  festival  spirit. 
The  stimulating  atmosphere  of  excitement, 
the  cumulative  effect  of  successive  perform- 
ances, the  concentration  of  artistic  talent, 
the  relaxation  from  the  ordinary  daily 
pursuits,  all  tend  to  put  the  hearer  in  a 
receptive  and  appreciative  attitude.  All 
these  elements  react  upon  the  performers 
and,  as  a  consequence,  results  are  realized 
which  would  be  quite  impossible  at  isolated 
concerts. 

The  permanent  establishment  of  annual 
or  biennial  festivals  would  give  Evanston 
an  artistic  prominence  obtainable  in  no 
other  manner.  With  its  great  University 
and  its  superior  moral  surroundings,  it  al- 
ready enjoys  a  most  enviable  reputation  as 
an  educational  center.  Add  to  this  the 
attraction  and  distinction  of  notable  musi- 
cal festivals,  and  Evanston  will  be  unique 
among  the  cities  of  the  West  as  an  artistic 
and  literary  community.  And  the  larger 
portion  of  gain  would  not  be  to  the  residents 
of  our  favored  town,  but  to  the  student 
hailing  from  the  farm  or  the  country  village. 
What  an  education  it  would  be  to  him  if,  in 
the  course  of  his  college  life,  he  would  have 
the  opportunity  to  hear  the  great  master- 
works  of  music  given  under  inspiring  and 
uplifting  conditions!  Coming,  as  they  do, 
from  all  quarters  of  the  Union,  many  of 
them  would  return  to  their  homes  as  so 
many  musical  missionaries,  fired  with  an 
ambition  to  do  what  they  could  for  good  art. 
Hundreds  would  go  forth  from  us  every 
year  with  their  esthetic  sense  stirred 
and  enlarged,  with  a  wholesome  respect  for 
the  great  names  in  music  and  an  apprecia- 
tive familiarity  with  the  standard  oratorios 
and  orchestral  works.  The  seeds  of  musical 
culture,  thus  sown,  would  bear  fruit  in 
scores  of  communities,  and  would  play  no 
small  part  in  the  higher  development  of  our 
country. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


145 


Events  of  1902-03. — The  year  1902-1903 
was  made  notable  by  an  increase  of  an 
even  hundred  students  in  attendance  and 
of  over  six  thousand  dollars  in  income. 
Courses  in  English  language,  English 
literature  and  modern  languages  were 
added  to  the  graduating  requirements 
with  the  result  of  bringing  to  the  Uni- 
versity a  better  class  of  students,  as  far 
as  general  education  was  concerned.  A 
series  of  eight  concerts,  known  as  the 
"Artists'  Series,"  was  begun,  given  alter- 
nately by  members  of  our  own  faculty  and 
by  visiting  artists.  The  latter  included 
Minnie  Fish-Griffin  in  a  song  recital ;  Ar- 
thur Hochman,  of  Berlin,  in  a  piano  reci- 
tal :  1'runo  Steindel  in  a  'cello  recital,  and 
Glenn  Hall,  of  New  York,  and  Allen 
Spencer,  of  Chicago,  in  a  joint  song  and 
piano  recital.  These  concerts  attracted 
a  large  attendance,  both  on  the  part  of 
the  students  and  the  town  people. 

Additional  quarters  for  the  kindergar- 
ten work  of  the  Preparatory  Department 
were  acquired  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building, 
and  the  school  was  unable  to  supply  all 
the  non-resident  students  with  pianos  for 
their  practicing.  The  graduating  con- 
certs brought  brilliant  performances  of 
the  Schumann  A  minor,  and  the  Rubin- 
stein D  minor  piano  concertos,  and  the 
Pagannini  concerto  for  violin.  Four  di- 
plomas and  thirteen  certificates  were  added 
to  our  list. 

Enlarged  Attendance  of  1903-04. — The 
year  1903-1904,  brought  the  attendance 
just  over  the  five  hundred  mark  and  the 
income  up  to  $35,000,  with  eight  gradu- 
ates in  the  diploma  course  and  eighteen 
in  the  certificate  course.  The  first  con- 
cert in  the  Artists'  Series  was  a  decided 
novelty  in  the  way  of  a  programme,  of 
chamber  music  for  piano  and  wood-wind 
instruments,  participated  in  by  Messrs. 
Starke,  Meyer,  Demare.  and  Kruse  of  the 
Thomas  Orchestra  and  Professor  Oldberg 


of  our  faculty.  Later  there  was  a  song  re- 
cital by  Gwylim  Miles,  a  violin  recital  by 
Leopold  Kramer,  concert-meister  of  the 
Thomas  Orchestra,  and  a  piano  recital  by 
Augusta  Cotlou.  As  usual,  the  L^niver- 
sity  String  Quartette,  under  Professor 
Knapp,  gave  four  excellent  concerts,  while 
Miss  Cameron,  Miss  Hull,  Mr.  Blackman, 
and  Mr.  Williams  of  the  faculty  all  ap- 
peared on  interesting  programmes.  Pro- 
fessor Stanley  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan gave  a  most  entertaining  lecture  on 
early  Venetian  opera,  and'  Gustav  Holm- 
quist  gave  a  most  artistic  recital  of  Scan- 
dinavian songs.  A  further  matter  of  in- 
terest was  the  first  performance  of  an 
elaborate  quintette  for  piano  and  string, 
by  Professor  Oldberg,  which  proved  to  be 
a  work  of  unusual  scope  and  worth. 

Five  of  the  advanced  students  and  grad- 
uates went  to  Europe  at  the  end  of  the 
school  year  to  continue  their  work  in 
Leipzig,  Berlin  and  Paris,  and  several  of 
them  at  once  won  prominence  by  reason 
of  their  talents  and  the  schooling  they  had 
received  in  Evanston.  Over  fifty  student 
recitals  were  given  during  the  year,  and 
many  hundred  compositions  for  piano,  or- 
gan, violin  and  voice  were  performed.  A 
house  opposite  Music  Hall  was  rented  and 
filled  with  pianos  for  practicing  purposes. 

Conditions  of  1904-05. — The  year  1904- 
1905  again  showed  a  recoil  in  attendance 
after  successive  gains  of  the  previous 
years,  the  enrollment  dropping  to  466. 
The  loss  in  income  was  not  relatively  so 
great,  as  a  large  proportion  of  students  re- 
mained through  the  year.  As  usual,  a 
number  of  inquiring  students  failed  to  ap- 
pear upon  learning  that  the  official  board- 
ing places  could  not  accommodate  them ; 
as  they  or  their  parents  objected  to  board- 
ing in  town,  principally  upon  the  score  of 
expense.  The  graduates  were  four  in  the 
graduate  class  and  fifteen  in  the  certifi- 
cate class. 


146 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


The  Artists'  Series  of  concerts  was  a 
notable  one.  With  the  co-operation  of 
the  Thomas  Study  class  and  the  Evan- 
ston  Musical  Club,  famous  artists  and  or- 
ganizations appeared.  The  first  of  these 
was  the  celebrated  Kneisel  Quartette  of 
Boston,  who  gave  us  a  fine  program,  re- 
markable for  its  charm  of  tone,  refine- 
ment of  shading,  and  artistic  interpreta- 
tion. This  was  followed  by  a  song  re- 
cital by  Muriel  Foster,  the  greatest  con- 
tralto now  upon  the  concert  stage.  On 
the  evening  previous  to  her  recital,  Miss 
Foster  appeared  with  the  Evanston  Mus- 
ical Club  in  Dvorak's  "Stabat  Mater" 
and  upon  the  same  occasion  Professor 
Oldberg  played  for  the  first  time  his  new 
symphonic  concerto  for  piano  and  orches- 
tra, a  brilliant  and  most  difficult  work,  in 
which  he  scored  a  great  success  both  as 
composer  and  pianist. 

In  February  the  Pittsburg  Symphony 
Orchestra,  under  the  magnetic  baton  of 
Emil  Paur.  gave  P.eethoven's  Overture  to 
Egmont,  the  same  composer's  Emperor 
Concerto  for  piano  and  orchestra  with 
Mr.  Paur  at  the  piano,  Tscharkowsky's 
Pathetic  Symphony  and  Wagner's  Vor- 
spiel  to  the  Meistersaenger.  The  concert 
provoked  the  utmost  enthusiasm,  due  to 
the  energy  and  virility  of  Mr.  Paur's  con- 
ducting. 

The  last  concert  by  visitors  was  an 
evening  of  old-time  music  by  Arnold  Dol- 
metsch's  party,  performed  upon  the  in- 
struments for  which  the  music  was  orig- 
inally written,  such  as  the  spinet,  harpsi- 
chord, dulcimer  and  viola  of  various 
kinds.  In  the  four  concerts  given  by  our 
own  faculty  a  number  of  standard  classi- 
cal string  quartettes  were  played,  and  a 
first  performance  of  a  Quintette  by  Caesar 
Franck,  in  which  Mrs.  Coe  supplemented 
the  University  Quartette  at  the  piano. 
With  the  assistance  of  Mrs.  Lida  Scott 


Brown  as  reader,  Mrs.  Coe  gave  a  per- 
formance of  her  popular  melodrama, 
"Hiawatha,"  before  a  large  and  apprecia- 
tive audience.  The  musical  themes  for 
this  work  are  largely  drawn  from  Indian 
sources,  and  are  judiciously  and  effective- 
ly applied  as  a  back-ground  to  the  recita- 
tion of  this  famous  poem. 

The  Outlook  of  1905-06. — The  present 
year  (1905-1906)  bids  fair  to  be  the  most 
prosperous  of  all  in  a  material  sense,  and 
the  school  shows,  in  many  ways,  the 
benefits  accruing  from  fifteen  years  of  en- 
deavor to  establish  an  institution  for 
musical  instruction  upon  a  worthy  aca- 
demic basis.  A  new  department  of  Pub- 
lic School  Methods  was  inaugurated  in 
the  fall,  designed  to  fit  candidates  for  the 
position  of  supervisor  of  music  in  the 
public  schools.  There  is  but  one  school 
in  the  West  that  specializes  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  in  this  branch  of  work, 
and  it  would  seem  that  such  a  depart- 
ment, with  the  collateral  advantages  of  a 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  a  well-equip- 
ped School  of  Music,  would  be  very  at- 
tractive. This  department  is  in  the  very 
capable  charge  of  Miss  Leila  M.  Harlow, 
supervisor  of  music  in  the  Evanston  grade 
schools. 

The  Artists'  Series  brought  the  Knei- 
sel Quartette  for  its  second  appearance 
here  and  a  song  recital  by  George  Ham- 
lin,  and  will  include  a  chamber  music  re- 
cital of  wood-wind  instruments,  at  which 
a  new  Quintette  for  piano,  oboe,  clari- 
net, French  horn  and  bassoon  of  Profes- 
sor Oldberg's  will  receive  its  first  pro- 
duction, and  a  piano  recital  by  Emil 
Paur. 

That  there  is  a  coterie  of  ardent  and 
sincere  music  lovers  in  Evanston  is  evi- 
denced by  the  increasing  interest  taken 
in  chamber  music.  The  concerts  of  the 
Kneisel  Quartette  have  been  patronized 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTCX 


to  an  extent  which  puts  Chicago  to  the 
blush,  and  the  keen  and  discriminating 
appreciation  for  string  quartette  music  is 
largely  due  to  the  unceasing  efforts  of 
Professor  Harold  Knapp  in  this  direction. 
He  has  labored  for  the  canst1  in  season 
and  out  of  season,  with  unflagging  zeal 
and  enthusiasm,  despite  discouragements 
and  lukewarm  interest,  and  it  is  pleasant 
to  chronicle  that  his  high  ideals  and  abid- 
ing faith  in  the  best  in  art  have  at  last 
won  recognition.  His  capable  quartette 
has  played  repeatedly  in  the  homes  of  our 
music  lovers  and  chamber  music  in  every 
sense  of  the  term  has  come  to  its  own. 
Professor  Knapp's  able  colleagues  are 
Messrs.  Lewis  R.  Blackmail,  Charles  El- 
ander  and  Day  Williams. 

Changes  in  Teaching  Force. — The  well- 
known  contralto,  Mrs.  Eleanor  Kirkham, 
was  added  to  the  vocal  force  of  the  fac- 
ulty and,  upon  her  removal  to  Xew  York, 
was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Lillian  French 
Read.  Provision  for  the  study  of  the  harp 
was  made  by  the  appointment  of  Mrs. 
Clara  Murray,  who  was  succeeded  by 
Walfried  Singer  of  the  Thomas  orches- 
tra. Mr.  Walter  Keller  and  Mr.  Anthony 
Stankowitch  resigned,  the  latter  to  ac- 
cept charge  of  a  large  music  department 
in  a  Southern  school.  Mr.  Alfred  G.  Wat- 
hall,  a  graduate  of  the  school  who  had 
been  appointed  instructor  in  harmony, 
and  who  played  viola  in  the  University 
String  Quartette,  resigned  in  order  to  pur- 
sue his  studies  in  London.  The  Evan- 
ston  Musical  Club  performed  a  very  cred- 
itable cantata  of  Mr.  Wathall's,  entitled 
"Alice  Brand."  for  chorus,  soli,  and  full 
orchestra.  His  undoubted  ability  as  a 
composer  has  enlisted  the  active  interest 
of  Sir  Villiers  Stanford  and  Sir  Frederick 
Bridge,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 
London. 

John  Skelton  was  succeeded  by  Charles 


S.  Horn  as  instructor  of  band  instru- 
ments, and  also  took  charge  of  the  Uni- 
versity Hand.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Raymond 
Woodward.  Mrs.  Xina  Shumway  Knapp, 
and  Miss  Bertha  A.  Beeman  were  ad- 
vanced from  the  Preparatory  Department 
to  the  regular  faculty.  Mr.  Irving  Ham- 
lin  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  school 
in  1902.  and  greatly  improved  the  busi- 
ness relations  of  the  school,  which  had 
formerly  been  in  the  hands  of  inexper- 
ienced students. 

The  following  names  appear  on  the  fac- 
ulty of  the  Preparatory  Department 
since  1902:  William  E.  Zench.  Mrs.  Car- 
rie D.  Barrows.  Grace  Ericson.  Elizabeth 
L.  Shotwell.  Mrs.  Hila  Yerbeck  Knapp. 
Sarah  Moore,  Juliet  Maude  Marceau.  Xel- 
lie  B.  Flodin  and  John  M.  Rosborough. 
The  last  five  mentioned  are  still  upon  the 
faculty. 

Necrology  of  the  Year. — The  sad  duty 
remains  of  making  record  of  the  death 
of  two  who  were  intimately  connected 
with"  the  school  —  the  one  as  teacher 
and  the  other  as  student.  Mrs.  Saidee 
Knowland  Coe.  Professor  of  Piano  and 
Musical  History,  and  wife  of  Professor 
George  A.  Coe.  of  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts,  died  at  Alameda.  Cal..  August  24. 
1905.  Mrs.  Coe  was  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  the  School  of  Music  for  eleven 
years  and  performed  her  duties  with  great 
fidelity  and  success.  As  a  pianist,  teacher 
and  lecture  recitalist  Mrs.  Coe  had  an  ex- 
tended reputation,  and  she  was  particu- 
larly interested  in  bringing  forward  new 
or  comparatively  unknown  works.  The 
courses  in  the  History  of  Music  were 
greatly  extended  under  her  direction  and 
compared  favorably  with  those  of  our 
greatest  schools  and  universities.  Her  lec- 
tures on  the  music  of  the  American  In- 
dians and  on  the  Wagner  music-dramas 
were  especially  noteworthy.  Mrs.  Coe 


148 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


had  resigned  her  position  in  the  School  of 
Music  and  had  been  appointed  as  a  spe- 
cial lecturer  on  music  in  the  College  of 
Liberal  Arts.  Her  plans  for  a  year's  vaca- 
tion in  Europe  for  recreation  and  study 
were  rudely  shattered  by  her  sudden 
death.  A  large  circle  of  friends  and  pupils 
mourn  her  loss  and  untimely  end. 

Earle  Waterous,  for  ten  years  a  violin 
student  under  Professor  Knapp,  died  at 
his  home  in  Evanston  November  15,  1905. 
Evincing  signs  of  unusual  ability  as  a 
mere  child,  he  was  given  a  thorough 


schooling  and  before  he  was  out  of  his 
'teens  had  acquired  a  very  unusual  tech- 
nical mastery  of  his  instrument.  Inter- 
ested friends  sent  him  to  Europe  and  he 
immediately  took  a  commanding  posi- 
tion in  the  Leipszig  Conservatory,  elicit- 
ing the  most  flattering  comments  from  the 
local  press  and  winning  predictions  of 
high  rank  as  a  virtuoso  from  his  teachers. 
With  every  promise  of  a  brilliant  career 
he  was  seized  with  a  dread  disease  and 
barely  reached  his  home  ere  he  passed 
away. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL  OF  ORATORY 


Professor  Ctimnock  as  Founder — Growth 
and  Standing  Due  to  his  Labors — First 
Class  Graduated  in  1881 — Its  Aim  and 
Branches  Taught — Building  Erected — Is 
Dedicated  in  1895 — Location  and  Descrip- 
tion— Advantage  over  Private  Institu- 
tions of  Like  Character — Training  in 
English  Composition  and  Rhetoric — En- 
rollment According  to  Last  Catalogue — 
Promising  Outlook  for  the  Future. 

The  existence,  growth  and  high  standing 
of  the  School  of  Oratory  of  the  North- 
western University  (generally  known  as  the 
Cumnock  School  of  Oratory),  is  largely  the 
outcome  of  the  life  and  labors  of  Prof. 
R.  L.  Cumnock.  Entering  the  service 
of  the  University  in  the  fall  of  1868,  he 
labored  for  ten  years,  doing  the  work  as- 
signed him  in  the  curriculum  of  the  College 
of  Liberal  Arts.  In  the  fall  of  1878  an 
urgent  demand  for  advanced  work  in  vocal 
expression  and  interpretation  resulted  in 
the  organization  of  a  special  department 
known  as  the  School  of  Oratory.  The  first 
class  was  graduated  in  1881.  The  special 
purpose  involved  in  the  organization  of 
this  new  department  was  to  furnish  instruc- 
tion and  training  in  three  subjects,  viz: 
Elocution,  English  and  Physical  Culture. 

The  chief  aim  of  the  school  was  to  pre- 
pare young  men  and  women  to  teach  these 
subjects  in  colleges,  academies,  high  and 


normal  schools.  For  many  years  the  stu- 
dents in  this  department  were  accommo- 
dated in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts.  From 
1890  to  1894  the  applications  for  admission 
to  the  school  were  so  numerous  that  many 
could  not  be  accepted  by  reason  of  the 
meager  accommodations  in  University  Hall. 
In  the  spring  of  1894  Professor  Cumnock 
secured  from  the  Trustees  a  site  on  the 
University  campus  and  assumed  the  entire 
responsibility  of  erecting  a  building  for  the 
special  use  of  the  School  of  Oratory.  The 
building,  with  its  equipment  costing  $30,- 
ooo,  was,  at  its  dedication  on  May  16,  1895. 
handed  over  to  the  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity by  Professor  Cumnock,  entirely  free 
from  debt. 

The  building  was  named  the  Annie  May- 
Swift  Hall,  in  memory  of  one  of  Professor 
Cumnock's  former  pupils,  whose  father. 
Gustavus  F.  Swift,  of  Chicago,  generously 
contributed  to  its  erection.  It  stands  just 
northeast  of  the  Liberal  Arts  Building,  near 
the  lake  shore.  Many  of  the  windows  look 
directly  upon  the  water,  and  from  every 
point  the  view  is  beautiful.  The  building  is 
of  the  Venetian  style  of  architecture.  The 
basement  is  of  rock-faced  Lemont  lime- 
stone, and  the  upper  stories  are  a  buff-col- 
ored Roman  brick  and  terra  cotta.  The 
roof  is  of  red  tile.  There  are  three  main 
entrances,  the  one  on  the  south  leading  to 
the  broad  corridor  that  opens  into  the  audi- 


149 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


toriuin.  and  the  other  two  on  the  east  and 
west  sides  of  the  building. 

The  auditorium,  though  not  large,  is  the 
handsomest  room  in  any  of  the  University 
buildings.  No  pillars  obstruct  the  view, 
as  the  roof  is  supported  by  iron  trusses 
stretching  from  the  roof  girders.  The  floor 
has  a  gentle  incline  to  the  stage  from  the 
sides  and  rear  of  the  auditorium,  so  that 
from  every  seat  an  excellent  view  may  be 
obtained.  This  building  gives  the  depart- 
ment the  best  facilities  of  any  school  of 
oratory  in  America,  and  enables  it  to  offer 
special  advantages  to  all  students  pursuing 
its  course  of  study. 

The  unique  feature  in  the  organization 
of  the  work  of  the  school  is  the  emphasis 
placed  upon  private  training.  Two  private 
lessons  in  elocution  are  given,  weekly,  to 
each  student  during  the  entire  course.  Be- 
ing free  from  rent  and  taxes,  which  other 
schools  of  like  character  are  compelled  to 


pay,  the  management  can  afford  to  provide 
this  personal  training  which  other  schools 
of  oratory  cannot,  or  do  not,  offer. 

In  a  large  measure  the  same  personal 
training  is  carried  on  in  English  composition 
and  rhetoric.  The  number  enrolled  in  the 
last  catalogue  of  the  school  is  214,  and  the 
patronage  is  increasing  slowly,  but  steadily. 
The  graduates  of  the  school  are  filling  im- 
portant positions  in  many  of  the  leading 
colleges  and  schools  of  the  Middle  West, 
while  a  flourishing  school  of  oratory,  named 
after  the  Director  and  managed  by  one  of 
the  former  teachers  of  this  Department,  is 
located  at  Los  Angeles.  California. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  the  future  of  this 
Department  is  secure,  and  that  students,  as 
they  come  to  learn  the  high  grade  and  qual- 
ity of  the  work  done  here,  will  enroll  them- 
selves, where  the  highest  art  in  public 
speaking  and  writing  are  essential  condi- 
tions for  graduation. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


UNIVERSITY  ATHLETICS 

(By  PKOF.  J.  SCOTT  CLABK,  A.  M.,  Lit.  D.) 


Evanston  Life-Saving  Crew — Tragic  Fate 
of  the  Steamer  "Lad\  Elgin"  Leads  to 
Its  Organization — Its  First  Members — 
List  of  Notable  Rescues — Service  Re- 
warded by  Issue  of  Medals  to  the  Crew 
by  Act  of  Congress — Baseball  History — 
The  Old  Gymnasium — Tug  of  War 
Teams — Football  Records — Athletic  Field 
and  Grand  Stand — Track  Athletics  and 
Tennis  Games. 

The  noblest  and  the  most  interesting 
chapter  in  the  history  of  athletics  at  North- 
western University  grows  out  of  the  fact 
that  its  founders  selected  for  the  University 
a  site  near  what  had  long  been  known  to 
lake  mariners  as  a  dangerous  point  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  As  the  determin- 
ation of  this  site  settled  the  site  of  Evanston, 
so  the  configuration  of  the  shore  at  this  point 
made  it  inevitable  that,  sooner  or  later,  there 
should  be  established  here  a  life-saving  sta- 
tion. Long  before  the  days  of  football 
teams,  coaches,  trainers,  and  the  like — long 
before  a  gymnasium  was  even  asked  for, 
a  volunteer  band  of  Northwestern  students 
made  themselves  immortal  and  won  the 
praise  of  the  nation  by  their  heroic  rescue 
of  passengers  from  the  ill-fated  steamer, 
the  "Lady  Elgin."  On  the  8th  day  of 
September,  1860,  a  merry  company  of  four 
hundred  souls  set  out  from  Chicago  for  an 


excursion  trip.  The  story  of  the  rapid  de- 
struction of  the  steamer  by  fire  and  the 
death  by  drowning  and  otherwise  of  all  but 
98  of  the  passengers,  is  one  of  the  tragic 
episodes  in  the  history  of  Chicago.  As  the 
terrified  victims  came  floating  toward  the 
shore  line  of  the  University  campus,  cling- 
ing to  bits  of  the  wreckage,  only  to  be 
tossed  cruelly  back  by  the  breakers,  while 
horrified  friends  who  lined  the  bluff 
shrieked  in  agony,  several  students,  led  by 
Edward  \V.  Spencer,  of  the  class  of  1861, 
stepped  out  from  the  crowd,  attached  ropes 
to  their  waists,  and  plunged  into  the  surf,  to 
risk  their  lives  in  an  effort  to  save  drowning 
women  and  children.  Again  and  again 
they  made  their  way  through  the  angry 
waves  and  deposited  in  safety  some  fainting 
victim  of  the  disaster.  It  was  only  when 
their  own  strength  gave  out  completely  that 
they  desisted.  Spencer  was  carried  to  his 
room  in  a  fainting  condition.  He  is  still 
living  (1903)  in  California,  and  it  is  as- 
serted on  apparently  good  authority  that 
his  health,  throughout  his  long  life,  has 
been  seriously  affected  by  his  voluntary  ex- 
posure in  behalf  of  the  victims  of  the  "Lady 
Elgin"  disaster. 

The  wide  interest  excited  by  the  action 
of  the  Northwestern  students  in  connection 
with  the  burning  of  the  "Lady  Elgin"  re- 
sulted in  the  organization,  in  October.  1872, 


151 


152 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


of  a  volunteer  crew  of  five  men  from  the 
Senior  class  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts. 
The  members  of  this  crew  have  since  be- 
come well  known  in  high  circles  in  the 
Central  West ;  they  were  L.  C.  Collins, 
George  Lunt,  E.  J.  Harrison,  Eltinge  El- 
more,  George  Bragdon,  F.  Roys,  and  M.  D. 
Kimball.  Soon  afterward  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven, 
then  President  of  the  University,  received 
from  Commodore  Murray,  then  in  charge  of 
the  United  States  life-saving  service,  a  pres- 
ent of  a  fine  life-boat,  and  Dr.  Haven  com- 
mitted the  boat  to  the  care  of  the  Senior 
class,  from  whose  members  the  crew  were 
selected.  The  boat  was  presented  with  the 
provision  "that  proper  care  will  be  taken  of 
it  and  that  it  will  be  officered  and  manned 
by  students,  who  will  train  themselves  and 
do  their  best,  if  an  emergency  arises,  to 
help  any  craft  that  may  be  in  danger  on  the 
coast  of  the  University."  We  find  no  record 
of  any  immediate  provision  for  housing  the 
boat ;  but,  in  1873,  the  students  petitioned 
that  the  life-boat  be  taken  from  the  ex- 
clusive control  of  the  Senior  class  and  be 
placed  in  charge  of  a  crew  selected  from  all 
classes,  according  to  their  best  physical  and 
moral  qualifications.  No  action  seems  to 
have  been  taken  during  1874,  but  in  1875 
the  boat  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  such  a 
crew  as  was  called  for  by  the  petition. 

In  December,  1876,  it  was  announced  that 
an  agreement  had  been  reached  with 
the  Federal  Government,  by  the  terms 
of  which  a  life-saving  station  was  to 
be  immediately  erected  by  the  Gov- 
ernment on  the  University  campus,  and 
that  a  crew  of  five  was  to  be  selected 
from  the  student  body,  irrespective  of 
classes,  which  was  to  be  captained  by  an 
experienced  seaman  paid  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

In  April,  1877,  E.  J.  Bickell,  '77,  was  ap- 
pointed captain  of  the  new  crew,  and  sixty 
other  students  applied  for  the  subordinate 


positions.  They  were  to  receive  $40  per 
month  during  the  season  and  $3  extra  for 
every  wreck  trip.  In  the  following  June  the 
college  faculty  nominated  as  members  of 
the  crew:  Warrington,  '79;  Hobart,  '79; 
King,  '79;  Piper,  '80;  Shannon.  '8 1 ;  and 
M.  J.  Hall  of  the  Preparatory  School,  and 
these  students  were  duly  accepted  by  the 
Government.  For  a  time  the  life-boat  was 
housed  in  a  temporary  structure  on  the 
beach,  but  in  1876  the  Government  erected 
the  eastern  two-thirds  of  the  present  Life- 
Saving  Station  at  a  cost  of  about  six  thou- 
sand dollars.  The  site  selected  was  on 
ground  now  covered  by  Fisk  Hall.  Prior 
to  the  erection  of  the  latter  building,  in  the 
summer  of  1899,  the  station  was  removed  to 
its  present  site  on  land  then  newly  made 
near  the  water's  edge. 

Since  the  formal  organization  of  the 
Evanston  life-saving  crew,  in  1877,  as  a 
regular  part  of  the  government  service,  over 
four  hundred  lives  have  been  saved  by  its 
agency.  The  following  tabular  statement 
is  taken  from  the  records  somewhat  at  ran- 
dom, and  is  typical  of  the  work- of  the  crew 
since  1883.  To  such  rescues  as  these  must 
be  added  scores  of  cases  where  vessels  have 
been  relieved  from  awkward  or  dangerous 
situations,  but  where  it  was  not  found  neces- 
sary to  remove  either  passengers  or  crews. 
Besides  the  aggregate  of  over  four  hundred 
lives  the  local  life-saving  crew  has  saved 
property  amounting  to  millions  in  value: 


Date. 

Name  and                    No.  Brought 
Class  of                             Ashore    in 

Vessel                            Surf-boat. 

May    9.  1883. 

Schooner 

•Kate  E.  Howard." 

8 

Sept.  19,  1886. 

Schooner 

'Sodus." 

Z 

June  19.  1887. 

Schooner 

'Sunrise," 

7 

Nov.  24.  1887. 

Schooner 

•Halstead," 

M 

Oct.  •£>.  1889. 

Schooner 

'Ironton," 

8 

Nov.  28,  1889. 

Steamer, 

'Calumet," 

u 

May   18.  18O4. 

Schooner 

'Lincoln    Ball," 

4 

May  26.  1R93. 

Schooner 

'J.   Emory  Owen," 

2« 

Nov.  26,  1895. 

Steamer,      'Michigan," 

9 

Of  these,  the  rescues   from   the  vessels 
"Calumet,"  "Owen,"  and  "Michigan,"  are 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


153 


the  most  noteworthy.  By  reference  to  the 
dates  it  will  be  seen  that  two  rescues 
were  made  very  late  in  November,  nearly 
a  month  after  the  crews  were  off  from  reg- 
ular summer  and  autumn  duty.  In  both 
cases  the  rescues  were  made  in  the  teeth 
of  fierce  gales  and  blinding  snowstorms. 
Both  involved  tremendous  and  heroic  exer- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  crew,  in  order  to  get 
the  surf-boat  launched  at  the  points  opposite 
the  wrecks.  The  "Calumet"  was  stranded 
at  the  very  unusual  distance  of  one  thousand 
yards  from  the  shore.  The  aggregate  value 
of  the  three  vessels,  with  their  cargoes, 
was  over  $252,000.  Not  a  life  was  lost  in 
any  of  the  rescues  enumerated  in  the  fore- 
going table.  Mention  should  also  be  made 
of  the  large  number  of  persons  who  have 
been  rescued  from  capsized  row-boats  and 
of  the  rescued  children  who  have  fallen 
from  the  piers. 

The  present  captain,  Patrick  Murray 
(1904),  was  appointed  July  18,  1903,  after 
having  served  as  surfman  seven  years  at  the 
North  Manitou  Island  station,  two  years  at 
Muskegon  station,  and  five  years  al  Evan- 
ston. 

Captain  Lawrence  O.  Lawson,  who  made 
such  a  worthy  record  for  twenty-three  years 
at  the  head  of  our  station,  was  born  in  Swe- 
den in  1843,  and  began  the  life  of  a  sailor 
at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1 86 1,  and  sailed  on  the  Great  Lakes 
during  the  following  three  years.  He  be- 
came a  citizen  of  Evanston  in  1864,  engaged 
in  fishing  for  a  time,  and  was  appointed  Cap- 
tain of  the  crew  in  1880.  In  addition  to  his 
services  in  aiding  to  save  nearly  five  hun- 
dred lives,  Captain  Lawson  originated  the 
system  of  righting  the  Beebee-McClellan 
surf-boat,  which  has  since  been  adopted  by 
the  Government  for  use  by  all  the  crews  of 
the  service.  In  rescuing  the  "Calumet,"  as 
already  described,  Captain  Lawson  and  his 
crew  manifested  such  courage  and  endur- 


ance that  Congress  awarded  to  each  man  a 
gold  medal  for  "saving  life  from  the  perils 
of  the  sea."  The  medal  consists  of  a  gold 
bar  from  which  hangs  a  broad  ribbon  sup- 
porting a  golden  eagle,  sustaining  in  his 
beak  a  heavy  disk  of  gold.  The  medal  com- 
plete weighs  about  four  ounces.  In  a  circle 
on  the  face  of  the  medal  are  the  words 
"United  States  of  America — Act  of  Con- 
gress, June  2Oth.  1874."  In  high  relief  is  a 
representation  of  a  crew  in  the  act  of  saving 
a  drowning  person.  On  the  obverse,  in  a 
circle,  are  the  words :  "In  memory  of  heroic 
deeds  in  saving  life  from  the  perils  of  the 
sea."  In  relief  is  a  tablet,  surmounted  by 
an  eagle,  with  a  woman's  figure  on  the  left, 
while  on  the  right  are  an  anchor  and  seals. 
Each  medal  is  inscribed  to  its  owner:  "For 
heroic  services  at  the  wreck  of  the  'Calu- 
met,' Nov.  28,  1889."  In  addition  to  Cap- 
tain Lawson,  the  crew  who  thus  honored 
Evanston  in  honoring  themselves  were :  W. 
M.  Ewing,  F.  M.  Kindig,  E.  B.  Fowler,  \V. 
L.  Wilson,  G.  E.  Crosby,  and  Jacob  Loin- 
ing,  all  University  students  at  the  time. 

BASEBALL. 

Little  seems  to  have  been  done  in  the  way 
of  general  college  athletics  during  the  first 
twenty-five  years  of  Northwestern's  exist- 
ence. In  fact,  systematic  athletics  were  as 
yet  undeveloped  in  this  country.  Lawn  ten- 
nis had  not  been  imported,  track  athletics 
were  in  an  incipient  stage,  and  the  modern 
game  of  football  was  unknown.  The  village 
of  Evanston  was  small,  and  the  college  was 
smaller.  There  was  plenty  of  wood  to  saw, 
and  there  was  now  and  then  a  citizen's  cow 
to  be  pulled  out  of  the  slough  that  existed 
in  all  its  depth  along  the  present  line  of  our 
railways.  In  such  diversions  as  these  did 
the  early  sons  of  Northwestern  engage  for 
the  development  of  their  physical  strength 
and,  incidentally,  the  repletion  of  their  thin 
purses.  With  the  incoming  of  the  'seventies 


154 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


baseball  began  to  be  called  "the  national 
game,"  and  our  boys,  like  all  normal  youths, 
soon  caught  the  fever. 

As  early  as  the  spring  of  1871,  we  read 
of  inter-class  games,  and  in  June  of  that 
year  a  nine,  of  which  Mr.  James  Raymond 
was  a  member,  placed  on  record  the  first 
publicly  recorded  score,  which  stood  North- 
western 35,  "The  Prairies"  (a  local  Chicago 
nine)  7.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1871,  occurred 
a  memorable  series  of  events,  no  small  part 
of  which  were  athletic  in  character.  This 
was  the  day  when  ten  thousand  people 
gathered  from  all  the  surrounding  country 
in  the  campus  grove;  when  the  Ellsworth 
Zouaves  paraded  under  General  John  L. 
Beveridge  as  Grand  Marshal;  when  $10,- 
ooo  was  raised  to  set  the  young  University 
on  its  feet,  and  when  the  corner-stone  of  the 
"Evanston  College  for  Ladies"  (now  Wil- 
lard  Hall)  was  laid.  This  was  an  indepen- 
dent school  until  June,  1873.  Of  the  $10,- 
ooo  raised  on  this  memorable  day,  $2,500 
was  given  by  Governor  Evans,  whose  name 
our  city  bears  ;  several  thousands  were  given 
by  other  friends  of  higher  education,  and  r.n 
small  sum  was  raised,  as  the  college  paper 
says,  "by  sales  and  exhibitions."  These  ex- 
hibitions seem  to  have  consisted  of  what 
would  now  be  called,  in  the  parlance  of 
track  athletics,  various  "events,"  such  as 
jumps,  ball-throwing,  tub-races,  boat-races 
on  the  lake,  etc.,  etc.  So  we  may  say  with 
much  of  accuracy  that  Northwestern's  for- 
mal athletics  began  with  a  field  day.  Some 
features  of  this  first  field  day  are  worth 
chronicling  in  detail.  Here  they  are : 

"Baseball  match  between  Ladies'  College 
nine  and  Northwestern  University ;  prize  a 
silver  ball ;  score,  57  to  4  in  favor  of  North- 
western." (What  an  ominous  beginning 
for  co-education!) 

"Regatta — Yachts,  six-oared  barges,  and 
sculls ;  prize  an  ice-set  and  three  flags." 


"Exhibition  drill  by  the  Ellsworth 
Zouaves." 

"Baseball  match  with  the  'Atlantics'  of 
Chicago." 

During  the  spring  and  fall  of  1871  the 
University  nine  played  ten  games  with  non- 
college  nines,  including  the  afterward  fa- 
mous White  Stockings  of  Chicago,  whom 
the  college  boys  beat  by  a  score  of  18  to  12, 
and  two  with  Racine  College,  in  which 
each  side  scored  but  once.  The  highest 
recorded  score  of  the  season  was  68 — a  fact 
that  speaks  volumes  as  to  the  crudeness  of 
the  game  and  the  players  of  those  early 
ilays.  Of  the  twelve  games,  our  team  won 
ten. 

During  the  next  decade,  and  longer,  the 
four  colleges  of  what  was  then  literally  the 
Northwest  were  Northwestern  University, 
Chicago  University  (the  old  institution,  dis- 
continued in  1885),  Racine  College,  and, 
later,  Lake  Forest  University.  The  great 
State  Universities  that  have  since  so  largely 
dominated  Western  college  athletics,  were 
then  either  unborn  or  still  in  their  infancy, 
and  the  custom  of  making  long  trips  for  in- 
tercollegiate games  had  not  become  estab- 
lished. We  find  no  records  for  1872  and 
1873,  but  during  1874  a  team,  which  in- 
cluded John  Hamline  as  short-stop  and 
Charles  Wheeler  as  center-fielder,  played 
nine  intercollegiate  games.  In  the  "final"  for 
"the  championship  of  the  Northwest,"  Ra- 
cine won  by  a  few  points.  As  compared 
with  "our  ancient  enemy,"  Chicago,  the 
total  score  for  the  season  was  Northwestern 
University  42,  Chicago  University,  34. 

From  1875  to  the  present  day  the  baseball 
records  of  Northwestern  are  chequered  but 
not  discreditable.  In  1875  we  won  the  silver 
ball  and  "the  championship  for  the  North- 
west," with  Charles  Wheeler  as  left-fielder. 
W.  G.  Evans,  '77,  son  of  Governor  Evans, 
and  George  Lunt,  '72,  were  the  leaders  in 


/x   '(.<  ,d  -    JL.t'ns/* 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


155 


the  University  athletics  of  the  early  seven- 
ties. In  1876,  at  Waukegan,  was  formed 
the  first  intercollegiate  baseball  association 
in  this  section,  and  the  games  of  the  season 
transferred  the  silver  ball  and  the  champion- 
ship to  Chicago.  During  this  year  batting 
records  of  the  college  nines  began  to  be 
published.  By  the  terms  of  the  constitution 
of  this  intercollegiate  association,  each  col- 
lege was  to  play  two  games  with  each  of  the 
other  three  institutions.  In  1877  Chicago 
again  won  the  championship.  During  1878 
the  colors  white  and  brown  were  adopted 
by  the  Northwestern  players,  and  a  regular 
baseball  diamond  was  laid  out,  "resodded, 
and  rolled,"  on  the  site  where  the  Orrington 
Lunt  Library  building  now  stands.  It  was 
during  this  year  that  the  first  efforts  were 
made  to  check  the  already  growing  tendency 
toward  professionalism.  Before  this  year 
the  custom  seems  to  have  been  to  use.  as 
players  on  any  college  team,  the  best  men 
obtainable,  without  much  scrutiny  as  to  their 
actual  relation  to  the  scholastic  curriculum 
of  the  college.  But  in  the  constitution  of 
the  "Intercollegiate  Baseball  Association" 
that  was  in  force  during  1878,  I  find  the  fol- 
lowing article : 

"The  captains  of  the  respective  nines  must 
file  with  the  secretary  of  the  Association,  be- 
fore April  2Oth,  the  names  of  their  respec- 
tive nines  and  of  the  substitutes,  together 
with  a  certificate  from  the  secretary  of  the 
Faculty  showing  that  the  players  have  been 
in  daily  attendance  at  their  respective  insti- 
tutions for  twenty  days  previous  to  the  first 
announced  league  game." 

It  will  be  seen  that,  while  this  action  did 
not  prevent  a  student  from  entering  college 
for  a  course  in  baseball,  it  was  the  first  step 
toward  pure  college  athletics  in  the  Central 
West. 

During  1878  the  silver  ball  went  to  Ra- 
cine College. 


In  1879  our  team  defeated  Racine  once 
and  Chicago  twice.  In  1880  the  games  of 
the  Association  resulted  in  a  tie  between 
Racine  and  Northwestern :  and,  as  Racine 
refused  to  play  off  the  tie,  thus  retaining 
possession  of  the  silver  ball  trophy.  North- 
western withdrew  from  the  association. 

Because  of  the  disruption  of  the  old 
league  there  seems  to  have  been  no  inter- 
collegiate baseball  here  during  1881.  but 
in  December  of  that  year  delegates  from 
Racine  College,  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin, the  University  of  Michigan.  Chicago 
University  and  Northwestern  met  in  Chi- 
cago and  formed  a  new  league.  The  limits 
of  our  space  forbid  a  detailed  account  of  the 
baseball  games  from  1881  to  1903.  Over 
our  defeats  it  is  fair  to  draw  the  mantle  of 
oblivion :  over  our  victories  we  have  a  right 
to  rejoice.  In  1883,  when  the  University 
of  Michigan  had  withdrawn  from  the  base 
ball  league,  and  when  Beloit  College  had 
been  admitted  instead.  Northwestern  won 
the  championship  of  the  league  w-ithout  los- 
ing a  single  game.  The  team  for  that  year 
consisted  of  Plummer,  Huxford,  Rollins, 
Stewart.  Bannister.  Policy,  Tillinghast,  Dill- 
man  and  Tomlinson. 

Again  in  1889  we  won  the  championship 
of  the  Northwest  and  a  pennant,  with  a 
team  consisting  of  T.  C.  Moulding.  J.  A. 
Rogers,  A.  P.  Haagenson,  M.  P.  Noyes,  F. 
C.  Chapin,  A.  B.  Fleager,  C.  C.  Johnson. 
L.  H.  Stewart,  and  H.  H.  Jones ;  and  in 
1891  the  championship  was  again  awarded 
to  Northwestern.  In  1892  we  won  the 
championship  in  the  smaller  league  ( the  old 
league),  and  secured  the  second  place  in 
a  new  league,  including  the  great  State  uni- 
versities of  the  Middle  West.  In  1894  our 
team  defeated  Chicago  in  three  excellent 
games,  one  of  12  and  one  of  10  innings,  the 
scores  being,  respectively.  3-2,  8-t.  and  6-4 
in  our  favor.  During  this  season  we  also 


156 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


defeated  Wisconsin  9  to  8,  Oberlin  1 1  to  6, 
Wisconsin  again  4  to  i,  and  Minnesota 
6  to  2. 

So  the  season  of  1894  is  the  banner  year 
of  our  baseball  history  ;  for,  by  winning  nine 
games  in  succession,  we  were  fairly  en- 
titled to  the  intercollegiate  baseball  cham- 
pionship of  the  Central  West.  The  men  who 
thus  shed  undying  glory  on  Alma  Mater 
were:  John  H.  Kedzie  (Captain),  Frank 
Griffith,  C.  N.  Jenks,  J.  K.  Bass,  C.  D.  Mc- 
Williams,  Otis  Maclay,  W.  D.  Barnes,  T.  H. 
Lewis,  W.  A.  Cooling,  C.  D.  Reimers,  A.  E. 
Price  and  C.  L.  Leesley.  The  loss  of  several 
of  these  star  players  by  graduation  left  the 
team  of  1895  unable  to  win  many  victories, 
and  the  team  of  1896  was  not  much  more 
successful.  In  '97  the  fates  were  kinder  to 
us,  and  we  defeated  Nebraska,  Beloit,  Ohio 
State,  and  Wisconsin,  by  good  scores ;  '98 
was  another  off  year  in  Northwestern  base- 
ball ;  in  '99  we  defeated  Chicago  once  and 
Wisconsin  once;  in  1900  we  defeated  Chi- 
cago once  and  Oberlin  once :  in  1901  Illi- 
nois was  our  only  victim  among  "the  big 
nine";  in  1902  we  defeated  Chicago  twice, 
Nebraska  once,  and  Beloit  once.  The  sea- 
sons of  1903  and  1904  have  not  been  suc- 
cessful. 

THE  OLD  GYMNASIUM. 

The  movement  for  the  erection  of  a  gym- 
nasium was  begun  by  under-graduates.  In 
October,  1875,  two  young  men,  since  prom- 
inent in  Evanston  and  Denver,  Messrs. 
Frank  M.  Elliot  and  W.  G.  Evans,  issued 
a  circular  setting  forth  the  project  of  build- 
ing a  gymnasium  and  soliciting  aid  from 
the  friends  and  graduates  of  the  institution. 
They  soon  perfected  an  organization,  under 
the  laws  of  the  State,  with  F.  M.  Elliot,  W. 
G.  Evans,  F.  M.  Bristol,  F.  M.  Taylor,  A. 
W.  McPherson,  and  J.  A.  J.  Whipple  as 
commissioners.  These  under-graduates  pro- 
ceeded to  issue  $4,000  worth  of  stock  in 
shares  of  $10  each,  whose  duration  was  for 


ninety-nine  years.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  the  University  was  then  still  in  its 
early  infancy  and  that  the  students  were 
few  in  number  and  poor  in  purse.  But  their 
faith  in  themselves  and  in  the  future. was 
sublime.  Fourteen  hundred  dollars  was 
soon  raised  by  sales  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty-nine  subscribers,  nearly  every  one 
being  an  under-graduate.  Work  was  begun 
in  December,  1875,  ancl  by  tne  Ist  °f  Febru- 
ary the  building,  40x80,  resting  on  a  brick 
foundation,  was  erected,  enclosed,  and  par- 
tially equipped,  at  a  total  cost  of  $1,900.  It 
was  not  found  possible,  at  that  time,  to 
complete  the  exterior  of  the  building  by 
casing  the  walls  with  brick,  according  to  the 
original  plan.  A  bowling  alley  was  built 
in  the  basement  by  the  Sigma  Chi  fraternity, 
and  the  "gym"  was  very  popular  with  the 
under-graduates  until  1878,  when  it  began 
to  lose  its  attractions.  To  quote  one  of  the 
original  commissioners :  The  new  generation 
of  students  did  not  or  could  not  raise  money 
to  veneer  the  building  in  order  to  protect 
it  and  to  repair  the  worn-out  apparatus. 
It  was  necessary  to  do  something  before  all 
should  be  lost  or  ruined.  It  was  finally 
decided  to  have  the  University  take  the 
property  and  maintain  it  as  a  "gymnasium." 
Through  the  indefatigable  efforts  of  Mr. 
George  Lunt,  of  the  class  of  '72.  a  major- 
ity of  the  stock  was  finally  secured,  and  was 
transferred  to  the  Trustees,  on  condition 
that  they  should  complete  the  building,  fur- 
nish it  with  necessary  apparatus,  assume  all 
liabilities  of  the  association,  and  maintain 
the  building  and  the  apparatus  in  good  re- 
pair for  gymnasium  purposes  only.  The 
transfer  was  completed  in  the  spring  of 
1881,  and  one  of  the  first  acts  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Cummings,  then  recently  elected  President 
of  the  University,  was  to  induce  the  Trus- 
tees to  veneer  the  building.  The  interior 
was  cased  with  lumber  by  the  students  and 
members  of  the  Faculty,  including  the  ven- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


157 


erable  President,  the  trustees  furnishing 
only  the  lumber  and  the  nails.  New  appar- 
atus was  put  in,  and  the  rejuvenated  "gym" 
was  opened  with  a  public  entertainment  on 
February  20,  1883. 

The  feelings  of  the  under-graduates  were 
expressed  thus  by  Mr.  M.  M.  Gridley. 
editor-in-chief  of  the  college  journal  in 
1882-83:  "Once  more  the  gymnasium  is  a 
topic  of  great  interest.  It  is  not  now,  as 
it  was  last  year,  a  source  of  grumbling  and 
discontent.  Instead  of  a  broken-down, 
weather-beaten  old  building,  an  eye-sore  to 
the  campus,  it  is  a  fine-looking  brick  struc- 
ture, a  thing  of  beauty  and  a  joy  forever. 

.  .  .  .  We  now  have  one  of  the  fin- 
est and  most  complete  gymnasiums  in  the 
West."  (Sic.)  As  an  assurance  of  better 
things  in  the  college  athletics,  the  Trustees 
at  this  time  engaged  a  regular  instructor 
in  physical  culture.  Mr.  C.  A.  Duplessis, 
who  held  the  position  until  October,  1883. 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Philip 
Greiner.  Mr.  Greiner  continued  to  act  as 
physical  instructor  until  June,  1894,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Bryan.  At 
the  opening  of  the  college  year  1898,  the 
gymnasium  and  the  physical  work  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Dr.  C.  M.  Hollister,  who 
held  the  place  until  December,  1902.  The 
present  physical  director  (1903)  is  Mr. 
Horace  Butterworth,  who  has  made  an  en- 
viable reputation  in  such  work  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago. 

THE  TUG-OF-WAR  TEAMS. 

During  the  later  'eighties  and  die  early 
'nineties  the  athletes  of  Northwestern  ob- 
tained wide  fame  in  a  test  of  muscle  not 
ordinarily  given  much  emphasis  in  college 
athletics.  We  refer  to  our  memorable  tug- 
of-war  team,  of  which  the  instructor  was 
the  organizer  and  a  prominent  member.  We 
find  the  first  notice  of  the  team  in  1886. 
In  1887  they  won  a  medal  in  a  contest  with 


a  team  from  the  Casino  Gymnasium,  then 
recently  established  in  Chicago,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  they  won  "the  champion- 
ship" and  a  silver  cup  by  defeating  a  team 
from  the  Illinois  National  Guards.  This 
original  tug-of-war  team  consisted  of  Philip 
Greiner,  H.  Caddock,  C.  T.  Watrous,  W.  W. 
Wilkinson,  and  C.  Greenman. 

During  1888,  when  E.  B.  Fowler,  H.  R. 
Hayes,  J.  B.  Loining,  J.  G.  Hensel,  A.  H. 
Phelps,  and  J.  T.  Hottendorf  had  been 
added  to  the  team,  Messrs.  Wilkinson  and 
Greenman  having  dropped  out,  they  de- 
feated a  Pullman  team,  the  Casino  Gymna- 
sium team  of  Chicago,  the  Chicago  Amateur 
Athletic  Club  team,  and  the  Illinois  National 
Guard  team;  and  in  April  of  that  year,  in 
a  contest  with  three  teams  at  the  Casino 
Gymnasium,  they  proved  themselves  cham- 
pions and  won  five  gold  medals.  During 
1889  they  continued  their  victories  over  all 
local  teams,  winning  various  prizes  and  se- 
curing possession  of  the  Meriden  cup.  It 
was  this  team  that  really  began  the  practice 
of  inter-department  contests  at  North- 
western; for  we  read  that,  on  University 
Day,  in  January,  1890,  the  tug-of-war  team 
defeated  teams  from  our  Medical  and 
Dental  Schools,  respectively.  During  the 
spring  of  1890  they  defeated  several  local 
teams,  and  won  the  championship  of  the 
West,  securing  permanent  possession  of  the 
Hub  cup.  After  several  local  victories  earlv 
in  1891,  the  team  made  an  Eastern  trip,  with 
the  intention  of  meeting  teams  from  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
Harvard.  Columbia,  and  other  Eastern  Uni- 
versities. Only  one  of  these  proposed  con- 
tests was  ever  held.  After  beating  the 
Technology  team  in  three  trial  contests,  our 
team,  in  the  final  contest,  lost  the  "drop"  by 
five  inches,  and  were  defeated  by  two  and 
one-half  inches.  But  their  display  of  skill 
and  brawn  was  such  that  the  teams  from 
the  other  great  institutions  of  the  East  found 


158 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


it  wise  to  excuse  themselves  from  pulling, 
on  the  ground  of  illness,  etc.  This  was  not 
the  last  time  that  an  Eastern  team  has  de- 
clined to  match  conclusions  with  one  from 
the  West. 

THE   MOVEMENT  AGAINST   PROFESSIONALISM. 

We  have  spoken  of  the  beginning  of  the 
movement  against  professionalism  in  West- 
ern college  athletics.  In  this  movement  the 
representatives  of  Northwestern  University 
have  had  a  prominent  and  very  creditable 
part.  In  1883  the  Western  Baseball  Asso- 
ciation, then  made  up  of  Racine,  Wisconsin, 
Chicago,  Northwestern,  and  Beloit.  enacted 
further  rules  forbidding  a  student  player  to 
play  on  a  professional  team  during  the  col- 
lege season  or  to  take  pay  for  playing  any- 
where during  such  a  season,  requiring  a 
previous  residence  in  college  of  at  least 
two  terms,  and  making  ineligible  any  man 
"whose  college  expenses  are  in  any  way 
borne  by  men  connected  with  baseball  in- 
terests." The  new  association  of  1891  ad- 
vanced the  good  work  by  enacting  that  a 
candidate  for  a  college  team  position  must 
Le  carrying  at  least  five  hours  of  work  in 
class  per  week,  must  not  receive  in  any 
way  compensation  for  playing  on  the  college 
team  or  on  any  other  team,  must  be  regis- 
tered at  least  two  months  before  the  first 
scheduled  intercollegiate  game,  must  not 
play  on  a  college  team  for  more  than  an 
aggregate  of  five  years,  must  be  prepared  to 
make  affidavit,  on  demand,  as  to  his  eligi- 
bility, and  must  present  a  certificate  of  eligi- 
bility signed  by  three  members  of  his  Fac- 
ulty. In  March,  1892,  a  local  association 
was  formed,  in  which  the  four  branches 
of  athletics  now  generally  recognized  as 
such — namely :  baseball,  football,  track  ath- 
letics, and  tennis — were  each  represented  on 
a  joint  committee  consisting  of  two  men 
representing  each  branch,  two  alumni,  and  a 
secretary,  chosen  by  this  joint  committee. 


This  committee  was  to  audit  the  accounts 
of  the  four  branches,  to  have  general  over- 
sight of  the  athletic  grounds,  to  ratify  the 
elections  of  all  captains,  and  to  have  power 
to  demand  resignations  and  to  order  new 
elections  in  case  of  incompetency  or  mal- 
feasance in  office.  The  prime  object  of 
this  arrangement  seems  to  have  been  to 
eliminate  from  our  athletics  the  sometimes 
harmful  influence  of  fraternity  preferences 
in  selecting  men  and  officers  for  the  various 
teams. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  college  year 
1892-93,  our  Faculty  appointed  a  committee 
on  athletics  consisting  of  Professors  Coe 
(chairman),  Hatfield,  and  Gray.  No  for- 
mal rules  were  at  first  laid  down,  but  the 
Annual  of  that  year  informs  the  students 
that  they  must  not  hereafter  play  with  pro- 
fessional teams ;  that  members  of  all  our 
local  teams  must  be  students  in  full  and 
regular  standing ;  that  all  schedules  of 
games  must  be  submitted  to  the  committee 
for  approval,  and  that,  before  joining  a 
team,  men  will  be  subjected  to  a  physical 
examination.  During  the  year  1893-94  Pro- 
fessor Coe  remained  as  chairman,  supported 
by  Professors  Sheppard  and  Gray,  and  addi- 
tional restrictions  were  announced,  forbid- 
ding a  student  to  play  on  any  other  team 
while  a  member  of  a  university  team  and 
requiring  the  selection  of  players  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  committee  for  approval.  In 
these  days  of  comparatively  pure  college 
athletics,  the  restrictions  already  named 
seem  mild  indeed.  But  they  were  regarded 
by  the  under-graduates  in  1892-94  as  severe. 
That  first  faculty  committee  made  a  brave 
fight.  Their  greatest  victory  was  in  dem- 
onstrating to  the  student  body  that  ath- 
letics was  a  subject  legitimately  within 
the  control  of  the  faculty.  After  undergo- 
ing a  vast  amount  of  abuse  and  obloquy. 
Professor  Coe  settled  that  question  conclu- 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


»59 


sively,  and  his  efforts  and  sufferings  in  a 
good  cause  should  not  be  forgotten. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  college  year  of 
1894-95  the  Trustees  took  athletics  from  the 
direct  control  of  the  Faculty  and  placed  it 
in  the  hands  of  a  "Committee  for  the  Regu- 
lation of  Athletic  Sports,"  consisting  of 
three  professors,  three  alumni,  and  three 
under-graduates.  At  that  time  and  ever 
since,  the  Faculty  and  alumni  members  of 
the  committee  have  been  appointed  by  the 
Trustees  and  the  student  members  by  the 
general  student  body.  During  1894-95  the 
Faculty  members  were  Professors  Holgate 
(Chairman),  Sheppard,  and  Gray.  This 
committee  continued  the  good  work  already 
begun,  and  dropped  summarily  from  a 
team  one  of  the  worst  offenders  of  the  early 
days.  Although  hampered  by  a  deadlock  in 
the  committee  lasting  nearly  all  the  year, 
they  stood  for  higher  ideals  in  college  sport. 

The  restrictions  on  the  various  teams 
during  1894-95  seem  to  have  been  substan- 
tially those  in  force  during  the  previous 
year.  But  the  call  for  more  stringent  meas- 
ures was  everywhere  heard ;  and  so,  early 
in  January,  1895,  a  meeting  of  the  presi- 
dents of  the  universities  then  familiarly 
known  as  "the  big  seven"  was  held  in  Chi- 
.cago.  The  fruit  of  this  presidents'  confer- 
ence was  "The  Presidents'  Rules,"  the  first 
general  enactment  for  the  government  of 
college  athletics  in  the  Central  West.  In 
brief,  these  rules  required  that  a  student,  to 
be  eligible  for  a  team  in  any  of  the  universi- 
ties concerned,  must  be  a  bona  fide  student, 
must  have  been  in  residence  in  his  college 
at  least  six  months,  must  receive  no  pay  for 
his  athletic  services,  must  not  play  under  an 
assumed  name,  and  must  not  be  delinquent 
in  his  studies.  It  was  further  provided  that 
a  graduate  student  might  play  during  the 
minimum  number  of  years  necessary  to  se- 
cure a  degree  in  his  graduate  school  (thus 
allowing  a  medical  student,  for  example,  to 


play  altogether  seven  years  on  a  college 
team)  ;  that  college  games  might  be  played 
only  on  grounds  controlled  by  one  or  the 
other  team  participating;  that  the  selection 
of  managers  and  captains  must  be  submitted 
for  approval  to  the  governing  boards :  that 
no  college  teams  should  play  with  profes- 
sional teams ;  and  that  the  respective  reg- 
istrars should  certify  to  the  proper  selection 
of  the  various  teams.  These  rules  were  pub- 
lished in  our  Annual  of  1894-95,  and  were 
promptly  put  into  effect  here. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  college  year  1895- 
96,  the  Trustees  formed  an  entirely  new 
committee,  of  which  the  Faculty  members 
were  Professors  Clark  ( Chairman ) ,  Young, 
and  White,  while  Messrs.  Fred  Raymond, 
Frank  Dyche,  and  Charles  Wheeler  were  the 
alumni  members.  With  the  exception  of 
Mr.  Wheeler,  who  resigned  in  1898,  this 
committee  remained  unchanged  as  to  Fac- 
ulty and  alumni  during  the  succeeding  four 
years.  It  was  during  these  years  that  the 
Conference  Rules  were  gradually  developed 
into  substantially  their  present  form.  The 
chairmen  of  the  boards  of  control  in  the 
"big  seven"  universities,  who  endeavored  to 
enforce  "The  Presidents'  Rules"  soon  found 
that  they  must  be  amended  if  the  desired 
ends  were  to  be  attained.  Consequently  a 
conference  of  chairmen  was  called  at  Chi- 
cago early  in  the  winter  of  1896,  and  a 
mutual  interpretation  of  the  rules  was 
agreed  upon,  while  the  term  "professional" 
was  more  clearly  defined. 

At  every  one  of  the  successive  confer- 
ences the  lines  were  drawn  more  sharply 
and  the  restrictions  made  more  severe.  In 
November.  1896.  we  lengthened  the  required 
probation  of  a  player  in  residence  from  six 
months  to  one  year ;  we  reduced  the  possi- 
ble time-limit  for  a  graduate-student  player 
from  three  or  four  to  two  years :  we 
restricted  all  games  to  contests  between 
"educational  institutions"  :  and  where  a  stu- 


i6o 


NORTHWESTERN    UNIVERSITY 


dent  had  not  been  in  residence  over  half  of 
the  year  preceding  his  proposed  admission 
to  the  under-graduate  team,  we  required 
him  to  be  on  probation  still  six  months 
longer.  In  the  conference  of  1897  we  re- 
duced the  combined  graduate  and  under- 
graduate limit  to  four  years  of  playing  on 
a  Varsity  team ;  we  enacted  that,  after 
September  I,  1898,  all  preparatory  students 
should  be  barred  from  playing  on  a  Varsity 
team,  and  we  ordered  that,  thereafter,  there 
must  be  an  exchange  of  lists  of  proposed 
players  at  least  ten  days  before  any  inter- 
collegiate game.  In  the  conference  of  1898 
we  defined  professionalism  still  more  closely, 
adopting  the  now  famous  clause  requiring 
the  candidate  to  make  affidavit  that  he  has 
"never  used  his  athletic  skill  for  gain."  We 
also  shut  out  from  the  teams  all  persons  who 
were  receiving  from  any  of  the  universi- 
ties concerned  any  remuneration  for  their 
services  as  teachers.  A  few  minor  changes 
in  the  conference  rules  have  been  made  since 
1898.  By  the  gradual  enactment  and  honest 
enforcement  of  these  rules  the  universities 
of  the  Central  West  have  secured  a  degree 
of  purity  in  their  athletics  of  which  they 
may  well  be  proud. 

FOOTBALL. 

During  the  autumn  of  1878  the  old-fash- 
ioned Rugby  game  of  football  began  to  be 
played  on  the  campus  in  a  general  way,  and 
the  college  colors  were  changed  to  purple 
and  gold.  In  February,  1880,  the  first  local 
football  association  was  formed,  the  Rugby 
rules  were  published  in  the  college  paper, 
and  regular  team  practice  was  begun. 

Little  seems  to  have  been  done  in  this 
game  during  1881,  but  in  November,  1882, 
we  find  that  Northwestern  defeated  Lake 
Forest  in  what  was  later  to  become  the  most 
intense  of  college  sports.  During  '83,  '84. 
'85,  and  '86  the  records  hardly  mention  foot- 
ball. In  November,  1887,  a  challenge  for  a 


Thanksgiving  game  with  Michigan  Univer- 
sity was  declined  on  the  ground  that  our 
team  was  not  in  training.  There  was  a  team 
during  1889,  but  we  find  no  mention  of  any 
intercollegiate  games.  The  first  recorded 
game  with  an  institution  of  similar  rank  was 
in  November,  1890,  when  Northwestern  de- 
feated Wisconsin  by  a  score  of  22  to  10.  A 
little  later  we  beat  Beloit  22  to  6.  In  the 
autumn  of  1891  a  Football  League  was 
formed  with  Wisconsin,  Beloit,  and  Lake 
Forest,  and  five  intercollegiate  games  were 
played,  our  men  winning  two  and  tying  one. 
In  1892  Northwestern  first  took  a  prom- 
inent place  in  football,  defeating  Michigan 
by  a  score  of  10  to  8,  Beloit  by  a  score  of 
36  to  o,  Wisconsin  by  a  score  of  26  to  6, 
tying  both  Chicago  and  Illinois,  and  thus 
winning  second  place  in  the  big  Western 
League.  This  first  great  team  was  captained 
and  trained  by  Paul  Noyes,  and  included 
VanDoozer,  Gates,  Culver,  Sheppard,  Ken- 
nicott,  Wilson,  Pearce,  McCluskey,  Oberne, 
Griffith,  and  Williams.  The  games  of  1893 
and  1894  did  not  redound  to  our  glory.  In 
1895  the  team  was  strengthened  by  such 
men  as  Potter,  Gloss,  and  Siberts,  and  de- 
feated Beloit  34  to  6;  Armour  Institute  44 
to  o;  Chicago  22  to  6  (in  the  return  game 
Chicago  won,  6  to  o)  ;  Purdue,  24  to  6 ;  and 
Illinois  43  to  8.  The  year  1896  was  the 
banner  year  in  football  for  Northwestern, 
up  to  the  present.  The  team  consisted  of 
the  famous  veteran  half-backs,  Potter  and 
VanDoozer,  aided  by  such  helpers  as 
Hunter.  Pearce,  Levings,  Perry,  Sloane, 
Andrews,  Thorne,  Gloss,  and  Brown.  These 
were  the  famous  "cripples,"  so  happily  car- 
icatured in  the  Chicago  Record,  who  de- 
feated Chicago  on  Marshall  Field  by  the 
score  of  46  to  6;  who  tied  Chicago  in  the 
return  game,  with  a  score  of  6  to  6;  who 
went  down  to  Champaign  with  a  crowd  of 
three  hundred  roaring  student  supporters 
in  a  special  train,  and  gave  to  the  Illini  their 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


161 


first  defeat  in  football  on  their  home 
grounds  to  the  tune  of  6  to  4;  and  who,  in 
that  famous  Thanksgiving  game  on  our 
home  grounds,  before  a  crowd  of  four 
thousand  people,  played  Wisconsin  to  a 
standstill.  The  score  was  6  to  6;  but  the 
conditions  and  circumstances  were  such 
that  unbiased  observers  generally  counted 
it  a  victory  for  Northwestern.  The  team 
was  managed  during  1896  by  Mr.  Frank 
Haller,  and  much  was  done  in  the  way  of 
providing  a  training-table  and  a  coach  that 
had  not  been  so  thoroughly  done  before. 
After  paying  all  expenses  of  the  season,  we 
were  able  to  settle  a  bill  of  $1,000  which  had 
been  hanging  over  the  local  athletic  asso- 
ciation ever  since  the  grand  stand  was  built 
and  partially  paid  for  in  1891-92. 

The  season  of  1897  was  not  a  successful 
one,  although  the  remarkable  kick  from  the 
middle  of  our  field  by  O'Dea  of  Wisconsin 
must  be  mentioned  as  one  of  the  most  sen- 
sational features  in  the  history  of  Western 
football.  During  the  season  of  1898  partic- 
ular effort  was  made  in  the  way  of  hiring  a 
high-priced  coach  from  the  East  and  a  pro- 
fessional trainer,  providing  a  large  training 
table,  etc.  But  our  unwise  plan  of  changing 
coaches  and  methods  every  year  could  have 
but  one  result,  and  that  was  defeat.  With 
the  coming  of  Dr.  C.  M.  Hollister,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1898,  to  act  as  general  manager  and 
coach  for  all  branches  of  our  college  ath- 
letics except  tennis,  a  great  advance  was 
made  in  every  way.  It  now  became  possible 
to  gain  in  momentum  every  year  by  con- 
tinuing the  same  style  of  play  and  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  specific  training  given  to 
particular  men  on  the  team  of  a  preceding 
year.  Although  we  were  far  from  regain- 
ing the  glories  of  1896,  we  made  some  im- 
provement during  1898,  and  in  1899  we  de- 
feated Minnesota  1 1  to  5,  Indiana  n  to  6, 
and  Purdue  29  to  o.  In  1900  we  defeated 
Chicago  5  to  o,  Indiana  12  to  o,  tied  Beloit 


6  to  6,  tied  Iowa  6  to  6,  and  secured  third 
place  in  the  "big  nine"  group  of  Western 
universities.  The  game  with  Iowa,  which 
was  played  at  Rock  Island  on  Thanksgiving 
Day,  was  one  of  the  great  surprises  of  that 
year,  for  the  Iowa  giants  had  defeated  near- 
ly all  comers  so  far  during  that  season,  and 
had  widely  advertised  their  intention  to  "do 
up"  Northwestern.  In  1901  our  team  de- 
feated Illinois  17  to  ii,  Chicago  6  to  5,  and 
Purdue  10  to  5.  With  the  graduation  of 
the  class  of  1902  we  lost  five  great  players : 
Johnson,  the  Dietz  brothers,  Elliott,  and 
Hansen.  The  team  of  the  following  season 
was  therefore  composed  largely  of  new, 
untrained  material,  and  the  results  were 
what  was  to  be  expected  under  the  circum- 
stances. 

An  interesting  social  feature  connected 
with  football  at  Northwestern  has  been  the 
football  "banquets"  that  have  been  held 
for  several  years  in  the  old  chapel  room  of 
"Old  College'1  during  the  week  after  the 
close  of  the  season.  To  Dr.  R.  L.  Sheppard, 
who  has  annually  paid  the  bill  for  "feeding" 
the  members  of  the  team  and  the  "scrubs" 
at  these  banquets,  thankful  recognition  is 
here  due. 

THE   ATHLETIC   FIELD  AND   GRAND   STAXD. 

It  was  not  until  1892  that  the  field  sports 
of  Northwestern  could  be  said  to  have  a 
home.  Prior  to  1891  the  teams  had  played, 
as  before  stated,  where  the  Orrington  Lunt 
Library  now  stands,  and  the  spectators  had 
been  compelled  to  use  the  turf  for  grand 
stand  and  "bleachers."  In  September,  1891, 
the  Trustees  formally  set  apart  the  present 
field  for  athletic  purposes,  and  at  the  same 
time  Mr.  George  Muir,  Evanston's  long- 
time genial  bookseller,  whose  Davis  Street 
store,  where  Smith's  studio  is  now,  was  for 
decades  the  downtown  headquarters  for  stu- 
dents, started  an  energetic  movement  to 
raise  money  for  a  grand  stand.  In  this  ef- 


162 


NORTHWESTERN  UNIVERSITY 


fort  Mr.  Muir  was  ably  assisted  by  Mr. 
Louis  S.  Rice,  of  the  class  of  '83.  These 
two  men  worked  indefatigably  and  most 
unselfishly,  soliciting  aid  from  every  alum- 
nus whom  they  could  reach,  and  within  a 
few  months  they  succeeded  in  raising  about 
$1,500  from  citizens,  alumni,  and  under- 
graduates. Strong  in  faith  in  the  loyalty  of 
future  students,  these  two  gentlemen  went 
ahead  with  the  building,  and  completed  the 
present  structure  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,500. 
The  grand  stand  was  opened  with  appro- 
priate ceremonies  on  the  151)1  of  October, 
1892.  Meantime  the  Trustees  had  done 
some  work  in  grading  and  partially  draining 
the  baseball  field.  But  we  were  still  without 
an  enclosing  fence,  so  that  there  were  no 
certain  means  of  collecting  revenue  by 
charging  an  admission  to  the  games.  But 
in  the  autumn  of  1893  Dr.  Sheppard — al- 
ways the  most  generous  local  supporter  of 
our  athletics,  and  the  man  for  whom  the 
students  later  unanimously  and  very  prop- 
erly named  the  present  grounds  "Sheppard 
Field" — came  forward  with  an  offer  to  fur- 
nish lumber  for  a  fence.  His  offer  was 
promptly  accepted,  a  boss  carpenter  was 
hired,  also  through  Dr.  Sheppard's  gener- 
osity, and  scores  of  under-graduates  turned 
out  with  saw  and  hammer,  with  the  result 
that  the  present  enclosure  was  soon  com- 
pleted. 

During  the  summer  of  1896  the  present 
quarter-mile  cinder  track  was  made  entirely 
by  student  and  Faculty  enterprise,  and  was 
paid  for  largely  from  the  football  receipts 
of  the  previous  year.  In  the  autumn  of 
1896  the  first  of  the  now  existing  "bleach- 
ers" were  built,  the  work  being  entirely  done 
by  students  and  professors  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  for 
the  Regulation  of  Athletic  Sports.  The 
northern  half  of  the  west  "bleachers"  and  all 
the  east  "bleachers"  were  built  in  the  fall 
of  1898,  and  the  work  and  material  were 


paid  for  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  athletic 
association. 

TRACK    ATHLETICS   AND   TENNIS. 

We  have  already  spoken  of  the  field 
sports  connected  with  the  great  celebration 
held  in  the  campus  grove  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1871.  Some  of  the  records  made  then  are 
interesting  by  way  of  comparison  with  more 
recent  records.  We  learn  that  T.  C.  War- 
rington  kicked  the  football  147  feet  6 
inches  and  threw  the  baseball  304  feet  10 
inches  ;  that  Frank  Andrews  won  the  hurdle 
race  (120  yards  and  five  hurdles)  in  18 
seconds ;  and  that  George  Lunt  won  the 
pole  vault,  making  6  feet  7  inches.  The 
first  formal  University  field  day  was  held  in 
1879,  and  this  observance  has  been  a  part 
of  the  college  athletic  life  pretty  regularly 
ever  since.  The  most  noteworthy  records 
ever  made  on  the  home  field  by  North- 
western students  are  as  follows : 

100  yard  dash,  10  seconds A.    R.    Jones,    '99 

200  yard  dash,  221-S  seconds A.    R.    Jones,    '99 

440  yard  run,  52  seconds R.  S.  Sturgeon,  '00 

800  yard  run,  2  minutes  -  seconds... R.   S.   Sturgeon,  '00 

1  mile  run,  4  minutes  Td  seconds H.    Baker.    '01 

2  mile  run,  10  minutes  21  4-5  seconds..  K.  E.   Morris.  '04 

220  yard  hurdles.  211  2-.">  seconds J.     A.     Brown 

120  yard  hurdles,  HI  2-.">  seconds J.    A.    Brown 

High    jump.    ."»    feet    it  1-4    inches Claude    Smith 

Broad    jump.   22   feet   •"»    inches O.    Davis 

Pole  vault,   10   feet  (i  inches R.    E.   Wilson.   '98 

Hammer  throw.  120  feet  1  inch Arthur  Baird 

Shot-put,   30    feet  9    inches Arthur    Baird 

Discus  Throw,  121   feet  X  inches Arthur  Baird 

The  first  three  of  the  present  seven  Col- 
lege and  Academy  tennis  courts  were  laid 
out  and  partially  completed  in  the  spring'  of 
1895.  In  the  following  autumn,  under  a 
new  administration,  these  were  completed 
and  paid  for  and  a  fourth  was  built,  thus 
completing  the  courts  of  the  University 
proper.  The  Academy  courts  were  built  in 
1900.  Our  local  courts  have  been  the  scene 
of  many  a  well-fought  battle  between  our 
own  students  and  between  the  many  profes- 
sors and  instructors  who  seek  health  in 
tennis,  and  they  have  witnessed  several  in- 
tercollegiate contests. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


GARRETT  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE 

(By  PRESIDENT  CHARLES  J.  LITTLE) 


Historical  Sketch — Origin  of  the  Institute 
Due  to  the  Munificence  of  Mrs.  Augustus 
Garrett — Building  Erected  in  1855  and 
Institute  Opened  in  1856 — Additional 
Buildings  Erected  in  1867  and  1887 — 
The  Republican  "Wigwam"  of  1860  Be- 
comes the  Property  of  the  Institute — Re- 
verse Caused  by  Fire  of  1871 — Disaster 
Averted  in  1897 — Growth  of  the  Insti- 
tute— Personal  History — Large  Number 
of  the  Alumni  in  Missionary  and  Other 
Fields — Members  of  the  Faculty  and 
Board  of  Trustees. 

In  the  winter  of  1839  Mr.  Augustus  Gar- 
rett and  his  wife,  Eliza  Garrett,  joined  the 
Clark  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
of  Chicago,  of  which  the  Rev.  Peter  R. 
Borein  was  then  pastor.  Mr.  Borein  was  a 
man  of  unusual  eloquence  and  piety,  but  of 
imperfect  education.  He  often  attributed 
this  fact  to  the  lack  of  a  school  in  which 
men  like  himself  might  obtain  a  proper 
preparation  for  the  ministry,  and  frequently 
said  this  in  conversations  with  Mrs.  Gar- 
rett. 

In  1848  Mrs.  Garrett  was  left  a  widow 
and  in  possession  of  what  subsequently  de- 
veloped into  a  large  property.  In  the  year 
1852  she  authorized  her  legal  adviser, 
Grant  Goodrich,  to  ascertain  the  views  of 
persons  whom  he  might  deem  worthy  of 


special  regard  and  consultation  as  to  the 
field  of  greatest  promise  for  her  beneficence, 
and  in  October,  1853.  her  last  will  and  testa- 
ment was  formally  executed,  in  which  she 
set  apart  the  residue  of  her  estate  for  the 
founding  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute. 

During  the  autumn  in  which  her  will 
was  executed  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Dempster 
visited  the  West  with  the  intention  of 
planting  an  institution  for  the  training  of 
Methodist  ministers.  On  passing  through 
Chicago  he  learned  of  Mrs.  Garrett's  pur- 
pose, and,  after  an  interview  with  her,  a 
meeting  of  the  Church  in  Chicago  was 
called  to  determine  what  course  should  be 
pursued.  Rev.  John  Clark  presided.  A 
committee  consisting  of  John  Clark,  Philo 
Judson,  Orrington  Lunt,  John  Adams  and 
Grant  Goodrich,  was  empowered  to  adopt 
such  measures  as  it  was  believed  would  re- 
sult in  the  speedy  erection  of  a  building  in 
which  to  open  a  school  and  to  provide  the 
means  to  sustain  it  until  Mrs.  Garrett's 
bequest  should  become  available.  They 
took  upon  themselves  the  responsibility  of 
providing  a  building  at  Evanston  and  of  fur- 
nishing an  annual  revenue  of  $1,600.  Dr. 
Dempster  undertook  to  provide  whatever 
amount  above  that  sum  might  be  necessary 
to  support  the  faculty.  A  building  capable 
of  accommodating  forty  students  was  com- 
pleted in  1855,  and  the  first  term  was  opened 


163 


164 


GARRETT  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE 


in  charge  of  Rev.  John  Dempster,  D.D. ; 
Rev.  William  Goodfellow,  A.M.,  and  Rev. 
William  P.  Wright.  A.  M.  The  institution 
was  opened  with  interesting  services,  in 
which  Mrs.  Garrett  participated.  The  first 
term  began  with  four  students  and  closed 
with  sixteen.  The  second  began  with  twelve 
and  closed  with  nineteen.  The  greatest  num- 
ber in  attendance  at  any  one  time  was 
twenty-eight.  Annual  conferences  passed 
encouraging  resolutions  and  individuals  and 
churches  contributed  to  support  the  school. 
Mrs.  Garrett  was  so  anxious  to  disencumber 
her  estate  and  make  it  available  for  her 
benevolent  designs  that  for  several  years 
she  would  accept  only  $400  a  year  for  'her 
support,  nearly  half  of  which  she  devoted 
to  pious  purposes.  This  estimable  and  ex- 
cellent woman  died  on  the  23d  of  Novem- 
ber, 1855,  the  last  act  of  her  life  being  to 
confirm  to  the  now  chartered  institute  the 
munificent  bequest  that  she  had  made  for  its 
endowment. 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Mrs.  Garrett 
now  hangs  in  the  President's  office  in  Me- 
morial Hall.  It  is  the  picture  of  a  sweet- 
faced,  intelligent  woman,  and  corresponds 
with  all  that  has  been  said  and  written  of 
her  goodness  and  piety.  Her  death  was 
sudden  and  unexpected,  but  she  died  in 
great  peace — indeed,  in  great  triumph.  She 
was  greatly  beloved  and  greatly  lamented. 

The  temporary  organization  was  brought 
to  a  close  in  the  spring  of  1856,  and  in  May 
of  the  same  year  the  Trustees,  under  the 
charter  of  1855,  appealed  to  the  General 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  for  recognition.  This  recognition 
was  granted  and  the  Bishops  were  request- 
ed to  act  as  an  advisory  committee  to  coun- 
sel with  the  Trustees.  A  permanent  organi- 
zation was  effected  and  the  Institute  opened 
on  the  22d  of  September,  1856,  about  three 
years  from  the  time  that  Mrs.  Garrett  de- 
termined upon  its  founding. 


When  the  Institute  was  first  opened  at 
Evanston  there  was  not,  in  the  whole  dis- 
tance between  Chicago  and  Waukegan,  a 
single  Protestant  church.  There  was  great 
need  of  evangelical  effort  in  the  villages 
that  were  springing  up  along  the  lake  shore. 
The  students  of  the  Institute  established 
and  maintained  regular  appointments  at 
which  they  preached,  exhorted,  taught  Sun- 
day schools,  distributed  tracts,  and  in  con- 
nection with  which  they  visited  the  people 
to  converse  with  them  concerning  their  reli- 
gious welfare.  Great  interest  was  taken  by 
the  faculty  in  this  evangelical  activity.  At 
the  same  time  earnest  efforts  were  made  to 
connect  with  the  Institute  a  department  for 
missionary  training.  In  an  early  catalogue 
the  leading  design  of  the  Institute  was 
stated  in  these  words:  "It  is  to  make  think- 
ing, speaking,  acting  men."  The  founders 
of  the  Institute  had  a  vivid  forecast  of 
the  future  of  Chicago,  and  believed  that  a 
special  Providence  had  directed  its  loca- 
tion ;  but  they  were  compelled  to  face  much 
prejudice  and  often  deplored  the  lack  of 
earnest  co-operation,  both  of  laymen  and 
ministers. 

The  first  building  was  a  wooden  structure 
accommodating  forty  students.  In  a  few 
vears  a  new  building  became  necessary,  and 
in  1867,  through  the  efficient  agency  of 
Rev.  J.  S.  Smart  and  the  Women's  Centen- 
nial Association,  a  building,  now  known  as 
Heck  Hall,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $57,000. 
This  served  for  lecture  rooms,  library  and 
chapel,  as  well  as  a  dormitory  for  stu- 
dents until  1887,  when  the  present  Me- 
morial Hall  was  finished  during  the  presi- 
dency of  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  B.  Ridgaway. 
The  older  building,  which  has  recently  been 
completely  renovated,  is  now  devoted  sole- 
ly to  the  use  of  students. 

The  portion  of  Mrs.  Garrett's  estate 
which  came  into  the  hands  of  the  Trustees 
consisted  chiefly  of  the  ground  where  in 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


165 


1860  the  "Wigwam"  was  erected  in  which 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  nominated  for  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States.  In  1870  a  block 
of  brick  stores  was  built  upon  this  ground, 
but  all  these  buildings  were  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  1871,  and  the  estate  was  left 
with  a  debt  of  $92,000.  The  generous  lib- 
erality of  the  church  contributed  a  sum  of 
$62,500  for  the  relief  of  the  Institute  in  this 
critical  time,  and  in  1872  a  larger  block  of 
buildings  was  erected  upon  the  same  site. 
The  debt  incurred  in  this  enterprise  was  re- 
moved by  the  active  efforts  of  the  Rev.  W. 
C.  Dandy,  D.D.,  who  was  appointed  finan- 
cial agent.  Among  the  numerous  gifts  ob- 
tained by  him  was  one  of  $30,000  from 
Mrs.  Cornelia  Miller  for  the  endowment  of 
the  Chair  of  Practical  Theology.  Under  the 
wise  management  of  the  Trustees  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Institute  gradually  increased  in 
value,  but  in  1897  another  crisis  occurred, 
the  results  of  which  were  averted  by  the 
careful  management  of  the  present  treasur- 
er of  the  Institute,  the  Rev.  Dr.  R.  D.  Shep- 
pard.  The  magnificent  building  now  occu- 
pied by  Reid,  Murdock  &  Co.  was  erected 
under  Dr.  Sheppard's  supervision  after  a 
lease  had  been  negotiated  which  promises  to 
afford  a  large  revenue  for  immediate  needs. 
The  debt  created  in  this  connection  the 
Trustees  hope  to  extinguish  by  the  sinking 
fund  which  they  have  started. 

The  Institute  has  deviated  but  little  from 
its  original  ideal.  It  has  met,  from  time  to 
time,  the  demands  of  the  period ;  thus,  in 
the  summer  of  1892,  it  enlarged  its  facili- 
ties for  the  study  of  the  English  Bible,  a 
systematic  scheme  for  English  Bible  study 
being  substituted  in  the  diploma  course  for 
the  study  of  Hebrew.  In  1895  it  took  steps 
for  instruction  in  Sociology.  The  Library 
has  grown  rapidly  under  the  careful  man- 
agement of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Terry,  and  in- 
cludes the  splendid  collection  of  Methodist 
books  and  original  documents — the  finest  in 


the  world — purchased  for  the  Institute  by 
Mr.  William  Deering.  The  records  of  the 
Seminary  show  that,  since  1854,  nearly 
3.500  persons  have  enjoyed  the  privileges  of 
the  school.  Of  this  number  700  have  com- 
pleted a  three  years'  course,  and  of  these 
365  have  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Divinity.  The  large  majority  of  these  grad- 
uates are  pastors,  many  of  whom  are  now 
filling  conspicuous  pulpits  with  ability. 
Among  those  now  living  may  be  mentioned : 
James  S.  Chadwick  and  George  E.  Stro- 
bridge,  of  the  New  York  East  Conference ; 
Charles  B.  Wilcox,  of  Kansas  City  :  Polemus 
H.  Swift,  W.  E.  Tilroe,  John  X.  Hall.  John 

D.  Leek  and  John  P.  Brushingham,  of  Chi- 
cago ;  Edward  S.  Ninde,  of  Ann  Arbor ; 
Edwin  A.    Schell,    of    Greencastle,    Ind. ; 
Hugh  D.  Atchison,  of  Dubuque,  Iowa;  A. 

E.  Craig.of  Ottumwa,  Iowa  :  E.  G.  Lewis,  of 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich. ;  William  A.  Shanklin. 
of  Reading,  Pa. ;  James  S.  Montgomery,  of 
Minneapolis ;    E.    B.    Patterson,   of   Balti- 
more ;     James    H.    Senseny,    Des    Moines, 
Iowa. 

Forty  of  the  Alumni  have  gone  to  the 
foreign  field  as  missionaries.  Among  these 
are  two  Missionary  Bishops,  Joseph  C. 
Hartzell  and  F.  W.  Warne ;  in  China  are 
Virgil  C.  Hart,  William  T.  Hobart,  Myron 
C.  Wilcox,  H.  Olin  Cady,  Spencer  Lewis, 

F.  L.  Guthrie,  W.  H.  Lacey,  W.  C.  Lang- 
don  and  Quincy  A.  Meyers ;  in  India  are  J. 
H.  Gill,  D.  O.  Fox,  James  S.   Messmore, 
J.  W.  Waugh,  J.  C.  Lawson,  William  H. 
Hollister,  Harvey  R.  Calkins,  D.  C.  Clancy 
and  John  W.  Robinson ;  in  Burmah,  Julius 
Smith ;     in     Southeast    Africa,    John    M. 
Springer ;    in  Singapore.  John  R.  Denyes 
and  Ernest  S.  Lyons;  in  Mexico,  Ira  C. 
Cartwright ;  in  South  America,  M.  J.  Pusey 
and  H.  B.  Shinn.    Homer  C.  Stuntz,  for- 
merly of  India,  is  now  in  the  Philippine 
Islands. 

Thirty-three   are    serving   as    Presidents 


i66 


GARRETT  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE 


and  professors  in  schools  and  colleges. 
Among  these  are:  Nathan  Burwash,  Presi- 
dent of  Victoria  College,  Canada ;  William 
H.  Crawford,  President  of  Allegheny  Col- 
lege, Pa. ;  Eli  McClish,  President  of  Pacific 
College,  Cal. ;  Xels  E.  Simonson,  Principal 
of  the  Norwegian-Danish  School,  Evans- 
ton  ;  J.  Riley  Weaver,  Professor  in  DePauw 
University ;  Robert  D.  Sheppard  and  Amos 
W.  Patten,  Professors  in  Northwestern 
University ;  Charles  Horswell,  Solon  C. 
Bronson  and  Charles  M.  Stuart,  Professors 
in  Garrett  Biblical  Institute ;  Melvin  P. 
Lackland,  Professor  in  Illinois  Wesleyan 
University ;  Orange  H.  Cessna,  Professor 
in  Iowa  State  Agricultural  College  ;  Thomas 
Nicholson.  President  Dakota  Wesleyan 
University,  South  Dakota. 

Among  the  earliest  graduates  in  the  class 
of  1861  was  Bishop  Charles  H.  Fowler. 
In  the  same  class  was  Oliver  A.  Willard. 
the  brilliant  brother  of  the  lamented  Frances 
E.  Willard. 

The  Norwegian-Danish  Department  was 
organized  in  1886  under  the  principalship 
of  Rev.  Nels  E.  Simonson,  D.D.,  an  alum- 
nus of  the  English  Department.  During 
the  thirteen  years  of  its  operation,  it  has 
had  in  attendance  more  than  one  hundred 
students. 

The  Presidents  of  the  faculty  have  been : 
John  Dempster,  Matthew  Simpson,  William 
X.  Xinde,  Henry  B.  Ridgaway  and  Charles 
J.  Little. 

The  members  of  the  faculty  have  been : 
John  Dempster,  William  Goodfellow,  Wil- 
liam O.  \Vright,  Daniel  P.  Kidder,  Henry 
Bannister.  Francis  D.  Hemenway.  Miner 
Raymond,  Robert  L.  Cumnock,  William 
X.  Ninde,  Henry  B.  Ridgaway.  Charles  F. 
Bradley,  Milton  S.  Terry.  Charles  W.  Ben- 
nett. Charles  Horswell,  Charles  J.  Little. 
Solon  C.  Bronson,  Charles  M.  Stuart.  Dore- 
mus  A.  Hayes. 

The  Trustees  have  been:    Grant  Good- 


rich, Orrington  Lunt,  John  Evans,  Philo 
Judson,  Stephen  P.  Keyes,  Luke  Hitchcock, 
Hooper  Crews,  Thomas  M.  Eddy,  John  V. 
Farwell,  E.  H.  Gammon,  Charles  H.  Fowl- 
er, A.  E.  Bishop,  S.  H.  Adams,  William 
Deering,  Robert  D.  Sheppard,  Oliver  H. 
Horton,  William  C.  Dandy,  Frank  M.  Bris- 
tol, Frank  P.  Crandon,  Amos  W.  Patton, 
Polemus  H.  Swift. 

John  Dempster,  the  first  President,  be- 
longed to  that  vigorous  Scotch- Irish  stock 
which  has  been  so  potent  in  American  his- 
tory. His  natural  powers  were  very  great, 
and  though  himself  without  a  theological 
training,  he  may  be  said  to  be  the  founder 
of  the  theological  schools  in  American 
Methodism.  He  exercised  great  influence, 
not  only  among  his  brethren,  but  in  the  gen- 
eral community,  and  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee that  waited  upon  Mr.  Lincoln  in  the 
crisis  of  the  war  to  strengthen  his  hands 
and  to  assure  him  of  the  unfailing  support 
of  his  fellow-citizens  of  Illinois. 

Matthew  Simpson,  the  eloquent  Bishop, 
was  the  greatest  preacher  that  recent  Meth- 
odism has  produced.  His  influence  during 
the  war  surpassed  that  of  any  clergyman  in 
the  land,  partly  because  of  his  great  en- 
dowments and  excellent  '  character,  and 
partly  because  he  represented  a  church  that 
"sent  more  men  to  the  field  and  more  pray- 
ers to  heaven"  than  any  other  in  the  land. 

Bishop  Ninde,  who  succeeded  him  as 
President,  drew  all  hearts  to  himself.  His 
personal  appearance  was  singularly  at- 
tractive ;  his  behavior  was  brotherly  and  his 
spirit  so  Christ-like  that  students  revered 
him  and  the  community  trusted  him  im- 
plicitly. 

Dr.  Ridgaway  came  to  Evanston  from 
Cincinnati.  He  brought  with  him  a  great 
reputation  as  an  eloquent  preacher  and  a 
successful  pastor.  During  his  administra- 
tion Memorial  Hall  was  built.  He,  too,  was 
greatly  beloved. 


' 


. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


167 


Of  the  many  distinguished  members  of 
the  faculty  the  most  conspicuous  was  Dr. 
Miner  Raymond.  No  man  in  Methodism 
possessed  a  clearer  mind.  His  words  were 
weighty  and  his  sentences,  many  of  them, 
have  become  household  words  to  his  pu- 
pils. He  lived  to  be  more  than  four  score 
years  of  age  and  continued  his  teaching  un- 
til his  eighty-second  year. 

Among    the    Trustees    Orrington    Lunt 


was,  by  reason  of  his  personality  and  his 
many  years  of  service,  the  most  conspicu- 
ous and  the  most  useful.  He  gave  to  the 
Institute  unstinted  service.  He  watched 
over  its  interests  as  he  watched  over  his 
own,  and  prayed  for  it  as  he  prayed  for 
his  family.  Few  institutions  have  enjoyed 
such  devotion  as  Orrington  Lunt  gave  to 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  and  his  name  will 
be  connected  with  it  so  long  as  it  shall  last 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


EARLY  DRAINAGE 


First  Steps  in  Organisation  of  a  Drainage 
System  for  Evanston — Natural  Condi- 
tions— Early  Legislation  of  1855 — The 
Late  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  Member  and  Sec- 
retary of  First  Board  of  Commissioners — 
Construction  of  Ditches  Begun — Drain- 
age Amendment  of  the  Present  Consti- 
tution Adopted  in  1878 — Extension  of 
the  System — Local  Opposition — A  Tax 
Collector's  Experience — A  Flood  Con- 
verts the  Opponents  of  the  System. 

The  drainage  of  Evanston  forms  an  im- 
portant and  interesting  chapter  in  its  his- 
tory. There  is  plenty  of  evidence  showing 
that  all  the  territory  now  included  in  the 
towns  of  Evanston,  Niles,  Jefferson,  Lake 
View  and  the  southeastern  portion  of  New 
Trier,  were  at  some  time  covered  by  the 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan.  There  are,  in 
this  territory,  three  distinct  ridges  made  by 
the  lake  which  mark  several  distinct  reces- 
sions of  its  waters.  The  west  one,  some- 
times called  "Dutch  Ridge,"  commences  at 
Winnetka,  at  the  south  end  of  the  clay  bluff 
stretching  along  the  west  shore,  and  runs 
thence  southwesterly,  spreading  and  flat- 
tening out  in  fan-shape  towards  the  north 
branch  of  the  Chicago  River  and  terminat- 
ing at  that  stream  near  Niles  Center.  East 
of  this,  from  a  mile  in  width  at  the  north 
end,  to  two  or  three  miles  at  the  south  end, 
is  Evanston's  "West  Ridge,"  which  com- 


mences where  Ridge  Avenue  strikes  the 
lake  and  runs  almost  directly  south  to  Rose- 
hill,  where  it  turns  sharply  to  the  west, 
forming  a  J  and  flattening  out  considerably 
at  Bowmanville,  and  also  terminating  at  the 
north  branch  near  that  place,  leaving  be- 
tween these  two  ridges  a  valley  partly 
wooded  and  partly  prairie.  The  east  one  of 
the  three  ridges  commences  at  the  lake 
shore  in  the  L'niversity  campus  and  runs 
southerly  through  Evanston,  and  bending 
slightly  to  the  eastward  through  Lake  View, 
ends  at  Lincoln  Park. 

Natural  Conditions.  —  These  several 
ridges,  to  a  certain  extent,  cut  off  the  drain- 
age of  the  land  between  them,  and  this  land 
was  subject  to  occasional  overflow,  and 
was  to  some  extent  swampy  during  the  en- 
tire year.  Portions  of  it  were  impassable 
during  most  of  the  year.  At  quite  an  early 
day  a  small  ditch  was  constructed  midway 
between  the  east  and  west  ridges,  emptying 
into  the  lake  through  a  ravine  between  the 
College  campus  and  the  site  of  the  first 
Biblical  Institute  building  erected  in  1854, 
but  afterward  destroyed  by  fire.  This  ditch 
was  called  the  Mulford  Ditch,  from  the  fact 
that  Major  E.  H.  Mulford  was  principally 
instrumental  in  its  construction ;  Edward 
Murphy  was  associated  with  him  in  the 
making  of  it. 

At  the  time  of  the  location  of  Evanston 
this  ditch  had  pretty  much  gone  to  decay 


169 


170 


EARLY  DRAINAGE 


and  the  land  between  the  two  ridges  was 
so  swampy  it  was  difficult  to  pass  from  one 
ridge  to  the  other  except  in  one  or  two 
places.  Something  in  the  way  of  drainage 
was  accomplished  by  the  throwing  up  of 
the  streets  when  Evanston  was  laid  out  in 

1853- 

First  Drainage  Commission. — By  an 
act  approved  February  15,  1855,  "The 
Drainage  Commission"  was  created  for  the 
purpose  of  draining  the  wet  lands  in  Town- 
ships 41  and  42,  in  Range  13  and  14,  and 
Sections  i,  2,  n  and  12.  in  Township  40  of 
Range  13.  This  Commission  was  given 
power  "to  lay  out,  locate,  construct,  com- 
plete and  alter  ditches,  embankments,  cul- 
verts, bridges  and  roads,  and  maintain  and 
keep  the  same  in  repair."  The  Commission- 
ers named  in  the  act  were  Harvey  B.  Kurd, 
George  M.  Huntoon,  James  B.  Colvin,  John 
L.  Beveridge  and  John  H.  Foster.  As  Dr. 
Foster  resided  in  Chicago  and  did  not  wish 
to  engage  in  the  undertaking,  A.  G.  Wilder 
was  put  in  his  place.  Mr.  Hurd  was  Secre- 
tary of  the  Commission,  and  to  a  consider- 
able extent  managed  its  operations. 

At  that  time  the  only  road  on  the  prairie 
west  of  Evanston  was  one  running  north 
and  south  along  the  east  edge  of  the  Big 
Woods,  leading  from  what  was  known  as 
"Emerson's  barn"  to  Chicago  by  way  of 
Bowmanville.  This  road  was  passable  only 
during  a  portion  of  the  year — late  in  the 
summer  and  when  the  ground  was  frozen 
up. 

Construction  of  Ditches  Begun. — The 
first  ditch  constructed  by  the  Commission 
\vas  along  the  west  side  of  this  road ; 
the  excavation  being  thrown  up  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  make  a  fairly  passable  road 
from  "Emerson's  barn"  neighborhood  to 
Bowmanville. 

The  next  work  of  the  Commission  was 
the  construction  of  what  is  known  as  the 
"Big  Ditch,"  about  half  way  between  the 


Big  Woods  and  West  Ridge.  It  was  so 
shaped  that  the  north  end  of  it  from  the 
north  side  of  Center  Street,  on  the  town 
line  between  Evanston  and  New  Trier, 
emptied  into  the  lake,  and  from  the  south 
side  of  Center  Street  the  water  was  carried 
south,  emptying  into  the  North  Branch  at  a 
point  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  north- 
west of  Bowmanville. 

Later  several  ditches  were  laid  out  and 
constructed  across  the  prairie  ;  these  were  so 
laid  out  and  constructed  as  to  create  roads. 
One  of  them  is  the  Rogers  Road,  com- 
mencing just  west  of  what  was  then  the 
home  of  Philip  Rogers,  after  whom  Rogers 
Park  was  named,  running  thence  west  to 
Xiles  Center.  Another  is  the  Mulford 
Road;  another  extended  on  Church  Street 
west  to  the  Big  Woods,  and  another  was 
the  Emerson  Road,  now  Emerson  Street. 

These  roads  have  all  become  prominent 
thoroughfares ;  the  last  three  have  been  ex- 
tended west  to  Dutch  Ridge,  and  Church 
Street  has  been  extended  to  the  Glenn  View 
Golf  Club  grounds.  The  Commission  en- 
larged the  Mulford  Ditch  so  that  it  fur- 
nished pretty  fair  drainage  for  the  territory 
lying  between  the  east  and  west  ridges  in 
the  Village  of  Evanston  until  the  sewerage 
system  was  put  in.  Later  a  ditch  was  con- 
structed across  the  east  ridge  from  a  point 
just  west  of  Tillman  Mann's  house,  at  the 
distance  of  about  three  blocks  south  of  Rog- 
ers Park  depot  to  the  lake. 

A.  G.  Wilder  having  died,  Michael  Gorm- 
ley  of  Glencoe  was  put  on  the  Commission 
in  his  place,  and  the  Commission  undertook 
to  drain  the  Skokie,  lying  west  of  Winnet- 
ka,  Glencoe  and  Highland  Park.  It  first 
constructed  a  ditch  emptying  into  the  east 
fork  of  the  North  Branch,  but  it  was  found 
that  in  flood  times  the  water  set  back  in 
the  North  Branch  and  up  this  ditch,  flood- 
ing the  Skokie.  Another  outlet  was  there- 
fore made  through  the  Dutch  Ridge,  at  a 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


point  about  half  way  between  Winnetka 
and  the  Gross  Point  settlement,  carrying 
the  water  into  the  lake  through  what  is  now 
Kenilworth.  The  Skokie  being  about  forty 
feet  above  the  lake  level,  ample  fall  was 
found,  and  this  last  ditch  redeemed  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  lands  at  the  south  end 
of  the  Skokie,  now  covered  by  some  of  the 
best  farms  in  that  neighborhood. 

The  subsequent  efforts  of  the  Commis- 
sion to  enlarge  the  Skokie  ditch  and  extend 
it  further  north,  were  opposed  by  some  of 
the  land-owners  who  were  assessed  for  the 
expense  of  their  improvement,  and  two 
cases  were  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court  to 
test  the  constitutionality  of  the  law.  In  the 
case  of  Hessler  vs.  The  Drainage  Commis- 
sioners (reported  in  53  111.  Reports,  page 
105),  the  court  held  the  law  to  be  unconsti- 
tutional. This  decision  was  rendered  in 
January,  1870,  and  put  an  end  to  the  opera- 
tions of  "The  Drainage  Commissioners." 
This  was  one  of  several  decisions  of  like 
import,  for  there  were  several  other  com- 
missions in  different  parts  of  the  State, 
acting  under  similar  laws,  where  assess- 
ments for  benefits  had  been  held  unconstitu- 
tional, but  so  much  interest  had  been  cre- 
ated in  favor  of  drainage  that  a  clause  was 
put  into  the  Constitution  of  1870,  designed 
to  permit  the  General  Assembly  to  pass 
laws  for  that  purpose.  This  clause  was 
amended  by  vote  of  the  people  in  November, 
1878,  adopting  an  amendment  of  the  Consti- 
tution, which  is  now  the  authority  for  the 
drainage  laws  found  in  the  statutes  general- 
ly known  as  the  Farm  Drainage  Acts. 

Extension  of  the  System.  —  The 
north  portion  of  the  big  ditch  was  later, 
under  one  of  these  acts,  very  considerably 
enlarged  and  extended  south  so  as  to  draw 
the  water  lakeward  from  Church  Street, 
but  all  those  parts  of  the  Big  Ditch  and 
Mulford  Ditch  within  the  corporate  limits 
of  Evanston  have  been  supplanted  by  sew- 


ers constructed  by  the  City  of  Evanston. 
The  Rogers  Park  Ditch  has  been  supplant- 
ed by  a  main  sewer  on  Pratt  Avenue,  which 
carried  all  the  drainage  of  Rogers  Park 
west  of  the  East  Ridge  into  the  lake.  All 
the  roads  which  were  constructed  by  the 
Commission  are  not  only  maintained,  but 
have  been  extended  and  improved  and  are 
now  principal  highways.  The  law  under 
which  they  were  constructed  having  been 
declared  void,  the  owner  of  the  land  upon 
which  they  were  laid  out  might  have  fenced 
them  up,  but  they  were  of  such  evident  util- 
ity and  propriety  that  no  one  has  shown  any 
disposition  to  do  so.  and  having  now  been  in 
use  over  twenty  years,  they  have  become 
legal  highways. 

Local  Opposition. — The  opposition  of 
the  owners  of  the  lands  proposed  to  be  bene- 
fitted  was  not  confined  to  the  validity  of  the 
law.  When  the  first  ditch  was  being  laid 
out  along  the  west  side  of  the  Big  Woods 
Road,  the  Big  Woods  people  came  out  with 
pitch-forks  and  clubs  to  drive  off  the  en- 
gineer and  his  assistants,  but  fortunately  the 
engineer  was  a  good-natured  man,  but  very 
firm,  and  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  driven 
off. 

Later,  when  the  Rogers  Road  ditch  was 
projected,  a  very  vigorous  protest  was 
made,  the  people  insisting  that  they  did  not 
need  any  more  drainage:  that  they  would 
rather  have  their  land  as  it  was  without  fur- 
ther drainage,  and  I  am  of  the  opinion  that 
had  I  not  put  on  my  pleasantest  manner  with 
them,  I  should  have  received  rough  treat- 
ment on  one  of  my  visits  to  the  neighbor- 
hood in  the  collection  of  assessments.  I  had 
the  satisfaction,  however,  later  in  the  season, 
of  turning  the  tables  on  them.  It  occurred 
in  this  way :  Our  ditchers,  for  the  purpose 
of  protecting  their  work  from  being  flooded, 
threw  up  their  excavation  in  such  a  way  as 
to  create  a  dam  on  each  side  of  the  ditch. 
In  the  midst  of  haying  time,  when  a  large 


1 72 


EARLY  DRAINAGE 


quantity  of  hay  was  down,  and  considerable 
of  it  was  in  cocks,  and  when  the  ditch  was 
about  two-thirds  across  the  prairie,  there 
came  a  heavy  rain  which  flooded  the  prairie. 
To  save  their  hay,  the  people  rallied  in 
force,  drove  off  the  ditchers,  cut  the  dams 
and  let  the  water  off,  and  thus  saved  much 
of  their  hay  which  would  otherwise  have 
been  all  spoiled.  We  had  the  ring-leaders 
arrested,  brought  over  to  Evanston  and 
fined.  Though  they  were  not  quite  happy 
in  the  payment  of  their  fines,  they  were 
much  more  reconciled  to  the  payment  of 


their  assessments,  acknowledging  that  af- 
ter all  the  drainage  was  a  pretty  good 
thing. 

All  the  work  done  by  "The  Drainage 
Commission"  was  by  special  assessment. 
Unfortunately,  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871 
destroyed  all  our  assessment  rolls,  or  I 
should  take  pleasure  in  showing  you  how 
much  more  economically  work  was  done  by 
commissioners  interested  in  the  land  as 
owners  than  is  now  done  by  municipal 
authorities  who  have  no  interest  in  com- 
mon with  those  who  have  to  foot  the  bills. 


' 


CHAPTER  XX. 


PUBLIC  UTILITIES 


(By  ALKXASDKI!   CLARK) 


Area  and  Topography  of  the  City  of  Evan- 
ston— The  Drainage  Problem — A  Period 
of  Evolution — Municipal  Development — 
Electric  Light  System  Installed — Street 
Improvements — Parks  and  Boulevards — 
The  Transportation  Problem — Steam  and 
Interurban  Railway  Connections — Heat- 
ing System — Telephone  Service — Evan- 
ston  as  a  Residence  City. 

The  total  area  of  the  city  of  Evanston  is 
about  4,000  acres.  The  lots  generally  have 
a  frontage  of  fifty  feet.  As  they  average 
about  five  lots  to  the  acre,  this  would  make 
a  total  of  20,000  lots  within  the  city  limits. 
Estimating  a  population  of  five  persons  to 
each  lot,  would  give  the  city  a  total  popula- 
tion of  about  100,000  when  the  territory  is 
fully  built  up.  The  present  population  is 
about  20,000.  It  consists  largely  of  resi- 
dents who  do  business  in  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago, while  there  is  a  large  local  population, 
residing  permanently  in  the  city,  of  whom 
a  large  proportion  are  in  the  employment 
of  the  other  class. 

Topographically  the  territory  consists  of 
an  area  intersected  by  two  ridges  running 
north  and  south,  one  known  as  the  East,  and 
the  other  as  the  West  Ridge.  The  East,  or 
Chicago  Avenue  Ridge,  has  an  elevation  of 
twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  above  Lake 
Michigan,  while  Ridge  Avenue  (West 


Ridge)  rises  about  forty-five  feet  above  the 
lake  level. 

There  is  a  large  area  to  the  west  of  Ridge 
Avenue  which  was  at  one  time  very  low 
and  swampy  in  its  character.  The  opening 
of  sewers  through  these  two  ridges  to  the 
lake  has  drained  this  area,  and,  although 
relatively  low,  it  is  actually  about  twenty 
feet  above  Lake  Michigan,  which  is,  on  an 
average,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  distant. 
The  difference  in  elevation,  therefore,  af- 
fords a  very  good  fall  when  the  sewers  are 
cut  through. 

Drainage. — The  drainage  of  this  area 
west  of  Ridge  Avenue  was  a  serious  prob- 
lem for  early  Evanston.  The  first  drainage 
district  ever  organized  in  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois was  created  for  the  purpose  of  accom- 
plishing this  purpose.  In  1855,  the  Legis- 
lature, by  special  act,  created  a  drainage 
corporation,  consisting  of  the  late  Harvey 
B.  Hurd  and  four  other  members,  for  the 
purpose  of  draining  this  territory. 

Early  in  the  'sixties,  this  act  was  declared 
unconstitutional,  and,  in  the  meanwhile,  the 
ditch  leading  from  the  prairie  west  of  Evan- 
ston had  been  cut  through  to  the  lake  at  a 
point  just  north  of  the  city  limits,  and  also 
a  connection  had  been  made  about  the  north 
line  of  Kenilworth.  through  the  Gross 
Point  Ridge  to  the  Skokie.  There  two 
ditches  carried  away  great  volumes  of  sur- 


173 


174 


PUBLIC   UTILITIES 


face  water  that  flooded  these  areas  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year. 

The  first  sewer  in  Evanston  which  tapped 
this  west  prairie  country  was  the  Emerson 
Street  sewer,  which  was  made  of  large 
capacity  and  was  intended  to  drain  this 
area  included  within  the  limits  of  the  city 
of  Evanston :  as  has  already  been  stated,  it 
has  rendered  the  territory  entirely  habitable. 
There  is  a  large  area  south  of  the  portion 
included  in  the  City  of  Evanston,  part  of 
which  is  in  the  Town  of  Evanston  (now 
Ridgeville)  and  part  within  the  Town  of 
Niles,  which  as  yet  has  no  drainage,  and 
must  ultimately  look  for  its  drainage  to  a 
connection  with  the  North  Branch  of  the 
Chicago  River,  either  through  an  open 
channel  into  which  the  Evanston  drainage 
will  be  diverted,  or  by  sewers  constructed 
in  the  City  of  Chicago  and  connected  with 
the  Drainage  Canal.  A  line  of  brickyards 
is  gradually  working  its  way  along  the  east 
edge  of  this  low  ground,  and,  in  time,  will 
work  out  an  open  channel  which  will 
amount  to  an  extension  of  the  North 
Branch. 

A  Period  of  Evolution. — It  is  exceed- 
ingly interesting  to  trace  the  evolution  of 
an  open  farm  country  into  the  complex  de- 
velopment of  a  city.  It  is  difficult  for  the 
early  residents  of  such  a  district  to  contem- 
plate the  possibilities  of  paved  streets, 
sewers,  water  mains,  gas  and  electric  supply, 
and  to  work  with  reference  to  the  ultimate 
establishment  of  these  improvements.  Hence, 
such  development  goes  on  in  a  very  tardy 
and  expensive  manner,  the  work  being  per- 
formed largely  on  experimental  lines  and 
with  reference  to  the  demands  of  the  im- 
mediate present,  and  not  with  any  compre- 
hensive grasp  of  the  needs  of  the  future. 

In  the  south  end  of  the  present  City  of 
Evanston,  which  constituted  the  village  of 
South  Evanston,  the  first  attempt  at  drain- 
age was  by  means  of  wooden  box-drains 


from  the  railroad  leading  down  to  the  lake. 
One  of  these  was  constructed  in  Keeney 
Avenue,  and  a  similar  construction  was 
placed  on  Main  Street,  but  cut  through 
Chicago  Avenue  Ridge,  so  as  to  drain  the 
low-lying  territory  through  the  two  ridges. 
It  speaks  well  for  the  foresight  of  the  men 
who  performed  this  work,  that,  when  they 
cut  through  Chicago  Avenue  Ridge,  ex- 
cavated to  a  depth  sufficient  to  drain  this 
outlying  territory  and  constructed  the  drain 
of  brick,  when  later  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  change  it  into  a  sewer,  it  was  only 
necessary  to  reconstruct  the  portion  be- 
tween the  ridges  up  to  Chicago  Avenue 
Ridge  and  then  to  excavate  across  Ridge 
Avenue  to  the  city  limits  on  the  west. 

Municipal  Consolidation. — The  present 
city  of  Evanston  is  made  up  of  what  was 
originally  three  municipal  corporations : 
Evanston  proper,  South  Evanston  and 
North  Evanston.  The  boundary  of  Evan- 
ston proper,  or  Evanston  center,  was  orig- 
inally on  the  south  by  Hamilton  and  Grain 
Streets,  and  on  the  north  by  Foster  Street. 

The  first  attempt  at  merging  was  in  1873. 
The  Village  of  Evanston  as  it  then  existed 
was  desirous  of  securing  a  water  supply, 
but  did  not  have  the  means  to  do  so,  and 
under  the  constitutional  limitations  as  to  in- 
debtedness could  not  issue  bonds  in  suffi- 
cient amount  to  accomplish  this  purpose.  In 
order  to  increase  its  bonding  capacity  the 
plan  was  devised  of  uniting  the  Village  of 
Evanston  and  North  Evanston.  The  Village 
of  South  Evanston  remained  a  distinct  cor- 
poration until  1892,  when,  after  some  pre- 
vious attempts,  which  proved  unsuccessful, 
the  question  of  annexation  to  the  Village  of 
Evanston  was  taken  up  and,  after  a  hotly 
contested  campaign,  was  carried  through. 

The  Village  of  South  Evanston  owes  its 
existence  to  the  fact  that  no  land  was 
owned  within  its  limits  by  the  Northwest- 
ern University.  In  the  early  days  this  Uni- 


I!  V  II.M  1 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


versity  owned  a  large  portion  of  the  proper- 
ty included  the  original  City  of  Evans- 
ton,  and  as  this  property  was  largely  unim- 
proved and  not  subject  to  taxation,  this  ex- 
emption threw  a  very  serious  burden  upon 
the  portion  of  the  village  not  owned  by  the 
University.  To  escape  this  taxation  was 
the  incentive  for  the  organization  of  the 
new  Village  of  South  Evanston. 

The  framers  of  our  present  Constitution 
in  their  wisdom,  saw  fit  to  so  hedge  about 
the  municipality  that  no  margin  for  ex- 
travagant expenditure  should  be  allowed, 
and  by  inserting  the  provision  in  the  Consti- 
tution that  no  municipal  corporation  should 
become  indebted,  including  present  indebt- 
edness, in  excess  of  five  per  cent  of  its 
property,  so  hampered  an  increase  of  in- 
debtedness that  it  is  utterly  impossible  for 
any  small  municipality  to  have  metropolitan 
facilities ;  so  that,  just  as  soon  as  these 
facilities  are  desired,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  consolidate  in  order  to  enlarge  the  bond- 
ing and  taxing  area. 

The  same  principle  that  applies  in  busi- 
ness, and  influencing  the  merging  of  several 
disconnected  establishments  in  the  same  line 
of  business  into  one.  thereby  securing  great- 
er economy  in  their  management  and  opera- 
tion, applies,  up  to  a  certain  limit,  with  even 
greater  force  to  municipalities. 

The  desperate  struggles  of  some  of  these 
corporations  to  assume  metropolitan  airs, 
without  the  means,  are  very  amusing.  For 
instance,  the  Village  of  South  Evanston  de- 
sired a  water  supply,  and,  in  order  to  secure 
it,  first  bored  an  artesian  well  about  2,600 
feet  deep,  which  spurted  up  like  an  oil  gush- 
er sixty  feet  above  the  surface ;  but  the 
water  was  so  hard  that  it  could  not  be  cut 
with  an  axe.  and  left  a  residuum  of  its  or- 
ganic elements  upon  the  foliage  that  hap- 
pened to  be  sprinkled  with  it. 

The  residents  then  began  to  clamor  for 
lake  water ;  but,  in  order  to  get  a  pure  sup- 


ply, it  was  necessary  to  go  out  some  dis- 
tance from  the  shore  and  construct  a  pump- 
ing station.  A  block  of  ground  between 
Main  Street  and  Keclzie  Avenue  was  found 
which  the  lake  was  gradually  eating  up.  It 
had  been  taken  by  foreclosure  by  Eastern 
parties,  and  they  were  in  danger  of  losing 
their  holdings  by  the  erosion  of  the  water. 
It  was  found,  therefore,  that  the  whole 
block  could  be  purchased  for  about  $i  .600. 
A  frontage  of  about  800  feet  on  Lake  Mich- 
igan was  thus  secured  at  this  nominal  figure. 
The  question  then  arose  how  to  get  the 
money  to  protect  this  land  from  the  en- 
croachments of  the  lake,  grade  it  and  se- 
cure a  water  supply.  The  first  problem  was 
solved  by  levying  a  special  assessment  on 
every  lot  between  the  Ridge  and  the  lake — 
on  those  lots  between  the  railroad  and  the 
lake  $5.00  each,  and  on  those  between  the 
Northwestern  Railroad  and  Ridge  Ave- 
nue $3.00  each.  Hy  this  means  $7.000  was 
raised,  which  was  spent  upon  breakwaters, 
grading  and  setting  out  trees,  and  the  pres- 
ent little  park  is  the  result  of  that  invest- 
ment. The  extent  of  the  ground  has  already 
been  nearly  doubled  by  accretion,  and  is 
capable  of  much  greater  enlargement  at  a 
trifling  expenditure.  About  $20.000  was 
added  to  the  bonded  indebtedness  and  a 
pumping  station  and  water-tower  were 
built. 

Electric  Lighting. — The  town  then 
having  started  on  the  highway  of  progress, 
it  was  thought  that  it  would  be  a  good  thing 
if  an  electric  lighting  system  could  be  in- 
stalled :  bids  were  called  for  and  it  was  as- 
certained that  such  a  system  could  be  estab- 
lished with  a  capacity  for  lighting  the  town 
at  about  $7.000.  But  the  town  was  already 
bonded  up  to  its  full  constitutional  limit, 
and  the  improvement  being  a  public  one,  it 
did  not  seem  possible  that  any  more  money 
could  be  raised  by  special  assessment.  This 
device  was  then  resorted  to :  a  contract  was 


176 


PUBLIC   UTILITIES 


made  with  an  electric  light  company  where- 
by it  constructed  a  plant  in  the  village  and 
leased  it  to  the  municipality  at  a  rental  to 
be  paid  quarterly,  with  an  agreement  that, 
when  a  certain  amount  of  rent  was  paid,  the 
title  to  the  plant  should  vest  in  the  village. 
This  plan  was  borrowed  from  the  method 
pursued  by  impecunious  females  in  pur- 
chasing sewing  machines,  pianos  and  furni- 
ture. To  the  credit  of  the  people  of  the 
village  and  the  lawyers  residing  in  it,  no 
effort  was  made  to  test  the  doubtful  legali- 
ty of  this  proceeding,  and  South  Evanston 
soon  had  the  satisfaction  of  being  the  only 
municipality  electrically  lighted  between 
Waukegan  and  Chicago.  The  same  boilers, 
the  same  engineers  and  fireman  that  oper- 
ated the  water  plant  also  operated  the  light- 
ing plant,  and  the  success  of  the  experi- 
ment is  a  very  instructive  lesson  in  the 
municipal  management  of  public  utilities. 

But  it  was  soon  found  that  the  sewer- 
age which  poured  into  the  lake  on  Main 
Street,  about  600  feet  from  the  pumping 
station,  was  threatening  contamination  of 
the  water  supply,  and  it  was  necessary  that 
the  inlet  be  pushed  far  out  into  the  lake. 
By  none  of  the  devices  before  discovered 
could  any  additional  funds  be  secured,  and 
it  became  a  question  with  South  Evanston 
of  annexation  or  impure  water;  and  this, 
more  than  any  other  fact,  contributed  to 
the  merging  of  the  two  municipalities. 
Shortly  after  they  were  merged,  the  City  of 
Evanston  was  organized,  with  seven  wards 
and  fourteen  Aldermen. 

Street  Improvements.  —  The  surface 
soil  of  most  of  the  area  upon  which  Evans- 
ton  is  built  is  sand,  excepting  the  west  prai- 
rie, where  it  consists  of  a  light  stratum  of 
black  soil  over  blue  clay.  On  the  sandy 
area  the  first  method  of  street-making  was 
confined  to  what  is  known  as  claying  and 
graveling.  Loads  of  blue  clay  from  the 
west  prairie  were  dumped  along  and  spread 


upon  the  street  to  a  depth  of  four  or  five 
inches,  this  being  covered  by  a  layer  of  three 
or  four  inches  of  lake  gravel.  When  the 
rains  fell  the  gravel  worked  itself  into  the 
mud,  and,  for  a  lightly  traveled  street,  it 
was  not  bad.  The  claying  and  graveling  of 
a  strip  twenty  feet  wide  in  the  center  of 
a  street  cost  about  50  cents  per  running 
foot,  and  the  writer  has  a  very  distinct  re- 
collection of  the  clamor  that  was  raised 
when  the  assessment  was  levied  upon  the 
abutting  property  for  this  improvement.  The 
bearing  of  the  burden  of  assessments  is 
purely  a  matter  of  education.  As  the  Irish- 
man said  about  hanging:  it  is  not  so  bad 
when  you  get  used  to  it,  provided  you  do 
not  die  in  the  meantime;  and  the  same 
property  owners  that  so  bitterly  contested 
the  50  cents  per  running  foot  assessment 
have  since  then  borne  with  the  greatest 
equanimity  an  assessment  of  three  or  four 
dollars  per  front  foot  for  paving  and  curb- 
ing. 

I  have  a  very  distinct  recollection  of  the 
paving  of  Davis  Street  with  clay  and 
gravel.  The  abutting  owners  desired  that 
there  should  be  plenty  of  clay  put  on ;  so 
they  stood  around  in  the  hot  sun  and 
bossed  the  job,  and  the  contractor  gave 
them  all  they  wanted.  Six  or  eight  inches 
of  it  was  put  on  and  the  gravel  dumped  on 
this,  and,  for  the  next  year  and  a  half,  Davis 
Street  was  a  hog-wallow  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  year.  This  ended  the  era  of  clay 
and  gravel.  The  next  pavement  laid  upon 
Davis  Street  was  macadam.  This  was  not 
found  satisfactory  and  brick  was  laid  upon 
the  macadam.  I  think  the  history  of  the 
paving  of  Davis  Street  illustrates  most 
forcibly  the  expensive  evolution  by  which 
municipalities  are  educated  up  to  the  man- 
agement of  their  affairs.  "Vox  populi" 
may  be  "vox  Dei,"  but  it  is  an  exceedingly 
expensive  voice  when  it  comes  to  dealing 
with  business  matters.  I  think  a  careful  in- 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


177 


vestigation  will  establish  the  fact  that  gen- 
erally what  the  people  want  in  a  business 
proposition  is  the  thing  they  ought  not  to 
get.  Such  questions  can  not  be  settled  by 
town  meetings.  I  remember  very  distinctly 
when  James  Ayers  attempted  to  pave  Hin- 
man  Avenue.  After  an  immense  amount  of 
oratory,  discussions  back  and  forth,  theories 
and  protests  from  people  who  wanted  the 
street  kept  like  a  country  village  street  and 
who  dreaded  city  improvements,  James 
finally  gave  the  matter  up  and  said  in  his 
opinion  Hinman  Avenue  could  never  be 
paved — that  there  was  "too  much  brains  on 
the  street." 

With  the  advent  of  paved  streets  came 
the  problem  of  providing  for  the  cost  of 
their  maintenance,  and  the  City  of  Evanston 
to-day,  with  its  increased  area  and  valua- 
tion, finds  itself  in  almost  as  great  financial 
straits  as  the  old  village  of  South  Evanston 
in  its  early  struggles. 

The  wooden  block  pavement  craze  struck 
quite  hard  in  South  Evanston,  and  the  re- 
sult is  miles  of  streets  to  be  repaved  at  the 
expense  of  the  abutting  owners.  Perhaps 
the  best  and  most  durable  pavement  ever 
laid  in  Evanston  is  the  piece  on  Chicago 
Avenue  from  Davis  Street  north.  It  is  of 
brick,  and  has  been  down  ten  years  and  is 
practically  as  smooth  and  good  to-day  as 
when  first  laid.  It  was  laid  by  experts.  It 
consists  of  a  layer  of  sand  with  a  layer  of 
brick  laid  flatwise,  this  being  surmounted 
by  another  layer  of  sand  and  a  layer  of 
brick  laid  edgewise.  The  only  possible  ob- 
jection to  such  a  pavement  is  its  noise. 

Evanston  has  to-day  some  of  the  finest 
macadamized  streets  in  the  country.  Asso- 
ciations have  been  formed  on  quite  a  num- 
ber of  streets  for  their  care  and  mainte- 
nance, and  it  has  been  found  that  a  street 
can  be  kept  clean  and  in  perfect  condition 
for  less  than  the  cost  of  sprinkling  on  the 
individual  plan.  Property  owners  are  grad- 


ually waking  up  to  the  proposition  that  the 
care  of  the  street  in  front  of  abutting  prop- 
erty is  just  as  much  a  duty  on  the  part  of 
the  owner  as  the  care  of  his  front  yard  and 
household  surroundings. 

Evanston  is  shut  in  on  the  south  by  Cal- 
vary Cemetery,  which  extends  from  the  lake 
to  Chicago  Avenue.  Chicago  Avenue  is  an 
extension  of  Clark  Street ;  Asbury  Avenue 
an  extension  of  Western  Avenue,  and 
Sheridan  Road  an  extension  in  South  Ev- 
anston of  Ashland  Avenue  in  the  City  of 
Chicago. 

In  the  early  '6os  an  effort  was  made  by  the 
township  authorities  to  extend  Evanston 
Avenue  through  Calvary  Cemetery,  and  the 
attempt  was  resisted,  t'i  et  armis,  by  the 
then  Archbishop.  But  along  in  1887  an  as- 
sociation, known  as  the  Xorth  Shore  Im- 
provement Association,  was  organized  by 
citizens  along  the  Xorth  Shore  for  the  prin- 
cipal purpose  of  constructing  a  driveway 
along  the  lake  for  the  use  of  the  shore  towns 
from  Lincoln  Park  north.  So  much  en- 
thusiasm and  public  spirit  was  generated  in 
the  matter  that  Archbishop  Feehan  gener- 
ously donated  a  loo-foot  strip  through  Cal- 
vary Cemetery,  and  public-spirited  citizens 
in  Evanston,  headed  by  Mr.  Yolney  W.  Fos- 
ter, raised  about  $3,000  to  level  down  the 
sand-hills  and  clay  and  gravel  the  roadway. 
This  opened  up  an  outlet  for  driving  pur- 
poses from  Evanston  to  Chicago. 

Parks  and  Boulevards.  —  The  drive- 
way thus  opened  up  was  known  as  the 
Sheridan  Road.  Except  at  a  few  points  it 
constitutes  a  good  highway  all  the  way 
from  Fort  Sheridan  to  Chicago,  with  por- 
tions in  Lake  Forest  and  Waukegan.  In 
1893  the  passage  of  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature was  secured  authorizing  the  forma- 
tion of  park  districts  along  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan,  and  vesting  in  such  dis- 
tricts the  title  to  the  submerged  land.  An 
effort  was  made  to  organize  such  a  district 


PUBLIC  UTILITIES 


to  include  the  City  of  Evanston,  but  times 
were  hard  and  taxes  were  high,  and  the 
people  could  not  see  their  way  clear  to  es- 
tablish a  new  taxing  municipality.  The 
portion  of  the  West  Side  of  Rogers  Park, 
however,  organized  itself  into  a  district  un- 
der this  law,  and  has  constructed  on  Ridge 
Avenue  a  mile  and  three-quarters  of  the 
finest  driveway  in  or  around  the  city.  This 
little  district  took  this  street  as  a  sand-heap 
and  has  improved  and  beautified  it  in  every 
particular  with  trees,  sod  and  every  requisite 
for  residence  purposes.  Spurred  to  emula- 
tion, the  East  Side  of  Rogers  Park,  after  a 
bitter  contest,  succeeded  in  organizing  an- 
other district,  and  these  people  have  taken 
hold  of  the  Sheridan  Road  on  the  east  side 
and  are  now  duplicating  the  improvements 
made  on  Ridge  Avenue. 

Township  Organization. — An  effort  is 
now  being  made  by  the  City  of  Evanston 
to  abolish  the  useless  and  expensive  town- 
ship organization  system  by  which  the  ter- 
ritory is  burdened.  (As  will  be  seen  by 
the  first  chapter  of  this  work,  relating  to  the 
present  territorial  boundaries  of  the  City  of 
Evanston,  the  object  just  mentioned  has 
been  accomplished  by  the  organization  of 
the  territory  embraced  within  the  City  of 
Evanston  into  a  single  township  under  the 
name  of  "Ridgeville,"  with  boundaries  iden- 
tical with  those  of  the  city.)  The  territory 
embraced  within  the  City  of  Evanston  pre- 
viously included  portions  of  three  town- 
ships, and  each  of  these  townships  olaced 
a  different  valuation  on  property.  The  re- 
sult was  that  a  lot  on  one  side  of  McDaniel 
Street,  in  North  Evanston,  bore  50  per 
cent  more  of  all  the  burden  of  taxation  than 
a  lot  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street  in 
the  township  of  Xiles,  equally  well  situated. 
Moreover,  the  city  was  burdened  with  three 
sets  of  Highway  Commissioners ;  three  sets 
of  Assessors ;  three  sets  of  Collectors,  and 
three  sets  of  Town  Clerks,  necessitating  an 


immense  amount  of  bookkeeping.  These 
Highway  Commissioners  were  vested  with 
taxing  powers  equal  to  about  one-half  of 
the  taxing  power  of  the  municipality  itself, 
with  a  provision  that  one-half  of  all  the 
money  raised  in  the  area  of  the  City  of 
Evanston  must  be  expended  on  the  farm  ter- 
ritory outside  of  the  city  limits.  The  whole 
method  of  township  organization,  as  it  ex- 
isted in  the  City  of  Evanston,  was  one  of  the 
most  outrageous  illustrations  of  municipal 
mismanagement  that  could  be  well  devised. 
The  consolidation  alluded  to — which  was 
accomplished  under  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature passed  in  1903 — has  resulted  in  the 
abolition  of  the  useless  offices  of  Highway 
Commissioner,  Town  Clerk  and  Town  Col- 
lector, and  the  consolidation  of  the  town- 
ship business  with  the  city  business,  as  well 
as  the  abolition  of  township  elections  on  a 
separate  day.  As  a  result  of  this  change 
greater  economy  will  be  secured  and  the 
City  of  Evanston  will  be  enabled  to  or- 
ganize itself  into  a  park  district  under  the 
law  of  1893,  and  it  will  also  be  in  position 
to  take  possession  of  the  submerged  land 
on  the  lake  front,  with  a  view  of  establish- 
ing, in  the  future,  parks  and  drives  along 
the  whole  shore.  No  man  with  an  atom  of 
prevision  can  fail  to  see  the  great  possibili- 
ties of  such  a  right  to  the  city.  Of  course, 
to  attempt  to  fill  in  the  great  areas  of  this 
submerged  land  under  previous  conditions 
would  have  meant  bankruptcy  to  the  city. 
The  money  heretofore  spent  under  the  com- 
plicated township  organization,  if  spent  in 
this  direction,  would  have  added  immensely 
to  the  future  prosperity  and  beauty  of  the 
city.  Under  the  new  arrangement  rights 
and  property  can  be  secured  at  the  cost  of  a 
few  hundreds  of  dollars  .that,  ten  years 
hence,  would  have  cost  thousands.  The 
best  illustration  of  this  is  the  history  of  the 
little  park  in  South  Evanston  heretofore 
narrated.  What  was  then  secured  for  $1,600 


RIDGEV1LLE 
XA      TOWNSHIP 


Portion  of  Map  pulilislieil  k  J.  H 


'1  ..    n-hip  *•''•''-  17.  !>••"'".  "IK!  ai  the 


del  ached   and   formed   into 
e  Township  of  Lake  View. 

On  the  1st  of  January  I'-OO, 
the    name  was 

from   EvanMon   t»»   Kidyeville 
Township,    i  IK-    limits 
identU'al  with  those   of    tin- 
City  of  Kvunston. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


179 


would  probably  now  cost  from  twenty  to 
thirty  thousand  dollars. 

Transportation.— About  the  time  of 
the  incorporation  of  the  Village  of  Evans- 
ton,  along  in  1856  or  1858,  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railroad  was  completed  be- 
tween Chicago  and  Milwaukee,  and  a  sub- 
urban service  was  installed  and  carried  on 
upon  a  single  track  until  along  about  1885, 
when  the  present  double-track  service  was 
installed.  In  1864  a  corporation  consisting 
of  Orrington  Lunt,  John  Evans  and  some 
other  persons,  was  created  under  the  title 
of  the  Chicago  &  Evanston  Railroad  Com- 
pany. The  object  of  the  scheme  was  to  con- 
struct a  horse  or  steam  road  from  the  City 
of  Evanston  to  the  City  of  Chicago,  the  in- 
tention being  to  connect  about  Fullerton 
Avenue  with  the  horse  cars.  The  road  got 
no  farther  than  some  rights  along  the  river 
up  to  Fullerton  Avenue,  and  it  then  slum- 
bered under  the  blanket  of  an  injunction 
until  along  in  1887,  when  it  was  revived 
and  pushed  to  completion  up  to  Calvary 
Cemetery,  and  a  new  corporation  was  then 
organized  known  as  the  Chicago,  Evanston 
&  Lake  Superior  Railroad  Company,  which 
obtained  rights  to  construct  the  road 
through  South  Evanston  and  Evanston.  The 
road  soon  after  came  under  the  control  of 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Com- 
pany, which  was  then  looking  for  another 
entrance  into  the  city,  its  lease  over  the  Pan- 
handle being  about  to  expire.  The  property 
was  bought  for  this  purpose,  but  its  use 
was  not  needed  and  it  has  been  operated 
since  as  a  local  line,  with  very  little  profit 
to  the  company. 

In  1892  the  writer,  D.  H.  Louderback. 
and  John  L.  Cockran  organized  a  company 
known  as  the  Chicago  &  North  Shore  Street 
Railway  Company  to  construct  a  street  rail- 
way line  from  Evanston  to  Chicago.  The 
installation  of  this  service  in  Evanston  was 
very  bitterly  contested  by  many  of  the  resi- 
dents, who  claimed  they  had  come  out  to 


Evanston  to  get  away  from  this  sort  of 
thing ;  but  it  was  pointed  out  to  them  that, 
with  the  growth  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  in 
order  to  get  away  from  it,  it  would  be  nec- 
essary to  get  farther  out  than  twelve  miles 
from  the  center  of  the  city.  One  resident 
was  particularly  solicitous  about  the  effect 
of  this  innovation  upon  the  Lord's  day.  He 
afterward  agreed,  however,  that  in  consid- 
eration of  $1,500  he  would  withdraw  his 
opposition  and  leave  the  Lord  to  take  care 
of  his  own  day.  The  $1,500  was  not  paid. 
The  road  was  finally  installed  and  has 
proved  a  very  fair  success,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  benefit  to  the  people  of  the 
city. 

The  City  of  Evanston  is  now  anxious  to 
get  some  benefit  from  the  construction  of 
the  Northwestern  Elevated.  The  present 
service  is  not  satisfactory  on  account  of  its 
slowness  and  the  necessity  for  transfers. 
When  the  road  was  completed  it  was  ex- 
pected that  the  St.  Paul  would  make  some 
traffic  arrangement  by  which  a  connection 
could  be  secured  with  the  elevated  by  an 
incline,  and  its  cars  could  pass  without 
transfer  from  Evanston  down  into  the  city 
over  the  express  tracks  of  the  elevated.  Ne- 
gotiations up  to  the  present  time  have  not 
resulted  in  the  success  of  such  a  scheme ; 
but  it  is  so  much  to  the  interest  of  all  par- 
ties concerned  that  it  can  be  safely  assured 
that  this  plan  will  finally  be  carried  out,  and 
that  the  St.  Paul  line  will  be  equipped  with 
electricity  and  operated  in  connection  with 
the  Northwestern  Elevated  to  Evanston.  If 
such  an  equipment  were  made,  and  stops 
made  at  frequent  intervals  through  the  city, 
with  an  express  service  from  the  city  down 
over  the  elevated  without  any  stop,  say  to 
Kinzie  Street,  and  a  frequent  service  given 
with  a  ten-cent  fare,  it  is  believed  that  the 
building  boom  that  has  set  in  at  the  terminus 
of  the  elevated  would  extend  up  along  the 
shore  and  include  the  Citv  of  Evanston. 


i8o 


PUBLIC   UTILITIES 


A  line  leaving  this  main  line  at  Oakton 
Avenue  and  going  west  to  Asbury,  and 
along  on  Asbury,  Florence  and  Ashland, 
and  along  the  Northwestern  up  through  to 
Gross  Point,  would  bring  a  large  area  of 
the  City  of  Evanston,  which  is  now  remote 
from  depots,  into  close  touch  with  the  city 
by  the  very  best  kind  of  service,  provided 
the  cars  were  carried  through  without  trans- 
fer over  the  elevated  down  into  the  city.  A 
trolley  line  from  Evanston  to  Waukegan 
has  been  installed,  and  a  branch  line  leaving 
this  line  at  Lake  Bluff  is  now  being  built 
across  to  Libertyville,  with  the  intention 
of  being  pushed  into  the  Fox  Lake  region. 
When  this  line  is  completed  it  will  certainly 
be  the  greatest  pleasure  riding  and  picnic 
line  around  Chicago,  and  the  people  of 
Evanston  will  be  put  in  close  connection 
with  some  of  the  most  beautiful  country 
around  Chicago. 

Gas  and  Electric  Lighting. — At  a  very 
early  day  in  the  history  of  Evanston,  Edwin 
Lee  Brown,  one  of  the  city's  public-  spirited 
citizens,  organized  a  company  known  as  the 
Northwestern  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Com- 
pany, and  started  a  gas  plant.  Pipes  were 
laid  to  the  principal  buildings  in  the  village. 
This  plant  has  now  been  finally  merged  with 
the  People's  Gas  Company  of  Chicago  and 
gas  rates  run  about  the  same  as  they  do  in 
the  city,  and  the  service  has  been  extended 
practically  over  the  whole  city  of  Evanston. 

Another  corporation  was  organized  by 
some  of  the  citizens  of  Evanston  eight  or 
ten  years  ago  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing 
electric  light  to  the  then  village  of  Evan- 
ston, known  as  the  Evanston  Illuminating 
Company,  and  it  has  done  for  the  City  of 
Evanston  what  has  not  been  done  for  any 
other  city  of  its  size  in  the  United  States, 
namely :  put  most  of  its  wires  underground. 
Its  franchise  for  the  use  of  the  streets  runs 
for  about  seventeen  years,  and  it  has  a  con- 
tract with  the  City  of  Evanston  for  public 
lighting  running  about  ten  years. 


Heating  System. — A  couple  of  years  ago 
a  corporation  was  organized  by  Mr.  Yaryan, 
of  Toledo,  Ohio,  known  as  the  Evanston 
Yaryan  Company,  and  a  franchise  secured 
for  furnishing  heat  by  hot  water  carried 
through  pipes  connected  with  the  houses. 
Recently  a  plant  has  been  constructed  and 
the  service  extended  to  about  two  hundred 
houses  with  the  most  gratifying  results. 
Ashes,  smoke  and  coal  dust  are  eliminated 
from  the  home,  and  heat  is  furnished  at  a 
rate  less  than  the  actual  cost  of  coal  for 
private  heating.  It  is  very  generally  ad- 
mitted that  this  single  improvement  adds 
fully  twenty-five  per  cent  to  the  value  of 
property  thereby  benefited  for  residence. 
If  any  man  is  going  to  build  a  home  he 
would  be  willing  to  pay  that  much  more, 
provided  he  could  secure  this  service;  and 
the  demand  is  spreading  all  over  the  city  for 
the  extension  of  the  same. 

Telephone  Service. — The  Chicago  Tel- 
ephone Company  has  extended  its  service 
into  Evanston  and  erected  a  very  beautiful 
building  on  Chicago  Avenue,  just  south  of 
Davis  Street,  for  its  offices.  The  local 
charge  for  residences  is  very  reasonable,  and 
the  service  has  been  found  extremely  satis- 
factory. 

As  has  already  been  suggested,  the  terri- 
tory embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  City 
of  Evanston  is  capable  of  furnishing  com- 
fortable homes  with  plenty  of  air-space  for 
about  100,000  people.  There  is  no  reason 
why  this  city  should  not  be  a  model  one. 
The  problems  of  municipal  government  and 
management  are  live  ones,  and  some  of  the 
best  thought  of  the  country  is  devoting 
itself  to  their  solution.  Perhaps  nowhere 
could  be  found  a  more  ideal  spot  or  a  better 
environment  for  the  practical  solution  of 
many  of  these  problems,  and  the  residents 
of  the  City  of  Evanston  are  of  a  class  to 
lend  themselves  readily  to  assisting  along 
these  lines. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


WATER  SUPPLY— LIGHTING  SYSTEM 

(87  THOMAS  BATES) 


Conditions  Prior  to  1874— First  Move  for 
an  Adequate  Water  Supply— Charles  J. 
Gilbert  Leader  in  the  Movement — Holly 
Engines  Installed  in  1874  and  1886 — 
Annexation  of  South  Evanston — The 
Consolidated  City  Incorporated  in  1892 — 
Increase  in  the  Water  Supply  in  1897 — 
Source  of  Supply — Revenue — Extent  of 
System — Street  Lighting  by  Gas  Intro- 
duced in  1871 — Introduction  of  Electric 
Lighting  in  1890 — Installation  of  the 
Evanston-Yaryan  Light  and  Heating 
System. 

Prior  to  1874  the  supply  of  water  used 
by  the  citizens  of  Evanston  was  procured 
from  their  own  private  wells  and  cisterns. 
However,  for  two  years  before  that  time, 
the  Village  Board  of  the  then  Village  of 
Evanston  had  been  considering  and  discus- 
sing the  possibility  of  a  more  satisfactory 
means  of  furnishing  the  people  with  water, 
but,  as  it  involved  the  building  of  a  water- 
works plant,  putting  down  sewers  and 
water-pipes  and  the  purchase  of  an  engine, 
it  involved  an  expense  which,  to  some  of  the 
learned  fathers  of  that  time,  was  appalling. 

Leader  in  the  Movement  for  an  Im- 
proved Water  Supply. — The  manwhowas 
most  active  and  persistent  in  his  fight  for 
the  establishment  of  a  water-plant  was 
Charles  J.  Gilbert,  who  has,  ever  since  that 
time,  been  known  as  the  father  of  the  Evan- 


ston Water- Works.  He  not  only  gave  lib- 
erally of  his  time,  but  also  contributed  lib- 
erally of  his  private  means  in  traveling 
about  the  country  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining the  best  system,  the  best  engines  and 
the  best  sort  of  plant  for  the  village,  and,  in 
1874,  the  first  engine  and  pumping  station 
were  installed. 

The  engine  was  named  the  "C.  J.  Gilbert." 
It  is  a  quadroduplex  Holly  engine,  with  a 
rated  capacity  of  2,000,000  gallons  per  day  ; 
but  after  it  was  installed  and,  in  cases  of 
emergency,  it  pumped  in  the  neighborhood 
of  3,000,000  gallons  per  day.  This  engine 
is  still  running  and  in  good  condition,  and  it 
is  a  somewhat  remarkable  fact  that  Samuel 
B.  Penney,  who  was  installed  as  second 
engineer  of  the  Evanston  Water- Works  in 
1874.  is  still  in  charge  of  them,  and  has 
been  in  the  continuous  service  of  the  village 
and  city  successively  since  the  old  "C.  J. 
Gilbert"  pumped  the  first  gallon  of  water. 

This  engine  was  run  for  seventeen  years, 
night  and  day,  and  during  those  seventeen 
years  it  ran  on  an  average  of  23.7  hours 
out  of  each  24  for  the  entire  time. 

The  largest  amount  of  water  ever  pumped 
in  one  day  during  the  year  1875  was  656,- 
918  gallons,  and  for  the  entire  month  of 
May,  1876,  there  was  pumped  6,636,448 
gallons  in  the  thirty-one  days.  As  com- 
pared with  this  record,  it  may  be  said  that, 
on  August  8,  1900,  the  amount  of  water 

181 


18.2 


WATER  SUPPLY— LIGHTING  SYSTEM 


pumped  in  one  day  at  the  Evanston  pump- 
ing station  was  10,156,132  gallons,  almost 
one-third  more  than  was  pumped  for  the  en- 
tire month  of  May,  1876. 

The  Cost — Second  Engine  Installed  in 
1886. — The  cost  of  the  first  Holly  engine 
bought  in  Evanston,  together  with  boiler, 
was  $24,000.  In  the  year  1886  it  became 
apparent  to  the  authorities  of  the  then  Vil- 
lage of  Evanston,  that  the  engine  which 
had  run  night  and  day  since  1875  was,  in  its 
capacity,  inadequate  for  the  wants  of  the 
people,  and  thereupon,  after  the  usual  in- 
vestigation, consideration  and  discussion,  a 
second  Holly  engine  was  purchased,  of  the 
Gaskill  type,  and,  in  the  year  1888,  it  was 
installed  with  a  rated  capacity  of  5,000,000 
gallons  a  day,  which,  under  pressure,  could 
be  increased  to  5,500,000  per  day. 

It  is  a  little  remarkable  that,  upon  the 
installation  of  this  second  engine,  the  then 
Village  Board  of  Trustees  were  divided  as 
to  whether  they  should  throw  out  the  first 
engine  or  sell  it  for  what  they  could  get, 
upon  the  theory  that  this  second  engine, 
with  a  5,000,000  gallons  capacity,  would  be 
sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  village  for  the 
next  twenty  years.  It  was,  however,  finally 
decided  to  retain  the  first  engine  for  a  time 
at  least,  and  the  wisdom  of  this  decision  was 
shown  by  the  fact  that,  in  less  than  three 
years,  the  second  engine  was  found  inad- 
equate, and  from  that  time  until  the  year 
1896,  the  water  required  at  times  taxed  the 
full  capacity  of  both  engines. 

Annexation  of  South  Evanston. — A  few 
years  after  the  installation  of  the  second 
engine,  the  Village  of  South  Evanston  was 
annexed  to  Evanston,  and  one  month  later 
(March,  1892),  the  consolidated  village  was 
incorporated  ,as  the  City  of  Evanston.  Prior 
to  the  annexation  of  the  Village  of  South 
Evanston,  it  had  received  its  water  supply 
largely  from  an  artesian  well ;  but  after  the 
annexation,  the  water-mains  were  extended 


or  connected  with  the  mains  of  the  City  of 
Evanston,  and  it  then  became  apparent  that 
the  capacity  of  the  engines  was  insufficient 
to  supply  the  needs  of  the  people,  and,  there- 
fore, in  1896  the  City  Council  of  Evanston 
took  into  consideration  the  question  of  the 
purchase  of  another  engine  to  meet  the  in- 
creased demand. 

Third  Engine  Installed  in  1897.— Great 
diversity  of  opinion  arose  in  the  minds  of 
the  Aldermen  composing  the  City  Council 
as  to  what  kind  of  an  engine  was  best  fitted 
for  the  purpose.  The  discussion  at  times 
was  bitter  and  personal,  but  it  resulted  in 
the  purchase,  in  1897,  and  the  installation  of 
another  Holly  engine,  of  the  Decrow  type, 
with  a  pumping  capacity  of  12,000,000  to 
14,000,000  gallons  per  day.  This  last  men- 
tioned engine,  up  to  this  time,  has  been 
found  fully  adequate  to  supply  the  needs 
of  the  city.  The  second  engine,  without  any 
boilers  or  fittings,  cost  about  $12,000,  and 
the  third  engine,  together  with  foundations 
and  such  fittings  as  were  necessary,  cost 
about  $35.000. 

The  supply  of  water  to  these  engines  is 
procured  through  two  in-take  pipes,  the  first 
being  16  inches  in  diameter,  which  was  laid 
on  the  bed  of  the  lake  in  1875.  and  which 
extends  out  1,200  feet  from  the  shore.  In 
1889,  this  in-take  pipe  being  found  insuf- 
ficient, another  in-take  pipe  30  inches  in 
diameter  was  laid  on  the  bottom  of  the  lake, 
extending  out  2.600  feet  to  a  submerged 
crib,  and  it  is  through  this  latter  pipe  that 
all  of  the  water  pumped  for  the  City  of 
Evanston  is  received,  except  in  summer 
time,  when  much  water  is  used  for  the 
sprinkling  of  lawns,  and  then  both  pipes  are 
necessary  to  supply  the  demand. 

Much  inconvenience  has  been  experienced 
in  the  coldest  weather  of  the  winter  months, 
from  what  is  known  as  anchor  or  slush  ice, 
which  sinks  and  accumulates  about  the 
openings  of  the  submerged  cribs  and  clogs 


r.ROSS  POINT  Lir.HTHOrSK 

Sheritlan  Road  and  Central  Street 
Tower  completed  June  30.  187.3.     I-ight  exhibited  Sprinc  of  i 


ISJ 


\\.\TKK   SUPPLY— LIGHT1XG   SYSTEM 


pumped  in  i UK1  'lav  at  the  Kvatiston  pump- 
ing station  was  10.150. i^j  «jallims.  almost 
one-third  more  than  was  pumped  fi>r  the  en- 
tire month  of  May.  1X7/1. 

The  Cost — Second  Engine  Installed  in 
1886.—  -Tlie  cost  of  the  lir>t  Nolly  engine 
bought  in  Kvatiston.  together  with  boiler, 
wa-  S_'4.i«Ki.  In  the  year  iXX/i  it  became 
apparent  to  the  authorities  of  the  then  Vil- 
lage of  Kvaiiston.  that  the  engine  which 
hail  run  ni^dit  and  <l;iv  since  1^75  was.  in  its 
capacity,  'inadequate  for  the  wants  of  the 
people,  and  thereupon,  after  the  usual  in- 
vestigation, consideration  and  discussion,  a 
second  I  lollv  engine  was  purchased,  of  the 
(iaskill  type.  and.  in  the  year  iXXX.  it  was 
installed  with  a  rated  capacity  of  5.(xx>.ooo 
gallon-  a  day.  which,  under  pressure,  could 
he  increased  to  :;.;IK).(KKI  per  day. 

It  i-  a  little  remarkable  that,  upon  the 
installation  of  this  -ccond  engine,  the  then 
Village  Hoard  of  Trustees  were  divided  as 
to  uhetlier  they  -houM  throw  out  the  lir-t 
engine  or  -ell  it  for  what  they  could  yet. 
upon  the  thenrv  that  this  second  engine. 

uiih  a  5.000.000  fjalluns  capacity,  \voiilil  In- 
sufficient for  tin-  needs  of  the  village  for  tile 
next  twenty  year-.  It  wa-.  however,  tinaltv 
decided  to  retain  the  lir-l  engine  for  a  time 
at  lea-l.  and  the  wisdom  of  this  decision  u  as 
shown  by  the  fact  that,  in  le--  than  three 
year».  the  -ecoii'l  engine  wa-  found  inad- 
ei|iiale.  and  from  that  time  until  the  year 
iS'i'i.  the  water  rti|iiiri*i|  at  times  taxed  the 
full  capacity  of  both  engines. 

Annexation  of  South  Evanston. — A  few 
year-  after  the  in-lallation  of  tin-  second 
engine,  ih.-  \  illaye  of  South  Kvau-tou  ua- 
annexed  io  Kvan-t'  ,n.  and  one  month  later 
I  March.  lXij_>i.  ihe  consolidated  village  wa- 
incorporated  a-  ih<  <  'ity  of  Kvan-ton.  Prior 
lo  the  annexalion  of  the  Village  of  South 
Kvaii-ton.  it  had  received  il-  water  supply 
largely  from  an  artesian  well:  but  after  the 
annexation,  the  water-mains  were  extended 


or  connected  with  tile  mains  of  the  City  of 
Kvanstnu.  and  it  then  became  apparent  that 
the  capacity  of  the  engines  was  insufficient 

to  supply  the  needs  of  the  people,  and.  there- 
fore, in  iS</>  the  City  Council  "f  Kvanston 
took  into  consideration  the  question  of  the 
purchase  of  another  engine  to  meet  the  in- 
creased demand. 

Third  Engine  Installed  in  1897.— <  ireat 
diversity  of  opinion  arose  in  the  minds  of 
the  Aldermen  composing  the  City  Council 
as  to  what  kind  of  an  engine  was  best  titled 
for  the  purpose.  The  discussion  at  times 
was  bitter  and  personal,  but  it  resulted  in 
the  purchase,  in  \X<i~.  and  the  installation  of 
another  I  lollv  engine,  of  the  Decn>\v  type, 
with  a  pumping  capacity  of  I_>.<KX>.<KX)  to 
I4.<xx>.ooo  gallons  per  da\ .  This  last  men- 
tioned engine,  up  to  tins  time,  has  been 
found  fully  adequate  to  supply  the  needs 
of  the  city.  The  second  engine,  without  any 
boilers  or  tilting'-,  cost  about  Si_'.<xx>.  and 
the  third  engine,  together  with  foundation* 
and  such  fittings  as  were  ncce--ar\ .  co-t 
about  S.V.IXKI. 

The  supplv  of  water  to  the-r  engines  i- 
procured  through  two  in-take  pipe-,  the  tir-t 
bcinjr  I''  inches  in  diameter,  which  was  laid 
on  the  lied  of  the  lake  in  1X75.  and  winch 
extends  out  l.jix>  feet  from  the  shore.  In 
iSSi).  this  in-take  pipe  licin^  found  insuf- 
ficient, another  in-take  pipe  ,}o  inches  in 
diameter  was  laid  mi  the  bottom  of  the  lake, 
extending  out  j.ixx)  feet  to  a  -ubmerijed 
crib,  and  it  is  through  this  latter  pipe  that 
all  of  the  \\ater  pumped  for  the  Citv  of 
Kvan-toii  is  received,  except  in  summer 
time,  when  much  water  is  ii-ed  for  the 
sprinkling  of  lawn-,  and  then  both  pipes  are 
necessary  to  supply  the  demand. 

Much  inconvenience  has  been  experienced 
in  the  coldest  weather  of  the  winter  month-, 
from  what  i-  known  as  anchor  or  -lii-h  ice. 
which  sink-  and  accumulate-  about  the 
openings  of  the  submerged  cribs  and  cl»fjs 


<.U(>SS  I'lUNT   I.K  .ll'l'lli  il  r-l 

>]..  nihll   UiOil  nil'l  <  fi11r:il  Sli.-.-l 
•|n«.i -i-iiiii|ili  r,.|  Jtnii    .«i.  i"r.<       I  ulil  ,  xhil.ic.  .1  Sp,   • 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


183 


the  flow  of  water,  and  many  expedients  have 
been  resorted  to  in  order  to  overcome  this 
difficulty,  none  of  which,  however,  have  been 
entirely  successful.  With  a  view  to  accom- 
plishing this  object,  within  the  past  year, 
connections  have  been  made  with  the  mains 
of  Rogers  Park  and  the  City  of  Chicago,  by 
which,  in  case  of  emergency,  the  valves  may 
be  opened  and  the  supply  of  water,  if  cut 
off  by  anchor  ice,  may  be  obtained  from  the 
mains  of  the  City  of  Chicago  through 
Rogers  Park.  At  the  present  time  the  ques- 
tion of  a  tunnel  out  under  the  surface  of 
the  lake  is  being  agitated  and  seriously  con- 
sidered for  the  purpose  of,  at  all  times, 
securing  an  adequate  supply. 

At  the  present  time  the  City  of  Evanston 
is  also  furnishing  to  the  Village  of  Wil- 
mette  its  supply  of  water. 

The  pressure  upon  the  mains  on  an  aver- 
age is  40  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  which 
can  be  raised  to  80  pounds  to  the  square  inch 
in  case  of  fire.  The  coal  consumed  in  the 
year  1901  was  2,000  tons. 

Income — Extent  of  System. — The  rev- 
enue received  from  water-tax  in  1901  was 
$65,000,  which  does  not  include  the  water 
permits ;  including  the  water  permits,  the 
total  receipts  of  the  Water  Department  for 
the  year  1901  was  about  $70,000.  It,  per- 
haps, would  not  be  advisable  to  state  how 
much  of  this  $70,000  is  clear  profit  to  the 
city,  but  it  may  be  sufficient  to  add  that, 
whilst  the  water-tax  in  the  city  is  not  higher 
than  that  of  other  cities — in  fact,  is  con- 
siderably less  than  the  water-tax  of  rnany 
cities — still  the  Evanston  water-works 
plant,  today,  is  proving  an  exceedingly 
profitable  investment  for  the  city. 

The  water,  for  which  this  $70,000  is  paid, 
is  distributed  to  the  citizens  of  Evanston 
through  sixty-one  miles  of  water-mains. 
The  supply  is  abundant.  No  restrictions  are 
placed  upon  the  citizens  in  regard  to  lawn 
sprinkling,  and  the  beautiful  trees  and  lawns 


of  the  city  bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  the 
water-plant  of  Evanston,  today,  is  a  decided 
success. 

Lighting. — Prior  to  18T1  a  few  smoky, 
flickering  oil-lamps  were  the  only  guide 
which  an  Evanston  citizen  had  at  night  to 
aid  him  in  keeping  out  of  the  mud  and  the 
ditches  of  the  unpaved  and  unsewered 
streets ;  but  it  was  during  this  year  that 
the  Northwestern  Gas-Light  &  Coke  Com- 
pany erected  a  small  plant  and  furnished 
to  a  very  limited  number  a  substitute  for  the 
oil-lamps  in  the  form  of  gas.  It  was  nearly 
five  years  after  this,  however,  before  gas 
street-lamps  came  into  anything  like  gen- 
eral use. 

Evanston  then,  as  now,  was  a  city  of 
homes.  The  people  who  settled  there  de- 
sired large  lawns  and  plenty  of  room.  A 
comparatively  few  people  covered  a  large 
'  area,  and  to  light  effectively  all  the  streets 
with  gas  involved  an  expenditure  which  was 
out  of  all  proportion  to  the  number  of  in- 
habitants who  derived  the  benefit ;  and, 
therefore,  it  was  not  until  about  the  year 
1890  that  an  Evanston  citizen  could  boast 
that  his  town  was  well  lighted.  Indeed,  it 
was  not  until  about  the  year  1895  that  the 
lighting  of  the  streets  of  the  city  could  be 
said  to  be  entirely  satisfactory. 

Evanston  Electric  Illuminating  Com- 
pany.— In  the  year  1890  the  Evanston 
Electric  Illuminating  Company  built  its 
plant  in  Evanston,  and,  within  one  year 
after  that  plant  was  established,  it  entered 
into  a  contract  with  the  City  of  Evanston 
to  supply  arc-lights  of  2,ooo-candle  power 
at  the  rate  of  $83.75  eacn  Per  year,  under 
what  was  known  as  the  Philadelphia  Moon- 
light Schedule. 

In  the  month  of  July,  1895,  the  city- 
entered  into  a  contract  with  the  Evanston 
Electric  Illuminating  Company  by  which  it 
was  agreed  that  the  latter  should  furnish 
arc-lights  of  2,ooo-candle  power  at  a  yearly 


1 84 


WATER  SUPPLY— LIGHTING  SYSTEM 


cost  of  $65  per  light,  which  contract  pro- 
vided that,  at  the  end  of  five  years,  the 
illuminating  company  should  have  the  right 
to  raise  the  price  to  $67.50  per  light. 

The  five-year  contract  expired  in  July, 
1900,  but  in  the  spring  of  1900  the  Evan- 
ston-Yaryan  Company  applied  to  the  City 
Council  for  an  ordinance  permitting  them 
to  establish  an  electric  light  and  heating 
plant,  and  it  was  represented  by  the  latter 
company  that,  by  combining  the  two  and 
furnishing  both  light  and  heat  to  the  cit- 
izens, they  would  be  able  to  furnish  electric 
light  at  a  greatly  reduced  price. 

The  ordinance  for  which  the  new  com- 
pany petitioned  was  granted  by  the  Coun- 
cil, and  the  Evanston-Yaryan  Company  at 
once  entered  into  competition  with  the 
Evanston  Electric  Illuminating  Company 
for  the  street  lighting  contract,  the  result  of 
which  was  that  the  City  Council  were 
enabled  to  make  and  close  a  contract  with 
the  Evanston  Electric  Illuminating  Com- 
pany, by  which  the  latter  agreed  to  furnish 
arc -lamps  for  lighting  the  streets  of  Evan- 
ston at  $60  per  light  of  2,ooo-candle  power, 
for  a  period  of  ten  years,  upon  a  schedule 
much  more  liberal  than  that  known  as  the 
Philadelphia  Moon-light  Schedule.  Under 
this  contract  the  City  of  Evanston  is  now 
paying  for  273  lights  at  an  aggregate  cost 
of  $16,380.00  per  year. 

Yaryan  Light  and  Heating  System. — 
The  Evanston-Yaryan  Company  erected  its 
light  and  heat  plant  in  the  year  1900.  It 
experienced  great  difficulty  in  securing  per- 
mits for  the  extension  of  its  wires,  the  re- 
sult being  that  it  was  able  to  furnish  elec- 
tric light  only  to  a  comparatively  small 
number  of  consumers ;  but  it  immediately 
placed  its  mains  in  the  central  portion  of  the 
city  for  the  furnishing  of  heat  by  means  of 
hot  water,  which  was  pumped  through  those 
mains  and  into  the  houses  from  force  pumps 
located  in  the  central  plant.  In  the  summer 


or  fall  of  1902  it  consolidated  its  electric 
plant  with  the  Evanston  Electric  Illumi- 
nating Company,  and,  at  the  present  time, 
the  electric  lighting  of  Evanston  is  again 
controlled  by  one  corporation. 

The  franchise  granted  by  the  City  Council 
of  Evanston  to  the  Evanston-Yaryan  Com- 
pany fixed  a  limit  upon  the  price  that  it 
might  charge  for  furnishing  heat  to  con- 
sumers, and  in  the  summer  of  1902  the  com- 
pany complained  to  the  City  Council  that, 
under  the  limit  thus  fixed,  it  was  unable  to 
furnish  heat  upon  a  paying  basis;  and,  in 
fact,  it  complained  that  it  was  running  its 
plant  at  a  loss.  Thereupon,  in  September, 
1902,  further  concessions  were  granted  to 
the  company  by  the  City  Council,  under 
which  it  is  now  running  its  heating  plant, 
and  by  reason  of  which  it  is  enabled  to 
secure  a  higher  price  for  the  heat  furnished 
to  consumers. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  heat 
thus  furnished  is  ideal  and  very  satisfactory 
to  the  consumers ;  but  the  question  remains 
whether  the  Evanston-Yaryan  Company 
will  be  enabled  to  furnish  heat  to  its  patrons 
at  a  price  which  they  can  afford  to  pay.  In 
other  words,  the  present  prices  charged  arc 
something  in  excess  of  what  it  would  cost 
the  consumer  to  heat  his  premises  with  a 
plant  of  his  own.  However,  whilst  this 
plant  may  be  said  to  be  now  in  an  experi- 
mental state,  there  can  be  no  question  that 
the  furnishing  heat  from  a  central  plant  is 
coming  more  largely  into  favor  every  year, 
and  it  is  therefore  predicted  that  the  lieat- 
ing  plant  erected  by  the  Evanston-Yaryan 
Company  is  now,  and  hereafter  will  be,  a 
success. 

It  is  claimed  by  this  company  that  it  can 
furnish  heat  to  residents  living  a  mile  from 
its  central  plant,  the  hot  water  being  forced 
out  through  pipes  that  are  protected  from 
the  influence  of  the  cold  and  returned  by 
other  pipes  to  the  central  heating  plant, 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


185 


where  the  water  is  again  heated  to  a  high 
temperature  and  again  forced  out  through 
the  pipes  to  the  consumers.  But  whilst  the 
company  claims  that  it  can  heat  buildings  a 
mile  from  its  plant,  still  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  heat  can  be  profitably  furnished 
to  buildings  situated  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  away. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  Evanston-Yaryan 
Company  are,  at  this  time,  supplying  heat 
to  about  250  consumers,  and,  from  the  re- 


ports received,  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  but 
few  of  those  consumers  would  be  willing 
to  go  back  to  the  old  system  of  heating,  even 
though  the  expense  of  the  hot-water  heat 
from  the  Yaryan  plant  is  somewhat  greater 
than  would  be  the  cost  of  heating  their 
buildings  by  the  old  process. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  today  that, 
in  the  matter  of  water  supply  and  in  city 
lighting,  there  are  few,  if  any,  cities  more 
fortunate  than  the  citv  of  Evanston. 


CHAPTER    XXII. 


EDUCATION 

(By  PROF.  HENBY  L.  BOLTWOOD,  tote  Principal  Township  High  Sthool) 


The  Public  Schools  of  Evanston — Day  of 
the  Log  School  House — Early  Schools  and 
their  Teachers — Sacrifice  of  School  Land 
— Present  School  Buildings — Toivnsliip 
High  School — Preliminary  History — 
— School  Opened  in  September,  1883 — 
Prof.  Boltwood  its  First  Principal — 
Present  School  Building — Manual  Train- 
ing— A  Mimic  Presidential  Election — 
Drawing  Department — List  of  Trustees. 

The  earliest  records  of  Evanston  public 
schools  begin  with  May  9,  1846.  This  was 
about  eleven  years  before  the  existing  school 
laws  of  Illinois  were  framed.  In  those  days 
the  Township  Trustees  constituted  the 
Board  of  Education,  unless  more  than  one 
district  existed  in  the  township.  These 
trustees  were  appointed  by  the  County 
Commissioners.  The  trustees  of  Township 
41  North,  Range  14  East,  in  1846,  were  E. 
Bennett  and  O.  Munn,  Jr.,  with  George 
M.  Huntoon,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Prior  to  the  above  date,  a  log  school- 
house  had  been  erected,  probably  by  private 
subscription,  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Ridge  Avenue  and  Greenleaf  Street,  on  a 
lot  which  Henry  Clark  had  deeded  to  the 
township  for  school  and  cemetery  purposes. 
A  private  or  subscription  school  had  been 
maintained  as  early  as  1844.  The  first 
teacher  employed  was  a  Mrs.  Marshall,  who 
taught  at  first  in  a  cooper  shop  on  the 


Ridge  road,  nearly  opposite  the  residence  of 
the  late  Ozro  Grain.  The  log  school-house 
occupied  in  1846  was  probably  built  in  1845. 
One  of  its  logs  is  now  in  the  Central  school 
at  South  Evanston.  It  seems  to  have 
needed  repairs  in  1846. 

Before  1857,  public  schools  in  Illinois 
were  not  free  schools.  The  public  funds 
derived  from  the  State  and  from  the  income 
of  the  school  lands  were  not  ample  enough 
to  maintain  school  except  for  a  brief  time. 
Teachers  kept  a  schedule  of  attendance, 
and  all  the  expenses  for  fuel,  repairs  and 
teachers'  wages,  were  distributed  among 
the  parents  of  the  several  pupils  in  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  days  of  attendance, 
regardless  of  property.  The  poorest  man  in 
the  district  might  be  called  upon  to  pay  the 
heaviest  tax.  This  was  the  case  in  Connec- 
ticut as  late  as  1853.  Parents  were  also 
required  to  board  the  teacher  a  certain  num- 
ber of  days,  according  to  the  number  of 
pupils  sent  from  their  family.  This  "board- 
ing "round"  was  the  rule,  and  not  the  ex- 
ception, in  New  England  in  those  days,  and 
is  occasionally  to  be  found  even  now.  In 
case  of  a  refusal  to  board  the  teacher,  the 
teacher  might,  after  due  notice,  select  a 
boarding  place,  and  the  board-bill  could  be 
legally  collected  of  the  recusant  family.  The 
per  diem  rates  do  not  appear  in  the  school 
records,  but  from  tuition  bills  in  the  posses- 
sion of  some  of  the  old  residents,  thev  varied 


187 


1 88 


EDUCATION 


from  three-fourths  of  a  cent  to  six  cents, 
according  to  the  number  of  pupils  or  the 
wages  of  the  teacher. 

The  first  teacher  employed  by  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  Evanston  District  was  Miss  Cor- 
nelia Wheadon,  daughter  of  the  well-known 
"Father  \Yheadon."  Miss  Wheadon  now 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Churcher,  is  still  living  (1903) 
at  2044  Sherman  Avenue.  She  was  engaged 
at  a  salary  of  $1.25  per  week — very  fair 
wages  for  the  time.  A  motion  was  made  at 
the  board  meeting  to  repair  the  school- 
house  and  to  purchase  a  water-pail  and 
dipper.  The  repairs  were  voted  down. 

Pupils  who  lived  along  Chicago  and  Hin- 
man  Avenue,  then  known  as  the  East  Ridge, 
were  sometimes  unable  to  cross  to  the 
school-house  except  in  boats  or  on  rafts, 
on  account  of  the  deep  water.  Ozro  Grain 
shot  wild  ducks,  and  occasionally  a  deer, 
about  where  Grain  Street  crosses  Benson 
Avenue,  just  south  of  the  present  high 
school  building.  Before  Miss  Wheadon, 
Elmira  Burroughs  (Mrs.  Palmer),  and  a 
Mr.  T.  H.  Ballard  taught.  Miss  Wheadon 
had  also  taught  five  weeks  before  her  re- 
corded engagement,  and  was  allowed  six 
shillings  a  week  for  her  services. 

Miss  H.  W.  Barnes  succeeded  Miss 
Wheadon.  She  was  married  to  Sylvester 
Hill,  and  continued  to  teach  after  marriage. 
Her  wages  were  two  dollars  a  week.  In  the 
winter  of  1846  nine  cords  of  wood  were 
required  to  warm  the  little  one-room 
school-house. 

School  Funds. — In  the  famous  Ordin- 
ance of  1787,  Congress  Declared  that 
"schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall 
be  forever  encouraged,"  but  did  not  specify 
how  this  should  be  done.  But  when,  in 
1818,  Congress  passed  the  act  enabling  the 
people  of  Illinois  to  form  a  State  Constitu- 
tion, it  was  provided  that  Section  16  in 
every  towhiship  should  be  granted  to  the 
State  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of  such 


township  for  the  support  of  schools.  In  case 
that  Section  1 6  had  already  been  disposed 
of,  other  lands  equivalent  thereto,  and  as 
contiguous  as  may  be,  were  to  be  granted. 
The  State  Constitutional  Convention  ac- 
cepted this  provision. 

But  as  Evanston  is  only  a  small  fraction 
of  the  west  side  of  a  township  whose  legal 
designation  is  41  North,  Range  14  East, 
Section  16  is  under  the  lake.  To  provide 
for  such  and  similar  cases,  a  law  was  passed 
in  1826,  allowing  townships  so  situated  to 
select  lands  elsewhere.  Accordingly  Evan- 
ston, then  known  as  Gross  Point  or  Ridge- 
ville,  obtained  as  school  land  a  tract  lying  in 
Section  12,  Township  41  North,  Range  13 
East,  a  part  of  Niles  Township,  containing 
153.48  acres.  This  land  lay  between  Simp- 
son Street  on  the  south  and  Grant  Street  on 
the  north,  Dodge  Avenue  on  the  east  and 
Hartrey  Avenue  on  the  west. 

Most  unwisely,  as  it  now  seems,  the 
School  Trustees  sold  this  land  at  the  min- 
imum Government  price  of  $1.25  per  acre. 
One  of  the  purchasers  was  Wendel  Ellis, 
whose  patent  to  the  land  was  granted  De- 
cember 27,  1847,  by  Augustus  C.  French, 
Governor  of  Illinois,  upon  a  return  made  by 
George  Manierre.  School  Commissioner  of 
Cook  County.  The  money  obtained  by  the 
sale  of  this  land  disappeared  when  School 
Treasurer  Green  defaulted  in  1873. 

To  prevent  such  sales  as  the  above,  sev- 
eral of  the  younger  States  have  laws  that  fix 
a  minimum  price  for  school  lands,  far  in  ex- 
cess of  the  Government  rate,  and  thus  secure 
to  the  schools  a  permanent  fund  »f  great 
value.  The  school  lands  of  Texas  will 
ultimately  give  the  schools  of  that  State  a 
permanent  fund  of  not  less  than  thirty  mil- 
lions. If  Chicago  had  today  all  the  original 
school  lands  of  its  several  townships,  the 
income  would  be  almost  enough  to  run  its 
schools. 

The   early   records   are   sadly   defective. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAKSTOX 


189 


Nothing  is  recorded  for  the  year  1847.  The 
Trustees  in  1848  were  O.  A.  Grain,  E.  Ben- 
nett and  M.  Dunlap.  G.  M.  Huntoon  was 
Treasurer.  His  bond  was  fixed  at  $400. 
The  regular  meetings  were  held  at  the 
Ridge  House  in  Gross  Point.  A  special 
meeting  was  called  to  be  held  "at  early 
candle  light."  In  that  year  it  was  voted 
that  a  sale  of  cemetery  lots  be  held  on  the 
school  premises,  but  no  record  of  sale  ap- 
pears. 

In  March,  1848,  it  was  voted  to  divide 
the  township  into  two  school  districts,  put- 
ting all  of  the  township  north  of  the  south 
line  of  Section  19  into  District  One.  Legal 
notice  of  a  meeting  to  vote  on  the  proposed 
change  was  ordered,  but  there  is  no  record 
of  any  vote  upon  the  question,  and  the  prob- 
ability is  that  the  matter  was  dropped  with- 
out a  vote.  It  was  not  till  February,  1852, 
that  the  division  into  districts  was  legally 
made.  District  I  comprised  the  south  part 
of  the  township,  and  District  2  extended 
"from  the  south  line  of  Eli  Gaffield's  farm" 
to  the  north  boundary  of  the  township.  So 
reads  the  record.  But  a  subsequent  vote 
makes  the  north  District  No.  I,  and  makes 
its  south  boundary  the  middle  line  east  and 
west  of  Section  19. 

In  a  list  of  by-laws  adopted  in  April, 
1860,  trustees  who  were  absent  without  ex- 
cuse from  a  regular  meeting  were  to  pay  a 
fine  of  fifty  cents,  but  no  record  is  made  of 
any  collection  of  a  fine.  Teachers  were 
required  to  teach  twenty-two  days  each" 
month.  They  were  also  required  to  use 
exertions  to  have  the  children  go  to  and 
from  school  in  an  orderly  manner,  and  make 
it  a  rule  that  they  should  not  play  by  the  way. 
or  bear  tales  of  any  of  the  transactions  in 
school  or  during  intermission.  "Scholars 
shall  be  required  to  come  with  clean  faces 
and  hands  under  pain  of  being  expelled 
from  school." 

When  District  2  was  organized,  the  school 


funds  were  divided  upon  a  property  basis, 
and  District  I  received  $25.49,  and  District 
2,  $13.50. 

By  vote  of  the  township,  February  14, 
1856,  District  2  was  divided,  and  that  part 
south  of  the  Indian  boundary  was  desig- 
nated as  District  3,  but  there  is  no  record  of 
its  organization,  though  the  organization  of 
Districts  I,  2  and  4  are  preserved.  In  1870 
District  3  was  annexed  again  to  District  2. 
The  bond  of  the  School  Treasurer  for  1856 
was  for  $1,000. 

The  first  regular  school-tax  was  levied  in 
1856 — fifty  cents  on  each  hundred  dollars  of 
taxable  property.  This  amount  was  ex- 
pected to  provide  for  the  running  of  the 
schools,  and  to  pay  up  a  deficiency. 

District  4  was  organized  in  April,  1857. 
It  included  "all  that  part  of  Evanston" 
north  of  the  center  of  the  south  half  of 
fractional  Sections  7  and  12,  in  Townships 
13  and  14.  The  first  teacher  of  this  school 
was  M.  E.  Budlong. 

The  first  recorded  school  census  was  in 
October,  1857.  All  white  children  under 
twenty-one  were  to  be  enumerated.  C. 
Thomas  took  the  census,  and  was  allowed 
six  dollars  for  his  services,  but  no  record 
of  the  result  appears. 

It  seems  that  the  Directors  of  District  2 
bought  a  school-house  lot  of  George  M. 
Huntoon  for  $250,  and  received  a  deed  from 
him,  running  to  the  Directors.  Treasurer 
H.  B.  Hurd  took  the  necessary  legal  action 
to  restrain  the  Directors  from  paying  the 
sum  to  Huntoon  until  the  proper  deed  was 
made,  vesting  the  title  in  the  School  Trus- 
tees. This  result  was  not  secured  without 
a  lawsuit. 

In  1859  District  4  was  re-annexed  to  Dis- 
trict i.  This  seems  to  have  been  because  of 
the  small  number  of  children  in  the  district. 
There  are  no  records  of  the  trustees  be- 
tween May,  1862,  and  October,  1868. 
Samuel  Greene  was  elected  Treasurer. 


190 


EDUCATION 


In  April,  1870,  "Section  12,  and  so  much 
of  Section  7  as  lies  west  of  the  Ridge  road 
and  in  the  town  of  Evanston,"  was  made  a 
separate  district,  to  be  known  as  District 
3.  At  a  subsequent  meeting,  all  of  Section 
7  was  set  back  to  District  I. 

An  appraisement  of  property  was  made 
in  July  following,  to  determine  the  allotment 
of  school  funds.  The  valuation  of  District 
I  was  $307,399,  and  of  Section  12,  $6,470. 

Upon  petition  of  residents  of  New  Trier 
'and  of  "lots  No.  i  to  19,  both  inclusive,  in 
George  Smith's  sub-division  of  the  south 
part  of  the  Archange  Ouilmette  Reserva- 
tion," Union  District  No.  3, — the  North 
Evanston  district — was  legally  constituted, 
October  3,  1870. 

District  No.  4,  the  Rogers  Park  District, 
was  also  constituted  in  October,  1870. 
There  was  some  difficulty  about  its  boun- 
daries, but  it  was  finally  settled  that  it 
should  include  all  of  the  township  lying 
south  of  the  south  boundary  of  Calvary 
Cemetery. 

In  April,  1875,  Union  School  District  No. 
5  was  organized.  It  included  the  northeast 
part  of  Evanston  Township,  and  a  part  of 
New  Trier  Township,  or  the  "Ouilmette 
Reserve." 

Samuel  Greene,  Township  Treasurer,  de- 
faulted in  1873.  His  bondsmen,  apparently, 
paid  the  amount  due  from  him  in  1876, 
$5,397.10. 

The  first  school-house  built  in  District  I 
was  a  one-story,  one-room  building,  which 
was  erected  on  the  north  side  of  Church 
Street,  just  east  of  Maple  Avenue.  Another 
story  was  added  to  it  later.  It  was  after- 
wards removed  to  1618  Orrington  Avenue, 
and  is  now  occupied  as  a  laundry.  It  was 
probably  built  in  1852.  the  year  of  the  or- 
ganization of  the  district.  The  upper  story 
was  used  as  a  polling  place  for  several 
years. 

About  1860  the  Benson  Avenue  school- 


house  was  erected,  just  south  of  Clark 
Street.  It  was  twice  enlarged ;  the  last 
time  in  1870.  In  this  same  year  the  lots  on 
which  the  Hinman  Avenue  and  the  Noyes 
Street  schools  now  stand  were  purchased, 
and  school-houses  were  probably  built  soon 
after,  but  all  the  records  of  the  district  prior 
to  1870  are  missing,  and  some  records  of 
later  years  are  incomplete. 

The  original  Noyes  Street  building  is 
still  standing  on  the  north  side  of  Gaffield 
Place,  just  west  of  the  Milwaukee  and  St. 
Paul  Railroad.  The  Hinman  Avenue  frame 
building  was  removed  in  1881,  to  make 
room  for  a  new  brick  edifice.  It  was  taken 
to  Benson  Avenue,  near  Clark  Street,  and 
used  as  a  church  by  the  Second  Baptist 
congregation  till  destroyed  by  fire  in  1889. 

In  1879  the  three  schools  had  outgrown 
their  accommodations,  and  there  was  much 
discussion  as  to  the  proper  means  to  provide 
more  room.  The  Board  of  Education  recom- 
mended a  consolidation  of  all  the  schools 
on  the  block  then  known  as  the  Lakeside 
property  between  Sherman  and  Chicago 
Avenue,  north  of  Greenwood  and  south  of 
Lake.  The  citizens,  however,  disapproved 
of  this,  and  a  new  building  was  voted,  to  be 
placed  on  the  Hinman  Avenue  lot,  and  a  lot 
was  purchased  on  Wesley  Avenue,  on  which 
a  large  one-story  brick  building  was  erected. 
This  was  known  as  the  Wesley  Avenue 
School  until  1900,  when  the  name  of  David 
B.  Dewey  School  was  given  it  in  honor  of 
one  of  Evanston's  most  efficient  citizens, 
who  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
School  Board.  Both  the  Hinman  Avenue 
and  the  Wesley  Avenue  buildings  were  con- 
structed of  one  story  only.  The  idea  was,  in 
this  way,  to  avoid  stair-climbing  and  to 
lessen  danger  in  case  of  fire.  The  present 
high  cost  of  land  in  Evanston  will  be  in  the 
way  of  any  more  buildings  of  this  sort,  but 
the  Wesley  Avenue  building  still  has  all  its 
eight  rooms  on  the  ground  floor. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


191 


The  Benson  Avenue  building  stood  on 
leased  ground,  directly  on  the  right  of  way 
of  the  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad.  Its 
removal  became  necessary  when  that  road 
was  built  in  1892.  It  was  moved  in  three 
sections  to  the  south  side  of  Emerson  Street, 
just  west  of  Maple  Avenue.  The  Haven 
school  was  then  built  on  Church  Street.  It 
was  very  appropriately  named  after  Dr.  O. 
E.  Haven,  who  was  Superintendent  of 
Schools  from  1873  to  1882,  and  afterwards 
on  the  Board  of  Education  till  his  untimely 
death  in  1888. 

In  1892  the  Moves  Street  School  was  pro- 
vided with  a  new  and  enlarged  building, 
which  has  been  already  outgrown,  and  a 
large  addition  was  completed  early  in  1903. 
In  1894  the  Larimer  School  was  erected 
on  Grain  Street,  on  the  very  south  boundary 
line  of  the  district.  It  was  named  in  honor 
of  Joseph  Larimer,  a  valued  member  of  the 
School  Board,  and  a  man  whose  love  for 
young  men,  and  whose  good  influence  upon 
them,  well  merited  such  a  tribute  to  his 
memory.  The  Hinman  Avenue  School  re- 
ceived a  new  building  in  1898.  This  gives 
District  I  (or  76  in  the  present  county 
enumeration)  five  large  buildings,  contain- 
ing forty-nine  rooms,  with  a  seating  ca- 
pacity of  about  two  thousand.  Three  addi- 
tional rooms  are  also  rented  on  Asbury 
Avenue,  to  accommodate  the  overflow  of 
the  D.  B.  Dewey  School. 

There  appears  to  be  no  record  of  the 
earliest  teachers  of  this  district.  The  names 
of  Echenbracht  and  Edwards  are  found 
among  the  earlier  Principals.  P.  C.  Han- 
ford,  who  was  murdered  in  Chicago,  was 
also  a  Principal.  Charles  Raymond,  who  is 
still  living  here,  was  the  first  to  grade  the 
schools  and  to  receive  the  title  of  Superin- 
tendent. He  was  succeeded  in  1873  by 
Otis  E.  Haven,  son  of  Bishop  Haven  of 
the  University  of  Michigan.  Mr.  Haven 
was  a  born  teacher  of  rare  executive  ability. 


He  not  only  brought  the  schools  to  a  high 
degree  of  efficiency,  but  secured  for  himself 
a  remarkable  personal  affection  which  still 
remains  fresh  in  the  minds  of  his  numerous 
pupils. 

He  was  the  first  to  organize  a  high  school. 
There  was  no  small  opposition  to  the  idea 
of  a  high  school  at  first;  especially  from 
those  who  thought  that  the  academy  of  the 
Northwestern  University,  which  was  al- 
ready in  the  field,  was  fully  competent  to 
do  the  work  of  such  a  school.  However  the 
school  was  established  in  1876.  It  had  no 
building,  and  was  quartered  in  Lyons  hall 
and  elsewhere.  From  the  very  beginning 
it  had  an  excellent  name  for  scholarship, 
and  sent  its  graduates  to  several  of  the  best 
colleges.  It  had  many  tuition  pupils  from 
South  Evanston,  Rogers  Park  and  else- 
where. 

Among  its  early  teachers  was  Dr.  E.  J. 
James,  now  President  of  the  University  of 
Illinois,  from  January,  1878.  to  May,  1889, 
His  successor  was  J.  Scott  Clark,  now  Pro- 
fessor of  English  in  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity. 

George  S.  Baker,  now  a  lawyer  in  Evan- 
ston, succeeded  Mr.  Haven  in  1882,  and 
was  Superintendent  for  four  years.  Mr. 
Baker  is  a  graduate  of  Michigan  University 
and  came  to  Evanston  from  McGregor, 
Iowa.  He  resigned  his  position  to  take 
up  the  study  of  law,  as  Mr.  Haven  did  of 
medicine.  During  his  administration  the 
schools  steadily  grew  and  prospered. 

Homer  H.  Kingsley.  a  graduate  of  Mich- 
igan University,  succeeded  Mr.  Baker  in 
1886,  and  still  continues  in  charge.  Mr. 
Kingsley  has  been  especially  successful  in 
thoroughly  grading  the  schools,  and  in 
securing  excellent  buildings.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  kindergarten,  of  manual 
training  and  of  domestic  science  is  also  due 
largely  to  his  exertions,  seconded  and  en- 
couraged by  the  Woman's  Club,  and  by 


192 


EDUCATION 


many  citizens.  His  work  is  widely  known 
throughout  the  State,  and  the  schools  of 
Evanston  attract  many  visitors  from  abroad 
and  are  most  cordially  supported  by  the 
tax-payers. 

This  district  was  one  of  the  first  to  give 
women  a  place  on  the  School  Board,  and 
Mrs.  Louise  P.  Stanwood  was  the  first 
woman  to  serve  on  the  Board. 

The  value  of  the  grounds  and  buildings 
now  owned  by  the  district  is  about  $250,- 
ooo,  and  its  bonded  debt  about  $70,000. 
These  bonds,  at  4  and  4'/2  per  cent,  com- 
mand a  premium.  The  finances  of  the  dis- 
trict have  been  very  ably  managed  by  our 
prominent  business  men.  A.  X.  Young, 
Simeon  Farwell,  F.  P.  Crandon,  and  H.  H. 
C.  Miller  may  be  mentioned  as  having  done 
much  in  regard  to  the  finances. 

Evanston  was  among  the  first  to  incor- 
porate the  kindergarten  in  its  school  system. 
The  first  kindergarten  was  established  in 
1892.  There  are  now  four,  and  the  experi- 
ment has  proved  very  satisfactory. 

Manual  training  was  introduced  in  the 
form  of  shop-work  as  early  as  1897,  but  a 
new  impulse  was  given  to  it  in  1901.  Mrs. 
Alfred  H.  Gross  and  her  brother,  Irwin 
Rew,  are  the  generous  donors  of  funds  to 
equip  a  Manual  Training  and  a  Domestic 
Science  Department.  Mrs.  Gross  offered 
an  unlimited  sum  for  the  equipment  of  a 
Domestic  Science  school,  only  stipulating 
that  it  should  be  the  finest  in  the  country 
and  the  best  that  money  could  furnish.  The 
Board  furnished  the  building  in  which  the 
two  new  departments  are  housed. 

Mr.  Rew  offered  $500  to  equip  the  man- 
ual training  room,  and  both  Mrs.  Gross  and 
Mr.  Rew  offered  $1,000  toward  the  salary 
of  the  requisite  teachers,  if  the  buildings 
were  provided  for  by  the  Board. 

The  equipment  of  the  Domestic  Science 
department  cost  over  $1,700.  Mr.  Rew's 
first  gift  to  equip  the  Manual  Training  De- 


partment was  $500.  He  subsequently  gave  a 
dozen  lathes,  of  the  latest  and  most  im- 
proved pattern,  at  a  cost  of  about  $400. 
The  building  cost  $8,000.  Classes  of 
twenty-four  are  taught  at  the  same  time. 
About  two  hundred  boys  and  the  same  num- 
ber of  girls  receive  instruction  weekly.  The 
cost  of  the  material  used  and  all  incidental 
expenses  are  paid  by  the  regular  appropria- 
tions of  the  Board. 

The  tenure  of  office  among  Evanston 
teachers  is  worthy  of  notice.  Miss  Nannie 
M.  Hines  and  Miss  Celia  Sargent  have 
completed  their  thirtieth  year  of  service, 
and  many  others  are  nearing  twenty  years 
of  continuous  work. 

District  Two  (South  Evanston). — The 
modern  history  of  District  Two  begins  in 
1871,  in  which  year  a  four-room  brick 
building  was  erected  on  the  present  site  of 
the  Central  School,  on  Main  Street.  The 
cost  was  $18,000.  This  building  was  great- 
ly enlarged  in  1890,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 

In  1893,  while  the  school  was  in  session, 
fire  broke  out  and  entirely  destroyed  the 
building.  By  heroic  efforts  on  the  part  of 
the  teachers,  no  lives  were  lost,  though  sev- 
eral persons  were  injured.  In  1901  a 
memorial  fountain  was  erected  to  commem- 
orate the  names  of  the  teachers  who  were 
most  active  in  the  rescue  work. 

A  new  building  was  at  once  erected  on 
the  same  site,  at  a  cost  of  $47,000.  While 
this  was  under  construction,  the  schools 
were  accommodated  in  rented  rooms.  The 
eighth  grade  pupils  occupied  part  of  the 
high  school  building  till  the  end  of  the 
school  year. 

In  1886  a  four-room  building  was  erected 
on  the  east  side  of  the  railroad,  on  Main 
Street  near  Forest  Avenue.  This  was  soon 
outgrown,  and  the  present  Lincoln  school- 
house  was  erected  in  1895,  at  a  cost  of  $47,- 
ooo. 

In  1900  another  building,  known  as  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


193 


Washington  School,  was  built  on  the  west 
side,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Ashland 
Avenue  and  Main  Street,  at  a  cost  of  $35,- 
ooo. 

It  may  safely  be  said  that  all  these  build- 
ings are  unsurpassed  in  their  adaptation  to 
school  work  and  in  the  completeness  of 
their  equipment.  The  lighting,  heating  and 
ornamentation  can  hardly  be  improved. 
They  attract  many  visitors  who  are  seeking 
for  models  and  suggestions. 

Township  High  School. — In  the  winter 
of  1883,  the  attention  of  the  citizens 
of  Evanston  village  was  called  to  the 
fact  that  additional  school  accommoda- 
tions were  needed  for  all  the  schools, 
and  especially  for  the  High  School,  which 
had  been  maintained  for  several  years  with- 
out any  regular  home.  It  had  been  moved 
about  from  hall  to  hall,  and  was  greatly 
hindered  in  its  work  by  its  cramped  and 
uncomfortable  quarters,  in  rooms  which 
were  in  no  way  suited  to  school  uses.  The 
rapid  growth  of  the  village  had  filled  all 
the  school  buildings  to  overflowing.  As  the 
villages  of  Evanston  and  of  South  Evan- 
ston were  in  close  proximity,  and  as  all  of 
the  population  of  the  township  was  dis- 
tributed along  the  line  of  a  single  railroad, 
the  idea  of  a  Township  High  School  was 
received  with  favor  from  its  first  mention. 
After  considerable  discussion  in  private 
circles  and  in  the  local  papers,  a  public 
meeting  was  announced  to  be  held  in  Lyons' 
hall,  on  the  evening  of  February  II,  1882. 
The  call  for  the  meeting  was  headed  by 
John  L.  Beveridge,  L.  C.  Pitner  and  H.  A. 
Pearsons. 

The  meeting  was  held  according  to  an- 
nouncement. Henry  L.  Boutelle  presided. 
After  free  discussion,  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed consisting  of  John  H.  Kedzie, 
George  O.  Ide,  William  Blanchard,  Oliver 
Adams  and  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  who  were  in- 
structed to  prepare  a  report  to  be  pre- 


sented at  an  adjourned  meeting  to  be 
held  February  i8th.  This  committee  re- 
ported at  the  adjourned  meeting,  presenting 
the  facts  and  figures  which,  in  their  judg- 
ment, favored  the  establishment  of  the  pro- 
posed school.  After  considerable  discus- 
sion, the  following  resolution  was  unani- 
mously adopted: 

"Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this 
meeting  that  a  Township  High  School  be 
established  at  an  early  date,  and  that  a  com- 
mittee of  seven  be  appointed  by  the  chair, 
the  duty  of  said  committee  being  to  interest 
the  citizens  of  the  town  in  the  matter,  and 
especially  in  those  districts  in  which  there 
has  been  thus  far  least  interest  in  the  mat- 
ter." 

These  districts  were,  naturally,  North 
Evanston  and  Rogers  Park,  which  were 
farthest  from  the  center  of  the  township. 
South  Evanston  had  been  sending  many 
pupils  to  the  village  high  school  from  its 
first  organization,  upon  payment  of  tuition. 

The  committee  appointed  in  accordance 
with  the  foregoing  resolution  was  composed 
of  W.  H.  Crocker,  Oliver  Adams,  Alex- 
ander H.  Gunn,  A.  G.  Bell,  F.  P.  Crandon, 
Norton  W.  Boomer,  and  George  O.  Ide. 

The  report  of  the  committee  appointed 
on  the  nth  of  February  and  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  meeting  held  on  the  i8th  of  that 
month  were  published  in  the  "Index"  of 
the  week  following  the  i8th. 

On  the  Qth  of  March,  a  petition,  headed 
by  Hugh  A.  White  and  H.  B.  Hurd,  and 
signed  by  eighty-seven  other  legal  voters, 
was  filed  with  the  Township  Treasurer, 
Ambrose  Foster,  requesting  that  the  ques- 
tion of  the  establishment  of  a  Township 
High  School  be  submitted  to  the  legal 
voters  of  the  township  at  the  next  election 
of  School  Trustees.  This  election  resulted 
in  a  vote  of  611  in  favor  of  the  school  to 
147  against  it.  William  Blanchard  was 
elected  School  Trustee.  Thomas  A.  Cos- 


194 


EDUCATION 


grove  resigned  from  the  Board  of  Trustees 
and  Norton  W.  Boomer  was  elected  in  his 
place.  Mr.  Cosgrove's  resignation  was 
because  both  Mr.  Blanchard  and  himself 
were  residents  of  the  same  school  district, 
contrary  to  law. 

On  the  loth  of  July,  1882,  a  notice  was 
issued  calling  an  election  to  be  held  on 
the  22d  of  the  same  month,  to  vote  upon 
two  propositions : 

First.  To  authorize  the  Trustees  of  the 
township  to  purchase  a  site  for  building 
and  to  erect  a  suitable  building  upon  it. 

Second.  To  authorize  them  to  borrow 
not  exceeding  $40,000,  for  the  purchase  of  a 
site  and  the  erection  of  a  building,  and  to 
issue  bonds  for  the  amount  actually  bor- 
rowed. 

The  question  of  a  site,  of  course,  was  of 
great  interest,  and  several  sites  were  pro- 
posed. Charles  Raymond,  once  Principal 
of  the  schools  in  District  I,  advocated  the 
selection  of  the  public  park ;  but  it  was 
found  that  this  property  was  not  available 
except  for  park  purposes.  Others  advo- 
cated the  block  then  known  as  the  Lakeside 
Block,  between  Chicago  and  Sherman 
Avenues,  north'  of  Greenwood  Boulevard, 
then  occupied  by  a  building  which  had  been 
used  for  a  private  school.  The  site  pro- 
posed in  the  election  call  was  the  corner  of 
Benson  Avenue  and  Dempster  Street,  front- 
ing west  250  feet  on  Benson  Avenue,  and 
measuring  200  feet  on  Dempster  Street. 

At  the  election  held  in  accordance  with 
the  above  call,  176  votes  were  cast  in  favor 
of  this  site,  and  two  against  it.  Only  one 
vote  was  cast  against  issuing  the  bonds. 

The  purchase  price  of  the  site  selected 
was  $4,000,  or  $16  per  front  foot.  The 
ground  was  very  low,  and  $2,200  was  ex- 
pended in  filling.  The  building  of  sewers 
has  since  entirely  changed  the  conditions. 
The  bonds  issued  bore  5  per  cent  interest, 
payable  semi-annually,  and  were  all  taken 


bv  the  Hide  and  Leather  Bank  of  Chicago, 
at  par.  The  plan  selected  for  the  building 
was  furnished  by  W.  \V.  Boynton,  a  Chi- 
cago architect.  The  contract  price  of  the 
structure  was  $32,500.  The .  furniture, 
library,  and  apparatus  cost  about  $2,500. 
The  mason  work  was  done  by  Charles  T. 
Bartlett  of  Evanston,  and  the  woodwork  by 

A.  H.  Avers  of  Chicago.   McDougal  Broth- 
ers, of  Evanston,  did  the  plumbing,  and  J. 

B.  Hobbs,  of  Evanston,  took  the  contract 
for  painting.     Ground  was  broken  for  the 
building  October   18,    1882,  but  owing  to 
the  severity  of  the  weather,  little  was  done 
until  the  spring  of  the  following  year.    The 
work  was  completed  and  the  building  form- 
ally dedicated  August  31,  1883. 

At  the  dedicatory  exercises  prayer  was 
offered  by  Rev.  F.  S.  Jewell.  Addresses 
were  made  by  Dr.  O.  E.  Haven,  former 
Superintendent  of  the  village  schools ;  by 
Albert  .G.  Lane,  County  Superintendent  of 
Schools;  Rev.  Dr.  Cummings,  President  of 
the  Northwestern  University,  and  others. 
William  Blanchard,  President  of  the  Town- 
ship Trustees  of  Schools,  presented  the 
keys  of  the  building  to  the  Principal-elect, 
and  Prof.  R.  H.  Cumnock,  of  the  School 
of  Oratory,  gave  selected  readings. 

The  Board  of  Trustees,  at  the  date  of 
the  opening  of  the  school,  were  William 
Blanchard,  S.  Goodenow  and  S.  D.  Childs. 
Mr.  Childs  was  chosen  at  a  special  election 
called  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  Norton  W.  Boomer,  who  did  not  live  to 
see  the  completion  of  an  enterprise  in  which 
he  had  taken  great  interest. 

The  school  was  opened  September  3, 
1883.  The  following  teachers  were  em- 
ployed : 

Principal,  Henry  L.  Boltwood,  A.  M. 
(Amherst.) 

Science,  Lyndon  Evans,  A.  B.   (Knox.) 

Mathematics.  Eva  S.  Edwards  (Oswego 
Normal  School.) 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


195 


Latin  and  English,  Mary  L.  Barrie. 

German  and  History,  Ellen  L.  White. 

Music,  O.  H.  Merwin. 

Mr.  Boltwood,  who  came  to  Illinois  from 
Massachusetts  in  1865,  is  widely  known  as 
the  father  of  the  Township  High  School  in 
Illinois.  In  1867  he  organized  in  Prince- 
ton, Bureau  County,  the  first  school  of  this 
kind.  Its  success  was  an  important  factor 
in  procuring  the  passage  of  the  present 
State  law  pertaining  to  high  schools.  The 
Princeton  school  was  organized  under  a 
special  act.  After  teaching  eleven  years  in 
Princeton,  he  organized  another  township 
high  school  at  Ottawa,  LaSalle  County. 
Mr.  Evans  came  from  the  High  School  in 
LaSalle.  Miss  Edwards  and  Miss  White 
had  been  teaching  for  two  years  in  the  High 
School  of  Evanston.  Miss  Barrie  came 
with  Mr.  Boltwood  from  Ottawa. 

On  the  morning  of  December  20 — the 
first  very  cold  day  of  the  winter — the  build- 
ing was  found  to  be  on  fire.  A  register 
had  been  carelessly  placed  directly  upon 
woodwork,  only  a  few  feet  above  a  fur- 
nace. The  school  session  was  just  com- 
mencing when  the  fire  was  discovered.  The 
pupils  behaved  admirably.  When  it  was  ap- 
parent that  the  fire  could  not  be  controlled, 
they  quietly  removed  their  books,  and  as- 
sisted in  carrying  the  library  and  apparatus 
to  neighboring  houses.  Only  one  piece  of 
apparatus,  of  trifling  value,  was  injured. 
The  fire  department  worked  admirably,  but 
it  was  very  difficult  to  reach  the  fire.  Aid 
was  summoned  from  Chicago,  and  after 
three  hours  of  hard  work  the  flames  were 
extinguished.  The  greater  part  of  the  build- 
ing was  uninjured  except  by  water  and 
smoke.  The  loss  was  about  $4,000,  fully 
covered  by  insurance.  By  extra  hard  work 
the  building  was  reopened  for  school  in  a 
little  more  than  two  weeks,  although  with 
many  unfavorable  conditions.  An  even  one 
hundred  pupils  were  enrolled  at  the  outset. 


Among  them  were  several  who  had  grad- 
uated in  former  years,  but  who  wished  to 
carry  their  studies  farther  with  improved 
conditions.  The  general  course  of  study 
was  lengthened  from  three  years  to  four. 
In  consequence  there  was  no  regular  class 
to  graduate  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Five 
pupils  graduated,  however,  of  whom  all  but 
one  had  been  in  the  school  four  years.  The 
total  enrollment  for  the  year  reached  one 
hundred  and  forty-three. 

Drawing  had  not  been  taught  in  the  vil- 
lage high  school,  nor  in  the  graded  schools, 
but  Miss  Edwards  was  kind  enough  to  take 
up  this  subject,  and  the  high  quality  of  the 
drawing  work  of  the  school  from  the  first 
has  been  largely  due  to  her  energy  and 
perseverance.  O.  H.  Merwin  had  charge  of 
the  music,  but  the  interest  in  this  subject 
has  never  been  very  great,  and  it  was  re- 
tained in  the  course  only  three  years.  While 
it  was  retained,  the  pupils  furnished  the 
music  for  the  graduating  exercises. 

Prize  Speaking. — In  the  spring  of 
1884  a  prize-speaking  contest  was  held, 
open  to  pupils  of  the  third  year.  An  admis- 
sion fee  was  charged  and  the  prizes  were 
paid  out  of  the  receipts.  Any  surplus  was 
expended  for  the  school,  especially  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Athletic  Association.  After  a 
few  years  the  prizes  were  given  bv  two  of 
our  citizens,  and  the  proceeds  were  applied 
to  the  class  fund  of  the  Junior  Class.  It 
soon  became  a  custom  for  the  Junior  Class 
to  give  a  reception  to  the  Seniors  on  the 
occasion  of  graduation.  This  reception  is 
generally  held  in  the  school  building. 

The  enrollment  of  1883-84  reached  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five.  The  drawing  work 
was  increased.  Typewriting  was  introduced 
as  a  voluntary  study  in  connection  with 
bookkeeping,  and  a  class  in  shorthand  was 
conducted  outside  of  school  hours.  Forty 
different  pupils  took  up  typewriting,  some 
of  whom  became  reasonably  expert. 


196 


EDUCATION 


Mr.  Evans,  having  been  elected  Superin- 
tendent of  the  South  Evanston  schools,  re- 
signed at  the  end  of  the  first  year,  and  was 
succeeded  by  William  Harkins,  A.M.,  as 
teacher  of  Science  and  English. 

Near  the  close  of  this  year  an  industrial 
exhibit  was  given  by  the  school,  to  which 
the  pupils  were  requested  to  bring  some- 
thing of  their  own  handiwork,  not  neces- 
sarily anything  connected  with  school  work. 
Most  of  them  complied,  and  a  very  inter- 
esting display  was  made.  Besides  drawing, 
writing  in  English  and  German,  typewrit- 
ing, shorthand  and  map-drawing,  which 
might  be  considered  as  school  work,  there 
were  exhibited  scroll  sawing,  wood  carv- 
ing, pieces  of  philosophical  apparatus, 
bread,  butter,  confectionery,  a  great  variety 
of  needlework,  and  various  collections  of 
plants,  insects  and  postage  stamps.  A  large 
number  of  visitors  inspected  the  exhibit.  A 
class  of  twelve  graduated  this  year. 

One  hundred  and  sixty  pupils  were  en- 
rolled in  the  fall  of  1885,  and  the  total  en- 
rollment of  the  year  was  one  hundred  and 
seventy-one.  This  necessitated  more  teach- 
ing force,  and  Miss  Jane  H.  White  was 
added  to  the  corps.  Mr.  Harkins  was  suc- 
ceeded as  teacher  of  Science  by  Benjamin 
B.  James,  now  (1903)  Superintendent  of 
Schools  in  West  Superior,  Wis. 

The  increased  number  of  pupils  required 
a  remodeling  of  the  assembly  room,  which 
had  been  arranged  on  the  original  plan  for 
only  one  hundred  and  forty-four  pupils.  By 
doubling  the  number  of  desks  in  part  of  the 
room  one  hundred  and  eighty  were  accom- 
modated. 

In  1885  the  school  competed  for  the 
first  time  in  the  State  Fair  Exhibit,  send- 
ing five  sets  of  examination  papers.  Three 
of  these  took  first  prizes  of  $5  each.  In 
1886  ten  sets  of  papers  were  sent,  which 
took  eight  first  prizes  and  two  seconds, 
besides  the  two  "sweep-stake"  prizes  for  the 


best  six  and  the  best  ten  sets.  For  seven 
successive  years  the  school  carried  off  the 
highest  honors,  and  received,  in  cash,  $424, 
which  was  expended  in  pictures,  casts  and 
books  for  the  library.  At  the  end  of  this 
time  the  former  system  of  awarding  prizes 
was  changed,  and  the  school  has  not  com- 
peted since. 

The  industrial  exhibit  of  1886  surpassed 
that  of  the  former  year,  both  in  quantity  and 
quality.  The  drawing  and  clay  modeling 
attracted  no  little  attention.  A  class  of  four- 
teen graduated  this  year. 

Mr.  James  was  succeeded  at  the  close  of 
the  year  by  Lorenzo  N.  Johnson,  A.  B.,  of 
the  Wesleyan  University  of  Middletown, 
Conn.  Mr.  Johnson  remained  five  years 
and  did  splendid  work.  He  took  great  in- 
terest in  school  athletics,  which,  under  his 
general  charge,  were  very  successful.  He 
resigned  in  1891  to  accept  a  position  as  In- 
structor in  Botany  at  Ann  Arbor  Universi- 
ty, Mich.,  where  he  remained  until  his  la- 
mented death  in  1897. 

From  the  first,  the  school  took  special 
interest  in  athletics.  For  several  years  in 
succession  Evanston  won  the  pennant  in  the 
Cook  County  Baseball  League.  It  has  also 
won  high  honors  in  indoor  baseball.  In 
football  it  has  not  been  able  to  compete  very 
favorably  with  the  larger  schools.  The  loss 
of  Crain  field,  near  the  schoolhouse,  was  a 
great  drawback  to  good  practice.  The 
names  of  Frederick  W.  Poole,  John  H. 
Kedzie,  Irving  McDowell,  Richard  Carr, 
Arthur  Sickels  and  Frederick  Lanphesr, 
not  to  mention  many  others,  will  long  be 
remembered  in  the  school. 

Without  following  further  in  detail  the 
history  of  the  school  it  may  briefly  be  said 
that  the  growth  was  very  regular  for  sev- 
eral consecutive  years,  the  increase  averag- 
ing about  thirty  a  year,  and  requiring  an 
additional  teacher  each  year.  The  annexing 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


197 


of  Rogers  Park  to  Chicago,  in  1893,  pre- 
vented the  usual  increase  in  that  year. 

While  no  effort  has  been  made  to  secure 
pupils  from  abroad  a  considerable  number 
have  attended,  chiefly  from  the  towns  on 
the  north.  New  Trier  Township — in  which 
are  located  Wilmette,  Winnetka,  Kenil- 
worth  and  Glencoe — was  a  regular  contrib- 
utor to  the  attendance  until  it  established  a 
Township  High  School  of  its  own.  In  the 
first  semester  of  1900-01  all  the  High  School 
pupils  of  that  township,  seventy-seven  in 
number,  attended  the  Evanston  school, 
while  their  own  building  was  in  process  of 
erection.  Their  tuition,  amounting  to 
$1,525,  was  paid  by  New  Trier  Township. 

The  total  enrollment  of  the  school  in 
twenty  years  is  almost  exactly  2,900.  Com- 
paring this  number  with  the  number  of 
graduates,  549,  and  not  counting  the  420 
enrolled  this  year  (1903),  it  will  be  seen  that 
about  22  per  cent  of  all  that  enter  the  school 
complete  the  course. 

Nineteen  classes  have  graduated,  con- 
taining in  all  549  pupils.  Of  these  about 
forty  per  cent  have  gone  to  colleges,  or 
higher  institutions,  besides  many  who  have 
entered  college  without  completing  the 
High  School  course,  or  who  have  com- 
pleted their  preparation  elsewhere. 

Of  these  graduates  205 — or  about  37  per 
cent — were  boys ;  a  much  larger  proportion 
than  is  usually  found  among  the  graduates 
of  high  schools.  In  one  class  the  boys  out- 
numbered the  girls,  and  in  another  they 
were  equal  in  number. 

Graduates  or  under-graduates  have  en- 
tered the  following  colleges  and  profes- 
sional schools,  though  the  list  is  undoubt- 
edly incomplete:  Amherst,  Boston  Univer- 
sity, Bowdoin,  Dartmouth,  Harvard,  Wil- 
liams, Yale,  Massachusetts  School  of  Tech- 
nology, Holyoke,  Smith,  Wellesley,  Vassar, 
Bryn  Mawr,  Wells,  Baltimore  Female  Col- 
lege, Cornell,  Princeton,  Syracuse,  Annapo- 


lis, West  Point.  Lehigh  University  of  Mich- 
igan, University  of  Wisconsin,  University 
of  Minnesota,  Wesleyan  University  of 
Bloomington,  Northwestern  University, 
Lake  Forest  University,  University  of  Cali- 
fornia. Berkeley,  Colorado,  Denver,  Beloit, 
Rockford,  Oberlin.  Lewis  Institute,  Ar- 
mour Institute,  School  of  Mines  at  Golden, 
School  of  Mines  at  Rolla,  School  of  Mines 
at  Houghton,  Art  Institute  at  Chicago, 
Cumnock  School  of  Oratory,  besides  sever- 
al law  and  medical  schools.  Many  have 
taken  high  honors,  and  several  are  profes- 
sors or  instructors  in  various  colleges. 

The  original  school  building  was  planned 
to  satisfy  the  needs  of  the  Evanston  of  1883 
rather  than  with  any  view  to  the  future. 
Evanston  then  had  a  population  of  about 
8,000.  Before  four  years  had  passed,  the 
original  assembly  room  was  too  small  to 
accommodate  the  pupils,  and  a  remodeling 
of  the  building  was  necessary.  The  growth 
continued,  and  in  1889  a  large  wing  on  the 
south  side,  containing  ten  recitation  rooms, 
was  added  to  the  building  at  a  cost  of  $22.- 
ooo.  This,  in  turn,  proved  too  small,  and  in 
1899  a  new  front  and  a  north  wing  were 
added.  This  involved  a  virtual  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  whole  building,  and  the  prob- 
lem of  fitting  the  new  to  the  old  \vas  much 
more  difficult  of  solution  than  the  building 
of  an  entirely  new  structure.  Mr.  Charles 
R.  Ayers,  however,  proved  equal  to  the 
occasion,  and  the  present  building  is  both 
attractive  in  appearance  and  convenient  for 
work.  The  cost  of  the  improvement  was 
about  $90,000. 

The  north  wing  contains  the  Biological, 
the  Physical  and  the  Chemical  laboratories, 
and  a  lecture  room  which  is  used  in  com- 
mon by  the  different  teachers.  The  Manual 
Training  Department  occupies  the  north 
basement.  On  the  second  floor  of  this  wing 
are  the  rooms  assigned  to  the  Drawing 
Department.  There  are  three  study-rooms, 


198 


EDUCATION 


one  for  the  Senior  class,  one  occupied  by 
the  second  and  third  year  pupils,  and  one 
(the  original  assembly  room)  allotted  to  the 
entering  class.  The  pupils  generally  study- 
in  these  rooms  when  not  in  recitation. 

The  building  contains  thirty-six  rooms 
above  the  basement,  and  is  intended  to  ac- 
commodate at  least  six  hundred  pupils. 
The  present  enrollment  (1903)  is  420.  One 
of  the  rooms  is  designated  as  the  Infirmary, 
and  is  equipped  as  an  emergency  hospital. 
Two  large  recitation  rooms,  thrown  to- 
gether, are  used  as  a  sort  of  gymnasium. 
There  is  not  room  enough  on  the  premises 
for  a  regular  gymnasium.  The  proximity 
to  two  railroads  is  the  greatest  defect  in 
the  location.  Twenty  teachers  are  now  em- 
ployed besides  an  office  clerk. 

Manual  Training. — In  188(i  the  Board 
purchased  tools  for  woodwork,  enough  to 
equip  a  class  of  twelve,  and  Mr.  T.  E.  Skin- 
ner, a  carpenter  and  contractor,  gave  in- 
struction outside  of  school  hours  to  classes. 
Each  pupil  paid  a  fee  of  twenty-five  cents 
a  week  for  instruction.  Twenty  took  in- 
struction at  first.  They  constructed  their 
own  benches  and  tool  chests,  and  made 
easels  enough  to  furnish  the  drawing  de- 
partment, but  there  was  no  regular  course 
pursued.  The  hours  after  school  were  not 
favorable  to  work.  In  winter  it  became  dark 
too  early  and  in  the  milder  weather  it  in- 
terfered with  school  athletics.  Manual 
training  was  therefore  dropped  for  some 
years. 

When  the  enlarged  and  remodeled  build- 
ing was  planned  two  large  rooms  in  the 
basement  were  set  aside  for  mechanical 
training.  Improved  benches  and  new  tools 
were  provided.  A  three  horse-power  dyna- 
mo was  furnished,  which  takes  the  requisite 
current  from  the  city  electric  plant.  Four 
wood  lathes  were  provided.  Mr.  Clarence 
M.  Thome  took  charge  of  the  work.  A  reg- 
ular course  was  laid  out,  in  connection  witli 


mechanical  drawing.  The  work  was  done 
in  school  hours,  and  received  credit  like 
any  other  study  requiring  equal  time. 

Mr.  Ward  W.  Pearson  took  charge  of 
the  work  in  1901  and  is  still  in  charge  of 
it.  This  year  two  lathes,  a  circular  saw,  a 
band-saw,  a  drill  and  a  forge  have  been 
added  to  the  plant,  which  altogether  cost 
about  $1,500.  As  a  rule,  the  pupils  have 
taken  interest  in  their  work.  Conditions  of 
room  prevent  any  other  than  woodwork 
and  a  course  longer  than  two  years. 

Citizenship. — On  the  day  of  the  Pres- 
idential election  the  school  has  twice  had 
a  lesson  in  practical  citizenship  by  going 
through  the  form  of  holding  an  election. 
Judges  are  appointed ;  voters  are  registered 
in  regular  poll-books  by  clerks ;  votes  are 
challenged ;  regulation  polling-booths  are 
erected,  and  the  specimen  ballots  sent  out 
by  the  county  officials  are  used  instead  of 
the  official  ones.  Careful  instruction  is 
given  in  regard  to  the  marking  of  the  bal- 
lot. These  elections  have  excited  no  little 
interest. 

Drawing  Department. — Twenty  years 
ago — except  in  Massachusetts — few  schools 
outside  the  larger  cities  included  drawing, 
or  any  kind  of  manual  training,  in  their 
regular  courses  of  study.  At  the  opening  of 
the  Evanston  Township  High  School,  the 
Principal  said,  "We  must  make^a  begin- 
ning, no  matter  how  small  it  is,"  and  the 
beginning  was  made. 

The  pupils  enrolled  in  that  first  drawing- 
class,  almost  without  exception,  had  never 
had  any  previous  instruction  in  that  study. 
However,  their  interest  and  faithfulness 
gave  promise  of  success  to  the  experiment, 
and  the  results  justified  it.  From  the  first 
the  aim  was  to  be  practical.  The  allotted 
time  was  forty-five  minutes  daily,  on  alter- 
nate days,  for  two  years.  The  work  was 
planned  to  open  to  the  -pupil  as  many  ave- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


199 


nues  as  possible,  leaving  him  to  choose  and 
specialize  later. 

Form-drawing  and  design  from  given 
units  were  the  basis  of  the  first  year's  work ; 
representation  and  construction  followed  as 
the  pupils  gained  confidence  and  power. 
"Correlation"  was  an  important  feature; 
the  drawing  department  supplemented  the 
work  in  science  and  history.  Under  the  su- 
perintendence of  the  drawing  teacher, 
charts  and  sketches  in  zoology  and  botany 
were  prepared. 

Clay  modeling  was  introduced  in  1885. 
In  those  days  the  drawing  and  mathematics 
were  taught  in  the  same  room,  and  the  pu- 
pil who  went  to  the  board  to  demonstrate 
a  problem  in  Algebra  and  Geometry  thread- 
ed his  way  cautiously  around  and  among 
easels,  tables,  drawing  boards  and  all  the 
other  "needfuls"  that  were  slowly  but  sure- 
ly accumulating.  Increasing  numbers  and 
lack  of  space  made  it  necessary  .to  omit  the 
modeling  until  1889,  when  it  was  again 
taken  up  under  much  more  favorable  con- 
ditions ;  not  as  before,  as  a  supplement  to 
drawing,  but  as  an  independent  study, 
taken  daily  for  a  full  year. 

In  1887  Historic  Art  was  introduced. 
The  introduction  of  drawing  in  the  public 
schools  relieved  our  course  of  some  of  the 
elementary  work  which  before  had  been  nec- 
essary. No  feature  of  the  course  has  proved 
more  satisfactory,  and  no  other  has  brought, 
in  after  years,  more  emphatic  testimonials 
as  to  "value  received."  The  pupils  receive 
lectures  which  they  themselves  illustrate 
with  their  own  drawings,  and  also  insert 
in  their  note  books  whatever  comes  to  hand 
from  magazine  and  other  illustrations.  The 
Egyptian,  the  Assyrian,  the  Greek,  the  Ro- 
man and  the  Gothic  are  all  treated.  This 
department  has  nearly  a  hundred  books  of 
its  own,  more  than  two  hundred  large 
charts  of  mounted  magazine  clippings  and 
illustrations,  several  hundred  mounted 


prints  and  photographs,  besides  the  use  of 
the  pictures  and  charts  belonging  in  other 
departments  and  about  a  hundred  and  fifty 
lantern  slides. 

In  1899  clay  modeling,  under  the  efficient 
supervision  of  Miss  Maud  I.  Moore,  a 
graduate  of  the  school,  and  later  of  the 
Chicago  Art  Institute,  assumed  new  life 
and  interest.  It  is  a  third-year  study,  and  is 
open  to  none  who  have  not  done  excellent 
work  in  art. 

In  1900  the  introduction  of  Manual 
Training  as  a  part  of  the  school  curriculum 
made  it  necessary  to  increase  the  work  in 
mechanical  drawing;  consequently,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  regular  free-hand  drawing, 
those  who  elect  can  have  a  two  years'  course 
in  mechanical. 

Twice  the  department  has  outgrown  its 
quarters.  It  now  has  commodious  rooms, 
well  equipped  with  store-rooms  and  cases, 
in  which  to  house  its.  material.  Modern 
and  improved  adjustable"  tables  are  provided 
for  the  mechanical  and  charcoal  drawing; 
another  room  is  devoted  to  historical  art 
and  design,  and  still  another  to  the  clay 
modeling. 

The  school  has,  from  time  to  time,  sent 
its  work  to  competitive  exhibits,  and  al- 
though compelled  to  compete  with  schools 
that  carry  drawing  through  a  full  four 
years'  course,  has  won  honors  and  received 
honorable  mention. 

A  fair  proportion  of  our  pupils  have  gone 
to  art  schools,  and  are  now  professional 
teachers,  illustrators,  designers,  architects, 
draftsmen  and  civil  engineers,  while  others, 
in  different  professions,  testify  that  their 
High  School  work  in  art  has  been  of  great 
service. 

It  is  due  to  the  people  of  Evanston  to  say 
that  the  drawing  department  has  always 
had  their  hearty  support.  They  may  justly 
congratulate  themselves  that  they  were 
among  the  first,  and  not  the  last,  to  recog- 


200 


EDUCATION 


nize  its  value  and  give  it  an  honorable 
place. 

It  is  simply  an  act  of  justice  to  say  that 
Miss  Eva  S.  Edwards,  who  has  had  full 
charge  of  the  work  from  the  beginning  and 
developed  it  from  feeble  infancy  to  full  ma- 
turity, is  entitled  to  the  highest  credit  for 
its  present  and  past  success.  Few  teachers 
have  been  privileged  to  witness  such  a  hap- 
py growth,  or  have  worked  more  patiently 
and  unsparingly  for  its  realization. 

List  of  Trustees.  —  The  following 
were  the  Trustees  of  the  school  under  the 
school  law  of  1870: 

William  Blanchard,  President  (1882- 
1890)  ;  S.  D.  Childs,  deceased  (1882-1884)  ; 
S.  B.  Goodenow  (1882-1890);  Henry  J. 
Wallingford  (vice  Childs),  (1884-1890'). 

By  the  law  of  1889  the  High  School 
passed,  in  April,  1890,  under  control  of  a 
Board  of  Education,  consisting  of  five  mem- 
bers. The  Board  then  chosen  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

Chas.  B.  Congdon,  President  (1890- 
1897)  ;  John  W.  Bynam  (1890-1891)  ;  Ed- 


ward D.  Coxe  (Rogers  Park),  (1890- 
1893);  Thomas  Bates  (1890-1900);  How- 
ard G.  Grey  (1890-1902). 

Mr.  Coxe  resigned  in  1893  in  conse- 
quence of  the  annexation  of  Rogers  Park  to 
the  City  of  Chicago. 

The  following  have  served  since:  L.  H. 
Bushnell  (1891-1000)  ;  David  S.  McMullen 
(1894-1901). 

The  present  board  consists  of  the  follow- 
ing: 

William  S.  Lord,  President,  appointed 
1897 ;  Conrad  H.  Poppenhusen,  appointed 
1900;  Harold  Dyrenforth,  appointed  1001 ; 
Dorr  A.  Kimball,  appointed  1901 ;  George 
P.  Merrick,  appointed  1902.  Winsor  Chase 
is  Secretary. 

(Prof.  Henry  L.  Boltwood,  who  prepared 
the  preceding  chapter,  died  January  23, 
1906,  terminating  a  career  of  over  fifty 
years  in  connection  with  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation, of  which  over  forty  years  were 
spent  in  the  State  of  Illinois  and  more  than 
twenty -two  years  as  Principal  of  the  Evan- 
ston  Township  High  School.) 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


EVAXSTOX    AUTHORS 

(By  J.  SEYMOUR  CURKKV.  President  Evanston  Historical  Society) 


Establishment  of  Northwestern  University 
Marks  the  Beginning  of  Evanston  Liter- 
ary Life  —  Effect  of  the  Gathering  of 
Professors,  Instructors  and  Students  — 
Growth  of  Literary  Activity  —  Edward 
Egglcston  and  Frances  E.  Willard  Begin 
their  Careers  Here  —  Miss  IVillard's  "A 
Classic  Town"  —  Miss  Simpson's  Cata- 
logue of  Evanston  Authors  in  /poo  — 
Growth  of  Nine  Years  —  Alphabetical 
List  of  Authors  with  Bibliography  and 
Biographical  Records. 

The  literary  life  of  Evanston  began  with 
the  establishment  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity in  1855,  and  has  flourished  and  kept 
pace  with  the  intellectual  development  of 
the  people.  Naturally  the  location  of  an 
institution  of  learning  attracted  a  large 
number  of  dwellers  here  who  were  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  University  and  its  work,  or 
who  were  connected  with  it  as  professors, 
instructors  or  students.  This  created  an  at- 
mosphere that  was  favorable  to  the  growth 
of  every  form  of  literary  activity,  and  the 
book  publishers,  as  well  as  those  of  journals 
and  periodicals,  soon  became  familiar  with 
the  names  of  Evanston  people  as  authors 
and  contributors.  Various  weekly  and 
monthly  publications  have  been  established 
here  and  have  enjoyed  prosperous  careers. 

It  was  in  Evanston  that  Edward  Eggles- 
ton lived  when  he  began  to  write  his  re- 


markable series  of  books,  beginning  as  a 
writer  of  fiction  and  afterwards  becoming 
a  historian  of  great  reputation.  It  was 
here  that  Frances  Willard  began  her  liter-" 
ary  work.  and.  possessing  wonderful  tal- 
ents, attracted  the  attention  of  the  world 
to  her  work  in  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union.  There  were  others  who 
were  writers  of  wide  reputation  before  coin- 
ing here,  but  who  continued  their  literary 
work  in  this  favorable  environment.  Many 
societies  of  a  literary  character  have  en- 
joyed successful  careers,  and  their  records 
are  a  valuable  possession  of  the  conir.mnity. 
The  first  account  of  the  literary  history 
of  Evanston  is  embodied  in  Frances  Wil- 
lard's  history,  entitled  "A  Classic  Town," 
published  in  1891,  in  which  she  says:  "The 
amount  of  scholarly  ink  which  has  been 
put  to  paper  by  Evanston  pens  will  com- 
pare favorably  with  that  of  any  other  com- 
munity of  its  size  and  age  in  the  world." 
"The  literary  atmosphere,"  she  says,  "is  the 
highest  charm  of  Evanston :"  and  adds,  "lit- 
erary people,  be  they  great  or  small,  hover 
by  instinct  around  a  center  of  books  and 
thought  and  character." 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Young  Woman's 
Missionary  Society  of  the  First  M.  E. 
Church,  in  1900.  one  of  the  features  was 
the  sale  of  a  "Catalogue  of  Evanston  Au- 
thors" for  the  benefit  of  the  society.  The 
catalogue  was  in  pamphlet  form  and  was 


201 


202 


EVANSTON  AUTHORS 


compiled  by  Miss  Frances  Simpson,  who, 
with  the  help  of  the  staff  of  the  Evanston 
Public  Library,  prepared  a  list  of  214 
authors,  with  the  titles  of  their  books  or 
contributions  to  the  press  in  one  form  or 
another.  In  Miss  Willard's  book,  published 
nine  years  before,  she  had  given  the  names 
of  sixty-four  authors  and  journalists.  Thus 
it  would  appear  that  there  had  been  a  large 
increase  in  the  number  at  the  time  that  Miss 
Simpson's  list  was  prepared.  This  was  pre- 
dicted by  Miss  \Yillard  who  said  in  1891, 
"It  is  safe  to  predict  that  the  coming  thirty- 
five  years  will  show  ten  times  as  much  work 
of  this  kind  as  the  past  thirty-five  can 
show." 

The  authors  whose  names  and  works  are 
given  below  are  those  who  do  now,  or,  at 
some  period  of  their  lives,  liave  resided  in 
Evanston,  and  who  have  published  their 
works  in  book  form.  The  list  does  not  in- 
clude journalists,  contributors  to  periodi- 
cals, or  writers  of  pamphlets.  The  attempt  • 
has  been  made  to  make  the  list  fairly  com- 
plete, but  omissions  are  likely  to  be  found. 
The  reader's  indulgence  is  asked  for  any 
shortcomings  of  this  kind. 

The  people  of  Evanston  take  a  just  pride 
in  the  work  of  their  writers,  denoting,  as 
it  does,  the  intellectual  status  and  culture 
of  the  community;  and  they  will,  no 
doubt,  be  surprised  and  gratified  at  the 
record  here  shown. 

IIIIILIOGRAPHY PERSONAL    SKETCHES. 

Isaac  Emens  Adams. — Born  at  Mend- 
ham,  X.  J.,  October  29,  1857 ;  graduated  at 
Northwestern  University ;  received  degree 
of  A.  M.  from  same  institution  in  1882 ;  on 
staff  of  "Chicago  Times"  for  several  years ; 
and  afterwards  practiced  law. 

Author:  "Life  of  Emory  A.  Storrs" 
(1886). 

A.  T.  Andreas:  "History  of  Cook  Coun- 
ty, Illinois,  from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the 
Present  Time"  (1884);  "History  of  Chi- 


cago from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Present 
Time"  (3  v.,  1884-86). 

Mrs.  Rena  Michaels  Atchison:  "Un- 
American  Immigration :  Its  Present  Effects 
and  Future  Perils:  A  Study  from  the  Cen- 
sus of  1890"  (1894). 

Charles  Beach  Atwell. — Born  at  Theresa, 
X.  Y.,  April  ii,  1855;  educated  in  Water- 
town  (X.  Y.)  High  School  and  Syracuse 
University ;  Professor  of  Botany  in  Xorth- 
western  University  since  1894. 

Author:  "The  Alumni  Record  of  the 
Northwestern  University"  (1903). 

M.  Helen  Beckwith':  "In  Mythland." 
(2  v.,  1896)  ;  "Storyland  with  the  Scissors" 
(1899). 

Katharine  Beebe:  "First  School  Year 
for  Primary  Workers"  (1895);  "Home 
Occupations  for  Little  Children"  (1896); 
"School  Room  Plays"  ( 1898) ;  "Story  of 
Longfellow"  (1899);  "Story  of  George 
Rogers  Clark"  (1900). 

Charles  Wesley  Bennett. — Born  at  East 
Bethany,  N.  Y.,  July  18,  1828;  educated 
at  Wesleyan  (Conn.)  University;  Profes- 
sor of  History  at  Syracuse  (X.  Y.)L  LTni- 
versity,  1871-85;  Professor  of  Historical 
Theology  in  Garrett  Biblical  Institute. 
1885-91 ;  died  at  Evanston,  April  17,  1891. 

Author:  "Christian  Archeology"  (1888). 

Henry  Leonidas  Boltwood. — Born  at 
Amherst,  Mass.  Jan.  17,  1831;  died 
at  Evanston,  Jan.  23,  1906;  was  grad- 
uated at  Amherst  College;  in  1864  entered 
the  service  of  the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion ;  was  principal  of  the  High  School  at 
Princeton,  111.,  from  1867  to  1878;  and  oc- 
cupied a  similar  position  at  Ottawa,  111., 
for  the  succeeding  five  years :  in  1883,  came 
to  Evanston  where  he  became  Principal  of 
the  High  School  and  remained  in  this  posi- 
tion up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

Author:  "English  Grammar  and  How 
to  Teach  It."  (1871 )  :  "Topical  Outlines  of 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


203 


General  History"    ( 1889)  ;  "Higher  Spell- 
er" (1893). 

Lewis  Henry  Boutell. — Born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  July  21,  1826;  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  January  16,  1899;  was  graduated 
from  Brown  University  in  1844  and  from 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1847;  on  Jan.  I, 
1848,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Boston; 
came  West  in  1863  and.  in  1865.  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  Chicago.  In  1893  he  left 
the  law  practice  for  literary  pursuits. 

Author:  "Alexander  Hamilton,  the  Con- 
structive Statesman"  (1890);  "Thomas 
Jefferson,  the  Man  of  Letters"  ( 1891 )  ; 
"Life  of  Roger  Sherman"  (1896). 

Frank  Milton  Bristol. — Methodist  Epis- 
copal clergyman,  born  in  Orleans  County, 
N.  Y.,  January  4,  1851;  graduated  from 
Northwestern  University,  Ph.  B.,  1877, 
(A.  M.,  D.D.)  ;  was  pastor  of  leading 
churches  in  Chicago;  now  pastor  Metro- 
politan Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  Wash- 
ington. D.  C. 

Author:  "Providential  Epochs";  "The 
Ministry  of  Art"  (1897);  "Shakespeare 
and  America"  (1898). 

Solon  Gary  Bronson. — Born  at  West 
Union,  Iowa,  July  26,  1855 ;  graduated  at 
Upper  Iowa  University.  Fayette,  Iowa;  be- 
came a  professor  in  the  Cornelia  Miller  de- 
partment of  Practical  Theology,  of  the  Gar- 
rett  Biblical  Institute,  in  1896;  has  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  two 
institutions,  viz. :  Garrett  Biblical  Institute. 
1894,  and  Cornell  College,  Iowa,  1903. 

Author:  "Delusions:  A  Volume  of  Ad- 
dresses" (1895). 

Walter  Lee  Brown. — Born  at  Melrose. 
Mass..  August  24.  1853,  graduated  at 
Xorthwestern  University  and  Columbia 
College  School  of  Mines :  died  at  Evans- 
ton.  April  6,  1904. 

Author:  "Manual  of  Assaying  Gold,  Sil- 
ver, Copper  and  Lead  Ores"  (Ed.  6.  1896). 

William  Caldwell. — Born  in  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  Xovember  10,  1863 ;  educated  in 


Edinburgh;  graduated  from  Edinburgh 
University  (M.  A.)  in  1884;  post-graduate 
student  in  Germany,  Paris,  and  Cambridge 
(England),  1887-91,  inclusive;  received  de- 
gree of  Doctor  in  Mental  and  Moral  Sci- 
ence, Edinburgh ;  obtained  high  honors  at 
Edinburgh ;  called  to  Sage  School  of  Phil- 
osophy, Cornell  University,  X.  Y.,  1891 ;  to 
University  of  Chicago,  1892;  to  Xorth- 
western University,  1894,  where  he  has  been 
Professor  of  Moral  and  Social  Philosophy. 
Author:  "Schopenhauer's  System  in  its 
Philosophical  Significance"  (1893). 

Henry  Smith  Carhart. — Born,  Coeymans, 
X.  Y.,  March  27.  1844:  graduated  from 
Wesleyan  University,  Middletown.  Conn., 
in  1869 :  later  studied  at  Yale,  Harvard  and 
Berlin;  Professor  of  Physics  and  Chem- 
istry at  Xorthwestern  University,  1872-86: 
President  of  Board  of  Judges,  Department 
of  Electricity,  Columbian  Exposition,  1893; 
member  of  Electrical  Societies ;  Professor 
of  Physics,  University  of  Michigan  since 
1886. 

Author:  "Primary  Batteries"  (1891); 
•'Elements  of  Physics"  (with  H.  N.  Chute) 
(1892);  "University  Physics"  (1894-6); 
"Electrical  Measurements"  (1895). 

George  Chainey. — Unitarian  minister, 
born  in  England  in  1851 ;  educated  in  Evan- 
ston  and  Boston ;  pastor  Unitarian  Church. 
Evansville,  Indiana.  1877-80;  engaged  in 
work  on  Biblical  Interpretation. 

Author.  "Foundation  Stones."  a  Series 
of  Unitarian  Sermons  (1879)  ;  "The  Xew 
Version:  Discourses  on  the  Bible  in  Boston" 
(1882)  ;  "She:  An  Allegory  of  the  Church" 
(1889);  "Jeanne  D'Arc,  the  Flower  of 
France"  (1888);  "The  Ten  Command- 
ments" (1900);  "Book  of  Ruth:  An  Idyl 
of  Friendship  between  the  Heavens  and  the 
Earth"  (1901);  "Unsealed  Bible";  v.  I, 
Genesis  (1902). 

J.  Scott  Clark. — Born  in  Copenhagen,  X. 
Y.,  September  23,  1854 ;  graduated  from 


204 


EVANSTON  AUTHORS 


Syracuse  University  in  1877 ;  Principal  of 
Evanston  High  School,  1879-82;  Professor 
of  Rhetoric  and  English  Criticism,  Syracuse 
University,  1882-92;  Professor  of  English 
Language,  Northwestern  University, 
since  1892. 

Author:  "Practical  Rhetoric"  (1886); 
"Briefer  Practical  Rhetoric"  (1892); 
"Study  of  English  Prose  Writers"  (1898)  ; 
"Study  of  English  and  American  Poets" 
(1900). 

Samuel  Travers  Clover. — Born  in  Lon- 
don, England,  August  13,  1859;  educated 
there;  began  newspaper  career  in  1880, 
making  trip  around  the  world ;  worked  on 
newspapers  in  Dakota  five  years ;  staff  cor- 
respondent of  "Chicago  Herald ;"  Manag- 
ing editor  of  "Chicago  Evening  Post," 
from  1894  to  1901  ;  "Los  Angeles  (Cal.) 
Evening  N'ews,"  1905. 

Author:  "Paul  Travers'  Adventures" 
( 1897)  ;  "Glimpses  Across  the  Sea"  (1900)  ; 
"Rose  Reef  to  Buluwayo"  (1896)  ;  "Poets 
and  Poetry  of  Dakota"  (1898);  "Zephyrs 
from  Dakota"  (1898). 

George  Albert  Coe. — Born  Monroe  Coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  March  26,  1862 ;  graduated  from 
University  of  Rochester ;  Ph.  D.,  Boston 
University,  1891 ;  John  Evans  Professor  of 
Philosophy,  Northwestern  University  since 
1893. 

Author:  "The  Spiritual  Life:  Studies 
in  the  Science  of  Religion"  (1900)  ;  "The 
Religion  of  a  Mature  Mind"  (1902). 

Lyman  Edgar  Cooley, —  Born  Canan- 
daigua,  N.  Y.,  December  5,  1850:  graduated 
from  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute, C.E., 
1874;  Professor  in  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, 1874-77  :  Associate  Editor  "Engineer- 
ing Xews,"  1876-78 ;  Assistant  Engineer  of 
railroad  bridge  over  the  Missouri  River, 
Glasgow,  Missouri,  1878;  Assistant  United 
States  Engineer  on  Mississippi  and  Miss- 
ouri River  improvements.  1878-84;  Editor 
"American  Engineer,"  1884:  Consulting 


Engineer  for  Chicago  Sanitary  District 
(Drainage  Canal).  Member  of  the  Inter- 
national Deep  Waterways  Committee,  1895- 
96. 

Author:  'The  Lakes  and  Gulf  Water- 
way." 

Edwin  C.  Crawford. —  Born  at  Fostoria, 
Ohio,  April  10.  1845 ;  educated  at  High 
School,  Ft.  Wayne,  Intl.,  and  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1874. 

Author :  "Civil  Government  of  Illinois 
and  the  United  States" ;  Special  Chapters 
On  Chicago  and  Cook  County  (1890). 

Henry  Crew. — Born  Richmond.  Ohio, 
June  4,  1859;  graduated  from  Princeton 
College,  B.  A.,  1882 ;  Fellow  at  Princeton, 
1882-84 :  Fellow  Johns  Hopkins,  1884-87, 
Ph.D.,  1887;  Instructor  in  Physics,  Har- 
vard College,  1888-91 ;  Astronomer  Lick- 
Observatory,  1891-92;  Assistant  Editor 
"Astrophysical  Journal" :  Professor  of 
Physics,  Northwestern  University,  since 
1892. 

Author:  "Elements  of  Physics,"  for 
Use  in  High  Schools  (1899)  >  "Laboratory 
Manual  of  Physics,"  for  Use  in  High 
Schools  (with  R.  R.  Tatnall)  (1902); 
Editor:  "Wave  Theory  of  Light";  "Mem- 
oirs of  Huygens,  Young  and  Fresnel" 
(1900). 

Robert  McLean  Cumnock. — Born  in  Ayr, 
Scotland,  May  31,  1844;  came  to  America 
in  the  following  year:  graduated  at  Wes- 
leyan  University  in  1868;  and  soon  after 
became  Professor  of  Elocution  at  North- 
western University,  which  position  he  has 
held  to  the  present  time. 

Author:  "Choice  Readings";  "School 
Speaker." 

Nathan  Smith  Davis,  Sr.,  M.  D.,  LL.  D  — 
Born  at  Greene,  N.  Y.,  January  9,  1817; 
graduated  from  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Fairfield,  N.  Y.,  1837;  received 
honorary  degree  A.  M.  Northwestern  Uni- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


205 


versity,  and  LL.  D.  from  Illinois  Wesleyan 
University;  practiced  medicine  in  Chicago 
from  1849 ;  Professor  in  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, Chicago,  1849-59 ;  one  of  the  founders 
(1859)  of  Chicago  Medical  College,  now 
Medical  Department  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity; Professor  there  for  thirty  years  and 
Dean  of  Faculty  until  1898,  resigned  ;  editor 
of  various  medical  journals;  President  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress,  1887 ; 
one  of  the  founders  of  Mercy  Hospital,  and 
one  of  its  physicians,  for  over  forty  years ; 
a  founder  and  Trustee  of  Northwestern 
University,  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Chicago  Historical  Society,  Illinois  State 
Microscopical  Society  and  Union  College  of 
Law ;  a  member  of  various  other  Medical 
Associations  in  Chicago  and  New  York ; 
died  June  16,  1904. 

Author :  "Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine."  and  various  pamphlets  on  med- 
ical subjects  and  on  temperance. 

Nathan  Smith  Davis,  Jr.,  M.  D. — Born  in 
Chicago,  September  5,  1858;  graduated 
from  Northwestern  University,  1880,  A.  M. 
1883 ;  graduated  from  Chicago  Medical 
College,  1883 ;  has  since  practiced  in  Chi- 
cago ;  Associate  Professor  of  Pathology, 
1884-86;  since  then  Professor  of  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Medicine  and  of  Clin- 
ical Medicine,  Chicago  Medical  College ; 
Physician  to  Mercy  Hospital  since  1884 ; 
Member  of  the  Ninth  International  Medical 
Congress,  Pan-American  Medical  Congress, 
etc. 

Author:  "Consumption:  How  to  Pre- 
vent It  and  How  to  Live  With  It";  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Lungs,  Heart  and  Kidneys," 
etc. 

Edward  Eggleston. — Born  Vevay,  Indi- 
ana, December  10,  1837 ;  died  September  2, 
1902;  educated  at  country  and  village 
schools  in  Indiana ;  entered  Methodist 
Episcopal  ministry  in  1857;  editor  of 
"Little  Corporal."  Chicago,  1866-67;  chief 


Editor  of  the  "National  Sunday  School 
Teacher"  ( 1867-70)  and  other  religious 
papers ;  President  of  the  American  Histor- 
ical Association  in  1900. 

Author:  "Hoosier  Schoolmaster"  (1871) ; 
"End  of  the  World"  (1872);  "Mystery 
of  Metropolisville"  (1873);  "Circuit 
Rider"  ( 1874)  ;  "Hoosier  School  Boy" 
(1883)  ;  "History  of  the  United  States  and 
Its  People"  (1888)  ;  "First  Book  in  Amer- 
ican History"  (1889)  ;  "Beginners  of  a  Na- 
tion" (1896)  ;  "Transit  of  Civilization  from 
England  to  America"  (1900);  Editor, 
"Christ  in  Art"  (1874)  ;  "Christ  in  Litera- 
ture" (1875). 

Finley  Ellingwood.  —  Born  Dearborn 
County,  Ind..  September  12.  1852 ;  educated 
in  Kankakee,  111. ;  graduated  from  Bennett 
Medical  College  in  1878;  Professor  in  same 
institution  from  1885  to  present  time. 

Author:  "Manual  of  Medical  Chemis- 
try" ( 1889)  ;  "Annual  of  Eclectic  Medi- 
cine" (1890,  '91  and  '92);  "Systematic 
Treatise  on  Materia  Medica"  (1899)  ; 
"Treatment  of  Disease"  (1906). 

Frank  Macajah  Elliot. —  Born  at  Corin- 
na,  Me.,  March  27.  1853;  graduated  at 
Northwestern  L'niversity  :  President  Evans- 
ton  Hospital  Association  since  1896. 

Author:     "History  of  Omega"    (1885). 

George  H.  Ellis:  "Analysis  of  White 
Paints"  (1898). 

Joseph  Emerson:  "Lectures  and  Ser- 
mons on  Subjects  connected  with  Christian 
Liberal  Education"  (1897). 

Marshall  Davis  Ewell. — Born  in  Oxford, 
Michigan,  August  18,  1844;  educated  in 
Michigan ;  LL.  B.  University  of  Michigan 
1868 ;  A.  M.  Northwestern  University, 
1879 ;  Professor  of  Common  Law,  Univer- 
sity College  of  Law.  Chicago,  from  1877 
until  the  founding  of  Kent  College  of  Law 
— also  known  as  Microscopist ;  President  of 
the  American  Microscopical  Society.  1893. 

Author:    "Leading  Cases  on  Disabilities" 


206 


EVANSTON  AUTHORS 


( 1876)  ;  "Treatise  on  Law  of  Fixtures" 
(1876);  "Essentials  of  the  Law"  (1882); 
"Manual  of  Medical  Jurisprudence"  (1887). 

Editor:  "Blackwell  on  Tax  Titles"; 
"Evans  on  Agencies";  "Lindley  on  Part- 
nership," and  other  works. 

Charles  Samuel  Farrar:  "Art  Topics: 
History  of  Sculpture,  Painting  and  Archi- 
tecture" (1885). 

Randolph  Sinks  Foster. — Born  Williams- 
burg,  Ohio,  February  22,  1820;  educated 
at  Augusta  College,  Kentucky;  entered 
itinerant  ministry  of  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  1837,  in  Kentucky  Conference; 
later  was  transferred  to  Ohio  and,  in  1850, 
to  New  York,  remaining  until  1857 ;  Presi- 
dent of  Northwestern  University  1857-60; 
again  in  pastorate  work  in  New  York  and 
Sing  Sing,  1860-68;  Professor  of  Syste- 
matic Theology,  1868-69;  President  of 
Drew  Theological  Seminary,  Madison,  N. 
J.,  1869-72;  died  in  1903. 

Author:  "Objections  to  Calvinism" 
(1849);  "Centenary  Thoughts"  (1884); 
"Beyond  the  Grave"  (1878);  "Studies  in 
Theology"  (1886);  "Philosophy  of  Chris- 
tian Experience";  "Christian  Purity" 
(1851). 

Francis  Gellatly:  "Necklace  of  Liberty" 
( 1886)  ;  "Love  Made  to  Order,  and  Temper 
Tempest." 

Anna  Adams  Gordon. — Born  in  Boston, 
July  21,  1853;  educated  in  Newton  (Mass.) 
High  School  and  at  Mt.  Holvoke  College; 
for  twenty-one  years  private  secretary  of 
Miss  Frances  E.  Willard ;  Vice  President 
at  Large  of  National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Author :  "Marching  Songs" ;  "White 
Ribbon  Hymnal";  "Beautiful  Life  of 
Frances  E.  Willard"  (1898). 

Ulysses  Sherman  Grant. — Born  in  Mo- 
line,  Illinois,  February  14,  1867 ;  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Minnesota  in  1888; 
Ph.  D.,  Johns  Hopkins,  1893 ;  Assistant 
State  Geologist,  Minnesota,  1893-99;  ^n~ 
structor  in  Geology  in  the  University  of 


Minnesota,  1897-98 ;  Assistant  Geologist  on 
the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey 
of  Wisconsin  since  1899;  Assistant  Editor 
of  the  "American  Geologist"  since  1897; 
Professor  of  Geology  and  Curator  of  the 
Museum,  Northwestern  University,  since 
1899. 

Author:  "  Preliminary  Report  on  the 
Copperbearing  Rocks  of  Douglas  County, 
Wisconsin  ( 1900)  ;  "Wisconsin  Geological 
and  Natural  History  Survey"  (v.  6,  1900)  ; 
"Final  Report  of  the  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey  of  Minnesota"  (with  N.  H. 
Winchell)  (1899-1900). 

John  Henry  Gray. — Born  in  Charleston, 
Illinois,  March  n,  1859;  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1887;  Ph.  D.,  Halle,  Germany, 
1892;  Studied  also  at  Paris,  Vienna  and 
Berlin ;  Instructor  in  Political  Economy  at 
Harvard,  1887-89 ;  Chairman  of  the  World's 
Congress  Auxiliary  on  Political  Science  in 
connection  with  the  Columbian  Exposition, 
Chicago,  1893 ;  Chairman  of  the  Municipal 
Committee  of  the  Civic  Federation  of  Chi- 
cago; 1894-96;  First  Vice  President  of  the 
American  Economic  Association,  1897-98; 
appointed  by  Labor  Commissioner,  C.  D. 
Wright,  to  investigate  labor  conditions  in 
England,  1902 ;  Professor  of  Political 
Economy  and  Social  Science,  Northwestern 
University,  since  1892. 

Author:  "Die  Stellung  der  Privaten  Be- 
leuchtnugsgesellschaften  zu  Stadt  und 
Staat" ;  "Die  Erfahrung  in  Wein,  Paris  und 
Massachusetts,"  Jena  (1893). 

Evarts  Boutell  Greene. — Born  at  Kobe, 
Japan,  July  8,  1870 :  was  educated  in  a 
private  school  at  Yokohama,  Japan,  and  in 
the  public  schools  of  Westborough,  Mass., 
and  Evanston ;  student  at  Northwestern 
University,  1885-88,  and  at  Harvard,  1888- 
93;  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,— all  from  Har- 
vard ;  at  University  of  Berlin,  Germany, 
1893  to  1894;  Professor  of  History.  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois. 


/%*^£,  yWK«s~« 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


207 


Author:  "The  Provincial  Governors  in 
the  English  Colonies  of  North  America" 
(Harvard  Historical  Series,  Vol.  7,  1898), 
"The  Government  of  Illinois,  Its  History 
and  Administration"  (Macmillan,  1904); 
"Provincial  America"  (Harpers,  1905). 

James  Stanley  Grimes:  Geonomy:  The 
Creation  of  Continents  by  Ocean  Currents'* 
( 1857)  ;  "Human  Nature  and  the  Nerves" 
(1857);  "Improved  System  of  Geonomy" 
( 1866)  ;  Mesmerism  and  Magic  Eloquence" 
(1862);  "Mysteries  of  the  Head  and 
Heart"  (1870)  ;  "New  System  of  Phrenol- 
ogy and  Evolution  of  the  Brain"  ( 1869)  ; 
"Philosophy  of  the  Mind"  (1870)  ;  "Phreno 
Geology,  the  Evolution  of  Animals  and 
Man"  (1850)  ;  "Phreno  Physiology,  Hu- 
man Nature,  the  Evolution  of  Mind  and  its 
Instruments"  (1901). 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Morrisson  Boynton  Har- 
bert. — Born  in  Crawfordsville,  Indiana, 
April  15,  1845 !  graduated  from  Terre 
Haute  Female  College  1862 ;  for  eight  years 
editor  Woman's  Department,  "Chicago 
Inter-Ocean." 

Author:  "Out  of  Her  Sphere"  (1871); 
"The  Golden  Fleece"  (1867);  "Amore" ; 
Cdmposer  of  the  songs,  words  and  music  of 
"On  Arlington  Heights,"  "What  Shall  we 
Do  With  the  Hours?"  etc. 

James  Taft  Hatfield. — Born  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1862;  gra'duated  from 
Northwestern  University,  1883:  A.M.  1886; 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Ph.D.,  1890; 
traveled  and  studied  in  Japan,  China,  India 
and  Egypt,  1883-84:  Professor  of  Classi- 
cal Languages  in  Rust  University,  Holly 
Springs,  Mississippi,  1884-85 ;  graduate 
student  and  Fellow  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, 1887-90;  Professor  of  German 
Language  and  Literature  at  Northwestern 
University,  1890;  studied  at  Berlin,  Weimar 
and  Oxford,  1896-97;  served  in  Spanish- 
American  War  as  Captain  of  a  five-inch  gun 
on  the  U.  S.  cruiser  "Yale,"  June  to  August, 


1898;  Professor  of  German  Literature  at 
Northwestern  University  since  1890;  Con- 
tributing editor  "Americana  Germanica" ; 
Member  of  the  American  Oriental  Society 
since  1884;  Member  of  the  Modern  Lan- 
guage Association  of  America,  etc. 

Author:  "Elements  of  Sanskrit  Gram- 
mar" (1884);  "Index  to  Gothic  Forms  in 
Kluge's  Wreterbuch"  (1889);  "Freytag's 
Rittm|tster  von  alt-Rosen"  (1894).  » 

Editor  of  German  texts;  Translator  of 
German  poems. 

Erastus  Otis  Haven. — Born  in  Boston, 
November  i,  1820;  died  in  Salem,  Oregon, 
August  1 88 1  ;  graduated  from  Wesleyan 
University  in  1842;  in  1848  entered  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  ministry  in  New  York  Con- 
ference ;  in  1853  Professor  of  Latin  in  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  which  he  exchanged 
the  next  year  for  the  chair  of  Eng- 
lish Language,  Literature  and  History ; 
given  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1854  by 
Union  College ;  resigned  in  1856,  and 
returned  to  Boston,  where  he  was 
editor  of  "Zion's  Herald"  for  seven  years, 
during  which  period  he  served  two  years  in 
State  Senate,  and  a  part  of  the  time  was 
an  Overseer  of  Harvard  University :  Presi- 
dent of  University  of  Michigan.  1863-69; 
President  of  Northwestern  University. 
1869-72 ;  in  1880  was  ordained  a  Bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Author:  "American  Progress;  The 
Young  Man  Advised"  (1855);  "Pillars  of 
Truth"  (1866);  "Rhetoric"  (1869). 

Henry  Bixby  Hemenway.  —  Born  at 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  December  20,  1856:  gradu- 
ated at  Northwestern  University.  1879: 
practicing  physician  since  1880. 

Author:  "Healthful  Womanhood  and 
Childhood"  (1894). 

Newell  Dwight  Hillis. — Born  in  Mag- 
nolia, Iowa,  September  2,  1858;  educated 
at  Iowa  College,  Lake  Forest  University 
and  McCormick  Theological  Seminary 


208 


EVANSTON  AUTHORS 


( M.  A.,  and  D.  D.,  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity) ;  entered  Presbyterian  ministry;  pas- 
tor at  Peoria,  Illinois,  1887-90;  at  Evan- 
ston,  Illinois,  1890-94 ;  succeeded  late  Prof. 
David  Swing  as  pastor  of  Central  Church, 
Chicago  (an  independent  church),  1894; 
pastor  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn,  since 
January,  1899. 

Author:  "The  Investment  of  Influence" 
(1898)  ;  "A  Man's  Value  to  Society" 
(1896);  "How  the  Inner  Light  Failed"; 
"Foretokens  of  Immortality"  (1897); 
"Great  Books  as  Life  Teachers"  (1899); 
"Influence  of  Christ  in  Modern  Life" 
(1900). 

Rosa  Birch  Hitt. — Born  at  Elkhart,  Ind., 
April  25,  1863;  educated  at  the  High 
School,  Marion,  Ind.,  and  at  Northwestern 
University ;  married  Isaac  R.  Hitt,  Jr.,  in 
1889. 

Author:  "The  Instrument  Tuned" 
(1904)'. 

Jane  Currie  Hoge. — Born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  July  31,  1811;  educated  at  Miss 
Longstrength's  school  in  Philadelphia ;  en- 
gaged with  the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission 
during  the  Civil  War,  visiting  more  than 
one  hundred  thousand  men  in  hospitals ; 
died  at  Chicago,  August  26,  1890. 

Author:    "The  Boys  in  Blue"  (1867). 

Thomas  Franklin  Holgate. — Born  in 
Hastings  County,  Ontario,  April  8,  1859; 
graduated  at  Victoria  College,  Toronto, 
1884 :  Professor  at  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity since  1893. 

Author:  "Elementary  Geometry,  Plane 
and  Solid"  (1001). 

George  Washington  Hough. — Born  in 
Montgomery  County,  New  York,  October 
24,  1836;  graduated  from  Union  College 
in  1856;  Astronomer  and  Director  of 
Dudley  Observatory,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1860- 
74;  Director  of  Dearborn  Observatory  and 
Professor  of  Astronomy  in  University  of 
Chicago,  1879-87;  discovered  more  than 


600  new  double  stars  and  made  systematic 
study  of  the  planet  Jupiter ;  invented  many 
instruments  pertaining  to  astronomy,  me- 
teorology and  physics ;  Professor  of  Astron- 
omy at  Northwestern  University  and  Direc- 
tor of  Dearborn  Observatory  since  1887. 

Author:  "Annals  of  the  Dudley  Obser- 
vatory" (2  v.,  1866-1871);  "Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Chicago  Astronomical  So- 
ciety." 

Mary  Hess  Hull. — Born  at  Miltonville, 
Ohio,  April  22,  1845  (maiden  name  Mary 
Ann  Hess)  ;  educated  in  schools  of  her  na- 
tive town ;  married  Morton  Hull,  December, 
1863;  died  in  Chicago  September  13,  1905. 

Author:  "Columbus,  and  What  He 
Found"  (1892);  "Browning's  Christmas 
Eve,"  (1900). 

Harvey  Bostwick  Hurd. — Born  in  Hun- 
tington,  Connecticut,  February  14,  1828; 
came  to  Chicago  in  1846;  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1848 ;  LL.  D.  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity ;  Professor  in  the  Chicago  Law  School 
(now  a  department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity), 1862-1900;  first  President  of  the 
Village  of  Evanston ;  official  reviser  of 
General  Statutes  of  Illinois ;  edited  State 
edition  of  the  same,  1874;  has  since  edited 
sixteen  editions  of  General  State  Laws ; 
originator  of  the  great  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal  scheme;  died  January  20,  l!)0l>. 

Author:  "Torrens  Act  of  Illinois  for 
Registration  of  Land  Titles" ;  also  of  "Juve- 
nile Court  Act  of  Illinois,"  April  22,  1899. 

Edmund  Janes  James. — Born  in  Jackson- 
ville, Illinois,  May  21,  1855;  educated  at 
Illinois  State  Normal  School  and  North- 
western and  Harvard  Universities,  A.  M. ; 
Ph.  D.,  University  of  Halle,  Germany 
(1877)  ;  Principal  of  Evanston  High  School 
( 1878-79) ;  Principal  of  Model  High 
School,  Normal,  Illinois  (1879-82)  ;  Pro- 
fessor of  Public  Finance  and  Admin- 
istration, Wharton  School  of  Finance 
and  Economy,  University  of  Pennsyl- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


209 


vania  (1883-95);  Professor  of  Politi- 
cal and  Social  Science,  University  of 
Pennsylvania  (1884-95);  Edited  the  pub- 
lications of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Political  Economy  and  Public  Law  Series 
(1886-95)  ;  Vice  President  of  the  American 
Economic  Association;  President  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science  since  1889;  Vice  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Library  since  1895  >  Professor  of 
Public  Administration  and  Director  of  Ex- 
tension Division  in  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago (1896-1902)  ;  President  of  Northwest- 
ern  University  ( 1902-04)  ;  then  became 
President  University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana, 
Illinois. 

Author :  "Relation  of  the  Modern  Muni- 
cipality to  the  Gas  Supply"  ( 1886)  ;  "The 
Legal  Tender  Decisions"  (1887);  "The 
Canal  and  the  Railway"  (1890);  "Federal 
Constitution  of  Germany"  (1890)  ;  "Federal 
Constitution  of  Switzerland"  ( 1890)  ;  Edu- 
cation of  Business  Men  in  Europe"  (1899)  ; 
"Government  of  a  Typical  Prussian  City" 
(Halle)  (1900). 

James  Alton  James. — Born  in  Hazel- 
green,  Wisconsin,  September  17,  1864; 
graduated  from  University  of  Wisconsin  in 
1888;  held  scholarship  and  fellowship  in 
History,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  1891- 
93 ;  Ph.  D.,  1893 1  Professor  of  History 
Cornell  College,  Iowa,  four  years  ;  Member 
of  the  American  Historical  Society ;  Mem- 
ber of  Council  and  Secretary  of  North- 
western Settlement ;  President  of  the  North 
Central  History  Teachers'  Association ; 
Professor  of  History,  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity since  1897. 

Author:  "Constitution  and  Admission  of 
Iowa  into  the  Union"  (1900);  "Govern- 
ment in  State  and  Nation"  (with  A.  H. 
Sanford)  (1901). 

William  Patterson  Jones. — Born  about 
1827;  founder  (1855)  of  the  North- 


western Female  College,  and  for  many 
years  President  of  same  ;  in  1862  was  sent 
as  Consul  to  Macao,  China  ;  later  became 
President  of  Fremont  (Neb.)  Normal 
School,  where  he  died  about  1890. 

Author:  "Myth  of  Stone  Idol,  a  Poem" 
(1876);  "Inter-Ocean  Curiosity  Shop." 

John  Hume  Kedzie.  —  Born  in  Stamford, 
N.  Y.,  September  8,  1815  :  graduated  from 
Oberlin  College  in  1841  :  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1847  !  member  of  Illinois  Legislature, 
1877  to  1879;  died  at  Evanston,  April  9, 
1903. 

Author:  "Solar  Heat,  Gravitation  and 
Sun  Spots"  (1886). 

Daniel  Parish  Kidder.  —  Born  at  Darien, 
N.  Y.,  October  18,  1815  ;  graduated  at  Wes- 
leyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  in 
1836;  from  1837  to  1840  was  a  missionary 
to  Brazil  ;  and  from  1844  to  1856  editor  of 
the  Sunday  School  publications  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  church  ;  compiled  and  edited 
more  than  eight  hundred  volumes  for  Sun- 
day School  libraries  ;  the  list  of  which  would 
fill  many  pages  of  this  history;  in  1856  be- 
came Professor  of  Practical  Theology  in 
the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1871,  when  he  was  called  to 
a  like  chair  in  the  Drew  Theological  Sem- 
inary :  died  at  Evanston,  July  29,  1891. 

Author:  "Mormonism  and  the  Mor- 
mons" (1844);  "Residence  and  Travel  in 
Brazil"  (2  vols.,  1845)  ;  in  conjunction  with 
Rev.  J.  C.  Fletcher,  "Brazil  and  the  Bra- 
zilians" (1857)  ;  and  "Treatise  on  Homilet- 
ics"  (1868). 

Homer  H.  Kingsley.  —  Born  at  Kalama- 
zoo,  Mich.,  June  9.  1859;  graduated  at 
Michigan  University  in  1881  :  Principal  of 
Evanston  Public  Schools  (Dist.  No.  i) 
since  1886. 

Author:     "The  New  Era  Word   Book" 


Nellie  Fitch  Kingsley.  —  Born  at  Peoria, 
111.,  October  4,  1862  ;  educated  at  Kalama- 


2IO 


EVANSTOX  AUTHORS 


zoo    (Mich.)     High    School;    married    to 
Homer  H.  Kingsley,  August   18,   1886. 

Author:  "History  of  the  Lewis  and 
Clark  Expedition"  (1900);  "Four  Ameri- 
can Explorers"  (1902). 

Marshall  Monroe  Kirkman. — Born  in  Il- 
linois, July  10,  1842 ;  entered  railway  ser- 
vice with  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railroad 
in  1856:  Second  Vice  President  of  Chicago 
&  Northwestern  Railway  since  1889. 

Author:  "The  Science  of  Railways"  (12 
v.,  1894)  ;  "Classical  Portfolio  of  Primi- 
tive Carriers"  (1896)  ;  "Romance  of  Gilbert 
Holmes"  (1900)  ;  "The  Air  Brake"  (1901)  ; 
"Building  and  Repairing  Railways"  (1901). 

Samuel  Ellsworth  Kiser. — Born  Ship- 
pensville.  Pa.,  February  2,  1862;  educated 
in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio ;  editorial  writer 
"Chicago  Record-Herald." 

Author:  "Budd  Wilkins  at  the  Show" 
(1898)  :  "Georgie"  (1890)  ;  "Love  Sonnets 
of  an  Office  Boy"  (1902)  :  "Ballads  of  the 
Busy  Days"  (1903):  "Charles,  the  Chauf- 
feur" (1905). 

Loren  Laertes  Knox. — Born  at  Moms- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  January  8.  1811;  educated  at 
Cazenovia  (N.  Y. )  Seminary,  and  Wes- 
leyan  University  ( Middletown.  Conn.); 
Professor  of  Greek  in  Lawrence  University, 
Appleton,  Wis. ;  died  at  Evanston.  January 
18.  1901. 

Author:  "Evangelical  Rationalism" 
(1879). 

John  Harper  Lang. — Horn  in  Ohio,  De- 
cember, 1856 ;  educated  at  Tuebingen, 
\Vuerzburg  and  Breslau.  Germany;  mem- 
ber of  several  scientific  societies ;  Professor 
of  Chemistry  in  Medical  School,  North- 
western University,  since  1881. 

Author:  "Elements  of  General  Chem- 
istry" (1898):  "A  Text  Book  of  Wine 
Analysis"  (1900)  ;  "Laboratory  Manual  of 
Physiological  Chemistry"  (1894). 

William  C  Levere:  "Imperial  America" 
(1899)  ;  "Twixt  Greek  and  Barb"  (1900). 


Arthur  Wilde  Little. — Episcopal  clergy- 
man. 

Author:  "Reasons  for  Being  a  Church- 
man" ( 1886)  :  "The  Times  and  Teaching  of 
John  Wesley" ;  "The  Intellectual  Life  of  the 
Priest";  "The  Character  of  Washington"; 
"The  Maintenance  of  the  Church  Idea." 

Charles  Joseph  Little. — Born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  September  21,  1840;  graduated 
at  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1861  ;  Pro- 
fessor in  Dickinson  College,  1874-85 ;  at 
Syracuse  University,  1885-91 ;  President 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  since  1891. 

Author:  Comprehensive  History  of 
America"  (1896). 

William  Sinclair  Lord. — Born  in  Syca- 
more, Illinois.  August  24,  1863. 

Author:  "Verses"  (1883);  "Beads  of 
Morning"  (1888);  "Blue  and  Gold" 
(1896)  ;  "Jingle  and  Jangle"  (1899). 

Mrs.  Catherine  Waugh  McCulloch. — 
Born  in  Ransomville,  Niagara  County, 
N.  Y.,  June  4,  1862;  educated  in  Illinois; 
graduated  from  Union  College  of  Law, 
Chicago.  1886:  practiced  law  in  Rockford, 
Illinois,  1886-90,  since  which  time  she  has 
been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Chi- 
cago. 

Author:  "Mr.  Lex;  or,  the  Legal  Status 
of  Mother  and  Child"  (1902). 

William  Smythe  Babcock  Matthews. — 
Born  in  London.  N.  H.,  May  8.  1837  :  edu- 
cated in  New  Hampshire :  studied  music 
in  Boston ;  practical  teacher  of  music  since 
1853;  since  18(17  has  been  living  in  Chi- 
cago; in  1891  established  and  has  since 
been  editor  of  "Music"  (a  magazine). 

Author:  "How  to  L:nderstand  Music" 
(2  v..  1880  and  1888)  ;  "Primer  of  Musi- 
cal forms"  (1890)  ;  "Music  and  its  Ideals" 
(1897);  "Popular  History  of  Music" 
(1891):  "The  Great  in  Music"— first  and 
second  series  (1900-1902)  ;  "Dictionary  of 
Musical  Terms"  (1895);  "The  Masters 
and  Their  Music"  (1898). 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


211 


Samuel  Merwin. — Born  in  Evanston,  Oc- 
tober 6,  1874;  educated  in  Evanston,  De- 
troit and  Northwestern  University. 

Author:  "The  Short  Line  War"  (with 
H.  K.  Webster)  (1899):  "Calumet  K." 
(with  same)  (1901)  ;  "The  Road  to  Fron- 
tenac"  (1901). 

Mrs.  Emily  Huntington  Miller. — Born  in 
Brooklyn,  Conn.,  October  22,  1833 ;  grad- 
uated from  Oberlin  College.  1857  (A.  M.)  : 
Editor  of  "Little  Corporal,"  afterwards 
combined  with  "St.  Xicholas" ;  Dean  of 
Woman's  College,  Xorthwestern  Universi- 
ty, 1891-98. 

Author:  "From  Avalon"  (poems) 
( 1896)  ;  "The  Royal  Road  to  Fortune" ; 
"The  Kirkwood  Series"  ;  "Captain  Fritz"  ; 
"Little  Neighbors" ;  "What  Tommy  Did"  ; 
"The  House  that  Jack  Rented":  "Songs 
from  the  Nest"  (poems)  ( 1894)  ;  "For  the 
Beloved"  (poems). 

Wilbur  Dick  Xesbit. — Born.  Xenia,  Ohio, 
September  16,  1871  ;  educated  in  public 
schools,  Cedarville,  Ohio. 

Author:  "Trail  to  Borland"  (1904): 
"Little  Henry's  Slate"  (1903)  ;  "An  Alpha- 
bet of  History"  (1905). 

Mary  Louise  Ninde :  "We  Two  Alone  in 
Europe"  (1886):  "William  Xavier  Ninde: 
a  Biography"  (1902). 

Mrs.  Minerva  Brace  Norton. — Author: 
"In  and  Around  Berlin"  ( 1889)  ;  "Service 
in  the  King's  Guard"  (1891). 

Simon  Nelson  Patten. — Born  in  Illinois, 
May  i,  1852:  educated  in  Illinois;  took  de- 
grees of  A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.  at  University  of 
Halle,  Germany  :  studied  law  in  Law  School 
Northwestern  University :  in  1888  elected 
Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  the 
Wharton  School  of  Finance  and  Economy, 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Author:  "Taxation  in  American  States 
and  Cities";  "Premises  of  Political  Econ- 
omy"; "The  Stability  of  Prices";  "Con- 


sumption of  Wealth" ;  "Theory  of  Pros- 
perity" (1902). 

Charles  William  Pearson. — Born  in 
Leeds,  England,  August  7.  1846 :  graduated 
from  the  Northwestern  University  in  1871. 
and  afterwards  became  professor  of  Eng- 
lish literature  in  the  same  institution :  he 
resigned  this  position  in  1902,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church  at  Quincy, 
111.;  died  in  England,  July  n,  1905. 

Author:  "Methodism:  a  Retrospect  and 
Outlook:  A  Poem"  ( 1891 )  :  "The  Carpenter 
Prophet :  a  Life  of  Jesus  Christ  and  a  Dis- 
cussion of  His  Ideals"  (1902). 

William  Frederick  Poole. — Born  at  Sa- 
lem, Mass..  December  24,  1821 ;  died  at 
Evanston,  March  i.  1894:  educated  in 
Massachusetts :  graduated  from  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1849:  in  1851  became  Assistant  Li- 
brarian of  the  Boston  Athenaeum  and,  in 
the  following  year  was  made  Librarian  of 
the  Mercantile  Library  of  that  city — a  flour- 
ishing institution  subsequently  merged  into 
the  Boston  Public  Library ;  in  1853  attended 
the  first  gathering  of  librarians  ever  held 
in  the  world,  Edward  Everett  Hale  and  Dr. 
Henry  Barnard,  of  Hartford,  being  among 
those  present ;  in  1856  returned  to  Boston 
Athenaeum,  where  he  remained  thirteen 
years:  in  1873  was  called  to  the  Public 
Library  of  Chicago :  in  1887  took  charge 
of  the  Newberry  Library,  Chicago :  con- 
tributed many  papers  to  the  reports  pub- 
lished by  the  L'nited  States  Bureaus  of  Edu- 
cation ;  in  1887  was  President  of  the 
American  Historical  Association :  in  1882 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Northwestern  University ;  died  at 
Evanston.  March  i,  1894. 

Author:  "Poole's  Index  to  Periodical 
Literature"  (with  W.  I.  Fletcher)  (4  v., 
1882-1893)  :  "Anti-slavery  Opinions  before 
the  Year  1800"  (1873);  "Columbus  and 
the  Finding  of  the  New  World"  (1892). 

Miner    Raymond. — Born    in    New    York 


212 


EVANSTON  AUTHORS 


City,  August  29,  1811;  graduated  from 
Wesleyan  Academy,  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  in 
1831  ;  instructor  in  same;  LL.  D.  in  1884; 
Professor  of  Systematic  Theology  in  Gar- 
rett  Biblical  Institute,  1864-97;  died  at  Ev- 
anston  November  25,  1897. 

Author:  "Systematic  Theology"  (3  v., 
1877). 

Henry  Bascom  Ridgaway. — Born  in  Tal- 
bot  County  Md.,  September  7,  1830;  gradu- 
ated from  Dickinson  College  (Penn.)  in 
1849;  Professor  of  Historical  Theology  in 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  in  1882;  Presi- 
dent of  same  in  1884;  died  March  30,  1895. 

Author :  "The  Lord's  Land."  ( 1876)  ; 
"Life  of  Alfred  Cookman"  (1871);  "Life 
of  Bishop  Janes"  ( 1882)  ;  "Life  of  Bishop 
Waugh"  (1883);  "Life  of  Bishop  Simp- 
son" (1885). 

Charles  Humphrey  Roberts. — Author: 
"Down  the  O-hi-o"  (1891). 

Henry  Wade  Rogers. — Born  Holland 
Patent,  X.  Y.,  October  10,  1853 ;  graduated 
from  University  of  Michigan,  1874; 
(A.  M.  and  LL.D.  Wesleyan  University, 
Conn.)  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1877;  Pro- 
fessor of  Law  in  the  Law  School  of  the 
LTniversity  of  Michigan,  1883 ;  Dean  of 
same,  1885-90;  President  of  Northwestern 
University,  1890-1901  ;  Chairman  of 
Worlds'  Congress  on  Jurisprudence  and 
Law  Reform,  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, Chicago,  1893;  General  Chairman  of 
the  Saratoga  Conference  on  the  Foreign 
Policy  of  the  United  States,  1898;  Profes- 
sor of  Law  in  Yale  University,  since  Sep- 
tember, 1901. 

Author:  "Illinois  Citations"  (1881)  ; 
"Law  of  Expert  Testimony"  (1883— 2d 
ed.,  1891). 

Robert  Dickinson  Sheppard. — Born  near 
Chicago,  111.,  July.  23,  1847:  graduated  at 
Chicago  University  in  1869:  at  Garrett  I'.ib- 
lical  Institute  1870;  Professor  of  History  at 
Northwestern  University,  1886  to  11)03. 


Author:    "Abraham  Lincoln"  (1903). 

Edwin  Llewellyn  Shuman. — Born  in 
Manor  Township,  Pa.,  December  13,  1863; 
educated  in  Cook  County  Normal  School 
and  Englewood  High  School ;  editorial 
writer  on  "Chicago  Journal,"  1892-95 ;  lit- 
erary editor  and  editorial  writer  on  "Chica- 
go Tribune,"  1895-1901  ;  literary  editor 
"Chicago  Record-Herald,"  1901  to  date. 

Author:  "Steps  into  Journalism"  (1894)  ; 
"Practical  Journalism"  (1903). 

Matthew  Simpson. — Born  at  Cadiz,  Ohio, 
June  20,  1811;  attended  Madison  (Pa.) 
College ;  became  tutor  in  same ;  in  1837 
Professor  of  Natural  Science  in  Alleghany 
College ;  President  of  Indiana  Asbury 
University  1839-48:  elected  Bishop  of 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  1852 ;  Presi- 
dent of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  in  1859; 
died  in  Philadelphia  June  18,  1884. 

Author:  "Cyclopaedia  of  Methodism" 
(1878)  ;  "One  Hundred  Years  of  Method- 
ism" ( 1876)  ;  "Lectures  on  Preaching" 
(1879);  "Sermons"  (1885). 

Alice  Bunker  Stockham. — Born  in  Ohio, 
in  1833,  of  Quaker  parentage ;  graduated 
from  the  Eclectic  Medical  College,  Cincin- 
nati :  practiced  in  Indiana  and  Chicago ; 
established  the  Stockham  Publishing  Com- 
pany, of  which  she  is  President,  to  publish 
her  own  works  and  other  "advanced" 
books ;  was  a  leader  in  the  introduction  of 
"sloyd"  in  Chicago  public  schools;  active 
worker  for  social  purity,  woman  suffrage 
and  social  reform. 

Author:  "Tokology:  a  Book  of  Mater- 
nity" (1883)  ;  "Koradine"  (1893)  '<  "Karez- 
za"  (1896);  "Tolstoi:  a  Man  of  Peace" 

(1000). 

Charles  Macaulay  Stuart.  —  Born  in 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  August  20,  1853;  grad- 
uated from  Kalamazoo  College  in  1880; 
D.  D.,  Garrett  Biblical  Institute ;  Associate 
editor  of  the  "Michigan  Christian  Advo- 
cate" ( 1885-86)  ;  Assistant  editor  "North- 


WILLIAM    A     DVCIII-: 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


213 


western  Christian  Advocate"  (1886-96); 
Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  in  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute  since  1896. 

Author :  "Text  of  Photogravures  of  the. 
Holy  Land"  (1890);  "Life  and  Selected 
Writings  of  Francis  Dana  Hemenway" 
(with  C.  F.  Bradley  and  A.  W.  Patten) 
( 1890)  ;  "Vision  of  Christ  in  the  Poet" 
( 1896) ;  "Story  of  the  Master  Pieces" 
(1897). 

Milton  Spenser  Terry. — Born  Coeymans, 
X.  Y.,  February  22.  1840;  educated  at  Troy 
University  and  Yale  Divinity  School :  A. 
M.  Wesleyan  University,  1871 ;  D.  D.,  same 
institution,  1880:  LL.  D.,  Northwestern 
University,  1895  :  Professor  in  Garrett  Bib- 
lical Institute,  Evanston,  since  1885. 

Author:  "Commentary  on  the  Old  Tes- 
tament" (1875):  "Biblical  Hermeneutics" 
(1883);  "The  Sibylline  Oracles"  (1890); 
"Rambles  in  the  Old  World"  (1894)  ; 
"Biblical  Apocalyptics"  (1898). 

David  Decamp  Thompson. — Born  April 
29,  1852,  at  Cincinnati.  Ohio ;  graduated  at 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University :  editor  of 
"Northwestern  Christian  Advocate"  since 
1901. 

Author:  "Abraham  Lincoln":  "John 
Wesley  as  a  Social  Reformer." 

Edward  Thomson.  —  Born  at  Portsea. 
England.  October  12,  1810:  came  to  Amer- 
ica with  his  parents  in  1818:  graduated 
from  the  medical  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania :  in  charge  of  Xorvvalk 
(Ohio)  Seminary.  1838-43;  elected  Bishop 
of  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  1864; 
died  March  22.  1870. 

Author:  "Evidences  of  Revealed  Re- 
ligion"; "Moral  and  Religious  Essays" 
(3  vols.)  ;  "Oriental  Missions"  (2  vols.). 

Charles  Burton  Thwing. — Born  at  Ther- 
esa, X.  Y.,  March  4,  1860:  graduated  from 
Northwestern  University.  1888;  Ph.  D., 
Bonn,  Germany,  1894;  Professor  of  Phy- 
sics, Knox  College,  Galesburg,  111.,  since 
1896. 


Author: "An  Elementary  Physics,'\i894). 

Henry  Kitchell  Webster. — Born  in  Evan- 
ston, September  7,  1875;  graduated  from 
Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  1897,  (Ph.  M.)  ; 
Instructor  in  Rhetoric  Union  College, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.  (1897-8). 

Author:  "The  Short  Line  War"  (with 
Samuel  Merwin)  (1899);  "The  Banker 
and  the  Bear"  (1900)  ;  "Calumet  K"  (with 
Samuel  Merwin)  (1901);  "Roger  Drake" 
(1902). 

David  Hilton  Wheeler. — Born  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  November  19,  1829;  attended  Rock 
River  Seminary :  Professor  of  Greek  in 
Cornell  College:  U.  S.  Consul  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  1861  to  1866;  Professor  of  English 
Literature  at  Northwestern  University, 

1867  to  1875  :  f°r  a  Part  °f  this  t'rne  ( '867 
to  1869)  being  acting  president:  editor  of 
"The  Methodist,"  1875  to  1883:  President 
of  Allegheny  College,  1883  to  1892;  died 
at  Meadville,  Pa.,  June  18.  1902. 

Author:  "Brigandage  in  South  Italy" 
(1864):  "By -Ways  of  Literature"  (1883)  ; 
"Our  Industrial  Utopia." 

Mrs.  Irene  Grosvenor  Wheelock :  "Nest- 
lings of  Forest  and  Marsh"  (1902). 

John  Henry  Wigmore. — Born  in  San 
Francisco,  Cal. :  graduated  from  Harvard 
University  with  degree  of  A.  B..  1803.  LL. 
B..  1887 ;  Professor  of  Law  at  Northwest- 
ern University  from  1893. 

Author:  "Materials  for  the  Study  of 
Private  Law  in  Old  Japan"  (1892)  :  "The 
Australian  .Ballot  System"  ( 1889)  :  "Six- 
teenth Edition  of  Greenleaf  on  Evidence." 
Vol.  I. (1899):  "Treatise  on  Evidence"  (4 
vols.,  1904-5). 

Mrs.  Caroline  McCoy  Willard. — Author: 
"Life  in  Alaska"  (1884):  "Kin-da-shon's 
Wife:  an  Alaskan  Story"  (1892). 

Frances  Elizabeth  Willard. — Born  Sep- 
tember 28,  1839,  at  Churchville.  near 
Rochester.  N.  Y. ;  graduated  from  North- 
western University  and  took  degree  of  A. 
M.  from  Syracuse  University ;  in  1862  was 


2I4 


EVAXSTON  AUTHORS 


Professor  of  Natural  Science  at  the  North- 
western Female  College,  Evanston.  Illinois  ; 
in  1866-67  was  Preceptress  in  the  Wesleyan 
Seminary.  Lima,  N.  Y. ;  in  1871  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Women's  College  of  North- 
western University,  and  Professor  of  Aes- 
thetics in  the  University;  in  1874  was  ap- 
pointed Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Na- 
tional Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  and,  in  1879,  was  made  President 
of  that  body — the  largest  society  ever  organ- 
ized, conducted  and  controlled  exclusively 
by  women.  She  traveled  extensively  in  the 
interest  of  the  society  and  visited  every 
State  and  Territory  in  the  Union ;  in  1884 
helped  establish  the  Prohibition  Party ; 
originated  a  petition  against  the  importation 
and  manufacture  of  alcohol  and  opium, 
which  was  signed  by  seven  million  persons ; 
was  editor  of  the  "Chicago  Post,"  the 
"Union  Signal,"  and  other  journals ;  died 
in  New  York,  February  18,  1898. 

Author:  "Nineteen  Beautiful  Years" 
(1863);  "Hints  and  Help  in  Temperance 
Work"  (1875);  "Women  and  Temper- 
ance" (1883);  "How  to  Win"  (1886); 
"Woman  in  the  Pulpit"  (1888)  :  "Glimpses 
of  Fifty  Years"  ;  "The  Autobiography  of  an 
American  Woman." 

Josiah  Flynt  Willard. — Born  in  Appleton, 
Wisconsin,  January  23,  1869;  educated  in 
Berlin  University  (1890-95). 

Author :  "Tramping  with  Tramps" 
(1899)  ;  "Powers  that  Prey"  (with  Francis 
Walton)  (1900):  "Notes  of  an  Itinerant 
Policeman"  (1900);  "World  of  Graft" 
(1900). 

S.  R.  Winchell. — Author:  "Latin  Prose 
Composition"  (1875):  "Lessons  in  Greek 
Syntax"  (  1886). 

Ervvin  E.  Wood.— Born  at  Plainfield,  111.. 
February  6,  1848;  student  at  Northwestern 
University  and  Garrett  Biblical  Institute, 
1864  to  1869:  engaged  in  editorial  work  in 
Chicago  and  New  York. 

Author:     "Epigraph  Album"    (1880). 


Abrain  Van  Eps  Young. — Born  in  She- 
boygan.  Wisconsin,  June  5,  1853;  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1875 ;  Fellow  in  Chemistry,  Johns  Hopkins 
University ;  Assistant  in  Chemistry,  Har- 
vard University ;  Professor  in  Chemistry 
at  Northwestern  University  since  1885. 

Author:  "The  Elementary  Principles  of 
Chemistry"  (1901)  ;"Suggestions  to  Teach- 
ers. Designed  to  accompany  the  Elementary 
Principles  of  Chemistry"  (1901). 

Jane  Eggleston  Zimmerman. — Author : 
"Gray  Heads  on  Green  Shoulders." 

Charles  Zueblin. — Born  in  Pendleton,  In- 
diana, May  4,  1866 ;  graduated  from  North- 
western University  in  1887,  and  from  Yale 
in  1889;  founded  Northwestern  University 
Settlement,  1892 ;  was  the  first  Secretary 
of  the  Chicago  Society  for  University  Ex- 
tension, 1892 :  Secretary  of  Class  Study 
Division  of  the  University  Extension  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
1892 :  member  of  various  municipal,  politi- 
cal and  social  science  leagues;  associate 
Professor  of  Sociology  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  since  1896. 

Author:  "American  Municipal  Prog- 
ress" (1902). 

The  general  character  of  the  works  of 
the  authors  given  above  is  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing classification,  arranged  in  the  order 
given  in  "Dewey's  Manual  of  Classifica- 
tion :"  • 


i .  5  per  cent ) 


Bibliography 

Political  Economy  and  Law 

Philology 

Science 

Art  and  Music 

Fiction,  Essays  and  Poetry  -  103 
Biography  -------     25 

History 2q 

Total 261     (= 


Among  the  works  thus  fortuitously 
brought  together  as  those  of  Evanston 
authors,  we  find  a  wide  range  of  author- 
ship, from  the  comics  of  Nesbit  and  Kiser 
to  the  profundity  of  Raymond's  "Systematic 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


215 


Theology"  and  Poole's  "Index  to  Periodical 
Literature."  As  usual  in  a  general  line  of 
literary  productions,  the  Fiction,  Essays  and 
Poetry  in  the  above  table  form  about  40 
per  cent  of  the  whole,  corresponding  in  a 
general  way  with  the  proportion  observed 
in  the  circulation  of  a  public  library.  Sci- 
ence, Political  Economy  and  Physiology, 
taken  together,  make  up  about  35  per  cent ; 
and  when  the  25  per  cent  of  the  remainder 
is  shown  as  History,  Biography,  and  the 
Fine  Arts,  the  solid  and  serious  character 
given  to  the  whole  is  sufficiently  apparent. 
From  this  may  be  inferred  a  high  general 
average  of  culture  and  learning  among  the 
writers.  The  works  mentioned  in  the  above 
list  are  not  confined  to  the  English  lan- 
guage, for  here  we  find  the  productions  of 
Hatfield  and  Gray  in  German :  and  it  is  like- 
ly, if  the  search  had  been  more  thorough, 
there  would  have  appeared  others  in 


tongues  far  remote  from  our  beloved  ver- 
nacular. Had  it  been  a  part  of  the  plan  of 
this  chapter  to  enumerate  the  contributions 
to  periodical  literature  and  to  the  printed 
proceedings  of  learned  societies,  the  intel- 
lectual activities  of  the  writers  who  now 
make  their  dwelling  place  in  Evanston  or 
have  done  so  at  some  time  in  the  past,  would 
have  shown  a  much  more  extended  range 
and  increase  in  number. 

Macaulay  said  that  "one  shelfful  of 
European  books  was  worth  more  than  the 
whole  native  literature  of  India."  Here  is 
presented  what  may  be  the  equivalent  of  a 
"shelfful"  and  even  more,  and  it  is  a  satis- 
faction to  find  this  weighty  characterization 
of  Macaulay  thus  fairly  applied  to  the  pro- 
ductions emanating  from  one  community 
among  all  the  great  numbers  of  centers  of 
intelligence  to  be  found  in  our  country. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 

(Bjr  MAKV  B.  LINDSAY.  Librarian) 


Evanston' s  First  Library — Major  Mulford, 
the  "Gentleman  Pioneer  of  Evanston" — 
Some  Specimens  of  His  Library — First 
Sunday  School  Library — Private  Libra- 
ries of  Today— Unique  Collection  of  Cu- 
rios— History  of  Evanston  Free  Public 
Library  —  Edward  Egglcston  Prime 
Mover  in  Its  Founding — First  Step  in 
Organisation — Later  History  and  Growth 
— Roll  of  Librarians  and  Other  Officers 
— Cataloguing  and  Library  Extension — 
Internal  Management  and  Conditions — 
Site  for  a  Library  Building  Secured  in 
1904. 

The  first  collection  of  books  brought  to- 
gether in  Evanston  was,  without  doubt,  that 
of  the  private  library  of  the  late  Major  Ed- 
ward H.  Mulford,  who  came  here  in  1835 
and  settled  on  the  Ridge  road.  The  old  Kirk 
mansion  on  Ridge  Avenue,  we  are  told,  con- 
tains within  itself  a  part  of  Major  Mul- 
ford's  old  home,  the  first  place  occupied 
by  him  in  what  was  at  a  later  date  called 
"Ridgeville."  The  later  home  of  the  family 
was  the  homestead  which  still  stands  on  the 
corner  of  Ridge  and  Mulford  Avenues. 
This  place,  with  its  background  of  wooded 
grove,  its  grounds  fragrant  with  flowers, 
facing  Ridge  road,  whose  avenue  of  oaks 
extended  to  the  Rogers  Park  line,  was  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  of  the  early  homes 
of  the  place. 


Major  Mulford  was  called  the  "gentle- 
man pioneer  of  Evanston,"  because  it  was 
rare  i£  those  early  days  to  possess  much  ed- 
ucation or  to  own  a  library.  Of  the  size  of 
this  library  we  have  no  exact  data.  Mrs. 
Pliny  Brown  of  Chicago,  Major  Mulford's 
granddaughter,  says  her  earliest  recollec- 
tion is  of  three  large  book  cases  full  of 
books. 

Major  Mulford  died  March  5,  1878,  and 
the  books,  with  the  rest  of  the  property, 
were  divided  among  the  members  of  the 
family.  Many  of  these  books  are  retained 
by  Mrs.  Pliny  Brown,  who  kindly  fur- 
nished a  list  of  them.  Of  these  some  of  the 
interesting  early  editions  are: 

"John  Quincy  Adams,"  by  W.  H.  Sew- 
ard.  Derby,  1849. 

Macaulay's  "History  of  England."  Har- 
per, 1849.  (Ist  Amer.  ed.) 

"Life  and  Writings  of  Dr.  Chalmers." 
Harper,  1849-52. 

"Washington's  Agricultural  Correspond- 
ence," by  Franklin  Knight.  1847. 

"Louis  the  Fourteenth  and  the  Court  of 
France,  in  the  Seventeenth  Century,"  by 
Miss  Pardoe,  Harper,  1847. 

"The  Near  and  Heavenly  Horizon ;  Re- 
marks on  Ecclesiastical  History,"  by  John 
Jastin.  Holbourn,  1752. 

A  notable  book  of  local  interest  is  "Wau- 
bun ;  or,  The  Early  Day  in  the  Northwest." 
by  Mrs.  John  H.  Kinzie  of  Chicago,  pub- 


218 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


lished  in  1856.  Of  this  book  the  "London 
Athenseum"  of  that  date  said  :  "Written  in 
perfectly  simple,  unpretending  style,  but 
with  a  keen  perception  of  humor  and  a 
genuine  love  of  adventure,  which  makes  it 
very  fascinating  to  read." 

The  old  family  Bible  is  dated  1813,  the 
year  of  Major  Mulford's  marriage. 

Among  Major  Mulford's  books  left  in 
trust  of  later  tenants  of  the  old  home- 
stead, are  a  number  of  school-books,  many 
of  which  bear  interesting  autographs  and 
notes  made  by  members  of  the  family.  We 
are  indebted  to  Mr.  Francis  J.  McAssey 
for  many  descriptive  notes  upon  these 
books.  In  Lindley  Murray's  English  Read- 
er, Lexington,  Ky.,  1824,  the  poem  by 
Wordsworth,  the  "Pet  Lamb,"  is  marked 
(apparently  in  Major  Mulford's  handwrit- 
ing), to  the  effect  that  this  poem  was 
"learned  by  Ann  at  the  age  of  seven  years 
for  her  father,  who  was  to  pay  her  25 
cents."  The  names  also  occur  of  E.  H. 
Mul  ford,  George  G.  Mulford,  James  John- 
son Mulford;  Anna  Mulford,  Monticello 
Female  Seminary ;  Mary  Mulford,  Kemper 
Hall,  Kenosha,  Wis. 

The  autograph  of  William  S.  Gibbs,  Chi- 
cago High  School,  is  found  in  Hilliard's 
First  Reader,  Boston,  1857. 

Among  other  school  books  used  in  those 
early  days  was  "Abercrombie's  Intellectual 
Philosophy,"  Boston,  1841 ;  "Porter's  An- 
alysis." Andover,  1828;  "Newman's  Rhet- 
oric," Andover,  1839.  "Comstock's  Philos- 
ophy," Xew  York,  is  inscribed  as  belonging 
to  William  Orr  "Junor,"  "Covington  Pres- 
byterian Collegiate  Institute." 

An  animated  school-room  correspond- 
ence had  evidently  been  conducted  upon 
the  fly-leaves  at  intervals  during  the  study 
of  philosophy,  between  the  owner  and  a 
rival  in  regard  to  their  affections  for  one 
C.  Lindley,  who  is  described  as  "anjellick." 
It  is  interesting  to  speculate  who  "Bill" 


Orr  and  his  rival,  "John  Me,"  were,  and 
what  finally  became  of  their  beautiful  "Miss 
C.  Lindley."  all  of  whom  "went  to  school  to 
Mister  Heir." 

We  note  the  contents  of  "Specimens  of 
American  Poetry,"  arranged  by  Samuel 
Kettell.  Boston,  1829;  Whittier.  Richard 
Henry  Dana  and  George  Bancroft  are  each 
represented  by  one  poem,  Longfellow  by 
three,  Bryant  by  nine  and  John  G.  C.  Brain- 
ard  by  ten.  Whittier  is  spoken  of  in  a 
biographical  sketch  as  "one  of  the  most 
youthful  of  our  poets,  and  his  verses  show 
a  more  than  common  maturity  of  power 
.  .  .  the  editor  of  the  'American  Manu- 
facturer,' a  newspaper  of  Boston." 

"Hoyle's  Games,"  New  York,  1829,  con- 
tains, among  other  games,  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Game  of  Goff,  or  Golf," 
showing  that  golf  was  played  "according  to 
Hoyle"  even  in  those  early  days. 

The  following  quotation  is  found  written 
on  the  last  page  of  Chesterfield's  "Men  and 
Manners,"  New  York,  1831 :  "To  do  jus- 
tice, to  love  mercy,  and  to  walk  humbly 
with  thy  God,"  signed  "E.  H.  Mulford" — 
this  quotation,  evidently,  as  the  present 
owner  of  the  book  observes,  "describing  a 
Christian  gentleman  better,  to  the  Major's 
mind,  than  the  whole  book  he  had  finished 
reading." 

"Thomas  Jefferson's  Manual  of  Par- 
liamentary Rules,"  Philadelphia.  1853,  is 
another  book  worthy  of  note.  "The  New 
York  Book,"  New  York,  Geo.  Dearborn, 
publisher,  1837,  compiled  from  poetical 
writings  of  natives  of  New  York  State, 
contains  "An  Address  to  Black  Hawk," 
evidently  inspired  by  witnessing  Black 
Hawk  led  captive  through  some  eastern 
city.  This  book  contains  the  autograph  of 
Mrs.  Bertha  Gibbs. 

Another  contribution  to  tbe  history  of 
New  York  is  "Rochester  and  Western  New 
York."  by  Henry  O'Reilly.  Rochester,  1838, 


JOHN   I:\.\NS 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


219 


containing  maps  and  illustrations  of  the 
city,  also  steel  engravings  of  Colonel 
Rochester,  after  whom  the  city  (Rochester) 
was  named,  and  Vincent  Matthews,  the 
first  lawyer  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Ontario 
County,  then  (1790)  comprising  all  that 
part  of  the  State  west  of  Seneca  Lake. 
This  book  also  covers  fully  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Erie  Canal  and  early  railroad 
projects.  Henry  O'Reilly,  the  author  of  this 
book,  is  said  to  have  edited  the  first  news- 
paper published  west  of  New  York  City. 

The  "Musical  Carcanet,"  New  York, 
1832,  contains  the  words  and  music  of  "the 
most  admired  popular  songs  arranged  for 
the  voice,  flute  and  violin."  In  a  collection 
of  poems,  entitled  "Elegant  Extracts,"  is 
included  a  poem  called  "The  Lighthouse," 
credited  to  Tom  Moore,  which  is  not  to  be 
found  in  any  of  the  current  editions  of 
Moore's  works. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  book,  in  its 
bearing  on  local  history,  is  "Laws  of  Illi- 
nois." published  at  Vandalia  in  1833 — that 
city  being  at  that  time  the  capital  of  the 
State.  This  book  is  now  the  property  of 
the  Evanston  Historical  Society.  It  is  espe- 
cially interesting  from  the  fact  that  Major 
Mulford  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  is 
said  to  have  held  the  first  court  in  Cook 
County — which  would  not  be  at  all  sur- 
prising when  we  consider  that,  in  1833, 
Chicago  had  only  twenty-nine  voters,  com- 
prising the  entire  adult  male  population  in 
the  election  of  that  year.1  This  book  prob- 
ably furnished  Justice  Mulford  all  the  legal 
lore  necessary  to  the  settlement  of  all  liti- 
gation arising  from  cattle  breaking  down 
fences,  etc.,  in  what  is  now  the  City  of  Ev- 
anston. Another  book,  now  in  possession 
of  the  Evanston  Historical  Society,  is  Dr. 
Isaac  Mulford's  "History  of  New  Jersey." 
1845.  The  author  was  a  brother  of  Major 
Mulford,  and  the  book  bears  the  names  of 
"Isaac  Mulford"  and  "E.  H.  Mulford, 


Ridgeville.  111."  "Scott's  Lessons."  a  school 
book,  published  in  1823  and  bearing  the 
autograph  of  E.  H.  Mulford,  was  also  pre- 
sented to  the  Evanston  Historical  Society. 

An  example  of  the  progress  of  science  of 
that  clay  is  furnished  in  "Bigelow's  Tech- 
nology." published  in  1815.  and  especially 
interesting  from  the  fact  that  its  author 
deemed  it  incomprehensible  that  the  steam 
engine  could  ever  be  improved  beyond  its 
capacity  at  that  time. 

Among  the  works  in  the  line  of  fiction 
current  in  the  first  few  years  of  Major  Mul- 
ford's residence  in  Evanston  may  be  men- 
tioned: Beaconsfield's  "Young  Duke."  1831. 
and  "Vivian  Grey,"  1826;  Cooper's  "Home- 
ward Bound,"  Philadelphia,  1838.  One  of 
the  novels  of  a  later  date  is  "The  Schoen- 
berg-Cotta  Eamily,"  by  Mrs.  Charles.  1863. 

First  Sunday  School  Library. — Close- 
ly allied  with  the  history  of  this  first  Ev- 
anston library  was  the  first  Sunday  School 
Library.  This  Sunday  School,  which  was 
the  seed  from  which  sprang  the  present 
First  Methodist  Sunday  School,  was  start- 
ed at  the  old  Mulford  place  and  afterward 
moved  to  the  log  school-house  which  stood 
on  the  corner  of  Greenleaf  Street  and  the 
Ridge.  Mr.  Abraham  Wigelsworth  was 
then  the  Superintendent.  Mrs.  Kate  Hag- 
arty,  now  of  Ravenswood,  then  Mrs.  Ed- 
ward Mulford,  who  was  at  one  time  Super- 
intendent, librarian  and  choir  leader, 
brought  with  her  from  the  East,  about  1854. 
a  collection  of  fifty  books,  which  she  pre- 
sented to  this  Sunday  School,  thus  found- 
ing the  first  Sunday  School  Library  in  Ev- 
anston. 

Private  Libraries  of  Today. — The 
library  belonging  to  Dr.  Daniel  Bonbright. 
Dean  of  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts.  North- 
western University,  is  without  doubt  the 
oldest  of  the  existing  private  libraries  of 
Evanston.  Dr.  Bonbright,  who  came  to  Ev- 
anston in  1855.  is  the  oldest  member  of  the 


220 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


Faculty  of  Northwestern  University;  his 
library  has  grown  up  in  connection  with  his 
chair  of  instruction  in  the  Latin  language 
and  literature,  and  naturally  its  most  im- 
portant scope  is  in  that  direction. 

Notable  among  the  early  libraries  of  Ev- 
anston  may  be  mentioned  that  of  the  late 
Rev.  Francis  D.  Hemenway,  D.D.,  who 
came  here  in  1857  as  Principal  of  the  Pre- 
paratory Department  of  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute  and  later  became  Professor  in  the 
Institute.  He  was  Librarian  of  the  Insti- 
tute for  many  years  and  until  his  death  in 
1884.  Dr.  Hemenway  was  a  member  of 
the  sub-committee  to  revise  the  Methodist 
Hymn  Book  in  1876,  and  during  this  work 
he  gathered  about  200  volumes  on  hymnol- 
ogy.  This  remarkable  collection  was  pre- 
sented to  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  in  1891 
by  his  son,  Henry  B.  Hemenway,  M.  D. 
About  seventy-five  volumes,  once  a  part  of 
this  early  library,  are  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  Evanston  Free  Public  Library,  hav- 
ing been  presented  by  Dr.  H.  B.  Hemen- 
way. 

Besides  possessing  the  remainder  of  his 
father's  library.  Dr.  Henry  B.  Hemenway 
has  a  collection  numbering  about  600  vol- 
umes, more  than  one-half  of  which  are 
medical  works.  This  library  contains  the 
following  quaint  old  volumes:  "The  Cruci- 
fied Jesus ;  or,  A  Full  Account  of  the  Na- 
ture, Design  and  Benefits  of  the  Lord's 
Supper."  by  Anthony  Harneck,  D.D.,  pub- 
lished by  Lowndes  in  London,  1700;  an  ex- 
tract from  Mr.  Law's  "Serious  Call  to  the 
Holy  Life."  by  Rev.  John  Wesley,  Phila- 
delphia. 1803 :  "Rhetorical  Reader,  with 
Rhetorical  Exercises,"  by  Ebenezer  Porter, 
D.D.,  New  York,  1835 — a  very  popular 
reader  some  sixty  years  ago  and  probably 
the  first  work  published  on  oratory ;  a  very 
early  medical  work.  "Nine  Commentaries 
Upon  Fevers  and  Two  Epistles  Concerning 
the  Smallpox,"  London,  1730;  a  rare  old 


book  entitled,  "Some  of  the  Beauties  of 
Free  Masonry,"  by  Joshua  Bradley,  1816, 
has  quite  a  history,  having  been  left  by  an 
American  soldier  at  the  home  of  Mrs.  Hem- 
enway's  grandmother,  at  Matamoras,  Mex- 
ico. It  bears  its  early  owner's  signature, 
John  R.  Bowdish,  1822. 

Among  other  early  Evanstonians,  whose 
libraries  were  a  source  of  inspiration  to  the 
youth  of  that  day,  may  be  mentioned  the 
following: 

Judge  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  who  came  to  Ev- 
anston in  1855,  and  whose  library  was  un- 
fortunately destroyed  by  fire  in  recent 
years. 

Rev.  Henry  Bannister,  D.D.,  who  lived 
and  taught  in  Evanston  twenty-seven  years, 
coming  here  in  1856. 

Dr.  Oliver  Marcy,  who  became  Professor 
of  Natural  History  in  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity in  1862,  and  left  at  his  death,  in 
1890,  a  well  selected  library. 

Mr.  L.  H.  Boutell,  who  came  to  Evanston 
in  1865  and  was  identified  with  the  foun- 
ding of  the  Public  Library.  His  private  li- 
brary was  a  carefully  selected,  scholarly 
collection. 

Edward  Eggleston,  who  came  here  in 
1866  as  editor  of  the  "Little  Corporal,"  and 
whose  private  library  had  such  an  important 
part  in  the  initial  steps  that  led  to  the  found- 
ing of  the  Free  Public  Library. 

Probably  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
private  collection  of  books  in  Evanston  is 
that  belonging  to  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Morse, 
whose  library  of  about  10,200  volumes  con- 
sists of  three  departments:  (a)  Profession- 
al Engineering;  (b)  General  Literature; 
(c)  Art,  with  especial  reference  to  Oriental 
Art  (Japan,  China  and  India). 

The  Art  Collection  serves  to  trace  the 
history  of  Oriental  Art  from  India  into 
China,  from  China  into  Japan,  and  its  de- 
velopment in  each  country.  The  collection 
of  books  in  English,  French  and  German, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


221 


relating  to  the  History,  Religions,  Arts 
and  Industries,  etc.,  of  Japan,  China, 
India,  Ceylon  and  other  Buddhist  countries, 
is  more  complete  than  any  similar  collec- 
tion to  be  found  in  any  of  the  large  libraries 
of  Chicago. 

Supplementing  the  above  library  is  a  col- 
lection of  (a)  "The  Art;  or,  illustrated 
Books  of  Japan,"  and  (b)  "The  Art,  Liter- 
ature and  History  of  Art  of  China."  The 
former  is  an  attempt  to  form  a  complete 
collection  of  the  art  and  illustrated  books  of 
Japan  from  the  beginning  of  their  publi- 
cation, about  1608,  to  the  present  time,  so 
far  as  they  were  of  value  to  art.  This  col- 
lection of  about  700  titles  is  representative 
and  probably  more  complete  than  any  in 
this  country  or  in  Europe,  the  similar  de- 
partment in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  of 
Paris  containing,  in  1900,  only  581  titles. 

The  Chinese  books  consist  of  some  5,000 
volumes,  containing  nearly  the  complete  lit- 
erature of  the  art  of  painting  in  China,  as 
well  as  Encyclopedias,  Histories,  the  Clas- 
sics, Essays  and  Belles-Lettres.  In  this  de- 
partment is  found  the  largest  encyclopedia 
ever  published  in  any  country,  consisting  of 
1,628  volumes,  profusely  illustrated. 

One  of  the  largest  of  the  private  collec- 
tions in  Evanston  is  that  of  Dr.  Robert  D. 
Sheppard,  whose  library,  occupying  a  beau- 
tiful room  on  the  east  side  of  his  home, 
facing  the  lake,  contains  about  5,000  vol- 
umes. Dr.  Sheppard  has  made  special  col- 
lections of  English  and  American  history 
and  economics. 

Mr.  Walter  Lee  Brown's  library,  of  about 
4.000  volumes,  contains  many  sets  of  the 
earlier  authors  of  England  and  America 
and  few  of  the  present.  It  consists  largely 
of  first  editions  of  Cooper,  Hawthorne,  Irv- 
ing and  Poe,  and  contains  special  collec- 
tions of  the  various  editions  of  the  "Medita- 
tions of  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus"  and 
White's  "Natural  History  and  Antiquities 


of  Selborne."  Mr.  Brown  has  also  made 
a  special  collection  of  "Chap  Books,"  most 
of  which  were  published  during  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  one  being  dated  as  early  as 
1696. 

Mr.  Frank  M.  Elliott  has  a  library  of 
about  2,200  volumes,  consisting  of  standard 
books  in  fiction  and  miscellaneous  classes. 
Mr.  Elliott  also  has  made  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  works  on  Lincoln  and  Illinois,  and 
Mrs.  Elliott  has  a  useful  musical  library. 

The  library  of  Mr.  Charles  Cleveland,  of 
about  1, 600  volumes,  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  private  collections  in  Evanston. 
Most  of  the  volumes  are  large  paper  and  de 
luxe  editions,  and  represent  not  only  the 
highest  typographical  excellence,  but  the 
most  artistic  examples  of  book-binding  in 
existence,  forming  a  collection  which  is 
probably  not  equaled  in  this  respect  by  any 
in  the  West.  Among  these  fine  bindings  are 
specimens  of  the  art  of  Cobden-Sanderson. 
Riviere,  Zaehnsdorf,  Cockrell,  Roger  de 
Coverley,  Tout.  Prideaux,  Chambolle- 
Durer,  Mercier,  Ritter,  Michel,  David,  Joly 
and  Lortic. 

Of  the  more  notable  works  may  be  men- 
tioned :  A  majority  of  the  Kelmscott  Press 
publications ;  a  full  set  of  Caxton  Club  pub- 
lications;  full  set  of  Eugene  Field's  first 
editions  and  presentation  copies ;  Fiske's 
"History  of  the  United  States,"  extra  il- 
lustrated ;  Shakespeare's  Works,  sixteen 
volumes,  extra  illustrated;  de  luxe  edi- 
tions of  Hawthorne  and  Emerson  and  first 
edition  of  Ruskin's  Works.  Many  of  the 
volumes  in  this  library  have  appeared  in 
loan  exhibitions,  both  in  Chicago  and  in 
Evanston. 

The  late  J.  H.  Kedzie's  library  consists 
of  some  600  volumes  of  standard  authors, 
with  a  special  collection  of  scientific  works, 
notably  on  astronomy,  in  which  subject  Mr. 
Kedzie  had  made  special  research. 

The  Orrington  Lunt  Library  of  North- 


222 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


western  University  and  the  Garrett  Bib- 
lical Institute  Library,  both  of  which  are 
so  densely  identified  with  the  early  history 
of  Evanston,  will  be  found  described  in  the 
chapter  devoted  to  the  history  of  those  in- 
stitutions. 

The  Margaret  C.  Way  Memorial  Library 
was  presented  to  the  Woman's  Educational 
Aid  Association  by  Mrs.  Kate  V.  McMullen 
in  memory  of  her  mother,  Mrs.  Margaret 
C.  Way,  who  was  for  eighteen  years  a 
member  of  this  Association.  This  library, 
which  contains  about  400  volumes,  is  for 
the  special  use  and  benefit  of  the  students 
and  teachers  who  reside  at  the  College  Cot- 
tage, now  known  as  Pearsons  Hall. 

The  Evanston  Township  High  School 
has  a  good  working  library  of  some  1. 600 
volumes.  The  graded  schools  are  also  pro- 
vided with  reference  libraries. 

Collection  of  Curios. — A  collection 
— not  of  books,  but  of  equal  value  in  point 
of  historic  interest — is  that  of  Honorable 
George  S.  Knapp,  who  has  gathered  to- 
gether what  is  probably  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable collections  of  historic  and  scien- 
tific curios  in  the  country.  Mr.  Knapp  was 
the  general  manager  of  the  Columbian  Lib- 
erty Bell,  which  was  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting exhibits  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  in  Chicago  of  1893,  and  to  the 
making  of  which  the  pennies  of  250,000 
children  were  contributed,  together  with 
many  historic  pieces  of  metal,  identified 
with  various  struggles  for  liberty.  The 
most  remarkable  of  these  relics  was  that 
contributed  by  Mrs.  Roger  A.  Pryor,  of 
New  York,  which  was  formed  of  two  bul- 
lets— one  from  the  North  and  one  from  the 
South — which  met  in  the  air  and  so  imbed- 
ded themselves  into  each  other  as  to  form 
a  solid  mass  and  assume  the  shape  of  the 
letter  "U,"  typical  of  the  L'nion  of  to-day. 

Many  things  pertaining  to  the  bell  are 
still  in  Mr.  Knapp's  possession,  the  most 


interesting  being  the  "International  Rope," 
which  was  used  by  representatives  of  all 
nations  in  ringing  the  bell  on  "Chicago 
Day,"  1893.  The  idea,  which  is  a  unique 
one,  was  conceived  by  Mr.  Knapp.  The 
rope,  which  is  fifty-four  feet  long,  is  made 
of  materials  from  all  nations  of  the  earth. 
The  central  strand,  consisting  of  a  piece  of 
rawhide  contributed  by  the  United  States, 
is  covered  by  strands  from  the  other  na- 
tions, the  whole  being  wrapped  with  the 
"red.  white  and  blue."  The  first  contribu- 
tion to  this  rope  was  from  Queen  Victoria — 
a  skein  of  linen  thread  spun  by  her  own 
hand.  The  last  was  a  piece  of  a  meteor. 
Thus,  as  the  owner  says  of  it,  "Heaven  and 
earth  helped  to  make  it." 

The  Columbian  Peace  Plow  was  made 
from  the  relics,  mostly  swords  and  bayo- 
nets, which  could  not  be  used  in  making  the 
Liberty  Bell.  On  the  beam  of  the  plow  are 
the  words,  "And  they  shall  beat  their 
swords  into  ploughshares,  and  their  spears 
into  pruning  hooks.  Xation  shall  not  lift 
sword  against  nation,  neither  shall  they 
learn  war  any  more." 

Another  interesting  reminder  of  the 
World's  Fair  is  the  beautiful  American  flag 
— the  official  flag  of  the  Exposition — which 
was  made  of  American  silk,  spun  from  co- 
coons by  women  of  twenty-six  States  of  the 
Union.  This  flag  was  dedicated  to  the  wo- 
men of  America  at  the  opening  of  the  Wo- 
man's Building  in  1893,  and  was  presented 
to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  by  Mr.  G. 
S.  Knapp  and  his  son,  G.  M.  Knapp,  and 
was  then  presented  back  to  them  by  that 
board.  The  staff  is  made  of  cherry  and  in- 
laid with  pieces  of  wood  furnished  by  the 
World's  Fair  Commissioners  from  each 
State  and  Territory  in  the  Union,  each  piece 
being  of  great  historical  value. 

Among  the  Revolutionary  relics  in  this 
collection  may  be  mentioned  the  following: 
Piece  of  Paul  Jones'  flag,  the  first  to  be  sa- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


223 


luted  by  a  foreign  power;  sword  used  at 
Bunker  Hill  by  Mr.  Knapp's  great-grand- 
father:  lanterns  used  by  Washington's 
body  guard ;  blunderbuss  taken  from  the 
boat  from  which  the  tea  was  thrown  over- 
board in  Boston  harbor.  This  eighteenth 
century  gun  is  a  wicked  looking  piece, 
which  bears  on  its  large  mouth  the  words, 
"Happy  is  he  that  escapes  me." 

Relics  of  a  later  historic  period  are :  Cup 
of  white  china  used  by  Lincoln ;  cigar-hold- 
er used  by  Grant :  gavel  composed  of  a 
picket  from  the  late  President  McKinley's 
fence  at  Canton  (given  to  the  owner  by  Mr. 
McKinley  himself)  and  a  piece  of  the  plank- 
on  which  he  stood  at  his  inauguration ;  a 
Confederate  flag  found  in  a  bale  of  cotton 
on  board  a  ship  which  arrived  in  Liverpool, 
England,  in  1864,  after  having  run  the 
blockade  of  New  Orleans ;  an  American 
flag  carried  by  Mr.  Knapp  through  the 
campaigns  of  Grant.  Garfield,  Elaine,  Har- 
rison and  McKinley ;  a  piece  of  an  old  fort 
at  San  Juan,  in  the  capture  of  which  some 
of  our  own  Evanston  troops  assisted ;  a  col- 
lection of  swords  and  daggers  used  by  the 
Filipinos  in  the  late  war,  and  on  which  the 
stains  of  blood  still  show,  in  spite  of  clean- 
ing and  polishing ;  a  bow  used  by  Black 
Hawk  :  a  "Rob  Roy"  pistol  from  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  collection :  a  revolver  carried  by- 
Robert  E.  Lee  in  the  Civil  War. 

Among  relics  of  a  local  interest  may  be 
mentioned :  A  carved  staff  made  of  wood 
from  the  old  City  Hall,  which  stood  on  the 
present  site  of  the  Rookery  Building,  Chi- 
cago :  a  frame  made  from  the  steps  of  the 
old  Ogden  House,  which  stood  on  the  pres- 
ent site  of  the  Xewberry  Library  ;  the  new- 
el-post of  the  Ogden  house.  The  first  two 
were  carved  by  Mr.  Knapp.  who  has  done 
several  pieces  of  very  intricate  carving  with 
a  pen-knife,  notable  among  which  is  a  series 
of  frames  held  together  by  links,  emblemat- 
ic of  events  in  the  history  of  the  world — 


the  whole  cut  with  a  pen-knife  from  one 
solid  piece  of  black  walnut,  the  links  being 
cut  without  disjoining.  Not  the  least  inter- 
esting in  this  unique  collection  is  a  piece  of 
the  first  water-pipe  laid  in  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago, as  well  as  samples  of  every  kind  of 
pipe  used  there  since  that  time. 

Evanston  Free  Public  Library. — 
The  Evanston  Free  Public  Library  had  its 
origin  in  a  plan  to  form  "The  Evanston 
Sabbath  School  Union  Library"  in  Febru- 
ary. 1870.  For  the  inception  of  the  idea  of 
such  a  library,  however,  we  must  go  back 
to  1867  or  1868.  when  Dr.  Edward  Eggles- 
ton.  then  Superintendent  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist Sunday  School,  formed  a  class  of  boys 
who  met  at  his  house,  which  stood  until  re- 
cent years  at  1017  Davis  Street.  This  class, 
which  was  not  confined  to  boys  of  any  one 
church,  held  a  brief  religious  meeting,  aft- 
er which  they  were  invited  freely  into  Dr. 
Eggleston's  library  and  allowed  to  choose 
books  for  their  home  reading.  We  quote 
from  an  article  in  "The  Index"  of  Decem- 
ber 18.  1897,  by  Dr.  Henry  B.  Hemenway, 
who.  describing  this  class,  speaks  of  Dr. 
Eggleston  as  the  "Father  of  the  Public  Li- 
brary" : 

"My  mental  picture  of  Edward  Eggleston 
generally  shows  him  in  the  half  hour  after 
the  meeting.  He  sits  in  a  large,  easy  chair. 
his  heavy  brown  hair  pushed  back,  and  his 
face  lit  up  as  he  looks  first  to  one.  then  to 
another  of  his  hearers.  A  boy  sits  on  each 
knee,  another  on  each  arm  of  the  chair,  one 
or  two  more  hang  on  its  back,  while  the 
rest  get  close  to  his  feet  on  the  floor,  or  on 
low  stools.  Then  he  told  us  stories — stories 
of  his  boyhood,  or  of  the  frontier.  Some  of 
them  have  since  been  printed.  Before  we 
parted  he  took  us  into  the  little  library  and 
helped  us  to  select  books  for  our  week's 
reading.  He  did  not  object  to  books  of  ad- 
venture for  spice,  but  I  remember  that  he 
tried  to  instill  into  our  minds  a  taste  for 


224 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


books  of  more  value,  like  Abbott's  histories. 
The  class  grew  until  he  had  to  move  it  into 
the  Kindergarten  building,  which  he  had 
built  for  his  sister  in  the  yard  east  of  the 
house.  He  added  to  his  library,  but  it  was 
too  small.  Then  he  began  to  appeal  to  some 
of  our  old  citizens,  L.  L.  Greenleaf  among 
others,  for  the  forming  of  a  public  library." 

The  impetus  thus  given  resulted  in  the 
realization  of  Dr.  Eggleston's  cherished 
plan,  and  although  his  name  is  not  found  in 
the  records  of  the  library,  he  having  moved 
to  Brooklyn  just  about  that  time,  yet  there 
is  no  doubt  that  the  beloved  author  of 
"Roxy"  and  the  "Hoosier  Schoolmaster" 
and  many  other  books  dear  to  young  and 
old,  was  the  inspiration  of  the  present  Pub- 
lic Library. 

The  first  organization  was  formed  at  the 
residence  of  William  T.  Shepherd,  1738 
Chicago  Avenue,  by  the  following  named 
persons:  L.  L.  Greenleaf,  Rev.  M.  G. 
Clarke,  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven,  A.  L.  Winne, 
William  P.  Kimball,  William  T.  Shepherd. 
The  next  recorded  meeting  was  held  August 
26,  1870,  at  the  residence  of  William  T. 
Shepherd.  Those  present  at  this  meeting 
were:  L.  L.  Greenleaf,  A.  L.  Winne,  Rev. 
E.  X.  Packard,  H.  C.  Tillinghast  and  Wil- 
liam T.  Shepherd.  At  this  meeting  it  was 
voted  that  the  name  of  the  Association  be 
"The  Evanston  Library  Association,"  the 
plan  for  a  Union  Sabbath  School  Library 
not  being  feasible.  A  committee  which  was 
appointed  to  draft  by-laws  and  a  constitu- 
tion consisted  of  Rev.  E.  N.  Packard,  Dr. 
J.  S.  Jewell  and  William  T.  Shepherd.  On 
October  18,  1870,  this  constitution  was 
adopted  at  a  meeting  held  in  the  Methodist 
Church.  Dr.  E.  O.  Haven,  chairman,  and 
E.  S.  Taylor,  Secretary.  This  constitution 
provided  that  the  name  of  the  Association 
be  "The  Evanston  Library  Association" ; 
that  the  object  be  "to  establish  and  main- 
tain a  public  library  and  reading  room,  and 


in  connection  with  this,  by  all  suitable 
means  to  awaken  a  desire  for  sound  knowl- 
edge and  a  correct  taste,  and  to  provide  for 
the  gratification  of  the  same  among  all 
classes  of  the  community." 

Two  classes  ot  membership  were  pro- 
vided for,  viz. :  Ordinary  and  Life — the  first 
being  open  to  all  residents  of  Evanston  upon 
the  payment  of  $5.00  per  annum.  The  sec- 
ond was  open  to  residents  of  Evanston 
upon  the  payment  of  $30.00  for  gentle- 
men and  $20.00  for  ladies.  Annual  meet- 
ings of  the  Association  and  monthly  meet- 
ings of  its  Board  of  Directors  were  pro- 
vided. 

The  Nominating  Committee  who  selected 
the  first  Board  of  Officers  consisted  of  Gen- 
eral (afterwards  Governor)  John  L.  Bever- 
idge,  Messrs.  E.  R.  Paul,  Merrill  Ladd, 
Samuel  Greene  and  Ambrose  Foster.  The 
following  officers  were  elected :  President, 
L.  L.  Greenleaf;  Vice-President,  H.  G. 
Powers;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Charles 
Randolph ;  Recording  Secretary,  Samuel 
Greene ;  Treasurer,  Lyman  J.  Gage ;  Di- 
rectors, Rev.  E.  O.  Haven,  D.D. ;  Ambrose 
Foster,  Andrew  Shuman,  L.  H.  Boutell,  J. 
S.  Jewell,  M.  D.,  and  J.  H.  Kedzie. 

On  October  25th  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  at  the  residence  of  H. 
G.  Powers,  the  first  Committees  were  ap- 
pointed as  follows:  Books  and  Periodicals, 
L.  H.  Boutell,  Andrew  Shuman,  Dr.  E.  O. 
Haven ;  Rooms  and  Furnishing,  Samuel 
Greene,  J.  H.  Kedzie,  H.  G.  Powers  and 
L.  L.  Greenleaf;  Finance,  H.  G.  Powers, 
Ambrose  Foster,  L.  J.  Gage  and  L.  L. 
Greenleaf;  Lectures,  Dr.  J.  S.  Jewell, 
Charles  Randolph  and  L.  H.  Boutell. 

Besides  fees  from  members,  many  dona- 
tions of  money  were  made  by  friends  of  the 
enterprise,  the  largest  of  which  was  $575 
from  L.  L.  Greenleaf.  Some  revenue  was 
also  derived,  later,  from  lectures  and  from 
rent  of  the  Association  rooms.  Valuable 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


225 


donati'ons  of  books  were  made  by  H.  G. 
Powers,  Andrew  Shuman,  J.  S.  Jewell,  L. 
J.  Gage  and  others. 

On  December  3,  1870,  the  Book  Commit- 
tee were  authorized  to  purchase  books  to 
the  amount  of  $1,000.  Rooms  were  secured 
on  the  second  floor  of  Dr.  W.  S.  Scott's 
building,  now  numbered  613  Davis  Street, 
and  the  Library  was  formally  opened  on 
February  9,  1871.  The  Association  was 
organized  as  a  body  corporate  under  the 
laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois  on  February  23, 
1871.  At  this  time  a  Constitution  was 
adopted,  which  was  practically  the  same  as 
that  adopted  by  the  Association  October  18, 
1870.  The  first  monthly  report  of  the 
Library  showed  one  hundred  Life  and  An- 
nual members,  thirty-three  weekly  sub- 
scribers, ninety  books  in  circulation. 

On  October  29,  1872  a  Committee  con- 
sisting of  Messrs.  L.  L.  Greenleaf,  L.  H. 
Boutell  and  J.  S.  Page  were  appointed  to 
see  what  measures  were  needed  to  bring 
about  the  transfer  of  the  Library  to  the 
town.  Through  the  efforts  of  this  Com- 
mittee the  matter  was  brought  to  a  vote 
of  the  people  at  the  Spring  election,  and  in 
April,  1873,  the  citizens  of  the  Village  of 
Evanston,  without  dissent,  voted  for  a  two- 
mill  tax  for  a  free  public  library,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Illinois  Library  Law,  which 
was  passed  in  March,  1872.  The  Trustees 
of  the  Village  of  Evanston  thereupon  ap- 
pointed as  Directors  of  the  Free  Public 
Library,  Messrs.  L.  H.  Boutell,  J.  S.  Jewell, 
,O.  E.'  Willard,  J.  H.  Kedzie,  Samuel 
Greene,  E.  S.  Taylor,  Andrew  Shuman,  L. 
L.  Greenleaf  and  Thomas  Freeman. 

On  May  22,  1873,  the  Evanston  Library 
Association  authorized  the  Trustees  to 
transfer  the  books  and  other  property  of  the 
Association  to  the  Directors  of  the  Free 
Public  Library  of  the  Village  of  Evanston, 
upon  condition  that  the  same  be  forever  kept 
as  a  Free  Public  Library  for  the  use  of  the 


inhabitants  of  the  village,  and  upon  the 
further  condition  that  said  Directors  as- 
sume the  indebtedness  of  the  Association. 
In  accordance  with  these  instructions  the 
913  volumes,  and  other  property  belonging 
to  the  Association,  were  transferred  by  the 
Trustees  on  July  3.  1873.  The  first  meet- 
ing of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Free 
Library  of  the  Village  of  Evanston  was 
held  at  the  Library  rooms  on  June  21,  1873. 
The  ballot  for  officers  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  J.  H.  Kedzie  for  President  and  Samuel 
Greene  for  Secretary.  In  April,  1889,  the 
Library  was  moved  to  the  lower  floor  of 
Anton  Block's  building,  522  and  524  Sher- 
man Avenue.  Upon  the  erection  of  the 
new  City  Hall  in  1892,  rooms  on  the  second 
floor  were  assigned  to  the  Public  Library. 
These  rooms  were  planned  and  adapted  to 
the  needs  of  the  Library  under  the  direction 
of  N.  C.  Gridley,  the  President  of  the 
Board,  and  in  April,  1893,  tne  Library  was 
removed  to  these  rooms  in  the  City  Hall,  its 
present  quarters.  Thus  began  a  period  of 
greater  growth  and  expansion.  The  yearly 
accessions  of  books  which,  for  the  twenty- 
one  years  since  its  foundation,  had  averaged 
465  volumes  per  year,  now  ranged  from 
1,142  volumes  added  in  1893,  to  2,907  vol- 
umes added  in  1897.  This  impulse  toward 
a  larger  purchase  of  books  was  given 
through  the  generosity  of  John  R.  Lindgren, 
who,  during  the  year  1891-92,  turned  over 
to  the  Library  for  a  book  fund,  his  salary 
as  City  Treasurer,  amounting  to  $1.502.36. 

Officers  and  Directors. — J.  H.  Kedzie, 
the  first  President  of  the  Free  Public  Li- 
brary Board,  was  succeeded  by  L.  H.  Bou- 
tell in  April,  1877.  Mr.  Boutell,  who,  as  we 
have  recorded,  was  identified  with  the  first 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Library  Associa- 
tion, continued  in  faithful  service  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  and  of  the  Book  Commit- 
tee for  twentv-nine  years  until  his  death, 
January  16,  1899.  In  May,  1882,  X.  C. 


226 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


Gridley  was  elected  to  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent, which  he  held  until  his  resignation,  in 
June,  1895.  after  twenty  years  membership 
upon  the  Hoard,  executing  as  President  not 
only  the  duties  of  this  office,  but  much  of 
the  work  incident  to  the  purchase  of  books, 
etc.,  usually  devolving  upon  the  librarian. 
To  the  many  years  of  active  service  of  these 
two  gentlemen,  is  due,  in  large  part,  the 
successful  growth  of  the  library  and  the 
careful  selection  of  books  which  formed  the 
foundation  of  a  collection  well  balanced  in 
all  departments. 

Mr.  J.  \Y.  Thompson,  who  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Board  in  June,  1890,  has 
been,  since  June,  1895,  its  faithful  and 
efficient  presiding  officer.  The  first  Secre- 
tary, Samuel  Greene,  served  from  October, 
1870.  to  November,  1873.  The  successors 
to  this  office  have  been  as  follows :  E.  S. 
Taylor,  H.  -M.  Bannister,  X.  C.  Gridley,  H. 
G.  Lunt,  J.  S.  Currey  and  Wm.  S.  Lord,  the 
last  three  named  having  served  for  eight 
years  each.  Mr.  Lord  still  holding  this 
office. 

Charles  A.  Rogers  is  the  oldest  in  service 
of  the  present  Board  of  Directors,  having 
served  continuously  since  1876.  The  re- 
maining members  of  the  present  Board,  not 
before  mentioned  are :  J.  Seymour  Currey, 
Vice-Presidcnt ;  Richard  C.  Lake,  Charles 
G.  Neely,  Fred  W.  Nichols,  George  W. 
Paullin,  Walter  Lee  Brown  (resigned). 

Librarians. — Mr.  Thomas  J'  Kellam 
was  the  first  librarian,  serving  from  Jan- 
uary to  March,  1871.  The  compensation 
of  the  Librarian  was  fixed  at  $5  per  week, 
this  amount  being  understood  to  cover  all 
expense  incurred  in  the  care  of  the  room. 
Mr.  Kellam  was  succeeded  by  Miss  Mary 
E.  Greene,  who  held  the  position  until 
March,  1872,  when  Miss  L.  H.  Newman 
was  elected,  and  was  retained  by  the  Free 
Library  Board,  thus  becoming  the  first 
Librarian  of  the  Free  Public  Library. 


Those  succeeding  to  this  position  have  been 
as  follows: 

Miss  Nellie  A.  Lathrop,  October,  1875, 
to  September,  1876. 

Miss  L.  H.  Bannister,  September,  1876, 
to  November,  1880. 

Miss  Lizzie  R.  Hunt,  November,  1880,  to 
September,  1882. 

Miss  Ada  L.  Fairfield,  September,  1882, 
to  September,  1883. 

Miss  Anna  P.  Lord,  September,  1883,  to 
November,  1888. 

Miss  Laura  R.  Richards,  November, 
1888.  to  May,  1891. 

Miss  Mary  S.  Morse,  May,  1891,  to  Oc- 
tober, 1891. 

Miss  May  Van  Benschoten,  October, 
1891.  to  June,  1894. 

In  December,  1893.  it  was  resolved  by 
the  Board  that  the  increasing  work  of  the 
Library  required  the  services  of  a  trained 
librarian.  In  accordance  with  this  resolu- 
tion, the  present  Librarian.  Miss  Mary  B. 
Lindsay,  was  appointed  and  entered  upon 
her  duties,  June  I,  1894. 

Classification  and  Cataloguing. — In 
1896  the  simple  classification  under  which 
the  books  were  arrange:!  was  found  to  be 
inadequate  to  the  growth  of  the  Library, 
and  the  work  of  reclassifying  the  Library 
under  the  Dewey  Decimal  system  was  be- 
gun in  March  of  that  year,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Dr.  George  E.  Wire,  late  of  the 
Newberry  Library,  and  formerly  identified 
with  this  Library  as  First  Assistant  Libra- 
rian. Miss  Mary  E.  Gale  was  employed 
to  make  the  card  catalogue.  This  work  was 
completed  in  December.  1896,  having  been 
accomplished  without  closing  the  library  or 
materially  interfering  with  its  use.  The 
first  printed  catalogue  was  published  in  De- 
cember, 1873,  and  included  a  historical 
sketch  of  the  Library  for  the  three  years 
since  its  organization.  Later  catalogues 
were  published  in  1877,  1887.  1889  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


227 


1892.  An  "Annotated  Finding  List  of  Fic- 
tion, Books  for  Young  People  and  Selected 
Lists"  was  published  in  1897.  The  card 
catalogue,  which  is  in  dictionary  form, 
under  names  of  authors,  titles  and  subjects, 
is  kept  up  to  date  by  a  trained  cataloguer, 
and  thus  takes  the  place  of  a  printed  cat- 
alogue, with  continuous  supplements.  Bul- 
letins of  new  books  are  published  quarterly 
during  the  vear  and  distributed  free  to 
readers. 

Library  Extension. — One  of  the  chief 
means  of  promoting  and  extending  the 
work  of  the  Library  on  broader  lines  was 
inaugurated  in  March.  1896,  when,  in  com- 
pliance with  a  request  from  F.  W.  Nichols, 
Superintendent  of  School  District  No.  2, 
about  loo  books  were  loaned  to  the  schools 
in  that  district  to  be  circulated  under  the 
direction  of  the  teachers.  In  the  following 
year  a  system  of  separate  school  libraries 
was  adopted.  These  school  libraries  of 
about  one  hundred  books  each  were  sent  in 
turn  to  the  schools  farthest  removed  from 
the  library,  including  all  the  school  districts. 
One  of  these  libraries  was  the  gift  of  Mr. 
Richard  C.  Lake,  of  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors. This  circulation  of  books  through  the 
schools,  besides  giving  the  children  the  ben- 
efit of  a  careful  selection  of  books,  has  been 
an  effectual  means  of  bringing  into  touch 
with  the  library  the  families  of  those  chil- 
dren, who.  residing  in  the  remoter  parts  of 
the  city,  were  otherwise  not  acquainted  with 
the  library  and  its  privileges.  A  graded 
and  annotated  list  of  the  500  books  in  the 
school  libraries,  compiled  by  the  Reference 
Librarian,  has  just  been  published.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1897.  the  work  for  children  was  made 
a  part  of  the  work  of  the  Reference  Libra- 
rian and  further  co-operation  of  the  library 
with  the  school  was  made  possible  by  her 
visits  to  the  schools  and  conference  with  the 
teachers. 

A  "Children's  Corner"  was  established  in 


the  reading  room  of  the  library  in  October, 

1 898.  and  here,  even  in  its  crowded  quar- 
ters, is  seen  something  of  what  might  be  ac- 
complished in  this  very  important  line  of 
library  work,  in  a  building  equipped  with  a 
separate    children's    room.      A    Children's 
Library  League  was  organized  January  26, 

1899.  with  the  object  of  promoting  among 
the  young  people  a  better  care  of  the  books 
and  other  property  of  the  library  and  the 
cultivation  of  a  taste  for  the  best  books. 

Reference  Department. — The  Reference 
Department  of  about  900  volumes  is  said  to 
be  better  equipped  than  most  libraries  of  its 
size.  The  usefulness  of  this  Department 
was  greatly  enhanced  in  October,  1897, 
when  the  position  of  Assistant  Librarian  for 
Reference  and  Children's  work  was  created. 
The  placing  of  this  department  in  charge  of 
a  trained  assistant  has  made  possible  a 
much  larger  work  by  the  preparation  of  ref- 
erence lists  on  special  subjects  for  clubs  and 
for  individuals,  and  by  bringing  to  young 
people  and  adults  a  better  knowledge  of  the 
various  reference  books  and  their  use. 

As  a  means  of  further  extension  of  the 
library's  usefulness  and  of  increasing  knowl- 
edge of  its  methods  and  work  among  the 
citizens,  an  annual  "Library  Day"  was  in- 
augurated on  December  10.  1897.  This  an- 
nual event  has  taken  the  form  of  a  reception 
or  "open  house."  day  at  the  library,  during 
which  books  were  not  circulated,  but  the 
staff  and  Directors  served  as  a  reception 
committee  and  explained  the  various  de- 
partments and  methods  of  work.  Special 
exhibits  of  books  and  curios,  loaned  by 
friends  of  the  library,  added  to  the  interest 
of  the  occasion.  The  twenty-fifth  anniver- 
sary of  the  opening  of  the  Free  Public 
Library  was  celebrated  in  this  way  on  Oc- 
tober 13,  1898.  The  crowded  condition  of 
the  library  rooms  has  made  it  necessary  for 
the  past  two  years  to  abandon,  temporarily, 
this  popular  annual  feature. 


228 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


Hours. — The  Library  was  open  from  3 
p.  m.  to  9  p.  m.,  every  day,  except  Sundays 
and  holidays,  until  October,  1871,  when  the 
great  Chicago  fire  made  it  necessary  to  cur- 
tail expenses.  The  hours  were  therefore 
limited  at  that  time  to  Saturday  afternoons 
and  evenings,  from  2  to  4  and  from  7  to  9. 
In  1873  the  hours  were  extended  to  three 
afternoons  and  evenings  of  the  week.  In 
April,  1893,  the  patronage  of  the  library 
warranted  its  opening  every  day  except 
Sunday  from  2  to  9  o'clock  p.  m.  In  De- 
cember, 1895,  the  hours  for  opening  were 
made  I  p.  m.  to  9  p.  m.  daily  and  from 
9  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m.  Saturdays.  Beginning 
March  15,  1897,  the  present  hours  were 
inaugurated,  viz:  9  a.  m.  to  9  p.  m.,  daily, 
and  in  January,  1901,  the  plan  of  holiday 
and  Sunday  opening  was  inaugurated — the 
reading  room  being  open  on  those  days 
from  2  p.  m.  until  6  p.  m. 

Privileges,  Etc. — Since  the  organization 
of  the  Free  Public  Library,  membership  has 
been  free  to  all  residents  of  Evanston  upon 
the  furnishing  of  written  guaranty.  The 
family  card,  good  for  three  books  and  the 
individual  card  good  for  one  book,  were 
exchanged  in  August,  1896,  for  individual 
cards  issued  to  each  resident,  without  limit 
of  age,  allowing  two  books  on  each  card. 
A  fee  of  fifty  cents  per  month,  or  $2.50  per 
year,  gives  the  privileges  of  the  library  to 
non-residents.  Xon-resident  students  were 
at  first  allowed  the  use  of  the  library  for 
reference;  in  October,  1896,  the  privilege 
of  drawing  books  from  the  library  was 
granted  to  them.  Since  September,  1898, 
the  public  have  been  admitted  to  the  shelves 
as  far  as  practicable  with  the  limited  room. 

Staff.— On  August  29,  1893,  the  matter 
of  employment  of  Librarian  and  staff  of 
assistants  was  placed  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Civil  Service  Commission.  The 
Staff  at  present  (1905)  consists  of  the  fol- 
lowing :  Mary  B.  Lindsay,  Librarian ; 


Elizabeth  P.  Clarke,  Reference  Librarian; 
Cora  M.  Hill,  Superintendent  Circulating 
Department ;  Gertrude  L.  Brown,  Cat- 
aloguer ;  Bertha  S.  Bliss,  Arthur  H.  Knox, 
Eddy  S.  Brandt,  Assistants ;  Wm.  E.  Lee, 
Janitor. 

From  the  913  volumes  which  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  Free  Public  Library  in  1873, 
the  number  has  grown  to  about  30,000  vol- 
umes— an  average  growth  of  about  i.ooo 
volumes  per  year.  From  the  small  begin- 
ning represented  by  about  9,000  books  cir- 
culated during  its  first  year,  the  circula- 
tion has  grown  to  114,551  volumes,  which 
went  into  the  homes  and  the  schools  for 
the  year  ending  June  I,  1901.  The  annual 
income  of  the  library  has  risen  from  twelve 
hundred  to  about  ten  thousand  dollars. 
The  purchase  of  books,  which  in  1874 
amounted  to  $260,  has.  for  the  last  ten 
years,  averaged  about  $2,000  per  year,  the 
book  purchases  for  the  year  1900-01  being 
2,557  volumes,  amounting  to  $2,459.49. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  Public  Library 
to  keep  in  touch  with  the  larger  library  in- 
terests of  the  country.  To  this  end  the 
Library  has.  in  recent  years,  been  repre- 
sented at  the  meetings  of  the  American 
Library  Association  and  the  Illinois  State 
Library  Association,  President  J.  W. 
Thompson  serving  for  a  term  as  President 
of  the  latter  Association.  In  February, 
1898.  an  Inter-State  Library  Conference 
was  held  in  Evanston,  which  was  attended 
by  some  170  delegates,  eleven  States  being 
represented.  A  number  of  citizens  gener- 
ously aided  the  Public  and  University  Libra- 
ries in  the  entertainment  of  this  conference. 

Library  Building.— On  May  31,  1884. 
the  neeel  for  more  room  becoming  apparent, 
Mr.  Holmes  Hoge  was  appointed  "a  com- 
mittee of  one  to  consult  with  Mr.  Deering, 
about  the  erection  of  a  library  building 
suitable  for  the  necessities  of  the  people 
of  the  village."  The  annual  report  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


229 


same  date  contained  an  appeal  to  the  citi- 
zens of  Evanston  to  provide  a  building  for 
the  Library.  In  April,  1887,  Mr.  William 
Deering  offered  $5,000  toward  the  erection 
of  a  library  building,  following  which  a  cir- 
cular letter  was  issued  signed  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  urging  that  a  generous 
response  be  given  to  the  Committee  who 
would  call  upon  the  citizens  for  further  sub- 
scriptions. After  earnest  efforts  made  to 
raise  the  required  amount,  the  plan  was 
abandoned  in  June,  1887,  owing  to  the 
slight  encouragement  given  by  the  citizens. 

During  the  next  ten  years,  though  no 
action  was  taken,  the  question  was  often 
discussed  by  the  Board,  and  endeavors 
made  to  create  sentiment  toward  obtaining 
a  building.  In  December,  1897,  Mr. 
Charles  F.  Grey,  of  Evanston,  offered  $10,- 
ooo  toward  a  $100,000  building.  A  com- 
mittee from  the  Board  was  appointed  to 
confer  with  Mr.  Grey  and  to  take  up  the 
matter  of  a  new  building.  Though  there 
were  no  offers  toward  the  remaining  $100,- 
ooo,  yet  the  Board  felt  confident  that  the 
required  amount  would  be  forthcoming,  and 
efforts  were  continued  toward  securing  a 
suitable  site.  In  October,  1898,  a  commit- 
tee was  appointed  to  ascertain  possible  con- 
sent of  property  owners  abutting  on  the 
City  Park  in  case  the  City  would  grant  per- 
mission to  place  the  library  building  there. 
This  committee  canvassed  the  matter  and 
reported  almost  unanimous  refusal  on  the 
part  of  property  owners  to  consent  to  hav- 
ing the  park  used  as  a  site. 

In  June,  1899,  resolutions  were  adopted 
by  the  Board  asking  the  City  Council  to 
appropriate  $35,000  for  a  site  for  the  Li- 
brary. These  resolutions  were  referred  by 
the  Council  to  the  Judiciary  Committee  in 
consultation  with  the  Corporation  Counsel. 
The  appropriation  was  not  granted.  In 
January.  1900,  Mr.  C.  F.  Grey  offered  to 
give  $100,000  for  a  library  building,  pro- 


vided a  site  should  be  furnished,  cleared  of 
buildings,  free  of  cost  or  incumbrance,  and 
the  premises  after  purchase  removed  from 
the  tax  list.  A  committee  from  the  Board 
was  appointed  to  raise  funds  for  the  pur- 
chase of  a  site.  Anticipating  the  securing 
of  the  amount  necessary  for  the  building, 
the  Board  had  previously  made  efforts  to 
secure  the  property  facing  east  on  Chicago 
Avenue,  extending  north  from  the  Baptist 
church  to  Grove  Street,  but  efforts  to  obtain 
options  on  all  of  this  property  failed,  and 
before  the  money  could  be  secured  that 
part  of  this  property  on  the  corner  of  Grove 
Street  was  sold  to  the  Christian  Science 
Church.  Options  were  then  obtained  on  the 
property  facing  west  on  Chicago  Avenue, 
extending  from  the  alley  south  to  Grove 
Street. 

In  June,  1900,  the  Site  Committee  issued 
a  circular  letter  to  citizens  of  Evanston  call- 
ing a  meeting  of  citizens  to  consider  ways 
and  means  of  raising  the  needed  funds  to 
obtain  a  site.  This  meeting  was  held  July 
6,  1900,  in  the  City  Council  chamber,  and  it 
was  voted  to  attempt  to  raise  the  required 
amount  on  the  voluntary  assessment  plan, 
and  a  committee  of  citizens  was  chosen  to 
act  with  a  committee  from  the  Library 
Board  in  spreading  and  collecting  the  as- 
sessment. An  equal  per  cent  of  each  tax- 
payer was  determined  according  to  the  tax 
lists  and  notices  were  sent  them  stating 
amount  of  share  of  each.  Notices  were  also 
sent  to  non-tax-payers,  asking  for  a  per- 
centage of  their  income.  In  response  to  this 
voluntary  assessment,  there  was  received 
$2.709.85  in  cash  from  one  hundred  and 
twenty  people.  Pledges  were  received  from 
forty-one  people  aggregating  $2.116.80. 
The  total  amount  necessary  to  purchase  a 
suitable  site  in  a  central  location  was  about 
$40.000.  Realizing  that  this  plan  had  failed, 
the  money  was  returned  to  the  donors  and 


230 


LIBRARIES— PUBLIC   AND    PRIVATE 


a  final  report  made  by  the  Treasurer  of  the 
fund.  Rev.  F.  Clatworthy,  in  August, 
1901. 

In  the  meantime  another  attempt  was 
made  toward  securing  the  City  Park.  This 
movement  was  started  by  Rev.  J.  H.  Boyd, 
D.  D.,  who  interested  a  number  of  citizens 
in  the  matter  and  announced  the  subject 
for  discussion  at  his  "Conversazione,"  De- 
cember 13,  1900,  at  the  First  Presbyterian 
church.  This  was  made  a  public  meeting, 
and  the  subject  was  fully  discussed  and 
resolutions  were  passed  requesting  the 
Library  Board  to  ascertain  whether  the 
Park  could  be  secured  under  the  law,  and  to 
endeavor  to  secure  consents  of  abutting 
property  owners  and  the  preferences  of  the 
legal  voters  of  Evanston  as  to  the  site  for 
the  Library.  A  special  committee  was  ap- 
pointed from  the  Library  Board,  and  made 
a  careful  canvass  of  the  property  owners 
abutting  on  the  Park,  but  they  were  obliged 
to  report  in  February,  1901,  that  they  had 
been  unable  to  obtain  consent  of  all  the 
owners.  Though  many  who  had  formerly 
objected  now  consented,  yet  a  few  adhered 
to  the  opinion  that  their  property  would 
be  largely  damaged  by  the  use  of  any  part 
of  the  park  for  the  purpose  contemplated. 
January  31,  1901,  Mr.  J.  C.  Shaffer  sug- 
gested the  probability  of  securing  a  site  on 
Chicago  Avenue  between  Church  and  Davis 
Streets.  A  Committee  was  appointed  to  act 
with  Mr.  Shaffer  towards  securing  this 
site. 

On  April  6,  1901,  following  upon  the 
passage  of  a  State  law  giving  to  cities  the 
power  to  levy  a  tax  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing sites  for  public  library  buildings, 
the  Board  of  Directors  passed  resolutions 
determining  to  purchase  a  site,  the  esti- 
mated cost  of  which  was  $45.000,  the  collec- 
tion of  such  cost  to  be  spread  over  a  period 
of  fifteen  years.  A  copy  of  these  resolu- 
tions was  sent  to  the  Citv  Council  and 


approved  by  them,  but  it  was  subsequently 
found  that  the  City  of  Evanston  was  already 
indebted  to  its  full  legal  limit ;  hence  such 
action  of  the  Council  was  found  illegal  and 
was  rescinded. 

In  May.  1901,  the  Site  Committee  re- 
ported pledges  received  to  the  amount  of 
$12.000.  In  June,  1901,  Mr.  Joseph  M. 
Lyons  was  authorized  to  raise  subscriptions 
to  the  site  fund  at  a  compensation  of  one 
per  cent,  conditional  upon  his  raising  a  sum 
in  addition  to  that  already  subscribed  suffi- 
cient to  pay  for  the  site.  Although  pledges 
to  the  amount  of  $17,000  were  secured,  this 
enterprise  also  resulted  in  failure.  After 
various  other  unsuccessful  attempts,  in 
June,  1904,  the  effort  to  secure  a  site  was 
crowned  with  success,  through  the  pur- 
chase of  one  by  the  city  at  the  corner  of 
Orrington  Avenue  and  Church  Street  at 
a  cost  of  $31,600.00. 

A  glance  at  the  history  of  the  library 
movement  throughout  the  country  shows 
the  wonderful  possibilities  of  the  work  of 
the  public  library  in  educating  the  masses, 
and  thus  making  for  a  higher  citizenship. 

The  Management  of  our  Public  Library 
is  still  confident  that,  in  due  time,  some 
solution  of  our  site  problem  will  be  reached, 
and  Evanston's  Public  Library  will  not  be 
long  hampered  by  lack  of  room  from  at- 
taining to  that  larger  educational  work 
toward  which,  during  its  twenty-nine  years 
of  history,  it  has  steadily  been  advanc- 
ing. 

The  movement  for  a  new  building  for  the 
Public  Library  culminated  in  the  offer  of 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  to  provide  $50.000 
towards  the  cost  of  such  a  building.  This 
was  supplemented  by  a  bond  issue  of  the 
City  of  Evanston  of  $31,600.  for  the  site  at 
the  north-east  corner  of  Church  Street  and 
Orrington  Ave..  and  $25.000  towards  the 
cost  of  the  building.  This,  with  some  other 


! 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


231 


funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Library  Board, 
will  enable  the  authorities  to  erect  a  build- 
ing to  cost  approximately  $100.000. 

The  corner-stone  of  this  new  building 
was  laid  on  June  2.  1906.  A  box  was  in- 
closed in  the  corner-stone  containing  a  writ- 
ten account  of  the  efforts  made  to  provide 
for  the  new  building,  reports,  photographs 
of  the  various  persons  connected  with  the 
library  and  the  citv  administration,  news- 


papers of  the  day,  and  various  mementoes. 
The  general  design  of  the  building  is  pure 
classic,  fronting  on  Orrington  Avenue, 
constructed  of  steel  framework  with  Bed- 
ford stone  in  the  exterior  walls,  and  with  a 
portico  supported  by  Grecian  columns. 
The  capacity  of  the  space  for  books  is 
double  that  needed  for  the  present  collec- 
tion, thus  making  ample  provision  for  fu- 
ture growth. 


LlbRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


CHAPTER    XXV. 


UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

(By  LODILLA  AMBROSE,  Pb.  M.,  AesieUnt  Librarian) 


First  Step  in  the  Organisation  of  a  Uni- 
versity Library — President  Foster's  Gift 
— Advance  of  Fifty  Years — The  Green- 
leaf  Library — University  Library  is 
Made  a  Depository  for  Government  Pub- 
lications— Recent  Notable  Donations — 
Orriiigton  Lunt  Library  Building  is  De- 
dicated in  i8()j — The  Orrington  Lunt 
Librarv  Fund — Internal  Administration 
— List  of  Those  who  hare  Sen-ed  as  Li- 
brarians— Libraries  of  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute  and  Professional  Schools. 

The  Northwestern  University  Library  is 
an  integral  part  of  the  institution  whose 
name  it  bears.  The  beginnings  of  the  Li- 
brarv were  small  and  unheralded ;  its 
growth  has  been  gradual,  but  constant  and 
substantial.  The  earliest  mention  of  a  li- 
brary in  the  University  records  occurs  in 
the  minutes  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  June,  1856,  this  being 
the  first  meeting  after  the  University  was 
opened  to  students.  The  report  of  the  Fac- 
ulty then  submitted  touched  on  the  question 
of  a  library.  This  led  to  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  that  made  the  following 
report :  "The  Committee  on  Library  rec- 
ommends that  }he  Executive  Committee  be 
authorized  to  expend  one  thousand  dollars 
in  the  purchase  of  books  for  the  commence- 
ment of  a  library  during  the  present  year, 
and  that  the  same  amount  be  set  apart  from 


year  to  year,  for  additions  thereto,  the 
catalogue  to  be  selected  under  the  direction 
of  the  Faculty." 

A  little  later  President  Foster  gave  his 
first  year's  salary  for  the  purchase  of 
books  :  and  in  December.  1856.  the  Financial 
Agent  was  authorized  to  fit  up  a  room  in  the 
University  building  to  accommodate  the  Li- 
brary. In  June,  1857,  the  librarian  report- 
ed 1,977  volumes  and  37  pamphlets;  these 
volumes,  with  a  few  exceptions,  having 
been  selected  and  purchased  by  President 
Foster.  The  annual  meetings  of  1857  and 
1858  suspended  the  action  taken  in  1856 
making  an  annual  appropriation  of  one 
thousand  dollars  for  books.  In  1860,  675 
volumes,  chiefly  philosophical  and  histori- 
cal, were  purchased  from  President  Fos- 
ter's library.  In  1868,  a  printed  catalogue 
of  the  library,  prepared  by  Charles  K.  Ban- 
nister, '69,  was  published :  a  summary 
of  the  entries  in  this  slight,  green-covered 
pamphlet  shows  that  the  library  then  con- 
tained about  3,000  volumes.  In  June.  1870. 
the  librarian  reported  3,635  volumes;  twen- 
ty years  later  there  were  23,279  volumes, 
and  April  30,  1903,  there  are  51.658  vol- 
umes and  35.000  pamphlets. 

The  first  great  addition  to  the  library 
came  through  the  gift  of  Mr.  Luther  L. 
Greenleaf.  Negotiations,  begun  in  1869  in 
Berlin  with  the  heirs  of  Johann  Schulze, 
Ph.  D.,  a  member  of  the  Prussian  Minis- 


233 


234 


UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 


try  of  Public  Instruction,  resulted  in  secur- 
ing for  the  University  the  valuable  library 
of  this  eminent  German  scholar  and  publi- 
cist. In  recognition  of  Mr.  Greenleaf's 
liberality  the  collection  is  known  as  the 
Greenleaf  Library.  It  contains  1 1 ,246  vol- 
umes, and  a  very  large  number  of  unbound 
dissertations  and  other  monographs,  the 
publications  of  universities  and  learned  so- 
cieties. It  includes  a  collection  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  classics,  with  the  subsidi- 
ary literature,  remarkable  for  its  range  and 
completeness.  There  are  also  choice  selec- 
tions of  works  in  history,  philosophy,  and 
other  leading  subjects. 

In  1874,  the  library  of  the  late  Prof. 
Henry  S.  Xoyes,  containing  1.500  well 
chosen  volumes,  was  purchased  by  the  Uni- 
versity for  the  library.  In  1878,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Deering  and  the  Hon.  Lyman  J.  Gage 
bought  and  presented  a  portion  of  the  li- 
brary of  the  late  Oliver  A.  Willard,  chiefly 
volumes  of  State  and  local  history  and  po- 
litical science. 

In  1895,  Mrs.  R.  W.  Patterson  gave 
nearly  500  volumes,  largely  biblical  and 
philosophical,  from  the  library  of  her  hus- 
band, the  late  Rev.  R.  VV.  Patterson,  D.  D. 

In  1896,  the  joint  gifts  of  friends  enabled 
the  library  to  purchase  a  complete  set  of 
the  Hansard  Parliamentary  Debates.  In 
1898.  similar  gifts  secured  complete  sets  of 
the  Reports  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  and  of  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court, 
and  also  created  a  fund  of  $1,850  for  the 
purchase  of  the  later  editions  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  classics,  supplementing  the 
Greenleaf  collection  of  earlier  date. 

Another  gift  received  in  1898  was  the  li- 
brary of  German  authors  (2,533  volumes) 
collected  by  Geheimer  Regierungsrath 
Schneider,  of  Schleswig,  Germany.  It  in- 
cludes many  first  and  second  editions,  and 
some  early  Reformation  prints.  Gifts  from 
leading  German  citizens  of  Chicago,  se- 


cured by  the  late  Assistant  Professor  Colin, 
made  possible  the  purchase  of  this  collec- 
tion. 

In  1900,  Dr.  Herbert  F.  Fisk  obtained 
for  the  Academy  a  supplementary  library 
of  over  500  volumes.  In  the  same  year  Mr. 
Xorman  W.  Harris  gave  $750  for  the  pur- 
chase of  books  on  political  economy ;  Mrs. 
Oliver  Marcy  gave  selected  volumes  from 
the  scientific  library  of  her  husband,  the  late 
Dr.  ( )liver  Marcy,  Professor  of  Geology ; 
and  Mrs.  Henry  Cohn  presented  valuable 
works  from  the  linguistic  library  of  her 
husband,  the  late  Henry  Cohn,  Assistant 
Professor  of  German. 

A  generous  donor  to  the  library  is  the 
United  States  Government.  The  library 
was  designated  as  a  depository  of  govern- 
ment publications  by  Senator  John  A.  Lo- 
gan, May  26,  1876.  In  April,  1903,  its  col- 
lection of  these  documents  numbers  6.740 
volumes  and  10,154  pamphlets.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  some  3,000  volumes  of  the 
official  publications  of  States  and  cities  have 
been  collected. 

In  1870,  the  Librarian's  report  gave  the 
list  of  periodicals  regularly  received,  com- 
prising 39  titles ;  in  1890,  this  list  contained 
105  titles,  and  in  1903,  320  titles. 

The  hours  of  opening  in  1870,  according 
to  the  record,  were  four  hours  each  week- 
day afternoon.  These  hours  have  been 
gradually  extended  in  response  to  greater 
demands,  until  in  1903  the  library  is  open 
thirteen  hours  each  day  for  six  days  a 
week,  during  the  college  year.  Early  re- 
ports mention  appreciative  use  of  the  li- 
brary. Records  of  later  years  show  a 
marked  increase  in  its  use  along  all  lines 
— an  increase  that  quite  outstrips  the 
growth  of  the  library,  as  well  as  the  advance 
in  the  number  of  students.* 

The  library's  first  habitation  was  a  room 
in  the  building  now  called  Old  College. 
In  December,  1869.  it  was  transferred  to 


X 

o 


5: 

X 


LlbRARY 

OF  THE 

PNIVERSITY  OP  ILLINOIS 


ORRINC.TOX  LITXT  LIBRARY 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


235 


rooms  in  the  new  University  Hall.  In 
August,  1894,  came  another  migration,  this 
time  to  the  Orrington  Lunt  Library  Build- 
ing. As  early  as  1859  a  prudent  Trustee 
urged  the  necessity  of  a  fireproof  library 
building :  in  1885  the  need  was  emphasized 
in  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Library, 
and,  in  1891,  the  subject  was  prominent  in 
the  President's  report.  July  22,  1891.  Mr. 
Orrington  Lunt,  Vice-President  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  signified  his  readiness 
to  give  $50,000  toward  a  library  building. 
As  an  addition  to  this  generous  gift.  $15,- 
ooo  was  contributed  in  varying  sums  by 
other  friends  of  the  University.  Among 
these  contributions  was  a  gift  of  $5.000 
made  by  Mrs.  Robert  M.  Hatfield  as  a  me- 
morial of  her  husband,  the  late  Rev.  Rob- 
ert M.  Hatfield,  D.  D.,  for  years  a  Trustee 
of  the  University.  The  amount  thus  given 
through  personal  beneficence  was  raised  to 
$100,000  by  an  appropriation  from  the 
funds  of  the  University. 

The  building  is  situated  on  the  Universi- 
ty campus  at  Evanston,  facing  Sheridan 
Road,  and  covering  an  area  of  73  by  162 
feet.  It  is  planned  so  that  future  additions 
may  be  made  without  sacrificing  exterior 
effect  or  interior  convenience.  The  outer 
walls  are  of  buff  Bedford  limestone,  the 
roof  is  red  conosera  tile.  The  building  is 
constructed  on  the  slow-burning,  or  prac- 
tically fireproof,  system,  sometimes  called 
mill-construction.  The  style  of  the  build- 
ing is  an  adaptation  of  the  Italian  Renais- 
sance ;  its  outlines  are  simple  with  little 
ornamentation,  but  the  whole  is  harmonious 
and  pleasing.  The  large  semi-circular 
porch  is  supported  by  Ionic  columns ;  on 
the  frieze,  in  raised  lettering,  is  the  inscrip- 
tion. "Orrington  Lunt  Library." 

On  either  side  of  the  entrance  are  cloak 
rooms:  a  broad  oak  staircase  leads  to  the 
second  floor,  which  provides  an  assembly 
room  seating  500  persons,  art  rooms  and 
seminar  rooms.  The  third  story,  extending 


only  over  the  central  portion'  of  the  build- 
ing, is  devoted  to  offices  and  recitation 
rooms.  The  basement,  well  lighted  and 
thoroughly  furnished,  contains  among 
others  a  large  document  room,  seminar 
rooms,  work  rooms,  and  toilet  rooms. 

The  first,  or  main,  story  is  devoted  en- 
tirely to  library  uses :  in  one  wing  is  the 
reading  room  and  in  the  center  and  in  the 
other  wing  is  the  book  room,  the  two  being 
separated  hy  the  delivery  desk  and  card 
catalogue  cases.  The  windows  are  large 
and  placed  so  that  all  light  comes  from 
above.  All  the  wood-work  and  furnish- 
ings of  this  floor  are  of  polished  red  oak. 
The  reading  room  seats  120  persons.  All 
the  stories  are  connected  with  the  book 
room  by  a  book-lift  and  speaking  tube.  In 
a  central  extension  of  the  building,  as 
shown  in  the  ground  plan,  are  the  Libra- 
rian's room  and  the  cataloguing  room.  The 
heating  is  by  steam  from  a  detached  sta- 
tion and  the  lighting  is  by  gas  and  electri- 
city. The  architect  is  William  A.  Otis,  of 
Chicago. 

The  Orrington  Lunt  Library  was  dedi- 
cated. September  26.  1894.  In  the  after- 
noon in  the  assembly  room  of  the  building, 
the  exercises  of  formal  opening  were  held. 
The  program  was  as  follows :  invocation  by 
the  Rev.  Franklin  W.  Fisk,  D.  D..  LL.  D.. 
President  of  Chicago  Theological  Semin- 
ary: address  of  presentation  by  Mr.  Or- 
rington Lunt :  address  of  acceptance  by 
President  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  LL.  D. ; 
dedication  ode,  by  Mrs.  Emily  Huntington 
Miller :  address  by  Charles  Kendall  Adams. 
LL.  D.,  President  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin. In  the  evening,  in  the  First  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  a  public  address  on 
"The  Development  of  the  Library"  was  de- 
livered by  the  late  Justin  Winsor,  LL.  D.. 
Librarian  of  Harvard  University. 

Various  gifts  of  books  and  money  have 
already  been  noted.  It  remains  to  mention 
the  Orrington  Lunt  endowment  property. 


236 


UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 


In  1865  Mr.  Lunt  conveyed  to  the  Univer- 
sity 157  acres  of  land  in  North  Evanston, 
thereby  cancelling  certain  subscriptions 
previously  made,  and  designating  the  gen- 
erous remainder  as  a  permanent  endow- 
ment. Three  years  later  this  was  set  apart 
by  the  Board  of  Trustees  as  the  foundation 
for  a  library,  and  named  the  Orrington 
Lunt  Library  fund.  At  an  early  date,  a 
portion  of  the  land  was  sold,  expensive  im- 
provements have  since  been  made  on  the 
property ;  its  present  valuation  is  $90,000. 
When  the  property  becomes  productive,  it 
is  expected  to  yield  an  increasing  income 
for  the  purchase  of  books. 

The  details  of  the  administration  of  the 
library  are  too  technical  for  presentation 
here.  The  present  system  is  the  result  of 
gradual  growth  and  development  along  the 
lines  shown  to  be  important  by  the  great 
library  movement  of  the  last  twenty-five 
years.  During  the  earlier  years,  some  one 
of  the  professors  was  appointed  librarian ; 
among  those  who  acted  in  this  capacity 
were  W.  D.  Godman,  David  H.  Wheeler, 
Louis  Kistler  and  Charles  W.  Pearson.  In 
1875-76  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Daniels  served  as 
librarian.  For  the  following  ten  years  the 
name  of  Horace  G.  Lunt  appeared  in  the 
catalogue  as  Librarian.  During  the  last 
two  of  these  years,  George  E.  V-'ire  was 
Assistant  Librarian.  No  one  now  bears 
the  title  of  Librarian,  but  Miss  Lodilla 
Ambrose,  Ph.  M.,  has  been  Assistant  Li- 
brarian since  January  i,  1888.  Aside  from 
student  assistants,  the  present  staff  are: 
Miss  Olinia  M.  Mattison,  Ph.  B.,  First  As- 
sistant since  September,  1898;  Miss  Fran- 
ces C.  Pierce,  Ph.  B.,  Assistant  in  the  read- 
ing room  since  September,  1901,  and  Miss 
Adaline  M.  Baker,  B.  L.  S.,  cataloguer 
since  September,  1902.  A  committee  on 
the  library,  from  their  own  number,  reports 
annually  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  on  the 
state  of  the  library.  The  Library  Commit- 
tee of  the  faculty  co-operates  with  the  As- 


sistant Librarian  in  the  administration  of 
the  library.  Of  this  important  committee, 
the  late  Dr.  Daniel  Bonbright  was,  for  many 
years,  the  Chairman,  and  the  library  owes 
much  to  his  careful  oversight. 

The  library  of  the  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, numbering  16,260  volumes  and  2,200 
pamphlets,  is  also  on  the  campus,  and  is 
open  to  all  students. 

The  Dearborn  Observatory  has  an  as- 
tronomical library  of  about  1,000  volumes 
and  1,000  pamphlets. 

The  professional  schools,  located  in  Chi- 
cago, have  special  libraries  as  follows: 

Volumes  Pamphlets 

Medical   School    3,252  5,200* 

Law   School   6,789  No  report 

School  of  Pharmacy 810  No  report 

Dental   School   2,452  2,000* 

•Estimated. 

The  several  collections  of  books  belong- 
ing to  the  University  make  a  total  of  65,- 
961  volumes  and  43,200  pamphlets. 

The  Library  of  the  Law  School  has  made 
large  gains  in  the  current  year,  1903.  It 
has  completed  its  sets  of  the  Reports  and 
compiled  statutes  of  all  of  the  States,  and 
has  added  about  500  volumes  of  text-books 
and  treatises.  Two  large  gifts  have  been 
received  but  are  not  yet  enumerated.  The 
Hon.  Elbert  H.  Gary,  class  of  1867  in  the 
Law  School,  has  presented  a  collection  of 
the  judicial  decisions  and  leading  law  jour- 
nals of  eight  European  countries,  namely: 
Germany,  France,  Austria,  Switzerland, 
Holland,  Belgium,  Spain,  Italy.  This  gift 
contains  about  2,500  volumes.  The  late 
Charles  C.  Bonney  gave  to  the  University 
Library  some  400  volumes  from  his  own 
law  library. 

Thus  has  the  library  progressed  from 
small  beginnings  to  days  of  greater  things. 
With  a  generous  endowment  property  in- 
creasing in  value,  and  with  the  fostering 
management  of  the  great  University,  of 
which  it  is  so  vital  a  part,  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  library  is  a  thing  assured. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 


EVANSTON  NEWSPAPERS 

(By  WILLIAM  C.  LEVERE) 


The  Newspaper  as  a  Necessity — Introduc- 
tion and  Grozt'th  of  Local  Journals — The 
"Suburban  Idea,"  The  "Evanston  Index" 
and  Other  Early  Papers — Story  of  the 
"Evanston  Press" — Advent  of  the  Daily — 
The  Chicago  Printer's  Strike  of  1898 — 
Temperance  Organ — College  Journals — 
A  "Frat."  and  "Barb."  Advertising  Con- 
test— Quarterly  and  Monthly  Publica- 
tions— High  Standard  of  Evanston 
Journalism. 

In  an  intellectual  community  the  news- 
paper is  a  necessity  rather  than  a  luxury. 
It  is  an  index  to  the  character  of  Evanston 
that,  despite  its  proximity  to  a  great  city, 
it  has  been  the  home  of  several  strong  and 
able  periodicals,  the  beginnings  of  one  of 
these  dating  several  decades  back.  In  re- 
cent years,  when  the  competition  with  met- 
ropolitan papers  has  become  keener  than 
ever,  with  a  large  staff  of  local  reporters 
representing  the  great  dailies  of  our  neigh- 
boring city,  the  local  papers  have  not  only 
survived,  but  have  increased  in  usefulness 
and  prospered  in  material  things. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  chapter  to  deal 
especially  with  the  publications  which  have 
made  a  marked  impress  on  the  civic,  social, 
educational  and  business  life  of  Evanston. 
To  give  a  history  of  every  publication 
which  has  appeared  in  the  city  would  re- 
quire a  volume  rather  than  a  chapter,  for 


there  is  scarcely  one  of  the  very  numerous 
literary  organizations,  social  clubs,  and  re- 
ligious societies,  which  has  not.  from  time 
to  time,  fathered  a  small  magazine  or  jour- 
nal, the  existence  of  which  was  ephemeral 
and  yet  which  served  its  purpose  for  the 
brief  period  it  lived.  Due  attention  will  be 
given  to  the  more  important  of  these  in 
this  article.  The  newspaper  which  will  for- 
ever possess  the  honor  of  being  the  pioneer 
of  Evanston  journalistic  enterprise  was 
"The  Suburban  Idea."  It  first  appeared  in 
1864  and  continued  one  year.  Its  editor 
and  publisher  was  Rev.  Nathan  Sheppard. 
who,  after  his  removal  from  Evanston  some 
years  later,  became  famous  as  the  author 
of  a  number  of  well-known  books,  the 
most  widely  circulated  of  which  was,  "How 
To  Speak  in  Public."  Mr.  Sheppard  was  a 
man  of  superior  literary  attainments,  and 
the  tone  of  "The  Suburban  Idea"  was  al- 
ways high.  It  was  published  weekly,  had 
four  pages  and  four  columns.  During  its 
short  life  it  served  a  useful  purpose  to  the 
little  village,  and  cultivated  the  desire  for 
a  local  newspaper  of  high  grade  which  was 
to  be  so  amply  met  by  its  successor. 

In  any  history  of  Evanston.  the  second 
of  June.  1872,  ought  to  figure  as  one  of  the 
most  important  dates,  for  it  was  on  this 
day  the  first  number  of  "The  Evanston  In- 
dex" appeared.  Seldom  has  a  paper  be- 
come part  and  parcel  of  a  community,  of 


237 


238 


EVAXSTON  NEWSPAPERS 


its  homes,  its  official  life,  its  every  activity, 
as  this  paper  has  been  in  the  thirty-two 
years  it  has  been  published.  The  credit  for 
the  founding  of  "The  Index"  belongs  to 
Mr.  Alfred  L.  Sevvell.  Mr.  Sewell,  togeth- 
er with  Mr.  John  E.  Miller,  had  been  pub- 
lishing "The  Little  Corporal."  a  paper  for 
youth,  which  attained  national  circulation. 
Mrs.  Emily  Huntington  Miller  was  the  edi- 
tor of  "The  Little  Corporal."  Mr.  Sewell 
saw  the  possibilities  of  a  village  newspaper 
from  a  business  standpoint,  and  that  the 
commercial  reasons  which  were  his  inspira- 
tion for  the  venture  were  satisfied,  an  in- 
spection of  the  advertising  columns  of  the 
little  sheet  will  show.  That  it  was  a  little 
sheet,  the  interesting  files  on  exhibition  at 
"The  Index"  are  proof,  for  by  actual  meas- 
urement each  of  the  four  pages  was  but 
15  by  20 ]/2  inches.  When  the  first  number 
of  "The  Index"  appeared  the  Village  of 
Evanston  did  not  contain  a  printing  estab- 
lishment large  enough  to  handle  such  a 
publication,  despite  its  tiny  dimensions. 
Each  week  Mr.  Sewell  would  take  the 
"copy"  to  Chicago,  and  there  the  paper  was 
printed  at  first.  Later  in  the  year,  after 
Mr.  Sewell  had  dispose;!  of  his  Chicago  es- 
tablishment, the  paper  was  printed  by  the 
Chicago  Newspaper  L'nion.  When  "The 
Index"  was  a  year  old.  Mr.  Sewell  opened 
a  printing  office  in  Evanston.  and  from  that 
time  "The  Index"  has  known  no  home 
either  for  editorial  room  or  publishing  of- 
fice, save  that  in  the  city  it  has  served.  In 
November,  1875.  Mr.  John  A.  Childs,  who 
had  been  connected  with  the  paper  from  the 
first,  and  Mr.  David  Cavan  bought  all  of 
Mr.  Sewell's  interest  in  the  paper  and  two 
years  and  two  months  later,  in  January, 
Mr.  Childs  became  the  sole  proprietor  by 
purchasing  the  interest  held  by  Mr.  Cavan. 
It  was  just  before  the  sale  of  "The  In- 
dex" to  Cavan  &  Childs  that  "The  Evans- 
ton  Herald"  appeared :  but  in  the  spring  of 


1876  it  was  amalgamated  with  "The  In- 
dex." For  some  time  the  latter  paper  was 
published  in  a  building  which  stood  on 
Davis  Street,  one  door  west  of  where  the 
present  Century  building  stands.  A  fire 
broke  out  one  night  and  threatened  to  de- 
stroy the  plant.  When  the  good  citizens 
realized  that  danger  threatened  their  family 
paper,  they  rushed  to  the  rescue,  and  dump- 
ing the  type  into  buckets,  they  triumphant- 
ly carried  it  to  safety.  The  humor  of  this 
incident  will  best  be  appreciated  by  those 
who  are  familiar  with  the  printing  business. 
The  entire  building  at  526  Davis  Street  is 
now  given  up  to  the"Index"plant.  The  three 
floors  are  filled  with  the  latest  and  finest 
make  of  presses,  while  several  linotypes  are 
kept  busy  on  twenty-four  hour  runs,  all  the 
year  round.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  of 
"The  Index,"  as  it  now  appears,  that  it  is 
the  handsomest  weekly  newspaper  in  the 
United  States.  Since  1903  Mr.  Albert  H. 
Bowman  has  been  associated  with  Mr. 
Childs  in  its  publication,  and  is  now  Sec- 
retary and  Treasurer  of  the  corporation  of 
which  Mr.  Childs  is  President. 

The  story  of  "The  Evanston  Press."  its 
conception,  evolution  and  present  day  pop- 
ularity, is  of  exceeding  interest.  The  mod- 
ern novelists  who  are  finding  the  back- 
ground for  their  stories  in  business  life, 
could  write  many  interesting  pages  in  re- 
counting the  incidents  which  surround  the 
growth,  struggles,  and  triumphs  of  "The 
Press"  during  its  upward  progress  to  its 
present  career.  The  first  number  of  "The 
Evanston  Press"  appeared  January  5,  1889. 
Enterprising  at  the  start,  it  was  fortunate 
enough  to  secure  the  services  of  Miss 
Frances  E.  Willard.  who  contributed,  week- 
ly for  a  year,  a  chapter  under  the  caption, 
"An  Old  Timer's  Story  of  Evanston."  This 
series  of  reminiscences  attracted  wide  at- 
tention and,  before  the  third  issue  of  the 
paper  appeared,  it  had  over  one  thousand 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

MNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


239 


paid  subscribers.  The  founders  of  "The 
Press"  were  two  young  men,  both  fresh 
from  college,  .Mr.  Robert  O.  Yandercook 
and  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Shuman.  The  latter 
withdrew  after  one  year,  but  Mr.  Yander- 
cook has  continued  to  manage  and  publish 
the  paper,  with  the  exception  of  one  year, 
since  its  first  appearance.  In  telling  of 
the  beginnings  of  "The  Evanston  Press" 
Mr.  Vandercook  goes  back  twenty-five 
years  and  gives  a  glimpse  of  an  Evanston 
boyhood  of  rare  interest,  for  it  brings  a 
picture  to  many  of  experiences  along  the 
same  line.  Mr.  Yandercook.  in  telling  of 
the  little  seed  that  was  planted,  says:  "It 
came  about  like  this.  Big  brother  traded 
a  boyish  knick-knack  for  a  little  toy  print- 
ing press.  The  younger  brother  was  very 
envious  of  the  toy  and  longed  to  possess  it. 
Big  brother  said  he  would  sell  it  for  $1.50. 
The  small  boy  said  he  would  take  it.  but  he 
didn't  have  any  money,  but  would  pay  for 
it  in  a  week.  The  $1.50  was  paid  from  the 
earnings  of  the  printing  press  within  the 
time  named.  As  fast  as  other  money  was 
earned  it  was  added  to  the  outfit.  The  lit- 
tle toy  was  soon  discarded  for  a  more  prac- 
tical machine.  That  in  its  turn  was  dis- 
carded for  others,  until  at  the  time  of  leav- 
ing high  school,  about  $500  had  been  in- 
vested in  a  printing  plant.  All  was  earned 
except  one  item  of  $40,  which  was  a  pres- 
ent toward  a  new  press." 

From  this  first  start,  so  vividly  depicted, 
came  "The  High  School  Budget,"  and 
though  it  lived  but  a  year,  Mr.  Yandercook 
considers  the  experience  gained  but  one 
more  step  toward  the  ultimate  goal,  "The 
Evanston  Press."  The  corporation  which 
first  published  "The  Press"  was  known  as 
The  University.  Press  Company.  Mr.  Yan- 
dercook tells  the  story  of  this  publishing 
company  in  the  following  words,  "It  was 
at  the  end  of  the  sophomore  year  when 
good  old  Dr.  Cummings,  the  President  of 


the  University,  called  one  of  the  founders 
of  what  was  then  known  as  The  University 
Press,  and  gave  him  the  kindliest  words  of 
fatherly  advice.  The  good  old  Doctor  said. 
'I  hear  you  have  just  formed  a  University 
Press  Company  and  have  spent  considera- 
ble money  for  type  and  equipment.  I  want 
to  warn  you  to  go  slow.  You  know  noth- 
ing, or  practically  nothing,  of  the  printing 
trade.  \Yhat  little  experience  you  have  had 
may  have  been  all  right  along  lines  you 
were  pursuing,  but  I  am  fearful  that 
branching  out  will  only  result  in  failure  to 
yourself  anil  disappointment  to  your 
friends !'  Some  people  called  it  obstinacy, 
some  perseverance,  that  caused  disregard  of 
Dr.  Cummings'  advice,  but  in  later  years  it 
seems  to  us  it  was  as  much  obstinacy  as 
perseverance.  Much  additional  equipment 
was  added  to  the  little  printing  plant  and 
the  University  Press  Company,  capital 
stock  $1.000.  was  fully  organized  and  in- 
corporated under  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
Illinois.  H.  H.  C.  Miller,  attorney.  The 
University  Trustees,  in  order  to  assist  the 
new  corporation,  gave  it  office  room,  jani- 
tor's service,  light  and  fuel  free.  The  plant 
was  set  up  in  the  basement  of  the  gymna- 
sium building.  Here  four  or  five  students 
earned  their  way  while  in  college  by  setting 
type  on  "The  Xorthwestern,"  the  college- 
paper  and  the  college  catalogue,  and  a 
number  of  others  also  earned  a  large  share 
of  their  college  expenses.  This  was  the 
'quid  pro  quo'  why  the  university  fur- 
nished what  it  did." 

It  was  not  until  "The  Evanston  Press" 
had  been  published  two  years  that  the  name 
of  the  corporation  was  changed  to  the  Ev- 
anston Press  Company.  For  six  years, 
"The  Press"  was  published  in  the  Simpson 
Market  Building  on  the  south-east  corner 
of  Fountain  Square.  The  next  five  years 
it  was  located  in  the  Park  building,  between 
the  Davis  Street  depots.  Since  1900  "The 


240 


EVAXSTON  NEWSPAPERS 


Press"  has  occupied  the  three  story  brick 
building  at  609  Davis  Street,  and  there  it 
has  had  the  most  successful  period  of  its 
life.  Mr.  Robert  O.  Vandercook  continues 
to  retain  the  financial  and  editorial  control, 
and  the  outlook  is,  that  this  publication  will 
continue  for  years  to  come  to  give  valuable 
service  to  the  cause  of  honorable  journalism 
and  integrity  in  civic  affairs. 

An  interesting  incident  in  the  history  of 
"The  Index"  and  "The  Press"  is  that  at 
one  time  they  became  dailies  and  were  sold 
on  the  streets  of  Chicago  as  such.  It  was 
tluring  the  Spanish-American  War.  There 
was  a  strike  in  the  mechanical  department 
of  the  Chicago  dailies,  and  all  of  them  had 
suspended  publication.  The  great  sea 
fight  at  Santiago  was  fought  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Chicago  were  mad  for  news.  For 
several  days  the  cry  of  "Index!"  "Press!" 
sounded  on  the  city  streets,  instead  of  the 
familiar  names  the  people  were  wont  to 
hear.  "The  Press"  became  so  enterprising 
that  it  published  three  editions  a  day.  It 
secured  a  special  correspondent  at  Wash- 
ington and  still  preserves  in  its  office  the 
telegram  it  received  announcing  the  de- 
struction of  Cervera's  fleet. 

Evanston  for  a  brief  period  had  a  regular 
daily  paj>er.  It  was  called  "The  Evanston 
Daily  News,"  and  was  published  by  Milton 
A.  Smith,  who  came  to  Evanston  from  An- 
niston,  Ala.,  to  establish  the  paper.  At  An- 
niston  Mr.  Smith  had  been  the  successful 
publisher  of  "The  Hot  Blast,"  but  the  peo- 
ple of  Evanston  did  not  regard  his  scheme 
with  favor  and  the  life  of  the  daily  was 
short,  the  first  number  appearing  in  No- 
vember. 1897,  and  the  last  in  February, 
1898.  The  paper  had  eight  pages,  half  of 
which  were  devoted  to  news  from  through- 
out the  country.  As  this  was  plate  matter 
and  was  considerably  later  than  the  date 
when  the  same  matter  appeared  in  the  Chi- 


cago dailies,  it  was  not  an  overwhelmingly 
popular  feature. 

Old-timers  in  Evanston  remember  two 
publications  which  flourished  many  years 
ago.  Just  after  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871, 
Mr.  L.  C.  Pitner  issued  "The  Real  Estate 
News."  It  had  no  regular  time  of  publi- 
cation, but  appeared  at  intervals  for  two 
years.  It  had  four  pages  and  these  were 
filled  with  real  estate  advertisements  and  lo- 
cal news  items.  The  other  of  the  two  was 
"The  Lake  Breeze."  It  was  published 
monthly  during  1875  by  Harry  W.  Taylor. 
Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  wrote  a  serial 
story  entitled  "Miriam,"  which  appeared 
in  "The  Lake  Breeze." 

William  Duffell  was  editor  and  publish- 
er of  "The  Evanston  Citizen,"  a  weekly- 
newspaper,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  November  3,  1882.  It  was  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  prohibition  cause  and  it 
was  a  popular  paper  during  its  life.  The 
last  number  appeared  the  last  week  in  De- 
cember, 1891. 

Since  December,  1903,  Evanston  has 
been  the  publication  headquarters  of  "The 
Union  Signal,"  the  national  organ  of  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union. 
This  weekly  publication  with  its  large  cir- 
culation, has  brought  new  fame  to  Evans- 
ton  as  the  home  of  important  periodicals. 
Together  with  "The  Union  Signal"  is  fos- 
tered "The  Crusader  Monthly,"  a  child's 
paper,  published  by  the  temperance  work- 
ers. 

Northwestern  University  has  been  the 
home  of  many  publications,  the  best  known 
of  which  has  been  and  is  "The  Northwest- 
ern," which  is  now  publishec'  tri-weekly. 
"The  Northwestern"  is  the  successor  of 
two  college  papers,  "The  Tripod"  and  "The 
Vidette,"  which  united  in  January,  1881, 
and  adopted  the  now  familiar  name.  "The 
Tripod'  was  a  monthly  and  first  appeared 
January,  1871.  It  was  published  by  the  lit- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


241 


erary  societies  of  the  university.  It  was 
a  twelve-page,  three-column  magazine. 
"The  Vidette"  was  a  semi-monthly  and  its 
publishers  were  the  entire  student  body. 
When  "The  Northwestern"  first  appeared 
it  was  published  semi-monthly. 

In  1890  a  college  war  broke  out  between 
the  fraternity  and  non-fraternity  students 
of  the  university.  "The  Northwestern" 
was  controlled  by  the  fraternity  students, 
and  their  rivals,  wishing  an  organ  of  their 
own,  established  "The  Northwestern 
World."  The  first  number  appeared  Octo- 
ber 17,  1890,  and  it  was  published  weekly 
during  the  college  year  until  June,  1892. 
Its  demise  was  caused  by  its  last  elected 
editor  becoming  a  fraternity  member.  An 
amusing  phase  of  the  struggle  for  advertis- 
ing patronage  between  the  two  journals  has 
been  told  in  the  college  novel,  "  Twixt 
Greek  and  Barb."  which  is  devoted  to  the 
story  of  college  life  at  Northwestern.  The 
contest  was  such  a  unique  feature  of  jour- 
nalistic adventure  that  we  quote  the  story 
as  it  appears  in  the  book.  The  genesis  of 
the  contest  is  first  told  as  follows : 

"The  big  Sophomore  grinned  blandly  at 
his  friends  as  he  said,  'If  you  howling  man- 
iacs will  be  cool,  calm  and  collected  for  a 
brief  space  of  time,  I'll  tell  you  something 
interesting.  Harburton  has  told  you  that 
I  have  been  getting  'ads'  for  the  new  paper. 
Tedlon,  the  dry-goods  man,  does  as  much 
advertising  as  any  merchant  on  Davis 
Street.  I  called  on  him  today,  and  he  de- 
clared that  he  would  be  able  to  advertise  in 
only  one  of  the  two  papers.  I  made  a  tre- 
mendous stagger  to  get  his  business,  but 
the  old  man  was  foxy,  and  declared  that  he 
wanted  to  find  out  which  paper  would  do 
him  the  most  good.  In  the  next  issue  of 
both  papers,  he  will  advertise  a  special  sale 
for  Saturday.  In  "The  Northwestern"  he 
will  advertise  underwear,  and  in  "The  New 
World."  kid  gloves.  The  advertisement 


bringing  in  the  greatest  returns  will  win 
for  its  paper  his  advertising  for  the  vear. 
The  sale  will  begin  at  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  and  will  close  at  five  in  the  after- 
noon. Now,  fellows,  here  is  a  chano:  to  let 
your  patriotism  wax  warm.  The  fraterni- 
ties know  of  the  offer,  and  they  intend  to 
land  that  advertising  contract  for  their 
sheet.  Every  mother's  son  and  daughter 
of  the  Greeks  will  stock  up  with  enough 
underwear  to  last  them  the  rest  of  their 
lives.  This  will  be  the  first  clash,  and  we 
must  draw  first  blood.  Everyone  of  us 
ought  to  buy  enough  gloves  to  cover  the 
fingers  of  an  octopus.  Each  fellow  must 
make  himself  a  committee  of  one.  and  gel 
all  his  friends  to  buy  their  season's  supply 
of  gloves  next  Saturday,  and  above  all  buy 
them  at  Tedlon's.  These  fraternity  people 
must  learn  that  we  mean  business.  'It's 
war  to  the  knife,  the  knife  to  the  hilt  and 
the  hilt  to  the  heart.' 

"Keg's  speech  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  crowd.  The  contest  arranged  by  the 
shrewd  merchant  furnished  the  rival  fac- 
tions a  tangible  basis  upon  which  to  begin 
the  struggle  for  supremacy.  When  the 
meeting  adjourned,  the  crowd  poured  down 
the  stairway  with  many  suggestions  of 
method  and  prophecies  of  victory." 

The  result  of  the  fight  between  the  fac- 
tions in  this  queer  journalistic  war  is  told 
in  another  chapter  as  follows: 

"The  sole  topic  at  the  breakfast  table  was 
the  contest  to  take  place  that  day  between 
the  frats  and  the  barbs  for  Tedlon's  ad- 
vertising. Excitement  ran  high  in  univer- 
sity circles,  and  both  sides  were  as  full  of 
prophecies  as  politicians  at  election  time. 
After  finishing  breakfast.  Steve  and  Leslie 
started  for  Tedlon's.  where  the  sale  was  to 
commence  at  eight  o'clock.  It  was  a  few 
minutes  before  the  hour  when  they  arrived 
there,  and  they  found  a  long  line  of  stu- 
.lents  waiting  for  the  dtx»rs  to  open.  At 


240 


EVAXSTON  NEWSPAPERS 


Press"  has  occupied  the  three  story  brick 
building  at  609  Davis  Street,  and  there  it 
has  had  the  most  successful  period  of  its 
life.  Mr.  Robert  O.  Vandercook  continues 
to  retain  the  financial  and  editorial  control, 
and  the  outlook  is,  that  this  publication  will 
continue  for  years  to  come  to  give  valuable 
service  to  the  cause  of  honorable  journalism 
and  integrity  in  civic  affairs. 

An  interesting  incident  in  the  history  of 
"The  Index"  and  "The  Press"  is  that  at 
one  time  they  became  dailies  and  were  sold 
on  the  streets  of  Chicago  as  such.  It  was 
during  the  Spanish-American  War.  There 
was  a  strike  in  the  mechanical  department 
of  the  Chicago  dailies,  and  all  of  them  had 
suspended  publication.  The  great  sea 
fight  at  Santiago  was  fought  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Chicago  were  mad  for  news.  For 
several  days  the  cry  of  "Index!"  "Press!" 
sounded  on  the  city  streets,  instead  of  the 
familiar  names  the  people  were  wont  to 
hear.  "The  Press"  became  so  enterprising 
that  it  published  three  editions  a  day.  It 
secured  a  special  correspondent  at  Wash- 
ington and  still  preserves  in  its  office  the 
telegram  it  received  announcing  the  de- 
struction of  Cervera's  fleet. 

Evanston  for  a  brief  period  had  a  regular 
daily  paper.  It  was  called  "The  Evanston 
Daily  X'ews,"  and  was  published  by  Milton 
A.  Smith,  who  came  to  Evanston  from  An- 
niston,  Ala.,  to  establish  the  paper.  At  An- 
niston  Mr.  Smith  had  been  the  successful 
publisher  of  "The  Hot  Blast,"  but  the  peo- 
ple of  Evanston  did  not  regard  his  scheme 
with  favor  and  the  life  of  the  daily  was 
short,  the  first  number  appearing  in  Xo- 
vember,  1897,  and  the  last  in  February. 
1898.  The  paper  had  eight  pages,  half  of 
which  were  devoted  to  news  from  through- 
out the  country.  As  this  was  plate  matter 
and  was  considerably  later  than  the  date 
when  the  same  matter  appeared  in  the  Chi- 


cago dailies,  it  was  not  an  overwhelmingly 
popular  feature. 

Old-timers  in  Evanston  remember  two 
publications  which  flourished  many  years 
ago.  Just  after  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871, 
Mr.  L.  C.  Pitner  issued  "The  Real  Estate 
Xews."  It  had  no  regular  time  of  publi- 
cation, but  appeared  at  intervals  for  two 
years.  It  had  four  pages  and  these  were 
filled  with  real  estate  advertisements  and  lo- 
cal news  items.  The  other  of  the  two  was 
"The  Lake  Breeze."  It  was  published 
monthly  during  1875  by  Harry  W.  Taylor. 
Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  wrote  a  serial 
story  entitled  "Miriam,"  which  appeared 
in  "The  Lake  Breeze." 

William  Duffell  was  editor  and  publish- 
er of  "The  Evanston  Citizen,"  a  weekly 
newspaper,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  Xovember  3,  1882.  It  was  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  prohibition  cause  and  it 
was  a  popular  paper  during  its  life.  The 
last  number  appeared  the  last  week  in  De- 
cember, 1891. 

Since  December,  1903,  Evanston  has 
been  the  publication  headquarters  of  "The 
Union  Signal,"  the  national  organ  of  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union. 
This  weekly  publication  with  its  large  cir- 
culation, has  brought  new  fame  to  Evans- 
ton  as  the  home  of  important  periodicals. 
Together  with  "The  Union  Signal"  is  fos- 
tered "The  Crusader  Monthly,"  a  child's 
paper,  published  by  the  temperance  work- 
ers. 

Xorthwestern  University  has  been  the 
home  of  many  publications,  the  best  known 
of  which  has  been  and  is  "The  X'orthwest- 
ern,"  which  is  now  published  tri-weekly. 
"The  Xorthwestern"  is  the  successor  of 
two  college  papers,  "The  Tripod"  and  "The 
Vidette,"  which  united  in  January,  1881, 
and  adopted  the  now  familiar  name.  "The 
Tripod'  was  a  monthly  and  first  appeared 
January,  1871.  It  was  published  by  the  lit- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


241 


erary  societies  of  the  university.  It  was 
a  twelve-page,  three-column  magazine. 
"The  Vidette"  was  a  semi-monthly  and  its 
publishers  were  the  entire  student  body. 
When  "The  Northwestern"  first  appeared 
it  was  published  semi-monthly. 

In  1890  a  college  war  broke  out  between 
the  fraternity  and  non-fraternity  students 
of  the  university.  "The  Northwestern" 
was  controlled  by  the  fraternity  students, 
and  their  rivals,  wishing  an  organ  of  their 
own,  established  "The  Northwestern 
World."  The  first  number  appeared  Octo- 
ber 17,  1890,  and  it  was  published  weekly 
during  the  college  year  until  June.  1892. 
Its  demise  was  caused  by  its  last  elected 
editor  becoming  a  fraternity  member.  An 
amusing  phase  of  the  struggle  for  advertis- 
ing patronage  between  the  two  journals  has 
been  told  in  the  college  novel,  "  'Twixt 
Greek  and  Barb,"  which  is  devoted  to  the 
story  of  college  life  at  Northwestern.  The 
contest  was  such  a  unique  feature  of  jour- 
nalistic adventure  that  we  quote  the  story 
as  it  appears  in  the  book.  The  genesis  of 
the  contest  is  first  told  as  follows: 

"The  big  Sophomore  grinned  blandly  at 
his  friends  as  he  said,  'If  you  howling  man- 
iacs will  be  cool,  calm  and  collected  for  a 
brief  space  of  time.  I'll  tell  you  something 
interesting.  Harburton  has  told  you  that 
I  have  been  getting  'ads'  for  the  new  paper. 
Tedlon,  the  dry-goods  man,  does  as  much 
advertising  as  any  merchant  on  Davis 
Street.  I  called  on  him  today,  and  he  de- 
clared that  he  would  be  able  to  advertise  in 
only  one  of  the  two  papers.  I  made  a  tre- 
mendous stagger  to  get  his  business,  but 
the  old  man  was  foxy,  and  declared  that  he 
wanted  to  find  out  which  paper  would  do 
him  the  most  good.  In  the  next  issue  of 
both  papers,  he  will  advertise  a  special  sale 
for  Saturday.  In  "The  Northwestern"  he 
will  advertise  underwear,  and  in  "The  New- 
World."  kid  gloves.  The  advertisement 


bringing  in  the  greatest  returns  will  win 
for  its  paper  his  advertising  for  the  vear. 
The  sale  will  begin  at  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  and  will  close  at  five  in  the  after- 
noon. Now.  fellows,  here  is  a  chano:  to  let 
your  patriotism  wax  warm.  The  fraterni- 
ties know  of  the  offer,  and  they  intend  to 
land  that  advertising  contract  for  their 
sheet.  Every  mother's  son  and  daughter 
of  the  Greeks  will  stock  up  with  enough 
underwear  to  last  them  the  rest  of  their 
lives.  This  will  be  the  first  clash,  and  we 
must  draw  first  blood.  Everyone  of  us 
ought  to  buy  enough  gloves  to  cover  the 
fingers  of  an  octopus.  Each  fellow  must 
make  himself  a  committee  of  one.  and  gel 
all  his  friends  to  buy  their  season's  supply 
of  gloves  next  Saturday,  and  above  all  buy 
them  at  Tedlon 's.  These  fraternity  people 
must  learn  that  we  mean  business.  'It's 
war  to  the  knife,  the  knife  to  the  hilt  and 
the  hilt  to  the  heart.' 

"Keg's  speech  aroused  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  crowd.  The  contest  arranged  by  the 
shrewd  merchant  furnished  the  rival  fac- 
tions a  tangible  basis  upon  which  to  begin 
the  struggle  for  supremacy.  When  the 
meeting  adjourned,  the  crowd  poured  down 
the  stairway  with  many  suggestions  of 
method  and  prophecies  of  victory." 

The  result  of  the  fight  between  the  fac- 
tions in  this  queer  journalistic  war  is  told 
in  another  chapter  as  follows: 

"The  sole  topic  at  the  breakfast  table  was 
the  contest  to  take  place  that  day  between 
the  frats  and  the  barbs  for  Tedlon's  ad- 
vertising. Excitement  ran  high  in  univer- 
sity circles,  and  both  sides  were  as  full  of 
prophecies  as  politicians  at  election  time. 
After  finishing  breakfast.  Steve  and  Leslie 
started  for  Tedlon's,  where  the  sale  was  to 
commence  at  eight  o'clock.  It  was  a  few 
minutes  before  the  hour  when  they  arrived 
there,  and  they  found  a  long  line  of  stu- 
dents waiting  for  the  doors  to  open.  At 


242 


EVANSTON  NEWSPAPERS 


eight  o'clock,  Mr.  Tecllon  appeared  and 
throwing  back  the  doors,  welcomed  them 
in  with  a  gesture.  The  struggle  had  be- 
gun. The  first  man  to  buy  a  pair  of  gloves 
was  the  veteran  captain  of  the  Life  Saving 
Crew,  who  said  that,  being  a  barb  himself, 
he  would  have  to  stand  by  the  cause.  The 
fraternity  men  and  women  came  in  force, 
and,  as  each  left  with  great  packages  of 
goods,  the  eyes  of  the  proprietor  glistened. 
At  noon  the  contest  seemed  about  even. 
There  had  been  more  barbs  who  had  made 
purchases  than  Greeks,  but  the  latter  had 
purchased  greater  amounts,  and  Harney 
Dale,  who  was  acting  as  one  of  the  manag- 
ers for  the  frats,  declared  that  they  were 
sure  to  win.  Later  in  the  afternoon  as  he- 
stood  on  the  edge  of  the  walk  before  the 
store,  he  cried, .'Great  Scotland,  we  are  un- 
done.' The  sight  that  brought  forth  ihis 
exclamation  was  a  long  line  of  'bibs,'  who 
were  approaching.  It  was  known  that  the 
sympathies  of  the  Heck  Hallites  had  bem 
enlisted  by  the  Barbarians,  but  the  fraterni- 
ty men  had  hoped  that  the  'theologs'  would 
simply  lend  their  moral  influence  to  the 
foe.  Now  that  they  saw  them  approaching, 
led  by  Jack  Williams,  who  had  rounded 
them  up  with  the  skill  of  a  veteran  politi- 
cian, they  were  seized  for  the  first  time 
with  the  fear  of  defeat.  There  were  more 
than  a  hundred  'bibs'  in  line,  and,  from  the 
looks  on  their  faces,  it  was  evident  they 
meant  business. 

"Harney  stepped  in  front  of  Jack  and  de- 
manded, 'Say,  old  man,  are  you  going  to 
ring  in  the  whole  Methodist  conference  on 
us?' 

"  'Just  watch  my  smoke,'  said  Jack, 
winking,  as  he  steered  the  first  of  the  crowd 
into  the  store. 

"  'Oh,  Lord !  Rennick,'  whispered  Har- 
ney to  his  friend,  'what  shall  we  do?' 

"  'Bless  me,  if  I  know,'  was  Tom's  reply, 
'I'm  afraid  they've  got  us  on  the  hip.' 


"  'Can't  we  turn  in  a  fire  alarm,'  asked 
Harney,  'and  tell  them  that  Heck  Ha'.l  is 
burning  to  the  ground  ?' 

"'Why  not  set  it  afire?'  suggested  Tom, 
'What  a  sweet  revenge  that  would  be.' 

"  'Stop  fooling,  and  let's  get  our  think- 
ing caps  on,  or  we  are  done  for.' 

"  'Well,  then,'  said  Rennick,  'they've 
brought  down  Heck  Hall ;  we  might  go 
up  and  bring  down  the  fair  flowers  cf  Wil- 
lard  Hall.' 

"  'Why,  half  of  them  have  been  here  al- 
ready,' said  Harney,  'but  I'll  go  up  and  see 
Laura  Merrill,  and  have  her  try  to  persuade 
the  rest  of  the  girls  to  come  to  our  rescue, 
while  you  go  and  hunt  the  fellows  and  tell 
them  that  they  must  come  and  buy  again.' 

"  'Buy  again !  Why  half  the  fellows  who 
have  been  playing  this  game,  have  gone 
broke  now,  but  it's  all  for  the  cause,  and 
I'll  see  what  I  can  get  them  to  do.' 

"Harney  and  Tom  gathered  all  the  fra- 
ternity folk  that  they  could  find,  and  sent 
them  to  bring  the  needed  aid.  A  strong 
rally  was  made,  and  the  hopes  of  the 
Greeks  began  to  rise  once  more.  Five 
o'clock  came  at  last. 

"  'We've  won,'  cried  Jack  Williams. 

"  'We've  won,'  cried  Harney  Hale. 
'  'You  both  deserve  to  win,'  cried  Mr. 
Tedlon.  rubbing  his  hands  together  with 
joy.  It  had  been  the  greatest  day  for  sales 
in  the  history  of  the  store.  No  matter  who 
else  had  won.  Mr.  Tedlon,  was  certainly  a 
winner  by  a  large  majority. 

"It  was  a  brief  matter  for  the  sales  of  the 
day  to  be  counted  up,  and  the  beaming 
face  of  Mr.  Tedlon  again  appeared  at  the 
door.  The  street  was  blocked  with  stu- 
dents— Greeks,  barbs,  'bibs.'  'preps'  and 
'co-eds,'  all  anxious  to  hear  the  announce- 
ment. 

"Mr.  Tedlon  waved  his  hand  to  silence 
the  cheers.  'Dear  friends.'  he  said.  'I  will 
not  keep  you  in  suspense.  The  contest  has 


F.YAXSTI  )\    XFWSI'Al'FRS 


eight  o'clock.  Mr.  Tedlon  appeared  ami 
throwing  hack  the  doors,  welcomed  them 
in  with  a  gesture.  Tile  struggle  had  be- 
gun. The  rirst  man  to  buy  a  pair  of  gloves 
was  the  veteran  captain  of  the  Life  Saving 
I  rcw.  who  said  that.  being  a  harh  himself, 
he  would  have  to  stand  liy  the  can-e.  Tlu 
fraternity  men  and  women  came  in  force. 
and.  as  each  left  with  great  packagis  of 
goods,  the  eyes  of  the  proprietor  glistened. 
At  noon  the  contest  seemed  ahoiu  even. 
There  had  been  more  barbs  who  had  mad*1 
purchases  than  <  irccks.  lint  the  latter  had 
purchased  greater  amounts,  and  Hartley 
Dale,  who  was  acting  as  one  of  the  manag- 
ers for  the  t'rats.  declared  that  they  were 
sure  to  win.  Later  in  the  afternoon  as  IK- 
stood  on  the  edge  of  the  walk  before  the 
store,  he  cried. .'(  ireat  Scotland,  we  are  un- 
done.' The  sight  that  brought  forth  this 
exclamation  was  a  long  line  of  'bibs,'  who 
were  approaching,  ll  was  known  that  the 
sympathies  of  the  Heck  Hallites  had  been 
enlisted  by  the  llarbarians.  but  the  fraterni- 
ty men  had  hoped  that  the  'thcologs'  would 
simply  lend  their  moral  inlluencc  to  the 
foe.  Xow  that  thev  saw  them  approaching. 
led  by  Jack  Williams,  who  had  rounded 
them  tip  with  the  skill  of  a  veteran  politi- 
cian, they  were  sci/ed  for  the  first  time 
with  the  fear  of  defeat.  There  were  more 
than  a  hundred  'hills'  in  line.  and.  from  the 
looks  on  their  laces,  it  was  evident  they 
meant  business. 

"I  larney  stepped  in  front  of  Jack  and  de- 
manded. 'Say.  old  man.  are  you  going  to 
ring  in  the  whole  Methodist  conference  on 
us  ?' 

"  'lust  watch  my  smoke.'  said  Jack, 
winking,  as  he  steered  the  lirst  of  the  crowd 
into  the  store. 

"'<)h.  Lord!  Kciiniek.'  whispered  Ilar- 
nev  to  his  friend,  'what  ^hall  we  do?' 

"'liless  me.  if  I  know.'  was  Tom's  rc<>'\. 
'I'm  afraid  the;,  've  got  tis  ,  ,n  t|K-  hip.' 


"  V:;:i';  we  turn  in  a  tire  alarm.'  asked 
Harncy.  'and  tell  them  that  Heck  Hall  is 
burning  to  the  ground?' 

"'Why  not  set  it  alire?'  suggested  Tom. 
'What  a  sweet  revenge  that  would  be.' 

"'Stop  fooling,  and  let's  get  our  think- 
ing caps  on.  or  we  are  done  for.' 

"  'Well,  then.'  said  kcnnick.  'they've 
brought  down  I  leek  Hall:  we  might  g.i 
up  and  bring  down  the  fair  tlowi  r-.  if  Wil- 
lard  Hall.' 

"  'Why.  half  of  them  have  been  here  al- 
ready,' said  I  larney.  'hut  I'll  go  up  and  see 
Laura  Merrill,  and  have  her  try  to  persuade 
the  rest  of  the  girls  to  come  to  our  rescue, 
while  you  go  and  hunt  the  fellows  and  tell 
them  that  they  must  come  and  buy  again.' 

"'Iliiv  again!  Whv  half  the  fellow*  who 
have  been  plaving  this  game,  have  gone 
broke  now.  but  it's  all  for  the  cause,  and 
I'll  see  what  1  can  get  them  to  do.' 

"I  larney  and  Tom  gathered  all  the  fra- 
ternity folk  that  they  could  find,  and  sent 
them  to  bring  the  needed  aid.  A  strong 
rally  was  made,  ami  the  hopes  of  the 
(  ireeks  began  to  rise  once  more.  Five 
o'clock  came  at  last. 

"  'We've   won.'  cried    lack    Williams. 

''We've  won.'  cried  Hartley  Hale. 
''You  both  deserve  to  win.'  cried  Mr. 
Tcdlon.  rubbing  his  hands  together  with 
joy.  It  had  been  the  greatest  dav  for  sales 
in  the  historv  of  the  store.  Xo  matter  who 
rise  had  won.  Mr.  Tedlon.  was  certainly  a 
winner  bv  a  large  majority. 

"It  was  a  brief  matter  for  the  sales  of  the 
day  to  be  counted  up.  and  the  beaming 
face  of  Mr.  Tedlon  again  appeared  at  the 
duor.  The  street  was  blocked  with  stu- 
dents— (ireeks.  barbs.  'bi!».'  'prep-'  and 
'co-eds.'  all  anxious  to  hear  the  announce- 
ment. 

"Mr.  Tedlon  waved  his  hand  to  silence 
the  cheers.  MU-ar  friends.'  he  said.  'I  will 
not  keep  \  oti  in  suspense.  The  contest  has 


LlbRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


243 


been  won  by  the  friends  of  the  Northwest- 
ern World.'  If  the  Barbarians,  when  they 
sacked  Athens,  had  uttered  such  a  cry  as 
then  went  up  to  the  heavens,  it  is  no  wonder 
the  inhabitants  were  stricken  with  terror. 
The  latter-day  Greeks,  at  least,  fled  as  pre- 
cipitously, and  left  the  field  to  the  victori- 
ous enemy." 

Numbered  with  other  college  publica- 
tions are  "The  Northwestern  University 
Record."  a  quarterly  edited  by  a  joint  com- 
mittee from  the  faculties :  "The  Euphron- 
ian,"  published  by  the  Euphronian  Literary 
Society ;  "The  Academian."  the  organ  of 
the  students  of  Northwestern  Academy, 
and  "The  Northwestern  Magazine."  a  liter- 
ary magazine  which  appeared  for  one  col- 
lege year,  that  of  1903-04. 

Among  the  papers  of  general  circulation 
which  are  now  published  in  Evanston,  are: 
"Correct  English,"  a  magazine  dealing  with 
the  intricacies  of  the  language,  appearing 
monthly  and  published  and  edited  by  Mrs. 
Josephine  Turck  Baker;  "The  National 


Stenographer,"  a  monthly  published  and 
edited  by  C.  H.  Rush.  Our  colored  citi- 
zens are  represented  by  the  "North  Shore 
Colored  American,"  the  editor  of  which  is 
Francis  Stewart  and  the  publisher  \V.  H. 
Twiggs.  This  is  not  the  first  periodical 
which  the  colored  citizens  have  had.  Dur- 
ing the  year  1889,  "The  Afro-American 
Budget. "  a  monthly  magazine,  attracted 
favorable  attention. 

"The  Day."  a  weekly,  appeared  during 
11)04.  It  survived  a  short  time.  Its  editors 
and  publishers  were  Wesley  Stanger  and 
Charles  Van  Patten.  "The  Noon."  a  mag- 
azine of  selected  poetry,  made  its  initial 
appearance  in  October,  1900.  and  continued 
for  two  years.  William  S.  Lord  was  edi- 
tor and  publisher. 

Looking  back  over  this  list  of  publica- 
tions, representing  the  aspirations,  interests 
and  progress  of  the  community,  Evanston 
has  reason  to  take  pride  to  herself.  The 
standard  has  always  been  high ;  the  ideal, 
the  best. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 

(REGULAR) 
(87  HKSRY  BIXBY  HKMENWAVt  U.  D.) 


Primitive  Health  Conditions  —  Freedom 
from  Malarial  Diseases  —  Some  Old- 
Time  Physicians — Sketch  of  Dr.  John 
Erans — Drs.  Lndlam,  U'eller  and  Blaney 
—Dr.  N.  S.  Doris  the  Nestor  of  Medical 
Education  —  An  Early  Drug  Store  — 
Sketches  of  Later  Day  Physicians — Drs. 
Webster.  Bannister.  Bnrchinore.  Bray- 
ton,  Bond,  Phillies,  Hai'cn.  Hemcnii.'ay, 
Kaufman,  and  others  —  Eranston  Phy- 
sicians' Club. 

When  Marc  Anthony  said : 

•'The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  them : 
The  good  is  oft  interred  with  their  hones." 

he  clearly  was  not  speaking  of  physicians. 
If  any  of  them  ever  made  mistakes,  those 
errors  have  been  covered  with  the  daisies 
of  charity  and  hidden  by  the  snow  of  ob- 
livion, while  their  good  deeds  continue  to 
grow  and  multiply  as  the  years  pass  by. 

Evanston  is  itself  a  memorial  to  the  med- 
ical profession.  It  is  called  in  honor  of  a 
distinguished  member  of  a  former  faculty 
of  Rush  Medical  college.  Its  principal 
business  street  was  named  after  the  Xestor 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  The 
old  village  depended  upon  the  Northwest- 
ern University  for  its  existence.  The  first 
subscription  for  starting  the  University 
bore  obligations  to  the  amount  of  $20/100. 
and  of  this  amount  $5. 500  was  subscribed 


by  Drs.  John  Evans,  X.  S.  Davis  and  Wil- 
liam Justice.  Of  the  amount  actually  paid 
in  on  this  subscription  physicians  gave  over 
one-third.  A  regular  practitioner  of  medi- 
cine has  been  the  chief  executive  of  the 
village :  another  was  Postmaster,  and  doc- 
tors have  borne  their  share  of  the  work  of 
education,  and  other  public  service. 

Early  Health  Conditions.— Before  1855 
there  was  no  doctor  residing  in  Ridgeville, 
as  the  place  was  then  called.  Then,  as 
nc.iv.  this  was  a  particularly  healthy  section. 
Whereas,  Chicago,  and  the  ground  south 
of  the  river,  was  only  eight  feet  above  the 
lake,  here  it  was  three  times  as  high,  and 
drainage  was  correspondingly  better.  B. 
F.  Hill  said  to  the  writer  that  he  never 
knew  of  a  case  of  fever  and  ague  occurring 
in  those  early  days,  along  this  north  shore 
and  east  of  the  Xorth  Branch.  The  early 
settlers  were  familiar  with  the  use  of  bone- 
set  for  malarial  fevers,  rue  for  worms,  lo- 
belia for  fevers,  butterfly  weed  for  pleurisy, 
tansy,  camomile,  saffron  and  other  herbs. 
They  knew  how  to  use  poultices  and  the 
wet  pack,  as  well  as  other  home  remedies. 
Many  of  the  better  educated  had  such 
books  as  "Beach's  American  Practice." 
Seldom  was  a  physician  sent  for  to  attend 
any  one  here.  Alonzo  Burroughs,  who 
lived  then  in  the  campus  at  what  is  now  the 
edge  of  the  lake  opposite  Memorial  hall, 


245 


246 


MEDICAL   HISTORY 


never  had  the  assistance  of  a  physician 
in  his  house  until  after  the  birth  of  his  sev- 
enth child.  I  find  that,  for  a  time,  a  young 
doctor  by  the  name  of  Smith  lived  with 
the  Dennis  family  near  the  present  Gage 
place  on  the  shore  in  Wilmette.  Dr.  John 
Kennicott,  who  lived  at  Xorthfield,  cov- 
ered this  territory  in  his  "drive."  Dr. 
Hoffman  in  Xiles  practiced  aniony  our 
German  citizens. 

Dr.  John  Evans,  from  whom  the  place 
has  its  name,  was  born  at  Waynesville,  O., 
March  9.  1814,  of  Quaker  ancestry.  His 
parents  at  one  time  lived  in  South  Carolina, 
but  they  were  obliged  to  emigrate  on  ac- 
count of  abolition  sentiments.  In  Ohio  his 
father  continued  the  manufacture  of  tools 
for  which  the  family  had  been  somewhat 
noted  for  three  generations.  John  was 
graduated  from  Clermont  Academy  and,  in 
1836,  having  received  his  medical  degree, 
he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  along  the 
Illinois  River.  Later  he  settled  in  Attica, 
Ind.  While  there  he  began  the  agitation 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the 
first  State  Insane  Asylum  at  Indianapolis, 
of  which  he  was  appointed  the  first  Super- 
intendent. In  1845  he  moved  to  Chicago 
and  took  the  chair  of  midwifery  in  Rush 
Medical  College,  which  he  held  for  ten 
years.  He  also  edited  the  "Northwestern 
Medical  Journal"  He  inherited  a  taste 
for  business  and  gradually  devoted  more 
attention  to  secular  affairs.  He  aided 
largely  in  building  the  Chicago  and  Fort 
Wayne  Railroad.  He  secured  for  them 
their  terminal  facilities  in  Chicago.  As 
was  before  stated,  he  took  an  active  part 
in  starting  the  Xorthwestern  L'niversity. 
and  he  was  the  President  of  its  Board  of 
Trustees  for  forty-two  years. 

In  1855  he  built  and  moved  into  his  Ev- 
anston  home.  It  was  a  Gothic  cottage 
which  has  since  been  moved  to  1317  Chi- 
cago Avenue.  It  still  retains  many  of  its 


older  decorations,  but  it  has  lost  some  of 
the  original  Gothic  beauty  by  the  substitu- 
tion of  clapboards  for  battens.  Originally 
it  stood  facing  south  on  Clark  Street  in  the 
middle  of  the  block  from  Hinman  to  Jud- 
son  Avenue.  It  was  surrounded  with  a 
white  picket  fence,  the  east  half  of  the 
block  being  a  rolling  lawn,  while  the  Hin- 
man Avenue  side  was  given  up  to  flowers 
and  shrubs,  among  which  gravel  walks 
wound  in  geometric  designs.  Behind  the 
house  was  the  Gothic  barn  (now  the  resi- 
dence of  Sandy  Trent,  Xo.  1815  Benson 
Avenue),  the  hot-beds  and  vegetable  gar- 
den, and  further  back  the  modest  cot- 
tage of  the  doctor's  man.  Mike  Cavenaugh. 
I  have  described  this,  my  old  playground, 
as  a  type  of  the  better  homes  of  the  village. 

In  1862  Dr.  Evans  became  Governor  of 
Colorado,  and  was  never  here  much  of  the 
time  afterward,  though  the  family  home 
was  nominally  here  until  1867.  From  '63 
to  '65  the  house  was  occupied  by  Luther 
L.  Greenleaf.  While  in  Evanston  the  Doc- 
tor practiced  little,  chiefly  in  consultation. 
Of  his  deeds  in  politics  and  railroad  build- 
ing we  have  nothing  here  to  say  further 
than  that,  to  him  more  than  to  any  other 
one  man,  does  Colorado  owe  her  present 
prosperity.  As  a  student  and  practitioner 
of  medicine  he  was  literally  in  the  front 
rank.  In  opposition  to  the  prevailing  opin- 
ion of  the  profession  of  that  time,  he  af- 
firmed, in  the 'forties,  the  contagiousness  of 
cholera,  and  yet.  as  late  as  1862,  his  wife 
rode  in  a  carriage  with  the  casket  contain- 
ing a  victim  of  scarlet  fever,  and  on  re- 
turning home  took  her  little  Margaret  upon 
her  knee.  The  result  was  another  little 
grave  in  Rose  Hill. 

While  teaching  in  Chicago  he  spent 
much  time  perfecting  an  extractor  which 
he  had  invented.  He  was  quite  proud  of 
his  results  and  showed  the  instrument  to  his 
class.  One  of  the  students  obtained  a 


' 


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*".  *v? 

• 

- 

••• 
.  .     ; 

: 

181 


w 


i 


LIBRARY 

OF   fHE 
UNIVIRSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


247 


patent  on  it.  Dr.  Evans,  instead  of  attempt- 
ing to  have  the  patent  set  aside,  so  thor- 
oughly condemned  the  patenting  of  any 
professional  article,  and  so  perfectly 
showed  forth  every  possible  objection  to 
the  use  of  that  particular  instrument  that, 
today,  there  are  very  few  living  who  ever 
have  heard  of  it.  Dr.  Evans  died  in  Den- 
ver, Colo..  July  3,  1897. 

Dr.  James  W.  Ludlam.— After  Dr. 
Evans.  Orrington  Lunt  and  others  had 
completed  the  purchase  of  the  Evanston 
farm  for  the  University,  they  stopped  to 
water  their  horses  at  the  tavern  kept  by 
Major  Mulford.  This  tavern  was  a  por- 
tion of  the  building  since  known  as  the 
James  S.  Kirk  home,  and  is  now  used  by 
the  Sisters  of  St.  Francis  as  a  hospital.  Vis- 
iting the  Major  at  the  time  were  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Jacob  Watson  Ludlam.  They  had 
come  West  to  see  their  sons  Reuben  and 
James,  who  had  located  in  Chicago.  After 
talking  with  the  university  folks.  Dr.  Lud- 
lam became  impressed  with  the  future  of 
the  town  and  purchased  of  the  Major  ten 
acres  of  land  on  the  west  side  of  Ridge 
Avenue.  He  built  there  his  first  Evanston 
house  just  south  of  Oakton  Avenue.  The 
locust  trees  that  he  planted  show  the  loca- 
tion of  the  house  which  was  burned  some 
twenty  years  ago.  When  Dr.  Ludlam 
found  that  the  new  town  would  not  be  near 
the  old  settlement,  he  first  purchased  the 
southeast  corner  of  Hinman  Avenue  and 
Clark  Street,  opposite  Dr.  Evans,  which  he 
later  exchanged  for  the  present  site  of  the 
Evanston  Club.  Here  he  erected  the  house 
since  moved  to  1206  Hinman  Avenue,  and 
now  occupied  by  his  children.  Jacob  Wat- 
son. Jr..  and  Miss  "Mollie." 

Dr.  Ludlam  was  born  at  Camden.  X.  J.. 
November  28,  1807.  He  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  prac- 
ticed at  Deerfield,  X.  J..  until  he  came  to 
Evanston.  March  31.  1855.  He  died  here 


July  ii,  1859,  and  his  body  was  the  first 
interred  in  Rose  Hill.  With  the  exception 
of  Dr.  Blaney,  Dr.  Ludlam  was  probably 
the  most  thoroughly  educated  man  in  the 
profession  among  the  early  settlers.  In 
those  days  it  was  not  unusual  for  a  man  to 
begin  practicing  after  from  three  to  six 
months'  study,  but  Dr.  Ludlam  took  three 
years,  and  as  long  as  he  lived  in  the  East 
it  was  his  custom  to  frequently  spend  a 
month  at  one  of  the  schools  of  medicine. 
Tall  in  stature  and  polished  in  manner,  he 
was  an  ideal  physician. 

The  Ludlam  family  were  not  an  unim- 
portant part  of  the  social  life  of  the  burgh. 
Of  Reuben,  the  oldest  son.  who  later  be- 
came President  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  the  old  Doctor  said  to  one  of  the 
then  old  settlers:  "I  have  a  boy  practicing 
in  Chicago ;  I  have  this  satisfaction  about 
him,  that  he  will  never  kill  any  one  with 
his  medicines."  Reuben  remained  in  Chi- 
cago, but  James,  or  Major,  as  he  has  since 
been  known,  went  with  the  Evanston  boys 
—General  Beveridge,  Major  Russell,  Lieu- 
tenant Harry  Pearsons  and  others — into  the 
Eighth  Illinois  Cavalry.  And  'Miss  Mol- 
ly!' I  remember  hearing  one  of  the  young 
ladies  remark  one  day  after  a  wedding: 
"Xow,  Molly  Ludham  has  been  a  brides- 
maid seven  times,  and  that  is  a  sign  that 
she  never  will  be  married."  She  never  has. 
For  many  years  she  taught  in  the  old  Ben- 
son Avenue  School,  and  she  did  her  work 
well. 

Evanston's  Second  Physician. — The  sec- 
ond physician  to  locate  here  was  Fayette 
Montrose  Weller,  who  came  in  the  summer 
of  1855,  and  settled  on  Ridge  Avenue  op- 
posite the  present  site  of  the  Academy  of 
the  Visitation.  His  ancestors  were  early 
settlers  of  Xew  England  from  Bavaria, 
Holland.  Scotland  and  England.  He  was 
born  at  Sardinia.  X.  Y..  April  13,  1825.  He 
first  studied  for  the  ministry,  but  changed 


248 


MEDICAL   HISTORY 


his  mind  and  graduated  from  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1854.  His  first  wife.  Marie  Antoinette 
Hypolite.  died  in  Evanston  in  1858.  Three 
years  later  he  married  Philena  M.,  the  eld- 
est daughter  of  George  M.  Huntoon,  one 
of  the  earliest  settlers  of  Ridgeville.  Dr. 
Weller  was  for  three  or  four  years  the 
village  Postmaster,  using  the  Max  Hahn 
building,  which  stood  at  619  Davis  Street. 
Here  he  kept  the  second  drug  store  opened 
in  the  village,  though  it  could  not  have 
been  as  attractive  as  the  colored  lights  and 
soda  fountains  are  at  present,  for  it  did  not 
impress  itself  upon  the  memories  of  the 
girls  of  the  day.  \Yhen  Ed.  Clifford  be- 
came Postmaster,  Dr.  Weller  sold  to  him 
the  drugs  which  he  moved  into  the  little 
store,  Xo.  1610  Chicago  Avenue.  Dr. 
Weller  was  a  thick-set,  dark-complexioned 
man.  of  medium  height  and  a  good  practi- 
tioner. In  1865  Dr.  Weller  sold  his  prac- 
tice to  Dr.  Ira  B.  fieier.  but  he  returned  to 
Evanston  in  the  'seventies  for  a  short  time. 
In  1878  he  moved  to  Chicago,  where  he  died 
at  the  age  of  70. 

Dr.  Blaney. — James  Y.  Z.  Blaney  was 
born  at  Xewcastle.  Delaware,  May  I.  1820, 
into  a  family  known  for  its  refinement  and 
education,  with  ample  means  to  provide  a 
thorough  education.  The  son  was  gradu- 
ated from. Princeton  College  when  eighteen 
and,  as  soon  as  he  reached  his  majority,  he 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
from  Jefferson  Medical  College.  In  1842- 
43  he  was  on  duty  at  Jefferson  Barracks. 
St.  Louis.  A  year  later  he  located  in  Chi- 
cago, and  became  Professor  of  Chemistry 
at  Rush.  lie  also  edited  the  "Xorthwestern 
Medical  Journal."  In  1857  he  added  to  his 
other  work  the  chair  of  Chemistry  in  the 
University  and  moved  to  Evanston.  He 
built  and  occupied  the  house  which  recent- 
ly gave  place  to  Mayor  Patten's  new  one 
on  Ridge  Avenue.  As  with  Dr.  Evans,  Dr. 


Blaney 's  Evanston  practice  was  chiefly 
consulting.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
Dr.  Blaney  was  ordered  East  as  Medical 
Inspector,  and  never  returned  to  Evanston 
to  reside.  Later  he  was  returned  to  Chi- 
cago as  Medical  Purveyor,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  mustered  out  as  a  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel.  He  died  in  Chicago.  De- 
cember ii,  1874. 

After  the  death  of  Dr.  Ludlani,  Dr.  J.  H. 
Hobbs,  a  recent  graduate  from  Rush,  made 
a  short  sojourn  in  our  midst.  About  the 
same  time  a  dapper  little  graduate  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  class  of 
'54,  made  his  appearance.  He  wore  eye- 
glasses— the  only  ones  in  town,  perhaps. 
He  was  a  perfect  gentleman,  and  the  admi- 
ration of  all  the  young  ladies.  He  started 
the  first  baseball  club  in  the  village.  But 
William  Yarian  was  also  a  man  of  skill. 
He  was  the  nephew  of  one  of  America's 
best  surgeons — Washington  Atlee — and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war  he  became  a 
Brigade  Surgeon.  On  one  occasion,  on 
reaching  a  new  post,  he  was  at  once  ar- 
rested as  a  spy,  being  mistaken  for  a  Con- 
federate (ieneral  whom  he  strongly  re- 
sembled. At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled 
in  Titusville.  Pennsylvania,  where  he  is 
now  an  honored  member  of  the  profession. 

I  am  told  that  in  '61  there  was  a  woman 
physician  living  in  the  house  on  the  campus 
formerly  occupied  by  Alonzo  Burroughs, 
but  she  was  probably  not  a  graduate.  At 
the  same  time  there  was  a  Dr..  P.arker  living 
opposite  the  old  Methodist  church,  corner 
of  ( )rrington  and  Church  Streets.  He 
served  in  the  army  and  after  the  war  he 
settled  in  Wisconsin. 

Ira  B.  (icier,  a  brother  of  Mrs.  Mary  F. 
Haskins.  came  in  '65.  He  was  a  bachelor, 
and  at  the  last  lived  in  a  cottage  which  he 
built  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Benson 
Avenue  and  Davis  Street.  He  was  a  native 
of  Central  Xew  York.  He  was  a  very 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


249 


well  informed  physician,  but  he  never  had 
a  large  practice.  He  lacked  the  decision, 
energy  and  backbone  which  are  necessary 
for  the  work.  A  slight  indisposition  always 
caused  him  to  fear  his  coming  dissolution. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  was  an  enthusiastic 
Mason,  and  was  the  real  founder  of  Evans 
Lodge,  for  the  first  two  years  acting,  and 
the  next  real.  Worshipful  Master  of  the 
lodge.  He  moved  to  Florida  in  1872. 

Dr.  Leonidas  P.  Hamline,  son  of  Bishop 
Hamline  of  the  Methodist  Church,  was 
born  at  Zanesville,  O.,  August  13.  1828. 
He  graduated  at  Castleton  Medical  College. 
Yt.  He  moved  to  Evanston  with  his  family 
in  1865.  and  built  the  residence  now  occu- 
pied by  his  daughter.  Mrs.  T.  S.  Creighton. 
at  1722  Judson  Avenue.  There  he  died 
January  22.  1897.  During  his  early  days  in 
Evanston  Dr.  Hamline  did  most  of  the  sur- 
gery performed  here  and  saw  an  occasional 
sick  patient,  but  he  had  practically  retired 
from  practice  when  he  came  here. 

Later  Physicians. — Dr.  Washington  S. 
Scott  came  to  Evanston  March  I,  1865. 
Born  near  \Yellsburg.  Brooke  County.  Yt., 
he  went  to  college  at  Meadville.  I'a.  He  re- 
ceived his  medical  education  in  Philadel- 
phia. Cincinnati  and  Xew  Orleans.  Before 
coming  to  Evanston  lie  practiced  for  some 
time  in  Iowa.  He  was  not  in  active  practice 
long  here,  but  sold  out  to  Dr.  Poole  in 
1867.  He  threw  all  his  energy  into  busi- 
ness. He  started  a  drug  store  at  613  Davis 
street,  almost  on  the  same  spot  on  which  a 
man  by  the  name  of  Donovan  started  the 
first  store  several  years  earlier :  but.  where- 
as Donovan  soon  went  out  of  business.  Dr. 
Scott's  is  still  in  existence,  two  doors  west, 
now  under  the  ownership  of  Hill  &  Leffing- 
well.  Dr.  Scott  was  a  Democrat,  but  not 
offensively  so.  Naturally  a  Southern  sym- 
pathizer, few  ever  heard  him  say  it.  He 
put  forth  his  best  thought  in  the  interest 
of  Evanston.  He  built  the  first  brick  busi- 


ness block  in  town.  611  and  613  Davis 
Street,  and  the  first  public  hall.  He  built 
the  first  building  intended  for  a  postoffice, 
and  the  first  Masonic  temple.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  70.  in  Springfield.  111.,  June  25, 
IQOI. 

Dr.  Isaac  Poole  was  born  in  Halifax, 
Plymouth  County,  Mass.,  July  26.  1837. 
He  was  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  Berkshire  Medical  College,  Pittsfield 
Mass.,  in  November.  1862.  For  two 
years  he  was  interne  at  the  Kings 
County.  X.  Y.,  Hospital.  For  two 
years  he  served  as  a  Surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Xavy.  He  came  to  Evanston  in 
February,  1867.  and  has  practiced  here  ever 
since.  He  is  now  the  oldest  physician  in 
Evanston.  and  the  oldest  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  He  is  of  revolutionary  and  of 
Puritan  descent.  His  grandfather,  John 
Poole.  was  a  minute  man  (luring  the  entire 
War  of  Independence.  1  le  is  also  descended 
from  Dr.  Samuel  Fuller,  the  physician  of 
the  Mayflower. 

James  Stewart  Jewell  was  born  at  Galena. 
III.,  September  8.  1837.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  Chicago  Medical  College  in  1860. 
He  was  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  same 
institution  from  1864  to  1869.  and  of  Xer- 
vous  Diseases  during  the  later  years  of  his 
life.  In  1870  he  received  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  A.  M.  from  Xorthwestem  Univer- 
sity. He  died  in  Chicago.  . \pril  18.  1887. 

Dr.  Jewell  was  naturally  a  brilliant  man. 
He  was  a  most  entertaining  lecturer  and 
conversationalist.  He  was  a  linguist  of 
more  than  ordinary  ability.  Soon  after  he 
came  to  Evanston.  about  1868.  he  started  a 
Bible  class  in  the  Methodist  Sunday-school, 
then  under  the  superintendence  of  Ed- 
ward Eggleston.  The  class  grew  rapidly, 
and  it  was  soon  postponed  until  after  the 
regular  session  of  the  school  for  two  rea- 
sons :  first,  that  they  might  have  more 
room  :  and  second,  that  members  of  other 


250 


MEDICAL   HISTORY 


churches  might  attend.  So  popular  was  he 
that  the  old  Methodist  church,  then  the 
largest  auditorium  in  the  village,  was  filled 
every  week.  He  illustrated  his  lectures 
with  large  charcoal  sketches  and  maps  of 
his  own  drawing.  So  interested  did  he  be- 
come that  he  started  to  write  a  book  on  the 
Life  and  Travels  of  St.  Paul,  and  with  that 
in  view,  he  took  a  party  of  Evanston  young 
men  to  Palestine  in  1870.  In  his  party  was 
Frederick  Huse.  later  a  doctor  of  medicine. 
The  book  was  never  finished.  He  became 
interested  in  psychology,  and  through  that 
he  began  a  closer  study  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem. This  led  to  a  study  of  the  diseases  of 
the  nervous  system,  to  which  he  limited  his 
later  practice.  He  started  a  "Journal  of 
Nervous  Diseases,"  and  left  a  partially 
completed  work  upon  this  subject,  but  death 
overtook  him  in  the  midst  of  his  labor. 
I  have  heard  them  tell  how  he  first  appeared 
in  the  medical  school,  a  tall,  awkward  boy, 
wearing  blue-jeans  trousers.  I  have  heard 
him  narrate  about  his  weary  work  in  coun- 
try practice  before  he  came  to  Evanston, 
often  sleeping  as  he  rode  upon  his  horse's 
back,  awakening  with  a  start  as  he  uncon- 
sciously ducked  his  head  to  avoid  an  over- 
hanging branch.  He  killed  himself  by  over- 
work, and  a  disregard  of  the  very  rules 
which  he  so  well  taught  us. 

James  Henry  Etheridge,  the  son  of  a  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Johnsville,  N.  Y.,  March 
20,  1845.  After  studying  at  Ann  Arbor 
he  graduated  from  Rush  Medical  College  in 
1868,  and  settled  in  Evanston.  His  sister 
was  the  wife  of  Lyrnan  J.  Gage,  who  then 
lived  on  Hinman  Avenue.  After  practicing 
here  for  a  year  and  a  half.  Dr.  Etheridge 
married  Harriet,  the  daughter  of  H.  G. 
Powers,  and,  in  1870,  went  to  Europe  for 
further  study.  When  he  returned  he  settled 
in  Chicago,  where  he  died  in  1891.  having 
been  a  professor  in  his  alma  mater  for  thirty 
vears. 


It  is  not  probable  that  any  man  has  ex- 
erted a  more  powerful  influence  upon  the 
medical  profession  of  the  United  States  than 
my  old  preceptor.  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  Davis. 
The  Davis  family  lived  opposite  the  First 
Methodist  church  from  1871  to  1881,  and 
it  had  been  the  doctor's  expectation  to  spend 
here  the  remainder  of  his  life,  but  the  un- 
timely death  of  his  son  Frank  changed  his 
plans. 

The  Nestor  of  Medical  Education.— N 
S.  Davis,  the  youngest  of  seven  children, 
was  born  on  a  farm  which  his  father  had 
cleared  at  Greene,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1817.  This 
son,  after  attending  Cazenovia  Seminary, 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  1831  with 
Dr.  Daniel  Clark,  at  Smithville  Flats.  Ac- 
cording to  custom  the  boy  lived  with  his 
preceptor,  taking  care  of  his  horses  and 
doing  other  work.  In  1837,  before  he  was 
of  age,  he  graduated  with  honor  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  at  Fair- 
field,  N.  Y.  His  thesis  was  upon  animal 
temperature.  While  in  college  he  boarded 
himself  much  of  the  time.  He  settled  first 
at  Vienna,  X.  Y..  and  then  at  Binghamton. 
where,  for  a  time,  he  had  as  an  associate, 
Dr.  A.  B.  Palmer,  later  the  Dean  of  the 
Medical  Department  at  Ann  Arbor.  In 
1847  Dr.  Davis  became  a  professor  in  the 
College  of  Physiciansand  Surgeons  in  New 
York  City.  Two  years  later  he  came  to 
Chicago  as  a  Professor  of  Practice  in  Rush 
Medical  College.  Dr.  Davis  early  began 
to  advocate  a  more  systematic  course  in  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  in  1859,  he  started 
the  Chicago  Medical  College,  now  owned 
by  the  Northwestern  University.  This  was 
the  first  medical  school  in  this  country  to  in- 
sist upon  a  graded  course  of  three  years' 
study.  Harvard  being  the  second,  more  than 
a  decade  later.  Chiefly  at  his  own  expense 
he  started  a  hospital  in  the  old  Lake  House, 
which  later  became  Mercy  Hospital.  In 
honor  of  Dr.  Davis  the  American  Medical 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


25 i 


Association,  several  years  ago,  had  a  medal 
struck,  thus  recognizing  him  as  its  founder. 
It  was  his  pen  that  drew  up  the  code  of 
ethics  which  still  governs  that  body. 

Dr.  Davis  was  a  clear  thinker  and  forcible 
speaker.  He  was  tireless  in  his  original 
investigations.  He  did  his  share  of  editor- 
ial work,  the  last  being  upon  the  "Journal  of 
the  American  Medical  Association."  Dr. 
Davis  always  took  a  most  active  part  in 
sanitary  matters.  In  Chicago  and  in  Evan- 
ston,  by  popular  lectures  and  constant  agita- 
tion, he  did  much  toward  the  establishment 
of  public  water  supply  and  sewerage  sys- 
tems. There  was  a  time  in  Chicago  when 
he  was  spoken  of  as  "Pope  Davis,"  because 
of  his  influence  over  the  Irish  people.  This 
influence  was  noted  in  the  dark  days  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  recruits  were  badly  wanted 
but  were  slow  to  come.  Then  Dr.  Davis, 
standing  on  the  court  house  steps,  so  elo- 
quently pleaded  with  them  that  large  num- 
bers came  forward  to  enlist. 

Dr.  Davis  was  one  of  the  first  physicians 
to  decry  the  use  of  alcohol  as  medicine,  and 
later,  through  his  efforts,  the  Washington- 
ian  Home  was  started  in  Chicago  for  the 
care  of  inebriates. 

Dr.  Davis  was  always  an  active  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  while  he  lived 
in  Evanston  he  seldom  was  absent  from  the 
morning  or  evening  service,  and  as  regular 
as  the  hour  for  Sunday-school,  you  might 
see  him  walk  down  the  middle  aisle  to  his 
Hible  class.  For  two  or  three  years  he  was 
President  of  the  Board  of  Village  Trustees. 
On  one  occasion  a  Trustee  sent  in  a  bill  for 
hotel  and  livery  entertainment  of  some 
visitors  to  the  village.  Dr.  Davis  cast  it 
aside  with  the  remark  that  such  matters 
were  private  and  should  not  be  paid  from 
village  funds.  "I  think  we  should  pay  the 
bill,"  said  one  of  the  Trustees,  indicating 
thereby  a  dissent  from  the  decision  of  the 
chair.  ''All  right."  said  Dr.  Davis,  putting 


his  hand  into  his  pocket.  "I'll  give  five 
dollars,  what  will  you  give?"  "One."  was 
the  feeble  reply. 

Dr.  Davis  was  always  the  poor  man's 
friend.  On  one  occasion  a  lady  brought  her 
daughter  to  the  doctor,  insisting  that 
she  wanted  him  to  give  her  special  atten- 
tion, and  she  was  willing  to  pay  whatever 
he  asked.  The  Doctor's  head  was  bent  over 
as  he  listened  to  her.  Then  he  replied: 
"My  fee  is  one  dollar.  I  give  my  best  care 
to  every  patient,  the  poor  as  well  as  the 
rich.  I  cannot  do  more  in  your  case." 

The  son  of  Bishop  Whitehouse  once  came 
to  consult  Dr.  Davis.  He  was  dressed  in 
the  height  of  fashion.  The  office  girl  gave 
him  a  number  and  requested  him  to  take 
a  seat :  but,  looking  with  scorn  upon  the 
long  line  of  working  people  ahead  of  him. 
he  rapped  at  the  private  door.  He  explained 
to  the  Doctor  that  he  wished  to  consult  him. 
"Take  a  seat,"  was  the  reply.  "Probably 
you  do  not  know  who  I  am,"  said  the  young 
man.  "I  am  the  son  of  Bishop  White- 
house."  "Take  two  seats,"  responded  Dr. 
Davis,  as  he  turned  to  hear  the  troubles  of 
"next." 

The  Doctor's  advice  to  his  students  as  to 
treatment  was,  "First  determine  what  is 
wrong.  Then  find  the  cause  and  remove 
it.  Lastly  determine  what  in  your  judg- 
ment is  the  best  remedy  to  be  used  in  the 
case  and  use  it."  I  have  often  heard  him 
tell  with  a  twinkle  in  his  eye  how  he  once 
sent  to  an  eclectic  physician  for  some  simple 
remedy  for  one  case  and  of  his  neighbor's 
boastful  pride  over  the  fact.  Dr.  Davis  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degrees  of  A.  M..  and 
LL.  D.  from  Northwestern  University.  He 
died  June  16,  1904. 

An  Early  Drug  Store. — In  the  early 
'seventies  Dr.  T.  S.  Blackburn,  a  native  of 
Canada  and  graduate  from  Ann  Arbor, 
opened  a  drug  store  in  the  brick  building 
east  of  the  Central  Street  station  of  the 


-52 


MEDICAL   HISTORY 


Northwestern  Road.  The  North  Evanston 
practice  was  divided  between  Drs.  Black- 
burn and  Jenks,  both  of  whom  are  now 
dead. 

In  the  late  'seventies  there  appeared  in 
the  village  a  fine  looking  gentleman,  of 
middle  age.  who  promised  to  cut  a  wide 
swath  in  the  local  profession.  Whence  he 
came  or  where  he  studied  I  have  not  found. 
His  name  was  Trimble.  In  a  short  time 
he  had  upon  his  list  the  names  of  several 
prominent  families,  but  an  unfortunate 
series  of  fatal  accidents  discouraged  him 
and  he  sought  the  balmy  air  of  Florida, 
followed  by  a  threat  of  shooting  if  ever  he 
were  seen  in  town  again. 

Latter  Day  Physicians. — Dr.  Edward 
H.  Webster  was  born  of  old  Puritan  stock 
at  Wells  River,  Yt.,  in  1851.  He  traces  his 
ancestry  in  this  country  to  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  In  1867  the  family 
moved  to  Evanston,  where  the  father  was 
known  for  his  generosity  to  the  poor.  Ed- 
ward attended  the  university  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Sigma  Chi  fraternity.  He 
graduated  from  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1877.  and  has  been  located  in  Evan- 
ston since  '/<>.  In  his  later  student  days, 
and  for  two  years  following,  he  was  in 
charge  of  the  infirmary  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway  in  Chicago,  and 
ever  since  he  has  been  the  District  Surgeon 
of  that  company. 

Henry  Martyn  Bannister,  son  of  Profes- 
sor Henry  Bannister.  I").  D..  of  the  old  Insti- 
tute faculty,  was  born  at  Cazenovia.  N.  Y., 
July  25.  1844.  The  family  came  to  Evanston 
in  1856.  Here  the  son  received  his  degree  of 
A.  M.  From  1864  to  1873  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  Smithsonion  Institute,  at 
Washington.  He  was  badly  frozen,  separ- 
ated from  his  companions  and  nearly  lost 
his  life,  while  on  the  exploring  expedition 
sent  out  by  the  Government  before  we  pur- 
chased Alaska.  He  was  graduated  from  the 


medical  department  of  Columbia  University 
in  1871.  For  some  years  he  was  a  physician 
at  the  Kankakee  Asylum,  but  during  much 
of  his  professional  career  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  medical  journalism.  He  is  now 
on  the  staff  of  the  "Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association." 

Gustav  A.  Fischer,  born  in  1846.  came 
here  about  1875.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Prague.  Austria,  in  1871.,  He 
now  resides  in  Chicago.  John  J.  Scheuber 
came  here  from  Switzerland  about  the  same 
time.  He  had  quite  a  practice  among  the 
Germans.  He  treated  cancer  with  plasters, 
and  had  a  diphtheria  cure  which  still  has 
some  reputation.  He  married  a  sister  of  J. 
H.  Stephen,  the  genial  manager  of  Muno's 
baker^.  Dr.  Scheuber  died  in  Joliet,  in 
1900,  at  the  age  of  64. 

John  H.  Burchmore  was  born  November 
12,  1849.  in  Salem.  Mass.,  where  his  family 
had  resided  since  before  the  Revolution.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  medical  school  of 
Harvard  University  in  1875.  and,  after  serv- 
ing as  interne  in  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  and  resident  physician  in  the 
Boston  Lying-in  Hospital,  in  1877  ne  '°~ 
cated  in  what  was  then  North  Evanston. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  John  W.  Stewart, 
one  of  the  most  prominent  residents  there. 

Dr.  Sarah  H.  Brayton  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1849.  She  was  graduated  in  medi- 
cine by  the  New  York  Free  Medical  Col- 
lege for  Women,  in  the  spring  of  1875.  In 
1883  she  settled  in  Evanston. 

Thomas  Sheldon  Bond,  the  son  of  a  Con- 
gregational minister,  was  born  at  Lee, 
Mass.,  December  14,  1842.  He  graduated 
from  Amherst  College  with  the  degree  of 
A.  M.,  in  1863.  and  taught  at  Lake  Forest. 
In  l8f>7  he  graduated  from  the  Chicago 
Medical  College  and  the  next  year  received 
a  like  degree  from  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York.  From  1869 
to  1874  he  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


253 


and  from  1874  to  1879,  Professor  of  Anat- 
omy in  Chicago  Medical  College.  He  then 
retired  to  private  life  and,  in  1882  moved 
to  Evanston,  where  he  died  December  4, 
1895.  Dr.  Bond  was  as  fine  an  anatomist 
as  there  was  in  Chicago,  and  a  most  excel- 
lent teacher. 

William  A.  Phillips,  son  of  William  B. 
Phillips,  was  born  in  Chicago,  January  18, 
1861.  His  genealogy  in  this  country 
reaches  back  to  George  Phillips,  who  came 
to  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1632.  In  1870  the  fam- 
ily moved  to  Evanston.  Here  the  son  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  He  studied  in 
the  Northwestern  Medical  School,  and  in 
1887  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
Harvard.  After  spending  a  year  at  Vienna 
he  settled  in  Evanston.  For  a  time  he  was 
lecturer  on  comparative  anatomy  in  the 
University.  He  is  an  enthusiastic  student 
of  anthropology,  and  his  valuable  collec- 
tion is  one  of  the  attractions  of  the  Univer- 
sity Museum. 

Otis  Erastus  Haven,  the  eldest  son  of 
Bishop  E.  O.  Haven,  once  President  of 
the  University,  was  born  in  New  York  City, 
July  2,  1849.  He  was  graduated  as  an 
A.  B.  from  Ann  Arbor,  in  1870,  and  went 
to  Iowa  to  teach.  In  1873  he  received  his 
master's  degree,  and  came  to  Evanston  as 
Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools.  Then 
he  studied  medicine  while  teaching,  and  was 
graduated  from  Rush  in  1882.  He  spent 
some  months  in  Xew  York  Hospital  and 
then  opened  an  office  here.  He  was  at 
once  elected  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation and  served  until  his  death.  February 
3,  1888.  His  professional  career  had  been 
short,  but  he  was  universally  beloved  as  a 
man  and  physician. 

Henry  Bixby  Hemenway  was  born  at 
Montpelier,  Yt.  December  20,  1856.  He 
traces  his  family  in  Salem,  Mass.,  back  as, 
far  as  1636.  He  came  to  Evanston  in 
September.  1857,  where  his  father  became 


professor  in  the  Theological  School.  He 
received  the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M. 
from  the  University,  and  was  licensed  to 
practice  in  1880  by  State  examination.  He 
was  graduated  from  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1 88 1  and  located  at  Kalamazoo. 
Mich.  While  there  he  was  City  Health  Of- 
ficer. Secretary  of  Board  of  United  States 
Examining  Surgeons.  Division  Surgeon  of 
the  Michigan  Central  and  of  the  Grand  Rap- 
ids &  Indiana  Railways,  and  held  offices  in 
the  local  and  State  Medical  Societies.  In  the 
fall  of  1890  he  returned  to  Evanston.  He 
taught  one  year  in  Rush  College  and  gave 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  1900,  during  the 
illness  of  Professor  Carter.  He  is  the 
Surgeon  of  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  and  the  Chicago  &  Milwaukee  electric 
roads. 

Gustav  W.  Kaufman  was  born  in  Han- 
over, Germany,  in  1860.  He  was  educated 
in  the  German  Gymnasium  and  School  of 
Pharmacy.  In  1881  he  came  to  America 
and  engaged  in  the  drug  business  in  St. 
Louis.  He  was  graduated  from  the  St. 
Louis  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1886,  and 
four  years  later  received  the  doctor's  degree 
from  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  settled  in  Evanston  in 
1890. 

Lack  of  space  prevents  more  than  the 
mere  mention  of  Dr.  Gray,  a  copy  of  Jewell, 
who  conducted  a  small  private  asylum  here 
in  the  'eighties :  of  Bentz,  who  at  one  time 
lived  in  Xorth  Evanston  and  moved  to 
Wheeling  :  of  O.  T.  Maxson,  who  graduated 
from  Rush  in  1849.  and  came  to  South 
Evanston  in  '84.  taking  great  interest  in 
that  village;  he  died  in  '95,  as  did  also 
Hawley,  after  a  short  residence  here :  or 
Leonard,  also  of  the  south  wards ;  of  Ly- 
ford,  who  came  in  the  'eighties,  and  re- 
turned to  Port  Byron :  of  Stewart,  who 
was  killed  by  the  cars  in  '93 ;  of  Josiah 


254 


MEDICAL   HISTORY 


Jones,  who  gave  up  the  Health  Commission- 
ership  to  dig  gold  in  the  Klondike ;  of 
Drs.  O.  Mueller,  Bernard  Miller.  Frazier 
and  Kinimet,  returned  to  Chicago  ;  of  W.  A. 
Palmer,  removed  to  Minnesota,  and  Ivaats. 
returned  to  England  ;  of  Harriet  Wolfe,  who 
became  a  Goodrich  and  retired  from  prac- 
tice ;  of  Wilder,  who  married  Marie  Huse, 
and  died  in  Iowa  ;  of  Harding,  who  married 
Mary  Clifford,  an  old  resident,  and  in  '91 
returned  to  Evanston  from  Goshen ;  of  Da- 
kin,  an  Evanston  boy,  who  graduated  from 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  '90, 
and  came  back  two  years  later ;  of  Bjork- 
man,  who  died  in  1903;  of  Harder,  Stock- 
ley,  Baird,  Balderston.  Mars,  East,  the 
McEwens,  Clyde,  who  came  here  since 
1890.  and  the  various  specialists  who  have 
resided  here:  such  as  Ridlon,  the  leading 
orthopedic  surgeon  of  the  West :  Dodd, 
the  eye  surgeon ;  Ballenger  and  Walters, 
the  laryngologists ;  Pusey  and  Andrews, 
all  of  whom  now  reside  in  Evanston. 
William  R.  Parks,  our  present  Commis- 


sioner of  Health,  was  born  in  Milwaukee  in 
1869.  He  received  the  degrees  of  Ph.  B. 
and  Ph.  M.  from  Northwestern  University, 
and  in  1893  graduated  from  Rush  Medical 
College.  After  two  years  in  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  he  returned  to  Evanston  to 
practice. 

In  1883  a  Medical  Society  was  organized 
by  some  of  the  more  recent  settlers  in  the 
profession  in  Evanston.  It  was  known  as 
the  Physicians'  Club.  Its  meetings  were  held 
at  the  Avenue  House.  Its  Officers  were  Dr. 
Hemenway,  President ;  Kaufman,  \  ice- 
President  :  and  Palmer,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  or- 
ganization was  a  thing  of  the  past. 

In  1902  one  of  the  first  branches  organ- 
ized of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society  was 
established  in  Evanston.  Its  membership 
is  not  limited  to  Evanston,  but  it  includes 
resident  physicians  of  the  North  Shore  to 
the  County  line.  In  the  effort  to  unify  the 
profession,  this  society  opens  its  doors  to  all 
reputable  practitioners. 


CHAPTER   XXVIII. 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 

(HOMEOPATHIC.) 
(By  DR.  M.  C.  BRAGDOX) 


First  Case  of  Homoeopathic  Treatment  in 
Eranston  —  Successful  Results  —  Early 
Homoeopathic  Physicians — Dr.  Hau'kcs 
First  Local  Practitioner — He  is  Followed 
by  Dr.  C.  D.  Fairbanks— Sketch  of  Dr. 
Oscar  H.  Mann — His  Prominence  in 
Local  Educational,  Official  and  Social  Re- 
lations— Founding  of  the  Ei'anston  Hos- 
pital— Doctors  Marcy.  Clapp  and  Fuller 
— Roll  of  the  Later  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. 

About  1854  a  child  living  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Mulford  tavern  was  taken  sick 
one  night,  and  the  family  feared  that  she 
could  not  live  till  morning.  There  was  no 
doctor  nearer  than  Chicago,  and  it  was  not 
likely  that  one  could  be  obtained  before 
the  next  day,  too  late  to  save  the  patient. 
It  was  ascertained  that  the  wife  of  one  of 
the  early  settlers  then  stopping  at  the 
tavern  had  a  case  of  homoeopathic  rem- 
edies. The  gentleman  did  not  believe  in 
that  mode  of  treatment,  but  his  wife  did. 
As  she  was  ill,  the  husband  took  the  case 
of  pills  in  one  hand  and  a  manual  of  prac- 
tice in  the  other,  and  went  to  the  patient's 
relief.  He  knew  little,  if  any,  of  the  signs  of 
disease,  but  he  sat  by  the  bed  and  studied  the 
book.  He  said,  in  telling  of  the  incident, 
that  while  he  was  not  very  hopeful  of  do- 
ing good,  he  felt  sure  that  he  would  do  no 


harm.  In  the  morning  the  patient  was  suf- 
ficiently recovered  so  that  it  was  not  con- 
sidered necessary  to  send  for  a  physician. 
So  far  as  known,  this  was  the  first  record  of 
homoeopathic  treatment  in  Evanston. 

Many  of  the  early  residents  were  ac- 
customed to  this  method  before  they  came 
to  Evanston.  It  was  not  uncommon  to  find 
a  copy  of  Small's  "Manual  of  Homoeopathic 
Practice"  on  the  book  shelf,  or  some  other 
book  for  family  use,  and  the  more  common 
remedies  were  kept  on  hand,  even  by  those 
who  were  accustomed  to  employ  the  old 
school  doctors.  The  simplicity  of  the  sys- 
tem, the  ease  with  which  it  could  be  used, 
and  the  freedom  from  harmful  results, 
recommended  it. 

Homoeopathy  in  Evanston  has  always  had 
the  support  of  many  of  the  best  educated 
people  in  the  village,  and  among  the  earlier 
residents  were  many  strong  believers  in  the 
new  school.  Doctors  Adam  Miller,  J. 
Nicholas  Cooke,  Reuben  Ludlani.  and 
other  Chicago  practitioners,  made  frequent 
professional  trips  to  the  village. 

First  Resident  Practitioner. — At  that 
early  time  there  were  few  homoeopathic 
schools.  Most  of  the  practitioners  were 
graduates  of  the  old  school  who  had  be- 
come dissatisfied  with  the  heroic  treatment 
then  in  vogue,  and  so  had  taken  refuge  in 
this  more  simple  system.  Many  of  them 


255 


256 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 


however  did  not  adhere  strictly  to  the  law 
of  similars.  In  1856  one  of  this  style  came 
and  settled  in  the  village.  His  name  was 
Hawkes.  So  far  as  the  writer  has  been 
able  to  find,  he  was  not  related  to  Prof.  \V. 
J.  Hawkes  who  came  later,  though  they 
have  often  been  confounded  with  each 
other.  This  man  was  in  some  way  related 
by  marriage  to  Dr.  Moses  Gunn,  one  of 
the  foremost  surgeons  of  half  a  century 
ago  in  Chicago,  and  to  Mr.  Gould,  who 
long  occupied  the  position  of  clerk  at  Rush 
Medical  College.  He  was  also  a  distant 
connection  of  the  Judson  family,  and  for 
his  use  Rev.  Philo  Judson  had  erected  the 
commodious  house  which  was  removed  to 
give  place  to  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  building  in  1898.  Dr.  Hawkes 
remained  only  a  year. 

From  that  time  until  the  middle  'sixties 
there  was  no  resident  homeopathic  physi- 
cian. Dr.  C.  D.  Fairbanks  lived  in  Evan- 
ston  about  1865.  Little  is  known  of  him. 
All  who  knew  him  spoke  well  of  him,  both 
as  a  man  and  as  a  physician.  It  is  said 
that  he  moved  from  our  midst  to  Englc- 
wood,  but  this  is  uncertain. 

Dr.  Oscar  H.  Mann.— In  1866  Oscar 
H.  Mann  took  the  place  vacated  in  the  com- 
munity by  Dr.  Fairbanks.  Dr.  Mann  was 
born  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Xovember  24, 
1835.  His  great-grandfather  was  an  of- 
ficer in  the  American  Revolution.  The 
doctor  received  his  earlier  medical  educa- 
tion in  New-  York  City,  and  began  prac- 
ticing. He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  from  I  lahnemann  Medical  Col- 
lege. Chicago,  March.  1866.  Afterward  he 
came  to  Evanston  where  he  was  for  many 
years  a  prominent  factor  in  the  life  of  the 
village,  socially  and  politically.  For  about 
three  years  he  lectured  on  Chemistry  and 
Hygiene  at  the  Northwestern  Female  Col- 
lege, which  was  familiarly  called  the  Jones 
College  from  its  founder  and  Principal.  Dr. 


Maun  was  one  of  the  prime  movers,  and  the 
first  President  of  the  Evanston  Social  Club, 
the  first  organization  of  the  kind  in  our 
midst.  L'nder  its  auspices  were  held 
theatricals,  dances,  and  card  parties.  At 
this  time  it  is  hard  to  realize  with  what 
horror  such  an  organization  was  then  gen- 
erally regarded.  It  occupied  the  rooms  now 
devoted  to  the  Odd  Fellows,  604  Davis 
Street.  Dr.  Mann  served  as  Township,  and 
Village  Trustee.  He  was  the  last  Presi- 
dent of  the  village,  and  the  first  Mayor  of 
the  city.  L'nder  his  administration  the  old 
Village  of  South  Evanston,  which  was  or- 
ganized because  its  residents  did  not  wish 
to  be  taxed  for  a  general  water  supply,  was 
merged  with  Evanston,  in  order  to  get  the 
benefit  of  our  superior  water  system.  The 
present  City  Hall  was  erected  with  rooms 
for  the  Police  and  Fire  Departments,  and 
for  the  Public  Library.  His  home,  once 
the  scene  of  frequent  parties,  stood  where 
the  present  Mann  building  now  houses  the 
Postoffice  and  Masonic  Temple.  In  1889 
the  house  was  removed  to  811  University 
Place,  where  it  now  stands.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  officers  of  the  Evanston  Com- 
mandery  Knights  Templar,  and  served  one 
year  as  President  of  the  State  Homoeopathic 
Medical  Society.  He  gradually  retired  from 
practice,  and.  on  the  completion  of  his  ser- 
vice as  Mayor,  spent  some  years  on  his  ranch 
at  Okobojo,  South  Dakota,  though  still  re- 
taining his  legal  residence  and  interest  in 
Evanston. 

Dr.  M.  C.  Bragdon. — In  the  summer  of 
1873  Dr.  Mann  took  into  partnership  a 
young  man  from  Evanston.  then  fresh  from 
his  studies  in  Vienna.  Merritt  Caldwell 
P.ragdon  was  born  at  Auburn,  X.  Y.,  Jan- 
uary Ci.  1850.  His  father.  Rev.  Charles  P. 
I'.ragdon,  was  sent  to  Evanston  in  1858  as 
the  pastor  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  The  family  moved  into  the  house 
which  had  been  built  for  Dr.  Hawkes,  on 


I 


-     r~  v*. 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 


however  iljil  imt  adhere  strictly  to  the  !;i\v 
nf  similars.  In  iSv  one  of  lliis  style  came 
ami  settled  in  the  village.  His  name  was 
Ilawkcs.  Si  i  far  as  the  writer  has  heeii 
ahle  In  timl.  he  was  imt  relateil  to  I 'n't'.  \\  . 
J.  Hawko.  who  eame  later,  though  they 
have  iifteii  lieen  o  ml'mindcd  with  eaeh 
cither.  This  man  was  in  sonic  way  relateil 
by  marriage  l<>  Dr.  Moses  I  iiniii.  one  of 
the  foremost  surgeons  nf  half  a  century 
a^.i  in  l  hicajMi.  ami  In  Mr.  (imild.  \\Iin 
lonj;  oeeniiieil  the  position  of  elerk  at  Rush 
Medical  College,  lie  was  also  a  distant 
connection  of  the  Judson  family,  and  for 
his  tise  l\ev.  I'liiln  Indson  had  erected  the 
eotnmi  "hotis  hoiise  whieh  was  removed  to 
;^ive  place  to  the  Yoiini;  Men's  Christian 
. \ssneiation  building  in  lSi|S.  |  )r.  llawkes 
remained  only  a  \  ear. 

From  that  time  until  the  middle  sixties 
there  was  no  resident  homieopatllio  physi- 
eian.  I  )r.  C.  I),  l-'airlianks  lived  in  Kvan- 
stoii  ahoiu  iSo;.  Little  is  known  of  him. 
All  \\lin  kneu  him  sp,,kc  well  of  him.  both 
as  a  man  and  as  a  plnsician.  It  is  said 
that  lie  moved  from  mtr  midst  to  Knide- 
\\oo.l.  hut  this  is  uncertain. 

Dr.  Oscar  H.  Mann.— In  iXf.n  (  Kear 
II.  Mann  took  the  place  vacated  in  the  com- 
munity bv  Dr.  Fairbanks.  Dr.  Mann  was 
horn  at  Providence.  l\.  I..  November  j^. 
iX.^s.  Ilis  Ljrcat-^randfalher  was  an  of- 
ficer in  the  American  Revolution.  The 
doctor  received  his  earlier  medical  educa- 
tion in  New  York  Ciu.  and  be^an  prac- 
ticing, lie  received  tile  decree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  from  llaliiiemann  Medical  Col- 
lege. Chicago.  March.  iSiiii.  Afteruard  he 
came  to  Kvanston  where  In-  was  for  many 
\ears  a  prominent  factor  in  the  life  of  the 
village,  socjallv  and  |)o1iticall\ .  I'or  about 
three  \cafs  he  lectured  on  ('hemistr\  am! 
I lyffit'ili1  at  the  \orth\\estern  I'emale  ('o|- 
le^e.  which  \\as  familiarK  called  the  Imu's 
College  from  its  founder  and  Principal.  Dr. 


Mann  was  oi:e  of  the  prime  movers,  and  the 
first  I 'resident  of  the  Kvanston  Social  Club, 
the  first  organization  of  the  kind  in  our 
midst.  1'nder  its  auspices  were  held 
theatricals,  dances,  and  card  parties.  At 
this  time  it  is  hard  to  realize  with  what 
horror  sueh  :in  organization  was  then  jjen- 
erally  regarded.  It  occupied  the  rooms  now 
devoted  to  the  <  >dd  fellows,  (104  Davis 
Street.  Dr.  Mann  served  as  Township,  and 
Village  Trustee.  lie  uas  the  last  Presi- 
dent of  the  village,  and  the  first  Mayor  of 
the  city.  I'nder  his  administration  the  old 
Village  of  South  I-'. van-ton,  which  uas  or- 
^ani/ed  because  its  residents  did  not  wish 
to  be  taxed  for  a  general  water  supply,  was 
merged  with  Kvanston.  in  order  to  jjct  the 
beiu-tit  of  our  superior  water  system.  The 
]iresent  Cit\  I  lall  was  erected  with  rooms 
for  the  Police  and  Fire  Departments,  and 
for  the  Public  l.ibrarv.  His  home,  once 
the  scene  of  frei|Uent  parties,  stood  where 
the  present  Mann  building  now  houses  the 
I'ostotficc  anjl  Masonic  I  emple.  In  |SS<) 
the  house  was  removed  to  Sii  I'niversiu 
Place,  where  it  no\\  stands.  He  was  one  of 
tlie  first  officers  of  the  Kvanston  Coin- 
mandery  Knijjhts  lemplar.  and  served  one 
\earas  President  of  the  State  I  lonneopathic 
Medical  Society.  I  le  .uraduall\  retired  from 
practice,  and.  mi  the  completion  of  his  ser- 
vice as  Ma\or.  spent  some  years  mi  his  ranch 
at  I  ikohnjo.  South  Dakota,  though  still  re- 
taining his  le^ral  residence  and  interest  in 
Kvnnstoii. 

Dr.  M.  C.  Bragdon. —  In  the  summer  of 
iSj^  Dr.  Mann  took  into  partnership  a 
youny  man  from  Kvanston.  then  fresh  from 
his  studies  in  Vienna.  Merrill  Caldwell 
llra^doii  was  born  at  Auburn.  X.  Y..  Ian- 
nary  i<.  1X51;.  Ilis  father.  l\e\.  Charles  P. 
llrajjdoll.  \\as  sent  in  l-.vaiiston  in  iX^X  as 
the  pastor  of  the  First  Methodist  Kpiscopal 
Church.  The  famiK  moved  into  the  hmise 
which  had  been  built  for  Dr.  liaukcs.  on 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

MWVtRSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


257 


Orrington  Avenue.  Here  the  father  died, 
leaving  his  widow,  three  boys  and  two  girls. 
Merritt,  the  second  son,  was  graduated  in 
1870  from  the  Northwestern  University, 
served  as  a  clerk  in  the  State  Senate,  studie.l 
in  Chicago  Medical  College,  and  finally,  in 
1873,  was  graduated  from  the  Hahnemann 
Medical  College  and  Hospital  of  Philadel- 
phia. After  some  months  spent  in  foreign 
study,  he  entered  upon  his  duties  in  Dr. 
Mann's  office.  He  is  a  trustee  of  his 
father's  church,  and  a  member  of  the  Uni- 
versity Board  of  Trustees.  He  has  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  is  a  member  of  the  State  and 
National  Homoeopathic  Medical  Societies. 
His  chief  public  service  in  the  community 
was  the  establishment  of  the  Evanston  Hos- 
pital, of  which  he  is  now  one  of  the  staff 
of  physicians.  Seeing  the  need  for  such  an 
institution,  he  urged  it  upon  one  of  his 
patrons,  Mrs.  Rebecca  Butler,  and  his  old 
neighbor,  Mrs.  Marie  Huse  Wilder — now 
Mrs.  Daniel  Kidder — and  those  ladies 
undertook  its  organization.  Beginning  in  a 
small  way,  it  has  steadily  grown  until  now 
it  is  one  of  the  most  modern,  well  equipped 
and  best  managed  hospitals  in  America. 

Dr.  Anson  L.  Marcy. — After  Dr.  Brag- 
don  left  the  office  of  Dr.  Mann,  Anson  L. 
Marcy  took  his  place.  Dr.  Marcy  was  a 
nephew  of  Prof.  Oliver  Marcy,  of  the  Uni- 
versity, and  a  classmate  of  Dr.  Bragdon  in 
the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Phil- 
adelphia, where  he  received  his  Doctor's 
degree  in  1873.  He  came  here  originally 
as  a  student  in  the  Academy  and  University, 
though  he  did  not  graduate.  In  his  student 
days  he  was  an  expert  taxidermist,  and 
there  are  still  many  evidences  of  his  skill  to 
be  found  in  the  University  Museum.  After 
graduating  in  medicine  he  settled  in  Dakota, 
but  having  made  a  matrimonial  alliance  with 
the  daughter  of  'Squire  Curry,  he  was 
drawn  back  to  this  village.  He  is  now  prac- 
ticing in  Richmond,  Ya. 


Dr.  Clapp. — Eben  Pratt  Clapp,  the  son 
of  one  of  the  oldest  homoeopathic  practi- 
tioners in  the  State.  Dr.  Ela  H.  Clapp,  was 
born  at  Rome.  111..  March  10,  1859.  The 
family  came  to  Evanston  to  educate  the 
son,  and  he  was  graduated  from  the  North- 
western University  in  1881.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College 
of  Chicago  in  1882.  and  after  studying  in 
Europe,  settled  in  Evanston.  where  he  has 
since  practiced.  For  six  years  he  served 
as  an  efficient  Commissioner  of  Health  for 
the  City  of  Evanston.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  staff  of  physicians  at  the  Evanston  Hos- 
pital. He  has  now  retired  from  active 
practice  and  spends  his  winters  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Dr.  Ela  H.  Clapp  was  the  second  hom- 
repathic  physician  to  settle  in  Illinois 
He  first  studied  in  Cincinnati  and  began 
practice  in  Ohio,  and  later,  after  practicing 
for  some  years,  he  went  to  Cleveland  for 
special  study.  After  leaving  Ohio  he  set- 
tled in  Central  Illinois.  Having  retired 
from  active  work  he  came  to  Evanston 
in  1874.  His  home  overlooked  the  lake, 
and  stood  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Church 
Street  and  Judson  Avenue.  Though  not 
engaged  in  practice  in  Evanston.  his  posi- 
tion among  the  profession  of  the  State  en- 
titles him  to  recognition  here.  He  died 
April  12.  1888.  of  paralysis. 

Later  Homoeopathic  Physicians. — Har- 
ry Parsons  was  the  son  of  an  Evanston  mer- 
chant. The  family  lived  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  village.  Harry  was  graduated 
from  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago in  1880.  He  practiced  in  Evanston 
after  graduation,  but  later  moved  to  Ravens- 
wood,  where  he  is  now  enjoying  an  active 
practice. 

Prof.  William  f.  Hawkes,  a  native  of 
Pensylvania.  came  here  in  the  'eighties, 
but  returned  to  Chicago,  and  later  removed 
to  Southern  California.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 


Philadelphia,  in  1867.  During  his  residence 
here.  Dr.  Hawkes  continued  to  occupy  the 
chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  Chicago  Hah- 
neniann  College.  He  was  a  man  of  good 
address,  genial,  well  posted  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  successful  in  practice:  yet  for 
some  reason  he  never  took  root  in  our  soil. 

Dr.  Allen  Benjamin  Clayton  came  to 
Evanston  in  1885,  and  was  the  only  one  of 
our  homoeopathic  practitioners  to  die  while 
practicing  here.  1  le  was  born  January  26, 
1849,  at  Aylmer.  ( tntario.  His  preliminary 
education  was  obtained  in  the  schools  of 
Aylmer  and  Saint  Thomas.  Pie  received 
his  medical  training  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  at  Toronto,  and  in 
the  Hahnemann  .Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago, Keing  graduated  from  the  latter 
school  in  1869.  He  settled  first  in  Chatham. 
Ontario,  moving  thence  to  Marinette.  \Vis. 
He  came  to  Evanston  in  1885.  He  was  a 
gentleman  of  fine  literary  tastes,  affable  in 
manner,  and  at  one  time  he  had  a  lucrative 
practice.  His  father  had  wished  him  to 
enter  the  legal  profession,  but  this  was  not 
to  his  liking.  He  died  in  Chicago,  of  rectal 
cancer,  September  15.  KJOO. 

Eugene  E.  Shutterly  was  born  at  Can- 
nonsburg.  Pa..  January  2.  1862.  He  came 
to  Evanston  in  1877.  He  studied  in  the 
Academy,  graduating  in  1886.  He  then 
entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of 
Chicago,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1888.  He  immediately  began  practice  in 
Evanston.  He  has  also  served  the  city  as 
its  Commissioner  of  Health,  conducting  the 
office  with  satisfaction  to  all  concerned. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  staff  of  physicians 
at  the  Evanston  Hospital. 

Mary  F.  McCrillis  was  the  first  woman 
homoeopathic  physician  to  settle  among  us. 
She  was  born  in  Xew  Hampshire  in  1856, 
of  Xew  England  parentage.  She  was  grad- 
uated from  the  Boston  L'niversity  School 
of  Medicine  in  1882.  She  came  to  Evanston 


in  1888,  and  has  since  that  time  been 
engaged  here  in  general  practice.  She  is 
a  member  of  the  staff  of  Physicians  at  the 
Evanston  Hospital.  Quiet  and  unobtrusive 
in  manner,  and  well  versed  in  her  profes- 
sion, she  has  proved  a  worthy  member  of 
the  fraternity. 

Frances  B.  Wilkins,  a  graduate  of  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago 
in  1876.  has  several  times  resided  in  Evan- 
ston. Her  husband.  John  M.  Wilkins,  re- 
ceived his  M.  D.  degree  from  the  Chicago 
National  Medical  College  in  1896. 

Alice  B.  Stockham,  born  in  Ohio  in  1835, 
ayd  graduated  from  the  Chicago  Homoso- 
pathic  Medical  College  in  1882.  came  to 
Evanston  about  1894.  Here  she  did  not 
enter  general  practice,  but  devoted  herself 
to  literary  and  commercial  pursuits.  She 
was  the  author  of  several  books  and  pamph- 
lets, the  best  known  of  which  are  "Tokol- 
ogy" and  "The  Koradine  Letters." 

Charles  Gordon  Fuller,  born  at  James- 
town. X.  V.,  April  o.  1856.  has  resided  in 
Evanston  over  fifteen  years.  Having  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  schools  of 
Jamestown  and  at  Columbia  College,  he 
entered  the  Chicago  Homoeopathic  Medical 
College,  graduating  in  1880.  Later  he  took 
special  studies  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Xew  York,  at  the  Xew  York 
'-  >phthalmic  College  and  Hospital  and  the 
Xew  York  ( Jphthalmic  and  Aural  Institute. 
He  is  ex-Major  and  Surgeon  of  the  First 
Regiment  Infantry  of  the  Illinois  Xational 
Guard.  ( )phthalmic  and  Aural  Surgeon  to 
several  Chicago  Hospitals  and  a  member 
of  the  consulting  staff  of  the  Evanston  Hos- 
pital. He  is  also  a  member  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Homoeopathy,  the  American 
Homoeopathic  Ophthalmological,  Otological 
and  Laryngological  Society,  ex-Assistant 
Surgeon  to  Xew  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital. 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society. 
England,  member  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.  Asso- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


259 


ciation.  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  American  Microscopical  So- 
ciety. Dr.  Fuller's  office  is  in  Chicago, 
where  he  has  confined  his  attention  to  dis- 
eases of  the  eye  and  ear. 

Burton  Haseltine  graduated  from  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago  in 
1896,  and,  after  being  associated  with  Dr. 
Shears  of  Chicago  for  two  years,  came  to 
Evanston,  limiting  his  practice  to  diseases 
of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat.  He  is  the 
author  of  numerous  monographs.  Secretary 
of  the  State  Homoeopathic  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, member  of  the  National  and  Chi- 
cago Homoeopathic  Societies,  Senior  Pro- 
fessor of  Nose  and  Throat  in  his  alma 
mater,  and  attending  Eye  and  Ear  Surgeon 
to  Cook  County  Hospital  and  Home  of  the 
Friendless.  He  has  now  removed  to  Chi- 
cago. 

Samuel  M.  Moore,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
and  a  graduate  from  the  Chicago  Homoeo- 
pathic Medical  College  in  i&)5.  and  also 
serving  as  interne  at  Cook  County  Hospital, 
came  to  Evanston  in  1897.  For  several 
years  he  enjoyed  a  prosperous  hospital  prac- 
tice. He  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
Physicians  at  the  Evanston  Hospital,  but  he 
retired  in  1904  to  engage  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits. He  has  now  resumed  his  practice 
in  Sheridan  Park.  111. 

Guernsey  P.  \Yaring  was  graduated  from 
Dunham  Medical  College  in  1897.  and  is 
a  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  Hah- 
nemann Medical  College  of  Chicago.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  State  and  Xational  Medical 
Societies. 

Dr.  James  T.  Kent,  who  received  his  de- 
grees from  the  Eclectic  School  in  Cincinnati 
in  1871.  and  the  Homoeopathic  College  of 
St.  Louis  in  1884.  is  now  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  at  Hahnemann  Medical 
College  of  Chicago,  a  member  of  the  State 
and  National  Homoeopathic  Medical  Soci- 
eties, and  the  author  of  "Kent's  Repertory," 


"Kent's  Materia  Medica,"  and  "Kent's  Phil- 
osophy." 

Edwin  H.  Pratt  was  graduated  from 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago  in 
1877.  He  is  the  author  of  a  work  on  Ori- 
ficial  Surgery,  is  known  as  a  successful 
operator  and  has  for  many  years  been  one 
of  the  leading  homoeopathic  surgeons.  He 
has  resided  in  Evanston  since  1900. 

Abbie  J.  Hinkle  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
in  1853.  There  she  received  her  preliminary 
education.  After  several  years  spent  in 
teaching  in  the  public  schools,  she  turned 
her  attention  to  medicine,  being  graduated 
from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of 
Chicago  in  1887.  She  first  settled  in  Chica- 
go. In  January,  1895.  she  located  in  Evan- 
ston. During  her  student  days  she  was  an 
officer  in  the  college  clinical  society,  and 
more  recently  she  has  been  a  Vice- Presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  Homoeopathic  Medical 
Association. 

Thomas  H.  \Yinslow,  a  native  of  Xor- 
way,  was  graduated  from  the  Herring  Col- 
lege in  Chicago  in  1896.  Since  graduation 
he  has  practiced  in  Evanston.  Having 
taken  special  work  in  the  branches  per- 
taining to  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat,  ear 
and  eye.  in  February.  1904.  he  moved  to 
( )akland.  Cal.,  to  practice  that  specialty. 

Ransom  M.  P>arrows.  born  in  Michigan 
in  1849.  is  a  brother  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr. 
John  H.  Barrows,  previous  to  his  death 
President  of  Oberlin  College.  Ohio.  Dr. 
Barrows  received  his  education  in  his  na- 
tive State,  being  graduated  from  the  Michi- 
gan University  Medical  School  in  1877.  In 
1884  he  took  a  degree  from  the  Hahne- 
mann Medical  College  of  Chicago.  After 
several  years  spent  in  Chicago  he  located 
in  Evanston  in  1901.  He  moved  to  \Vil- 
mette  two  years  later. 

George  F.  M.  Tyson  was  born  in  Chica- 
go, October  30,  1872.  He  has  practiced  in 


26o 


MEDICAL  HISTORY 


Evanston  since  his  graduation  from  the 
Chicago  National  Medical  College  in  1898. 

Frank  H.  Edwards  grew  up  in  Evanston. 
He  was  born  in  Irving  Park.  Cook  County, 
November  16,  1871.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  Evanston  High  School,  and  be- 
gan his  professional  studies  under  the  di- 
rection of  Dr.  Clayton.  In  1895  he  was 
graduated  from  the  Chicago  Homoeopathic 
Medical  College,  and  began  his  career  at 
Rockford.  111.  After  three  years  he  re- 
turned to  Evanston.  In  1902  he  received  a 
diploma  from  Rush  Medical  College.  He 
then  spent  some  time  studying  in  Vienna, 
and  later  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Ira  Harris,  in 
Tripoli,  Syria.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
monographs.  He  has  joined  the  Christian 
Scientists. 

G.  F.  Harry  was  born  in  Chicago.  Janu- 
ary 12.  1875.  HB  was  graduated  from  the 
Chicago  Manual  Training  School  in  1894, 
and  from  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College 
and  Hospital  of  Philadelphia  in  1902.  He 
immediately  settled  in  Evanston.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Illinois  Homoeopathic  Medi- 
cal Association  and  a  graduate  of  the  Chi- 
cago Lying-in  Hospital.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  staff  of  Evanston  Hospital. 

Dwight  M.  Clark,  who  took  the  practice 
of  Dr.  Moore,  was  born  at  Yellow  Springs, 
Ohio.  March  29,  1878.  He  studied  at  the 


Michigan  University,  was  graduated  from 
Chicago  Homoeopathic  Medical  College,  in 
1901.  served  as  an  interne  at  Cook  County 
Hospital,  received  a  diploma  from  Rush 
Medical  in  1903.  and  came  to  Evanston  in 
January.  1904.  He  is  a  member  of  staff 
of  Evanston  Hospital. 

From  the  foregoing  it  may  be  seen  that 
the  homoeopathic  practitioners  of  the  city 
have  not  been  entirely  occupied  with  pri- 
vate affairs.  To  members  of  this  profes- 
sion is  largely  due  the  praise  for  the  pres- 
ent existence  of  two  of  our  public  build- 
ings,— the  City  Hall,  and  the  Hospital. 
Two  of  these  doctors  have  served  the  city 
well  as  Commissioners  of  Health.  Aside 
from  these,  others  have  done  much  toward 
the  development  of  the  city  in  a  more 
(juiet  way,  by  the  improvement  of  vacant 
property,  erecting  thereon  residences  and 
business  blocks.  Three  for  years  showed 
an  interest  in  the  University  by  maintain- 
ing therein  prizes  for  oratory,  declama- 
tion, and  scholarship.  One  is  a  director  in 
one  of  our  banks,  and  one  is  a  Trustee  in 
the  University.  But  beyond  all  that  has 
been  said,  in  the  quiet  every  day  work  of 
relief  of  distress  and  suffering  the  disci- 
ples of  Hahnemann  have  done  their  full 
share. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


EVANSTON  HOSPITAL 

(By  WILLI\M  HUDSON  HARPKB) 


The  Eranston  Benevolent  Society — First 
Steps  in  Founding  a  Hospital — Organ- 
ization is  Effected  in  1891 — First  Board 
of  officers — Medical  Staff — Fund  and 
Building  Campaign — Enlargement  of  the 
Institution  Projected  —  Munificent  Gift 
of  Mrs.  Cable  —  Other  Donations  — 
The  Eiulo-i'iiient  Reaches  $50.000 — Hos- 
pital of  the  Present  and  the  Future — In- 
ternal Arrangement  and  Official  Admin- 
istration —  List  of  Principal  Donors  — 
Present  Officers. 

When  the  exigencies  of  life  in  the  grow- 
ing Village  of  Evanston  had  made  the  care 
of  its  dependent  and  other  sick  more  and 
more  inadequate ;  when  lives  had  been  lost 
in  the  transportation  of  the  afflicted  to 
Chicago,  and  in  insufficient  ministration  to 
those  sought  to  be  cured  within  the  village. 
a  movement  arose  in  Evanston  to  bring  on 
a  better  day.  This  movement  was  not 
based  upon  an  abstract  philanthropy.  It 
was  the  offspring  of  the  Evanston  Benevo- 
lent Society,  whose  charitable  service  had. 
for  several  years,  met  an  appealing  emer- 
gency. 

The  Beginning.— The  seed  of  the  Ev- 
anston Hospital  was  planted  at  a  meeting 
of  citizens  at  the  Avenue  House.  November 
17.  1891.  Strictly  speaking,  it  was  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Evanston  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion, called  to  consider  the  report,  on  the  es- 


tablishment of  a  hospital  in  Evanston,  of 
a  special  committee  consisting  of  J  .  J. 
Parkhurst.  Dr.  D.  R.  Dyche,  .Mrs.  Maria 
Huse  Wilder  and  Mrs.  Rebecca  X.  But- 
ler. There  were  present  William  Blanch- 
ard.  Dr.  D.  R.  Dyche,  H.  B.  Hurd.  J.  J. 
Parkhurst,  J.  M.  Larimer.  W.  A.  Hamil- 
ton, Erank  M.  Elliot.  W.  E.  Stockton, 
Mrs.  Jane  Bishop.  Henry  A.  Pearsons. 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Larimer.  Mrs.  Davis.  Mrs. 
Frank  M.  Elliott.  Mrs.  1  Hitler.  Mrs.  Wild- 
er. Mrs.  Pearsons  and  Mrs.  Bishop.  It  was 
agreed  that  Evanston  should  have  an  emer- 
gency hospital,  and  there  were  appointed  as 
a  committee  on  incorporation  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton. Mr.  Larimer.  Dr.  D.  R.  Dyche.  Mrs. 
Butler,  and  Mrs.  Wilder.  The  meeting  au- 
thorized overtures  contemplating  assistance 
by  the  Village  Trustees  and  Board  of 
Health :  and  from  Mr.  Parkhurst.  on  behalf 
of  the  executive  committee  of  Northwest- 
ern University,  assurance  was  received  of 
the  possibility  that  the  University  would 
lend  financial  help  to  the  enterprise. 

Organization  —  First  Officers.  —  ( )ne 
week  after,  in  the  same  place,  a  meeting  of 
citizens  affirmed  the  decision  of  the  pre- 
vious meeting  that  "an  emergency  hospital 
is  a  necessity  for  the  village  of  Evanston." 
Incorporation  followed  December  2.  and 
on  December  4.  iftji.  there  was  organized 
the  Evanston  Emergency  Hospital.  The 
first  administration  of  the  institution,  now 


261 


262 


EVANSTON  HOSPITAL 


in  its  successor  almost  unique  in  its  per- 
fections, was  entrusted  to  the  following 
citizens  : 

President — John  R.  Lindgren  ; 

Vice- President — Julia  M.  Watson; 

Secretary — Marie  Huse  Wilder  ; 

Treasurer — Frank  E.  Lord  ; 

Executive  Committee — Win.  Blanchard, 
J.  M.  Larimer,  John  H.  Kedzie,  F.  Stuy- 
vesant  Peabody,  Frank  M.  Elliot,  Maria 
A.  Holabird,  Rebecca  X.  Butler,  Marie 
Huse  Wilder,  and  Catherine  I.  Pearsons. 

The  hospital  organization  began  its  ex- 
istence with  sixty-three  directors — public- 
spirited  and  influential,  and  with  a  truly 
liberal  conception  of  the  mission  of  the  in- 
stitution contemplated.  The  directors, 
soon  afterwards  reduced  to  thirty,  were 
elected  for  service  in  three  classes,  sever- 
ally for  one,  two.  and.  three  years.  The 
site  chosen  for  the  hospital,  after  resources 
and  proposed  service  had  been  considered, 
was  on  Xo.  806  Emerson  Street.  Here 
was  bought  for  $2.800  a  lot,  45  by  170  feet, 
bearing  an  eight-room  cottage  which  was 
duly  made  suitable  for  hospital  purposes 
at  a  cost  of  about  $1,500.  It  was  not  an 
imposing  structure,  but  well  enough  adapt- 
ed to  the  needs  of  the  time,  and  it  was  a 
very  healthy  acorn.  Then  fifty  feet  of  ad- 
joining property,  costing  $1,650,  was 
bought,  and  thus-wise  Evanston  seemed 
safeguarded  for  many  years.  To  make 
this  unpretentious  start  in  the  founding  of 
an  institution  indispensable  to  Evanston, 
many  active  people  had  done  much  efficient 
work  when,  at  the  first  annual  meeting.  Xo- 
vember  I,  1892.  the  hospital  was  reported 
in  possession  of  funds  amounting  to  $7,- 
702 — a  total  composed  of  subscriptions, 
dues  from  annual  and  life  members,  a  dona- 
tion of  more  than  $3.000  from  the  proceeds 
of  a  summer  kirmess  conducted  by  the  Wo- 
man's Club  and  others,  and  by  a  donation  of 
$320  from  the  Apollo  Club  of  Chicago. 


which  had   sung  the  "Messiah"  in  public 
concert  in  Evanston. 

First  Medical  Staff.— The  hospital  was 
opened  for  service,  March  27,  1893,  with 
Miss  Emily  E.  Robinson,  matron,  and  the 
following  physicians  as  a  medical  staff: 
Isaac  Poole,  M.  D. ;  E.  H.  Webster,  M.  D. ; 
W.  A.  Phillips,  M.  D. ;  Sarah  H.  Brayton. 
M.  D.;  H.  B.  Hemenway,  M.  D.;  A.  B. 
Clayton.  M.  D. ;  M.  C.  Bragdon,  M.  D. ;  O. 
H.  Mann,  M.  D. ;  E.  P.  Clapp.  M.  D. ; 
Mary  F.  McCrillis,  M.  D. ;  I.  V.  Stevens. 
M.  D.;  and  S.  F.  Verbeck,  M.  D.  The 
hospital  recognized  all  accepted  schools  of 
medicine  and  opened  its  doors  to  patients 
both  paid  and  free.  Month  by  month  the 
management  perfected  equipment  and  sys- 
tem, the  rate  of  charge  for  service  in  the 
wards  being  from  $5.00  to  $10.00.  and  for 
a  private  room  from  $15.00  to  $25.00  a 
week.  Directing  an  institution  for  public 
service,  the  hospital  management  in  these 
early  years  looked  with  justifiable  hopes 
toward  the  city  authorities  for  assistance. 
By  no  means  was  it  promptly  vouchsafed : 
and  when  the  executive  committee  was  in- 
formed at  its  meeting  in  June,  1893,  tnat 
it  was  impossible  to  get  an  appropriation 
from  the  Evanston  Common  Council,  it  was 
felt  by  more  than  one  public-spirited  mem- 
ber that  the  service  of  the  new  institution 
to  the  common  weal  was  receiving  but  scant 
recognition.  Xone  too  robust  a  child  was 
the  Emergency  Hospital  at  this  period. 
Funds  were  not  too  plenty,  and  citizens  at 
large  were  not  yet  so  trained  in  systematic 
benevolence  as  to  make  excessive  provision 
for  this  municipal  necessity.  So,  along 
with  the  manifold  activities  of  committees 
and  directors  to  keep  and  improve  Evans- 
ton's  first  refuge  for  the  afflicted,  there 
arose  discussion  about  the  inauguration  of 
the  practice  of  Hospital  Sunday.  This  hap- 
py and  profitable  way  of  contributing  to 
hospital  support  in  time  took  hold,  and  is 


0 


2fi2 


LVAXST(  )\  HOSPITAL 


in  it-  -ncccs-of  ;ilnin>t  uni<|iic  in  it-.  per- 
fection-, ua-  entrusted  t"  the  following 
citizens : 

President — luliii  1\.  Lind.tjrcn  : 

Vice- President — Julia    M.   \\at-on; 

Secretary — Marie    llu-c    Wilder: 

Trea-nrcr — Frank    I'..   Lord: 

F..\ccuti\ e  (.'•  nniniuci — Win.  I'danehard. 
I.  M.  Larimer.  John  II.  Ked/ie-  1".  Stuy- 
\e-ant  Pcabod).  Frank  M.  Llliot,  Maria 
\.  llolaliinl.  Ki.-ln.-i.-i-a  X.  P.ntler.  Marie 
lln-e  \\ilili-r.  anil  Catherine  I.  I 'carsons. 

'I'lu-  ho-pital  organization  bct;an  it.-  ex- 
istence with  .-ixty-tliri-i-  directors — pnblie- 
spiritcd  and  inlliu-ntial.  and  with  a  trtih 
liberal  conception  oi  tlu-  mis-ion  of  the  in- 
stitution contemplated,  llu-  directors. 
MM  in  afterward-  reduced  to  thirtv.  were 
elected  for  service  in  three  ela->e-.  -ever- 
all)  lor  one.  two.  and.  three  year-.  The 
-he  elio-eii  for  the  lio-|>jtal.  after  re-onree- 
and  |iro|io-ed  .-erviee  had  heen  eon-idered. 
\\a-  on  .\o.  So' i  l-.inei'-on  Street.  I  lere 
\\a-  liotti^lit  forSj.Soii  a  lot.  45  I iy  170  feet, 
hearing  an  ei^ht-rooin  oottai^e  which  x\a- 
ihtly  made  -nitahle  for  ho-pital  |iur]io-e- 
at  a  i-o-t  of  ahont  Si.^ixi.  it  \\a-  not  an 
im]MiMn;j  -iruelnre.  lint  well  enough  ada]it- 
ed  to  the  need.-  of  the  time,  and  it  ua-  a 
ven  health)  aeorn.  Then  lift)  feet  of  ad- 
jiiinin.i|  proper!) .  eo-tin.i;  Si. '150.  \\a- 
lioiiyht.  and  thu--\\i-e  I'.van-ton  -eenied 
-alei;narded  lor  main  \ear-.  lo  make 
thi-  unpretentious  -tart  in  the  fonndin.L;'  of 
an  institution  indi-pen-ahle  to  I'.van-ton. 
man)  active  people  had  done  much  efficient 
\\ork  \\heii.  at  the  lir-t  annual  ineetin.tr.  \o- 
veinher.  I.  lSo_>.  the-  ho-pital  \\a-  reported 
in  p.  I--.,-,M,  MI  of  fund-  amounting  to  87.- 
70.'  :i  total  coinpo-eil  of  subscriptions. 
dili--  ii'oiii  animal  and  hie  iiiemher-.  a  dona- 
tion of  more  than  S^.IHKI  irmn  the  procccd- 
nf  a  -innnier  kirme--  o  inducted  \>\  the  \\  o- 
1'iaii  -  I  !nli  ;;:id  oilier-,  and  li\  a  donation  <•! 
S^-<'  Iron]  the  \poilo  t'inh  of  ('hica^o. 


which    had    MIII.U    the    "Messiah"    in    pnhlic 
ci  mcert  in  ICvan.-ton. 

First  Medical  Staff.— The  hospital  \va- 
opened  for  service.  March  27 '.  lS<t,V  \\ith 
Miss  l-'.mil)  I-"..  Kohinsoii.  matron,  and  the 
lollowintj  |)hysicians  as  a  medical  start': 
Isaac  I'oole.  M.  I).:  I-'..  II.  \Veh-ter.  M.  I).: 
\\'.  A.  Phillip-,.  M.  I).:  Sarah  II.  I'.rayton. 
M.  I).:  II.  P..  llcmeimay.  M.  I).:  A.  P.. 
Clauon.  M.  I).:  M.  (.'.  P.ratrdon.  M.  I).:  (  ). 
II.  Mann.  M.  1).:  L.  P.  Clapp.  M.  \>.: 
Mary  F.  Mcl'rillis.  M.  I).:  I.  V.  Steven-. 
M.  I).:  an.!  S.  I-',  \erheck.  M.  I).  The 
hospital  recojjnized  all  accepted  school-  of 
medicine  and  opened  its  door-  to  patient- 
hot  h  paid  and  free.  Month  hy  month  the 
management  perfected  equipment  and  sy.-- 
tem.  the  rate  of  charge  for  -erviee  in  the 
wards  heint;  from  £5.00  to  Slo.(X).  and  for 
a  private  room  from  Si^.oo  to  Sj^.ix)  a 
week.  I  lircetini;  an  institution  for  pnhlic 
service,  the  hospital  niana.t^emi-iit  in  tlte.-e 
early  \ears  looked  \\ith  instiriahle  hope- 
toward  the  city  authorities  for  assistance. 
I!)  no  means  was  it  promptlv  vonchsafeil  : 
and  when  the  executive  committee  was  in- 
formed at  its  mectim;  in  June.  lS<^.  that 
it  was  impossible  to  ^et  an  ap]>ropriation 
I ron i  the  l-.vanston  (  ommon  Council,  it  wa- 
Iclt  h)  more  than  one  public-spirited  nieni- 
her  that  the  service  of  the  new  institution 
to  the  common  weal  was  receiving  hnt  -cant 
recognition.  None  too  mhn-t  a  child  wa- 
the  l-'.mertjeiicy  Hospital  at  this  period, 
l-'nnds  were  not  too  pU-ntv.  and  citixens  at 
lartje  were  not  \  el  so  trained  in  sv-tematic 
henevoleiice  as  to  make  excessive  provision 
lor  tin-  municipal  ncce— itv.  So.  alont; 
with  the  inanifolil  activities  of  committee- 
and  directors  to  keep  and  improve  |-.vans- 
t- m's  first  refu-e  for  the  afllicted.  there 
arose  ili-cn— ion  ahoin  the  inan^nration  of 
ihc'  jiractiee  of  I  |o-pital  Sun. lav.  Tin-  haji- 
p)  and  profitable  \\a\  of  coiilrilintint;  to 
ho-pilal  -npporl  in  time  look  hold,  and  i- 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


263 


to-day,  in  Evanston,  as  in  other  cities,  a  re- 
liable vehicle  for  large  public  benevolences. 

Official  Board. — At  the  first  annual 
meeting  of  the  hospital  corporation.  No- 
vember 14,  1893,  the  following  officers 
were  elected : 

President — Arthur  Crr : 

Vice-President — Mrs.  Rebecca  X.  But- 
ler: 

Secretary — Marie  Huse  \Yilder: 

Treasurer — E.  B.  Quintan. 

Mr.  Orr  subsequently  resigning.  Hon. 
J.  H.  Kedzie  was  elected  in  his  stead.  Xot 
long  after,  Mrs.  \Yilder  resigning.  Miss 
Mary  Harris,  February  5.  1894,  was  elect- 
ed to  the  secretaryship,  and  began  a  period 
of  service  long,  meritorious,  and  of  a  char- 
acter that  goes  not  a  little  unrewarded. 

Raising  Funds. — In  1894,  reaching 
about  for  popular  ways  and  means  to  let 
the  public  know  that  a  hospital  in  Evanston 
was  up  and  doing,  and  that  it  would  wel- 
come all  possible  support,  the  institution's 
friends  conducted  a  so-called  "magazine 
entertainment"  in  Bailey's  Opera  House. 
The  entertainment  proved  a  novel  and 
sprightly  potpourri  of  "stunts"  by  home 
talent,  and  brought  into  the  hospital  treas- 
ury $319.  But  the  little  hospital  was  truly 
an  emergency  institution,  itself  not  infre- 
quently its  own  chief  emergency :  and  so 
to  meet  its  needs,  its  industrious  sponsors 
fell  upon  a  venture  of  considerable  magni- 
tude and  genuinely  artistic  attributes.  This 
was  an  open-air  performance  of  Gilbert 
and  Sullivan's  charming  opera,  the  "Mika- 
do." A  stage  was  erected  on  the  vacant 
lot  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Davis  Street 
and  Judson  Avenue,  and  with  clever  prin- 
cipals, and  equally  clever  auxiliaries  from 
the  young  people  of  the  village,  the  opera 
was  sung  on  four  successive  evenings,  in 
July.  1894,  and  before  large  and  delighted 
audiences.  The  net  proceeds  of  this  very 
praiseworthy  entertainment  amounted  to 
82.000.  Among  the  efficient  managers  of 


this  enterprise  were  W.  J.  Fabian.  Mrs. 
William  Holabird.  W.  L.  Wells,  John  M. 
Ewen,  Mrs.  F.  A.  Hardy,  and  Frank  M. 
Elliot. 

The  Evanston  Emergency  Hospital  was 
now  a  fact.  It  was  at  work.  The  public 
knew  it  was  at  work,  and  had  gratefully 
profited  by  its  ministrations.  But  it  was  not 
big  enough,  complete  enough,  modern 
enough — in  short,  it  was  inadequate.  It 
simply  would  not  do.  So  it  was  quite  in 
order  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  associa- 
tion, Xovember  6.  i8<j4.  that  the  following, 
presented  by  Henry  A.  Pearsons  should 
have  been,  as  it  was.  unanimously  adopted: 
"Resolved,  that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  meet- 
ing that  the  board  of  directors  be  request- 
ed to  appoint  a  committee  to  consider  the 
question  of  procuring  a  more  suitable  site, 
and  commencing  the  erection  of  a  more 
suitable  building  for  use  of  the  hospital." 

Plans  for  Extension. — The  committee 
authorized  to  take  up  this  proposition  was 
Frank.  M.  Elliot,  William  Blanchard,  Dr. 
Sarah  H.  Brayton.  and  Henry  A.  Pearsons, 
this  committee  working  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  following  new  board  of  of- 
ficers : 

President — Hon.  J.  H.  Kedzie  ; 

Vice- President — Mrs.  William  Holabird; 

Secretary — Miss   Mary  Harris; 

Treasurer — E.  B.  Quinlan. 

The  Committee  on  Building  and 
Grounds  was  shortly  re-enforced  by  one 
consisting  of  Win.  H.  Bartlett.  Dr.  Charles 
G.  Fuller,  and  Dr.  Sarah  H.  Brayton,  who, 
with  broad  outlook  and  knowledge  of  the 
relation  of  a  hospital  to  the  many-sided 
needs  of  a  growing  community,  set  out  to 
determine  the  scope  and  functions  of  the 
proposed  institution.  On  February  1 1, 
1895.  the  corporation,  desiring  to  disasso- 
ciate from  its  name  and  work  anything 
suggestive  of  an  impromptu,  transient,  or 
tentative  character,  formally  changed  its 


264 


EVANSTOX  HOSPITAL 


name  from  Evanston  Emergency  Hospital 
to  Evanston  Hospital  Association.  Having 
enlarged  its  name,  it  was  appropriate  that 
the  new  association  should  enlarge  its 
place  of  work,  and  so.  on  April  13.  1895, 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Directors  to  consider 
the  report  of  the  committee  on  a  proposed 
new  building  site,  it  was  unanimously 
ordered  that  negotiations  be  opened  for  the 
purchase  of  a  lot  on  Ridge  Avenue,  in  the 
University  sub-division,  280  feet  on  Ridge 
Avenue,  and  extending  boo  feet  to  Girard 
Avenue,  for  $12.000.  the  terms  being 
$6.500  and  the  transfer  of  the  existing  hos- 
pital property  at  a  valuation  of  $5.500.  A 
committee  to  raise  the  necessary  money  was 
appointed,  consisting  of  Frank  M.  Elliot. 
John  R.  Lindgren,  and  E.  H.  Buehler.  At 
a  meeting  on  May  2(1.  purchase  of  the  lot 
in  question  was  authorized  for  the  above 
price,  a  mortgage  of  $3.500  being  ordered 
assumed,  and  a  two  years'  lease  of  the 
Emerson  Street  property  made.  The  build- 
ing site  was  deemed  an  exceptionally  de- 
sirable acquisition,  and  its  subsequent  im- 
provement has  been  worthy  its  natural  ad- 
vantages. A  month  later  plans  for  a  hos- 
pital building  were  laid  before  the  executive 
committee  by  George  L.  Harvey,  architect. 
A  Fund  and  Building  Campaign. — A 
building  site  and  building  plans  meant  large 
prospective  drafts  upon  a  none  too  plethoric 
treasury,  and  the  association  again  tried 
the  magic  of  an  open-air  opera  as  a  benefit 
performance.  Again,  under  professional 
guidance,  social  Evanston  threw  itself  at 
the  jolly  task,  and  through  the  agency  of 
the  opera  of  "I'owhattan,"  contributed 
$1,800  to  the  hospital's  funds.  Again  Mr. 
Fabian  and  assistants  received  official 
thanks  for  their  happy  management  of  the 
agreeable  enterprise.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Hospital  Directors.  July  8.  18(75.  "'  was  re~ 
solved  to  raise  $25.000  for  the  proposed 
administration  building,  in  addition  to 


funds  for  purchase  of  site.  The  new  asso- 
ciation year  1895- '896  was  inaugurated 
November  8th  by  the  election  of  the  fol- 
lowing officers : 

President— Frank  M.   Elliot ; 

Nice-President — Julia  M.  Watson; 

Secretary — Miss  Mary  Harris  ; 

Treasurer — E.  15.  Quinlan. 

The  new  administration  entered  the  cam- 
paign for  hospital  funds  by  making  its 
entire  Hoard  of  Directors  a  subscription 
committee.  At  a  meeting  of  the  directors, 
March  30,  1896.  the  services  of  Mr.  Harvey, 
as  an  expert  in  hospital  construction,  were 
accepted,  and  the  subscriptions  to  date  were 
found  to  be  $12.780;  the  cost  of  the  pro- 
posed first  or  administration  building  was 
estimated  at  $22,000,  and  it  was  determined 
that,  to  open  the  new  place  free  of  debt, 
there  would  be  needed  $26,750.  This  was 
too  expensive  and  the  administration  build- 
ing was  reduced  in  size  to  bring  the  cost 
within  the  limits  of  the  fund  that  could  th-n 
be  realized. 

The  hospital  year  of  1806-1897.  begin- 
ning with  the  election  of  officers  November 
10,  1896.  was  marked  with  but  one  change 
among  the  executive  officers,  Mr.  Quinlan 
yielding  to  William  G.  Hoag  as  Treasurer. 
A  rushing  stream  was  to  be  crossed  before 
the  hospital  should  appear,  and  horses 
would  better  not  be  swapped.  So  Mr. 
Elliot  continued  President.  At  this  stage 
in  the  financing  of  the  new  hospital  project, 
an  unusual  opening  developed  to  make  an 
honest  penny.  Mr.  Uriah  Lott.  an  Evan- 
ston citizen,  wishing  to  dispose  of  his  house- 
hold effects — and  they  were  of  more  than 
ordinary  elegance — offered  to  the  hospital 
association  a  liberal  percentage  of  the  gross 
receipts  of  a  public  sale,  should  the  asso- 
ciation lend  the  sale  its  direction  and  pat- 
ronage. The  offer  was  accepted,  and 
through  the  activity  of  Mr.  Elliot.  Miss 
Harris,  and  Mrs.  Charles  ].  Connell,  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


265 


hospital  fund  was  increased  $1,364.  This, 
recruited  by  a  contribution  of  $136  from 
the  surplus  of  a  citizens'  Fourth  of  July 
fund,  was  welcome  money  in  a  year  when 
much  energy  and  organization  were  needed 
to  raise  the  building  funds  to  achieve  the 
level  of  the  plans  proposed,  and  when  in- 
deed curtailment  and  modification  were 
finally  pursued.  But  energy  and  organ- 
ization on  the  part  of  the  association,  and 
co-operation  on  the  part  of  Evanstonians 
at  large,  determined  this,  the  summer  of 
1897,  to  be  the  hospital's  building  summer 
the  committee  in  charge  being  Frank  M. 
Elliot,  William  H.  Bartlett,  Dr.  Sarah  H. 
Crayton,  Howard  Gray,  and  William  B. 
Phillips.  When  October  came,  contracts 
for  over  $15.000  of  an  authorized  expendi- 
ture of  $16.000  had  been  let,  an  incum- 
brance  of  $3.500  had  been  paid,  and  the 
new  and  perfect  hospital  was  a  no  distant 
fact.  And.  to  rush  the  building  fund,  there 
came  out  of  the  hurly-burly  of  a  football 
game  in  November,  a  sturdy  little  check  for 
$210.  The  association,  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing. November  2.  1897,  continued  its  re- 
tiring officers,  and  fixed  the  endowment  of  a 
bed  in  terms  of  an  annual  donation  of  $300 
or  a  single  donation  of  $5.000.  Subse- 
quently there  was  determined  an  important 
matter  in  executive  policy,  in  a  resolution 
that  adjoining  towns  should  not  be  allowed 
to  endow  beds  in  the  new  institution. 

The  new  hospital  building  (the  adminis- 
tration building )  was  opened  for  the  recep- 
tion of  patients  February  8.  1898.  The  as- 
sociation had  a  credit  balance  in  bank  of 
$2,707 ;  airl  through  its  executive  commit- 
tee it  unanimously .  thanked  Dr.  Sarah  H. 
P>  ray  ton  for  efficient  work  in  procuring  the 
proper  furnishing  of  the  building  without 
cost  to  the  association. 

New  Enlargements  Projected. — The 
annual  meeting  of  the  Evanston  Hospital 
Association,  assembling  at  the  Avenue 


House,  November  I,  1898.  was  a  meeting 
of  congratulation  and  a  declaration  of  prog- 
ress in  a  branch  of  public  service  that  was 
doing  honor  to  its  workers  and  to  all  sym- 
pathetic citizens  who  had  lent  aid  and  com- 
fort. The  main  building  of  the  hospital, 
capable  of  sheltering  as  many  as  eighteen 
patients., was  now  a  monumental  fact.  As 
complete  as  it  was.  its  very  usefulness 
emphasized  its  inadequacy,  and  its  friends 
already  looked  forward  to  needed  exten- 
sions: to  wards  for  contagious,  infectious 
and  obstetrical  cases,  and  to  minor  new  ac- 
commodations. Noteworthy  in  the  hos- 
pital's new  equipment  was  an  ambulance  for 
service,  a  gift  of  Mrs.  John  M.  Ewen,  as 
a  thank-offering  for  preservation  in  an  hour 
of  great  danger:  and.  to  bind  it  closer  to 
the  public,  the  hospital  had  now  the  tem- 
porary endowment  of  four  free  beds — one 
being  supported  by  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  two  by  North- 
western University,  and  one  by  Mrs.  Wat- 
son. \  ice-President  of  the  association. 
Further  sustained  on  strong  shoulders,  the 
hospital  felt  itself  to  be.  by  the  gratuitous 
service,  two  months  each,  of  its  entire  med- 
ical staff.  An  abstract  from  the  treasurer's 
report  for  one  year  made  at  this  annual 
meeting  will  suggest  the  financial  career 
of  the  hospital  at  this  period :  a  period,  be 
it  remembered,  itiarked  between  1894  and 
1898  by  general  strenuous  effort  in  re- 
covery from  national  panic  and  depres- 
sion. 

Subscriptions  for  building;  fun.',  and  site: 
1895.  $250;    1896,  $4.615;     1897.  $11.040: 

1898.  $9.513- 

Amount  allowed  for  old  hospital.  $5.500. 
Expended  on  new  site.  $14.691. 
Expended  on  new  building.  $17.140. 
Receipts  from  entertainments.  $1.802. 
Receipts  from  memberships,   $500. 
Receipts  from  donations.   $115. 
Receipts  from  patients'  board.  $2.108. 


266 


EVANSTON  HOSPITAL 


Receipts  from  support  of  beds.  $5/5. 

Receipts  from  subscriptions  for  furnish- 
ing. $1.725. 

Expenses  for  maintenance.  $5,707. 

The  association  continued  for  1898-1899 
the  officers  of  the  previous  year.  Early  in 
1899  the  City  of  Evanston.  without  specified 
obligations  upon  the  hospital,  made  to  the 
institution  an  appropriation  of  $300.  At 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  association.  Xo- 
vember  7.  1899.  the  latter  prepared  for 
the  aid  and  prestige  which  future  donations 
might  prove  to  the  institution,  by  determin- 
ing the  privileges  which  should  pertain  to 
endowments  of  various  amounts,  and  fixing 
classification  for  the  same.  With  renewed 
persistency  now  appeared  the  need  of  a 
contagious  ward,  as  well  as  of  a  wing  to  the 
hospital,  and  both  interests  were  committed 
to  a  special  committee.  Another  year  the 
association  continued  its  efficient  executives 
in  office,  and  strengthened  its  medical  staff 
by  the  addition  of  a  consulting  staff  in 
the  persons  of  eminent  Chicago  specialists — 
Dr.  Christian  Fenger,  Dr.  John  Ridlon.  and 
Dr.  Charles  Adams.  But  the  year  1900 
brought  to  Evanston  and  its  hospital  a  real 
loss  in  the  death  of  Hugh  R.  Wilson.  When 
the  hospital  association  came  to  formally 
deplore  the  death  of  this  stanch  friend  and 
good  citizen,  it  did  so,  in  part,  in  the'e 
feeling  words:  "Resolved,  That,  in  the 
death  of  Mr.  Wilson,  the  hospital 
loses  one  of  its  most  active  and 
interested  supporters.  In  his  readiness  to 
assist  the  suffering  :  in  his  broad-minded  and 
judicious  charity :  in  his  kindliness  and 
gentleness  of  action.  Mr.  Wilson  has.  at  all 
times  during  his  connection  with  the  asso- 
ciation, been  a  helpful  inspiration  to  those 
who  have  worked  with  him.  His  foresight 
and  good  judgment,  together  with  his  gen- 
erosity of  support,  have  served  to  advance 
our  work  in  every  practical  way." 

Munificent  Gifts  of  1900. — Institutions. 


like  men.  must  be  in  the  way  of  opportunity 
if  they  would  have  fortune  knock  at  their 
door.  A  rather  mysterious  notice  sum- 
moned to  a  special  meeting  the  directors  of 
the  Evanston  Hospital  Association,  March 
19.  1900.  When  met,  F.  F.  Peabody, 
Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee,  threw 
his  associates  into  happy  consternation  by 
the  following  remarks : 

"Mrs.  Herman  D.  Cable  wishes  me  to 
say  that  she  will  give  $25,000  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  needed  addition  to  the  hospital  to 
be  known  as  the  Herman  D.  Cable  Memorial 
Building,  and  that,  if  this  gift  is  accepted, 
she  will  give  an  additional  $25.000  to  endow 
a  children's  ward  in  the  new  building." 

We  may  be  sure  this  gift  was  accepted, 
and  that  the  thanks,  then  formally  voted 
Mrs.  Cable,  were  deep  and  sincere ;  and  it  is 
also  to  be  recorded  that  the  Directors  made 
it  their  duty  to  amplify  the  unexpected  op- 
portunity, to  enlarge  the  existing  building, 
and  to  raise,  on  their  own  part,  an  additional 
endowment  fund  of  at  least  $25.000. 

The  hospital  year  of  1900-1901.  inaugu- 
rated by  continuance  in  office  of  the  retiring 
executive  officers,  was  also  marked  by  resig- 
nation from  the  directorate  of  Hon.  J.  H. 
Kedzic,  long  identified  with  hospital  inter- 
ests, and  the  election  of  Mrs.  Alice  A. 
Cable,  whose  gift  of  a  memorial  building. 
with  alterations  in  the  main  building,  the 
Hoard  now  formally  voted  to  realize.  The 
year  1901  was  one  of  expansion  and  con- 
struction in  hospital  interests.  From  a 
"rummage  sale"  in  January  the  hospital 
received  $1,813.  '"  April  Mr.  Irvvin  Rew, 
a  public-spirited  citizen  of  Evanston, 
offered — and  the  offer  was  accepted — to 
equip  the  hospital  with  a  heating  and 
laundry  plant  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
S4/>8o.  In  October  there  was  borne  in 
upon  the  hospital  management,  both  by  the 
City  Board  of  Health  and  by  the  hospital 
staff,  the  need  of  an  extension  in  the  wav  of 


CI.ARK  T.  HINMAN 


EVAXSTON  HOSPITAL 


Receipts   troni  Mi|>|»>rt  "I  IH'<|>.  8575. 

Receipts  irom  subscriptions  fur  furnish- 
ing. Si  .7-5. 

ExjK'nsvs  fi  >r  maintenance,  S5.7"7- 

The  association  continued  fur  iXi)X-iSi><) 
the  officers  <>f  the  previous  year.  Marly  in 
iS<l<j  the  I 'ity  of  Kvanston.  without  specified 
obligation-  ii])oii  the  hospital,  niaile  to  the 
institution  an  appropriation  of  S.yio.  At 
the  animal  meeting  of  the  association.  N'o- 
veinher  7.  iSiiij.  the  latter  pre]iarel.  for 
the  aid  and  prestige  which  future  donations 
miiilit  |>rove  to  i ho  institution.  bv  dctermin- 
vivf  the  privileges  which  should  pertain  to 
endowments  of  various  amounts,  and  lixinjj 
classification  im-  the  same,  \\ith  reneued 
persistency  nou  appeared  the  need  of  a 
contagion-  \vanl.  as  well  as  ol  a  win:j  to  the 
hospital,  and  hotii  interests  were  committed 
to  a  --pedal  committee.  Another  year  the 
association  continued  its  efficient  executives 
in  office,  and  strengthened  its  medical  stall 
b\  the  addition  of  a  consulting  -raff  in 
the  pcrsi ins  of  eminent  (  hicai;' >  specialists — 
1  >r.  Chri-tian  Kcnyvr.  I  )r.  John  Kidlon.  and 
I  >r.  Charle>  Adams.  I'.iu  the  vear  iij<x> 
brought  to  K van-ton  and  it-  hospital  a  real 
loss  in  the  death  of  llni^h  1\.  \Vil-oti.  \\  "icn 
the  hospital  association  came  to  formally 
deplore  the  death  of  this  stanch  friend  -mi! 
yooil  citizen,  it  did  so.  in  part,  in  these- 
feeling  words:  "Resolved.  That,  in  the 
death  of  Mr.  \Vil-on.  the  hospital 
loses  one  oi  its  most  active  and 
interested  supporters.  In  his  readiness  to 
a>si,|  the  -nlVerinv;  :  in  hi.-  hroad-mindod  and 
judicious  chariu  :  in  his  kindliness  and 
Ljentlciiess  of  action.  Mr.  \\il-on  has,  at  all 
times  during  his  connection  uitli  the  asso- 
ciation, heen  a  liel|iful  inspiration  to  those 
\'.  ho  have  worked  \\iih  him.  His  foresight 
and  tjoml  judgment,  together  uilh  his  ^en- 
ei'o-itv  ot  siippiin.  have  -i-rvod  to  aihance 
our  work  in  e\er\  jiraolical  wa\. 

Munificent  Gifts  of  1900.      In-tiititimi-, 


like  men.  must  he  in  the  way  of  opportunity 
it"  the)  would  have  fortune  knock  at  their 
door.  A  rather  mysterious  notice  snm- 
mone  I  to  a  special  meeting  the  directors  of 
the  Kvanston  1  h»pital  Association.  March 
H).  II^H).  \\hen  met.  1:.  1;.  I'eahod). 
Chairman  of  the  l-'inance  Committee,  threw 
hi.s  associates  into  happy  consternation  hv 
the  following  remarks: 

"Mrs.  Herman  I  >.  Cable  wishes  me  to 
say  that  she  will  i;ive  S_>5.o<x>  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  needed  addition  to  the  hospital  to 
he  .known  as  the  Herman  I  >.  Cable  Memorial 
Itttildin.uf.  and  that,  if  this  j^ift  is  accepted, 
she  will  jjivi1  an  additional  SJi.cxx)  to  endow 
a  children's  ward  in  the  new  building." 

\\  e  may  be  sure'  this  s^ift  was  accepted, 
and  that  the  thanks,  then  formally  voted 
Mrs.  Cable,  were  deep  and  sincere:  and  it  is 
also  to  he  recorded  that  the  Directors  made 
it  their  duty  to  amplify  the  unexpected  op- 
portunity, to  enlarge  the  existing  building. 
and  to  raise,  on  their  own  part,  an  additional 
endowment  fund  of  at  least  Sj^.txx). 

The  hospital  year  of  IIKXI-II^OI.  inaugu- 
rated bv  continuance  in  office  of  the  retiring 
executive  officers,  was  also  marked  by  resig- 
nation from  the  directorate  of  I  Ion.  I.  II. 
Ixedxie.  IOIIJL;'  identified  with  hospital  inter- 
est-, and  the  election  of  Mrs.  Alice  A. 
('able,  whose  s^ift  of  a  memorial  building, 
with  alterations  in  the  main  buildin;.;.  the 
l!oard  now  formally  voted  to  realize.  The 
vear  HIOI  was  one  of  expansion  and  con- 
struction in  hospital  interests.  Krom  a 
"rummage  .-ale"  in  jannan  the  hospital 
received  Sl.Si^.  In  April  Mr.  Irwin  l\ew. 
a  puhlic-sjiiritt'd  citizen  of  Kvanston. 
offered-  and  the  offer  wa-  accepted— to 
ci|uip  the  hospital  with  a  heating  and 
laundry  plant  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
Sj.iiSo.  In  (  Ictober  there  wa-  borne  in 
upon  the  ho-pital  management,  both  by  the 
i 'it)  I'.oard  of  Health  and  b\  the  ho-pital 
-taff.  the  need  of  an  extension  in  the  wa\  of 


CI.AKK   T     I  UNMAN 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


267 


an  isolation  ward.  At  the  annual  meeting. 
November  5th,  the  retiring  officers  were 
re-elected,  and  the  very  important  additions 
to  the  institutions  represented  by  the  gifts 
of  Mr.  Rew  and  .Mrs.  Cable  were  formally 
acknowledged — the  Cable  Memorial  Build- 
ing being  characterized  as  completely  fur- 
nished and  the  children's  ward  endowed  in 
memory  of  Anita  Hutchins  Cable. 

Endowment  Secured. — The  association 
began  its  hospital  year  of  1901-1902  with 
its  same  efficient  officers,  and  welcomed 
from  another  "rummage"  sale  a  donation 
amounting  to  $1.440.  In  February  the  en- 
dowment fund  had  reached  $46.00x3  of  the 
contemplated  850.000 :  and  in  April  the 
coveted  goal  was  finally  attained.  As  the 
good  year  closed  divers  talented  amateur 
artists  of  Evanston  contributed  as  the  re- 
ceipts of 'a  performance  of  the  "Rivals."  at 
the  Country  Club,  more  than  $500  to  in- 
crease the  usefulness  of  this  popular  refuge 
of  rest  and  healing.  In  the  history  of 
amusements  in  Evanston  this  admirable 
presentation  of  the  sterling  old  comedy  will 
prove  of  long  life  in  local  reminiscence.  So 
well  in  hand  was  the  work  of  the  associa- 
tion now  coming,  that  the  reduction  of  the 
floating  debt  of  about  $11.000  became  an 
achievement  to  be  undertaken  until  accom- 
plished. Feeling  its  strength  in  the  substan- 
tial work  done,  and  in  the  officers  whom  it 
re-elected  for  the  year  1902-1903.  the  asso- 
ciation was  also  brought  to  know  its  weak- 
ness when,  on  April  loth,  it  was  confronted 
with  the  death  of  Hon.  John  H.  Kedzie, 
and  on  May  2Oth  of  Mr.  Dorr  A.  Kimball. 
In  terms  of  sorrow  and  appreciation  Mr. 
Kedzie  was  formally  lamented  as  "a  friend 
who  has  met  every  emergency  of  the  asso- 
ciation's existence  with  generous  words  and 
generous  deeds" :  and.  to  Mr.  Kimball's 
memory,  the  association  offered  no  mean 
tribute  when  it  declared  him  "an  upright 
business  man  and  honorable  citizen  of 


Evanston.  whose  pure  life  and  public  spirit 
made  him  an  example  for  all."  When  the 
association,  at  its  eleventh  annual  meeting. 
November  10.  1903.  elected  its  former 
officers,  and  checked  off  a  reduction  of  near- 
ly half  the  floating  debt  in  pledges  received, 
the  feeling  was  general  that  the  hospital  was" 
truly  founded  and  that  its  beneficiaries,  the 
public,  would  never  permit  it  to  decline. 

Hospital  of  the  Present  and  the  Future. 
— \Yhen  this  volume — -  the  story  of  a  re- 
markable American  community — shall  have 
received  more  than  one  supplement,  there 
will  still  be  rising  on  the  highest  land  in 
Evanston — the  city  itself  but  a  borough 
in  a  mammoth  municipality  of  5.000.000 
or  10.000,000  people — a  group  of  buildings 
enveloped  in  the  kindly  shade  of  many  trees, 
and  looking  to  be.  what  it  probably  will  be. 
a  haven  for  the  afflicted.  What  the  hospital 
of  that  day  will  be  to  the  city  of  that  day 
none  knows:  but  we  do  know  that  the 
Evanston  Hospital  of  today  is.  to  the  Ev- 
anston of  today,  the  most  complete  agency 
for  practical  philanthropy  that  any  institu- 
tion of  its  kind  in  the  world,  with  the  same 
equipment,  fulfills.  The  Evanston  Hospital, 
as  it  stands  today — structure,  equipment, 
and  administration — is  briefly  this : 

( )n  the  summit  of  Ridge  Avenue.  Xo. 
2650.  at  right  angles  to  the  thoroughfare 
and  several  rods  removed,  rises  the  hos- 
pital's administration  building.  It  is  of 
stone  and  vitrified  brick,  the  latter  a  struc- 
tural material  of  the  highest  resistance  and 
of  good  color  tone.  The  building  is  of 
three  stories,  with  high  pitched  and  tile 
roof.  Its  architectural  style  has  decorum, 
and  suggests  repose.  An  ample  porch 
front,  with  balcony,  looks  eastward  over 
a  falling  landscape  toward  the  lake, 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant.  At  right 
angles  to  this  building  connected  therewith 
by  a  two-story  and  basement  corridor,  rises 
the  second  of  the  hospital  buildings,  the 


268 


EVANSTON  HOSPITAL 


memorial  gift  of  Mrs.  Alice  A.  Cable.  This 
is  in  architectural  keeping  with  its  dignified 
fellow,  and  the  forerunner  of  others  yet  to 
rise  in  stately  alignment  westward  and 
northward  to  the  boundary  of  the  insti- 
tution's property.  The  following  taken 
from  the  President's  report  for  1905  is 
interesting : 

"For  several  years  reference  has  been 
made  in  our  annual  reports  to  the  neces- 
sity of  providing  a  maternity  hospital,  and 
last  year  particular  emphasis  was  given  to 
this  subject.  In  response  to  this  appeal,  Mr. 
Lucian  M.  Williams,  on  behalf  of  himself, 
his  brother  and  sisters,  made  known  their 
desire  to  build  this  hospital,  and  requested 
the  Hoard  of  Directors  to  prepare  plans  and 
obtain  estimates  for  a  most  approved  and 
scientifically  constructed  building,  to  be 
erected  as  a  memorial  to  their  mother. 
Elizabeth  Williams.  Such  plans  and  esti- 
mates were  secured  and  presented,  and  the 
sum  of  $25.000  was  promised  for  this  pur- 
pose. It  is  expected  this  much  needed  hos- 
pital will  be  completed  and  ready  for  occu- 
pancy by  June  I.  1906.  The  erection  of  this 
building  will  be  the  consummation  of  a 
hope  long  deferred.  It  will  be  located  north 
of  the  administration  building,  fronting  on 
Ridge  Avenue,  and  will  correspond  in  ma- 
terial and  style  of  architecture  with  our 
present  buildings.  There  will  be  thirteen 
beds  for  patients,  an  operating  room  with 
dependencies,  diet  kitchens,  children's  nur- 
sery, etc.  The  rooms  for  private  patients 
will  be  on  one  floor  and  those  for  ward  and 
free  patients  on  the  other  floor.  The  private 
rooms  will  be  arranged  with  adjoining  bath 
rooms  and  so  planned  as  to  give  the  utmost 
privacy  and  comfort.  This  generous  gift 
will  open  the  way  for  enlarging  the  char- 
itable work  of  the  Hospital.  It  is  expected 
the  income  will  be  augmented  by  the  use 
of  the  private  rooms,  and  that  it  will  be  suf- 
ficient to  meet  the  expenses  of  this  addition- 


al building  after  the  first  year.  The  need 
of  this  new  and  thoroughly  equipped  Hos- 
pital has  become  more  apparent  with  each 
year.  This  magnificent  gift  is,  therefore, 
most  timely,  and  will  be  a  valuable  addition 
to  our  present  admirably  equipped  hos- 
pital. This  is  another  instance  in  which 
generous  friends,  desiring  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  some  beloved  member  of  their 
family,  have  made  it  possible  to  erect  a 
building  as  a  memorial  that  will  be  con- 
stantly in  use  for  the  benefit  of  the  sick  and 
afflicted." 

This,  then,  is  the  main  architectural  mass 
of  the  Evanston  I  lospital.  When  this  sys- 
tem of  buildings  shall  have  its  complete 
setting  of  verdure,  when  its  hundreds  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  selected  and  planted  with 
design,  shall  have  arisen  to  enfold  it,  the 
tourist  of  the  north  shore  will  linger  with 
delight  in  its  presence,  and  the  household 
word  will  become  fixed,  that  the  Evanston 
Hospital  is  a  place  to  behold  as  well  as  a 
place  to  seek  new  life  in.  But  a  hospital 
is  what  it  is  within. 

In  operating  equipment  the  Evanston 
Hospital  is  highly  efficient.  A  visiting  and 
consulting  staff  of  the  first  class,  com- 
manding the  support  of  a  community  of  in- 
telligence and  wealth,  would  naturally  lead 
this  to  he  secured.  Therefore  this  hospital 
has  a  special  room  for  the  administration  of 
an.-esthetics.  whence  the  patient  is  wheeled, 
an  ample  hydraulic  elevator  being  used 
when  necessary,  to  any  part  of  either  build- 
ing. The  hospital  also  has  a  generous  re- 
ceiving room  hard  by  a  driveway  approach- 
ing the  connecting  corridors  from  the  rear ; 
and  here,  where  water  may  be  applied  with 
convenience  and  profusion,  an  emergency 
case  may  be  prepared  for  the  operating 
table.  The  operating  room,  with  apparatus 
for  water  and  instrument  sterilization  ad- 
joining, is  placed  in  a  swelling  bay  with 
top  and  side  lights  and  north  exposure.  Its 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


269 


table,  operating  outfit,  plumbing,  and 
snowy  enameled  walls  tell  the  story  of  an 
American  warship — the  cleanest  place  in 
the  world,  and  the  most  effectual  instru- 
ment for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  created. 
Supplementing  these  main  factors  for  per- 
fect operating  service  are  medicine  closets 
and  lavatories  for  the  professional  staff. 

The  first  and  last  impression  of  the  do- 
mestic equipment  of  the  Evanston  Hospital 
is,  that  it  is  scientifically  chosen  and  used : 
that  such  parts  of  it  as  should  be  dainty  and 
feminine  are  superlatively  dainty  and  fem- 
inine ;  and  that,  through  all,  spreads  the 
genius  of  reason,  cleanliness,  and  order. 
These  various  characteristics  are  generally 
expressed  in  the  exquisite  neatness  and  re- 
finement of  the  institution's  housekeeping : 
"  in  the  furnishing  of  the  private  rooms :  in 
the  simple,  restful  details  of  ward  furnish- 
ings ;  in  the  ample  dining-room  for  nurses, 
as  well  as  in  their  ample  and  beautiful  club 
room ;  in  the  home-like  sleeping  rooms  of 
the  nurses ;  in  the  practical  machinery  for 
bathing,  cooking,  storage ;  and  in  the  cleri- 
cal service  of  administration.  So  much  for 
operating  equipment,  but  the  right  people 
must  use  it ;  and  so  much  for  domestic  fur- 
nishings, but  not  yet  do  walls,  tools,  and 
furnishings  make  a  hospital.  There  must 
be  a  soul  in  the  place,  a  god  in  the  machine. 

Arrangement  and  Internal  Administra- 
tion.— The  administration  of  the  Evan- 
ston Hospital  is  full  worthy  its  physical  out- 
fit ;  and  this  is  so  because  it  stands  in  every 
way  for  the  high  technical  and  humanita- 
rian standards  of  the  institution's  founders. 
With  far  more  effort  than  the  average  cit- 
izen of  Evanston  appreciated,  the  sworn 
friends  of  the  enterprise,  now  so  firmly 
assured,  shaped  its  early  fortunes,  besought 
donations  of  money  and  utilities,  showed  it 
worthy  of  confidence  and  large  bequests, 
and  finally  with  such  capital  built  their 
grand  work  high  upon  a  hill.  So  it  is  in  the 


nature  of  things,  this  hospital  being  a  mon- 
ument to  sacrifice,  that  a  strong,  wise,  and 
tender  spirit  should  vitalize  its  administra- 
tion. In  Miss  Annie  L.  Locke,  who  has 
been  Superintendent  eight  years,  is  this 
spirit  personified. 

In  this  sketch  of  one  of  Evanston 's  most 
important  institutions,  ranking  next  to  the 
municipal  departments  of  police,  fire,  water, 
and  public  works,  two  types  of  inquiry 
about  the  place  should  find  satisfaction. 
How  good  a  place  is  it  to  get  well  in  ?  \Yha: 
about  it  should  interest  the  tourist  and  gen- 
eral visitor?  To  both  of  these  inquiries 
answer  has  in  the  main  been  made ;  but 
there  remain  details  of  equipment  and  ad- 
ministration that  should  not  go  unnoted. 
The  first  Moor  of  the  administration  is 
the  greater  part  of  the  governing  depart- 
ment of  the  hospital.  Here  is  the  reception 
parlor  for  visitors,  office  and  apartments 
for  the  Superintendent,  and  rooms  for  sur- 
gical treatment.  P.eneath.  in  the  basement. 
is  the  private  dining-room  of  the  Superin- 
tendent, the  nurses'  dining-room,  and  an 
extensive  culinary  equipment.  On  the  sec- 
ond floor  are  private  rooms  and  semi-private 
wards,  occupants  of  the  former  enjoying  an 
environment  and  retiracy  surpassing  that  of 
a  private  home,  and  occupants  of  the  latter 
being  privileged  to  have  a  private,  as  well 
as  a  hospital,  physician.  On  the  third  floor 
are  rooms  for  domestic  use.  Two  long 
sunny  corridors — enticing  haunts  for  con- 
valescents— unite  the  administration  with 
the  Herman  D.  Cable  Memorial  Building. 
This  latter,  in  structure,  equipment  and  con- 
tented occupants,  is,  like  its  companion, 
something  good  to  see.  It  is  the  house  of 
the  men's  ward,  the  women's  and  children's 
wards,  and  the  private  rooms  of  the  nurses. 
On  the  first  floor,  with  outlook  east  and 
south,  is  the  ward  for  men  with  seven  beds, 
and  the  ward  for  women  with  ten  beds. 
The  building's  southern  end  is  one  enor- 


2JO 


EVAXSTON  HOSPITAL 


nious  bay.  furnishing  a  sun-room  annex  to 
the  women's  ward  on  the  first  floor,  and  to 
the  children's  ward  on  the  second.  Capa- 
cious and  comfortable  are  these  sun-rooms 
— blissful  half-way  houses  to  health.  The  top 
floor  shelters,  in  home-like  chambers  void 
of  the  institutional  air.  the  members  of  the 
nursing  staff,  and  has  space  for  their  large 
and  inviting  club  and  lecture  room.  Char- 
acteristic details  of  equipment  in  this  build- 
ing are  the  marble  outfitting*  of  the  men's 
bath-room,  the  treadle  action  plumbing  in 
the  administration  room,  the  ventilator  sys- 
tem by  steam  exhaust  fans,  the  diet  kitchen, 
and  the  commodious  elevator.  On  every 
floor  of  the  combined  buildings  are  reels 
of  hose  and  extinguishers  for  emergency 
fire  uses.  A  pumping  service  auxiliary  to 
city  pressure  is  also  supplied. 

An  important  and  complete  annex  to  the 
ward  and  administration  buildings  of  the 
hospital,  is  an  auxiliary  building  housing  its 
steam-plant  and  laundry.  The  heating 
agent  of  the  hospital  is  hot  water  circulated 
from  boilers  in  this  same  building,  where 
a  reserve  set  of  boilers  promise  capacity 
sufficient  for  future  additions  in  the  way  of 
buildings,  which  the  unoccupied  area  of  the 
present  hospital  grounds  can  accommodate. 
The  steam  laundry,  located  on  the  second 
floor  of  the  heat  and  power  plant  building, 
is  admirably  equipped  for  dispatch  and 
perfection  of  work.  Its  centrifugal  wringer 
and  extensive  drying  compartments  include 
apparatus  nowhere  excelled.  The  wood  fin- 
ishings of  the  hospital  buildings  are  in  oak. 
save  where  stained  or  white  painted  wood  is 
used  to  supplement  the  more  domestic  fur- 
nishings of  private  apartments. 

The  grounds  of  the  Evanston  Hospital 
have  ample  space  for  departmental  addi- 
tions :  and,  it  is  the  hope  of  its  manage- 
ment, that  there  shall,  in  the  near  future,  be 
added  a  pavilion  for  contagious,  and  a 
building  for  private  patients — such  addi- 


tions taking  systematic  place  along  lines 
westward  of  the  Herman  D.  Cable  Memor- 
ial Building  and  parallel  thereto.  When 
the  time  is  opportune  the  buildings  will  be 
provided. 

To  remind  the  management  of  the  hos- 
pital's need  of  a  maternity  retreat,  there 
came  one  season,  to  a  friendly  niche  in  the 
hospitable  structure,  a  busy  home-making 
robin  which  mothered  two  broods.  This, 
explains  the  superintendent  with  a  smile,  is 
the  Evanston  Hospital's  first  maternity 
ward.  The  hospital  in  1899  opened  a  train- 
ing school  for  nurses.  It  has  now  graduated 
twenty  students,  all  pupils  of  the  selected 
practitioners  of  Evanston  lecturing  at  the 
hospital,  and  nearly  all.  at  one  time  and  an- 
other, members  of  the  hospital  nursing 
staff.  In  the  school  at  present  are  thirteen 
pupils. 

Such  has  been  the  evolution  of  the  Evan- 
ston Hospital,  and  such,  in  the  main,  is  its 
characteristic  equipment  and  administra- 
tion. But  for  those  who  will  read  this 
record  in  years  to  come,  as  well  as  for 
the  prospective  beneficiaries  and  benefac- 
tors of  today,  still  further  information  about 
this  unique  place  of  refuge  and  health 
should  be  supplied.  And.  first,  no  applicant 
whose  condition  will  not  imperil  the  insti- 
tution is  turned  from  its  doors.  The  chil- 
dren's ward  is  specially  endowed  by  Mrs. 
Cable  for  the  free  use  of  crippled  and  sick 
children,  and  there  are  also  private  rooms 
for  children.  In  the  women's  and  men's 
ward  a  patient  may  pay  as  much  as  $1.00 
a  day  or  nothing.  In  the  semi-private  wards 
the  charge  is  $10.00  a  week;  in  the  private 
rooms,  $15  to  $30  per  week.  It  is  the  in- 
come from  the  private  rooms— and  more 
such  rooms  are  needed — that  helps  supply 
the  deficiency  in  hospital  revenue  caused,  in 
part,  by  increasing  charity  work  in  the  gen- 
eral wards.  The  hospital  work  of  1905  may 
be  expressed  as  equivalent  to  7.561  service 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


271 


days  given  its  free  and  pay  patients.  Of 
this  over  34  per  cent  was  service  to  free 
patients.  The  expense  of  hospital  mainte- 
nance in  1905  was  $24.182.41,  to  defray 
which  receipts  from  hospital  service  con- 
tributed $14.854.11.  The  paid-in  endow- 
ment fund  is  $50,50x3.  The  only  indebted- 
ness was  incurred  for  buildings,  and  this 
has  been  reduced  to  $5,010.  To  operate  the 
hospital  with  its  present  mechanical  equip- 
ment and  staff,  consisting  of  Superinten- 
dent, its  efficient  Assistant  Superintendent, 
Miss  Edith  A.  Bird,  and  fifteen  nurses, 
there  is  needed,  from  voluntary  subscribers 
( aside  from  material  donations,  income 
from  receipts  and  endowment  income — the 
latter  amounting  to  $2.259)  tne  sunl  °f 
$7,500.  A  free  bed  in  a  ward  may  be  per- 
petually endowed  for  $5.000:  a  bed  and  a 
room  for  $10.000.  The  hospital  has 
eighteen  free  beds  and  fifteen  rooms.  A 
gift  of  $100  or  more  to  the  endowment  fund 
makes  the  donor  an  endowment  member, 
or  a  like  sum  to  the  general  fund,  a  life 
member.  A  gift  of  $10  secures  a  year's 
membership  in  the  Hospital  Association. 
The  hospital  stands — including  the  mater- 
nity hospital  and  100  feet  of  land  recently 
purchased  for  $4.250 —  as  a  total  invest- 
ment of  about  $130.000.  Since  organization 
the  hospital  has  cared  for  1.982  patients, 
and,  in  n^5.  4MI  people  contributed  to  the 
institution's  support.  From  its  start,  the 
hospital  in  every  form  of  favorable  pub- 
licity has  been  upheld  by  the  "Evanston 
Press"  and  the  "Evanston  Index." 

The  administrative  policy  of  the  hos- 
pital is,  of  course,  non-sectarian.  Its  re- 
ceipts from  the  Protestant  churches,  on 
Hospital  Sunday.  February  14,  1905.  were 
$4.394.13.  The  City  of  Evanston  appro- 
priates yearly  to  the  hospital  the  sum  of 
$300.  Free  beds  are  maintained  by  the 
Presbyterian  and  Congregational  churches, 
and  bv  Northwestern  Universitv.  The 


medical  ami  surgical  attendance  is  the  vol- 
untary and  unpaid  daily  attendance  of  two 
competent  Evanston  practitioners,  rotating 
in  service  with  associates,  composing  a  total 
volunteer  staff  of  twelve.  For  consultation 
the  resident  staff  calls  upon  the  most  emi- 
nent physicians  and  surgeons  of  Chicago. 
The  ambulance  of  the  Evanston  Hospital, 
is  modern,  up-to-date,  with  full  equipment, 
and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  superin- 
tendent. 

Official  Administration. — The  affairs  of 
the  Evanston  Hospital  are  guided  by  its 
executive  officers  and  thirty  Directors,  oper- 
ating in  twelve  committees.  In  all  co-oper- 
ative effort  certain  people  voluntarily  take — 
or.  are  besought  to  take,  and  do  take — posts 
high  and  posts  humble,  but  all  of-  laborious 
duty.  Hundreds  of  public-spirited  citizens 
united  to  raise  the  Evanston  Hospital.  an:l 
hundreds  continue  to  unite  to  make  it  the 
most  attractive  and  useful  place  of  its  scope 
and  equipment  in  the  United  States.  Among 
these  hundreds  there  must  be  some,  even 
more  than  others,  whom  circumstances 
have  elected  to  service  peculiarly  long,  dif- 
ficult and  efficient.  (  >f  this  smaller  band 
common  consent  would  approve  the  men- 
tion of  Frank  M.  Elliot.  President :  Julia 
M.  Watson,  Vice-President;  and  Mary 
Harris.  Secretary,  the  association's  execu- 
tive officers  for  eleven  consecutive  years : 
of  F.  F.  Peabody.  Charles  R.  Webster. 
David  R.  Forgan.  John  R.  Lindgren.  Rol- 
lin  A.  Keyes.  Irwin  Rew,  William  G.  Hoag. 
for  their  service  in  finance  and  investment 
committee  work :  of  William  P..  Phillips, 
for  care  of  the  variegated  plant  life  that 
beautifies  the  grounds :  of  Mrs.  Charles  J. 
Connell,  Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson.  Mrs.  Vir- 
ginia Creighton.  P.  R.  Shumway  and  Wil- 
liam I).  Phillips  for  faithful  and  sym- 
pathetic service  on  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee: of  Dr.  Sarah  H.  Rravton.  for  work 
contributed  to  the  furnishing  of  the  hos- 


2-72 


EVANSTON  HOSPITAL 


pital ;  of  the  Visiting  Committee,  Mrs. 
James  A.  Patten,  and  of  E.  H.  Buehler  on 
the  Medical  Supply  Committee. 

List  of  Donors. — Donors  to  the  funds 
of  the  Evanston  Hospital  have  been  many, 
and  at  least  two  sources  of  income,  not 
directly  personal,  are  an  interesting  illus- 
tration of  how  an  enterprise  of  this  char- 
acter mav  profit  by  public  movements 
animated  by  belief  in  its  merits  and  faith 
in  its  future.  These  two  sources  are  the 
fixed  annual  institution  of  Hospital  Sunday, 
and  the  benefit  entertainment  conducted  by 
clubs  or  by  society  at  large. 

Benefactions  have  been  generally  meas- 
ured by  the  competency  of  benefactors. 
While  many  small  contributions  have  been, 
and  continue  to  be.  as  the  breath  of  life  of 
this  institution,  certain  large  ones,  at  crit- 
ical periods,  have  fixed  the  lines  of  its 
growth  and  the  scope  of  its  mission. 

The  Endowment  Fund  of  $50.500  was 
contributed  by  the  following  Endowment 
Members:  I.  F.  Blackstone.  William  Liston 
Brown,  Mrs.  Alice  A.  Cable,  Frank  E. 
Lord.  James  A.  Patten,  Mrs.  Lilly  Parker 
Stacey.  Thomas  I.  Stacey,  Mrs.  Julia  M. 
Watson.  Mrs.  Hugh  R.  Wilson,  and  un- 
named friends  in  sums  of  $5,000,  1,500  and 
$2,500.  respectively. 

The  following  Life  Members  have  each 
contributed  $100  or  more  to  the  hospital: 
M.  C.  Armour.  Mrs.  M.  C.  Armour,  C.  A. 
Barry,  William  H.  Bartlett.  Dr.  M.  C. 
Bragdon,  Mrs.  W.  L.  Brown,  Mrs.  Edwin 
F.  Brown,  Mrs.  Rebecca  \'.  Butler,  Daniel 
H.  Burnham,  William  Blanchard.  William 
II.  Bartlett,  William  L.  Brown,  Rev. 
Charles  F.  Mradley.  E.  H.  Buehler,  Mrs.  W. 
B.  Bogert,  Charles  T.  Roynton.  E.  J.  Buf- 
fington.  Mrs.  W.  H.  Burnet,  Mrs.  Alice  A. 
Cable,  David  S.  Cook,  Mrs.  Louise  Condict, 
Mrs.  T.  S.  Creighton,  C.  P.  Coffin,  J.  J. 
Charles,  Ira  B.  Cook,  Charles  B.  Congdon, 
Charles  \\.  Cleveland.  William  Deering, 


Frank  M.  Elliot,  John  M.  Ewen,  Mrs.  John 
M.  Ewen,  C.  W.  Elphicke,  Mary  Fabian, 
W.  J.  Fabian,  D.  R.  Forgan,  Frank  P. 
Frazier,  J.  H.  Garaghty.  Mrs.  P.  W.  Gates, 
P.  W.  Gates,  Charles  F.  Grey,  Clara  Gris- 
wold,  A.  H.  (jross,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Gross,  Mrs. 
Virginia  Mainline,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Harding,  F. 
A.  Hardy.  Mrs.  C.  H.  Hall,  E.  A.  Hill. 
Mrs.  Janet  W.  Hubbard.  William  G.  Hoag, 
Mrs.  T.  C.  Hoag.  W.  H.  Jones,  Marshall 
M.  Kirkman,  X.  C.  Knight.  E.  S.  Lacey, 
Richard  C.  Lake,  John  R.  Lindgren, 
Thomas  Lord,  George  S.  Lord,  Frank  E. 
Lord,  David  R.  Lewis.  P.  L.  McKinney. 
M.  D.,  Roger  B.  McMullen.  Mrs.  James  A. 
Patten,  F.  F.  Peabody.  F.  S.  Peabody, 
H.  A.  Pearsons,  William  B.  Phillips,  Kate 
C.  Quinlan.  Irwin  Rew,  George  B.  Rey- 
nolds, Fleming  H.  Revell,  W.  T.  Rickards, 
Mrs.  C.  H.  Rowe.  George  Scott,  R.  L. 
Scott.  R.  S.  Scott,  J.  E.  Scott,  Rev.  H.  P. 
Smyth,  J.  S.  Shaffer,  George  M.  Sargent. 
George  Watson  Smith.  Robert  D.  Sheppard. 
William  E.  Stockton,  Philip  R.  Shumway. 
Mrs.  Lucy  D.  Shuman.  Mrs.  T.  I.  Stacey, 
H.  C.  Tillinghast,  Leroy  D.  Thoman,  H.  J. 
\\allingford,  C.  A.  Ward.  Mrs.  J.  F.  Ward. 
Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson,  Margaret  S.  Wat- 
son. Milton  H.  Wilson.  Mrs.  H.  R.  Wilson, 
John  E.  Wil-der,  Charles  E.  Yerkes,  A.  X. 
Young. 

The  total  cash  receipts  to  the  Evanston 
Hospital  since  its  organization  have  been 
$308.719.00.  This  sum  has  bex;n  expended 
as  follows: 

Buildings   and   land $i28,o8f> 

Endowment   Fund 50.500 

Maintenance  for  twelve  years 130.133 

On  May  15.  iqo6.  Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson  died 
suddenly,  depriving  this  association  of  one  of  its 
most  devoted  and  valuable  members.  Mrs.  Wat- 
son bad  been  identified  with  the  hospital  from  the 
beginning,  and  during  these  sixteen  years  had 
beui  an  officer  and  active  worker  in  its  behalf. 
The  hospital  was  peculiarly  near  to  her  heart 
and  the  object  of  her  special  devotion. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  Hospital  Association  the  following  me- 
morial paper  was  adopted : 


KVAMSTOX  HOSPITAL 


pital :  of  the  \  i-itiiii^  Committee.  Mrs. 
James  A.  Patten,  ami  of  K.  II.  1'iiichlcrmi 
the  Medical  Supply  Committee. 

List  of  Donors,  Dmim--  in  the  funds 
•  if  ihe  L\  aiistoti  Hospital  have  been  many, 
and  at  lea-t  ixvn  -mirce-  of  income,  n.'t 
direcllx  personal,  are  an  interesting  illus- 
tration nf  h.iu  an  enterprise  of  this  char- 
acter max  profit  hx  public  movements 
animated  hx  belief  in  its  merit-  and  faith 
in  its  lutnre.  These  txxo  sources  are  the 
tixeil  annual  institution  of  lh»pital  Sunday. 
and  the  benefit  entertainment  cmidncted  by 
clubs  nr  b\  sncietx  al  larjje. 

I'.enel'actimis  have  been  i^enerallx  meas- 
ured b\  the  compctencx  of  benefactors. 
While  many  small  contributions  have  been, 
and  cmitiime  to  be.  as  the  breath  of  life  of 
this  instilulion.  ecrlain  lari^e  one-,  at  crit- 
ical period-,  have  fixed  the  lines  of  its 
growth  and  the  scope  of  its  mission. 

The    Endowment    I'uml   of  $50.500   \\as 

cmitributcd  hx  the  fill  lowing  Kndnxvmciit 
Members:  I.  l;.  I'.lackstnne.  William  Li-tmi 
I'.roxvn.  Mr-.  Alice  A.  ('able,  l-'rank  I-".. 
Lord,  lame-  A.  Patten.  Mrs.  l.illx  Parker 
Stacey.  Thnmas  I.  Siacex .  Mr-.  Julia  Al. 
\\al-.,n.  Mr-.  lln.L,rh  K.  \\il-mi.  and  un- 
named friends  in  stuns  of  S-J.OOO,  1 .-' « i  and 
S_'.;iin.  respeclix  elx  . 

The  folloxxini;  l.ile  Meinlier-  have  each 
cmilribnted  Sloo  .  .r  m>.re  t..  the  ho-pital  : 
M.  ('.  \nni.nr.  Mr-.  M.  (  .  \rmmir.  C.  \. 
Harry,  \\illiam  II.  P.artleti.  Dr.  M.  C. 
P.ra-dmi.  Mr-.  \\  .  L.  I'.mxxn.  Mr-.  Kdxxin 
I'.  I'.ri.xxu.  Mr-.  Rrbecca  X.  I '.tiller.  Daniel 
II,  liurnham.  \\illiam  I'.lanchard.  \\illiaui 
II.  I'.arllelt.  \\'illiam  I ..  I'.roxxn.  Kex. 
Charles  I'.  I'.radlex.  I-"..  II.  I'.nchkr.  Mr-.  \\  . 
I!.  I'.n^crt.  (harle-  T.  I'.nxnlmi.  I-'..  I.  I'.uf- 
lin^imi.  Mr-.  \\  .  II.  I  In  met.  Mr-.  Alice  A. 
('able.  David  S.  ('..ok.  Mr-.  I  .mii-e  (  'midicl. 
Mr-.  T.  S.  Crci^hlon.  ( '.  P.  inl'lin.  J.  J. 
Charles.  Ira  P..  Conk.  Charles  II.  ( '.minimi, 
('harle-  P..  ( 'I.  velaud.  U'illiam  Deerintr. 


l;rank  M.  l-lllim.  J, ,hn  M.  l-.xveii.  Mrs.  John 
M .  Kxvcn.  C.  \\  .  F.lpliicke.  Marx  I'ahian. 
\\  .  J.  Kal>ian.  I).  U.  l;i.riran.  l-'rank  I', 
l-'raxier.  I.  II.  (iarayhtx.  Mr-.  I'.  \\'.  ( iales. 
I'.  \\'.  ( iales.  (.hark--  I',  (.rex.  Clara  ( iris- 
xv. -1.1.  A.  II.  (irnss.  Mr-.  A.  II.  (  in.-s.  Mrs. 
\iri;inia  I  lamline.  Mr-.  A.  I.  I  lanliny;.  !•". 
A.  llanly.  Mr-.  C.  II.  Hail.  I-'..  A.  Hill. 
Mrs.  Jaiiel  W.  I  Inlihanl.  William  <  ,.  Una-. 
Mrs.  T.  C.  Una-.  W.  II.  Jones.  Marshall 
M.  Kirkman.  X.  C.  Knight.  I-"..  S.  l.acex. 
Ricliaril  (.'.  Lake.  Inhn  1\.  Liml^ren. 
Thomas  l.nr.l.  (  ienr^e  S.  L.inl.  l-'rank  I-'.. 
l.i  inl.  l>ax'i.l  1\.  l.eui-.  I'.  L.  McKinnex. 
M.  D..  Un-er  I'..  McMnllen.  Mr-.  James  A. 
1'allen.  !•'.  !•".  I'eahmly.  I".  S.  I'eahmlx. 
II.  A.  IVarsons.  \\illiam  I'..  Phillip-.  Kale 
(  .  (Jninlan.  Irxxin  Kexv.  l  ienrtje  1!.  Uex- 
nnlils.  I'lemin^;  II.  Kexell.  \\  .  T.  Kickanls. 
Mr-.  ('.  II.  Knxxc.  (ie.ir^e  Scntl.  K.  L. 
So  Hi.  K.  S.  Soitt.  J.  I-!.  Si-nil.  l\ev.  II.  P. 
Smyth.  J.  S.  Shaffer,  (ienrye  M.  Sargent, 
(ieiir^e  \\al-.  m  Smith.  Knhert  1).  She])panl. 
William  !•'..  Stockton.  Philip  U.  Slnmixxax. 
Mr-,  l.ticy  I).  Shtnnan.  Mr-.  T.  I.  Stacex. 
II.  C.  Tillinyha-t.  Lemx  I  ).  Tlmtnan.  II.  J. 
\\alliu-mr.l.  C.  A.  \\"anl.  Mr-.  J.  I',  \\anl. 
Mr-.  Julia  M.  Wat-mi.  Margaret  S.  Wat- 
soii.  Mill, ,n  II.  \\  il-mi.  Mr-.  I  I.  K.  \\  il-mi. 
Ji.hn  I-"..  U'il.ler.  Charle-  ]•'..  Verkes.  A.  X! 
N'ouii}''. 

The  liiial  ca.-h  receijit-  in  the  L\-an-li  m 
I  ln-pilai  since  it~  nr^ani/atimi  haxe  heen 
S.^uS.jn^i.oo.  This  -uin  ha-  heen  e\]>emle.l 
as  follows: 

I'.nil. lin^s    an. I    lau.l Sl.jS.oSr. 

I'.mli  i\\  n:eiit     I'nmi ^n.^ixi 

Maintenance   fur  t \xclvc  xears ' .?"•'.?,? 

(>n  M.r>  15.  i.i'i',.  Mr-.  Juli.-i  M  U'.UM.II  ilinl 
-n.l.lrnlx.  .li-pr]\  IDL;  lln-  .•i-.^'ii'i;tti'iii  <•)  our  .,i'  u^ 
in,. -l  .K\.  t.-.l  .in.l  \.ihi.ilili-  iiicniln-r-  Mr-  \\':.l 
-"ii  li.'i'l  li-i:i  I'li-ntilu-.l  null  ilie  lin.jiM.-il  I'nnii  tin- 
l.i-^iiiiuim.  :i\\'\  iltinnv;  llu--r  -i\tri-li  >r;ir-  ll.'i.l 
l.'-im  an  ufl'uvr  :in.l  :HMIVI-  v\..rk<T  in  11-  lu-hall". 
lln-  ho-pil.il  xv:i-  |nvnli:irly  nrar  !•.  ln-r  lu-art 
ami  ihr  fiiitvt  '.l'  l-'-r  -IK-I'I.I!  <]r\'.li"ii 

\1  a  -]M-r<al  ni'-fliiiy  of  ihr  r^xcmlix  r  ('..ininil 
I.-.-  •')  tin-  ll»-|iital  \--tn-iait' •!!  ilu-  iolltivviiiK  mi" 
nnirial  liapfr  \\a-  a.l.'|iloi 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


273 


"The  sudden  and,  to  mortal  vision,  untimely 
death  of  Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson,  on  the  l.ltli  inst.. 
has  not  merely  deprived  the  Evanston  Hospital 
Association  of  its  honored  Vice-President,  and 
this  committee  of  one  of  its  most  active  and  valu- 
able members,  but  has  taken  away  one  who  has, 
from  the  very  beginning  of  the  institution  to  the 
present  time,  been  so  closely  identified  with  its 
growth  and  development,  so  constant  in  her  unsel- 
fish devotion  to  its  interests  and  so  generous  in  its 
support,  that  she  had  become  an  essential  part  of 
its  very  existence. 

"Her  wise  counsel,  her  faithful  attention  to  the 
duties  of  the  various  committees  upon  which  she 
has  continuously  and  most  efficiently  served  and 
her  strong  and  inspiring  personality,  no  less  than 
her  generous  gifts  have  contributed  in  a  very 
large  degree  to  the  splendid  results  that  have  been 
accomplished. 

"To  express  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  value 
of  such  services  as  she  lias  rendered,  and  of  the 
loss  this  committee  and  the  association  have  sus- 
tained is  impossible.  We  can  only  record  our 
profound  sense  of  sorrow  in  her  loss.  Its  more 
adequate  appreciation  will  not  be  expressed,  but 
will  be  preserved  in  the  grateful  and  affectionate 
remembrance  which  we  shall  ever  cherish  in  our 
hearts. 

"FRANK    M.    ELLIOT,    Chairman. 
WM.  G.  HOAO. 
WM.  B.  PHILLIPS. 
PHILIP  R.  SUUMWAV. 
ROLLIN  A.  KEVES, 
IRWIN  REVV, 
MRS.  T.  S.  CREK.HTON. 
MRS.  C.  J.  CONNEI.L. 
MRS.  JAMES  A.  PATTEN. 
MARY  HARRIS.  Secretary." 

Present  Officers. — Thecompletegovern- 
ing  body  of  the  Hospital  Association  for 
the  year  1906,  is  as  follows: 

General  Officers— Frank  M.  Elliot.  Pres- 
ident ;  Julia  M.  Watson,  Yice-President ; 
William  G.  Hoag,  Treasurer :  Mary  Harris, 
Secretary ;  Annie  L.  Locke,  Superinten- 
dent ;  Edith  A.  Bird,  Assistant  Superin- 
dent. 

Executive  Committee — Frank  M.  Elliot, 
Chairman ;  Mr.  William  B.  Phillips,  Mr. 
Philip  R.  Shumway,  Mr.  Rollin  A.  Keyes, 
Mr.  Irwin  Rew,  Mr.  William  A.  Hoag, 
Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson,  Mrs.  T.  S.  Creigh- 


ton,   Mrs.   C.  J.   Connell,   Mrs.  James  A. 
Patten. 

Finance  Committee — Mr.  Irwin  Rew, 
Chairman ;  Mr.  Frank  H.  Armstrong,  Mr. 
Charles  R.  \Vebster. 

Investment  Committee — Mr.  William  G. 
Hoag,  Chairman ;  Mr.  J.  R.  Lindgren,  Mr. 
Rollin  A.  Keyes. 

Auditing  Committee — Mr.  Philip  R. 
Shumway,  Chairman ;  Mr.  W.  B.  Phillips, 
Mr.  Clyde  M.  Carr. 

House  and  Grounds  Committee — Mr. 
\Villiam  B.  Phillips.  Chairman:  Mr.  M.  C. 
Armour,  Mr.  Frank  P.  Frazier. 

Admission  Committee — Mrs.  C.  J.  Con- 
nell, Chairman ;  Mrs.  James  A.  Patten, 
Miss  A.  L.  Locke. 

Supplies  Committee — Mrs.  Julia  M 
Watson,  Chairman ;  Mrs.  W.  J.  Fabian, 
Mrs.  Caroline  S.  Poppenhusen. 

Medical  Supplies  Committee — Mr.  Ed- 
ward H.  Buehler,  Mr.  R.  J.  Bassett. 

Printing  Committee — Mr.  Philip  R. 
Shumway,  Chairman ;  Miss  Mary  Harris, 
Mr.  William  G.  Hoag. 

Training  School  Committee — Mrs.  Julia 
M.  Watson.  Chairman ;  Mrs.  Alice  A. 
Cable,  Miss  Mary  Harris. 

Hospital  Saturday  and  Sunday  Commit- 
tee— Mrs.  T.  S.  Creighton,  Chairman ; 
Mrs.  Parke  E.  Simmons.  Mr.  C.  F.  Mar- 
low. 

Visiting  and  Delicacies  Committee — 
Mrs.  James  A.  Patten,  Chairman ;  Mrs.  Wr. 
S.  Powers,  Mrs.  Irwin  Rew,  Mrs.  A.  R. 
Barnes.  Mrs.  E.  J.  P>uffington,  Mrs.  M.  A. 
Mead.  Mrs.  H.  H.  Hoyt,  Mrs.  John  C. 
Spry.  Mrs.  T.  M.  Holgate,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Garaghty,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Warren,  Mrs.  James 
W.  Howell,  Mrs.  Philip  R.  Shumway. 

Directors. — Term  Expires  1906 — Mr. 
William  B.  Bogert,  Prof.  J.  H.  Gray,  Mr. 
William  B.  Phillips,  Mrs.  W.  L.  Brown, 
Mr.  Rollin  A.  Keves,  Mrs.  William  Hola- 


274 


EVANJTOX  HOSPITAL 


bird,  Mrs.  James  A.  Patten,  Mr.  Frank  M. 
Elliot,  Mr.  E.  H.  Buehler;  Mr.  Clyde  M. 
Carr. 

Term  Expires  1907 — Mrs.  H.  D.  Cable, 
Mr.  Philip  R.  Shumway,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Pop- 
penhusen,  Mrs.  John  C.  Spry,  Mrs.  T.  S. 
Creighton,  Mr.  M.  C.  Armour,  Mr.  Irwin 
Rew,  Mrs.  E.  J.  Buffington,  Mr.  R.  L. 
Scott,  Mr.  Charles  F.  Marlow. 

Term  Expires  1908 — Mr.  F.  P.  Frazier, 
Mr.  F.  F.  Peabody,  Mr.  C.  R.  Webster, 
Mr.  D.  R.  Forgan,  Mr.  Robert  J.  Bassett, 
Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson,  Mrs.  C.  J.  Connell, 
Mrs.  Lucy  J.  Rowe,  Mr.  William  G.  Hoag, 
Mr.  Frank  H.  Armstrong. 


Medical  Staff.— E.  H.  Webster,  M.  D. ; 
W.  A.  Phillips,  M.  D. ;  William  R.  Parkes, 
M.  D. ;  P.  D.  Harding,  M.  D. :  Sarah  H. 
Brayton.  M.  D.;  Frank  C.  Dakin,  M.  D. ; 
M.  C.  Bragdon,  M.  D. ;  E.  E.  Shutterly, 
M.  D. ;  Mary  F.  McCrillis,  M.  D. ;  Dwight 
Clark,  M  D. ;  B.  C.  Stolp,  M.  D. 

Consulting  Staff. — Charles  Adams,  M. 
D. ;  C.  S.  Bigelow,  D.  D.  S. ;  Frank  Billings, 
M.  D. ;  Arthur  R.  Edwards,  M.  D. ;  Charles 
G.  Fuller,  M.  D. ;  D.  W.  Graham,  M.  D. ; 
Fernand  Henrotin,  M.  D. ;  Hugh  T.  Pat- 
rick, M.  D.;  John  Ridlon,  M.  D. ;  Will 
\Yalter,  M.  D. ;  W.  S.  Alexander,  Patholo- 
gist. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 

(By  PROFESSOR  SAIDEE  KNOWLAND  COE) 


Ei-anston  as  it  E.risted  in  1856 — Primc'cal 
Church  Music — War  Songs — A  Com- 
mencement Concert — The  Hittchinson 
Family — Jules  Litmbard — O.  H.  Mcnvin 
Becomes  A  Choir  Leader — Other  Xota- 
ble  Musicians — Ei'anston's  First  Musical 
Club — Some  Famous  Teachers  and  Per- 
formers— Thomas  Concert  Class  Organ- 
ised— Mrs.  Edward  ll'yman — Musical 
Department  of  Eranston  U'oman's  Club 
— IVomen's  Clubs  as  a  Factor  in  Musical 
Training — Eranston  Musical  Club — 
Maennerchor  Organized  —  Programs  — 
Officers. 

Evanston  has  become  such  an  acknowl- 
edged musical  as  well  as  literary  center, 
that  the  tracing  of  the  steps  leading  up 
to  its  present  high  state  of  development 
affords  unusual  interest.  Let  us  close  our 
eyes  and  picture  to  ourselves  the  town  in 
1856.  It  consisted,  as  a  reliable  authority 
informs  us,  of  a  few  houses :  the  University 
represented  by  the  old  Academy  building, 
which  then  stood  on  the  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Hinman  Avenue;  the  North- 
western Women's  College,  further  south  on 
Chicago  Avenue :  the  Methodist  Church,  a 
wooden  building  which  everybody  attend- 
ed ;  and  a  general  store  and  postoffice.  At 
this  stage  it  is  natural  that  musical  interest 
should  have  centered  around  the  music  in 
the  church.  This,  at  first,  consisted  of  sincr- 


ing  by  the  congregation  of  old  familiar 
hymns.  A  little  later  a  choir  was  formed  of 
the  young  people  of  the  church,  led  first  by 
Mr.  Hart  P.  Danks,  who  afterwards  be- 
came well  known  as  a  composer  of  songs 
and  church  music.  Mrs.  Mary  Willard 
was  a  member  of  this  choir,  which  sang  not 
only  the  hymns  and  old-fashioned  anthems 
for  the  church  service,  but  was  always  on 
hand  for  prayer  meetings,  lectures,  so- 
ciables and  even  sleigh-rides  and  picnics. 
Mr.  Danks  was  succeeded  as  choir-leader 
by  Mr.  John  A.  Pearsons.  In  the  war  meet- 
ings, held  in  the  old  University  chapel,  the 
choir  thrilled  its  hearers  with  its  rendering 
of  patriotic  songs. 

The  first  brass  band  in  the  town  was  or- 
ganized in  1857,  and  was  led  by  Frank 
Steel,  an  Evanston  boy,  who  afterwards 
achieved  some  reputation  as  bandmaster 
in  a  New  York  regiment  during  the  war. 
About  this  time  Mr.  J.  I?.  Merwin — a  dis- 
tant relative  of  Mr.  ().  H.  Merwin,  whose 
notable  work  for  music  in  Evanston  will 
be  mentioned  later  on — succeeded  in  stir- 
ring up  considerable  musical  enthusiasm 
among  the  young  people.  Under  his  direc- 
tion they  gave  one  or  two  sacred  cantatas, 
which  were  greatly  enjoyed.  At  commence- 
ment time  a  concert  was  always  given  in  the 
Methodist  Church  by  the  music  teacher  and 
pupils  of  the  Women's  College.  This  was 
the  most  pretentious  musical  event  of  the 


275 


274 


EVANSTOX  HOSPITAL 


bird,  Mrs.  James  A.  Patten,  Mr.  Frank  M. 
Elliot,  Mr.  E.  H.  Buehler;  Mr.  Clyde  M. 
Carr. 

Term  Expires  1907 — Mrs.  H.  D.  Cable, 
Mr.  Philip  R.  Shumway,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Pop- 
penhusen,  Mrs.  John  C.  Spry,  Mrs.  T.  S. 
Creighton,  Mr.  M.  C.  Armour,  Mr.  Irwin 
Rew,  Mrs.  E.  J.  Buffington,  Mr.  R.  L. 
Scott,  Mr.  Charles  F.  Marlow. 

Term  Expires  1908 — Mr.  F.  P.  Frazier, 
Mr.  F.  F.  Peabody,  Mr.  C.  R.  Webster, 
Mr.  D.  R.  Forgan,  Mr.  Robert  J.  Bassett, 
Mrs.  Julia  M.  Watson,  Mrs.  C.  J.  Connell, 
Mrs.  Lucy  J.  Rowe,  Mr.  William  G.  Hoag, 
Mr.  Frank  H.  Armstrong. 


Medical  Staff.— E.  H.  Webster,  M.  D. ; 
W.  A.  Phillips,  M.  D. ;  William  R.  Parkes, 
M.  D. ;  P.  D.  Harding.  M.  D. ;  Sarah  H. 
Brayton,  M.  D. ;  Frank  C.  Dakin,  M.  D. ; 
M.  C.  Bragdon,  M.  D. ;  E.  E.  Shutterly, 
M.  D. ;  Mary  F.  McCrillis,  M.  D. ;  Dwight 
Clark,  M  D. ;  B.  C.  Stolp,  M.  D. 

Consulting  Staff. — Charles  Adams,  M. 
D. ;  C.  S.  Bigelow,  D.  D.  S. ;  Frank  Billings, 
M.  D. ;  Arthur  R.  Edwards,  M.  D. ;  Charles 
G.  Fuller,  M.  D. ;  D.  W.  Graham,  M.  D. ; 
Fernand  Henrotin,  M.  D. ;  Hugh  T.  Pat- 
rick, M.  D. ;  John  Ridlon,  M.  D. ;  Will 
Walter,  M.  D. ;  W.  S.  Alexander,  Patholo- 
gist. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 

(Bj  PROFESSOR  SAIDEE  KNOWJLAND  COE) 


Ei-anston  as  it  E.ristcd  in  1856 — Primci'al 
Church  Music — U'ar  Songs — A  Com- 
mencement Concert — The  Hiitchinsou 
Family — Jules  Liunbard — O.  H.  Men<.'in 
Becomes  A  Choir  Leader — Other  Xota- 
blc  Musicians — Evanston's  First  Musical 
Club — Some  Famous  Teachers  and  Per- 
formers— Thomas  Concert  Class  Organ- 
ised— Mrs.  Edward  ll'ymau — Musical 
Department  of  Eranston  Iranian's  Club 
— Women's  Clubs  as  a  Factor  in  Musical 
Training — Eranston  Musical  Club — 
Maenncrchor  Organized  —  Programs  — 
Officers. 

Evanston  has  become  such  an  acknowl- 
edged musical  as  well  as  literary  center, 
that  the  tracing  of  the  steps  leading  up 
to  its  present  high  state  of  development 
affords  unusual  interest.  Let  us  close  our 
eyes  and  picture  to  ourselves  the  town  in 
1856.  It  consisted,  as  a  reliable  authority 
informs  us,  of  a  few  houses:  the  University 
represented  by  the  old  Academy  building, 
which  then  stood  on  the  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Hininan  Avenue ;  the  North- 
western Women's  College,  further  south  on 
Chicago  Avenue :  the  Methodist  Church,  a 
wooden  building  which  everybody  attend- 
ed :  and  a  general  store  and  postoffice.  At 
this  stage  it  is  natural  that  musical  interest 
should  have  centered  around  the  music  in 
the  church.  This,  at  first,  consisted  of  sing- 


ing by  the  congregation  of  old  familiar 
hymns.  A  little  later  a  choir  was  formed  of 
the  young  people  of  the  church,  led  first  by 
Mr.  Hart  P.  Danks,  who  afterwards  be- 
came well  known  as  a  composer  of  songs 
and  church  music.  Mrs.  Mary  Willard 
was  a  member  of  this  choir,  which  sang  not 
only  the  hymns  and  old-fashioned  anthems 
for  the  church  service,  but  was  always  on 
hand  for  prayer  meetings,  lectures,  so- 
ciables and  even  sleigh-rides  and  picnics. 
Mr.  Danks  was  succeeded  as  choir-leader 
by  Mr.  John  A.  Pearsons.  In  the  war  meet- 
ings, held  in  the  old  University  chapel,  the 
choir  thrilled  its  hearers  with  its  rendering 
of  patriotic  songs. 

The  first  brass  band  in  the  town  was  or- 
ganized in  1857,  and  was  led  by  Frank 
Steel,  an  Evanston  boy,  who  afterwards 
achieved  some  reputation  as  bandmaster 
in  a  New  York  regiment  during  tire  war. 
About  this  time  Mr.  J.  P>.  Merwin — a  dis- 
tant relative  of  Mr.  O.  H.  Merwin,  whose 
notable  work  for  music  in  Evanston  will 
be  mentioned  later  on — succeeded  in  stir- 
ring up  considerable  musical  enthusiasm 
among  the  young  people.  L'nder  his  direc- 
tion they  gave  one  or  two  sacred  cantatas, 
which  were  greatly  enjoyed.  At  commence- 
ment time  a  concert  was  always  given  in  the 
Methodist  Church  by  the  music  teacher  and 
pupils  of  the  Women's  College.  This  was 
the  most  pretentious  musical  event  of  the 


276 


'LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


year  for  the  town.  From  time  to  time  vari- 
ous musicians  from  outside  gave  concerts 
in  Evanston.  Among  these  are  remember- 
ed the  Hutchinson  Family  and  Jules  Lum- 
bard,  whose  singing  was  very  popular  dur- 
ing the  war. 

In  1869  Mr.  O.  H.  Merwin  came  to 
Evanston  and  was  made  director  of  the 
choir,  a  position  he  held  for  thirteen  years, 
until  1882.  The  period  of  Mr.  Merwin's 
activity  in  this  work  may  be  said  to  mark 
the  musical  transition  between  the  Evan- 
ston of  the  past  and  the  Evanston  of  the 
present.  During  his  regime  the  choir, 
which  was  made  up  from  the  young  people 
of  the  church  and  students  of  the  Univer- 
sity, numbered  from  forty  to  seventy  mem- 
bers. Among  the  names  we  find  many  famil- 
iar ones.  Miss  Ella  Prindle,  now  Mrs. 
Amos  W.  Patten,  was  leading  soprano  for 
eight  or  ten  years ;  Mrs.  Frank  P.  Crandon 
and  Mrs.  H.  F.  Fisk  occupied  front  seats 
in  the  soprano  row,  while  Professor  James 
Taft  Hatfield  reinforced  the  tenors.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  John  B.  Kirk,  Miss  Lindgren 
(now  Mrs.  Nels  Simonsen),  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Inglehart,  Miss  Nellie  Hurd  (now  Mrs. 
Comstock).  the  Raymond  brothers,  Mr. 
Scott  Matthews,  Miss  Pomeroy,  and  many 
others  whose  names  are  well  known  to  old 
Evanstonians,  mingled  their  voices  in  Mr. 
Merwin's  choir.  This  organization  gave 
frequent  entertainments  for  the  benefit  of 
the  church,  on  which  occasion  the  choir  was 
reinforced  by  all  the  singers  in  the  town. 
In  the  spring  of  1879  a  concert  was  given 
in  which  Miss  Annie  Louise  Gary  took  the 
leading  part.  The  following  year  "The 
Messiah"  was  produced  with  Myron  Whit- 
ney as  basso.  In  1882  Mr.  Merwin  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Locke,  director  of  the 
Music  Department  of  the  University. 

The  Evanston  Amateur  Musical  Club. — 
The  first  important  musical  club  in  Evanston 
was  the  Evanston  Amateur  Musical  Club, 


a  musical  and  social  organization  which 
flourished  for  five  years — from  1882  to 
1887.  Its  founder  and  presiding  genius 
was  Miss  Xina  G.  Lunt,  to  whose  perse- 
verance and  untiring  energy  the  success  of 
the  enterprise  was  due.  She  started  the 
club  with  fourteen  young  amateur  musi- 
cians as  a  nucleus.  The  membership  grew 
with  such  rapidity  that  it  comprised  large 
active,  associate  and  honorary  lists.  The 
last  included  the  names  of  many  prom- 
inent Chicago  musicians,  notably  Mrs. 
Regina  Watson  (who  was  always  a  great 
source  of  inspiration  and  help  to  the  club), 
Miss  Fannie  Root,  Miss  Amy  Fay,  Mr. 
Carl  Wolfsohn,  Mr.  Fred  W.  Root,  Mr. 
Emil  Liebling  and  others.  For  two  years 
fortnightly  afternoon  musicals  were  given 
during  the  season  at  the  homes  of  the  mem- 
bers. The  programs  were  furnished  large- 
ly by  the  active  members.  Frequent  even- 
ing recitals  by  well  known  artists  added 
much  to  the  interest  of  the  association.  It 
was  finally  deemed  best  to  do  away  with  the 
afternoon  meetings  and  have  the  entertain- 
ments all  given  in  the  evening,  the  programs 
to  be  furnished  by  artists  of  established 
reputation.  At  the  same  time  the  term 
"amateur"  was  dropped,  the  name  of  the 
club  appearing  as  the  Evanston  Musical 
Club.  The  list  of  artists  who  appeared 
in  recitals  before  this  club  is  a  notable 
one.  It  includes  Seeboeck.  Amy  Fay. 
Carl  Wolfsohn,  Emil  Liebling,  Frank 
Root.  Mrs.  Walter  Wyman.  Mine.  Carreno, 
Sherwood,  Annie  Rommeiss,  Mrs.  May 
Phoenix  Cameron,  Mine.  Hopekirk.  Mine. 
Trebelli,  Jacobsohn,  Musin,  Fannie  Bloom- 
field  Zeisler,  The  Mendelssohn  Quintette 
Club  of  Boston.  Rummel,  Lilli  Lehman 
and  others.  There  were  also  Chamber  Con- 
certs given  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
William  Lewis. 

Church    Music. — With   the   growth   of 
Evanston,   churches  of  various  denomina- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


tions  have  sprung  up  and  their  choirs  have 
added  no  little  to  the  musical  development 
of  the  town.  The  Congregational  Church 
choir  has  become  noted  as  a  training-ground 
for  some  of  our  best  known  concert  sing- 
ers. Among  them  are  Mr.  Francis  Fisher 
Powers,  Mrs.  Minnie  Fish  Griffin  and  Mrs. 
Minnie  D.  Methot,  who  has  recently  gone 
into  opera.  The  following  excerpt  is  taken 
from  an  interesting  article  on  "Church 
Music"  by  Mr.  Frank  M.  Elliot,  in  which 
he  sketches  the  musical  history  of  the  Evan- 
ston  Congregational  Church : 

"One  of  the  choirs  long  to  be  remember- 
ed was,  in  1875  and  1876.  known  as  the 
Powers  Quartet,  composed  of  Miss  Emily 
Powers.  Miss  Lottie  Powers  (now  Mrs. 
Oman).  Mr.  Francis  Fisher  Powers  and 
Mr.  Fred  Powers.  They  were  all  musical 
and  their  singing  was  always  enjoyed. 

"In  1881.  1882  and  1883  the  music  was 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  George  H.  lott. 
This  was  the  first  of  our  paid  choirs.  Mr. 
lott  entered  upon  his  duties  with  enthusi- 
asm, and  unquestionably  did  more  to  edu- 
cate our  people  in  good  sacred  music  than 
anyone  before  or  since.  His  selections 
were  always  of  a  high  order  of  merit.  His 
exactness  with  the  musicians,  his  fine  ap- 
preciation of  music,  together  with  the 
superb  quality  of  his  voice,  gave  a  render- 
ing that  was  always  satisfactory  and  help- 
ful to  his  listeners.  The  Te  Deum  became 
one  of  the  most  enjoyable  of  the  selections 
given.  It  was  his  custom  to  give  a  Te 
Deum  at  every  morning  service,  and  this 
feature  became  so  characteristic  that  his 
choir  was  known  ever  after  as  the  'Te  Deum 
choir.' 

"In  iSrjo,  1891  and  1892.  the  choir  com- 
posed of  Miss  Grace  E.  Jones.  Miss  EstVer 
A.  Pitkin.  Mr.  Henry  Taylor.  Jr..  and  Mr. 
J.  P.  McGrath.  gave  an  excellent  rendering 
of  all  their  music.  They  were  together  so 
long  that  they  became  accustomed  to  each 


other's  singing.  Their  ensemble  work  was, 
perhaps,  as  good  as  that  of  any  choir  we 
have  had.  By  far  the  best  choir  we  ever 
had  was  composed  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Fish 
Griffin.  Miss  Alice  Hayes,  Mr.  Johnston 
and  Mr.  William  Richards.  Unfortun- 
ately this  choir  was  together  only  three 
months.  Their  voices  were  evenly  balanced, 
and  all  were  experienced  and  artistic  sing- 
ers, so  that  every  selection  that  they  under- 
took was  sure  of  proper  interpretation. 

"There  have  been  other  excellent  choirs, 
but,  as  a  rule,  one  or  more  of  the  voices 
were  defective.  The  singers  who  have 
endeared  themselves  to  our  people — and 
who  will  always  be  regarded  with  the  high- 
est esteem,  both  for  their  musical  ability 
and  for  their  sincerity  and  devotion  to  their 
work  while  in  the  choir — are  Miss  Owens, 
Miss  Carpenter.  Mrs.  Bartlett,  Mrs.  Goetz, 
Mrs.  Brewer,  Mrs.  Lamphere,  Mrs.  Minnie 
D.  Methot,  Mrs.  Stella  Lawrence  Xara- 
more.  Mrs.  Grace  Jones  Taylor.  Mrs.  Esther 
Pitkin-Bartlett.  Mrs.  Jennie  Sugg  Carson. 
Mrs.  Minnie  Fish  Griffin,  Miss  Hayes,  Miss 
Sohlberg.  Miss  Kelley,  Mr.  George  H. 
lott,  Mr.  Homer  F.  Stone.  Mr.  James  F. 
Bird.  Mr.  Charles  A.  Dew.  Mr.  Henry 
Taylor.  Jr..  Mr.  J.  P.  McGrath.  Mr.  William 
Richards.  Mr.  James  F.  Johnston  and  Mr. 
L.  F.  Brown. 

"The  organists,  who.  by  their  association 
with  this  church,  have  become  a  part  of  its 
history,  are  J.  \\  .  Ludlani.  Clarkson  Rey- 
nolds Larabee,  Arthur  Cutler.  Prof.  \\".  S. 
B.  Mathews.  Prof.  Oscar  Mayo.  Miss 
Mollie  Ludlam.  Miss  Lydia  S.  Harris.  R.  H. 
L.  Watson.  L.  P.  Ilmt.  H.  D.  Atchison. 
Hubert  Oldham.  W.  W.  Graves.  A.  F. 
McCarrell.  John  A.  West.  Edwin  Barnes. 
Irving  Proctor.  John  Mills  Mayhew  and 
Scott  Wheeler." 

In  recent  years  the  most  marked  feature 
of  the  music  of  the  Congregational  Church 


2/8 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


has  been  the  artistic  singing  of  Mrs.  Sanger  of    1901    a   series   of  organ   concerts   was 

Steele.                                             ,  given    in   the    First    Methodist   church   by 

St.    Mark's    (Episcopal)    Church   has   a  Professor  P.  C.  Lutkin,  Miss  Mary  Porter 

vested    choir,    which    furnishes   the    music  Pratt,  Miss  Tina  Mae  Haines,  Mr.  William 

for  the  regular  service  throughout  the  year  E.  Zeuch  and  Mr.  A.  F.  McCarrell.    After 

and  in  addition,  usually  performs  the  St.  the  installation  of  the  new  organ  especially 

Cecilia  Mass  at  Easter.  noteworthy    recitals    were   given    with   the 

In  June,  1897,  a  series  of  free  organ  re-  following  programs: 

citals  was  inauguarated  in  the   Presbyter-      Toccata  and  Fugue,  D  minor Bach 

iail  Church.      These  Were  Continued  through  Anthem— "Praise  the"  Lord". .'...". .'."... ..A.    Randegger 

_  .  (a)   Chorus — "Sing   unto   God" G.    F.    Haiidcl 

four     Seasons.        The     expenses     Were     Dome  (t»    "La   Cygne"    (The   Swan) C.   Samt-Saens 

....  .,  (c)    Nuptial    March A.   Guilmant 

by    private   citizens   who   contributed   each  Mr.  clarence  Eddy 

,      ,  Ouartette— "Thou  Shalt   Ilring  Them  In".. A.  S.  Sullivan 

year   in   response   to   an   appeal    from   the  Quartette 

,„,                       .                         ,  Allegro    Canta'>ile.      From    the    fifth    Organ    Symphony 

pastor.  Dr.  I'oyd.      The  organists  who  fur-      Toccata  c.  M.  yvidor 

....  ,  ..         ~.  ,  .  Lamentation,   op.   •!.'» A.   Guilmant 

rushed  the  programs  were  Miss  Tina  Mae  Mr.  Eddy 

TT    .  .  ...  Soprano  Solo — "I   will   Extol  Thee.  O   Lord" Costa 

Hames,  organist  of  the  church,  to  whom  the  Miss  Ridgeiey 

.....  ~  Barcarolle    E.    H.    Lamare 

Credit  Of  the  enterprise  IS  largely  due,    ScOtt        March  and   Chorus  from    Tannhauscr Wagner 

\Yheeler,  Arthur  Dunham,  James  Watson, 

\      r-     \r  r~        n      r*               ir              \j  The    following   program    was   given    by 
A.    F.    McCarrell,    Francis    Moore,    Ada 

„,....              „         •       TI      •                 n-ii-  Mr     rreaenck    Archer    on    February    28, 
\\  ilhams,     Francis     Hemington.     \\  illiam 

Zeuch  and  Clarence  Dickinson.    During  the 

.      0          .               .                            ...  Allegro  Moderate  from  Organ  Symphony. ..  .W.   Faulkes 

summer  of  1899  the  entire  group  of  six  re-        <a>  Pastorale   jorgan 

.  ,  TT    •  •  (a)   Scherzo     Gigout 

Citals    was    given    by    -MlSS    Haines,    assisted        Chorale  in  D  minor Caesar  Franck 

"  (a)   Chanson  sans   Paroles E.    II.    Lamare 

by  prominent  vocalists.     Among  the  solo-        o>>  iiumonttsque  J.  Caiiaert* 

istS     who    assisted    during    the     four    Seasons  Poeme    Symphonique'-"Rouet '<!'   Omphaie" .'.'.'. St.    Saens 

,  _.  T  T         ,  •  Theme    and    Variations Schuhert 

tile      most      notable      are       George       Hamlm,        Finale   from   Octette   for   strings Mendelssohn 

„.  . .,       ~.  T  .        ,-.    ,  Serenade      Molique 

Charles   \\  .  Clark,  Jennie  Osborue,  Helen      Overture— "Love's  Triumph" w.  v.  Wallace 

Buckley  and  Holmes  Cowper.  One  of  the  During  the  summer  of  1902  a  series  of 
most  notable  concerts  ever  given  in  the  organ  recitals  was  given  in  the  Presbyter- 
church  was  the  Farewell  Concert  given  for  ian  and  First  Methodist  churches,  alternate- 
Miss  Haines  before  her  departure  for  a  ly,  by  Mr.  Clarence  Dickinson,  assisted  by 
year's  study  in  Paris.  The  program  was  prominent  vocalists.  Among  the  noteworthy 
given  by  Miss  Haines,  Harrison  Wild,  vocalists  who  have  been  members  of  the 
Charles  W.  Clark,  Leon  Marx  and  Mrs.  choir  are  Mr.  Frank  Hannah,  Jenny  Os- 
Edwin  Lapham.  born  Hannah,  Mrs.  Furbeck,  Minnie  Fish 
During  the  summer  of  1904-5,  the  sum-  Griffin  and  Mr.  Frank  Webster.  The  pres- 
mer  concerts  were  resumed  and  were  so  ent  organist  (1905)  of  the  church,  Miss 
successful  that  a  series  will  be  given  the  Katherine  Howard,  has  carried  on  with 
coming  summer,  1905-6.  The  programs  are  much  success  monthly  musical  vesper  ser- 
given  by  Miss  Haines,  with  the  assistance  vices  during  the  winter  and  a  series  of 
of  prominent  soloists.  The  most  impor-  organ  concerts  during  the  summer, 
tant  concert  ever  given  in  the  church  was  by  The  Thomas  Concert  Class. — TheThom- 
the  organist,  Guilmant.  in  October,  1904.  as  Concert  Class  was  started  in  October, 
Miss  Greta  Masson  assisted  on  this  pro-  1896,  and  has  had  nine  thoroughly  success- 
gram,  with  soprano  solos.  In  the  summer  ful  years.  The  membership  is  limited  to  sub- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


279 


scribers  to  the  Thomas  Orchestra  Concerts. 
Mrs.  Edward  T.  Wyman  and  Miss  Cora 
Cassard,  now  Mrs.  Toogood,  were  the 
starters  of  the  enterprise,  going  about 
among  their  musical  friends  to  stir  up  an 
interest  in  the  new  venture.  They  soon 
enlisted  the  co-operation  of  Mrs.  C.  L. 
Woodyatt,  Mrs.  Curtis  H.  Remy  and  Mrs. 
Charles  G.  Fuller,  and  to  the  energy  and 
devotion  of  these  five  ladies  the  Class  owes 
its  launching  into  a  most  successful  career. 
The  purpose  has  been,  primarily,  the  study 
in  advance  of  the  numbers  announced  on 
the  programs  of  the  orchestral  concerts. 
Since  its  organization,  the  Class  has  regu- 
larly held  meetings  on  the  day  preceding 
each  concert,  when  members  have  played 
and  analyzed  the  program  numbers  of  the 
following  day.  The  value  of  this  work 
to  the  members  can  hardly  be  over  esti- 
mated. It  has  aroused  and  stimulated  an 
interest  in  the  greatest  works  of  orchestral 
composition,  while  the  study  necessary  for 
analyzing  and  playing  these  masterpieces 
lias  amounted  to  more  than  ah  ordinary 
course  of  music  study.  The  devotion  and 
perseverance  shown  by  the  ladies  in  pre- 
paring and  presenting  these  programs, 
through  nine  consecutive  seasons,  are 
worthy  of  emulation. 

In  addition  to  the  direct  study  of  the 
Thomas  programs,  courses  in  Theory  of 
Music  have  been  given  before  the  Class 
by  Professor  P.  C.  Lutkin  and,  through  the 
season  of  1900.  a  course  in  History  of 
Music,  outlined  by  Mrs.  Coe,  was  finally 
carried  out  by  the  members.  Theodore 
Thomas,  during  his  life,  always  took  a  live- 
ly interest  in  the  work  of  the  Class,  and 
Mrs.  Thomas  has  addressed  the  members 
on  several  occasions.  Artists'  recitals,  given 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Class,  have  in- 
cluded the  Rrahms  Piano  Recital  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Whiting  and  a  program  for  the 
wood-wind  instruments,  besides  a  Histori- 


cal Chamber  Music  Recital  given  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Chicago  Orchestra. 

The  Presidents  of  the  Thomas  Concert 
Class  have  been :  Mrs.  Curtis  H.  Remy, 
Mrs.  Charles  G.  Fuller.  Mrs.  Frank  M. 
Elliot,  Mrs.  John  R.  Lindgren,  Mrs.  H.  D. 
Cable  and  Mrs.  Xewell  C.  Knight,  each  of 
whom  has  been  responsible,  in  no  small 
degree,  for  the  uniform  success  which  has 
attended  the  work  of  this  organization. 
Mrs.  C.  L.  Woodyatt  has  always  been  the 
presiding  genius  to  whom,  more  than  to 
any  other  individual,  is  due  the  harmony 
which  has  prevailed  among  the  members 
and  the  spirit  of  helpfulness  which  has 
pervaded  each  meeting.  The  analytical 
work  of  Mrs.  Woodyatt  and  Miss  Tina  M. 
Haines  is  especially  worthy  of  mention,  as 
well  as  the  valuable  work  done  in  piano 
illustrations  by  Mrs.  William  Vance,  Mrs. 
George  Lord,  Mrs.  Knight.  Mrs.  Gold- 
schmidt,  Mrs.  John  H.  Gray.  Mrs.  John  R. 
Lindgren,  Mrs.  Underwood,  Mrs.  Hypes 
and  Mrs.  Seymour.  The  following  resume, 
prepared  by  Mrs.  Woodyatt  at  the  close  of 
the  fifth  year,  gives  a  comprehensive  idea 
of  the  work  accomplished: 

"The  Thomas  Concert  Class,  being  an 
original  venture  without  precedent  or  ex- 
ample, has  felt  its  way  along  from  its  be- 
ginning in  1896.  evolving  year  by  year  its 
own  method  of  procedure.  The  musical 
numbers  assigned  by  Mr.  Thomas  for  our 
study  do  not  afford  much  consecutive  re- 
lation from  week  to  week.  For  this  reason 
it  was  recognized,  at  the  ontstart,  that  con- 
tinuity and  cohesion  could  only  be  secured 
by  giving  a  portion  of  the  time  each  morn- 
ing to  systematized  theoretical  study.  With 
so  large  a  membership,  and  one  including 
so  many  grades  of  musical  experience,  this 
has  been  perhaps  the  most  difficult  question 
we  have  had  to  meet.  Professional  instruc- 
tion can  seldom  be  adapted  to  such  mi-:cd 
requirements,  and,  by  the  close  of  the  fourth 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


year,  \vc  had  pretty  well  exhausted  the 
possibilities  along  this  line,  without  enter- 
ing upon  study  of  too  technical  a  nature  to 
be  of  value  to  the  class  as  a  whole.  At  the 
same  time,  it  became  evident  that,  with  most 
of  us,  a  mass  of  detached  ideas  and 
knowledge  had  been  accumulating  which 
would  bear  crystallizing  into  symmetrical 
form. 

"With  these  facts  in  mind  the  list  of  top- 
ics was  drawn  up,  which  has  formed  the 
basis  of  the  morning  papers  for  the  year 
just  closing.  This  course,  it  was  hoped, 
would  form  a  clear  outline  of  the  history 
of  the  development  of  music.  I  am  sure 
that  I  voice  the  opinion  of  the  Class  in  say- 
ing, that  this  hope  has  been  justified,  and 
that  the  papers  of  this  series  have  told — 
and  told  well — the  story  of  music's  growth 
from  the  primitive  utterance  of  emotion 
in  the  savage,  down  through  the  centuries, 
until  it  has  become  the  art  we  know  to-day. 
The  first  paper  was  ably  given  by  Mrs. 
Coe.  to  whose  interest  and  experience  we 
are  indebted  for  the  arrangement  of  the  list 
of  subjects.  A  few  weeks  later,  in  Novem- 
ber, we  had  the  pleasure  of  listening  to  a 
beautiful  essay  upon  the  period  of  the 
Troubadours,  generously  given  to  us  by 
Miss  Limt.  In  January  and  in  March  im- 
portant topics  of  the  course  were  treated 
by  Professor  Ltitkin,  whose  unfailing  read- 
iness to  respond  when  occasions  call  for 
his  assistance,  has  been  of  immeasurable 
value  to  us  throughout  our  five  years*  ex- 
perience. The  second  of  these  lectures — I 
refer  to  the  one  upon  the  'Representative 
German  Composers  of  the  igth  Century,' 
in  which  he  summarized  and  contrasted  the 
influence  of  the  great  masters  upon  the 
development  of  the  art — was  the  product 
of  a  comprehensive  and  keenly  discriminat- 
ing mind.  The  last  paper  of  the  course  was 
given  by  Mrs.  Theodore  Thomas  in  the 
form  of  a  resume  of  musical  production 


in  this  country,  particularly  during  Colonial 
and  Revolutionary  times.  The  remaining 
twelve  papers  were  written  and  read  by 
members  of  the  Class.  To  the  gifted  women 
who  have  loyally  and  skillfully  carried  this 
course  through  without  a  single  interrup- 
tion, we  cannot  too  warmly  express  our 
gratitude  and  appreciation,  sentiments  not 
unmixed  with  pride. 

"Taking  the  courses  collectively,  they  rep- 
resent an  immense  amount  of  faithful  re- 
search and  study.  The  cream  of  all  this 
reading  has  been  placed  before  us  from 
week  to  week,  and  has  afforded  those  in 
regular  attendance  such  an  understanding 
of  the  general  subject  as  could  have  been 
obtained  only  by  the  devotion  of  a  large 
amount  of  time  to  the  exclusive  study  of 
Musical  History,  while  the  variety  af- 
forded by  the  methods  of  the  different  es- 
sayists has  added  great  interest  and  unfail- 
ing charm.  To  those  who  have  been  with 
the  class  from  the  first,  a  glance  at  what 
has  been  accomplished  during  the  five  years 
cannot  fail  to  afford  deep  satisfaction.  In 
l8(/>.  when,  through  the  enthusiasm  and 
personal  effort  of  Mrs.  Edward  Wyman.  the 
little  band  was  marshalled,  in  closing  her 
remarks  at  the  introductory  meeting.  I  re- 
member that  she  said,  'of  course  we  have 
high  hopes.'  A  group  of  women  holding 
subscriptions  to  the  concerts  of  one  of  the 
greatest  orchestras  the  world  has  ever 
known,  unite  into  a  class  with  the  purpose 
of  becoming  better  fitted  to  appreciate  this 
beautiful  music.  With  this  single  aim  they 
meet,  each  gladly  giving  to  the  others  what- 
ever she  can  perform,  whether  of  artistic 
effort  or  of  the  silent  inspiration  of  the 
listener.  These  are  the  simple  conditions. 
Hut  which  of  us  can  measure  the  growth 
in  herself  resulting  from  the  interchange? 
— and.  in  the  community  in  which  we  are 
a  part,  it  is  said  that  our  influence  is  wide ; 
that  we  occupy  a  position  of  responsibility. 


t  •• 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


281 


May   we   continue  to   realize   our   supreme  g^'f;;; ;;;;;;;; ;:::::::;;>  ..Margaret  Rmhven  Lang 

privilege  of  listening  to  the  greatest  music  ^f^^i.'o' j^i-::i: :::...... a»»  Kathletn  Rogers 

oi  the  centuries  under  the  leadership  ol  the  T^Mapr7^lla!.Con.'!:::::  ' Maude  Valerie  White 

greatest    of    living    conductors.      May    we      The  Throstle \ 

continue  to  hold  to  the  'high  hopes'  with  TUESDAY,  FEBRUARV  13.  10  A.  M. 

which  we  began,  always  mindful  that  such  Clara  Schumann 

measure  of  success  as  has  been  ours,  has  ^S^S^ml" III" '.'.:'." '.Ui^' 'B&&  ^aynS 

been  in  exact  ratio  to  our  obedience  to  the  pE^^Wte'i^'Aiiiiri'.'.V.'.'.'.ikta."  Grace  Eriekwrn 

divine  law  which  orders  all  of  Giving  and  Fanny  Mendelssohn 

Paper Mrs.    F.    B.    Dyche 

Receiving.  Piano— Caprices Miss    Kdna    Flesheim 

Two  Songs Miss  Florence  Stevens 

During  the  past  three  vears,  in  addition 

,,,„.'                                     .  MARCH    H.    IOOO. 

to  the  study  of  the  Thomas  programs,  the 

-                              -ii  Jessie   L.  Gaynor 

subject  of  chamber  music  has  been  taken  up  skctch  of  Work  in  Composition Mrs.  Gaynor 

under   the   direction    of   Professor   Harold  ^«--/™™  "-Songs  from  the  child  WorW... Gaynor 

,-  If   I    Were  a   Bee. 

Kliapp.  Hush-a-Iiye.    Baby    Dear. 

Music    Department    of    the    Evanston  "he1  Wind  Went  Wooing  the  Rose. 

Woman's  Club.— In  1897  it  was  decided  to  A*?S5J£:  K'SS' 

add  a  Music  Department  to  the  other  thriv-  StaSTI^1'"*^ 

ing  departments  of  the  Evanston  Woman's  ^Fire"'^^?011' 

Club.     Mrs.  H.  D.  Cable  was  made  chair-  s^rirtg'song 

man  anil  Mrs.  Coe  was  engaged,  during  the  AccomP™"-  Mr-  F-  F-  B«le- 

first  season,  to  give  a  series  of  illustrated  APRIL   10.   K)OO. 

lectures    on    musical    topics.      The    second  „                       MrE'  H'  H'  A    B"ch  _    r 

Paper Mrs.   T.    P.    Stanwood 

season's    work    consisted    of   miscellaneous      fSSii (..Miss  Louise  E.  Whitehead 

programs.      In    1899   Mrs.   Coe   was   made  SSe  "*^f*" ;Miss  Mabel  nimn 

Musical    Director    of    the    department,    a  f^"^^^^^^"™  A"a  Min" 

position   which   she   held    for  three   years.  Personal  Lett£j.obthe^aub^.^..^.._.Mrs.  Beach 

During  that  period  she  planned  in  detail  all  J;nrRO"r."v ••••••:. Miss  fj'?ui5e,.E-  Whitehead 

Piano —   Phantoms    Miss    Grace    Erickson 

of  the  work  of  the  department,  personally  Wi"uIYear>sriMt  the  Spring"  I  Miss  Alta  Miller 

superintending  the  presentation  of  each  pro-  1>ial10  ™gs  E^n'Evse°r"f  i'nd°pMrWwAGeTogan°derato 

gram.     Through   the  season.   1899-1900.   a  M  vy  22    l{ 

uniciue  course  was  carried  out,  devoted  ex-  _   ..    _. 

L-CCtlC    Lnarninadc 

clllsivelv  to  the  Compositions  of  WOmen.  Short  Sketches  of  Life  and  Work... Mrs.  George  A.  Coe 

Dense  Pastorale f 

Several  Of  tile  COinpOSCrS  themselves  tOOk  Scnrf  Dance • Mrs.  Irene  Stevens 

Calirrhoe 3 

a   hvelv    interest   in   the   work,   and   letters  Vocal—Sombrero Mr.  Alfred  n.  Shaw 

The    Flatterer Mrs.   W.    II.    Knapp 

of   encouragement    and    appreciation    were      Bourse,  n.  minor >  Miss  Edna  Eversz 

received   from   Mrs.  H.  H.  A.  Beach  and  Vocal— "Veins.  Mon  i\\m  Aime" 

.  Miss    Winifred    Xiehtinirale 

LeClle    C  hnmilindc.  Two    Pianos — "Le    Soir" Mrs.    John    R.    Lindcren 

"Le  Matin".  .  .Miss    Harriet    Engle    Brown 

The  following  programs  were  given:  vr°c*-g]  vSeTlianVon.':. ! Mr-  AIfr«-d  D-  Shaw 

j.-iTjTtDv    rt      irirtn  Concert    Studv — "Autumn" Miss    Edna    Flesheim 

JAHUAKX    y,     1     L)U.  Vocal -"Ritoiirnelle" Miss    Winifred     XiEhtingale 

I-ectnre-  "Women  Composers" Mrs.   Crosby  Adams  Concertstuck.  . Miss   Carrie   Hollirnok 

Vocal   Illustrations Miss  Una  Howell  Orchestral     Accompamment     on     Second     Piano.     Mrs. 

PROGRAM  ne0rKe  A-   COC' 

Th'eCSw!,;0g.T!.le.11.0:1.tr:::::::* Eleanor  smith  Through  the  season  of  1900-1901  the  fol- 

piead^r?18  S°"E '  lowing   programs    were   given,   devoted   to 

Hope°me I Marguerite  Melville  American  composers : 


282 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


JANUARY  8, 

Paper Mrs.    Chancellor   Jenks,   Jr. 

William    Mason 

3     improvisation*  *"     C"   f Miss  Grace   Erickson 

John   Knowles   Paine 

Vocal — The    Matin    Song >  M.        A,        M:ii.r 

I    Wore   Your   Roses  ( M|SS    Alta    Mlller 

Piano — Nocturne,    op.    4.1 Miss    Elizabeth    Raymond 

Dudley  Buck 

Vocal — Spring's  Awakening. .  .Miss  Louise   E.  Whitehead 
Piano — By  the  Brookside,  op.  8,  No.  2. Miss  Mabel  Dunn 

Vocal — Sunset 

Where   Did   You  Come   From, 

Baby    Dear *        \f;«    ,\1*»    \fi1W 

When  the   Heart   is  Young.  (    ••M"B   A!ta    Mlller 

Salve    Regina Miss    Whitehead 

George  Whitfield  Chadwick 

Vocal — The  Danza j  Miss    Miller 

Oh,    Let    Night   Speak   to   Me.   v 

Piano— Irish    Melody............. .j Miss   Dunn 

Scherztno,    op.     i.    rto.    3. . .  > 

He    Loves    Me > 

Allah *     ...Miss  Whitehead 

Sings  the  Nightingale  to  the  Rose..1 

FEBRUARY     12,    I()O2. 

Suite     Characteristique Arne     OMberg 

An    Revoir } 

White  Caps I 

Revcry j-    Mr.    Oldberg 

Song  to  the  Moon I 

Le  retour j 

"The  Child  and   His   Music."      An    Illustrated  Talk 

Mr.    W.    H.    Neidlinger 


MARCH    12,    IQOI. 

Illustrated  lecture  on  "The  National  Music  of  America." 
Mr.  Louis  C.  Elson,  Professor  of  Musical  Theory  and 
Lecturer  on  the  Orchestra  and  on  Musical  History 
in  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music,  Boston, 
Mass. 

APRIL   9,    I9OI. 

Arthur  W.   Foote 
Paper  ..........................  Mrs.   William  A.   Dyche 

Piano  —  Suite,  D.  minor  .....  ] 

«»•    William    L.    Vance 


,       .  ..... 

Rromanceand..FUBt:?:  I    •  • 
Capriccio  ...........  J 

Vocal  —  Through   the   Long  Days     t 

and   Years  .............  ;  Mis 


............. 

On  the   Way   to   Kew  ..... 


Margaret    Master 


the    Way   to    _   _     

Piano— Selections    Irani    Poems    (after   Omar    Khay- 
yam  Mrs.    George   A.    Coe 

V«cal  —  Memnmn ) 

I'm    Wearing    Awa J Miss    Easter 

Sweetheart - 

Piano  and  Violin—  Sonata,  G  minor. 

Allegro    Appassionata. 
Alia  Siciliano. 
Adagio. 
Allegro  Molto. 
Miss  Klizabeth   Raymond  and  Mr.   Lewis  Blackman 

MAY   28,    IQOI. 

Edward  A.   MacDowell 
Short     Talk    on    the    Composer     with    selections     from 

Sea    Pieces Mrs.    George   A.    Coe 

Piano — The    Witches'    Dance Miss    Mabel    Dunn 

i^pr^?a,ion::::::::::::::i  •««•  Willi*">  L-  Van« 

M^rc'h     Wind \    Miss  Grace  Erickson 

Songs   to   be   selected Miss   Annie   Louise   Daniels 

Czardas Mrs.    William    L.    Vance 

In  view  of  the  activity  along1  musical  lines 
throughout  the  various  organizations  of 
women,  it  is  a  matter  of  especial  interest 


to  note  the  following  opinion  expressed  in 
a  private  letter  by  the  eminent  American 
composer,  Mr.  Arthur  Foote,  of  Boston : 

"From  circumstances,  I  am  more  ac- 
quainted with  the  work  done  by  those  clubs 
than  most  people  right  here,  and  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  give  my  belief  that  the  most 
efficient  factor  for  music  in  America  now 
is  just  that  done  by  those  clubs,  chiefly, 
naturally,  in  the  Middle  West,  although 
there  has  been  a  surprising  and  healthful 
growth  in  the  same  direction  about  here ; 
but,  rim  as  they  are,  generally  by  level- 
headed and  truly  musical  people,  their  ef- 
fect, I  firmly  believe,  will  be  more  than 
either  of  us  can  imagine  in  the  next  twenty 
years." 

During  the  season  of  1901-1902  the 
Music  Section  of  the  Evanston  Woman's 
Club,  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Coe, 
carried  out  the  following  Historical  and 
Analytical  Course: 

JANUARY  14.  1902. 

Lecture    Recital — "Primitive    Music" 

Mrs.    George    A.    Coe 

Vocal     Illustrations Miss     Louise    Whitehead 

The    Development    from    Crude    beginnings    among   the 

Savages  to  the  Attempts  of  the   Early  Christians. 
Beginnings    of    Folk    Music. 
Development    of   the    Scale. 
The   Music   of   the   Chinese,   Japanese,   and   Hindoos. 

MUSICAL    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Japanese  and  Hindoo  Songs 

Negro  Folk   Songs 

The   Lady   Picking   Mulberries Edgar   S.    Kelley 

(Written    on    Chinese    scale.) 
Suite    for    Piano — "Miniatures    in    Chinese    Colors".... 

Lillian    Statson    Miller 

Movement    from    Chinese    Suite   for    Orchestra 

Edgar   S.    Kelley 

JANUARY   28,    1902. 

Lecture    Recital — "Music    of   the    American    Indians".... 

Mrs.     George     A.     Coe 

Vocal    Illustrations Miss    Mary    Florence    Steve 

Indian    Legends,    Superstitions    and    Sense    of    Musical 

Rhythm. 

Scalping  Songs.   Prayers.   Cradle   Songs. 
Songs  of  Joy  and   Sorrow. 

FEBRUARY     II,     IOX>2. 

MUSIC    OF   THE   GREEKS. 

The    Creek    Drama Mrs.    Doremus    A.    Haves 

The    Greek    Music    System Mrs.    George    A.    Coe 

Musical    Illustrations Mr.   Arthur   Burton 

FEBRUARY  25,    I9O2. 

Development    of    Church    Music  ("from    Ambrose    and 

Gregory    to    beginning    of    the  Netherland    School). 
Music  in  the  Bible. 

Musical    Attempts    of    the    Early  Christians. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


283 


Paper Mrs.  C.  D.  B.  Hpwell 

Musical  Analysis,  including  Development  of  Notation.. 

Mrs.  Coe 

Vocal  Illustrations  of  Ambrosian  and  Gregorian  Chants 

and   Hebrew    Hymns Mrs.    H.   W.   Knapp 

MARCH   II,  I9O2. 

Lecture  Recital — "History  of  Folk  Music" 

Mrs.    Joseph    W.    Hines 

Folk   Songs  of   Scandinavia. 
Russian   and   Slavic   Songs. 

MARCH    25,     1902. 

"EPOCH   OF  THE   NETHERLANDERS" 
Papers  by  Mrs.   E.  L.  Harpham  and  Miss  Elizabeth  P. 

Clarke. 

Musical     Illustrations    by    Vocal    Quartette    under    the 

direction  of  Miss  Tina   Mae  Haines. 

APRIL   8.    I9O2. 

THE  OPERA. 
Italy — Peri   to   Verdi. 
France — Beaujoyeux   to   Gounod. 
Germany — Kaiser   to    Wagner. 
England — Purcell  to  Handel. 

Paper Mrs.    Homer   H.    Kingsley 

Vocal   Illustrations Mr.   A.   I).   Shaw  and   Mrs.   Smith 

Piano    Numbers Miss    Grace    Ericson,    Miss    Marion 

Titus  and   Miss   Hoff. 

APRIL  22,    I9O2. 

Analytical    Lecture    on    Wagner's   "Siegfried,"    with    illus* 
trations   from   the   score Mrs.    George   A.   Coe 

MAY    13,    I9O2. 

THE   ORATORIO. 

Papers. 

Oratorio  in   Italy Mrs.   W.   A.   Illsley 

Oratorio    in    Germany Mrs.     E.    W.     Goldschmidt 

Oratorio   in    England Miss   Mary    B.    Lindsay 

Vocal    Illustrations Mr.    Conrad    Kimbafl 

Piano    Illustrations 

Mrs.   Goldschmidt  and   Mrs.   W.   I".    Hypes 

MAY   27,    I OO2. 

Lecture    Recital — "Spanish    Folk   Music" 

Senora    Hlanca  de    Freyre   Tibbits 

Work  of  Woman's  Club.— The  follow- 
ing resume  of  the  three  season's  work  was 
prepared  by  Miss  Tina  Mae  Haines: 

"An  inquiry  into  the  cause  of  the  steady 
growth  of  general  culture  among  an  in- 
dustrial busy  people  would  reveal  the  pres- 
ence of  a  multitude  of  important  forces, 
all  working  toward  a  broader  and  deeper 
knowledge  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  One 
of  these  important  forces  is  the  universal 
spirit  of  investigation  which  continually 
asks  to  know  why  things  are  as  they  are; 
that  spirit  which  insists  upon  dissecting 
the  component  parts  of  everything — which 
probes  into  the  very  mind  and  heart  of 
every  one  who  has  given  a  part  of  his  best 
self  to  the  world — the  spirit  which  seeks  to 


uncover  the  mysteries  of  creative  power 
itself. 

"Music,  the  most  elusive  of  all  the  arts, 
has  not  escaped  this  microscopic  examina- 
tion. It  is  only  within  recent  years,  how- 
ever, that  the  general  public  has  shown  any 
perceptible  desire  to  really  understand  the 
science  of  music.  It  has  been  content  to 
have  its  ears  tickled  and  its  feet  inspired, 
to  declare  one's  self  fond  of  music  meant 
simply  that  one  was  fond  of  the  'tune.' 
The  number  of  such  is  steadily  diminishing, 
and  moreover  the  time  is  rapidly  passing, 
when  a  musician,  who  knows  nothing  but 
his  music,  can  pass  muster. 

"The  better  class  of  conservatories,  the 
establishment  of  orchestras  and  organiza- 
tions for  the  analytical  study  of  orchestral 
literature,  the  appearance  on  the  scenes  of 
competent  musical  lecturers,  and  the  exer- 
tions of  our  impressarios  to  appeal  to  the 
cultivated  musical  palate,  are  all  large  fac- 
tors in  contributing  to  a  more  intelligent 
comprehension  of  music  as  an  art.  and  not 
merely  as  a  form  of  entertainment.  With- 
in the  past  few  years  these  forces  have  re- 
ceived powerful  impetus  from  the  vari- 
ous women's  clubs,  many  of  which  have  in- 
corporated in  their  courses  of  study  depart- 
ments of  music. 

"The  Woman's  Club  of  Evanston  is  a 
notable  example.  It  has  just  completed 
the  third  year  of  a  splendidly-conceived 
and  well  carried  out  course  of  study.  The 
club  showed  excellent  judgment  in  engag- 
ing Mrs.  George  Coe  for  the  musical  direc- 
tor, and  the  wisdom  of  the  selection  has  long 
since  been  proved  by  the  steady  growth  of 
the  department  and  the  increasing  interest 
in  the  examination  of  the  course  of  study 
shows  the  extensive  sco]ie  of  the  work  un- 
dertaken. During  the  season  of  1899  and 
1900  the  general  subject  was,  'Woman  in 
Composition,  and  special  features  were  an 
illustrated  lecture  talk  by  Mrs.  Jessie  Gay- 


284 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


nor  of  'Methods  of  Work  in  Composition.' 
The  subject  of  the  study  course,  during  the 
season  of  1900  and  1901,  was  'American 
Composers.'  Among  other  interesting 
things.  Mr.  Louis  C.  Elson,  of  Boston,  gave 
an  illustrated  lecture  on  'The  National 
Music  of  America.'  and  Mr.  \Y.  H.  Neid- 
linger  gave  a  talk  on  'Children's  Songs.' 

"Tile  series  running  through  the  season 
just  closed  has  been  devoted  to  the  study  of 
the  development  of  music  from  its  earliest 
beginnings.  Many  well-known  soloists 
have  furnished  illustrations  for  the  various 
programs.  Some  of  the  papers  were  pre- 
pared by  members  of  the  club,  and  Mrs. 
Coe  herself,  besides  contributing  a  number 
of  lectures  and  papers,  has  added  to  every 
program  from  her  ample  store  of  informa- 
tion. 

"Mrs.  Coe,  in  preparing  her  lectures,  has 
added  to  her  wide  experience  as  a  teacher 
and  her  thorough  knowledge  of  the  general 
history  of  music,  a  detailed  study  of  the  de- 
velopment of  music  among  all  nationalities, 
sparing  no  pains  to  secure  rare  and  authen- 
tic material :  and  those  who  have  heard 
these  lectures,  fully  realize  the  careful  selec- 
tion of  interesting  matter,  the  absence  of 
superfluous  details  and  the  artistic  and  logi- 
cal arrangement  of  the  information  so  care- 
fully gleaned.  Mrs.  Coe  should  have  the 
satisfaction  of  feeling  that,  in  addition  to 
interesting  and  entertaining  her  auditors, 
she  is  wielding  an  educational  influence  of 
immeasurable  value  and  stimulating  a  de- 
sire for  a  more  sincere  study  of  the  science 
of  music." 

During  the  season  of  njoj-K/53.  a  series 
of  lecture  recitals  was  given  before  the 
club  by  Madam  dc  Roode  Rice.  During 
1903-11,104  a  series  of  miscellaneous  pro- 
grams was  given,  including  the  first  public 
performance  of  the  "Melodrama  of  Hiawa- 
tha" for  speaking  voice  and  piano  by  Saidee 
Knowland  Coe.  given  with  the  composer 


at  the  piano  and  Miss  Mae  Neal,  reader.  A 
series  of  interesting  and  instructive  lecture- 
recitals  has  been  given  the  past  season  by 
Miss  Tina  Mae  Haines.  who  is  to  furnish 
another  course  next  winter. 

The  Evanston  Musical  Club. — One 
great  cause  of  encouragement  in  the  musi- 
cal development  of  America  is  the  broad- 
ening of  general  education  to  include  some 
knowledge  of  the  fine  arts,  notably  music, 
and  a  corresponding  enlargement  of  musi- 
cal training  to  include  culture  along  literary 
and  scientific  lines.  It  follows,  therefore, 
that  in  towns  where  are  situated  colleges 
or  universities  of  importance,  one  may,  at 
the  present  time,  as  confidently  expect  to 
become  acquainted  with  some  at  least  of  the 
masterpieces  of  music  as  with  the  great 
works  of  literature. 

That  the  Evanston  Musical  Club  has  done 
real  musical  culture  work  no  one  can  doubt 
who  has  watched  its  progress  during  the 
last  few  years  and  noted  the  number  of 
new,  as  well  as  standard,  works  that  have 
been  brought  to  the  attention  of  many  per- 
sons who,  perhaps  otherwise,  would  never 
have  heard  them.  One  cause  for  congrat- 
ulation in  the  work  of  the  club  is  that  the 
audiences  are  not  made  up  solely  of  people 
sated  with  musical  opportunities.  The  con- 
certs prove  a  musical  feast  for  many  stu- 
dents and  others  whose  opportunities  for 
hearing  great  choral  works  have  been  very 
limited. 

The  following  "Retrospective."  pub- 
lished by  officers  of  the  club,  gives  a  history 
of  its  start  and  first  four  seasons'  work: 

"In  1894  a  Mrennerchor  of  twenty  voices 
was  organized  in  the  Country  Club,  under 
the  direction  of  Professor  P.  C.  Lutkin, 
anil  gave  its  first  concert  at  the  club  house 
on  November  3Oth.  with  Max  llendix 
violinist,  and  Miss  Fanchon  Thompson, 
contralto,  as  soloist.  The  same  program 
was  repeated  at  the  Congregational  church 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


285 


and  was  the  first  public  performance  of  the 
Evanston  Musical  Club.  In  the  meantime, 
a  ladies'  auxiliary  chorus  was  formed, 
which  also  gave  a  concert  at  the  Country 
Club.  On  February  19,  1895,  the  two  or- 
ganizations united  in  a  public  performance 
at  the  Congregational  church,  with  Francis 
Walker,  baritone,  and  Frederick  Archer, 
organist,  as  soloists.  On  May  ~th  an  ora- 
torio was  attempted,  and  Sullivan's  "Prod- 
igal Son"  was  given  with  a  quartette  of 
home  talent.  The  full  chorus  had  grown  to 
ninety  voices  and.  largely  through  the  ef- 
forts of  the  first  President,  Mr.  John  R. 
Lindgren,  an  associate  member  lis  of  sixty- 
six  was  secured. 

"The  work  of  the  Club  had  given  so 
much  pleasure  and  satisfaction  that  more 
pretentious  plans  were  laid  for  the  coming 
season.  The  concerts  were  all  given  at  the 
Congregational  church,  beginning  with  the 
Maennerchor  on  November  12,  assisted  by 
Bruno  Steindel,  'cellist.  On  December  I7th 
the  first  performance  of  the  'Messiah'  was 
given  and  met  with  hearty  approval.  The 
solo  quartette  consisted  of  Miss  Anita  Mul- 
doon,  of  Cincinnati.  Mrs.  Anna  Rommeis 
Thacker.  Mr.  Walter  Root  and  Mr.  William 
Richards.  A  Part-song  Concert  'was  next 
given  on  February  7.  1896,  with  Mine. 
Lillian  Blauvelt.  The  crowning  feature  of 
the  year  was  the  performance  of  'Elijah.' 
on  April  24.  with  Mrs.  Janet  Boyd 
Brown.  Mrs.  Foresman  Bagg.  Mr.  William 
F.  Hypes,  and  Mr.  Plunkett  Greene,  as 
solo  quartette.  At  both  oratorios  Mr.  Clar- 
ence Dickinson  presided  at  the  organ.  At 
the  end  of  the  season  the  active  members 
numbered  over  one  hundred,  and  the  asso- 
ciate members  eighty-nine. 

"With  its  third  season  the  Club  adopted 
its  present  policy  of  giving  three  concerts 
annually — the  'Messiah'  at  Christmas  tide, 
a  Part-song  Concert,  with  an  eminent  solo- 
ist, in  February,  and  a  great  oratorio  in 


April.  The  new  season  was  inaugurated 
with  the  first  appearance  of  an  orchestra, 
and  to  provide  the  necessary  stage-room, 
and  also  to  accommodate  the  increasing  at- 
tendance, the  concerts  of  the  Club  were 
transferred  to  the  First  Methodist  church, 
where  they  have  since  been  held.  The  per- 
formance of  the  Messiah,  with  its  proper 
orchestral  setting,  created  much  enthusiasm 
and  received  high  praise  from  Chicago 
critics.  The  solo  quartette  included  Miss 
Helen  Buckley,  Mrs.  Anna  Rommeis 
Thacker,  William  J.  Brown,  and  Charles 
VV.  Clark.  The  following  artists  assisted 
at  the  Part-song  Concert:  Mile.  Alice 
Verlet,  from  the  Paris  Opera  Comique,  and 
Mr.  Leo  Stern,  'cellist,  from  London.  The 
season  closed  with  a  successful  perform- 
ance of  Haydn's  'Creation,'  with  orchestra, 
and  Miss  Helen  Buckley.  William  F.  Hypes 
and  George  Ellsworth  Holmes  as  soloists. 
The  chorus  now  numbered  one  hundred  and 
twenty  members,  and  there  were  about  an 
equal  number  of  associate  members. 

"The  high  standard  the  Club  had  set  for 
its  'Messiah'  performance  was  fully  main- 
tained at  the  opening  concert  of  the  fourth 
season.  The  assisting  artists  were  Mrs. 
Genevieve  Clark  Wilson.  Mrs.  Sue  Harring- 
ton Furbeck,  Mr.  George  Hamlin  and  Mr. 
Lewis  Campion.  M.  Henry  Marteau,  the 
eminent  violinist,  was  the  attraction  at  the 
Part-song  Concert.  In  place  of  the  usual 
oratorio  at  the  last  concert,  an  English 
Idyl,  entitled  'St.  John's  Eve.'  for  solo, 
chorus  and  orchestra,  was  given  with  Mrs. 
Proctor  Smith,  Mrs.  Christine  Xeilson 
Drier.  George  Hamlin  and  Sidney  Biden  in 
the  solo  parts.  So  great  was  the  enjoyment 
in  this  beautiful  work  that  a  repetition  was 
demanded.  A  second  performance  was 
given  for  a  worthy  charitable  object.  Miss 
Eolia  Carpenter  and  Mr.  William  Hypes 
replacing  Mrs.  Drier  and  Mr.  Hamlin.  The 
chorus  had  increased  to  one  hundred  and 


286 


LOCAL  MUSICAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


thirty  members  and  the  associate  members  PROGRAM. 

to  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty."  *'    Gallu'  Motette  Lp0rio^.PMr.°  Imfth""1  chorus"Gounod 

During  the  succeeding  years  the  follow-     "   chaconnc'  for  ViSit  &«'•'• B*ch 

ing  programs  have  been  presented:  3'    I^n^nT^.'0^"'.™"5^ Barge.. 

b     Cradle    Song Gilbert    A.    Alcock 

FIFTH  SEASON.  4.     Two  Part  Songs,  for  Mixed  Voices— 

DECEMBER    I3>    1898.  '. .  ^i*^'! !'!".  .^l'"^  ."""i  Horace' '  Ellis 

'•TUG-  uc-ecr AU  >•  b     Full    Fathom    Five Charles   Wood 

THE  MESSIAH.  5      Violin    Solos- 
Miss    Jennie    Osborn.     Soprano;     Mrs.     Sue     Harrington                 a     Nocturne,   D  flat Chopin   Sarasate 

Furbeck,  Contralto;   Mr.   Holmes  Cowper,  Tenor;  Mr.  Humoresque Tschaikowsky 

Charles  \V.  Clark,  Bass;  Mr.  Curtis  A.  Barry,  Organist.  c     Dance Brahms-Joachim 

_  6.     Six   Ancient   Folk   Songs  of  the   Netherlands — (A.   D. 

FEBRUARY    23,    iSOQ.  16^0)   arranged  by E.    Kremser 

For    Maennerchor,    Baritone    and    Tenor    Solos 

PART    SONG    CONCERT.  7.     Chorus,    for    Ladies'    Voices    and    Soprano 

Soloists— Mr.    Bruno   Steindel,    Violoncello;     Mr.    Holmes  Th,e    Sailors'     Christmas ..Chammade 

Cowper    Tenor  ^°'° Mrs.     Smith 

Accompanists—  Mrs.    Bruno    Steindel;    Mr.    Elias    Arnold  a      Ballad,    for    Baritone   and    Chorus— 

Bredin  ^  oung    Lochmvar Liza    Lehmann 

„„___.    ,  Solo Mrs.     Stacey 

PROGRAM.  9      Violin    Solo— Hungarian   Themes   with   Variations 

Cantata— "The   Pilgrims" G.   W.   Chadwick  Ernst 

Evanston  Musical  Club.  Miss  Jackson 

Le    Desir Servais  10.  Two-Part    Songs    for    Mixed    Chorus — 

Mr.    Steindel.  a     Evening   and   Morning   Hymn Rheinberger 

Anthem    for   Tenor    Solo ,  and    Chorus P.    C.    Lutkin  b     Gypsy     Life Schumann 

Mr.  Cowper  and  Evanston  Musical  Club. 

The    Elizabethan    Madrigals C.    Withers    Stanford  ADDIT      >-     irtnn 

Evanston   Musical   Club.  APRIL  2J ,    lyOO. 

Polonaise   for   Piano  and   'Cello. .......    Chopin        Thc     EIijah Mendelssohn 

....   ,                       Mr-    and    Mrs-    Stemdel.  Soloists— Mrs.    Genevieve    Clark    Wilson,    Soprano;    Mrs. 

Winter     Days... Caldcott  Sue   Harrington    Furbeck,   Alto;   Mr.    George    Hamlin, 

Evanston    Musical   Club.  Tenor;   Mr.   Charles  W.   Clark.    Basso. 

Homewards ......_.... Rhemberger  Wilson   Reed,  Soprano   (The  Youth). 

Ladies    Chorus.  Richard    Uhlemaim,    Mezzo    Soprano. 

Rjf!54n^::::::::::::::::::u\\"-:::;::::::a«ii  A™and  p^k<-  A"°- 

Adagio                   Eva1""""  Musical  Club.                   Moart  SEVENTH    SEASON. 

Taramdle     Popper  r»c^c-\tni.'D     rR      innn 

Mr.    Steindel.  DECEMB1         18,    1900. 

The  Song  of  the  Vikings Eaton   Fanning  ^•jlc     Messjan                                                                         Handel 

Evanston    Musical   Club.  Soloists— Mrs. 'Jennie'  Fish  Griffin.'  Soprano:'  Miss  'Mabelle 

~Q     ,Q^,->  Crawford.    Alto;    Mr.    Frederick    Carberry,    Tenor;    Mr. 

APRIL  28,   I»99.  Charles  W.   Clark,   Basso. 

MENDELSSOHN    FESTIVAL. 

Miss     Jennie     Osborn.    Soprano;     Miss    Alton     Littleton  WM«WA«i      1>>     IWt. 

Smith.    Soprano;     Mr.     George    Hamlin,    Tenor;    Miss  PART    SONG    CONCERT 
Una    Howcll,    Pianist. 

Soloists — Madame    Fannie    Bloomfield    Zeisler,    Pianiste ; 

PROGRAM.  Mr    Chauncey   Earle  Bryant,  Tenor. 

Concerto   for   Piano  and  Orchestra,  op.   25 

Miss    Una    Howell  PROGRAM. 

Motette — "Hear  My   Prayer". Miss  Osborn  and   Evanston  Credo                                                                                 r* 

Musical  Club.  '      Sandus— From  '  St '  Cecilia' '  Mass'.'  i Gounod 

A    Hymn    of    Praise.  o.     Piano    Solos— 

SIXTH  SEASON.  a     "Ha^-'  har,kf    jhc«  larkn' -Schubert 

(  1  ranslated    for    Piano    by    Liszt). 

DECEMBF.R    14,     lOOX).  b.     Marche    Militaire Schubert 

(Duet  arranged  as  a  solo  by  Tausig). 

"The     Messiah" Handel  Mme.   Zeisler. 

Soloists — Mrs.    Sanger    Steele,    Soprano;    Miss    Mabelle  3.     Part  Song  for  Mixed  Voices. 

Crawford,    Alto;    Mr.    Glenn    Hall,    Tenor;    Mr.   Arthur  "When    Spring    Comes    Laughing" ....  Eaton    Fanning 

Van    Eweyk,    Basso.  4.     The    Twenty-third    Psalm,    for    Ladies'    Voices — 

"The    Lord    is    my    Shepherd" Schubert 

1  \VITARV  ?     TOOO  5.     Piano  Solos — 

JANUAKY  <J,    lyOU.  lierceuse.    op.    57 1 

Northwestern    University    Settlement,    Chicago.  filude'   op'  o1."'  J^'i  4 ' '  '    1-    Chopin 

.  ,„  Valse,  op.  *>4,  No.  1....    i 

The    Messiah      Handel  Valse    op    f>4     No    '•          ' 

Soloists — Mrs.     Sanger     Steele,     Soprano;     Miss    Mahelle  "     \Inie '  Zeisler 

Crawford.     Contralto;     Mr.     Glenn     Hall,     Tenor;    Mr.  6      Two    Part    Songs,  'for    Mixed    Voices- 
Harry   K.   Parsons.   Ba«so.                                                                    Two    Maidens P.    C.    Lutkin 

(Dedicated  to  the   Apollo   Musical    Club). 

FEBRUARY    5,    1900.  .        The   Babbling   Brook P.    C.    Lutkin 

(Dedicated   to  the    Evanston   Musical   Club.) 

PART    SONG   CONCERT.  7.     Two  Part  Songs,  for  Mixed  Voices- 
Soloists — Leonora  Jackson,  Violinist.                                                     a     Spring Cowen 

(Mr.    Ernest    H.  Jackson.  Accompanist.)  b     Lover's    Counsel.... 

Incidental  solos  by  Mrs.   Alton  Littleton  Dmitri,  Soprano;  Piano    Solos — Liebestraum    (Nocturne,    No.    31). ...Liszt 

Harry     R.     Parsons,     Basso;     Russell    Wilbur,    Tenor;        Caprice   Espagnole,  op.   I!"    Moszkowski 

William    A.    Stacey.    Baritone.  Mme.    Zeisler. 

H.    M.    Tilroe,    Reader.  ft.     March  and  Chorus  from  Tannhauser. 


celt  ft 


I  (   /  /  /(  V 


L 

i 


••••r 


-   •  . 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


287 


APRIL  21, 

CENTRAL    MUSIC    HALL,    CHICAGO. 
"The     Elijah"  .............................  Mendelssohn 

By    the    combined    Evanston    and    Ravenswood    Clubs, 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  P.   C.  Lutkin. 
Soloists  —  Mrs.    Genevieve    Clark    Wilson,    Soprano;    Miss 

Elaine   De   Sellem,   Alto;   Mr.   George   Hamlin,  Tenor; 

Mr.    Charles    W.    Clark,    Basso. 

MAY    7,    IQOI. 

Stabat    Mater  .................................    Rossini 

Hiawatha's    Wedding    Feast  .........  S.    Coleridge   Taylor 

Soloists  —  Miss  Helen  Buckley,  Soprano  ;  Miss  Elaine 

De   Sellem,    Alto;  Mr.  Holmes  Cowper,  Tenor;  Mr.   F. 

B.   Webster,   Bass. 

EIGHTH    SEASON. 
NOVEMBER    21,     IQOI. 


.. 

Soloists  —  Mrs.  Maria  Hoag-Haughley,  Soprano;  Mrs. 
Ella  Pierson  Kirkham,  Alto;  Mr.  L.  E.  Rollo,  Tenor; 
Mr.  Joseph  Baernstein,  Basso. 

FEBRUARY    2J,     1902. 

PART   SONG   CONCERT. 

Soloists  —  Mme.  Corinne  Moore  Lawson,  Soprano  ;  Mr. 
Gustav  Ilolmquist,  Basso. 

PROGRAM. 

PART    I. 

1.  "Hear    My    Prayer"  ....................  Mendelssohn 

Motet  te   for   Soprano   Solo   and   Chorus. 
Mrs.    Lawson   and   Chorus. 

2.  The  King's  Prayer  from  Lohengrin  ..........  Wagner 

Bass  Solo,   Quintette  and  Chorus. 

Mr.  Holmquist. 

Miss  Anna  L.  Beebe,  Soprano;  Miss  Louise  White- 
head,  Alto;  Mr.  A.  D.  Shaw,  Tenor;  Mr.  C.  N. 
Stevens,  Baritone. 

3.  Te     Deum,     opus     103  ......................  Dvorak 

Soprano    and    Bass    Solo    and    Chorus. 
Mrs.    Lawson,    Mr.    Holmquist   and    Chorus. 

PART    If. 
1.     The  Dance,  opus  ^7.   No.   1  ......  .....  Edward   Elgar 

From  the   "Bavarian   Highlands." 

Evanston    Musical    Club. 
li.      a      Norwegian    Shepherd  Song.  Old  Melodv  16th   Cent. 

c     LoilLs^cT5'::  !  ..............  O.d   English 

3-  ttB^&ViK-a:!  .....  Ed-rd  E*« 

Evanston    Musical   Club. 

4.  a     The    First     Love    Song  ..........  Carl    Grammann 

b     The    Sand    Carrier  ..............  August    Bungert 

c     Serenata  ...........................    Moszkowski 

Mrs.   Lawson. 

5.  The  Marksmen.  Opus  27,  No.  6  ........  Edward  Elgar 

Evanston    Musical   Club. 

APRIL  22,    I9O2. 

VERDI'S. 
Manzoni    Requjem. 

Soloists  —  Mrs.  Geiievieve  Clark  Wilson,  Soprano  ;  Miss 
Jessie  Lynde  Hopkins,  Mezzo  Soprano;  Mr.  John  B. 
Miller,  Tenor  ;  Mr.  Joseph  Baernstein,  Basso. 


Other  especially  important  works  present- 
ed by  the  Club  are  "Caractacus"  and  "King 
Olaf"  by  Elgar,  and  Dvorak's  "Stabat 
Mater."  Interest  in  the  club  was  greatly 
augmented  by  the  winning  of  the  second 
prize  of  $3,500  in  the  choral  contest  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  at  Saint 
Louis,  in  1904.  under  the  direction  of  Pro- 
fessor Lutkin.  In  the  concert  of  January 
30,  1905,  a  concerto  for  piano  and  orchestra 
by  Arne  Oldberg  had  its  first  performance, 
and  the  celebrated  English  contralto,  Muriel 
Foster,  was  the  most  notable  solist. 

The  Presidents  of  the  Evanston  Musical 
Club  have  been  Mr.  John  R.  Lindgren,  Mr. 
W.  F.  Hypes,  Mr.  Frank  \V.  Smith,  Mr. 
Chancellor  Jenks  and  Mr.  C.  N.  Stevens. 

Let  us  hope  that  the  great  development 
along  musical  lines,  which  has  taken  place 
in  Evanston  during  the  last  few  years,  may 
lead  some  public  spirited  citizen  to  erect 
a  large  hall  suitable  for  concert  purposes. 
Mendelssohn  has  said.  "I  know  of  no  aim 
more  noble  than  that  of  giving  music  to 
one's  native  language  and  to  one's  native 
country."  What  more  noble  monument 
could  an  Evanstonian  erect  than  a 
building  in  his  own  town,  which  would 
make  possible  an  annual  musical  festival 
whose  strains  would  mingle  with  the  ma- 
jestic organ  point  of  our  beautiful  Lake 
Michigan,  in  fulfilling  the  musicians'  calling 
which,  according  to  Schumann,  is  "to  send 
light  into  the  deep  recesses  of  the  human 
heart." 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 


EVANSTOX  BANKS 

(By  WILLIAM   G.  HOAO) 


The  Stor\  of  Banking  Enterprises  in  Evan- 
ston  —  Effect  of  the  Chicago  Fire  — 
First  Private  Bank  Establislied  in  /<?/./  — 
Incorporated  as  a  State  Bank  in  i8(j.'  — 
First  Officers  of  the  Xci\:  Institution  — 
Growth  of  Deposits  —  //  Successfull\ 
It'ithstands  the  Panic  of  /#y_?  —  Pres- 
ent Officers  (  IQO6  )  —  A  First  .\~ational 
Bank  I  'entiire  —  The  Panic  of  1893  RC~ 
siilts  in  Disaster  —  The  Cit\  Xational 
Bank  of  Eranston  Established  in  IQOO  — 
First  Officers  and  Leading  Stockholders 
—  Its  Prosperous  Career  —  Condition  in 


Hanking  in  Evanston.  however  intimate 
this  city's  relations  with  near-by  Chicago, 
has  been  prosperous  and  permanent  when 
conducted  with  discretion,  and  ephemeral 
and  disastrous  when  otherwise  undertaken. 
The  story  of  hanking  in  Evanston  is  largely 
that  of  the  older  of  its  two  institutions,  and 
a  story  by  no  means  without  interest  to  all 
who  profit  by  and  have  pride  in  the  suc- 
cesses of  conservative  finance. 

Effect  of  the  Chicago  Fire.—  With  the 
influx  of  population  after  the  Chicago  fire 
of  1871.  the  growing  business  of  Evanston 
invited  the  creation  of  banking  facilities 
furnished  by  Evanston  capital  and  ope- 
rated by  Evanston  citizens.  Into  this  field. 
in  the  early  'seventies,  came  Merrill  Ladd, 
who  founded  the  private  bank  of  Merrill 


Ladd  &  Company.  Speculation  worked 
this  venture  ill ;  and  the  panic  of  1873.  that 
shook  the  financial  strongholds  of  Xew 
York.  Boston,  Philadelphia  and  Chicago, 
left  the  enterprise  of  Evanston  "s  first 
money-lender  a  memory  only.  In  1874  a 
new  bank  started  in  Evanston,  and  became 
a  corner-stone  for  the  village's  wealth  and 
growth. 

Bank  of  Hoag  &  Co.  Established.— 
In  1874.  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Chicago  Avenue.  Thomas  C. 
Hoag  &  Company  started  a  private  bank. 
Mr.  Hoag,  of  the  Chicago  grocery  firm 
of  Goss  &  Hoag.  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
city,  and  situated  on  Xorth  Clark  Street 
near  the  bridge,  had  suffered  the  destruc- 
tion of  his  property  in  the  great  fire,  and 
was  free  to  find  a  new  opening  wherever 
he  might.  Living  as  he  had  in  Evanston 
since  1857,  anJ  having  done  a  grocery  busi- 
ness by  railway  express  with  Xorth  Shore 
villages,  he  now  began  a  local  grocery 
business  in  Evanston.  and  soon  thereafter 
went  into  banking  on  the  aforesaid  site. 
Mr.  Hoag  already  was  the  Treasurer  and 
Business  Agent  of  the  Xorthwcstern  I'ni- 
versity,  and  with  this  and  other  advantage- 
ous connections,  lie  conducted  with  in- 
creasing success  the  Evanston  bank  that 
had  come  to  stay.  The  business  grew, 
justifying  a  building  next  door  exclusively 
for  banking  purposes,  and  further  establish- 


2*9 


290 


EVANSTON  BANKS 


ing  itself  as  an  indispensable  institution  in 
the  development  of  the  commercial  life  of 
Evanston.  In  1891  the  banking  firm  of 
Thomas  C.  Hoag  &  Company  moved  to  the 
southwest  corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Chi- 
cago Avenue,  there  installing  the  first  mod- 
ern safety  deposit  vaults  offered  to  the 
Evanston  public. 

State  Bank  Incorporated. — On  May  10, 
1892.  was  incorporated  the  State  Bank 
of  Evanston,  to  which  Mr.  Hoag  sold  his 
interest,  his  banking  firm  then  retiring  from 
business.  The  incorporators  of  the  new 
institution — its  charter  being  of  the  date  of 
March  10,  1892,  and  conferring  powers 
to  conduct  a  general  commercial  and  sav- 
ings bank  business — were  Robert  D.  Shep- 
pard,  Charles  F.  Grey,  and  John  R.  Lind- 
gren.  The  first  board  of  directors  of  the 
State  Bank  of  Evanston  were  the  follow- 
ing well-known  citizens : 

William  Blanchard,  Frank  M.'  Elliot, 
William  G.  Hoag,  H.  H.  C.  Miller,  Robert 
D.  Sheppard.  H.  B.  Cragin,  Charles  F. 
Grey,  John  R.  Lindgren,  Henry  A.  Pear- 
sons, William  E.  Stockton,  and  Charles 
T.  Bartlett. 

The  first  officers  of  the  new  bank  were 
John  R.  Lindgren,  President ;  William 
Blanchard,  Vice-President ;  William  G. 
Hoag,  Cashier.  Mr.  Lindgren  was  already 
prominently  identified  with  Chicago  bank- 
ing as  Cashier  of  the  State  Bank  of  Chi- 
cago. Mr.  Blanchard  was  a  retired  lumber- 
man and  capitalist,  and  Mr.  Iloag  brought 
experience  from  his  associations  with  his 
father  in  the  firm  of  Thomas  C.  Hoag  & 
Company.  The  Evanston  State  Bank  be- 
gan business  with  a  capital,  all  paid  in,  of 
$100,000  and  deposits  from  Thomas  C. 
Hoag  &  Company  of  $306,000.  Among 
the  stockholders,  together  with  the  officers 
and  directors,  were  J.  H.  Kedzie,  Henry  R. 
Hatfield,  D.  S.  Cook,  M.  S.  Terry,  George 
H.  Foster,  William  Deering,  T.  C.  Hoag, 
C.  H.  Ouinlan.  Lucv  D.  Shuman,  Daniel 


Bonbright,  William  L.  Brown,  Frank  P. 
Crandon,  Charles  T.  Boynton,  Thomas 
Lord,  Fleming  H.  Revell. 

At  the  close  of  1892,  the  year  of  organi- 
zation, the  bank's  deposits  amounted  to 
$369,590.60.  On  January  13,  1894,  Robert 
D.  Sheppard  succeeded  John  R.  Lind- 
gren as  President,  and  continued  in 
direction  of  the  bank  until  succeeded  in 
February,  1903,  by  Henry  J.  Wallingford. 
From  organization  to  the  present  time,  \Yil- 
liam  G.  Hoag  has  been  the  bank's  Cashier. 
In  March,  1900,  E.  F.  Pierce  was  chosen 
Assistant  Cashier  and  continues  in  this 
office.  Prominent  citizens  who  have  served 
in  the  bank's  directory  from  1892  to  1905, 
other  than  those  composing  the  original 
board  are :  D.  S.  Cook,  Thomas  Lord,  Dr. 
M.  C.  Bragdon,  E.  B.  Quinlan,  Henry  J. 
Wallingford,  Frank  W.  Gerould,  William 
A.  Dyche.  In  1897  Thomas  Lord  was 
elected  Vice-President.  At  present  writing, 
in  1906,  the  officers  of  the  State  Bank  of 
Evanston  are : 

President — Henry  J.  Wallingford. 

Vice-President— H.  H.  C.  Miller. 

Cashier — William  G.  Hoag. 

Assistant  Cashier — Edwin  F.  Pierce. 

The  following  tables  statistically  tell  the 
story  of  the  growth  of  the  State  Bank  of 
Evanston  in  its  general  banking  and  savings 
departments,  but  do  not  especially  declare 
the  policy  which  has  built  up  this  popular 
banking  house.  The  policy  is  that  which 
makes  for  slow  growth  but  for  sure — the 
policy  of  prudence  and  conservatism. 

GROWTH    OF    DEPOSITS     IN     STATE    BANK     OF 
EVANSTON    FROM    1892   TO    1906. 

1802  .  $  324.020.18 

JKOT  360.381.44 

1WI4  '  , 532.265.86 

jS*  557.103.15 

]s]Mj  '  539.673.67 

is'.lT  715.112.57 

1808  733.844.50 

18!(0  .  967.774.80 

ft";  :::::::::::.  IffilS 

jr,r.     '  1.133.123.75 

iijs ::;:  IS?? 

1JNI.-,    '  1,315.008.62 

1006    .'.'.' 1,460.000.00 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


291 


This  bank,  since  the  first  year  after  in- 
corporation, lias  paid  dividends  at  the  uni- 
form rate  of  six  per  cent.  Its  excess  of 
earnings,  carried  over  to  the  surplus,  now 
makes  this  guarantee  of  security  over 
$100,000.  The  last  reported  quotation  of 
this  bank's  stock  was  240. 

The  Test  of  1893.— The  policy  that  has 
shaped  the  development  of  business,  record- 
ed in  the  foregoing  tables,  is  characteristic 
of  all  the  financiers,  capitalists,  and  busi- 
ness men  who  have  contributed  to  the 
growth  of  this  conservative  institution. 
One  of  its  banking  principles  is  never  to 
sacrifice  security  to  interest.  Beginning 
its  corporate  existence  a  year  before  the 
great  panic  of  1893.  it  was  Put  to  tne  earth- 
quake test  while  still  quite  young.  In  that 
memorable  year,  when  there  were  15,508 
business  failures:  when  154  National  and 
184  State  banks  suspended  ;  when  598  bank- 
ing institutions  of  all  classes,  with  estimat- 
ed assets  of  $184,281.014  and  liabilities  of 
$170,295,581,  suspended — in  that  disastrous 
time,  no  savings  bank  in  Cook  County  was 
less  severely  jarred  than  the  State  Bank  of 
Evanston.  Indeed,  it  may  be  said  that,  in 
that  fateful  year,  this  bank,  safe  if  not  co- 
lossal, never  felt  serious  pressure  from  its 
depositors :  and  it  is  well  remembered  by  its 
officers  that,  if  at  any  period  of  unusual 
popular  timidity,  money  has  flowed  out 
from  one  window,  a  compensating  stream 
has  flowed  in  by  another.  The  following 
from  the  "Evanston  Press,"  of  May  20, 
1893.  suggests  the  stamina  of  this  bank  in 
a  time  that  surely  tried  men's  souls : 

"Thursday  morning  a  slight  run  was 
made  on  the  State  Bank,  but  it  was  soon 
over,  only  a  very  few  dollars  having  been 
drawn  out.  The  State  Bank  is  perfectly 
sound,  and  has  made  arrangements  to  stand 
a  heavy  run.  Cashier  Hoag  said,  Thursday, 
that  every  cent  now  on  deposit  can  be  drawn 
out,  and  that  the  bank  has  in  its  vaults  the 


cold  cash  to  meet  all  of  its  indebtedness. 
By  order  of  President  Lindgren  the  bank 
was  kept  open  for  an  hour  after  the  usual 
closing  hour  on  Thursday,  but  this  was  not 
necessary,  as  the  'run.'  if  such  it  could  be 
called,  was  over  long  before  the  usual  hour 
for  closing." 

This  bank's  history  has  been  one  almost 
without  losses  from  injudicious  banking. 
It  has  had  almost  no  litigation.  On  real 
estate  investments  it  has  never  lost  a  dollar ; 
and.  for  twenty  years,  during  the  life  of  the 
antecedent  company  and  of  its  own  corpor- 
ate life,  its  total  losses  have  not  exceeded 
$2.000  or  $3.000.  So  discreet,  yet  so  mu- 
tually just,  is  it  in  the  management  of  cred- 
its, that  in  a  certain  statement  its  cashier 
reported  deposits  of  $1.300,000  with  over 
drafts  amounting  to  just  one  cent.  Need- 
less to  say,  that  the  Evanston  State  Bank 
eschews  speculation. 

Influence  on  Local  Business. — The 
business  of  Evanston  has  grown  because 
of  its  own  local  banking  facilities.  Its  banks 
have  drawn,  held,  and  made  wealth  here. 
Here  Evanston  merchants  have  received 
their  accommodations,  and  to  this  prosper- 
ous sub-station  of  Chicago  banking  come 
people  of  neighboring  towns  and  thrifty 
farmers  from  tributary  country.  Evanston 
banks  hold  all  the  public  funds  of  the  city 
of  Evanston,  and  some  of  the  funds  of 
neighboring  towns  and  villages ;  and  the 
Evanston  State  Bank  and  its  predecessor 
for  thirty  years  have  been  the  depository  of 
Northwestern  University.  One  source  of 
the  strength  of  this  bank  is  the  support 
given  it  by  its  large  number  of  children  de- 
positors, whose  many  pennies  in  many  little 
toy  banks  make  many  large  dollars. 

Of  course,  the  nature  of  the  business  of 
the  State  Bank  of  Evanston,  and  the  char- 
acter of  its  clientele,  demand  that  it  shall 
have  the  status  of  a  Chicago  bank  as  regards 
the  conveniences  and  privileges  of  the  asso- 


EVAXSTON  BANKS 


elated  banks  of  a  money  center.  This  bank 
is  a  secondary  member  of  the  Chicago  Clear- 
ing-house, whereby  it  reports  to  that  insti- 
tution as  if  it  were  a  Chicago  bank,  and  its 
checks  are  accepted  throughout  the  country 
as  if  drawn  on  a  Chicago  bank.  It  deals, 
of  course,  in  foreign  exchange  and  sells 
drafts  and  letters  of  credit  good  in  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

The  tendency  of  the  times  is  toward  in- 
dividuality in  bank  architecture.  A  bank 
is  becoming  more  than  a  floor  in  a  business 
block.  It  is  becoming  a  monument  en- 
nobling an  entire  city.  The  State  Hank 
of  Evanston  proposes  to  erect  a  bank  build- 
ing for  its  own  use,  approved  in  style  and 
equipment,  and  steps  have  been  taken  to 
this  end  b*  the  securing  of  a  long  term  lease 
on  certain  property  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  Davis  Street  and  Orrington  Avenue. 

A  National  Bank  Venture. — The  first 
Xatioual  bank  started  in  Evanston  was 
born  in  a  strenuous  time,  and  in  it  passed 
away.  On  June  29,  1892.  was  organized  the 
Evanston  National  Bank.  On  July  5,  1892, 
it  began  business.  Its  capital  was  $100.000. 
Its  officers  were  Henry  Wells,  President : 
J.  C.  Austin,  Vice-President ;  J.  C.  Terhune, 
Cashier.  Its  directors  were  Benjamin  F. 
Hill.  L.  A.  Goddard.  E.  T.  Paul.  X.  A.  Hill. 
T.  J.  \\-hitehead,  O.  G.  Gibbs.  Henry  Wells, 
J.  C.  Austin.  J.  C.  Terhune.  On  March  6, 
1893,  a  published  statement  showed  deposits 
to  be  $160.000.  Rut  in  1893  only  the  strong 
stood  the  tempest.  A  shrinkage  of  its  as- 
sets set  in.  On  May  i6th  and  I7th  a  heavy 
run  on  this  bank  resulted  from  the  failure 
of  the  Cairo  Lumber  Company,  of  which 
Henry  Wells,  the  President  of  this  bank, 
was  treasurer.  On  May  18  there  was  posted 
on  the  doors  of  the  Evanston  Xational  Bank 
the  following  notice : 

"<  Iwing  to  heavy  drains  made  on  our  de- 
posits, and  the  stringency  of  the  money 


market,  this  bank  suspends  payments.     De- 
positors will  be  paid  in  full. 

"Henry  Wells,  President. 
"Nat.  A.  Hill,  Yice-President." 

On  June  8,  1893,  Charles  Winslow  took 
charge  as  receiver  under  appointment  by 
the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency.  At  the 
present  writing  the  approved  claims  of 
creditors  amount  to  $80,971,  upon  which 
73.7  per  cent  has  been  paid. 

In  1892  J.  C.  Terhune  started  a  private 
bank  in  Evanston.  which  continues  business 
at  the  present  writing. 

A  More  Successful  Venture. — As 
Evanston  grew  in  wealth  and  population, 
capitalists  and  men  of  affairs  began  to' see 
that,  were  the  city  removed  from  the  subur- 
ban touch  with  a  metropolis,  its  business 
would  support  a  half-dozen  banks  rather 
than  one,  and  that,  even  as  it  was,  a  second 
bank  would  not  be  a  precarious  undertak- 
ing. So  representative  citizens,  resolved  to 
found  a  national  bank  that  should  become  a 
strong  tower  to  thisconuminity.  On  Febru- 
ary 14.  Kjoo.  Marshall  M.  Kirkman.  James 
A.  Patten,  David  R.  Forgan  and  Thomas 
Bates  signed  articles  of  association  for  the 
incorporation  of  a  national  bank.  With 
these  incorporators  was  associated  Joseph 
E.  Paden,  attorney.  On  April  loth  of  the 
same  year  there  was  issued  a  charter  creat- 
ing the  City  Xational  Bank  of  Evanston, 
and  the  first  directing  board  of  this  insti- 
tution was  made  up  of  the  aforesaid  incor- 
porators, together  with  Rollin  A.  Keyes. 
Henry  A.  Pearsons,  and  Joseph  F.  Ward. 
The  bank  began  business  in  its  present 
quarters,  the  Century  Building,  southwest 
corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Sherman  Ave- 
nue, June  21,  1900,  with  Joseph  F.  Ward, 
President:  Thomas  Bates,  Yice-President ; 
and  Charles  X".  Stevens.  Cashier.  The  de- 
posits of  the  first  day  amounted  to  $1(1,220. 
and  the  first  depositor  was  William  S.  Lord, 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


the  dry-goods  merchant,  who  thereby  re- 
corded the  testimony  of  Evanston  business 
men,  that  this  city  was  big  enough  and 
wealthy  enough  to  sustain  two  strong  banks 
in  healthful  rivalry. 

The  City  Xational  Bank  of  Evanston 
started  in  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $100,000, 
and  the  price  of  the  stock  before  business 
opened  on  the  first  day  was  $105  per 
share.  In  stanch  and  stable  communities 
the  banking  class  is  the  conservative  class. 
Behind  the  City  National  Bank  of  Evanston 
among  its  first  stockholders  were  Hugh 
R.  Wilson,  Joseph  E.  Paden,  A.  X.  Young, 
M.  H.  Wilson,  P.  R.  Shumway,  C.  D. 
Cleveland.  L.  D.  Thoman,  A.  M.  Foster, 
George  W.  Wall,  W.  B.  Bogert.  George  A. 
Foster,  William  S.  Lord,  George  Taylor, 
X.  P.  Williams,  Charles  X.  Stevens,  J.  L. 
1  lebblethwaite.  W.  O.  Dean,  John  E.  Wild- 
er, Robert  S.  Clark.  C.  H.  Poppenhusen, 
Daniel  McCann.  W.  H.  Jones,  Newell.  C. 
Knight.  James  Wigginton,  John  H.  Boyd, 
A.  S.  Van  Deusen.  J.  R.  Woodbridge, 
James  B.  Huse,  F.  E.  Griswold,  George  A. 
Coe. 

In  its  first  year  the  bank  earned  six  per 
cent  on  its  capitalization,  but  turning  this 
and  the  earnings  of  the  next  year  into  sur- 
plus account,  it  refrained  from  declaring  a 
dividend  until  1903.  when  it  began  its  pres- 
ent six  per  cent  payments.  This  bank  deals 
in  such  securities  as  are  customary  with 
Xational  banks,  receives  savings  as  well  as 
checking  deposits,  and  conducts  a  general 
banking  business.  It  clears,  of  course, 
through  the  Chicago  Clearing  House.  With 
the  State  Bank  of  Evanston  it  shares  in  the 
custody  of  the  municipal  funds  of  Evanston, 
and  also  ha,s  been  distributing  agent  in  the 
matter  of  the  construction  of  the  postoffice. 


This  bank's  growth  is  noteworthy.  Be- 
ginning business  June  21.  1900.  with  de- 
posits amounting  to  $16,220.00.  it  reported 
deposits  June  21.  1902.  of  $345.152.24.  On 
June  21.  1903,  deposits  had  risen  to  $703.- 
640.53  ;  and  a  year  later  they  were  $842.- 
°74-73-  On  June  14.  1905.  they  had 
reached  $1,197,053.35.  The  stock  of  the 
bank  at  this  writing,  judging  from  a  pri- 
vate bid  refused,  is  175.  This  bank  car- 
ries 5.000  accounts.  A  statement  of  the 
condition  of  this  new  and  promising  insti- 
tution, at  the  close  of  business,  April  6, 
1906,  is  as  follows  : 


RESOURCES, 

Loans  and   Discounts 

Overdrafts 

United    States    Bonds 

Premium  on  t".  S.    lionds 

Other  Stocks  and  lionds 

Furniture  and    Fixtures    ...........  . 

Cash   on    Hand   and   in    Banks 
Due  from  U.  S.  Treasury 


LMS7.4B 

I0n.0tl0.on 

S.l««l.l«l 

«I.Xfi4.47 

7.7."V4.M 


. 
5.000.01) 


LIABILITIES. 

Capita]     Stock     $    100,000.00 

Surplus   anJ    Undivided    Profits.         5:t.l(K(.13 

Circulation    1OI.OMMPO 

Deposits 


$1.485.3T.-J.:i!» 


$l,483,3r>2.39  $1,4 

Officers. — The  present  officers  of  the 
City  Xational  Bank  of  Evanston  (1906) 
are: 

President — Joseph  F.  Ward. 

Nice- President — William   S.    Mason. 

Cashier — Charles  X.  Stevens. 

Directors. — Henry  A.Pearsons.  Thomas 
Bates,  Rollin  A.  Keyes.  Joseph  A.  Paden. 
David  R.  Forgan.  William  S.  Mason. 
James  A.  Patten.  Joseph  F.  Ward. 

A  considerable  improvement  lately  add- 
ed to  the  City  Xational  P>ank  is  a  safety 
deposit  vault,  commodious  and  of  extraor- 
dinary strength  of  construction.  Its  aux- 
iliary conveniences  for  patrons  are  com- 
plete and  elegant. 


f 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


EVAXSTON  REAL  ESTATE 

(Bjr  FRANK  M   ELLIOT) 


Primary  Geological  Conditions — Early 
Roads — The  Indian  Trail — A  Period  of 
Growth— "The  Path  the  Calf  Made"— 
Influence  of  the  University  —  Evans  ton 
Over-boomed — Effect  of  the  Chicago  Fire 
— Local  Real  Estate  Rivalries — Notable 
Residences — The  Transportation  Problem 
— The  Park  System — Taxation — Evans- 
ton  Homes — Real  Estate  Values. 

We  are  told  that  Evanston,  at  one  time, 
was  entirely  submerged  by  Lake  Michigan, 
but  that  gradually,  through  unknown  ages, 
the  waters  receded.  The  battle-field  of  the 
two  contending  forces — land  and  water — 
is  distinctly  marked  by  the  alignment  of 
land  fortification  or  ridges.  This  great 
struggle  had  continued  year  in  and  year 
out.  with  the  land  forces  conquering  and 
adding  much  territory  to  their  possession. 
These  lines  of  fortification  are  visible  to- 
day. The  highest  and  most  prominent  of 
all.  runs  along  the  Gross  Point  Road,  three 
miles  distant  from  the  Lake ;  another  on 
Ridge  Avenue,  a  mile  distant;  one  on  Hin- 
man  Avenue,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant, 
and  still  another  along  the  lake  shore,  where 
the  battle  of  land  and  water  is  still  raging. 
This  contest  between  the  land  and  water 
is  one  of  great  importance  to  the  real  es- 
tate of  Evanston.  Practically  the  last  stand 
has  been  reached,  for  the  force  of  the 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan  is  so  great,  that  it 


is  no  longer  possible  to  extend  the  land, 
with  any  degree  of  safety.  Covering  this 
territory  conquered  from  the  lake,  there 
has  grown  a  beautiful  forest  of  oak,  maple, 
elm  and  linden,  a  portion  of  which  has 
withstood  the  violence  of  the  elements  and 
the  ruthless  depredations  of  man. 

Early  Roads. — There  were  two  roads 
running  from  Chicago  to  Green  Bay  which 
passed  through  Evanston  —  one  on  the 
Gross  Point  highland,  and  the  other,  known 
as  the  Green  Bay  Road,  running  along 
Ridge  Avenue.  East  of  the  latter  was  an 
old  Indian  trail,  the  route  of  which  can  still 
be  traced  by  a  number  of  trees  with  large 
branches  bent  to  the  ground.  The  best  ex- 
ample of  these  is  a  tree  at  the  State  line  just 
east  of  the  Electric  Road.  The  large  oak 
at  the  entrance  of  the  College  Campus,  and 
the  one  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Forest 
Avenue  and  Lake  Street,  mark  the  direc- 
tion of  the  trail.  There  was  only  one  cross 
road  located  in  Rogers  Park  along  the 
Indian  Boundary  Line.  The  low  land  be- 
tween the  ridges  was  filled  with  water  and 
marsh,  resembling  in  effect  the  present  con- 
dition of  the  Skokie.  These  roads  were, 
for  the  most  part,  built  of  corduroy  and 
were  maintaned  at  private  expense.  A  toll 
was  exacted  for  the  use  of  them  and  one  of 
the  oldest  toll  stations,  and  the  last  to  ex- 
ist, was  in  Rogers  Park  at  the  intersection 
of  Chicago  Avenue  and  the  Indian  Boun- 


296 


EVANSTON  REAL  ESTATE 


dary  Line.  The  toll  house  was  discontinued 
about  1875. 

A  Period  of  Growth. — The  de,velop- 
ment  from  a  "forest  primeval"  to  a  city  lot 
is  interesting,  for  into  this  development 
enters  the  human  element,  which  is  a  never 
ending  source  of  interest.  The  low  and 
marshy  places,  the  hills  and  the  ridges,  the 
obstruction  of  trees  and  tangled  wood — 
all  of  these  must  be  brought  under  the  con- 
trol of  man.  Streets  must  be  made,  sewers 
built,  and  much  digging,  cutting  and  burn- 
ing, before  a  city  lot  is  defined.  This,  in 
brief,  is  what  has  taken  place  in  Evanston. 

There  have  been  periods  of  immigration 
that  have  added  to  the  material  growth  of 
Evanston.  The  western  march  of  civiliza- 
tion brought  farmers  into  this  country. 
These  acquired  title  to  their  farms  from 
the  Government.  They  planted  fruit  trees, 
and  especially  a  large  number  of  the  peach 
variety.  These  prospered  and  brought  rich 
harvests  until  the  time  when  the  forests, 
which  extended  to  the  North  Branch  of  the 
Chicago  River,  were  destroyed.  The  climat- 
ic changes  which  ensued  after  this  destruc- 
tion made  it  impossible  for  peaches  to  grow 
on  this  side  of  Lake  Michigan. 

In  1853  the  N'orth western  University- 
was  established  here.  From  a  few  homes 
and  a  store  on  Ridge  Avenue — a  settlement 
called  Ridgevilk — grew  a  new  town,  named 
Evanston  in  honor  of  the  late  Governor 
Evans,  of  Colorado,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  University.  There  was  the  infusion 
of  a  new  clement  into  the  community  ;  pro- 
fessors and  their  families,  scholars  and 
trades  people.  The  coming  of  these  rep- 
resented the  second  immigration. 

"The  Path  the  Calf  Made."— The 
growth  of  a  town  can  sometimes  be  traced 
from  its  foot-paths.  First  comes  the  trail 
of  the  Indian,  or  frontiersman,  who  marks 
his  way  with  a  broken  branch,  or  a  blaze 
on  the  trees.  The  settler,  with  his  flock 


and  herds,  then  follows  nature's  own  sur- 
vey for  a  future  city's  thoroughfare  in  "the 
path  the  calf  made,"  of  which  the  poet,  Sam 
Walter  Foss,  thus  graphically  sings: 

"One   day.   through   the   primeval   wood, 
A    calf    walked    home,    as    good    calves    should; 
Hut   made   a   trail   all   bent   askew, 
A  crooked  trail  as  all  calves  do. 

Since  then  two  hundred  years  have  fled, 
And,   1   infer,  the  calf  is  dead. 
Hut   still   he   left   hehind   his   trail. 
And  thereby  hangs  my  moral  tale. 

The  trail   was  taken   up  next   day 
t'.y  a  lone  dog  that  passed  that  'way  ; 
And  then  a  wise  bell-wether  sheep 
Pursued  the  trail  o'er  vale  and  steep. 
And   drew   the  flock  behind  him,   too, 
As   good   bell-wethers  always  do. 

And  from   that   day,  o'er  hill  and  glade. 

Through  these  old   woods  a  path   was  made; 

And  many  men  wound  in  ana  out. 

And   dodged,   and   turned,   and   bent   about, 

And  uttered   words  of  righteous  wrath 

Because   'twas   such   a  crooked  path. 

But   still   they   followed — do  not   laugh — 

The  first  migrations  of  that  calf. 

And   through   this   winding   woodway   stalked, 

Because  he   wabbled  when  he   walked. 

This  forest  path  became  a  lane, 

That  bent  and  turned,  and  turned  again ; 

This    crooked    lane    became    a    road, 

Where  many  a  poor  horse  with  his  load 

Toiled  on   beneath   the   burning  sun. 

And  traveled  some  three  miles  in  one. 

And  thus,  a  centurv  and  a  half. 

They   trod   in   the  footsteps  of  that   calf. 

The  years  passed  on  in  swiftness  fleet, 
The  road  became  a  village  street ; 
And    this,    before    men    were    aware, 
A   city's   crowded    thoroughfare; 
And   soon  the  central    street   was   this, 
( )f  a  renowned   metropolis. 
Ami  men   two  centuries  and  a  half 
Trod   in   the  footsteps   of  that   calf." 

In  the  early  settlement,  for  foot  passen- 
gers there  were  first  walks  of  clay  and 
gravel  extending  from  the  Lake  Shore  in 
Davis  Street  to  the  business  portion ;  after- 
ward the  single  plank,  laid  'lengthwise ; 
then  the  double-barreled  walk  of  two 
planks,  with  a  space  between,  the  invention 
of  Obadiah  Huse.  President  of  the  Village 
Hoard ;  next  the  board  walk,  three  or  four 
feet  in  width,  the  wider  board  or  dirt  walk, 
and  then  the  flag  stone,  brick  or  cement 
walk  of  the  present  day— each  serving  its 
day  or  purpose  until  superseded  by  some- 
thing better.  All  these  walks  mark  with 
distinctness,  the  growth  and  evolution  that 
has  taken  place  in  our  community. 

Influence  of  the   University. — The   in- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


297 


fluence  of  the  University  brought,  as  early 
inhabitants,  a  class  of  people  who  have 
been  of  great  benefit  to  Evanston.  They 
were  people  of  refinement  who  desired  quiet 
with  the  delights  of  intellectual  and  con- 
genial society.  They  established  homes 
here  and  many  of  their  friends,  attracted 
by  their  example,  came  to  live  in  this  quiet 
and  scholastic  atmosphere. 

The  University  purchased  large  tracts  of 
land  amounting  to  343  acres.  In  July. 
1854,  the  Plat  of  Evanston  was  made  b\ 
Andrew  J.  Brown,  Philo  Judson  and  the 
Northwestern  University.  As  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  rapid  advance  of  land  values, 
take  for  example  the  southwest  quarter  of 
Section  18,  Township  41,  Range  14,  being 
1 60  acres,  lying  between  Church  and  Demp- 
ster Streets,  and  Asbury  and  Chicago  Ave- 
nues. In  1840.  fames  Carney  bought  this  land 
from  the  Government  for  $1.25  per  acre, 
a  total  of  $200.  In  1854,  Carney  sold  this 
land  to  Andrew  James  Brown  for  $13.000. 
After  the  subdivision  was  made  the  best 
lots  sold  for  $350  each.  The  lot  on  south- 
west corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Maple 
Avenue,  70  by  215  feet,  sold,  in  1855,  for 
8350.  In  1865,  it  sold  for  $600.  In  1870  the 
same  lot.  only  1 15  feet  deep,  sold  for  $2.000. 
and  in  1889  for  $7.000.  It  is  worth  to-day, 
without  improvements.  $17.500.  Let  us  take 
another  example  on  the  East  Side.  In  1865. 
the  Northwestern  University  bought  the 
"Snyder  farm,"  6oJ^  acres,  for  $24.227. 
This  farm  ran  from  Hamilton  to  Greenleaf 
Streets,  and  from  Chicago  Avenue  to  Lake 
Michigan.  As  platted  to-day,  there  are 
about  6.660  feet  frontage  and  a  conserva- 
tive value  would  be  $100  per  front  foot,  or 
$666.000.  ( hher  examples  might  be  cited 
to  show  the  increase  in  value  of  real  estate 
in  Evanston :  but  it  would  be  about  the 
same  story,  and  would  only  repeat  what  is 
well  known  of  the  substantial  and  fixed 


value  of  real  estate  throughout  the  entire 
city. 

Expansion  of  1872. — During  the  Civil 
War,  when  the  unsettled  condition  of  the 
country  was  making  its  influence  felt — even 
at  this  distance  from  the  field  of  action — 
while  Evanston  was  sending  the  best  of  her 
manhood  to  the  front,  she  still  made  ad- 
vances, and  had  enough  surplus  energy  to 
contribute  generally  toward  the  building  up 
of  the  town.  The  greatest  expansion  took 
place  in  1872.  In  common  with  the  rest  of 
the  State,  and.  indeed,  with  many  parts  of 
the  country,  Evanston  was  over-boomed. 
It  needed  the  bursting  of  the  bubble  in  1873 
to  bring  values  to  their  legitimate  level. 
During  the  subsequent  decade,  real  estate 
values  and  the  movement  of  property  wore 
slowly  down  to  a  more  rational  pace. 

Effect  of  the  Chicago  Fire. — Up  to  the 
time  of  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871,  the  Univer- 
sity was  the  dominant  influence  which 
brought  people  to  Evanston.  The  loss  and 
ruination  brought  about  by  that  fire  en- 
forced the  sale  of  much  property,  and  this 
caused  a  depreciation  of  prices.  Rigid  fire 
ordinances  followed  that  great  catastrophe, 
and  the  enforcement  of  stringent  regula- 
tions drove  beyond  the  Chicago  city  limits 
those  people,  who.  desiring  to  build  houses 
for  themselves,  had  not  means  for  the  erec- 
tion of  structures  of  brick  or  other  fire- 
proof materials.  These  circumstances 
acted  decidedly  in  favor  of  suburban 
localities,  to  which  professional  men, 
clerks,  and  others  of  moderate  income 
were  attracted.  A  feature  of  the  real 
estate  business  since  then  has  been 
the  suburban  trade.  Evanston  receiving  a 
large  influx  of  people  at  the  time  of  the 
Chicago  fire.  They  were  attracted  by  its 
accessibility,  its  delightful  surroundings, 
and  the  high  character  of  the  people  who 
already  resided  in  the  village.  The  re- 


298 


EVANSTON  REAL  ESTATE 


striction  of  the  liquor  faffic,  making  it  il- 
legal to  sell  or  manufacture  alcoholic  bever- 
ages, has  had  a  beneficial  effect,  not  only  in 
giving  the  community  a  high  standard,  but 
in  maintaining  and  enhancing  the  value  of 
property  within  its  limits.  The  preference 
of  the  people  for  homes  outside  of  Chicago 
created  an  unusual  demand  for  houses  and 
lots  in  Evanston.  Prices  advanced  rapidly, 
and  the  building  of  houses  and  the  selling 
of  them  became  a  profitable  business.  Keen 
and  wide-awake  business  men  were  quick  to 
grasp  the  situation,  and  soon  there  were 
new  sub-divisions  of  land  into  lots.  These 
were  disposed  of  rapidly  and  other  sub- 
divisions made  and  sold  out.  There  was  a 
boom  in  real  estate.  The  buying  of  acres 
and  subdividing  them  was  so  extensive  that, 
to  this  day,  the  growth  of  our  city  has  been 
inadequate  to  bring  them  into  the  market 
for  residence  purposes.  As  we  view  some 
of  these  outlying  sub-divisions,  now  occu- 
pied, fallowed  or  returned  to  nature,  we 
wonder  at  the  credulity,  the  misguided 
judgment  and  the  almost  criminality  of  the 
men  who  made  them.  It  does  not  seem  pos- 
sible that  any  one  could  have  been  so  mis- 
guided as  to  expect  these  sub-divisions  to 
become  the  homes  of  other  beings  than  the 
musk-rat  or  the  gopher.  The  time  of  dis- 
illusion came  in  the  panic  of  1873.  Prices 
took  a  tumble  from  which,  after  thirty  years, 
they  have  scarcely  recovered.  Evanston  was 
tainted  by  the  same  wild  speculation  in 
"undigested"  real  estate  as  Chicago.  Many 
people  suffered  the  bitter  experience  of  los- 
ing their  property  by  foreclosure  and  many 
were  burdened  with  property  they  could  not 
afford  to  keep.  Values  were  brought  to  the 
lowest  level,  and,  after  several  years  of 
adjustment,  a  healthful  progress  began 
which  has  continued  up  to  the  present  time. 
During  the  last  twenty-five  years  there 
have  been  many  interesting  changes  in  the 
character  and  property  of  certain  locali- 


ties, and  a  shifting  more  or  less  of  popular 
favor  as  to  residence  sections  and  business 
localities.  While  prices  in  some  parts  of 
the  city  have  not  yet  come  back  to  the 
speculaton  values  of  years  ago,  the  pres- 
ent value  of  most  of  our  Evanston  real 
estate  has  never  before  been  reached.  In  the 
business  center  of  the  city  there  is  some 
property  that  has  never  decreased  in 
value.  The  property  along  Davis  Street 
has  held  its  own,  notwithstanding  the  es- 
tablishment of  business  centers  at  Main, 
Dempster  and  Central  Streets. 

Local  Rivalries. — There  has  always 
been  more  or  less  of  a  good  natured  rival- 
ry between  the  East  and  West  Side  prop- 
erty owners,  the  railroads  passing  through 
the  middle  of  the  city  being  the  dividing 
line.  The  East-Siders  have  the  Library 
University,  banks,  several  clubs  and  the 
leading  stores  and  parks,  together  with 
the  lake,  as  their  chief  attractive  features : 
while  the  West-Siders  claim  the  rise  of 
land  along  the  Ridge,  the  High  School, 
the  Country  Club,  the  unobstructed  view 
of  the  sunsets,  and  protection  from  the 
harsh  winds  which  sometimes  sweep  over 
the  lake.  The  point  of  excellence  in  fine 
residences  is  about  equally  divided  be- 
tween the  two  sides.  It  has  been  my  ob- 
servation, however,  during  an  experience 
of  twenty-five  years  in  the  real  estate 
business,  and  as  a  resident  of  Evanston, 
that  the  difference  between  the  East  and 
West  sides  is  a  species  of  fancy  rather 
than  of  fact ;  that  it  is  largely  a  question 
of  neighbors  and  friends.  Upon  which- 
ever side  a  person  first  makes  his  home  there 
he  will  soon  form  acquaintances  and  friend- 
ships that  will  bring  contentment  and 
happiness.  This  is  the  truth  of  the  whole 
matter  in  a  nut-shell.  Values  are  about 
equally  divided  on  both  sides.  Property 
held  at  the  highest  price  is  found  on  each 
side,  and  from  this  to  the  lowest  priced 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


299 


lots  there  is  about  an  equal  division. 
This,  however,  was  not  true  in  the  early 
days.  The  finest  residences  were  on  the 
West  Side,  and  the  value  of  Ridge  Avenue 
lots  was  considered  twice  as  great  as  that 
of  lots  in  the  Lake  district.  The  change 
of  value  has  been  greater  in  this  district 
because  of  its  recent  improvements  and 
its  new  buildings. 

Evanston  Residences. — The  residences 
of  Evanston,  for  the  most  part,  are  of 
frame  structure.  There  have  been  some 
typical  houses  which  reorejsent  the  time 
in  which  they  were  built.  The  oldest  of 
these  is  the  residence  of  D.  H.  Burnham, 
which  is  unique  in  having  the  walls  of 
cement  or  grout.  It  was  built  by  Air.  Geo. 
H.  Bliss  about  1859,  and  was  then  consid- 
ered one  of  the  finest  in  the  town.  The 
house  of  Mr.  James  Rood,  on  Davis  Street, 
which  was  built  by  L.  L.  Greenleaf  in 
the  early  'seventies,  was  typical  of  many 
houses  of  a  similar  structure.  Other  old- 
timers  may  be  mentioned.  Mr.  O.  F. 
Gibbs  built  the  Mulford  home  on  Ridge 
Avenue,  which  was  sold  to  James  S.  Kirk, 
and  is  now  owned  by  the  Saint  Francis 
Hospital.  Then  there  are  T.  C.  Hoag's 
residence,  corner  of  Davis  and  Hinman, 
built  in  1856  :  Judge  Harvey  P>.  Kurd's  home 
on  Ridge  Avenue;  the  1'urington  home,  a 
part  of  which  is  now  included  in  the  resi- 
dence of  Mr.  Frank  C.  Letts  on  Green- 
wood Boulevard ;  the  brick  residence  on 
Ridge  and  Greenwood,  built  by  Mr.  Geo. 
F.  Foster  in  1863  and  sold  to  the  late 
Charles  Comstock ;  Mrs.  Watson's  house 
on  Ridge  Avenue,  and  the  Somer's  home- 
stead on  Chicago  Avenue  and  University 
Place.  Among  the  finest  residences  built 
within  the  last  twenty  years  may  be  men- 
tioned those  owned  by  W.  H.  Bartlett,  Mil- 
ton H.  Wilson,  R.  D.  Sheppard,  Arthur  Orr, 
Mrs.  C.  H.  Rowe,  J.  C.  Shaffer,  Mrs.  Vir- 
ginia M.  Hamline,  James  A.  Patten,  Mrs. 


H.  R.  \Vilson,  John  B.  Kirk,  R.  C.  Lake 
and  C.  A.  Ward. 

During  the  past  five  years  there  has 
been  an  evolution  in  building,  and  the 
first  flat  and  apartment  buildings  have 
made  their  appearance  in  our  midst.  This 
is  in  line  with  the  progressing  movement 
of  real  estate,  as  they  bring  a  far  greater 
income  than  can  be  obtained  by  other  im- 
provements. Property  that  is  losing  at- 
tractiveness for  residence  purposes,  and 
which  cannot,  by  the  nature  of  the  case, 
become  business  property,  can  thus  be 
utilized  for  profitable  investment.  Sadly 
deficient  are  our  hotel  accommodations. 
What  is  needed  is  a  first-class,  fire-proof 
hotel,  with  modern  appointments,  a  new 
library  building  and  an  auditorium.  The 
churches  are  now  used  extensively  for  all 
public  meetings.  Evanston  has  passed 
the  lyceum  era,  and  is  now  ripe  for  the 
buildings  which  modern  up-to-date  cities 
possess.  Every  public  improvement  adds 
to  the  comfort  of  the  people  and,  conse- 
quently, enhances  the  value  of  real  estate. 

During  the  time  prior  to  the  Chicago 
fire,  Evanston  had  among  its  population 
many  men  who,  a  few  years  later,  were  to 
make  it  famous  through  their  achieve- 
ments. The  foundations  of  many  of  the 
best  homes  were  laid,  and  definite  plans 
for  future  development  were  made.  They 
were,  of  course,  crude  and  incomplete ; 
but  the  men  of  Evanston  had  a  fair  con- 
ception of  the  possibilities  here  for  a  city 
of  homes.  The  men  who  were  actively 
engaged  in  real  estate  at  this  time  were 
L.  L.  Greenleaf.  Rev.  Obadiah  Huse, 
Charles  E.  Brown,  D.  P.  Kidder,  J.  H. 
Kedzie.  J.  H.  Keeney,  Merrill  Ladd.  C. 
L.  Jenks,  O.  A.  Grain,  J.  W.  Stewart,  L. 
C.  Pitner.  I.  R.  I  litt.  Andrew  J.  Brown, 
George  M.  Huntoon,  Gen.  White,  Eli 
Gaffield,  O.  F.  Gibbs,  Charles  J.  Gilbert 
and  Joseph  M.  Lyons. 


300 


EVAXSTON  REAL  ESTATE 


There  have  been  other  eras  when  the 
immigration  to  Evanston  has  induced  some- 
what more  than  the  natural  growth.  In 
1892,  during  the  World's  Fair,  when  Ev- 
anston prospered  with  Chicago,  there 
were  many  new  residences  built,  some  of 
them  costing  from  $50.000  to  $75,000  each. 

The  Transportation  Problem. — One  of 
the  striking  features  of  the  real  estate  sit- 
uation just  now  is  the  effect  of  rapid 
transportation  upon  it.  Electric  and 
steam  railroads  have  had  marked  influ- 
ence on  the  value  of  residence  property. 
There  is  no  question  that  this  influence 
is  felt  on  real  estate  values  all  along  the 
lines  of  railroad  extension.  Outlying 
properties  in  communities  more  remote 
have  been  brought  into  competition  with 
those  which  heretofore  have  had  the  advan- 
tage of  accessibility.  Fast  train  facilities 
make  it  possible  for  a  man  to  have  a  home 
thirty  miles  distant  from  Chicago  where  land 
is  cheap.  Competition  is  thus  extended. 
Other  and  better  inducements  for  real  es- 
tate within  the  nearer  districts  of  Chicago, 
must  be  made  to  meet  this  outside  compe- 
tition. That  inducement  is  best  solved  by 
the  reduction  of  price,  and  this  is  what  has 
happened  in  many  suburban  towns,  in- 
cluding Evanston. 

Evanston  has  two  railroads  and  two 
electric  street  car  lines.  When  these  were 
started  the  increase  of  population  in  our 
city  was  noticeable.  These  roads  have 
created  a  market  for  property,  and  values 
have  been  stimulated  thereby.  It  is  rea- 
sonable to  expect  a  great  increase  in  the 
growth  of  our  city.  With  better  equip- 
ment for  transportation  service,  and  when 
passengers  can  be  landed  in  the  heart  of 
Chicago,  many  people  will  come  here  to 
live.  The  importance  of  Evanston  is,  in 
a  large  measure,  determined  by  its  rela- 
tionship with  Chicago.  It  is  dominated, 


with  all  other  cities  in  the  Northwest,  by 
that  great  metropolis. 

The  Park  System.— The  parks  of  Ev- 
anston have  been  limited  to  the  lake  shore 
south  of  the  University  campus,  and  the 
block  bounded  by  Chicago,  Hinman,  Lake 
and  Grove  Streets.  These  parks  were 
given  by  the  Northwestern  University, 
when  the  original  plat  of  Evanston  was 
made.  During  the  last  ten  years  consider- 
able attention  has  been  given  to  the  devel- 
opment of  our  park  system,  especially 
along  the  Lake  Shore,  where  the  city  has 
filled  and  graded  and  planted  trees  and 
shrubs.  The  trees  which  were  planted  by 
the  early  settlors  along  the  park  way  of 
the  streets,  have  become  strong  and  vig- 
orous, and  in  many  streets  their  tops  have 
spread  out  until  they  meet,  forming  beauti- 
ful archways.  Our  elms  are  noted  for 
their  beauty  and  hardiness.  They  line 
the  streets  everywhere  and  are  so  mani- 
festly symmetrical  and  vigorous,  that  the 
city  seems  to  be  nestling  in  the  forest. 
Nowhere,  except  in  the  old  New  England 
towns,  are  they  so  attractive.  There  are 
few  fences  dividing  the  ownership  of  lots 
and,  with  its  well  groomed  lawns,  the 
whole  city  is,  in  a  certain  sense,  a  great 
park.  Flowers,  shrubs  and  trees  adorn 
most  of  the  grounds. 

In  the  early  days  the  streets  were  sim- 
ply as  nature  made  them.  The  cedar-block 
pavement  was  cheap  and,  perhaps,  the 
best  that  could  be  had  at  that  time,  but  it 
had  to  be  replaced  by  modern  pavements, 
divided  between  macadam,  brick  and  as- 
phalt. With  few  exceptions,  all  the 
streets  are  now  paved  with  these  substantial 
and  durable  pavements. 

Taxation. — When  the  subject  of  taxes 
is  mentioned,  there  always  arises  the 
question  of  the  non-payment  of  taxes  on 
the  property  owned  by  the  Northwestern 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

HNIVtRSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


301 


University.  Before  the  University  had 
sold  much  of  its  property  this  was  a  seri- 
ous matter ;  for  under  its  charter  the  Uni- 
versity was  exempt  from  paying  all  gen- 
eral taxes.  However,  in  street  improve- 
ments, such  as  sewers,  water  mains  and 
side-walks,  the  University  has  always  paid 
its  full  share.  The  policy  of  the  Universi- 
ty has  been  liberal  in  the  selling  of  its 
property.  In  1874,  a  restriction  was  im- 
posed by  Gov.  Evans,  who  had  given  a 
large  sum  of  money  ($100.000).  as  report- 
ed), with  the  understanding  that  one-quar- 
ter of  every  block  remaining  unsold 
should  be  held  by  the  University  for  leas- 
ing purposes  only.  The  leasing  of  prop- 
erty for  business  purposes  was  on  the 
basis  of  six  per  cent  on  a  conservative  val- 
uation for  a  period  of  fifty  or  ninety-nine 
years,  with  the  added  condition  of  a  re- 
valuation every  ten  years.  On  residence 
property  the  rate  of  interest  was  four  per 
cent.  Considering  the  fact  that  there  was 
no  general  tax  to  be  paid  except  on  the  im- 
provements, and  none  on  the  land,  many 
of  these  leases  were  made.  As  long  as 
high  rates  of  interest  continued,  these 
leases  were  considered  desirable,  but  since 
money  rates  have  become  reduced,  they 
are  no  longer  in  demand.  The  restriction 
imposed  by  Gov.  Evans  has  since  been  re- 
scinded, and  the  University  can  sell  any 
of  its  property.  The  policy,  however, 
has  not  been  to  sell  where  leases  have 
been  made.  The  tax  rate  is  about  one  per 
cent  on  the  actual  value  of  the  property. 
If  the  real  estate  is  valued  at  $10.000.  the 
tax  will  be  about  $100.  The  Assessor, 
however,  in  making  his  valuations,  places 
it  at  one-fifth  the  real  value.  The  tax 
covers  the  amount  needed  for  public 
schools,  which  are  of  the  highest  order 
of  excellence,  and  consequently  expensive 
to  maintain.  It  also  covers  the  amount 


used  for  the  Public  Library,  State,  Coun- 
ty and  City. 

The  University,  as  a  landlord,  has  been 
conservative,  and  the  sale  of  its  property 
is  made  only  at  current  valuation.  It  has 
made  only  limited  improvements  on  its 
property,  when  it  might  have  made  others 
which  would  have  been  helpful  in  develop- 
ing districts  where  it  owned  large  tracts 
of  land.  It  is  not  difficult  to  conceive  that 
the  policy  of  building  homes  on  its  resi- 
dence lots  would  have  contributed  to  the 
benefit  of  the  University,  as  well  as  to 
the  interests  of  the  city  at  large. 

Evanston  Homes. — One  great  charm  of 
Evanston  lies  in  its  homes.  Lake  Michi- 
gan is  the  prime  element  in  its  landscape. 
The  meandering  shore,  with  its  borders 
of  sand,  is  a  source  of  unfailing  delight. 
To  the  west  is  a  commanding  view  of  the 
setting  sun,  with  its  glory  of  color.  Mr. 
D.  H.  Burnham,  the  Director  of  \Yorks 
of  the  \\  orld's  Fair,  in  a  recent  address 
pays  this  tribute  to  our  city :  "Evanston," 
he  says,  "is  the  most  beautiful  city  in  the 
world.  There  are  cities  that  surpass  Ev- 
anston in  natural  scenery  and  in  other  sin- 
gle points  many  are  superior:  but  take 
the  city  as  a  whole,  as  a  place  of  residence, 
there  is  none  to  equal  it.  Evanston  has 
the  most  beautiful  streets  to  be  found 
anywhere,  and  their  bordering  trees  make 
of  the  town  a  veritable  park.  Many  of  its 
residences  also  are  incomparable  as  exam- 
ples of  high  class  architecture. 

"Besides  these  points  of  beauty,  there 
are  the  lake  shore  and  the  bordering 
fields.  Perhaps  the  greatest  charm  about 
the  city  is  its  atmosphere  of  refinement 
and  culture  that  is  reflected  in  every  one's 
daily  life.  It  has  resulted  from  the  gath- 
ering here  of  a  higher  class  of  people  than 
is  usually  found  in  a  city,  and  this  condi- 
tion is  constantly  drawing  to  it  more  peo- 
ple of  the  same  class." 


302 


EVANSTON  REAL  ESTATE 


It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  the  market 
for  real  estate  in  Evanston  has  been  made, 
first,  by  the  influence  of  the  Northwestern 
University;  second,  by  the  immigration 
following  the  Chicago  fires  third,  its  trans- 
portation facilities;  and  fourth,  by  the 
character  of  its  citizens,  its  substantial 
improvements,  and  its  attractive  sur- 
roundings. 

Real  Estate  Values.— The  value  of 
property  in  Evanston  for  business  pur- 
poses is  from  $100  to  $500  per  front  foot ; 
for  residence  lots  of  the  better  localities, 
from  $50  to  $300  per  front  foot.  In  the 
outlying  districts  lots  are  valued  from 
$10  to  $40  per  foot.  The  fact  that  Evans- 
ton  is  not  exclusive  or  made  up  of  one 
class  of  people,  with  high  priced  building 
restrictions,  but  is  cosmopolitan,  includ- 
ing all  classes,  with  every  kind  of  artisan, 
workman  and  professional  business  man. 


makes  it  an  ideal  place  for  residence. 
During  each  decade  it  has  won  new  and 
added  interest.  Its  school  and  home  cir- 
cles have  been  "stamped  with  a  propriety 
seal ;"  its  churches,  representing  every  de- 
nomination and  creed,  are  tolerant  and 
full  of  enthusiasm ;  its  civic  government, 
made  up  of  the  best  representation  of  its 
people ;  its  healthfulness,  the  absence  of  the 
degrading  influence  of  vice — these,  and 
much  more,  make  Evanston  a  place  where 
men.  women  and  children  may  live  in  se- 
curity, in  the  enjoyment  of  many  privi- 
leges and  much  happiness. 

On  returning  from  excursions  into  re- 
gions far  and  near,  one  is  eager  to  re- 
affirm these  beauties  and  the  restful  wel- 
come of  Evanston.  This  is  why  real  es- 
tate in  this  city  has  a  value  so  completely 
entrenched  and  so  strongly  fortified  that 
it  can  never  be  effaced. 


CHAPTER    XXXIII. 


EVANSTON  ARCHITECTURE 

(By  KDOAR  O.  11I.AKI  .  Architei-t) 


Historic  Progress — Influence  of  the  Arch- 
itect on  the  City's  Growth — The  "Geor- 
gian" Style  follows  the  Log  and  Grant 
Houses — Churches  and  Private  Resi- 
dences— Advent  of  the  Victorian  Gothic 
Style — University  Hall  and  Union  Park 
Congregational  Church — Architect  G.  P. 
Randall  the  Designer — Asa  Lyons  Ei'an- 
ston's  First  Resident  Architect — Others 
U'ho  follotced  him — Description  of  Some 
Notable  Buildings  and  their  Designers — 
Public  Library — Enumeration  of  Princi- 
pal Private  and  Public  Buildings. 

The  credit  for  historical  progress  should 
be  given  not  only  to  the  soldiers,  politi- 
cians, preachers  and  financiers,  but  the 
men  who  create  our  environment  should 
be  remembered  for  the  permanent  ob- 
jects of  influence  they  leave  behind  them. 
Too  often  the  architect,  who  designs  the 
monument,  is  forgotten  and  the  man  who 
paid  for  it  remembered. 

It  is  the  first  purpose  of  this  article  to 
serve  as  a  reminder  of  some  of  the  men 
who  have  influenced  Evanston,  not  by 
giving  their  wealth  but  by  giving  their 
ideas ;  by  putting  themselves  into  the 
buildings  which  they  designed.  It  will 
also  be  attempted  to  give  a  list  of 
the  most  interesting  buildings,  not  for 
size  or  cost  but  for  architecture.  It  is 
difficult,  however,  in  a  short  sketch,  to 


cover  every  work  of  architectural  art  in 
a  city  like  Evanston,  which  has  been 
served  by  at  least  fifty  men  as  designers 
of  its  many  buildings. 

Historical. — In  the  later  eighteenth  and 
the  early  nineteenth  century,  a  style  of 
architecture,  called  the  "Georgian."  was 
in  quite  general  use  in  this  country. 
Books  of  designs  in  this  style  were  pub- 
lished and  used  quite  freely  by  builders 
in  the  scarcity  of  professional  designers. 
It  is  evident  that  some  of  these  old  books 
found  their  way  to  Evanston  in  the  early 
days  ;  for,  after  the  log  houses  and  "grout" 
houses,  many  of  the  old  buildings  show 
quite  plainly  the  ear-marks  of  these  publi- 
cations. 

Under  this  head  come  the  Bull-head 
Tavern,  still  standing  on  east  side  of 
Ridge  Avenue  north  of  Xoyes  Street :  the 
old  Kline  house  in  same  neighborhood ; 
the  Hoag  homestead,  on  the  southwest 
corner  of  Hinman  Avenue  and  Davis 
Street :  the  Grain  house,  now  standing  on 
University  Place,  just  west  of  Sherman 
Avenue,  and  another  old  house  on  the 
east  side  of  Ridge  Avenue  south  of  Simp- 
son Street.  Most  of  these  buildings  were 
erected  prior  to  1860.  Dempster  Hall, 
built  on  the  Campus  in  1854.  was  probably 
the  first  important  building  erected.  It 
was  destroyed  by  fire  thirty  years  ago, 
but  pictures  show  it  to  have  had  no  more 


303 


304 


EVAXSTOX  ARCHITECTURE 


style  than  the  old  Preparatory  Building, 
which  was  erected  in  1855. 

The  first  church  built  by  the  Metho- 
dists, in  1856,  was  a  well  proportioned  ex- 
ample of  the  Georgian  style;  also  the 
Northwestern  Female  College,  which  was 
erected  in  1857  on  grounds  west  side  of 
Chicago  Avenue,  between  Lake  Street 
and  Greenwood  Street,  and  the  old  Ben- 
son Avenue  School,  with  its  queer  belfry, 
built  in  1860. 

One  of  the  oldest  residences  at  present 
standing  was  erected  in  1862,  by  General 
Julius  White,  on  the  northwest  corner  of 
Davis  Street  and  Chicago  Avenue.  It 
was  moved  in  1872  to  its  present  location 
at  1028  Judson  Avenue. 

Most  of  the  work  between  1860  and 
1870  had  very  little  interest.  The  original 
church  buildings  erected  by  the  Baptists 
(in  1865),  the  Presbyterians  (in  1866)  and 
the  Congregationalists  (in  1868),  were  of 
no  special  style,  and  all  disappeared  twen- 
ty years  ago  to  make  way  for  modern 
buildings,  the  present  Presbyterian 
church  being  the  third  erected  on  the 
same  site. 

The  so-called  Victorian  Gothic  style 
was  now  making  its  appearance,  and  ex- 
amples may  be  seen  in  Heck  Hall,  built 
on  the  campus  in  i8r>7.  and  \Villard  Hall, 
built  in  1871.  with  their  mansard  roofs 
and  other  characteristic  details.  The 
present  building  of  the  First  Methodist 
church  was  built  in  1870,  and  is  interest- 
ing because  it  lias  so  long  been  the  princi- 
pal auditorium  in  the  city. 

In  1873  was  completed  Evanston's  first 
real  work  of  architecture — University 
Hall — and  it  still  has  no  superior  among 
Evanston  buildings.  It  was  designed  as 
an  American  adaptation  of  the  English 
Collegiate  Gothic  by  Architect  G.  P.  Ran- 
dall, who  was  one  of  Chicago's  leading 
architects  at  that  time.  He  was  a  Ver- 


monter  by  birth,  a  self-educated  man,  an 
author  of  several  books  on  architecture, 
and  designed  a  large  number  of  churches, 
schools  and  other  public  buildings.  He 
died  in  1885  and,  for  a  number  of  years 
previous,  lectured  on  scientific  subjects. 
One  of  the  best  of  his  buildings  in  Chi- 
cago was  the  Union  Park  Congregational 
church.  He  claimed  to  be  the  first  archi- 
tect using  the  dished  floor  and  semi-cir- 
cular arrangement  of  seats  in  churches. 
Mr.  Randall  showed  his  originality  and 
genius  in  selecting  the  style  he  did  for 
University  Hall,  so  totally  different  from 
the  conventional  buildings  being  built  here 
at  the  same  period.  Its  fitness  is  attested 
by  the  fact  that  Chicago  University,  after 
long  consideration,  has  selected  a  very 
similar  general  style.  Is  it  too  much  to 
claim  that  the  constant  proximity  of  this 
work  of  art  has  affected,  not  only  the  ar- 
chitecture, but  the  general  life  of  Evans- 
ton  since  that  time? 

Evanston's  first  resident  architect  was 
Asa  Lyons,  and  he  deserves  credit  for 
establishing  himself  in  such  a  small  town. 
It  is  also  a  credit  to  Evanston  that  it  was 
willing  to  support  an  architect  at  that 
early  day.  Architect  Lyons  came  in  1872 
and  designed  a  great  number  of  the  houses 
being  put  up  by  Warren  and  Keeney  in 
the  south  end  of  town.  Later  he  erected 
the  second  building  of  the  Presbyterian 
church.  He  was  "the"  architect  for  ten 
years.  A  pretty  good  example  of  his 
style  is  the  house  at  1043  Hinnian  Avenue. 
Among  his  last  works  in  Evanston  were 
the  Simpson  market  on  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Sherman  Avenue,  built  in  1882 
and  famous  at  that  time  for  its  tile  floor 
and  fountain ;  and  the  original  township 
high  school  building  erected  in  1883.  and 
since  incorporated  in  the  present  edifice. 

Two  good  examples  of  the  work  done 
between  1870  anil  1880  are  the  C.  J.  Gil- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


305 


bert  house,  on  Asbury  Avenue,  near  Em- 
erson Street,  now  owned  by  Mr.  T.  L. 
Pansier,  and  the  Haskins  house  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Hinman  Avenue  and 
Davis  Street.  At  this  time  there  were 
several  places  especially  admired  for  their 
landscape  architecture — the  Kirk  home- 
stead, at  the  south  end  of  Ridge  Avenue, 
the  Edwin  Lee  Brown  place,  at  the  foot 
of  Hamilton  Street,  and  the  Old  Soldier's 
Home  grounds,  at  the  foot  of  Main  Street. 
The  Kirk  homestead  is  the  only  one  re- 
maining in  nearly  its  former  beauty.  • 

The  next  architects  to  leave  their  im- 
press on  Evanston  architecture  were 
Isaacson  &  Bourgeois,  and  when  it  is  told 
that  they  designed  the  Congregational 
church  in  1886,  that  is  sufficient  to  keep 
them  in  long  remembrance. 

During  the  ten  years  from  1880  to  1890, 
the  firm  of  Edbrooke  &  Burnham  put  up 
quite  a  number  of  houses  in  Evanston.  It 
was  the  period  of  the  "Queen  Anne" 
in  architecture.  Probably  the  residence 
i if  Dr.  M.  C.  Bragdon.  1/09  Chicago  Ave- 
nue, is  as  typical  of  this  period  as  any 
other. 

Now  began  building  on  a  large  scale  by 
many  architects  of  all  degrees  of  ability. 
About  the  time  that  Architect  Lyons 
sought  other  fields  for  his  genius,  Mr.  S. 
A.  Jennings  began  the  practice  of  architec- 
ture here  on  a  small  scale,  but  Evanston 
\vas  growing  fast  and.  through  the  force  of 
circumstances,  he  became  the  busy  archi- 
tect from  1885  to  1895.  During  that  time 
he  designed  several  hundred  buildings  for 
all  purposes  and  of  all  sizes  and  varying 
cost,  but  all  in  one  style.  A  critic  who 
has  seen  two  or  three  of  his  houses  can 
recognize  his  hand  in  all  the  others,  and 
there  is  hardly  a  block  in  the  entire  city 
where  he  has  not  left  his  mark.  There  is 
no  doubt  he  designed  more  Evanston 
buildings  than  anv  other  one  man  before 


or  since.  The  substantial  homes  of  J. 
\V.  Low,  1560  Oak  Avenue,  and  Timothy 
Dwight,  730  Hinman  Avenue,  are  typical 
"Jennings"  houses.  Perhaps  the  most  ex- 
pensive of  his  houses  was  the  W.  H.  Jones 
house,  1232  Ridge  Avenue,  now  owned 
by  W.  H.  Redington. 

During  the  period  of  building  activity 
between  1890  and  1895,  a  number  of  other 
architects  especially  identified  themselves 
with  Evanston — another  Jennings  with  in- 
itials J.  T.  W.,  Mr.  J.  T.  Lane,  Charles  R. 
Ayars,  P.  C.  Stewart  and,  last  of  all,  the 
author  of  this  article.  The  work  of  these 
later  men  will  be  mentioned  in  the  descrip- 
tive portion  of  this  article. 

Foregoing  are  all  the  architects  who 
have  been  especially  identified  with  Ev- 
anston  architecture,  although  many  whose 
principal  practice  was  elsewhere  have 
lived  here  and  have,  possibly,  added  more 
to  the  beauty  of  its  buildings  than  the 
local  men. 

Descriptive. — The  first  appearance  of 
Evanston  is  not  prepossessing  to  the  ar- 
chitectural critic.  Davis  Street  is  not  es- 
pecially a  poem  in  brick  and  stone.  In 
fact,  some  of  it  is  still  wood.  This,  how- 
ever, is  a  general  characteristic  of  Ameri- 
can cities  and  on  overlooking  this,  a  num- 
ber of  good  designs  appear.  Those  most 
worthy  of  mention  are  the  City  Hall,  a 
work  of  Holabird  and  Roche ;  the  Century 
Building  in  renaissance  style,  by  C.  R. 
Ayars;  the  Rood  Building,  by  J.  T.  W. 
Jennings;  and  the  new  Simpson  Building, 
X'o.  616,  by  John  D.  Atchison. 

On  Grove  Street,  just  west  of  the  Police 
Station,  the  building  of  the  Evanston 
Heating  Company  is  worthy  of  notice  as 
a  reasonable  expression  of  purpose  in  de- 
sign. It  is  the  work  of  Myron  Hunt.  An- 
other important  building  in  this  vicinity 
is  the  V.  M.  C.  A.  Building  by  Holabird 
and  Roche. 


306 


EVANSTON  ARCHITECTURE 


At  the  east  end  of  Davis  Street  one  en- 
ters the  residence  district.  On  the  south- 
west corner  of  Forest  Avenue  is  a  good 
house  in  French  domestic  Gothic  style 
by  Ournham  &  Root.  At  1616  Forest 
Avenue,  north  of  Davis  Street,  is  the 
house  of  C.  A.  Ward,  in  Southern  Colonial 
style,  by  G.  L.  Harvey.  The  house  of 
F.  S.  Martin,  corner  of  Forest  Avenue  and 
Church  Street,  is  a  good  sample  of  the 
modern  plastered  building. 

The  University  buildings  are,  of  course, 
the  most  studied  by  strangers.  Nearest 
to  the  lake  is  the  very  conveniently  ar- 
ranged Academy  building  by  D.  H.  Burn- 
ham  &  Co.  The  only  criticism  ever  made 
on  it  was  by  some  wag,  who  pitied  the 
poor  little  bear  up  on  the  top  trying  to 
hide  behind  a  stone  shield.  At  the  end 
of  Hinman  Avenue  is  Science  Hall,  by 
Holabird  &  Roche,  north  of  this  Universi- 
ty Hall,  which  has  already  been  men- 
tioned. The  School  of  Oratory,  in  Vene- 
tian Gothic  style,  is  the  work  of  C.  R. 
Ayars.  Heck  Hall  is  one  of  the  older 
buildings  mentioned  in  the  historical 
sketch.  Memorial  Hall  was  designed  by 
\V.  \Y.  Boyington,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
Romanesque  in  style.  This  architect  also 
designed  the  Observatory.  One  of  the 
finest  of  the  University  buildings  is  Or- 
rington  Lunt  Library,  in  pure  classic 
style,  by  W.  A.  Otis. 

On  the  west  side  of  Sheridan  Road,  fac- 
ing the  Campus,  are  a  number  of  artistic 
houses.  The  comparatively  small  resi- 
dence at  Xo.  1902  is  considered  by  many 
one  of  the  best  proportioned  houses  in 
Evanston.  North  of  this  are  several  of 
the  S.  A.  Jennings  houses.  No.  2016  is 
the  home  of  Dr.  C.  J.  Little,  designed  by 
W.  A.  Otis.  No.  21 10  is  Dr.  Bonbright's 
house  by  C.  R.  Avars.  No.  2114  is  the 
residence  of  J.  Scott  Clark,  designed  by 


himself  with  the  advice  and  assistance  of 
D.  H.  Perkins,  architect. 

This  neighborhood  is  favored  by  men 
who  are  their  own  architects.  On  the 
south  side  of  Noyes  Street  are  two  houses, 
designed  by  Vernon  J.  Hall  for  himself, 
and  at  620  Hamlin  Street  is  Professor 
Crew's  own  design.  On  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Sheridan  Road  and  Milburn  Street 
is  the  house  of  E.  F.  Brown,  by  Handy 
&  Cady.  At  2645  Sheridan  Road  is  the 
house  of  C.  W.  Deering.  The  light  house 
is  a  very  good  specimen  of  the  latest  prin- 
ciples in  construction  of  that  class  of 
buildings.  North  of  the  light-house  is  a 
pretty  group  of  houses  called  Ingleside. 
One  of  the  best  of  S.  A.  Jennings'  smaller 
designs  is  next  to  Sheridan  Road  on  the 
north  side  of  the  park.  Beginning  at  the 
north  end  of  Crrington  Avenue  are  a 
number  of  good  examples  of  modern  plas- 
ter architecture,  mostly  belonging  to  pro- 
fessors in  the  University.  Numbers  2340 
2 1  lo,  2042.  2038.  2030,  2026,  and  1925  are 
all  of  this  material  in  varying  styles. 
Three  good  apartment  buildings,  de- 
signed by  Myron  Hunt,  come  farther 
south:  the  P.oyleston.  614  Clark  Street; 
the  Cambridge,  Clark  and  Orrington,  and 
the  Hereford,  corner  of  Chicago  Avenue 
and  Church  Street — this  last  being  an  es- 
pecially good  example  of  the  English 
country  style. 

The  block  on  the  west  side  of  Orrington 
Avenue  contains,  besides  the  old  Willard 
Hall,  the  School  of  Music,  a  modern 
brick  design  by  W.  A.  Otis,  and  Chapin 
Hall,  a  Colonial  design  by  C.  R.  Ayars. 

The  new  Public  Library,  a  classic  build- 
ing by  C.  A.  Phillips,  will  stand  on  the 
the  northeast  corner  of  Orrington  Avenue 
and  Church  Street.  On  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  same  streets  is  the  Fowler 
studio,  an  artistic  design,  both  exterior 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


-  • 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


307 


and  interior,  the  work  of  P.  C.  Stewart. 
One  block  west  the  new  Post  Office  is 
being  erected  from  designs  by  the  govern- 
ment architect. 

On  Ridge  Avenue,  near  the  north  city 
limits,  is  the  Evanston  Hospital,  an  ex- 
cellent brick  building  in  the  style  of  the 
Georgian  period  by  G.  L.  Harvey.  A  lit- 
tle farther  south,  after  passing  the  old 
Kline  house  and  the  Bull- Head  Tavern, 
comes  the  Academy  of  Visitation.  Only 
the  south  wing  has  been  built.  The  de- 
sign is  drawn  from  Royal  Hollaway  Col- 
lege, at  Egham,  England.  H.  J.  Schlacks 
is  the  architect. 

Over  in  the  vicinity  of  Church  Street 
and  Wesley  Avenue  is  a  group  of  inter- 
esting houses  designed  by  Myron  Hunt 
— Xos.  1613,  1617,  and  1606  Wesley  Ave- 
nue are  among  thei:i. 

The  United  Presbyterian  church,  in  the 
same  vicinity,  is  a  good  piece  of  brick  ar- 
chitecture in  Italian  Romanesque  style. 
Xo.  1456  Ridge  Avenue,  the  residence  of 
John  I).  Kirk,  is  a  good  example  of  mod- 
ern English  country  architecture. 

The  finest  private  residence  in  Evans- 
tun  is  that  of  James  A.  Patten,  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Ridge  Avenue  and 
Lake  Street.  The  house,  stable,  grounds, 
fences,  decorations  and  furniture  were  all 
designed  by  George  \Y.  Maher.  and  it  is 
a  very  good  example  of  what  is  known  as 
the  "Art  Xouveau." 

Across  the  street  is  St.  Mark's  Episco- 
pal church,  in  Norman  style,  by  Holabird 
&  Roche,  who  also  designed  the  Country 
Club,  a  large  Colonial  building  a  little 
way  east  on  Lake  Street.  The  interior 
of  St.  Mark's  is  very  rich  and  elaborate. 

St.  Mary's  Catholic  church,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Lake  and  Oak,  was  designed  by 
S.  A.  Jennings.  Next  door  east  is  St. 
Mary's  Hall,  probably  the  best  public 


auditorium  in  Evanston  at  the  present 
time.  It  is  the  work  of  Murphy  &  Camp. 

The  residence  of  \\'.  J.  Fabian,  No. 
1509  Ridge  Avenue,  is  an  elaborate  design 
in  timber  work,  a  very  beautiful  work. 

A  description  of  interesting  houses  on 
Ridge  Avenue  would  mean  a  list  of  nearly 
all  and,  in  a  sketch  like  this,  only  the  most 
prominent  can  be  mentioned.  The  Cath- 
erine White  house,  on  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Ridge  Avenue  and  Dempster  Street. 
is  a  good  example  of  Myron  Hunt's  work. 

Cn  the  west  side  of  Ridge  Avenue,  be- 
tween Crain  and  Greenleaf  Streets,  are 
three  houses  in  New  England  Colonial 
style  by  W.  C.  Zimmerman,  who  also  de- 
signed a  group  of  very  artistic  shingled 
houses  on  Oak  Avenue  just  east  of  the 
above.  The  residence  at  1123  Ridge  Avenue 
is  one  of  Handy  &  Cady's  designs.  The 
W.  H.  Jones  house.  1232.  has  been  men- 
tioned before. 

A  little  west  of  Ridge  Avenue,  on  corner 
of  Asbury  and  Lee,  is  a  very  handsome  lit- 
tle Colonial  church  designed  by  D.  H. 
Perkins. 

St.  Nicholas  Catholic  church,  on  Ridge 
Avenue,  south  of  Main  Street,  is  the  work 
of  Hermann  Gaul. 

Over  at  the  west  end  of  Main  Street  is 
the  Washington  School,  designed  on  gen- 
eral Renaissance  lines  by  Patton  and  Mil- 
ler. It  is  most  unique  in  arrangement  of 
floor  plan. 

On  the  corner  of  Main  and  Benson  is 
the  Central  School,  by  Thomas  &  Rapp. 
The  Episcopal  chapel,  corner  of  Main  and 
Sherman,  was  built  by  J.  T.  Lane. 

On  the  northwest  corner  of  Main  Street 
and  Chicago  Avenue  is  the  Sheridan  build- 
ing in  Italian  Renaissance  style  by  J.  E. 
O.  Pridmore — a  very  successful  piece  of 
remodeling  and  adding  to  an  old  building. 

Across    die    street    south    are   the    Park 


308 


EVANSTON  ARCHITECTURE 


Apartments,  in  English  half-timbered  style 
— very  successful  in  appearance  in  connec- 
tion with  the  park  in  front — designed  by 
the  author  of  this  article. 

A  little  north  of  Main  Street  on  Chicago 
Avenue  is  the  Hemenway  Methodist 
church  by  J.  T.  Long.  The  house  Mr. 
Long  designed  for  himself  on  Sheridan 
Road  just  north  of  Main  Street,  is  inter- 
esting, as  it  contains  a  mantel  removed 
from  the  old  Governor's  house  in  Kas- 
kaskia. 

The  Lincoln  School,  corner  of  Main 
Street  and  Judson,  is  a  very  good  Roman- 
esque design  by  J.  T.  W.  Jennings. 

The  gateway  to  Calvary  Cemetery,  at 
the  extreme  south  end  of  town,  is  a  grace- 
ful Gothic  design  by  J.  J.  Egan,  the  well 
known  church  architect. 

•  Villa  Celeste,  the  home  of  P.  L.  McKin- 
nie,  at    721    Sheridan    Road    is    by    P.  C. 
Stewart. 

•  Ilinman   Avenue  is  another  street  lined 
with  fine  residences.     Beginning  at  the 
south  end,  Xo.  730  is  the  home  of  Timothy 
Dwight  mentioned  previously.     The  Co- 
lonial house,  Xo.  740,  is  the  home  of  L. 
L.     Smith.       The     Second     Presbyterian 
church  is  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Main 
and  Hinman.    The  houses  at  918  and  1014 
are  interesting  examples  of  remodeling  old 
houses.    The  work  was  clone  by  architects, 
but  more  than  usually  following  sugges- 
tions by  the  owner.  Dr.  A.  \Y.  Herbert. 

The  Evanston  Apartments  and  Enslee 
Apartments,  on  opposite  corners  of  Lee 
Street,  are  by  John  D.  Atchison.  The 
house  at  1043  was  previously  mentioned  as 
Asa  Lyons'  work.  Xo.  1211  is  a  neat 
Swiss  villa  by  C.  R.  Avars.  Numbers 
1115.  1118,  1119,  1126,  and  1209  are  all 
worth  repeating.  The  Ilinman  Avenue 
school  on  the  corner  of  Dempster  Street 
is  a  perfect  colonial  design  by  D.  H.  Burn- 
ham  &  Co.  On  the  southwest  corner  of 


Hinman   and   Lake   is  one  of  Irving  K. 
Pond's  artistic  designs. 

Around  the  park  at  this  corner  are 
grouped  the  unique  Congregational  church  ; 
the  Presbyterian  church,  a  Byzantine 
design  by  D.  H.  Burnham  &  Co.  ;  the 
Evanston  Club  by  Holabird  &  Roche, 
and  the  graceful  Baptist  church  built  in 


Further  north  is  the  Methodist  church, 
before  mentioned.  The  houses  at  1707 
and  on  the  corner  of  Clark  Street  were 
designed  by  W.  A.  Otis,  the  first  in  Eng- 
lish country  style  and  the  second  in 
French  Gothic. 

Forest  Avenue  has  a  number  of  notable 
houses.  Xo.  1324  is  by  W.  G.  Barfield. 
Dr.  Fuller's  house,  Xo.  1305,  is  an  inter- 
esting shingled  house,  especially  as  it  is 
said  that  D.  H.  Burnham,  who  stands  at 
the  head  of  his  profession  in  this  coun- 
try, not  only  originated  the  design  but 
made  most  of  the  drawings  with  his  own 
hands. 

Xo.  1314  is  a  design  by  Handy  and 
Cady.  Farther  south  at  the  corner  of 
Greenleaf  Street  are  the  Wilson  houses, 
a  group  in  stone,  designed  by  Beers,  Clay 
&  Dutton.  At  the  east  end  of  Greenleaf 
Street  is  the  Boat  Club. 

Sheridan  Road  and  Judson  Avenue  are 
both  worth  seeing  in  this  vicinity. 

At  the  foot  of  Hamilton  Street  the  old 
Edwin  Lee  Brown  place  has  been  sub- 
divided, and  built  up  with  a  number  of 
beautiful  homes,  with  the  slightly  discor- 
dant proximity  of  the  Melwood  Apart- 
ment building.  One  of  the  largest  is  a  com- 
bination design  by  Wilson  &  Marble  at 
1225  Sheridan  Road. 

Greenwood  Boulevard  is  worth  a  tour. 
At  the  east  end  are  the  residences  of  Ar- 
thur Orr  at  202  by  Holabird  &  Roche,  Dr. 
Sheppard's  residence  at  225  by  F.  Ed- 
wards Ficken  of  New  York,  and  the  home 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


of  W.  H.  Bartlett  on  the  corner  of  Forest 
Avenue. 

On  the  northwest  corner  of  Judson  Ave- 
nue is  a  block  of  houses  by  Myron  Hunt. 
At  1424  Judson,  is  one  of  W.  A.  Otis'  de- 
signs. 

Dr.  Webster's  house,  on  the  corner  of 
Chicago  Avenue,  is  one  of  the  best  designs 
in  Evanston.  The  Unitarian  Church,  on 
Chicago  Avenue,  near  by,  is  the  work  of 
a  woman  architect,  Marion  Mahoney. 

West  of  the  railroad  a  little  south  is 
the  High  School,  a  Renaissance  design  by 
C.  R.  Avars.  On  the  corner  of  Green- 
wood and  Oak  is  the  Emanuel  church, 
one  of  the  last  designs  of  John  W.  Root  in 
association  with  D.  H.  Burnham.  His 
death  occurred  soon  after  it  was  started. 

Greenwood  between  Maple  Avenue  and 
the  Ridge  contains  a  number  of  well  de- 
signed houses. 

Up  in  the  woods,  at  what  was  formerly 


North  Evanston,  are  a  large  number  of 
moderate  priced  artistic  homes,  in  partic- 
ular a  group  at  corner  of  Lincoln  Street, 
and  Evanston  Avenue,  by  P.  C.  Stewart. 
D.  H.  Perkins,  architect  for  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Education,  has  built  himself  a 
summer  home  at  2319  Lincoln  Street. 
The  interior  decorations  are  by  Lucy 
Fitch  Perkins. 

The  Methodist  church,  on  the  corner 
of  Central  Street  and  Prairie  Avenue,  is 
a  neat  piece  of  wood  architecture,  by  C. 
H.  Whittlesey. 

The  new  buildings  now  in  progress  on 
Davis  Street  will  add  greatly  to  Evanston's 
architectural  beauty.  The  one  on  the  north- 
west corner  of  Chicago  Avenue  is  designed 
by  George  \V.  Maher.  The  one  being  erect- 
ed on  the  site  of  old  Lyons'  Kj'll.  at  621 
and  623  Davis  Street,  is  the  work  of  H.  W. 
J.  Edbrooke.  and  the  new  State  Bank  Build- 
ing has  for  its  designer  C.  A.  Phillips. 


CHAPTER   XXXIV. 


STREET    NOMENCLATURE 

lit  J.  SKYMOI'R  iTIiHKY.  President  Kvanston  Historical  Society) 


Origin  of  Street  and  Avenue  Names  in  Ev- 
anston  —  Village  Platted  in  1853  and 
\amcd  for  Dr.  John  Evans  —  Postoffice 
Previously  Known  as  Ridgei'ille,  and 
Still  Earlier  as  Gross  Point  —  Evanston 
Office  Established  in  1855 — Street  Names 
Derived  from  Prominent  Methodists, 
Early  Residents  or  Noted  Statesmen  — 
History  and  Biogra[>h\  thus  Incorpo- 
rated in  Street  Nomenclature  —  System 
of  Street  and  Avenue  Numbering  —  List 
of  Principal  Streets  and  Persons  for 
If'hom  Named. 

The  village  of  Evanston  was  laid  out 
and  platted  in  the  winter  of  1853-4  under 
the  superintendence  of  Rev.  Philo  Judson, 
who  was  at  that  time  business  agent  of  the 
Xorthwestern  University.  The  name  of 
Evanston  was  adopted  at  this  time  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  University  in  honor  of  Dr. 
John  Evans,  one  of  the  incorporators  of 
the  University  and  a  liberal  contributor 
to  its  endowment.  Before  that  time  there 
was  no  village  on  the  site  of  Evanston, 
but  a  postoffice  was  in  existence  known  as 
Ridgeville.  In  an  earlier  time  the  post- 
office  had  been  known  as  Gross  Point. 
The  latter  was  established  December  28, 
1846.  This  was  changed  to  Ridgeville, 
April  26,  1850;  and  again  changed  to  Ev- 
anston.  August  ?/,  1855.  After  laying  out 
the  village  the  form  of  government  still  re- 


mained vested  in  the  Board  of  Township 
Trustees  as  it  had  been  before.  On  the 
2gth  of  December.  1863.  the  village  was 
regularly  incorporated.  This  form  of  gov- 
ernment continued  until  April  19.  1892, 
when  Evanston  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 

Owing  to  the  preponderating  influence 
on  the  new  community  of  the  Xorthwest- 
ern University,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished here  under  Methodist  auspices,  the 
names  bestowed  on  the  streets  were  large- 
ly those  of  distinguished  Methodists. 
When,  however,  later  additions  were 
made  to  the  village,  the  names  were  given 
by  the  new  proprietors  and  the  field  of  se- 
lection was  much  widened.  Many  of 
these  names  are  in  honor  of  old  residents 
or  of  statesmen,  or  those  known  to  the 
promoters  of  the  new  additions,  or  were 
selected  arbitrarily  because  of  their  fitness 
to  the  natural  surroundings,  or  even  dic- 
tated by  fancy. 

Thus,  in  the  names  of  the  streets  of  Ev- 
anston there  is  embalmed  much  of  history 
and  biography.  In  the  main  these  names 
are  of  especial  interest  to  Evanston  peo- 
ple, being  intimately  associated  with  its 
character  and  development.  There  are  a 
few  such  names  as  Main  Street.  Central 
Street,  and  the  like,  which  are  common 
to  very  many  towns,  and  which  convey  lit- 
tle or  no  meaning.  But  in  general  the  us- 
ual poverty  of  street  nomenclature,  so 


312 


STREET  NOMENCLATURE 


painfully  apparent  in  most  towns  of  its 
size,  is  in  conspicuous  contrast  with  the 
body  of  names  found  here,  which  in  so 
great  a  degree  reflect  the  character  and 
sympathies  of  the  founders  and  builders 
of  Evanston,  and  are  so  rich  in  historical 
associations. 

The  plan  of  this  chapter  of  street  names 
is  to  give  the  name  of  the  street  followed 
by  the  name  of  the  person  after  whom  it 
was  called,  with  a  few  brief  particulars, 
or  descriptions.  Full  particulars  are  avail- 
able in  a  great  variety  of  records.  The 
names  of  some  streets  have  been  omitted 
because  it  was  not  possible  to  learn  the 
origin  of  them.  Some  again  are  sufficient- 
ly obvious  and  require  no  mention,  as  for 
example  Washington  Street,  Madison 
Street,  Chicago  Avenue  and  the  like. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  spelling  of 
a  street  name  does  not  always  follow  that 
of  the  person  for  whom  it  was  named. 
This  is  the  case  with  Hamlin  Street,  as 
now  spelled,  though  named  after  Bishop 
Hamline  who  used  a  final  e  in  the  last  syl- 
lable of  his  name.  So,  also,  with  Forest 
Avenue,  the  usual  spelling  at  the  present 
time,  though  named  after  a  man  who 
spelled  his  name  Forrest.  A  number  of 
streets  are  called  after  the  first  names  of 
the  persons  honored.  For  example,  we 
have  Orrington  Avenue,  Lee  Street, 
Chancellor  Street,  Florence  Avenue  and  the 
like,  a  reference  to  which  will  show  that 
these  are  the  Christian  names  of  the  per- 
sons for  whom  they  were  named. 

The  streets  of  Evanston  are  called 
"Avenues,"  "Courts,"  "Streets"  and 
"Places,"  according  to  the  following  rule: 
Avenues  and  Courts  are  such  as  run  north 
and  south ;  Streets  and  Places  such  as  run 
east  and  west.  Exceptions  to  this  rule  oc- 
cur in  two  instances.  The  "Sheridan 
Road"  is  called  "Road"  to  conform  to  the 
general  usage  of  the  cities  and  towns  north 


and  south  of  the  City  of  Evanston.  The 
"Indian  Uoundary  Line"  is  so  called  because 
it  is  a  street  coinciding  with  the  "Line" 
established  by  treaty  with  the  Indians,  as  de- 
cribed  below.  The  house  numbers  on  the 
Avenues  and  Courts  begin  at  the  southern 
limits  of  the  city  and  run  about  800  to  the 
mile,  an  even  hundred  beginning  at  each 
street  intersection;  and  those  on  the 
streets  and  places  begin  at  the  lake  and 
run  about  1200  to  the  mile,  an  even  hun- 
dred beginning  at  each  street  intersection. 
Following  will  be  found  the  names  of 
the  more  noted  and  historic  streets,  ave- 
nues, etc.,  with  a  concise  reference  in 
each  case  to  the  person,  locality  or  circum- 
stance from  which  the  name  is  derived : 

Arnold  Street :  Named  for  Isaac  N. 
Arnold,  a  prominent  citizen  of  Chicago, 
born  1815,  died  1884;  was  member  of 
Congress  1861-65 ;  and  owned  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  where  this  street  is  located. 

Asbury  Avenue :  For  Francis  Asbury, 
first  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  America,  1745-1816. 

Avars  Place:  For  James  Ayars,  a 
citizen  of  Evanston,  once  President  of 
Board  of  Village  Trustees. 

Bennett  Avenue:  For  Mrs.  C.  C.  Ben- 
nett, a  sister  of  John  Culver,  now  and 
for  many  years  past  a  teacher  in  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Schools. 

Benson  Avenue:  For  Francis  H.  Ben- 
son, a  resident  of  Evanston  in  an  early 
day. 

Boomer  Place:  For  Norton  W.  Boom- 
er, for  many  years  Principal  of  a  public 
school  in  Chicago. 

Botsford  Street:  For  J.  K.  Botsford 
of  Chicago,  who  was  one  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  Northwestern  University. 

Browne  Avenue:  For  Charles  E. 
Browne,  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of 
North  Evanston. 


3IJ 


ST UK ICT  NO.MFNCLA TCRK 


painlullv  apparent  in  mo.-t  town-  "I  its 
size,  i-  in  C'Hi-picu<  m-  C"iura-t  with  the 
body  ni  name-  found  here,  which  in  so 
great  a  degree  reflect  tlu1  character  ami 
sympathies  MI  tlir  founders  ami  builders 
ol  I'lvaiistiill,  an  1  arc  -"  I'K'li  in  historical 
assi  iciatii  m-. 

Tlu-  )>lan  i  if  llii-  cliai>U'r  >  >\  street  iianu  s 
is  to  gi\e  the  name  .  if  tin-  street  fi 'Unwed 
by  tlii-  name  of  llie  pcrs.  in  after  wliuin  it 
\va-  called.  \\ith  a  feu-  brief  particulars. 
or  dc-criptii >u.-.  I  nil  particulars  are  avail- 
able- in  a  great  variety  nf  records.  The 
name-  nf  snmr  street-  liave  been  omitted 
bccau-c  it  was  tint  possible  to  learn  the 
origin  of  them.  Some  again  are  sufficietU- 
ly  obvious  anil  rei|iiire  no  mention,  as  for 
example  \\  ashington  Street.  Madi-on 
Street.  (  hicago  Avenue  and  the  like. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  spelling  of 
a  street  name  doe-  imt  al\\a\-  fc>ll«>\\  that 
of  the  per-oii  fi  ,r  wlimn  it  was  named. 
Tin-  i-  the  case  \\ith  Hanilin  Street,  as 
now  spelled,  though  named  after  Bishop 
Ilamline  win  i  used  a  final  e  in  the  la-t  -yl- 
lable  i  if  bis  name.  So.  also,  with  l-'nrest 
Avenne.  the  n-nal  spelling  at  the  pre-eiit 
time,  ihmigli  named  after  a  man  who 
spelled  hi-  name  l-'orrest.  A  number  of 
street-  are  called  after  the  first  names  of 
the  per-on-  honored.  For  example,  we 
have  <>rringtnn  Avenue.  I.ee  Street. 
I  hancellor  Street.  Florence  Avenue  and  the 
like,  a  reference  to  \\hich  will  show  that 
these  are  the  Christian  name-  of  the  per- 
sons for  whom  they  were  named. 

The  -trccl-  of  KvaiiMmi  are  called 
"Avemn-."  "Court-."  "Streets"  and 
"Place-."  according  to  the  following  rule: 
Avenue-  and  Court-  are  -uch  a-  run  north 
and  south:  Street1-  and  I 'laces  such  as  run 
east  and  uc-t.  Kxccption-  to  this  rule  oc- 
cur in  two  iu-tauce-.  The  "Sheridan 
Road  i-  called  "l\oad  to  conform  to  the 
general  ti-agc  of  the  citie-  and  town-  north 


and  south  of  the  City  of  Kvanstoii.  The 
"Indian  lionndarv  I. me  i-  -o  called  because 
it  i-  a  -treel  coinciding  with  the  "Line" 
e-tabli-hed  bv  treaty  \\ith  the  Indian-,  a- de- 
cribcd  below.  The  hnii-c  numbers  on  the 
Avenue*  and  Courts  begin  at  the  southern 
limits  of  the  city  and  run  about  fvxi  to  the 
mile,  an  even  hundred  beginning  at  each 
street  intersection  :  ami  tho-e  on  the 
streets  and  places  begin  at  the  lake  and 
run  about  i_'(>o  to  the  mile,  an  even  hun- 
dred beginning  at  each  street  intersection. 
Following  will  be -found  the  names  of 
the  more  noted  and  historic  >treets.  ave- 
nue-, etc..  with  a  conci-c  reference  in 
each  case  to  the  person,  localitv  or  circum- 
stance from  which  the  name  is  derived: 

Arnold  Street:  Named  for  Isaac  N. 
Arnold,  a  prominent  citixen  of  Chicago, 
born  iSi;.  died  1X1X4:  was  member  of 
(  OU^TC-S  iXiii-d;;  and  o\\  ned  land  in  the 
vicinitv  of  where  thi-  street  i-  located. 

Asbury  Avenue:  I  -'or  Francis  A-burv. 
llr.-t  r.i-lmp  of  the  Methodi-t  F.pisCopal 
Church  in  America.  1745-1X1(1. 

Ayars  Place:  For  [anie-  Avars,  a 
citixen  of  Kvanstnii.  once  I 'resident  of 
Board  of  Village  Trustees. 

Bennett  Avenue:  For  Mrs.  I'.  I'.  l!en- 
nett.  a  si-ter  nt  John  (  uher.  now  and 
for  many  years  past  a  teacher  in  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Schools. 

Benson  Avenue:  I'or  Francis  II.  Ken- 
-oii.  a  resident  of  Kvan>tiin  in  an  early 
day. 

Boomer  Place:  I'or  Norton  \V.  I 'H  min- 
er, lor  manv  vears  Principal  of  a  public 
school  in  Chicago. 

Botsford  Street:  For  |.  K.  llotsford 
of  Chicago,  \\lio  ua-  one  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  Northue-tern  I'niversity. 

Browne  Avenue:  l-'nr  Charles  P.. 
llniwnc.  one  of  (he  original  proprietors  of 
North  F.van-ton. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

8NIVERSITY  OP  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


313 


Chancellor  Street:  For  Chancellor  L. 
Jenks,  Jr.,  a  son  of  Chancellor  L.  Jenks, 
a  citizen  of  Evanston. 

Chicago  Avenue:  This  name  was  given 
when  the  northern  limits  of  Chicago  were 
at  North  Avenue,  and  a  long  stretch  of 
open  country  lay  between  Evanston  and 
Chicago.  The  road  connecting  the  two 
places  was  an  extension  of  Chicago  Ave- 
nue in  Evanston  southward,  which  joined 
Xorth  Clark  Street  at  the  Chicago  city 
limits.  The  road  was  sandy  and  its  con- 
dition so  bad  that  a  corporation  was 
formed  in  1859  to  grade  it,  and  it  was 
then  called  the  gravel  road.  On  this  road 
were  two  toll-gates,  one  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  the  Indian  Boundary  Line  and  the 
other  at  Graceland. 

Clark  Street :  For  John  Clark,  a  mem- 
ber of  Rock  River  Conference,  and 
the  minister  in  charge  of  Clark  Street 
church.  Chicago,  at  the  time  that  Mrs. 
Garrett  made  her  gift  to  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute. 

Clinton  Place:  Name  adopted  by 
city  ordinance,  February  n,  1902. 

Colfax  Street:  For  Schuyler  Colfax, 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
1869-73. 

College  Street:  Original  name  of  that 
portion  of  Davis  Street  west  of  Sher- 
man Avenue.  Name  was  changed  to 
Davis  Street  in  1871. 

Grain  Street:  For  the  Grain  family, 
who  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
of  Evanston. 

Darrow  Avenue:  Named  by  Morton 
Culver  in  laying  out  a  subdivision  after 
a  man  of  that  name  who  was  prominent 
among  colored  Masons  of  Chicago. 

Davis  Street:  For  Dr.  Nathan  S. 
Davis,  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  North- 
western University  ;  born  in  1817  and  died 
in  1904. 


Dempster  Street :  For  Dr.  John  Demp- 
ster, born  in  1794.  died  in  1863;  Pro- 
fessor at  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  18^4  to 
1863. 

Dewey  Avenue :  For  two  sisters,  Electa 
E.  Dewey  and  Mary  J.  Dewey.  Name 
given  by  Morton  Culver  in  laying 
out  a  subdivision:  the  Misses  Dewey 
were  teachers  in  the  Jones  School,  Chi- 
cago. 

Dodge  Avenue:  For  Miss  Kate  Dodge, 
a  teacher  in  the  Jones  School.  Chicago. 

Emerson  Street:  For  Benjamin  Emer- 
son, a  pioneer  resident  of  Evanston. 

Ewing  Avenue:  For  Adlai  T.  Ewing, 
who  had  control  for  several  years  of 
Swing's  addition  to  Evanston. 

Florence  Avenue:  For  Miss  Florence 
Tiillis,  a  teacher  in  the  Jones  School, 
Chicago. 

Forest  Avenue:  For  Thomas  L.  For- 
rest, born  1819,  died  1904;  was  a  bank- 
er of  Chicago  and  owned  some  propertv  in 
Evanston  :  for  thirty  years  was  cashier  of 
the  Hide  and  Leather  Bank.  Residents 
have  preferred  a  spelling  different  from 
the  name  of  Mr.  Forrest. 

Foster  Street:  For  Randolph  S.  Fos- 
ter, born  1820.  died  1003:  was  the  sec- 
ond President  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, 1856-59. 

Gaffield  Place:  For  Eli  Gaffield.  a  pi- 
oneer resident  of  Evanston. 

Grant  Street:  Named  in  honor  of  Gen- 
eral U.  S.  Grant. 

Greenleaf  Street:  For  Luther  L.  Green- 
leaf,  born  February  7.  1821.  died  Novem- 
ber 23.  1886;  lived  in  Evanston  from  1860 
to  1875. 

Grey  Avenue:  For  Charles  F.  Grey, 
a  resident  of  Evanston  since  1866. 

Hamilton  Street :  For  James  G.  Ham- 
ilton, for  many  years  a  resident  of 
Evanston ;  was  the  secretary  of  the  Board 


STREET  NOMENCLATURE 


of  Trustees  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. 

Hamlin  Street:  For  Leonidas  L.  Ham- 
line,  born  May  10,  1797;  elected  Bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  1844; 
died  March  23,  1865. 

Hartzell  Street:  For  Joseph  C.  Hart- 
zell,  Methodist  Bishop  of  Africa.  While 
a  student  at  the  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, was  the  hero  of  a  rescue  of  four 
men  from  the  wreck  of  the  schooner 
"Storm"  in  May,  1864. 

Haven  Street :  For  Erastus  O.  Haven ; 
born  1820,  died  in  1881 ;  was  Pres- 
ident of  the  Northwestern  University 
1869  to  1872;  in  1880  was  elected  a  Bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Hinman  Avenue:  For  Clark  T.  Hin- 
man,  first  President  of  the  Northwest- 
ern University,  1853-55 >  was  born  in 
Kortright,  X.  Y.,  August  3,  1817;  gradu- 
ated from  Wesleyan  University  in  1840; 
died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  1854. 

Indian  Boundary  Line:'  This  street 
follows  the  line  of  the  boundary  estab- 
lished by  a  treaty  with  Ottawas,  Chippe- 
was  and  1'ottavvatomies,  August  24. 
i8if>.  The  line  begins  at  the  lake  shore 
(in  the  language  of  the  treaty)  at  "a 
point  ten  miles  northward  of  the  mouth  of 
Chicago  Creek."  and  runs  southwest, 
crossing  the  Sheridan  Road  about  one 
block  from  the  starting  point.  A  half 
block  farther  it  crosses  the  southern  city 
limits.  It  is  known  as  Rogers  Avenue 
after  it  crosses  the  limits  into  Chicago. 

Isabella  Street:  Named  by  Charles  E. 
Ilrowne  after  one  of  his  daughters. 

Jackson  Avenue:  For  A.  B.  Jackson, 
long  a  resident  of  Rogers  Park. 

Jenks  Street :  For  Chancellor  L.  Jenks, 
born  January  29.  1828:  practiced  law  in 
Chicago  1851-67;  died  January  ip,  1903. 

Judson  Avenue:  For  Philo  Judson. 
born  in  Otsego  County,  N.  Y..  March 


i,  1807;  was  business  agent  of  the  North- 
western University,  1854-76;  died  March 
23.  1876. 

Kedzie  Street:  For  John  H.  Kedzie, 
born  September  8,  1815;  died  at  Evan- 
ston,  April  9,  1903;  was  a  resident  of 
Evanston  forty-two  years. 

Keeney  Street :  For  James  F.  Keeney, 
for  some  years  a  resident  of  Evanston. 

Kirk  Street:  For  James  S.  Kirk,  born 
in  1818;  lived  in  Evanston  from  1859 
to  the  time  of  his  death;  died  June  15, 
1886. 

Lee  Street:  Named  by  L.  C.  Pitner 
for  his  son,  Lee  J.  Pitner;  name  given 
in  1871  when  "Union  Addition"  was  laid 
out. 

Leon  Street:  Named  for  Louis  Leon- 
hardt,  a  portion  of  his  name  being  taken 
for  the  purpose. 

Library  Street:  That  part  of  Hamlin 
Street  extending  from  Orrington  Avenue 
to  Sherman  Avenue,  changed  to  this  name 
because  of  its  proximity  to  the  Lunt 
Library,  by  city  ordinance,  June  21.  1004. 

Livingston  Street:  Named  for  Liv- 
ingston Jenks,  a  son  of  Chancellor  L. 
Jenks. 

Lyons  Street:  For  Joseph  M.  Lyons, 
a  resident  of  Evanston  since  the  'fio's. 

McDaniel  Avenue :  For  Alexander  Mc- 
Daniel.  born  in  iSifi;  came  to  Evanston 
in  1836;  Postmaster  at  \Yilmette  1870-89; 
died  October,  1898. 

Mulford  Street:  For  Edward  H.  Mul- 
ford.  born  1792:  commissioned  paymaster 
(with  rank  of  Major)  of  a  New  York 
regiment  in  1825;  came  to  Evanston  in 
1840;  died  March  4,  1878. 

Nate  Street:  Former  name  of  Clinton 
Place:  originally  named  for  Rev.  John 
Nate,  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
long  a  resident  of  Evanston. 

Noyes  Street:  For  Henry  S.  Noyes; 
Professor  of  Mathematics,  Northwestern 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


University,  1855-60;  acting  President  of 
same  1860-69;  died  May  24,  1872. 

Orrington  Avenue:  Named  for  Or- 
rington  Lunt :  born  December  24,  1815; 
one  of  the  founders  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity ;  died  April  5.  1897. 

Payne  Street:  For  Henry  M.  Payne, 
a  resident  of  Chicago. 

Pitner  Avenue:  For  Levi  C.  Pitner, 
long  a  resident  of  Evanston. 

Pratt  Court:  For  the  Pratt  family, 
of  whom  two  brothers,  George  and  Paul, 
came  to  Evanston  in  1837. 

Reba  Place:  Named  for  Miss  Reba 
Poor,  a  daughter  of  John  E.  Poor. 

Reese  Avenue:  For  Theodore  Reese, 
surveyor,  long  a  resident  of  Evanston. 

Ridge  Avenue:  There  are  two  well 
defined  ridges  running  north  and  south 
through  Evanston,  the  west  ridge  be- 
ing the  more  prominent  of  the  two. 
The  general  course  of  Ridge  Avenue  is 
along  the  summit  of  the  West  ridge.  In 
an  early  clay  this  neighborood  was  often 
described  as  "the  Ridge."  This  is  the 
oldest  street  in  Evanston  and  follows  the 
route  of  the  old  Green  Bay  Road.  This 
route  was  established  as  a  military  road 
by  the  United  States  Government  in  1832. 
It  was  also  the  route  of  the  Frink  & 
Walker  stage  line  established  in  1836, 
and  which  continued  in  operation  until 
the  railroad  was  opened  in  1855. 

Rinn  Street:  For  Jacob  Rinn,  long  a 
resident  of  Evanston. 

Sheridan  Road:  Named  in  honor  of 
General  Philip  H.  Sheridan.  This  great 
pleasure  driveway  along  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan  was  planned  by  Volney 
W.  Foster  in  1887,  and  he  is  therefore 
known  as  the  "father  of  the  Sheridan 
Road."  An  act  of  the  State  Legislature 
was  passed  March  27,  1889,  authorizing 
"Pleasure  driveways  in  incorporated 


towns,"  under  which  the  Sheridan  Road 
Association  was  organized.  The  Evan- 
ston City  Council  passed  an  ordinance. 
July  25,  1892,  establishing  and  naming 
that  portion  of  Sheridan  Road  which 
passes  through  Evanston.  Alexander 
Clark  was  associated  with  Mr.  Foster  in 
this  great  enterprise.  Mr.  Foster  died 
August  15,  1904.  Mr.  Clark  died  Septem- 
ber 26,  1903.  The  Sheridan  Road  is  now 
complete  from  Lincoln  Park  in  Chicago 
to  \Yaukegan,  and  eventually  will  extend 
to  Milwaukee.  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan  was 
born  March  6,  1831,  and  died  August  5, 
1888. 

Sherman  Avenue:  For  Alson  Smith 
Sherman,  born  April  21,  1811;  came  to 
Chicago  in  1836;  Mayor  of  Chicago,  1844: 
one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  North- 
western University.  1851 ;  removed  to 
Waukegan  in  1856 ;  and  died  there  Sep- 
tember 22,  1903. 

Shuman  Street:  For  Andrew  Shu- 
man,  for  many  yerrs  editor  of  the 
"Chicago  Evening  Journal;"  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Illinois  1877-81;  born  1830: 
died  1890. 

Simpson  Street:  For  Matthew  Simp- 
son, born  1811,  elected  Bishop  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  1852:  President  of 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  1861-65 ;  died 
June  18,  1884. 

Stanley  Avenue:  For  B.  F.  Stanley: 
name  given  by  C.  L.  Jenks. 

Stewart  Avenue:  For  John  \Y.  Stew- 
art, one  of  the  original  owners  of  North 
Evanston. 

Stockham  Place:  For  Mrs.  Alice  B. 
Stockham,  long  a  resident  of  Evanston. 

Thayer  Street:  Named  by  John  Cul- 
ver for  his  wife,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Thayer. 

Warren  Street:  For  Henry  A.  \Yar- 
ren,  formerly  a  resident  of  Evanston. 


STREET  NOMENCLATURE 


Wesley  Avenue:  Named  in  honor  of 
John  \Yesley,  the  founder  of  Methodism. 

Wilder  Street:  For  Aldin  G.  Wilder,  a 
lumber  dealer  in  Evanston  in  1866,  who 
also  subdivided  lands  in  the  western  part 
of  the  city. 

Willard  Place:  For  Frances  E.  Will- 
ard.  born  September  28,  1839;  President 
of  Woman's  College.  Evanston,  1870; 
President  of  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  1879;  President  of  World's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  1888;  died 
February  17,  1898. 

A  notable  deficiency  in  the  street  no- 
menclature of  Evanston  is  the  absence  of 
Indian  names.  No  street  perpetuates  the 
name  of  tribe  or  chief,  and  but  one — the 
"Indian  Boundary  Line" — has  reference 
to  a  locality  connected  with  the  Indian 
occupation.  The  Pottawatomie  Indians, 
who  inhabited  this  region,  possessed  too 
ungainly  and  barbarous  a  name  to  make 
use  of.  and  there  were  no  leaders  of  dis- 
tinction among  them  who  might  be  thus 
honored.  This  absence  of  picturesque 
Indian  names  is  unfortunate,  but  is  made 
good  in  the  distinction  and  character  of 
the  names  that  have  been  chosen. 

The  origin  of  street  names  is  usually 
neglected  until  the  occasion  of  them  be- 
gins to  grow  dim  in  the  vistas  of  the  past. 
Then  laborious  research  is  necessarv  to 


learn  the  origin  and  significance  of  these 
names  which  have  become  household 
words.  The  effort  to  trace  accurately  the 
names  given  to  streets,  even  within  a 
compass  of  fifty  years,  is  fraught  with 
difficulty,  and,  as  it  is  seen  in  older  com- 
munities, the  time  comes  soon  when  it  is 
often  a  matter  of  conjecture. 

The  aspect  of  the  streets  of  Evanston, 
as  we  see  them  today,  is  in  strong  con- 
trast with  the  face  of  the  land  as  looked 
upon  by  the  founders  of  the  town.  Then 
was  spread  before  them  woodland  and 
fields  where  farmers  and  woodmen  had, 
in  twenty  years  of  ceaseless  toil,  changed 
the  face  of  the  country  from  its  primeval 
condition  to  one  of  diversified  forest  and 
farm  lands.  Dwellings  and  locations  of 
streets  began  to  appear  in  accordance 
with  the  plans  of  the  founders.  Extensive 
lines  of  shade  trees  were  planted  which 
today,  after  many  years'  growth,  have  de- 
veloped into  stately  avenues  of  lofty  elms 
and  maples.  Parks  beside  roadways,  well 
paved  streets  and  walks,  spacious  and 
well  cultivated  lawns,  the  glimpses  here 
and  there  of  the  blue  waters  of  Lake 
Michigan,  and  the  comfortable  and  often 
palatial  homes  of  its  residents,  have  com- 
bined to  form  a  "city  beautiful,"  and  to 
earn  for  itself  the  well  deserved  title  of  a 
"citv  of  homes." 


CHAPTER  XXXV 


THE  FOUR-MILE  LIMIT 

(By  WILLIAM  A.  DYCHE) 

North-western  University     County,   moved  to   strike   out  this   section. 


Act  Incorporatin 

Amended — Prohibition  District  Estab- 
lished— Sale  of  Spirituous  Liquors  With- 
in Four  Miles  of  the  University  Prohib- 
ited— Local  Sentiment  in  Favor  of  the 
Law — Violations  and  Anti-Saloon  Litiga- 
tion— Citizens'  League  Organized — Su- 
preinc  Court  Decisions. 

On  January  18,  1855,  Senator  Norman 
B.  Jucld,  of  Cook  Count}',  offered  in  the 
State  Senate  an  amendment  to  the  charter 
of  Northwestern  University,  entitled : 
"An  Act  to  amend  an  act  to  incorporate 
Northwestern  University,"  approved  Jan- 
uary 28,  1851.  The  proposed  amendment 
consisted  of  five  sections,  the  second,  as 
finally  passed,  being  as  follows : 

"Section  2.  No  spirituous,  vinous,  or  fer- 
mented liquors  shall  be  sold,  under  license 
or  otherwise,  within  four  miles  of  the  loca- 
tion of  said  University,  except  for  medicin- 
al, mechanical,  and  sacramental  purposes, 
under  a  penalty  of  twenty-five  dollars  for 
each  offense,  to  be  recovered  before  any 
Justice  of  the  Peace  of  said  County  of 
Cook :  Provided ,  that  so  much  of  this  act 
as  relates  to  the  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks 
within  four  miles,  may  be  repealed  by  the 
General  Assembly  whenever  they  may 
think  proper." 

Senator  John  M.  Palmer,  of  Sangamon 


The  vote  was :  yeas  6,  nays  14. 

Senator  Joseph  Gillespie  offered,  as  an 
amendment,  that  part  of  the  second  sec- 
tion which  reserves  for  the  General  As- 
sembly the  right  of  appeal.  The  other 
four  sections  of  the  amendment,  like  the 
charter,  constitute  a  perpetual  contract  be- 
tween the  State  of  Illinois  and  North- 
western University. 

The  amendment  of  Senator  Gillespie 
was  agreed  to  and,  on  vote,  the  act  was 
passed,  18  yeas  to  2  nays. — (Senate  Jour- 
nal. 1855,  pages  126-127.) 

The  measure  was  reported  to  the  House 
February  2.  1855.  and  read  for  the  first  time 
on  February  7th  :  it  was  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Miscellaneous  Affairs.  On  the  <)th 
it  was  reported  by  the  Committee  and  or- 
dered to  third  reading.  It  was  passed  Feb- 
ruary 1 3th.  yeas  51.  nays  o. —  (House  Jour- 
nal. 1855,  pages  205.  295.  378  and  538.) 

This  amendment  was  formally  accepted 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  University  June  13, 

1855. 

Local  Sentiment. — There  has  always 
been,  on  the  part  of  citizens  of  Evanston. 
a  strong  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  strict 
enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
It  is  safe  to  assert  that,  from  its  enact- 
ment to  the  present.  Evanston  has  been 
freer  from  the  illegal  sale  of  liquor  than  al- 
most any  other  community  located  near 


THE  FOUR-MILE  LIMIT 


the  borders  of  a  great  city  like  Chicago. 
Our  local  government  has  always  had 
among  its  ordinances  stringent  measures 
based  on  this  amendment,  and  usually  has 
made  earnest  efforts  to  enforce  them. 
Numerous  violations,  of  course,  frequent- 
ly occur,  but  there  has  never  been  a  place 
within  the  limits  of  the  corporation  where 
these  ordinances  were  openly  violated. 
Outside  of  the  city,  but  w.thin  four  miles, 
the  violations  have  been  more  frequent, 
but  at  the  present  time  there  are  very  few 
open  saloons  within  four  miles  of  the 
University,  except  to  the  south,  where  the 
prohibition  district  extends  far  into  the 
city  of  Chicago.  Here  saloons  are  numer- 
ous and  flourishing,  though  they  exist 
contrary  to  law. 

Litigation. — Three  cases  in  which  fines 
have  been  levied  for  the  illegal  sale  of 
liquor  within  the  four-mile  limit,  have  been 
appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State,  two  of  which  involved  the  consti- 
tutionality of  the  amendment  to  the  char- 
ter of  the  University,  and  the  third  raised 
the  question  of  the  competency  of  testi- 
mony of  detectives  pa  d  by  the  city.  The 
first  case  was  decided  at  the  April  term 
of  the  Court,  1862,  being  entitled,  John 
O'Leary,  Appellant,  vs.  The  County  of 
Cook,  Appellee.  The  constitutionality  of 
the  amendment  was  questioned.  The  at- 
torneys for  the  appellant  argued  that  it 
was  in  contravention  of  the  23d  Section  of 
Article  III.  of  the  Constitution,  in  that  it 
embraces  two  separate  and  independent 
subjects — the  one  of  a  private  character, 
viz. :  the  amendment  to  the  corporate 
powers  of  the  University :  the  other  of  a 
public  nature,  viz. :  the  prohibition  of  the 
sale  of  liquor  within  a  given  locality  under 
penalty — two  subjects  not  germane  to  one 
another  and  having  no  natural  or  neces- 
sary connection  with  each  other,  while 


only  one  subject  is  expressed  in  the  title 
of  the  act. 

This  was  successfully  refuted  by 
Messrs.  Hurd,  Booth  &  Potter,  attorneys 
for  the  appellee,  and  the  constitutionality  of 
the  act  was  upheld  in  a  decision  rendered 
by  Chief  Justice  Caton.  The  following 
quotation  from  the  opinion  from  the  Chief 
Justice  is  interesting: 

"The  object  of  the  charter  was  to  create 
an  institution  for  the  education  of  young 
men,  and  it  was  competent  for  the  Leg- 
islature to  embrace  within  it  everything 
which  was  designed  to  facilitate  that  ob- 
ject. Every  provision  which  was  intended 
to  promote  the  well  being  of  the  institu- 
tion, or  its  students,  was  within  the  proper 
subject  matter  of  that  law.  We  cannot 
doubt  that  such  was  the  single  design  of 
this  law.  Although  this  provision  in  ght 
incidentally  tend  to  protect  others  resid- 
ing in  the  vicinity  from  the  corrupting  and 
demoralizing  influences  of  the  grog-shop, 
yet  that  was  not  the  primary  object  of  the 
law,  but  its  sole  purpose  was  to  protect 
the  students  and  faculty  from  such  in- 
fluence." 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  appel- 
lant. John  O'Leary.  and  his  descendants 
have  been  involved  in  more  or  less  liti- 
gation with  Evanston  for  nearly  half  a 
century ;  it  is  also  worthy  of  notice  that 
the  illegal  sale  referred  to  in  this  case 
was  made  to  Mortimer  Russell,  Russell 
being  a  name  well  known  in  the  early  an- 
nals of  the  village.  The  greatest  item 
of  interest  in  this  case,  aside  from  the 
favorable  decision  is,  that  the  cause  of  law 
and  order  was  ably  advocated  by  Hon. 
Harvey  B.  Hurd,  who,  for  more  than  half 
a  century,  had  been  one  of  Evanston's 
foremost  citizens.  Though  more  than 
forty  years  have  come  and  gone  since  this 
decision,  until  his  death  in  January,  1906. 


/   f    A     (.     ',    , 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


319 


Mr.  Hurt!  still  remained  to  lend  his  vig- 
orous aid  in  seeing  that  the  law  was  en- 
forced. 

From  1882  to  1893  the  Citizens'  League 
of  Evanston  was  active  in  prosecuting 
violators  of  this  law.  Among  those  fre- 
quently prosecuted  were  Trausch  Broth- 
ers, and  other  saloon-keepers  on  the  West 
Ridge,  just  north  of  Rose  Hill.  With  the 
hope  of  protecting  themselves  from  fur- 
ther prosecutions,  these  saloon-keepers 
and  their  friends,  on  November  28,  1890, 
incorporated  the  village  of  West  Ridge, 
out  of  territory  heretofore  not  included 
within  any  city  or  village.  Said  village, 
by  ordinance,  regulated  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors  within  its  limits  by  licensing 
the  sale  thereof.  Henry  Trausch  was 
granted  a  license ;  shortly  thereafter  the 
Citizens'  League  obtained  evidence  that 
he  made  two  separate  and  distinct  sales 
of  liquor.  Action  was  brought  against 
Trausch  and  a  fine  levied  on  him.  He 
appealed  the  case  and  it  finally  reached 
the  Supreme  Court. 

Supreme  Court  Decision. — Chief  Justice 
Shope,  in  rendering  the  opinion  of  the 
Court,  makes  it  clear  that  any  license 
granted  by  any  city,  village  or  town  for 
the  sale  of  liquor  within  the  four-mile  dis- 
trict is  null  and  void.  The  following  is  a 
quotation  from  his  opinion  : 

"While  the  power  is  given  to  license, 
regulate  and  prohibit  the  selling  and  giv- 
ing away  of  intoxicating  liquors,  such 
power  is  not  to  be  so  construed  as  to  affect 
the  provisions  of  the  charter  of  Northwest- 
ern University,  it  being  a  literary  insti- 
tution, the  charter  of  which  was  granted 
before  the  General  Incorporation  Act." 

The  chief  contention  of  the  attorney 
for  the  appellant  was.  that  the  amendment 
had  been  repealed  by  the  general  act,  ap- 
proved May  4.  1887.  This  was  overruled. 

It  is  made  clear  in  this  decision  that  anv 


license  issued  for  the  sale  of  liquor  within 
the  four-mile  district,  even  though  it  be 
issued  by  a  city,  town  or  village  within 
said  district,  is  null  and  void.  It  is  worthy 
of  note  in  connection  with  this  case  that 
Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd  again  appeared  as 
attorney  for  the  appellee,  associating  with 
him  the  law  firm  of  Beach  &  Beach. 

During  the  past  twenty-five  years  sev- 
eral different  organizations  have  been 
formed  to  assist  in  the  enforcement  of  this 
act.  On  August  24,  1882,  the  Citizens' 
League  of  the  Township  of  Evanston  was 
incorporated,  with  Frank  P.  Crandon  and 
David  R.  Dyche,  Millard  R.  Powers  and 
H.  W.  Chester  as  charter  members.  Mr. 
Dyche  served  as  its  President  till  his 
death  in  August,  1893.  He  devoted  much 
time,  energy  and  no  insignificant  contri- 
butions from  his  own  purse  to  forward  the 
objects  of  the  League.  The  next  Presi- 
dent was  Mr.  Crandon.  He,  also,  made 
large  donations  of  time  and  money  to 
this  important  work. 

Four-Mile  League. — In  1894  it  seemed 
wise  to  form  a  new  organization  as  a  suc- 
cessor to  the  Citizens'  League,  and  through 
the  efforts  of  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  who 
was  then  President  of  Northwestern  L'ni- 
versity  and  greatly  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
temperance,  the  Four-Mile  League  was  or- 
ganized, with  Charles  B.  Congdon,  Henry 
Wade  Rogers,  Hugh  R.  Wilson,  Charles 
H.  Aldrich.  William  A.  Dyche.  William  H. 
Bartlett,  Frank  P.  Crandon,  George  M. 
Sargent  and  Charles  J.  Little,  as  charter 
members.  The  charter  was  dated  Sep- 
tember ii.  1894.  Mr.  Crandon  was  its 
first  President :  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
J.  C.  Shaffer.  Mr.  Shaffer  conducted  a 
vigorous  warfare  against  illegal  sale  of 
liquor  and  met  with  marked  success.  Mr. 
Newell  C.  Knight  was  the  third  and  last 
President  of  the  League.  His  administra- 
tion was  equally  vigorous. 


320 


THE  FOUR-MILE  LIMIT 


In  1902  the  Municipal  Association  was 
incorporated.  This  organization,  though 
having  wider  aims  than  the  Four-Mile 
League,  which  it  succeeded,  is  especial- 
ly interested  in  the  same  good  cause  and  is 
doing  excellent  work.  Mr.  Charles  R. 
Webster  has  been  President  since  its  in- 
corporation. 

On  January  3,  1893,  William  H.  Lyman, 
a  Chicago  member  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, introduced  House  Bill  282, 
which  sought  to  repeal  a  portion  of  the 
City  and  Village  Act  of  1872.  This  act, 
among  other  things,  gives  cities  and  vil- 
lages power  to  issue  licenses  for  the  sale  of 
liquor  under  certain  conditions.  It  pro- 
vides, however,  "that  nothing  in  the  act 
shall  be  construed  to  affect  the  provisions 
of  the  charter  of  any  literary  institution 
heretofore  granted."  The  introduction  of 
this  bill  created  much  excitement  and 
great  indignation.  Large  delegations  at 
once  went  to  Springfield  and  exerted  such 
influence  that  the  bill  never  reached  a  sec- 
ond reading. 

Mayor's  Report.— The  citizens  of  Evan- 
ston  have  been  greatly  annoyed  by  the 
existence  of  saloons  outside  of,  but  near 
to.  the  limits  of  the  corporation.  The  fol- 
lowing c|uotation  from  the  Mayor's  report 
for  the  year  1895  gives  an  instance  of  this: 

"For  some  years  the  western  portion 
of  our  city  has  been  greatly  annoyed  by 
the  existence  of  several  saloons  on  the 
prairie  west  of  us.  Some  of  these  saloons 
were  resorts  of  the  lowest  character,  and 
to  their  other  evils  gambling  and  prosti- 
tution were  often  added.  For  some  years 
they  were  licensed  illegally  by  the  Cook 
County  Commissioners :  but  this  summer. 
in  response  to  your  request  and  the  urgent 
effort  of  Commissioner  Munn.  these  ille- 
gal licenses  were  not  reissued.  The  Four- 
Mile  League  provided  funds  to  carry  on  a 
vigorous  warfare  against  them.  Our  Chief 


of  Police,  Wheeler  Bartram,  greatly  aided 
the  League  with  his  advice  and  work,  as 
did  also  our  City  Attorney.  The  result 
was  that,  after  a  brief  but  energetic  fight, 
these  saloons  were  practically  closed. 
Some  of  them  are  still  running,  but  very 
quietly.  A  renewed  and  continuous  effort 
by  the  League,  aided  by  our  city  author- 
ities, will  undoubtedly  close  them.  The 
only  way  to  successfully  fight  this  enemy 
is  to  make  it  too  expensive  for  him  to  stay 
in  business." 

During  the  latter  part  of  1896,  and  for 
some  time  thereafter,  the  city  was  greatly 
hindered  in  its  attempts  to  prosecute  vio- 
lators of  its  prohibitory  law  by  adverse 
decisions  of  the  courts  located  in  Chicago. 
The  following,  from  the  Mayor's  report 
for  1896,  is  to  the  point: 

"One  W.  H.  Meyers  was  arrested  in 
July,  1896,  on  several  charges  of  violating 
our  liquor  ordinances.  He  was  fined  in 
sums  from  Sio  to  Sioo.  From  these  judg- 
ments the  said  Meyers  appealed  to  the 
Criminal  Court,  where  the  cases  were  dis- 
missed on  the  grounds  that  the  evidence 
had  been  obtained  by  witnesses  who  were 
in  the  employ  of  the  city  for  the  purpose 
of  bringing  action  against  the  said  Mey- 
ers. The  city  took  an  appeal  from  this  de- 
cision to  the  Appellate  Court,  where  it 
again  met  defeat,  the  Appellate  Court  sus- 
taining the  decision  of  the  Criminal  Court. 

"While  it  is  comparatively  easy  for  our 
policemen  to  discover  the  resorts  where 
liquor  is  sold  illegally,  it  is  very  difficult 
for  them  to  obtain  evidence  of  this,  for 
the  reason  that  they  are  well  known, 
hence  it  is  necessary  to  use  detectives, 
but  both  the  testimony  of  our  policemen, 
as  well  as  that  of  the  detectives,  was  ren- 
dered '  useless  by  the  decisions  above  re- 
ferred to,  and  the  difficulty  of  successfully 
prosecuting  the  keepers  of  these  resorts 
was  greatly  increased.  The  case  just  re- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


321 


ferred  to  was  carried  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State,  by  the  direction  of  the 
Council,  and  the  judgments  of  the  Crim- 
inal and  Appellate  Courts  were  reversed. 
The  entire  case  was  in  charge  of  City  At- 
torney George  S.  Baker,  and  to  him  be- 
longs unstinted  praise  for  the  obtaining 
from  the  Supreme  Court  of  so  far-reach- 
ing benefit,  not  to  Evanston  alone,  but 
also  to  numerous  other  communities.  The 
difficulty  of  prosecuting  these  cases  and 
obtaining  satisfactory  results  is  far  greater 
than  most  people  imagine." 

Difficulties  Owing  to  Nearness  to  Chi- 
cago.— One  who.  for  the  first  time,  is  called 
upon  to  assist  in  enforcing  the  ordinances 
of  Evanston,  based  on  the  amendment  to 
the  charter  of  the  University,  has  no  idea 
of  the  difficulties  of  the  task,  and  it  too 
frequently  happens  that  both  officers  of 
the  city  and  of  the  voluntary  associations 
above  referred  to  not  only  receive  too  lit- 
tle support  from  the  community,  but  are 
most  unjustly  criticised  for  failure  to  ob- 
tain their  complete  enforcement.  Occa- 
sionally they  have  deserved  severe  con- 
demnation for  their  indifference,  but,  as  a 
rule,  they  have  been  earnest  and  active, 
meeting  with  decided  success.  Though 
at  times  our  citizens  seem  indifferent  to 
appeals  for  aid  as  in  this  work,  they  are 
in  reality  greatlv  interested  and  in  emer- 
gencies respond  most  generously.  The 


greatest  danger  in  my  mind  to  our  law  is 
the  City  of  Chicago.  The  "four-mile  limit" 
extends  about  two  and  one-half  miles  into 
the  City  of  Chicago,  and,  in  this  prohibi- 
tion territory  in  Chicago,  numerous  sa- 
loons exist.  I  do  not  know  if  Chicago  at 
present  licenses  these  saloons.  When  I 
last  investigated  this  in  1896,  I  found  that 
Chicago  did  not  issue  them  any  license, 
but  that  the  saloon-keepers  at  the  end  of 
each  quarter  paid  the  City  Collector  a  sum 
equivalent  to  a  quarter's  license.  \Yhether 
licensed  or  not,  they  exist  illegally,  and 
ought  to  be  closed.  If  they  are  allowed 
by  Chicago  to  nourish  on  Devon  Avenue, 
some  day  she  will  permit  them  on  the 
very  north  line  of  her  corporate  limits — 
a  stone's  throw  from  Calvary  Cemetery. 
Unless  Evanston  puts  up  a  vigorous  fight, 
this  will  happen.  Of  all  the  blessings 
Northwestern  University  has  brought 
Evanston,  this  amendment  is  first.  It 
gives  us  a  unique  place  in  the  ranks  of 
American  cities,  and  helps  to  make  it 
possible  for  us  to  maintain  a  local  govern- 
ment of  unusually  high  standard.  Let 
us  give  every  aid  and  encouragement  to 
our  officials  and  especially  to  those  men 
who.  from  time  to  time,  we  ask  to  act  as 
our  leaders  in  the  great  work  of  enforcing 
the  provisions  of  this  amendment  and  the 
ordinances  based  thereon. 


CHAPTER  XXXVI. 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 

(By  ELIZABETH  M.  BOYNTON  HAKBhRT.  Ph.  D.) 


Some  of  the  Early  Homes  of  Evanston — 
Men  and  Women  Who  have  Left  Their 
Impress  on  the  City's  History — What 
Evanstoi:  Owes  to  Its  Early  Home  Build- 
ers— Historic  Names  on  the  City  Map — 
Abraham  Lincoln  and  other  Distinguished 
Visitors — The  Willard  and  Eggleston 
Families — Notable  Workers  in  the  Field 
of  Religion,  Education,  Literature  and 
the  Arts. 

"The  language  of  a  ruder  age  gave  to 
the  common  law  the  maxim  that  every 
man's  house  is  his  castle:  the  progress  of 
Truth  will  eventually  make  every  home  a 
shrine." 

"I  think  that  the  heroism,  which,  at  this 
day,  would  make  on  us  the  impression  of 
Epaminondas  and  Phocion,  must  be  that 
of  a  domestic  conqueror." 

Thus  wrote  our  poet-philosopher  Emer- 
son, concerning  the  value  and  importance 
of  wise  home-making,  while  our  poet- 
scientist,  Henry  Drummond.  has  left  for 
us  the  following  statement : 

"So  long  as  the  first  concern  of  a  coun- 
try is  for  its  homes,  it  matters  little  what 
it  seeks  second  or  third. 

"The  one  point,  indeed,  where  all  pro- 
phets meet,  where  all  sciences,  from  bi- 
ology to  ethics,  are  enthusiastically  at 
one,  is  in  their  faith  in  the  imperishable 
potentialities  of  this  yet  most  simple  in- 


stitution. In  a  far  truer  sense  than  Ra- 
phael produced  his  "Holy  Family,"  na- 
ture has  provided  a  Holy  Family.  Not  for 
centuries,  but  for  millenniums,  the  family 
has  arrived.  Time  has  not  tarnished  it ; 
no  later  art  has  improved  upon  it :  no  gen- 
ius discovered  anything  more  lovely,  nor 
religion  anything  more  divine." 

Of  one  important  branch  of  home-mak- 
ing, that  great  "Apostle  of  the  Beautiful," 
John  Ruskin,  has  written: 

"Cookery  means  the  knowledge  of  Circe, 
Medea,  and  of  Calypso  and  Helen,  and  of 
Rebekah  and  of  all  the  Queens  of  Sl.eba. 
It.  means  the  knowledge  of  all  fruits  and 
balms:  of  all  that  is  sweet  in  fields  and 
groves.  It  means  the  economy  of  your 
great  grandmothers  and  the  science  of 
thoroughness.  French  art  and  Arabian 
hospitality."  And,  if  Mr.  Ruskin  had  lived 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  might  he  not 
have  added,  "American  Adaptability?" 

Mr.  Frank  Grover.  in  a  valuable  historical 
sketch  (printed  elsewhere  in  this  volume) 
refers  to  one  of  the  first  typical  Evanston 
homes  as  follows : 

"The  father.  Antoine  Ouilmette,  was 
of  French  descent ;  the  mother,  Archange, 
was  of  true  American  (Indian)  parentage. 
In  this  family  were  four  daughters:  Eliza- 
beth. Archange.  Josette  and  Sophia,  and 
four  sons:  Joseph,  Louis,  Francis  and 
Mitchell." 


323 


324 


HOMES  AXD  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


Surely  all  lovers  of  symbolism  or  all 
philosophers,  thinkers,  who  recognize  the 
law  that,  in  order  to  secure  harmony,  we 
must  combine  differences,  will  promptly 
recognize  in  the  variety  and  balance  of 
this  pioneer  home,  prophecies  of  the  re- 
sultant harmony  and  equilibrium  which 
has  caused  so  many  discriminating  tour- 
ists to  repeat  the  trite  question,  "Is  this 
Heavenston?"  Thus,  in  its  very  infancy, 
the  presiding  Fates  seem  to  have  decreed 
that  the  honor  of  having  founded  our  be- 
loved Evanston  belonged  equally  to  its 
sons  and  daughters,  while  our  subsequent 
cosmopolitanism  may  be  traced  to  that 
French  father  and  American  mother. 

For  a  number  of  years  William  and 
James  Carney  represented  the  entire  po- 
lice force,  and  so  firmly,  kindly  and  hu- 
manely did  they  preserve  law  and  order, 
that  the  village  was  exempt  from  depre- 
dations, and  the  very  name  "Carney"  be- 
came a  synonym  for  law  and  order :  as 
instance,  the  incident  of  an  Evanston 
child  exclaiming  at  sight  of  a  Chicago  po- 
liceman, "There  goes  another  good 
Carney." 

In  preparing  this  fragmentary  sketch, 
we  have  been  interested  in  the  typical  char- 
acter of  the  early  settlers  who,  by  their 
tastes  and  pursuits,  foreshadowed  the 
aesthetic  development  of  after  years. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alonzo  Burroughs  were 
among  the  earliest  agriculturists.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Samuel  Reed  seem  to  have  made 
Beauty  and  Service  the  patron  saints  of 
their  home.  We  are  told  that  Mr.  Reed 
was  the  original  path-finder  or  road- 
master  of  the  village,  and  that  a  certain 
apple-tree  planted  by  Mrs.  Reed  was,  for 
forty  years,  because  of  the  fragrance  of  its 
bloom  and  the  rare  flavor  of  its  fruit,  a  joy 
to  succeeding  generations  of  children. 

These  pioneer  path-finders  and  home- 
makers  doubtless  would  have  been 


cheered  and  encouraged  in  many  toilsome 
wanderings,  could  they  have  foreseen  the 
tree-fringed  avenues,  streets  and  courts, 
whose  names  enshrine  the  memories  of 
many  subsequent  path-makers,  and  hon- 
ored citizens;  e.  g.,  "Judson,"  "Hinman," 
"Irvington,"  "Benson,"  and  "Kedzie"  Ave- 
nues ;  "Dempster."  "Davis."  "Xoyes."  "Mul- 
ford,"  "Grain, "  "McDaniels,"  and  "Lyons  " 
Streets ;  "Avars  Court"  and  "Willard 
Place,"  etc. 

"Joy,"  that  notable  but  too  frequently 
neglected  "Fruit  of  the  Spirit,"  hospital- 
ity, industry  and  faith  (faith  in  God  and 
faith  in  humanity)  seem  to  have  been 
characteristic  of  many  of  these  pioneer 
homes.  The  altruistic  cheerfulness,  so 
notable  in  his  philanthropic  daughter. 
Mrs.  Helen  Judson  Beveridge,  as  well  as 
in  other  members  of  that  merry  house- 
hold, was  early  intersphered  in  the  village 
life  by  the  genial  father,  Rev.  Philo  Judson. 
We  are  told  that  Mr.  Judson's  optimism 
and  constant  cheerfulness  "enabled  him 
to  make  perpetual  holiday  of  the  hard 
work  and  privations  incident  to  the  life  of 
a  circuit-rider  through  the  wilds  of  Illi- 
nois," while  his  wife,  Mrs.  Huddleston 
Judson,  was  in  all  respects  a  notable  help- 
meet, bravely  bearing  the  added  responsi- 
bilities resultant  from  his  numerous  ab- 
sences. 

Truly,  if  "all  the  world  loves  a  lover," 
the  residents  of  small  frontier  villages, 
where  life  is  often  too  strenuous  to  permit 
of  much  pleasure-seeking,  must  always 
delight  in  a  wedding.  We  are  confident 
that,  if  the  villagers  could  have  foreseen  in 
the  groom  a  future  General  and  Governor, 
and  in  the  bride  a  notable  philanthropist, 
even  greater  interest,  if  possible,  would 
have  centered  in  the  marriage,  in  1848,  of 
Miss  Helen  Judson  and  Mr.  John  L.  Bev- 
eridge. 

Who  can  estimate  the  amount  of  good 


CHARLES  JOSEPH  LITTLE 


KS  AX!)   lloMK-MAKKRS— 1*40-1*7. 


Surely  all  lovers  of  symbolism  or  all 
philosopher-,  thinkers,  who  recognize  the 
la\v  that,  in  order  to  secure  harmony.  \v-.- 
must  combine  differences,  will  promptlv 
recognize  in  the  varietv  and  balance  of 
this  pioneer  home,  prophecies  of  the  re- 
sultant harmony  and  equilibrium  which 
has  caused  so  many  discriminating  tour- 
ists to  repeat  the  trite  question.  "Is  this 
Heavenston?"  Thus,  in  its  very  infancy. 
the  presiding  Tales  seem  to  have  decreed 
that  the  honor  of  having  founded  our  he- 
loved  Kvanstoii  belonged  equally  to  its 
sons  and  daughters,  while  our  subsequent 
cosmopolitanism  may  be  traced  to  that 
French  father  and  American  mother. 

For  a  number  of  years  William  and 
lames  Carney  represented  the  entire  po- 
lice force,  and  so  firmly,  kindly  and  hu- 
manely did  they  preserve  law  and  order, 
that  the  village  was  exempt  from  depre- 
dations, and  the  very  name  "Carney"  be- 
came a  sviionym  for  law  and  order:  as 
instance,  the  incident  of  an  F.vanston 
child  exclaiming  at  sight  of  a  Chicago  po- 
liceman. "There  goes,  another  good 
Carney." 

In  preparing  tin-  fragmentary  sketch, 
we  have  been  interested  in  the  Mpical  char- 
acter of  the  earh  settlers  who.  by  their 
tastes  and  pursuits,  foreshadowed  the 
.'esthetic  development  of  after  \ear>. 

.Mr.  and  Mr-.  Alon/o  I'.urroughs  were 
among  the  earliest  agriculturist-.  Mr.  and 
Mr.-.  Samuel  Reed  seem  to  have  made 
l.cauu  and  Service  the  patron  saints  of 
their  home.  We  are  told  that  Mr.  Reed 
was  the  original  path-tinder  or  road- 
ma-ur  oi  the  village,  and  thai  a  certain 
apple-tree  planted  by  Mrs.  Reed  \va-.  for 
forty  years,  becau-e  of  the  fragrance  of  it- 
hlooiu  and  the  rare  llavor  of  it-  fruit,  a  jo\ 
to  succeeding  generation-  of  children. 

The-e  pioneer  path-finders  and  home- 
makers  doubtless  would  have  been 


cheered  and  encouraged  in  many  toilsome 
wanderings,  could  they  have  foreseen  the 
tree-fringed  avenues,  streets  and  courts, 
whose  names  enshrine  the  memories  of 
many  subsequent  path-makers,  and  hon- 
ored citizen.*:  e.  g..  "Jud-on."  "  I  Unman.' 
"Irvington."  "I'.enson."  and  "Kedzie"  Ave- 
nues :  "Dempster."  "I  >avis."  "Xoves."  "Mul- 
ford."  "Crain."  "McDanieK"  and  "Lyons  " 
Street-:  "Avar-  Court"  and  "Willard 
Place."  etc. 

"Joy."  that  notable  but  too  frequently 
neglected  "Fruit  of  the  Spirit."  hospital- 
ity, industry  and  faith  (faith  in  (lo<l  ami 
faith  in  humanity)  seem  to  have  been 
characteristic  of  many  of  these  pioneer 
homes.  The  altruistic  cheerfulness,  so 
notable  in  his  philanthropic  daughter. 
Mrs.  Helen  Judson  Keveridge.  as  well  as 
in  other  members  of  that  merry  house- 
hold, was  early  intersphered  in  the  village 
life  by  the  genial  father.  Rev.  I'hilo  lud-on. 
\\  e  are  told  that  Mr.  Judson 's  optimism 
and  constant  cheerfulness  "enabled  him 
to  make  perpetual  holiday  of  the  hard 
work  and  privation*  incident  to  the  life  of 
a  circuit-rider  through  the  wilds  of  Illi- 
nois." while  his  wife.  Mr-.  Huddle-ton 
lud-on.  wa-  in  all  re-pect-  a  notable  help- 
meet, bravely  bearing  the  added  responsi- 
bilities resultant  from  hi-  immcrou-  ab- 
sence-. 

Truly,  if  "all  the  world  love-  a  lover." 
the  residents  of  small  frontier  village- 
when'  life  is  often  too  strenuous  to  permit 
of  much  pleasure-seeking,  must  always 
delight  in  a  wedding.  We  are  confident 
that,  if  the  villagers  could  have  foreseen  in 
the  groom  a  future  (ieneral  and  Governor. 
and  in  the  bride  a  notable  philanthropist, 
even  greater  interest,  if  po-silile.  would 
have  centered  in  the  marriage,  in  1848.  of 
Miss  Helen  Judson  and  Mr.  John  L.  Bev- 
eridge. 

Who  can  estimate  the  amount  of  good 


UIAKI.I-.S  J<  iSKl'II    I.ITTI.I-: 


LIBRARY 
Of  THE 

VMVfiWIft  Of 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


325 


influences  that  have  emanated  from  the 
family  circle  of  children  and  grand-chil- 
dren, whose  father,  mother  and  grand- 
parents commenced  their  home-making 
in  a  small  cottage  near  where  the  Con- 
gregational Church  now  stands?  We  re- 
fer to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Pearsons. 
Mr.  Pearsons,  aside  from  his  business  in- 
terests and  industry,  was  ever  a  promoter 
of  harmony  in  the  village,  as  he  was,  for 
a  number  of  years,  the  first  and  only 
chorister ;  while  Mrs.  Pearsons  has,  for 
more  than  half  a  century,  been  a  constant 
benediction  to  home  and  friends  and 
church. 

Another  group  of  contributors  to  the 
peace,  health  and  harmony  of  the  early 
village  life  was  the  family  of  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Jacob  \V.  Ludlam.  The  early  annals  of 
Evanston  contain  frequent  references  to 
this  tree-embowered  home  as  a  social  and 
musical  center  of  most  gracious  influences. 
The  Evanston  Club  House  now  occupies 
the  beautiful  grounds  of  this  one-time 
influential  home-center. 

The  home  of  Major  and  Mrs.  Mulford, 
"The  Oakton"  of  1840,  is  also  remembered 
with  loving  appreciation  by  all  who  com- 
prehend the  influence  and  power  of  a 
bountiful  hospitality,  which  is  at  the  same 
time  brave  enough  to  exclude  temptation 
in  any  form  from  both  young  and  old. 
\Ye  are  told  that,  in  those  early  days,  from 
their  most  abundant  table,  wine  was  ex- 
cluded, even  on  New  Year's  day. 

Theirs  was.  indeed,  the  home  of  Jus- 
tice and  hospitality  and  temperance. 
Major  Mulford  was  one  of  the  early  and 
honorable  Justices  of  the  Peace. 

About  this  time  arrived  the  families 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Hun- 
toon.  General  and  Mrs.  Julius  White, 
Major  and  Mrs.  Edward  Russell,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Leander  Clifford,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  F.  Foster,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 


Andrew  J.  Brown,  Mrs.  Mary  Foster,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Simon  J.  Kline,  Professor  and 
Mrs.  William  Jones.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  R. 
Paul,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  F.  Hill.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  O.  A.  Grain. 

If  still  with  us,  the  lamented  editor  of 
this  volume  might  enter  his  editorial  pro- 
test; yet  we  would  still  insist  upon  the 
privilege  of  emphasizing  in  this  record, 
the  debt  of  gratitude  which,  not  only  Ev- 
anston, but  the  entire  State  and  Nation, 
owe  to  some  of  these  pioneers.  In  1855, 
Hon.  and  Mrs.  H.  B.  Hurd  commenced 
their  home-making  in  Evanston ;  and 
every  one  in  any  way  affected  by  the  laws, 
the  ethics  or  spiritual  development  of  our 
loved  "Prairie  State,"  was  thereby  direct- 
ly benefited.  For  half  a  century  Judge 
Hurd,  by  his  legal  acumen,  his  patriotic 
citizenship,  his  true  fellowship  in  neigh- 
borhood, club  and  church,  his  loving 
fatherliness  and  grandfatherliness,  proved 
a  benediction  to  his  generation  and.  at  his 
passing  onward  on  January  20.  1906,  no 
citizen  was  ever  more  sincerely  mourned. 
Many  citizens  who  cherish  loving  memo- 
ries of  "the  good  old  times,"  refer  with 
kindliest  interest  to  the  home  of  Judge 
and  Mrs.  Hurd,  while  children  and  grand- 
children pronounce  them  "blessed." 

As  early  as  1858,  in  the  happy,  wisely 
orderd  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  f.  F.  Wil- 
lard,  a  young  girl  was  rapidly  developing 
into  the  gifted  philanthropist  who,  more 
than  any  other  citizen,  has  made  Evan- 
ston a  house-hold  word  throughout  the 
world,  and  "Rest  Cottage"  a  veritable 
"Mecca"  to  thousands.  The  motherhood 
of  Mrs.  Mary  Thompson  Willard  has  be- 
come historic,  but  as  we  wish  to  refer  to 
it  in  another  connection,  we  omit  further 
comment  here. 

In  1885  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Allen  Vane  com- 
menced their  home-building  here,  laying 
the  foundations,  as  was  notably  the  case 


326 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


of  so  many  of  Evanston's  early  residents, 
of  outside  philanthropies,  as  well  as  fire- 
side pleasures.  Other  notable  arrivals 
about  this  time  were  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Oba- 
diah  Huse — the  charming  personality  of 
Mrs.  Huse,  the  dignified  bearing  of  Mr. 
Huse  and  the  intellectual  alertness  of  their 
children  rendering  their  home  a  most  at- 
tractive place. 

Citizens  whose  memories  are  enriched 
by  pictures  of  the  childhood  and  youth  of 
Evanston,  refer  with  loving  appreciation 
to  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  L.  Green- 
leaf,  whose  most  generous  hospitality  in- 
cluded almost  every  human  interest  and 
object — educational,  philanthropic  and  re- 
formatory. Mr.  Greenleaf  was  one  of  the 
first  of  our  citizens  to  make  a  valuable 
gift  to  the  library  of  the  University.  He 
organized  the  Temperance  Alliance,  and 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  M.  Greenleaf,  his  coad- 
jutor in  every  good  word  and  work,  ac- 
cepted service  as  President  of  the  first 
Board  of  Trustees  of  "The  Woman's  Edu- 
cational Asrociation." 

Two  notable  friends  of  education  arrived 
when  Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  G.  Haskin  brought 
their  "Lares  and  Penates"  to  the  village, 
and  afterwards  built  the  attractive  house 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Hinman  Ave- 
nue and  Davis  Street,  which  has  succes- 
sively served  as  the  home  for  such  repre- 
sentative citizens  as  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Simeon 
Farwell  and  Mrs.  Mary  Raymond  Shum- 
way. 

An  all-inclusive  altruism  is  always 
characteristic  of  the  true  parental  heart, 
which  cannot  rest  content  until  comfort, 
opportunity  and  education  are  secured  for 
"all  the  other  children, "  as  well  as  for 
one's  very  own ;  hence,  we  are  not  sur- 
prised to  find  it  recorded  that,  "early  in 
1868,  Mrs.  Mary  Haskin  started  forth 
alone,  from  her  well  ordered  home  on  a 
most  important  mission.  Her  object  was 


to  submit  to  such  well  known  Christian 
philanthropists  as  Mrs.  Melinda  Hamline 
and  Dr.  Henry  Bannister,  her  plans  for 
a  "Woman's  Educational  Association." 
The  marked  success  which  attended  her 
effort  belongs  to  the  Educational  Chap- 
ter. We  deem  it  our  province,  however, 
to  refer  to  the  practical  interest  in  this 
plan — and  doubtless  personal  sacrifice — 
to  give  the  first  financial  aid,  which  de- 
veloped in  the  home  of  Rev.  Obadiah  and 
Mrs.  Huse,  one  of  the  interesting  and  in- 
fluential home  centers  already  referred  to. 
Studying  the  results  enjoyed  in  the  Evans- 
ton  of  to-day,  we  realize  what  patient,  faith- 
ful, self-sacrificing  seed-sowing  was  done 
by  these  faithful  pioneer  home-makers  in 
order  to  insure  such  a  "Harvest  Home" 
as  the  citizens  of  our  bountiful  and  beau- 
tiful village  enjoy  to-day.  As  we  think 
of  the  tradition  of  one  notable  "City  Fa- 
ther," planting  miles  of  trees,  we  rejoice 
in  the  day  when  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eli  Gage 
and  their  household  inscribed  their  names 
upon  the  now  rapidly  enlarging  directory. 

One  participant  in  "those  good  old 
times"  informs  us  that,  at  one  time,  the 
social  interests  of  the  village  seemed  to 
converge  in  the  cheerful  home  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Richard  Somers,  where,  amid  all 
good  influences,  a  happy  group  of  chil- 
dren were  growing  into  manhood  and 
womanhood. 

Another  friend  cherishes,  as  an  almost 
sacred  picture,  that  Madonna-faced 
young  mother  tenderly  ministering  to  her 
own  little  "coming  woman :"  the  sweet 
voiced  mother  being  Mrs.  Lucy  Stone ; 
the  baby  daughter,  the  gifted  Alice  Stone 
Rlackwell.  Meanwhile,  in  imagination,  we 
see  that  noble  father  (the  justice- 
loving  patriot  to  whom  every  American 
woman  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude).  Mr. 
Henry  Rlackwell.  at  his  daughter's  cra- 
dle, highly  resolving  to  do  all  in  his  power 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


327 


to  secure  freedom  of  opportunity,  not 
only  for  his  own,  but  for  every  other 
child  without  distinction  of  race,  color, 
creed  or  sex. 

Of  the  home  life  of  Rev.  and  Mrs. 
George  C.  Xoyes,  we  find  the  following 
interesting  silhouette  in  "A  Classic 
Town:"  "Few  have  the  intersphering 
nature  that  would  lead  them  to  lend  a 
hand  in  enterprises  so  varied  as  those 
that  shared  the  beneficent  activities  of 
Dr.  Noyes.  Indeed,  there  was  no  move- 
ment for  the  good  of  Evanston  into  which 
he  did  not  throw  the  momentum  of  his 
well-poised  mind  and  the  warming  influ- 
ence of  his  opulent  heart." 

"Beside  this  valiant  servant  of  Christ, 
there  stood,  during  the  first  twelve  years 
of  his  Evanston  pastorate,  a  wife  strong 
and  capable  as  she  was  winsome  and 
tender.  I  shall  never  forget,  nor  will  any 
one  who  shared  their  blessed  help,  their 
faces  so  full  of  inspiration,  their  voices 
so  vibrant  with  sympathy,  their  hands  so 
frequently  outstretched  in  deeds  of  love." 

Mrs.  Noyes  was  another  illustration  of 
the  fact  that  the  true  mother-heart  is  in- 
clusive, for  while  surrounded  by  her  own 
group  of  six  children,  she  found  time  t:> 
aid  in  the  temperance  work,  and  to  meet 
the  various  demands  made  upon  the  wife 
of  a  pastor  of  a  large  church. 

"For  a  term  of  years,  Miss  Emily 
Xoyes  rendered  most  faithful  service  in 
her  brother's  home  until  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Noyes,  now  Mrs. 
Ellen  Xoyes  Orr,  began  to  preside,  as 
a  little  mother-queen,  among  her  group 
of  brothers." 

Of  the  beloved  Professor  Francis  D. 
Hemenway,  it  is  said  that  not  even  the 
"Hemenway  Memorial  Church"  is  his 
true  monument,  but  the  "Hymnal"  of  the 
Methodist  Church.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hem- 
enway came  to  Evanston  in  1857,  and  for 


almost  a  quarter  of  a  century  lived, 
loved  and  served  among  us.  A  most 
beloved  instructor  in  the  University, 
the  record  of  his  refined,  helpful  and 
harmonious  life  belongs  there ;  his  wife 
has  claimed,  as  her  richest  inheritance,  the 
fact  that  "she  had  been  the  privileged  home- 
maker  for  one  of  the  purest,  truest  and 
best  of  men,  who  fully  appreciated  the 
meaning  of  that  sacred  word  "Home." 

The  historian  in  search  of  facts  in  re- 
gard to  the  substantial  growth  of  Evans- 
ton  between  the  years  1856  and  1860,  is 
aided  by  the  following  paragraph  from  an 
interesting  letter  written  by  Mrs.  Sara 
Bailey  Mann,  one  of  the  pioneer  daugh- 
ters. Mrs.  Mann  writes :  "You  ask  when 
my  parents  moved  to  Evanston?  They 
came  here  in  1859.  The  location  of  the 
Northwestern  University  was  just  then 
decided  upon,  and  father  moved  here 
because  of  the  educational  advantages 
Evanston  then  promised."  Some  of 
these  children  for  whom  these  loving 
parents.  Mr.  William  S.  and  Mrs.  Sarah 
Bailey,  were  thus  planning,  were  soon 
called  to  the  severe  educational  experi- 
ences of  our  Civil  War,  as  three  of  their 
sons  responded  to  the  call  of  their  coun- 
try, the  daughters  subsequently  (as  was 
so  often  the  case)  bravely  bearing  added 
responsibilities. 

In  preparing  this  little  sketch,  the  wri- 
ter is  often  tempted  to  pause,  as  before  sa- 
cred shrines  in  recognition  of  the  really 
heroic  sacrifices  and  endeavor  manifest  in 
these  homes.  Words  written  by  a  friend 
concerning  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bailey  are  so 
true  of  them  and  of  many  other  par- 
ents, that  we  reproduce  them  here: 
"What  a  history  two  simple  names 
suggest.  What  sunshine,  shadow,  strug- 
gle, heroic  sacrifice,  noble  living  and  final 
victory." 

As  no  well  regulated  village  is  without 


328 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


its  universal  "aunt"  or  "uncle,"  so,  in 
1863,  there  came  to  Evanston  one  who 
was  soon  familiarly  known  as  Uncle 
Mark  De  Coudres.  At  ninety  years  of 
age,  he  with  his  own  hands  shingled  his 
home  in  order  to  contribute  $100  for  Afri- 
can Missions. 

In  a  copy  of  The  Indc.r,  of  1864,  we 
find  the  following  record  of  the  closing 
of  one  of  the  early  homes — that  of  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  James  T.  Jewell:  "Mrs.  Jewell, 
the  devoted  and  beloved  wife  of  Dr. 
James  Jewell,  died  at  her  home  on  Green- 
wood Street  last  Tuesday."  Those  who 
can  read  between  the  lines  will  compre- 
hend the  pathos  of  such  a  record  as  the 
following,  which  was  so  often  true  of  the 
self-sacrificing  mothers  of  those  early 
days:  "She  received  an  education,  during 
her  girlhood,  far  above  that  which  it  was 
possible,  at  that  time,  for  many  to  attain. 
From  early  life  she  entertained  strong  de- 
sires to  enter  upon  a  life  of  study  and  into 
literary  work.  After  her  marriage  she 
saw  no  immediate  way  to  carry  out  her 
desires  and  plans  without  neglecting  her 
duties  in  her  home.  She  considered  the 
matter  carefully  and  deliberately  elected 
as  her  life  work,  the  making  of  a  home  for 
her  husband  and  children."  While  some 
students  of  motherhood  and  home-mak- 
ing sometimes  conclude  that,  if  the  moth- 
er can  serve  the  literary  feast  in  addition 
to  the  more  material  ones,  it  is  better  for 
home  and  children,  yet  all  who  knew  of  the 
absolute  devotion  of  Mrs.  Jewell  to  her 
husband  and  home,  will  gratefully  re- 
member her  faithful  administrations 
therein. 

Another  notable  home-maker  who 
seems  to  have  yielded  herself  as  a  loving 
sacrifice  in  her  home,  was  the  wife  of 
Bishop  Randolph  Foster.  Bishop  and 
Mrs.  Foster,  with  their  group  of  eight 
most  interesting  children,  lived  in  a  home 


among  the  magnificent  group  of  oak  trees 
which  formerly  adorned  the  lot  upon  which 
the  hospitable  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hugh 
Wilson  now  stands. 

This  spot  seems  to  have  ever  been  one 
noted  for  its  generous  hospitality.  Mrs. 
Foster  was,  as  Elder  Boring  once  said, 
"a  wholly  selfless  woman.  She  was  a 
Miss  Sarah  Wiley,  one  of  the  best,  tru- 
est, purest,  most  unselfish  women  that 
ever  lived,  devoted  to  her  husband,  lost 
and  swallowed  up  in  him  ;  she  lived  for 
him,  planned  for  him,  took  care  of  him, 
and  kept  a  home  that  was  always  open  to 
his  friends  with  the  most  generous  hos- 
pitality." 

We  build  monuments — the  world  is 
filled  with  them — to  the  fathers  who  yield 
life  for  others  on  the  world's  great  battle- 
fields ;  let  us  enshrine  the  memories  of  the 
self-sacrificing  mothers  and  fathers,  who, 
amid  the  imperious  cares  of  home  or  the 
overwhelming  duties  and  responsibilities 
of  business,  yield  their  lives  for  their  chil- 
dren. As  those  who  have  entered  into 
their  labors,  let  us  endeavor  to  secure 
wiser  household  and  business  conditions 
by  replacing  intense  competition  with 
Christian  co-operation. 

We  have  with  hesitation  referred  to 
these  facts  in  the  hope  that,  with  hundreds 
of  similar  ones  that  have  come  to  each  of 
us,  they  may  incite  us  to  throw  the 
weight  of  whatever  influence  we  may 
possess  in  favor  of  simpler  manners,  wiser 
laws,  which  will  inevitably  "Ring  out  the 
false,  ring  in  the  true." 

The  more  spiritual  and  intuitional  the 
wife  and  mother,  the  more  is  she  needed 
by  husband  and  children,  and  the  greater 
the  loss  to  the  highest  good  of  all,  if 
she  yields  to  the  wifely  and  motherly 
temptation  to  effect  her  own  effacement 
and  utter  self-sacrifice  for  her  loved  ones. 

These    same    vears   seem    to    have   been 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


329 


auspicious  ones  for  Evanston  in  many 
ways.  In  addition  to  the  several  names 
mentioned,  we  find  recorded  the  arrival  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Francis  Bradley  and  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Simeon  Farwell. 

In  1862  a  young  couple  arrived  in  the 
village  who  were  destined  to  make  valua- 
ble additions  to  its  life  in  many  ways ; 
and  most  interesting  is  the  story  of  the 
service  rendered  by  Dr.  Oliver  and  Mrs. 
E.  E.  Marcey.  to  science,  literature,  phi- 
lanthropy and  religion.  The  pleasant 
homestead  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Chi- 
cago Avenue  and  Church  Street  has 
been,  for  forty  years,  a  favorite  rallying 
point  for  students  and  friends.  Of  Dr. 
Marcey 's  valuable  services  as  an  educa- 
tor, mention  will  be  made  elsewhere, 
while,  for  adequate  record  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
cey's  faithful  ministrations  as  wife,  moth- 
er, missionary-worker  and  philanthropist, 
a  volume  would  be  required.  The  par- 
ental pride  centered  in  the  beautiful  and 
gifted  daughter,  Mrs.  Anna  Marcey 
Davis,  whose  memory  is  still  sacredly 
cherished  by  many  friends. 

-About  this  time  we  find  our  illustrious 
patriot,  Mrs.  Jane  C.  Hoge,  not  only  wise- 
ly guiding  and  guarding  and  ministering 
to  her  own,  but  also  including,  in  her  true 
mother-heart,  thousands  of  semi-mother- 
less boys,  who,  during  those  crucial  years 
of  war,  watched  for  her  coming,  or  for 
the  result  of  her  loving  care,  as  for  an 
angel.  Reproducing  a  statement  made 
some  years  since  at  the  historic  "Fore- 
mother's  Day  in  Evanston,"  we  repeat : 
Because  our  lake-bordered,  tree-fringed 
village  was  once  her  home,  we  place  lov- 
ingly on  our  scroll  of  honor,  the  name  of 
Mrs.  Jane  C.  Hoge,  while  just  under- 
neath, we  trace  that  of  Mrs.  Arza  Brown, 
the  first  woman  in  the  United  States  of 
America  to  receive  the  badge  of  the 
Christian  Commission. 


Any  thoughts  of  the  philanthropic 
mother  include  memories  of  the  beautiful 
and  hospitable  home  on  Chicago  Avenue, 
where  the  interests  of  the  whole  world 
were  studied,  and  so  far  as  possible,  aid- 
ed by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Isaac  R.  Hitt.  This 
home  is  one  of  the  treasured  land-marks 
of  Evanston.  Mrs  Arza  Brown,  the  pa- 
triotic mother  of  Mrs.  Hitt.  included  in  her 
.  active  interest  "A  Christian  Commission  of 
the  United  States  of  America ;"  Mrs.  Mary 
Brown  Hitt,  the  daughter,  included  in  her 
plans  missionary  service  to  the  whole  world. 

When  we  assert  of  Mr.  Isaac  R.  Hitt, 
Mr.  Andrew  J.  Brown  and  other  of  our 
prominent  and  influential  men,  that  they 
supplemented  and  aided  their  wives  in 
public  philanthropic  work,  we  record 
their  true  heroism  and  self-sacrifice, 
since  it  required  true  courage  for  a  lov- 
ing husband  to  hear  and  read  the  oft-time 
bitter  criticisms  of  those  days,  upon  any 
work  performed  by  woman  outside  of  the 
home,  even  though  such  service  was  ren- 
dered for  the  Church  or  the  State. 

During  the  years  from  1864  to  1867,  in- 
clusive, many  strong  links  were  forged  in 
the  chain  of  helpful  influences  which  was 
to  encircle  Evanston  for  generations, 
since  many  of  the  children  of  these  rapid- 
ly developing  home-shrines  are  numbered 
amongst  the  most  useful  and  honored  cit- 
izens of  the  present  time.  Art,  literature, 
science,  health,  education,  philanthropy, 
religion,  happiness,  beauty  and  joy 
have  been  the  rich  fruitage  yielded  from 
the  homes  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  F. 
Grey ;  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Oliver  Marcy :  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Miner  Raymond:  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
O.  H.  Mann:  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Lucius 
H.  Bugbee:  Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  H.  Bou- 
telle :  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  J.  Brown:  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Nicholas  G.  Iglehart :  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Towner  K.  \Yebster:  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Francis  Bradlev :  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Simeon 


330 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


Farwell;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  C.  Tillinghast; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Browne;  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  H.  F.  Clmstead;  Hon.  and  Mrs. 
Andrew  Shuman  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank 
L.  \\innie. 

Among  the  earliest  patrons  of  art 
were  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Grey,  and  the 
carefully  selected  canvases,  which  have 
adorned  their  beautiful  and  home-like 
family  residence  on  Forest  Avenue,  have 
rendered  this  home  center  a  most  attrac- 
tive spot  to  all  art-lovers,  while  in  the 
church  and  in  the  beautiful  courts 
of  philanthropy,  they  have  rendered 
constant,  cheerful  and  most  generous 
services.  Music  and  religion  were  indig- 
enous to  the  spiritual  atmosphere  of  the 
home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nicholas  G.  Igle- 
hart.  The  records  of  the  Baptist  Church 
are  replete  with  the  facts  of  Mrs.  Igle- 
hart's  abundant  helpfulness. 

Abounding  cheerfulness,  and  that  true 
hospitality  which  includes  every  home- 
sick, lonely  stranger,  were  conspicuously 
characteristic  of  the  home  of  Mr.  Charles 
E.  and  Mrs.  Martha  Evarts  Browne.  Xo 
literary,  musical  or  artistic  prophet,  phil- 
anthropist or  reformer  was  without  honor 
in  Evanston,  during  the  years  when  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Browne  lived  and  served 
amongst  us.  At  one  time  during  the 
year  1869,  sixty-nine  authors,  musicians 
and  literateurs  were  numbered  among  the 
guests  at  this  home. 

Another  home  where,  for  many  years, 
one  met  with  a  rare  hospitality  and  with 
most  beautiful  object  lessons  in  high- 
thinking  and  simple  living,  was  that  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  F.  Olmstead.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  wise  and  careful  mothering 
of  her  four  sons,  Mrs.  Olmstead  was  one 
of  the  most  discriminating  and  apprecia- 
tive students  of  philosophy  and  literature 
amongst  our  Evanston  women,  while  Mr. 


Olmstead  was  noted  for  his  business  in- 
tegrity. 

If  ever  a  man  caused  his  neighbors  and 
friends  to  walk  a  flower-strewn  path,  it 
was  Mr.  H.  C.  Tillinghast.  His  sermons 
in  flowers,  silently  exhaling  from  the  pul- 
pit of  more  than  one  church,  constantly 
reminded  us  that  "Beauty  is  the  smile  of 
God."  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tillinghast  have 
been  blessed  in  their  home  life,  and  in 
turn  blessed  the  village  and  the  church, 
while  children  and  grandchildren  refer  to 
them  as  their  richest  inheritance. 

How  many  care  lines  have  faded  from 
the  faces  of  anxious  young  mothers  upon 
the  appearance  of  Dr.  O.  H.  Mann.  He 
was  successful  and  progressive  in  his 
medical  practice,  which  included  the  then 
novel  hints  and  suggestions  in  regard  to 
the  prevention  of  disease  by  hygienic 
nursing  and  cheerful  surroundings.  The 
home  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Mann  was  the 
scene  of  generous  hospitality  both  to 
friends  and  to  ideas. 

In  the  pleasant  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Francis  E.  Bradley  the  Congregational 
Church  was  organized.  From  it  many 
other  religious  and  philanthropic  influ- 
ences emanated,  and  ever  the  purest  atmos- 
phere of  culture,  refinement  and  true  re- 
ligion permeated  this  home  of  beau- 
tiful daughters  and  obedient  sons.  For 
many  years,  this  home,  together  with 
those  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  L.  Williams, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  H.  Boutelle  and  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Kedzie,  seemed  to  be  the  "so- 
cial annex"  to  the  Congregational 
Church. 

During  these  years  the  University,  the 
Methodist  Church  and  the  Social  Circle 
of  the  village,  gladly  welcomed  Dr.  Miner 
Raymond  and  his  gracious  and  estimable 
wife,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Henderson  Ray- 
mond. To  the  historian  of  the  Universi- 


(     - 


LlbHARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOK 


331 


ty  belongs  the  rich  and  interesting  record 
of  the  good  Doctor's  many  useful  years. 
The  memories  of  the  early  and  faithful 
ministrations  of  the  loving  mother  belong 
to  us  all,  and  are  cherished  as  a  rich  le- 
gacy by  her  children  and  grandchildren, 
as  are  the  more  scholarly  labors  and 
Christian  philanthropies  of  the  noble  fa- 
ther. 

About  this  time  Mr.  E.  W.  Larned 
came  to  build  the  second  brick  house  in 
Evanston,  to  be  the  future  home  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  I.  P.  DeCoudres.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Larned  located 
permanently  in  Evanston. 

To  all  appreciating  the  value  of  the 
kindergarten  and  the  importance  of  the 
early  years  of  childhood,  a  most  impor- 
tant and  far-reaching  event  occurred, 
when,  in  the  spring  of  1866,  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  Edward  Eggleston  commenced  their 
home-making -in  our  village.  Mr.  Eggle- 
ston was  among  the  first  of  our  Ameri- 
can fathers  to  comprehend  and  appreciate 
the  methods  and  aim  of  the  great  Froebel. 
Finding  it  impossible  to  obtain  a  good 
translation  of  Froebel's  songs,  he  studied 
German  for  that  purpose ;  translated  the 
songs,  built  a  cottage  for  the  kindergarten 
and  taught  the  kindergartners,  and, 
meanwhile,  superintended  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Sunday  School,  while  carrying 
on  his  literary  work. 

Another  inmate  of  this  "Children's 
Home"  was  a  gifted  young  sister,  Miss 
Jane  Eggleston,  who  subsequently  be- 
came the  wife  of  Rev.  Charles  Zimmer- 
man. Mrs.  Zimmerman,  although  pos- 
sessed of  unusual  intellectual  gifts  (as 
all  who  have  read  her  "Gray  Heads  on 
Young  Shoulders"  recognize),  has  been 
far  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  a 
most  faithful  mother  and  home-maker,  as 
Rev.  Mr.  Zimmerman  is  one  of  our  enthu- 
siastic reformers. 


In  this  same  year,  1866,  much  interest 
centered  in  the  arrival  of  many  other 
most  interesting  families  and  in  the  erec- 
tion of  some  beautiful  homes  in  our 
suburb,  notably  the  residence  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  \V.  X.  Brainard,  on  Hinman  Ave- 
nue. The  homes  of  those  days,  although 
not  equaling,  in  many  respects,  some  of 
the  more  massive  structures  of  modern 
times,  possessed  all  the  essentials  of  ideal 
homes,  namely :  large  grounds,  grassy 
parks  shadowed  by  beautiful  trees,  flowers, 
books,  music,  happy  children,  and  genuine 
altruism.  In  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Brainard.  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  a  most 
charming  hospitality  was  dispensed.  While 
fulfilling  ever3r  duty  incident  to  mother- 
hood and  home,  Mrs.  Brainard  found  time 
for  helpful  service  in  the  church  and  in  so- 
cial circles,  and  also  for  extensive  and 
discriminating  reading  along  philosophic 
and  spiritual  lines,  which  has  caused  her 
opinions  to  be  highly  valued  by  all  who 
love  the  good,  the  beautiful  and  the  true. 
Mr.  William  X.  Brainard  served  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Railroad 
and  Warehouse  Commissioners,  and  was 
a  most  public-spirited  citizen. 

In  this  same  historic  year,  still  other 
names,  destined  to  be  loved  and  honored 
in  Evanston.  first  became  known  in 
church,  in  journalistic  and  social  life.  Wo 
refer  to  those  of  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Andrew 
Shuman.  As  editor  of  the  "Evening 
Journal."  of  Chicago,  and  subsequently 
as  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  State.  Mr. 
Shuman  reflected  honor  upon  the  home  of 
his  adoption,  while  his  wife  soon  became 
an  accepted  authority  in  the  most  refined 
and  intellectual  circles.  The  family 
homestead,  embowered  in  stately  ever- 
greens and  majestic  elms  and  oaks,  was  a 
radiating  center  of  many  helpful  influences. 

In  1867  came  such  helpful  citizens  as 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  K.  Webster.  Col.  and 


332 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


Mrs.  E.  S.  Weeden,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred 
Sewell,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Gilbert 
— each  and  all  referred  to  elsewhere. 

Many  pleasant  memories  and  much 
loving  interest  center  in  the  home  of 
Professor  and  Mrs.  H.  S.  Xoyes.  From 
1860  to  1869  Professor  Xoyes  was  the  Act- 
ing President  of  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, and  was  ably  seconded  in  his  manifold 
duties  as  parent,  educator  and  citizen, 
by  his  gifted  and  accomplished  wife. 
What  the  most  ideal  home  of  any  college 
President  has  been  to  any  village  have 
been  the  homes  of  the  Northwestern's 
Presidents  to  Evanston.  In  the  list, 
which  includes  such  honored  names  as 
Bishop  and  Mrs.  Foster,  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Hinman,  Professor  and  Mrs.  Koyes, 
Bishop  and  Mrs.  E.  O.  Haven,  Bishop 
and  Mrs.  Charles  Fowler,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Oli- 
ver Marcy,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Cummings,  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  and  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Edmund  James,  we  recognize  a 
succession  of  influences  which  have  great- 
ly enriched  and  ennobled  the  life  and  civ- 
ilization of  this  great  Xorthwest. 

Among  the  names  of  influential  citi- 
zens which  will  appear  and  re-appear  in 
the  reports  of  clubs  (Philosophical,  Edu- 
cational and  Social),  business  enterprises, 
church  organizations  and  village  interests, 
are  those  of, 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Reynolds, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Heman  G.  Powers, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  P.  Wightman, 
Mr.    and    Mrs.    George    M.    Huntoon 
(1841), 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  R.  Paul, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  J.  Brown, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  B.  Dewey. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Acldison  de  Coudres, 
Major     and      Mrs.     Edward      Russell 

(1855). 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Childs, 
Prof,  and  Mrs.  Julius  F.  Kellogg, 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Wycoff, 
"Deacon"  and  Mrs.  Hill, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alexander  Gunn, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eugene  Chapman, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  G.  Wilder, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Lighthall, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  I.  Crocker, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Lyman, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  M.  Weller, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  P.  G.  Siller, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  C.  Cone, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  I.  H.  Haywood, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  C.  Comstock, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  Comstock,          , 
Mrs.  Sarah  Roland  Childs, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  S.  Taylor, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  Wightman, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  A.  Kean, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  H.  Hamline, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  Cosgrove, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  S.  King, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  C.  Pitner, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  S.  Burch, 
Mrs.  Caroline  Murray, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  L.  Sewell, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  J.  Parkhurst, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  R.  Dyche, 
Lewis  M.  Angle. 

Those  who  would  most  deplore  any 
loss  of  tenderness  or  refinement  in  wom- 
en, or  any  diminution  in  love  of,  or  loyal- 
ty to,  home  or  children,  as  a  result  of 
more  inclusive  and  public  interests,  are 
referred  to  page  236  of  "  A  Classic  Town," 
and  are  requested  to  study  the  faces  of 
four  of  Evanston's  most  illustrious  moth- 
ers, housekeepers  and  home-makers:  i.  e., 
Mrs.  Mary  Thompson  Willard,  Mrs. 
Lucy  Bannister,  Mrs.  Henriette  S.  Kidder 
and  Mrs.  Melinda  Hamline.  Before  re- 
ferring to  these  noble  mothers  of  illustri- 
ous children,  we  would  be  glad  if  Miss 
Frances  Willard  had  given  us,  on  the  op- 
posite page  of  her  volume  the  equally  in- 
teresting faces  of  the  fathers  in  these  not- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


333 


able  homes :  Mr.  J.  G.  Willard :  Rev. 
Henry  Bannister,  D.  D. ;  Rev.  Daniel 
Kidder,  D.  D.,  and  Bishop  Hamline — for 
in  each  case,  at  a  glance,  one  would  have 
discovered  that  in  these  ideal  homes  there 
was  always  found  the  poet's  dream  of 
"Two  heads  in  council."  The  face  of 
Mrs.  Mary  Thompson  \Yillard  is  the  first 
of  the  notable  group  of  home-makers  to 
arrest  our  thought.  The  story  of  the  life  of 
the  beloved  and  honored  \Yillard  family  in 
our  midst  is  so  familiar  that  its  re-telling 
here  is  unnecessary,  and  we  content  our- 
selves with  reproducing  a  single  scene. 

On  January  3,  1885,  one  of  the  most 
notable  gatherings  ever  held  in  the  West 
convened  at  "Rest  Cottage,"  in  recogni- 
tion of  the  eightieth  birthday  of  "Madame 
Willard."  The  father,  Mr.  J.  G.  Willard, 
the  daughter  "Mary"  (whose  "nineteen 
beautiful  years"  have  been  so  beautifully 
photographed  by  her  illustrious  sister), 
and  the  brilliant  son.  Mr.  Oliver  Willard. 
had  all  passed  to  the  Spirit  Realm ;  but 
the  mother,  calm,  poised,  genial  and  radi- 
ant with  the  pure  joy  resultant  from  re- 
warded self-sacrifice  and  great  enthusi- 
asms, was  still  spared  to  us.  Never  did 
she  seem  more  truly  great  than  in  the  dig- 
nified simplicity  with  which  she  received 
the  homage  paid  to  her.  as  the  noble 
mother  of  the  great  daughter. 

Writing  of  this  event  at  the  time,  we 
said  the  very  cards  of  invitation  seem 
pregnant  with  suggestions,  although  they 
merely  hint  of  the  inclusive  home-making 
of  this  great  mother.  They,  however,  re- 
mind those  who  have  the  entree  to  this 
veritable  "Rest  Cottage."  of  a  pleasant 
fact,  namely:  that  here,  under  one  roof, 
divided  by  an  open  doorway,  are  the 
homes  of  Madame  Willard  and  her 
daughter  Frances,  and  of  the  beloved 
daughter-in-law,  Mary  Bannister  Wil- 
lard, with  her  group  of  children. 


The  words  written  for  this  occasion  by 
Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livermore  are  so  obvious- 
ly true  of  many  fathers  and  mothers  in 
Evanston.  that  we  presume  to  produce 
them  here : 

"My  Dear  Mrs.  Willard: 

"I  have  come  to  know  you  through 
your  children.  A  mother  is  indeed  hon- 
ored, whose  children  rise  up  and  call  her 
'blessed.'  I  also  call  you  blessed:  not 
alone  because  of  your  children,  but  be- 
cause you  have  learned  so  well  the  les- 
sons and  mastered  so  nobly  the  tasks  as- 
signed us  here  in  the  first  school  of  the 
soul.  Yours  truly, 

"Mary  A.  Livermore." 

Equally  appropriate  are  the  lines  writ- 
ten for  this  occasion  by  the  dearly  loved 
adopted  daughter  of  this  home,  Miss 
Anna  Gordon : 

"We  join  tonight  to  honor  one, 
Whose  crown  of  eighty  years 

Reflects  a  faith  that's  born  of  love, 
A  hope  that   conquers   fears. 

"A  life  enriched  by  blessed  deeds, 
All  through  its  blessed  days; 

A  soul  that,  e'en  in  darkest  hours. 
Still  sings  its  song  of  praise." 

Many  parents,  themselves  deprived  of 
early  advantages,  congratulating  their 
children  or  grandchildren  who  enjoy  the 
glorious  opportunities  of  the  "present." 
re-echo  the  words  of  this  grateful  moth- 
er: "Your  opportunity  is  my  pleasure; 
your  duty  is  my  delight." 

Isabel  Somerset  (Lady  Henry)  in  the 
"Rest  Islander,"  has  preserved  for  us  this 
picture: 

"In  October.  1891.  I  stood  for  the  first 
time  on  the  platform  of  the  railway  sta- 
tion in  the  "Classic  Town  of  Evanston." 
It  was  a  sunny,  autumn  day.  The  rare 


334 


HOMES  AXD  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


tints  of  ruby  and  gold  that  gleam  as  sum- 
mer's funeral  torches  in  the  glad,  new 
world,  were  flaming  in  brilliant  beauty 
along  the  shady  park-ways  of  that  lovely 
spot  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan. 

"A  few  minutes  later,  I  was  in  'Rest 
Cottage,'  as  it  was  then  in  its  complete- 
ness, for  since  that  day,  the  sun  has  set 
on  that  great  life  that  was  the  center  of 
the  home  circle.  Mrs.  Willard  stood 
there  then  in  the  doorway  to  meet  me, 
erect  and  queenly  still,  in  spite  of  her 
eighty-six  years.  She  greeted  me  with 
that  gentle  kindness  that  showed  at  once 
her  innate,  refined  and  quiet  dignity,  and, 
as  we  sat  around  the  supper-table  that 
night,  amid  the  dainty  brightness,  yet 
simple  surroundings  of  that  charming 
home,  and  later  gathered  round  the  open 
hearth  in  Miss  Willard's  den,  or  walked 
next  day  in  the  yard  with  its  trees  and 
flowers,  grape  arbor  and  rustic  dove-cote, 
I  felt  that,  in  all  my  wanderings  up  and 
down  the  world,  I  had  never  found  a  more 
harmonious  home ;  a  spot  in  which 
seemed  combined  the  breezy  atmosphere 
of  the  great  wide  world,  with  the  fragrant 
family  life  which  remained  unruffled  in 
its  holy  calm." 

The  second  picture  is  that  of  Mrs.  Me- 
linda  Hamline.  During  a  Sabbath  after- 
noon in  the  'sixties,  strangers  were  some- 
times surprised  to  see  numbers  of  people 
leaving  the  attractive  lakeside  home  of 
one  who  was  always  known  as  "Mrs. 
(Bishop)  Hamline."  Curiosity  was 
speedily  assuaged,  however,  by  the  state- 
ment, that  these  were  members  of  the 
"Bible  Class"  taught  by  this  gentle,  little 
blue-eyed  woman,  who  combined  with 
the  tenderness  of  the  violet  the  poise  and 
strength  of  the  eternal  hills. 

We  are  told  that  "the  first  home  that 
the  stranger  student  was  invited  to  enter 
in  Evanston  between  the  years  of  1856  and 


1870  was  likely  to  be  that  of  Rev.  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Daniel  Kidder."  Miss  Willard  writes 
in  her  historical  sketch,  "That  roomy  man- 
sion among  the  trees,  so  long  known  as  the 
'Hitt  Homestead,'  was  one  of  the  first,  if 
not  the  foremost,  social  center  of  old-time 
Evanston.  Its  way  was  undisputed ;  its 
associations  were  delightful.  True  Chris- 
tian hospitality  has  rarely  had  a  more  ad- 
equate exponent ;  for  here  were  comfort, 
cordiality  and  culture  without  luxury, 
fashion  or  display.  The  timid  girl,  work- 
ing her  passage  through  college,  salutes 
the  distinguished  head  of  the  University, 
and  the  youth  who  sawed  wood  or  milked 
cows  to  earn  his  board,  met  the  rich  Chi- 
cago business  man  without  feeling  any 
gulf  between  them." 

We  are  glad  to  call  attention  to  the  fact 
that  this  recognition  of  the  true  dignity 
of  industry  was  not  confined  to  those  ear- 
lier years.  During  the  notable  feast  of 
oratory  incident  to  the  fiftieth  birth-day 
of  the  Northwestern  University,  no  senti- 
ment received  greater  applause  than  the 
following  voiced  by  the  youngest  repre- 
sentative on  the  programme:  "Evanston 
is  not  ashamed  of  her  college  stokers." 

Rev.  George  E.  Strowbridge,  another 
of  Evanston's  representative  children,  the 
son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  M.  Conwell,  writing 
of  this  home,  after  referring  to  the  most 
generous  hospitality  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Kid- 
der. says:  "It  was  of  incalculable  benefit  to 
those  whose  opinions  were  then  forming, 
that  this  'home,'  with  its  large  library 
lined  with  well  chosen  books,  its  roomy 
parlors  and  its  broad  piazza  on  which  we 
delighted  to  promenade  when  summer 
nights  were  fair  and  sweet,  brought  to 
our  young  hearts  the  conception  of  Christ 
and  Christians  as  a  social  force." 

The  fourth  face  upon  this  interesting 
page  is  that  of  Mrs.  Lucy  K.  Bannister, 
another  mother  of  notable  children  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


335 


grandchildren,  philanthropists,  litera- 
teurs,  musicians,  authors.  In  this  home 
we  find  the  father  ever  a  most  potent  fac- 
tor, since,  whenever  Dr.  Henry  Bannister 
presided,  there  was  a  recognized  "Mc- 
Gregor at  the  head  of  the  table."  Friends, 
pupils,  citizens,  attest  to  the  good  influ- 
ences constantly  emanating  from  this 
home.  Our  Common  Schools,  "Free  Li- 
brary," The  "Philosophical  Association" 
and  the  "Temperance  Alliance,"  each 
found  in  Dr.  Bannister  a  most  helpful 
friend ;  while  he,  in  time,  sought  and 
found  his  inspiration  and  help  in  the 
beautiful  and  spiritual  woman  who,  for 
half  a  century,  was  the  light  of  his  home. 

We  have  previously  referred  to  the  pleas- 
ant home  of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  C.  P.  Bragdon 
(the  latter  a  sister  of  Dr.  Bannister), 
where  were  developing  into  helpful  man- 
hood and  womanhood  another  group  of 
children,  who  were  to  render  this  name 
historic  in  the  annals  of  Evanston. 

Having  written  and  quoted  the  fore- 
going in  regard  to  these  notable  home- 
makers,  our  attention  is  arrested  by  a 
page  containing  another  group  of  names 
almost  equally  notable  as  mothers,  liter- 
ateurs.  poets  and  philanthropists.  This 
is  the  page  on  which  appear  the  portraits 
of  Mrs.  Mary  P,.  Willard,  Mrs.  I.  R.  Hitt, 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Marcey  and  Mrs.  Emily  Hunt- 
ington  Miller.  As  one  thinks  of  that 
slight  figure  of  Mrs.  Miller,  in  those  earli- 
er days,  so  beautifully  administering  her 
home ;  then,  of  her  contributions  to  the 
"Little  Corporal."  still  later  of  accep- 
table lectures  at  Chautauqua,  one  wonders 
at  her  strength.  Then,  as  we  revert 
in  thought  to  the  herculean  work  and  pe- 
tite stature  of  Frances  Willard,  of  the 
work  of  Mary  B.  Willard.  Mrs.  Marcey 
and  others,  all  small  of  stature,  we  are  re- 
minded of  one  of  Mrs.  Mary  Livermore's 
stories,  which  she  prefaced  with  the  state- 


ment, "Oh.  the  power  of  these  little  wom- 
en !"  She  stated  that  when  she  called  a 
meeting  of  women  in  Chicago,  to  counsel 
with  them  in  regard  to  the  name  of  a 
journal  she  was  thinking  of  publishing, 
some  large  woman  who  appeared  to  be 
physically  able  to  overturn  a  State,  would 
rise,  and,  in  the  softest,  gentlest  tones 
would  say:  "Madame  Chairman,  I  move 
that  the  paper  be  called  the  'Morning 
Light'  or  the  'Dawn  of  Day.' "  Then, 
some  little  woman  would  arise  and  in 
clear,  unmistakeable  tones  would  say,  "O 
do  not  vote  for  'The  Dawn  of  Day,'  or 
'Morning  Light,'  but  for  the  'Revolution' 
or  the  'Agitator.'  " 

Just  at  this  point  we  would  ask  permis- 
sion to  explain  that,  if  in  this  record  of 
home-making,  the  work  of  the  fathers  does 
not  always  receive  equal  emphasis  with 
that  of  the  mothers,  it  is  because  the  fa- 
thers are  to  appear  in  other  records. 

In  almost  every  one  of  the  homes  men- 
tioned there  were,  from  the  beginning, 
imperious  duties  and  interests  requiring 
the  joint  action  of  both  parents.  It  would 
be  a  labor  of  love  to  allow  this  chapter  to 
enlarge  into  a  volume,  and  to  chronicle 
the  name,  not  only  of  every  pioneer,  but 
the  name  and  fame  of  all  the  beloved  "la- 
ter arrivals."  but  that  pleasure  must  be 
enjoyed  by  some  future  historian. 

The  necessary  limits  of  this  fragmentary 
sketch  prevent  other  than  the  briefest 
reference,  especially  to  such  names  as  will 
appear  in  specific  records  of  churchly,  edu- 
cational, industrial  and  philanthropic  in- 
terests. However,  in  gleaning  from  the 
facts  of  road-making,  house,  church 
and  school  building,  the  manifold  altruis- 
tic and  philanthropic  plans  devised  by 
these  fathers  and  mothers  (surrounded  by 
their  groups  of  little  children)  ;  one  is  re- 
minded of  the  story  of  Bernini,  the  cele- 
brated Italian  Master.  Upon  one  occa- 


336 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


sion,  this  versatile  genius  gave  a  public 
opera  in  Rome,  for  which,  as  Vasari  tells 
us,  "he  built  the  theater,  painted  the  scen- 
ery, invented  the  engines,  composed  the 
music  and  wrote  the  poem." 

\Ye  greet  the  children  and  grandchil- 
dren of  these  pioneers  in  every  honorable 
occupation  to-day :  in  business,  litera- 
ture, science,  music,  the  drama,  art,  phil- 
osophy and  religion,  and  as  we  greet 
them  thus,  we  re-affirm  the  thought  that 
nothing  pays  so  well  as  wise,  loving,  true 
and  faithful  parenthood. 

Surely  the  notable  and  useful  children 
and  grandchildren  who  have  emerged 
from  these  homes,  were  developed  in  an 
atmosphere  of  plain  living  and  high 
thinking,  since,  in  1853,  the  taxable  prop- 
erty of  Evanston  was  assessed  at  six  hun- 
dred dollars,  and  we  find  on  the  tax-list 
of  that  year,  the  names  of  George  Hun- 
toon,  Eli  Gaffield,  William  Foster.  Paul 
Pratt.  Mrs.  Pratt,  O.  A.  Grain  and 
Charles  Grain. 

Mrs.  Beveridge  reports  a  church  serv- 
ice in  1854,  at  which  all  but  three  of  the 
women  appeared  in  the  old  time  sun-bon- 
nets, and  the  clerical  dress  of  the  pastor 
consisted  of  blue  cotton  "overalls." 

Judging  from  the  helpful  lives  of  the 
children  of  these  simpler  homes,  we  are 
convinced  that  the  foundations  of  our 
beautiful  Evanston  were  laid  by  those 
who  had  learned  "the  true  secret  of  cul- 
ture." thus  beautifully  defined  by  the 
"Concord  Sage:" 

"The  secret  of  culture  is  to  learn  that  a 
few  great  points  steadily  re-appear,  alike 
in  the  poverty  of  the  obscurest  farm  and 
in  the  miscellany  of  metropolitan  life,  and 
that  these  few  are  alone  to  be  regarded, 
namely :  the  escape  from  all  false  ties ; 
courage  to  be  what  we  are  and  to  love 
what  is  simple  and  beautiful ;  independ- 
ent and  cheerful  relations.  These  are  the 


essentials ;  these,  and  the  wish  to  serve,  to 
add  somewhat  to  the  well-being  of  man." 

A  charming  story  could  be  written 
concerning  the  distinguished  guests  who 
have  been  welcomed  to  these  homes.  A 
list  including  such  names  as  those  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  entertained 
by  General  and  Mrs.  Julius  White;  Lady 
Henry  Somerset,  of  England ;  Susan  B. 
Anthony.  A.  Bronson  Alcott.  Presidents, 
Bishops,  literateurs.  Judges,  poets,  phil- 
osophers, scientists,  statesmen  and  phil- 
anthropists, ad  infinitititi. 

We  also  delight  to  record  that  our 
somewhat  too  puritanic  Evanston  of  the 
"airly  days,"  was  at  times  capable  of 
great  enthusiasms,  and  we  gladly  repro- 
duce the  picture  of  a  most  unusual  scene 
preserved  for  us  by  Miss  Willard,  in  con- 
nection with  a  charming  biographical 
sketch  of  Bishop  Simpson  and  his  wife, 
and  of  their  three  years'  residence  here. 
She  writes: 

"While  he  lived  in  Evanston,  1860  to 
1863,  the  Bishop's  official  duties  called 
him  to  California,  and  half  the  town 
formed  in  procession  going  with  him  to 
the  train,  an  honor  never  before  or  since 
accorded  to  mortal,  that  I  know  of,  by 
our  staid  and  thoroughly  equipoised  Ev- 
austonians.  When  he  returned,  coming 
all  the  awful  distance  overland  by  stage, 
and  in  peril  of  the  Indians  a  large  part  of 
the  way,  we  all  turned  out  again,  and  car- 
rying the  Bragdon  melodeon  and  led  by 
the  Ludlam  voices,  we  young  folks  ser- 
enaded our  revered  chief  with, 

'Home  again,  home  again, 
From  a  foreign  shore !'  " 

Difficult,  as  it  doubtless  is,  for  their  de- 
scendants to  realize  the  manifold  self- 
sacrifices,  the  anxieties  and  discourage- 
ments of  pioneer  life,  yet  do  not  those 
who  have  lived  to  enjoy  the  luxuries  of 


LlKKAflY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


337 


"apartments,"  "steam-heat"  or  "Yaryan" ; 
of  butlers'  pantries,"  and  modern  "recep- 
tions." often  revert  to  the  good  old-fash- 
ioned open  fires,  the  old-fashioned  fami- 
ly singing  or  the  neighborhood  singing 
school,  and  the  blessed  old-fashioned  tea- 
parties,  when  there  was  leisure  for  high- 
thinking  and  opportunity  to  express  one's 
thoughts ;  when  the  patriotism  of  the 
home  and  the  public  spirit  of  the  fathers  and 
mothers  were  manifested  in  the  children 
and  over-flowed  into  the  groves,  at  least 
once  a  year,  on  the  Fourth  of  July? 

If,  added  to  those  conscious  pleasures, 
some  seer  or  prophet  could  have  appeared 
and  voiced  some  such  words  as  the  fol- 
lowing, would  not  the  ever-recurring  dai- 
ly duties  have  been  performed  with  added 
joy?  "Congratulations,  good  friends!" 
must  have  been  the  exclamations,  as  upon 
the  "screens  prophetic"  were  thrown,  in 
rapid  succession,  scenes  from  the  future 
lives  of  some  of  these  growing,  question- 
ing children.  Suppose  we  could  have 
foreseen  Frances  E.  Willard  presiding  in 
England's  capitol  over  a  World's  Temper- 
ance Convention :  General  and  Mrs.  Bev- 
eridge  "receiving"  at  the  executive  man- 
sion at  Springfield ;  Hon.  Lyman  J.  Gage 
serving  as  a  member  of  the  United  States 
Cabinet  at  Washington ;  Mrs.  Emily 
Huntington  Miller  reading  her  poems,  or 
serving  as  a  Trustee  of  the  Northwestern 
University ;  Mary  Bannister  Willard  as  a 
beloved  teacher  in  Germany's  capital : 
Kathryn  Kidder  receiving  plaudits  incident 
to  her  success  upon  the  histrionic  stage : 
and  Harry  Boutell  serving  in  State  and  Na- 
tional legislative  halls. 

Imagine  the  joy  of  the  aged  parents  of 
our  notable  architect,  Mr.  D.  H.  Burn- 
ham,  could  they  have  foreseen  him, 
crowned  with  the  knowledge  of  having 
aided  in  creating  that  diapason  of  archi- 
tecture, the  Court  of  Honor,  at  the  Co- 


lumbian Exposition !  Or,  how  the  hearts 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  J.  Brown — who. 
for  almost  half  a  century,  have  lived  and 
served  so  faithfully  in  the  home  and  the 
church — would  have  been  thrilled,  could 
they  have  foreseen  their  beautiful  and 
gifted  daughter,  Mrs.  Jessie  Brown  Hil- 
ton, voicing,  with  womanly  earnestness, 
her  helpful  thoughts  and  suggestions  to 
listening  mothers  throughout  the  State! 
It  could  but  have  pleased  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
X.  S.  Davis,  could  they  have  glimpsed  the 
interesting  scene  in  connection  with  the 
inauguration  of  Dr.  James  as  President 
of  "Northwestern  University,"  when,  in 
manly  bearing  and  clearness  of  thought, 
their  son  should  stand  almost  peerless 
among  many  of  the  leading  educators  of 
the  world. 

Would  that  Elder  and  Mrs.  Boring 
could  have  foreseen  the  varied  activities 
of  their  children  in  church,  philanthropy 
and  in  the  home ;  and  that  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
William  G.  White  could  have  imaged  to 
their  loving,  parental  eyes  the  manifold 
and  helpful  influences  their  children  were 
to  set  afloat  in  our  schools  and  homes ; 
that  Mrs.  Way  could  have  foreseen  the 
ever-increasing  usefulness  of  the  College 
Cottage  for  which  she  did  so  much,  or 
Mr.  Charles  Way,  the  fond  father  and  co- 
operating home-maker,  could  have  seen 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  Catherine  Way  Mc- 
Mullen,  presiding  over  the  Illinois  Con- 
gress of  Mothers,  ably  assisted  in  even- 
good  word  and  work  by  her  husband,  Mr. 
Roger  McMullen.  Could  these  things 
have  been  foreseen,  every  cloud  of  discon- 
tent would  have  melted  before  the  sun- 
shine of  gratitude. 

With  the  exodus  to  Evanston,  which 
occurred  as  a  result  of  the  great  fire  of 
1871,  a  new  life  dawned  upon  our  hereto- 
fore almost  idyllically  peaceful  village. 
New  interests  were  developed,  new  meth- 


338 


HOMES  AND  HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 


ods  introduced,  new  social  circles  formed 
and  the  village  began  to  assume  some 
of  the  desirable,  as  well  as  some  of 
the  undesirable,  aspects  of  a  city.  To 
those  who  saw  with  regret  the  magnifi- 
cent oak  trees  dying,  the  optimists 
pointed  out  the  more  regular  parks,  fringed 
with  rapidly  growing  elms  and  the  glow- 
ing maples;  to  those  who  saw,  with  re- 
gret, the  beautiful  grounds  surrounding 
the  homes  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  J.  Brown, 
Mr.  Ptirington,  General  and  Mrs.  Ducat, 
'  being  divided  into  small  city  lots,  the 
same  cheerful  friends  replied:  "Ah!  but 
think  of  the  beautiful  homes  that  are  be- 
ing builded,  and  the  charming  people  who 
are  coming  to  reside  in  them."  To  those 
who  would  lament  the  loss  of  the  "big 
woods,"  where  the  violets  and  hepaticas 
grew  in  such  abundance,  the  reply  would 
be  made  —  "Rejoice  in  the  beautiful 
sward  that  forms  such  a  perfect  setting 
to  hundreds  of  homes." 

The  fame  of  Evanston,  as  a  city  of 
beautiful  homes,  became  so  wide-spread 
that  fathers  and  mothers  who  desired  to 
secure  for  their  children  educational  advan- 
tages and  the  environment  of  a  moral  and 
temperate  community,  came  in  such  num- 
bers that  some  future  historian  must  devote 
volumes  to  the  record  of  their  manifold 
services. 

Recognizing,  as  we  do,  "the  beautiful 
times  we  are  in,"  and  the  value  of  the  rich 
inheritance  enjoyed  by  the  children  of 
the  present  generation,  let  us  highly  re- 
solve, here,  in  our  truly  beautiful,  lake- 
"bordered,  tree-fringed,  flower-crowned 
Evanston,  to  build  such  a  monument  to 
these  pioneer  home-makers  as  has  never  yet 
been  attempted,  namely,  a  city  in  which 
there  cannot  be  found  a  neglected  or  friend- 
less child.  If,  in  those  early  days,  there  was 
money  enough,  wisdom  enough,  time 
enough,  Christianity  enough  and  love 


enough  to  build  the  libraries,  the  schools, 
the  colleges,  the  railroads  and  the  churches, 
there  is  now  money  enough,  wisdom 
enough,  time  enough,  Christianity  enough 
and  love  enough  to  make  life  for  every 
child  within  our  borders  full  of  blessedness, 
opportunity  and  joy. 

From  the  beginning  of  its  history, 
Evanston  has  offered  almost  ideal  condi- 
tions for  true  home-making.  The  great 
University  has  offered  rare  educational 
facilities  for  every  lad  and  lassie.  The 
wise  legislation  which  has  resulted  in  ren- 
dering the  village  peculiarly  free  from 
the  temptations  incident  to  the  liquor 
traffic :  its  proximity  to  a  great  city,  and 
the  spiritual  and  educational  influences 
which  have  predominated,  have  made  it 
''beautiful  for  situation"  and  greatly  to  be 
desired. 

While  in  every  village  and  locality  one 
finds  a  certain  coterie  of  influential  people 
and  home  makers,  in  Evanston  this  coterie 
has  been  so  unusually  large  that  the  pres- 
ent historian  is  limited  to  the  merest  cat- 
alogue of  names  of  those  who,  with  their 
descendants,  have  made  the  name  of  our 
village  known  throughout  the  world. 

Those  early  days  were  enriched  by  the 
most  helpful  co-operation  of  friends  and 
neighbors,  f"in  sickness  and  in  health," 
in  feasting  and  fasting,  in  poverty  and  in 
wealth.  \Ve  have  referred  to  the  cheerful 
services  of  Mr.  John  A.  Pearsons  as  the 
first  choir  master;  the  future  historian 
will  record  the  years  of  cheerful  service, 
subsequently  given  by  Mr.  O.  H.  Mer- 
win.  Mr.  Merwin  and  Mrs.  Bannister 
Merwin  were  one  of  the  young  couples 
who  arrived  just  in  time  to  be  entered 
upon  the  Pioneer  Roll  of  Honor,  together 
with  our  gifted  Prof.  Robert  Ctimnock 
and  his  wife. 

Notwithstanding  the  manifold  and  im- 
perious home  duties  of  these  useful  home- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


339 


builders,  the  true  .club  spirit  was  manifested 
as  early  as  1864,  when,  in  the  spacious 
and  hospitable  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  Comstock,  the  "Eclectic  Club" 
was  organized.  In  a  more  truly  inclusive 
spirit  than  the  name  indicates,  every  al- 
ternate week  witnessed  a  hospitality 
which  included  a  genuine  flow  of  soul 
as  well  as  a  reasonable  feast.  This  inter- 
esting story,  however,  belongs  to  the  rec- 
ord of  Club  Life. 

While  the  village  life  was  remarkably 
free  from  "cliques,"  or  divisions,  and 
while,  upon  all  important  occasions  the 
entire  community  seemed  to  be  of  one 
household,  yet  about  this  time,  owing 
to  geographical  reasons  and  the  limita- 
tions of  the  home-parlor,  the  social  and 
literary  life  seemed  to  be  forming  around 
two  centers.  One  such  center  was  the 
University  and  the  rapidly  enlarging 
Methodist  Church;  another  seemed  to 
have  as  a  nucleus  the  Episcopal  Church 
and  the  "Eclectic  Club." 

Thus,  while  one  group  of  friends  en- 
thusiastically recall  the  good  old  times 
enjoyed  in  the  pleasant  homes  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Charles  Comstock,  Hon.  and  Mrs. 
H.  B.  Hurd.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Page, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  C.  Pitner,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
George  Watson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George 
Purington,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  Cos- 
grove,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  H.  Burqh,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  Bliss,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  H. 
King.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  J.  Parkhurst.  Gen. 
and  Mrs.  Julius  White  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
William  Btenchard,  another  will  claim  that 
never  were  there  such  gatherings  of 
charming  people  as  those  enjoyed  in  the 
homes  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Judson,  Rev.  and 
Mrs.  Bragdon,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ludlam,  Mr. 


and  Mrs.  T.  C.  Hoag,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ban- 
nister, Mr.  and  Mrs.  Isaac  R.  Hitt,  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  J.  M.  Williams,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Francis  Bradley,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  X. 
Brainard,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  Slui- 
man.  While  some  homes  have  surpassed 
others  in  richness  of  tapestries,  draperies, 
marbles  and  pictures,  yet  in  almost  every 
one  are  to  be  found  well  selected  libraries, 
flowers,  good  music,  high  thinking  and  al- 
truistic sen-ice. 

This  limited  record  is  submitted  to  the 
citizens  and  home-makers  of  our  beautiful 
Evanston,  with  the  hope  that  even  the 
fragmentary  glimpses  herein  revealed 
may  cause  many  to  rejoice  in  the  vast 
amount  of  good,  helpful  and  inspiring  in- 
fluence that  may  emanate  from  a  single 
home. 

With  grateful  memories  for  each  and 
all  of  these  pioneers  may  we  conclude  by 
uniting  in  a  "Lang  Syne"  recognition  and 
consecration. 

Then  here's  to  Love,  and  Joy,  and  Truth 

And  Beauty  everywhere ; 
The  cornerstones  on  which  we  build 

Our  Temple  rich  and  rare. 

For  bairnies  of  all  time,  my  dears, 

For  bairnies  of  all  time — 
We'll  keep  a  cup  o'  kindness  here 

For  bairnies  of  all  time. 

These  crystal  walls  of  living  light 

Reflect,  from  base  to  dome, 
How  faithfully  we're  building  here 

Love's  Temple  of  the  Home. 

For  bairnies  of  all  time,  my  dears, 

For  bairnies  of  all  time — 
Then  keep  a  cup  o'  kindness  here 

For  bairnies  of  all  time. 


CHAPTER  XXXVII. 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


Early  Methodist  Scn'ices  in  Grosse  Point 
District  —  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  Organized — Some  of  the  Pioneer 
Preachers — Influence  of  the  Coming  of 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute  and  Xorthwest- 
ern  University — Xotable  Mi>iisters  of  a 
Later  Date — Central  M.  E.  Church — List 
of  Pastors  • —  Nontfegioit-Da»isk  and 
Swedish  M.  E.  Churches — Hcmenway, 
IVhcadon  and  Emmanuel  Churches  — 
First  Baptist  Church — Its  Founders  and 
List  of  Pastors — History  of  Presbyterian- 
ism  —  First  and  Second  Presbyterian 
Churches  —  Pastors  and  .-tu.riliary  So- 
cieties —  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church 
—  List  of  Pastors  —  St.  Matthew's  Mis- 
sion —  5V.  Mary's  Catholic  Church, 
Schools  and  Related  .Associations  —  Con- 
gregational Church  and  Auxiliary  Or- 
ganizations —  Bethlehem  German  Evan- 
gelical, Xonvegian-Danish  and  Swedish 
Lutheran  Churches  —  Evanston  Chris- 
tian Church  and  Its  History  —  Church 
of  Christ  (Scientist). 

(The  matter  in  the  following  chapter  devoted 
to  general  church  history,  is  arranged  in  chron- 
ological order  as  related  to  individual  church 
organizations,  but  under  independent  heads.) 

METHODIST  CHURCHES 

(Bj  F.  D.  RAYMOND) 

First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. — 
The  earliest  preaching  of  Methodist  cir- 


cuit-riders in  the  territory  called  "Grosse 
Point,"  of  which  I  have  knowledge,  was 
in  the  home  of  George  W.  Huntoon,  on 
Ridge  Avenue,  near  Main  Street,  during 
the  period  from  1838  to  1843.  These 
services  were  occasional  and  were  usually 
held  on  Tuesday  evenings.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1846.  Rev.  Edward  D.  Wheadon 
and  Rev.  Solomon  F.  Denning  were  as- 
signed to  an  extensive  circuit  which  in- 
cluded Grosse  Point,  and  in  turn  they 
preached  at  the  Grosse  Point  School 
House — a  log  structure  standing  in  the 
the  burial  ground  at  the  corner  of  Ridge 
Avenue  and  Greenleaf  Street.  Other 
preachers  from  Fort  Dearborn  sometimes 
supplied  the  pulpit. 

In  1850  the  town  of  Ridgeville  was  or- 
ganized and  thereafter  that  log  school  house 
was  in  the  town  of  Ridgeville.  The  land 
in  the  town  of  Ridgeville,  purchased  by 
the  Northwestern  University,  was  platted 
as  "Evanston"  in  the  winter  of  1853-54. 
The  school  house  was  outside  the  plat.  The 
spring  of  1854  saw  the  arrival  of  several 
Methodist  families,  among  them  the  fami- 
lies of  John  A.  Pearsons.  Rev.  Philo  Jud- 
son  (the  University  agent),  John  L.  Bev- 
eridge.  James  B.  Colvin  and  A.  Danks. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  Mr.  Judson  organized 
a  Methodist  class,  the  nucleus  of  a  Meth- 
odist church,  of  which  George  W.  Huntoon 
was  appointed  leader:  and  on  July  13. 
1854,  the  first  quarterly  conference  for  Ev^ 


341 


342 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


anston  charge  was  held  by  Presiding  Elder 
John  Sinclair,  "at  the  log  school  house  in 
the  town  of  Ridgeville."  Some  time  prior 
to  that  date  a  Sunday  school  had  been  or- 
ganized at  the  school  house,  of  which 
Abram  Wigglesworth  was  Superintendent, 
and  at  that  time  Rev.  John  G.  Johnson  was 
preaching  there  by  appointment  of  the  Pre- 
siding Elder.  Philo  Judson  and  J.  G.  John- 
son, preachers,  and  George  W.  Huntoon. 
class  leader,  were  the  members  of  that  first 
quarterly  conference.  The  Sunday  school 
was  reported  as  having  thirteen  officers  and 
teachers  and  eighty-four  scholars.  John  L. 
Beveridge,  A.  Danks  and  J.  B.  Colvin  were 
elected  stewards  and  Abram  Wigglesworth 
was  elected  Superintendent  of  the  Sunday- 
school.  Mr.  Johnson  was  recommended  to 
the  Annual  Conference  for  admission  to  the 
itinerary  connection ;  evidently  he  was  a 
local  preacher.  He  remained  at  Evanston 
only  about  six  months  after  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  church.  Mr.  Beveridge  soon 
succeeded  Mr.  Wigglesworth  as  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Sunday  school,  but  during 
the  next  year  three  schools  seem  to  have 
been  maintained  by  this  church — one  in  the 
village  plat  under  Mr.  Beveridge,  one  in 
the  aforementioned  log  school  house  on  the 
South  Ridge,  in  the  "Huntoon"  district 
under  Mr.  Danks,  and  still  another  conduct- 
ed by  Mr.  Wigglesworth,  in  the  other  log 
school  house  on  the  North  Ridge,  or  "Steb- 
bins"  district.  During  subsequent  years 
Sunday  schools  at  Winnetka,  Glencoe. 
Rockland  (Lake  Bluff),  Deerfield,  and 
Bowmanville  were  tributary  to  this  church. 
January  I,  1855,  the  first  building  of 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute — later  called 
Dempster  Hall — was  completed,  and  the 
preaching  services  were  transferred  from 
the  school  house  to  the  Institute  Chapel, 
the  Sunday  school  remaining  in  the  old 
location.  Professor  P.  W.  Wright,  of  the 


Institute,  was  appointed  preacher  in 
charge.  About  May  I,  1855,  the  preach- 
ing services  and  the  Sunday  school  were 
transferred  to  the  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing erected  and  owned  by  Mr.  Judson,  at 
the  corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Orrington 
Avenue.  In  November  of  that  year 
(1855),  the  University  building  was 
opened  at  the  corner  of  Davis  Street  and 
Hinman  Avenue,  and  all  services  were 
transferred  from  the  Judson  Building  to 
the  University  Chapel.  In  September  of 
the  same  year,  Rev.  John  Sinclair,  the 
former  Presiding  Elder,  was  appoint- 
ed preacher  in  charge.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1856,  the  first  church  build- 
ing was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $2,800,  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  Church  Street  and 
Orrington  Avenue  and  dedicated  July  27th, 
by  Rev.  John  Dempster,  D.  D.,  assisted 
by  W.  D.  Godman  and  Rev.  John  Sin- 
clair. A.  L.  Cooper  succeeded  John  Sin- 
clair as  pastor  in  October,  1859.  In  the 
quarterly  conference  records  of  that  year, 
the  committee  appointed  to  estimate  the 
table  expenses  of  the  pastor  reported  that 
he  should  be  allowed  $400  for  such  pur- 
pose, which,  with  his  disciplinary  allow- 
ance of  $200,  made  $600,  the  society  fur- 
nishing him  a  house  in  addition.  G.  M. 
Huntoon  was  appointed  a  committee  to 
collect  unpaid  subscriptions,  and  was  in- 
structed to  present  'those  who,  in  his 
judgment,  could  but  would  not  pay  the 
same,  to  the  preacher  in  charge  by  way  of 
complaint  for  trial.  In  the  autumn  of 
1858,  Rev.  Charles  P.  Bragdon  was  ap- 
pointed pastor,  and  after  filling  his  full 
term  of  two  years'  service  died  in  Ev- 
anston on  January  8,  1861. 

The  records  of  the  Official  Board  dur- 
ing these  pastorates  furnish  us  some  in- 
teresting glimpses  of  old  fashioned  Meth- 
odism. Cases  of  delinquency  in  attend- 
ance upon  class-meeting  were  reported 


r. 
v- 


-: 
r. 


r. 
n 


342 


KVAXSTOX  CHURCH   HISTORY 


aii.~tr.ni  charge  was  la-Id  l>v  Presiding  Kkk-r 
John  Sinclair,  "at  the  Ing  school  house  in 
the  town  of  Ridfjeville."  SmiK1  liiia-  prior 
trj  that  date  a  Sunday  school  had  been  or- 
ganized at  the  school  hou-e.  of  which 
Ahrani  \\igglesworth  was  Su|>frinU-nik-nt. 
and  at  that  tiiiu-  Rev.  John  (  i.  Johnson  was 
preaching  there  by  ap|>ointment  of  the  I 're- 
siding Elder.  l*hilo  Jtiilsun  and  J.  (i.  John- 
son, preachers,  and  <  Icor^c  \\  .  ilunio.m. 
class  U-ader.  were  the  memher>  of  that  first 
<|uarterly  conference.  The  Sunday  school 
was  reported  as  having  thirteen  officers  and 
teachers  and  eighty-four  scholars.  John  I,. 
Bt'VeridgO.  A.  Danks  and  |.  H.  C'olvin  were 
elected  stewards  and  Ahrani  \YigglesWorlh 
uas  elected  Superintendent  of  the  Sunday 
school.  Mr.  Johnson  was  recommended  to 
the  Annual  Conference  for  admission  t->  the 
itinerary  connection:  cvidentlv  he  v\a>  a 
local  preacher,  lie  remainerl  at  KvaiMoii 
only  ahotit  six  months  alter  the  organiza- 
tion ol  the  church.  Mr.  I'.everidjjc  SIM m 
succeeded  Mr.  \Yigglc.-worth  a-  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Sunday  school,  hut  during 
llie  next  vear  three  schools  seem  to  have 
heen  maintaineil  by  this  church — one  in  the 
village  plat  uiirler  Mi.  lievcridgc.  one  in 
the  aforementioned  log  school  hnu>c  on  the 
South  Kidgc.  in  the  "lluutooii"  district 
under  Mr.  I  )anks.  and  still  another  conduct- 
ed hy  Mr.  \Vigglcsworth.  in  the  other  Ing 
-eh.  ii  il  house  on  the  North  Ridge,  or  "Steh- 
bins"  district.  During  snhsei|iient  \  ears 
Sunday  schools  at  \Vitmclka.  <  ileiicoe. 
Kocklan-1  I  Lake  I'.luff),  Drerlield.  anil 
l!ov\m:mville  were  Irihutary  to  this  church. 
January  I,  1855,  the  first  huililing  of 
(iarrett  I>ihlical  Institute — later  called 
Dempster  Hall — was  completed,  and  the 
preaching  services  were  transferred  from 
the  school  house  to  the  Institute  Chapel, 
the  Sunday  school  remaining  in  the  old 
location.  Professor  1'.  \Y.  \Vright,  of  the 


Institute,  was  appointed  preacher  in 
charue.  About  May  i.  isj?.  the  preach- 
ing services  and  the  Sunday  school  were 
transferred  to  the  upper  story  of  a  build- 
ing erected  ami  owned  hy  Mr.  Judsoii.  at 
the  corner  of  Davis  Street  and  Orrington 
Avenue.  In  November  of  that  year 
118551.  the  University  building  was 
Kpened  at  the  corner  of  Davis  Street  and 
I  tinman  Avenue,  and  all  services  were 
transferred  from  the  Jiulson  Building  to 
the  University  Chapel.  In  September  of 
the  same  year.  Rev.  John  Sinclair,  the 
former  Presiding  Klder.  was  appoint- 
ed preacher  in  charge.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1X5(1.  the  first  church  huil  1- 
ing  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  82,800.  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  Church  Street  ami 
<  Irrington  Avenue  ami  dedicated  July  jjtli. 
by  Kt-v.  John  Dempster,  D.  D..  assisted 
by  \\  .  I).  Godmau  and  Rev.  John  Sin- 
clair. A.  L.  Cooper  succeeded  John  Sin- 
clair a>  pastor  in  October.  1859.  In  the 
quarterly  conference  records  of  that  year, 
the  committee  appointed  to  estimate  tlu- 
table  expenses  of  the  pastor  reported  that 
he  should  be  allowed  8400  for  such  pur- 
po-e.  which,  with  his  disciplinary  allow- 
ance of  Sjix).  made  S'xio.  the  society  fur- 
ui>hing  him  a  house  in  addition.  <  i.  M. 
lluntoon  was  appointed  a  committee  to 
collect  unpaid  subscriptions!,  ami  was  in- 
structed to  present  -'those  who.  in  his 
judgment,  could  but  would  not  pay  the 
same,  to  the  preacher  in  charge  bv  way  of 
complaint  for  trial.  In  the  autumn  of 
1858.  Rev.  Charles  P.  Jiragdon  was  ap- 
pointed pa-tor,  am!  after  filling  his  full 
term  'of  two  years'  service  died  in  Ev- 
anston  on  January  8.  iSfn. 

The  records  of  the  Official  Roard  dur- 
ing these  pastorates  furnish  us  some  in- 
teresting  glimpses  of  old  fashioned  Meth- 
odism. Cases  of  delinquency  in  attend- 
ance upon  class-meeting  were  reported 


LIBHAM 

0!    I  HE 
UUIVtl.6llT  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


343 


and  discussed,  and  committees  were  ap- 
pointed to  labor  with  the  delinquents 
and  report  at  the  next  meeting.  Commit- 
tees were  appointed  to  investigate,  adjust  if 
possible  and  report  upon  cases  of  disagree- 
ment between  members  of  the  church,  also 
to  investigate  and  report  upon  cases  of  ques- 
tionable financial  dealings  on  the  part  of 
certain  members,  all  of  which  reports 
were  set  out  in  full  in  the  records.  The 
committee  appointed  to  investigate  the 
affairs  of  Brother  B.,  in  connection  with 
the  failure  of  the  banking  firm  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  reported  that  there  ap- 
peared no  just  cause  of  complaint  against 
him.  Brother  and  Sister  S.  were  tried 
and  expelled  from  the  church  for  breach 
of  rules  in  not  attending  class  meeting. 
Dr.  \V.  was  tried  and  sentenced  to  be  ad- 
monished by  the  pastor  for  buying, 
through  a  third  party,  a  judgment  against 
himself,  thereby  depriving  his  creditor  of 
part  of  his  just  due.  Sister  T.  and  Broth- 
er \V.,  two  of  the  younger  members 
of  the  church,  were  deemed  disorderly 
in  having  engaged  in  dancing  at  a 
picnic  "on  or  about"  the  4th  of  July, 
and  were  called  upon  to  acknowledge 
their  fault  and  do  so  no  more.  Probation- 
ers were  dropped  in  blocks,  for  neglecting 
class-meeting,  some  of  (hem  being  rein- 
stated again  and  again. 

The  Board  resolved  that  they  would 
sustain  the  preacher  in  charge  in  strictly 
enforcing  the  disciplinary  requirement, 
that  members  should  attend  class,  and 
instructed  the  secretary  to  read  the  reso- 
lutions in  the  public  congregation  on  the 
following  Sabbath. 

The  class  leaders  of  those  days  were :  L. 
Clifford,  J.  W.  Clough,  A.  C.  Stewart,  A. 
Vane,  William  Triggs,  F.  H.  Benson,  John 
Fussey,  G.  W.  Reynolds,  I  Smith,  P.  Jud- 
son,  S.  Springer,  and  H.  S.  Noyes. 

In    1860    Rev.  R.  K.  Bibbins    was    ap- 


pointed pastor  and  remained  one  year, 
being  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Goodrich. 
In  1862,  Rev.  O.  H.  Tiffany.  D.  D.,  came 
to  the  pastorate,  widely  known  as  one 
of  the  finest  orators  that  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  has  known.  During 
his  pastorate  the  church  building  was  en- 
larged, so  that  it  assumed  the  form  of  a 
Greek  cross. 

In  the  autumn  of  1864,  Rev.  Miner  Ray- 
mond, D.  D.,  Professor  of  Systematic 
Theology  in  the  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, was  appointed  pastor.  He  served 
the  church  ably  for  three  years  and  was 
succeeded  by  Rev.  \V.  C.  Dandy,  D.  D., 
in  October,  1867.  Plans  were  discussed 
for  a  new  church,  and  committees  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpose.  Much  discus- 
sion and  difference  of  opinion  were  en- 
countered in  determining  the  location  of 
the  new  edifice.  It  was  not  until  Octo- 
ber, 1869,  that  they  settled  on.  the  corner 
of  Hinman  Avenue  and  Church  Street,  a 
site  donated  by  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, adjoining  the  lot  on  which  the  par- 
sonage had  been  built  four  years  before. 
Dr.  Dandy  was  made  Presiding  Elder 
in  1869,  and  Rev.  James  Baume  was 
appointed  pastor  of  the  church.  The 
corner-stone  of  the  new  edifice  was 
laid  with  appropriate  ceremonies,  July 
4.  1870.  The  lecture  room  was  dedi- 
cated September  24,  1871,  when  a  sub- 
scription of  $20,597  was  raised  to  cover 
the  cost  of  the  building  in  excess  of  pre- 
vious subscriptions  up  to  that  point.  The 
value  of  these  subscriptions  was  much  af- 
fected by  the  Chicago  fire,  in  October 
of  that  year,  which  postponed  the  day  of 
liquidation.  In  October,  1872,  Rev.  M. 
C.  Briggs,  D.  D.,  was  transferred  to  Ev- 
anston  from  Cincinnati.  During  his  pas- 
torate the  church  was  finished  and  dedi- 
cated at  a  cost  of  $63.837.73,  and  a  large 
organ  provided  at  a  cost  of  $4,500. 


344 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


In  December,  1875,  Rev.  J.  B.  Went- 
worth,  D.  D.,  was  transferred  from  New 
York  and  stationed  at  the  First  Church, 
Evanston.  He  is  described  as  an  intellec- 
tual giant  and  a  great  theologian  who 
often  preached  over  the  heads  of  his  con- 
gregation. During  his  pastorate  the  la.- 
dies  of  the  church,  under  the  leadership 
of  Airs.  E.  E.  Marcey  and  Mrs.  Jane  Peek, 
began  a  systematic  collection  of  funds, 
which  resulted  in  reducing  the  debt  fully 
$8,000. 

Rev.  R.  M.  Hatfield,  D.  D.,  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  in  1877,  and  served  the 
full  time  allowed  by  the  laws  of  the 
church.  In  October,  1880,  Rev.  Amos  W. 
Patten  succeeded  to  the  pastorate,  re- 
maining three  years.  During  his  admin- 
istration, and  largely  by  his  efforts,  the 
last  of  the  building  debt  was  provided 
for  by  subscription,  on  September  23, 
1882,  when  at  a  banquet  in  the  church 
parlors  arranged  by  the  trustees,  $14,200 
was  subscribed  for  the  payment  of  the 
funded  debt.  By  subsequent  solicitation 
this  was  increased  to  $18,000,  and,  on 
September  f\  1884,  the  final  payment  of 
the  funded  debt  was  made,  and  the  mort- 
gage on  the  church  property  released. 
The  period  of  the  building  of  the  new 
church  and  the  payment  of  the  building 
debt  was  one  of  great  activity  on  the  part 
of  the  trustees.  Those  who  served  as  trus- 
tees and  bore  the  grievous  burdens  of  the 
office  during  those  days  were : 

Elected  in  1868 -L.  P.  Hamline,  W.  H.  Lunt, 
D.  P.  Kidder.  E.  Haskin,  L.  J.  Gage.  A.  J. 
Brown.  O.  Muse,  E.  Russell;  1869 — E.  A. 
Gage.  W.  T  Woodson,  J.  S.  Kirk,  J.  L.  Bev- 
eridge,  O.  Marcy:  1K70—  E.  O.  Haven.  S.  A. 
Matteson;  1873— W.  B.  Phillips,  I.  R.  Hitt,  N. 
S.  Davis.  A.  I!.  Jackson;  1870— W.  C.  Wilson, 
H.  V.  Smith,  M.  C.  Bragdon.  J.  D.  Easter; 
1H78— Chas.  Munstin.  Win.  Ueering;  1HM— T. 
H.  Traver.  E.  S.  Taylor. 

Trustees  elected  since  1SS4  have  been:  18S6 
— O.  E.  Haven,  G.  M.  Sargent.  W.  H.  Jones, 
D.  Bonbright,  H.  R.  Wilson.  C.  B.  Congdon; 
1888— H.  H.  Gage;  1892— P.  R.  Shumway; 


1900— W.    H.    Whitehead;     1901— W.    G.    Hoag, 
I.   G.   Hatcher;     1903— E.   P.  Clapp. 

Rev.  Lewis  Curts  succeeded  Dr.  Pat- 
ten in  October,  1883.  One  year  later. 
South  Evanston  was  put  on  a  circuit  sys- 
tem with  the  First  Church,  and  Dr. 
Ridgaway  and  Dr.  Terry  were  associat- 
ed with  him  in  the  pastorate.  In  October, 
1885,  Dr.  Ridgaway  was  appointed  acting 
pastor  and.  assisted  by  Dr.  Bennett,  served 
until  the  following  March,  when  Rev. 
S.  F.  Jones,  D.  D.,  was  appointed  pastor, 
being  succeeded  in  October,  1890,  by  Rev. 
W.  S.  Stiulley.  D.  D.  Dr.  Sttidley  died  at 
Evanston.  February  27,  1893.  During  his 
pastorate  the  conference  collections  reached 
the  highest  point  to  which  they  have  attained 
in  the  history  of  the  Church.  After  the 
death  of  Dr.  Studley  and  until  the  annual 
conference  in  October  following.  Dr. 
Chas.  J.  Little,  President  of  Garrett  Bib- 
lical Institute,  was  acting  pastor.  During 
that  summer  the  parsonage  was  recon- 
structed at  a  cost  of  about  $4,500,  and  fif- 
teen hundred  dollars  was  spent  in  refur- 
nishing. In  October,  1893,  Rev.  Frank 
M.  Bristol,  D.  D.,  was  appointed  pastor, 
and  remained  nearly  five  years  until  the 
spring  of  1898,  when  on  his  departure 
for  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dr.  Little  again 
assumed  the  duties  of  acting  pastor.  Dur- 
ing that  summer  the  church  was  redecor- 
ated and  refurnished  and  the  parsonage 
partly  refurnished,  at  a  cost  of  $6,000. 
In  September,  1898.  Rev.  William  Maca- 
fee,  D.  D.,  came  to  the  pastorate  and  re- 
mained five  years.  In  January,  1901,  the 
organ  built  by  the  Austin  Organ  Com- 
pany at  a  cost  of  $12,500,  was  completed 
and  in  ( )ctober  of  that  year  the  Annual 
Conference  met  a  second  time  in  Evanston, 
the  first  time  being  in  Dr.  Jones'  pastorate. 
In  closing  his  pastorate  in  October.  1903, 
Dr.  Macafee  reported  to  the  Annual  Confer- 
ence benevolent  contributions  amounting  to 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


345 


over  $19.000,  which,  with  the  expenses  of 
the  church,  made  a  total  of  over  $31,000  for 
the  year.  In  October.  1903,  Rev.  Dr.  T.  P. 
Frost  was  appointed  pastor,  which  pastorate 
continues  at  this  writing  to  the  great  sat- 
isfaction of  his  people. 

The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  the 
Sunday  School  Superintendents  of  the 
First  Church  since  1855 : 

Elected 
IKK 


I860 

I860 
1H61 
1861 


1862 
Iry-i 
1864 
1855 
1866 
1866 
1867 


1872 

1877 

11*0 

1892 


1KM 
IBM 

law 

1197 
IK'.I 
190U 
1902 
1904 


The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  per- 
sons who  have  served  the  First  Church  as 
Stewards — the  date  given  being  that  of 
first  election : 

1S7-.4— A.  Danks,  J.  B.  Colvin,  J.  L.  Bever- 
idjje:  1S.J5— H.  S.  Noyes;  1S56— G.  W.  Rey- 
nolds. G.  M.  Huntoon;  is.is — J.  \V.  Ludlam, 
f.  C.  Hoag.  Geo.  K.  Foster.  Hiram  Clark 
i  Xorthtield  circuit);  is.vi — \V.  T.  \Voodson,  G. 
II.  Bliss,  \V.  P.  Jones.  Jr.;  I860  — John 


Superintendent 

Assistant  Supt. 

J.  L.  Bevpridpe 
F.  H.  Benson 

T.  C.  Hnag 

P.  Juctoon 

0.  11.  Huntonn 

H.  S.  Noyes 

O.  M.  Huntoon 

B.  T.  Vincent 

O.  H.  Huntoon 

B.  T.  Vincent 

J.  L.  Beverlrtge 

F.  D.  Hemenway 

J.  L.  llfi  ••!  Lice 

J.  L.  1  :.•>.-]:.!-•- 

U.  L.  Stewart 

W.  Taplin 

U.  H.  Huntoon 

W.  Taplin 

W.  A.  Spencer 

W.  Taplin 

A.  C.  Lynn 

E.  S.  Taylor 

O.  E.  Strowbridge 

H.  B.  Uurd 

t*.  E.  Strowbildge 

K.  S.  Taylor 

A.  L.  Sewell 

W.  A.  Spencer 

V.  E.  Clifford 

L.  J.  Gage 

P.  B.  Shumway 

K.  S.  Taylor 

P.  B.  Shumway 

K'lward  Eggleaton 

L.  U.  Bugbe* 

Kdward  EggleRton 

L.  J.  Gage 

Edward  Egpleeton 

W.  T.  Shepherd 

W.  T.  Shepherd 

L.  O.  Gage 

W.  T.  Shepherd 

W.  M.  Wyrkoff 

W.  T.  Shepherd 

Mrs.  Gllleeple 

.1.  K.  Miller 

W.  T.  Shepherd 

J.  E.  Miller 

W.  M.  Wyckoft 

J.  E.  Miller 

J.  J.  Crist 

H.  F.  Flak 

\Vai.  Deerlng 

H.  F.  Flsk 

F.  D  Raymond 

F.  P.  Crandon 

F.  D.  Raymond 

F.  P.  Crandon 

T.  H.  Traver 

F.  P.  Crandon 

H.  H.  C.  Miller 

C.  B.  Conirdon 

C.  B.  Atwell 

C.  M.  Stuart 

G.  A.  Coe 

C.  M.  Staart 

C.  B.  Coiigdon 

B  D  Caldwell 

R.  H.  Johnston 

W.  E.  O'Kane 

J.  A.  BurhfttiB 

L.  O.  WeMtrate 

«'.  M.  Stuart 

T.  F.  lioh/aie 

I".  S.  Giant 

W.  H.  Dunham 



A.  L.  Lindaey 

W.  H.  Dunham 

Evans,  William  Gamble,  E.  Haskin;  1X62 — 
J.  A.  Pearsons.  J.  F.  Willard,  A.  C.  Lang- 
worthy;  1863— H.  B.  Hurd.  A.  Vane.  O.  Mar- 
cy;  1867— A.  J.  Brown,  L.  J.  Gage.  W.  H. 
l.untv  A.  J.  Hanchette.  A.  L.  isewell;  1K6H — L. 
P.  Hamline;  1STO — O.  Huse;  1871 — E.  New- 
man;  1872— A.  B.  Jackson,  I.  R.  Hitt.  S.  P. 
Lunt.  \V.  M.  Wyckoff,  H.  A.  Pearsons;  !>;:!— 
E.  A.  Clifford;  1S74— R.  Baird;  1S75— Win. 
Deering.  J.  E.  Miller;  1S7C— J.  J.  Parkhifst, 
1..  C.  Pitner,  J.  H.  Raymond;  1877 — S.  Fa.-well, 
H.  S.  Carhart.  C.  E.  Wiswall;  1S78— F.  D. 
Raymond.  H.  H.  C.  Miller;  18SO—  D.  R. 
Dyche;  1881— O.  E.  Haven;  1883— F.  P.  Cran- 
don; 1884— W.  H.  Whitehead,  N.  W.  Har.is, 
L.  C.  Tallmadge,  E.  S.  Weeden ;  1SS5— R.  B. 
McMnllen;  lss(^M.  H.  Bass.  F.  A.  Fletcher; 
1S87 — G.  G.  Calkins;  1888 — G.  A.  Foster;  189(1 
— J.  F.  Ward:  isui— A.  L.  Butler.  I.  Bailey; 
189.-1— \V.  A.  Dyche;  1894— R.  R.  McCabe,  B. 
D.  Caldwell;  Is'.i:,— T.  M.  Hubbard.  W.  M. 
Scott.  J.  R.  Fitch;  1K9G— J.  C.  Shaffer:  1899— 
B.  F.  Crawford;  1<HX>— C.  N.  Stevens.  A.  F. 
Townsend;  1901— W.  J.  Morphy;  1903— R.  E. 
Barrett.  H.  1!.  Prentice. 

Central  Street  M.  E.  Church. — At  the 
quarterly  conference  of  the  First  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  held  August  9, 
1870,  a  resolution  was  adopted  approving 
of  the  setting  off  of  North  Evanston  as  a 
separate  charge.  Pursuant  to  this  action 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  \V.  Warren  and  Mr. 
John  Culver  took  their  letters  of  member- 
ship from  the  First  Church,  and,  with 
Rev.  E.  G.  W.  Hall,  a  local  preacher,  set 
about  the  organization  of  the  second 
Methodist  Episcopal  society  in  Evanston. 
Others  joined  them,  and  the  society  was 
organized  on  the  sixth  day  of  September 
of  that  year.  The  first  official  members 
were :  John  Culver.  A.  C.  Fulton,  D.  W. 
\Yarren,  A.  F.  Kleise,  John  Picket  and 
Joseph  McCallum.  John  Culver  was 
Sunday  School  Superintendent  and  class- 
leader.  Soon  after  the  organization  steps 
were  taken  to  secure  a  site  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  building  in  which  to  hold  service. 
Mr.  Culver  donated  a  lot  on  West  Rail- 
road Avenue  near  Lincoln  Street.  Rev. 
D.  P.  Kidder  encouraged  the  enterprise 
l;y  a  very  liberal  contribution.  Further 
pledges  being  secured  of  sufficient 
amount  to  warrant  the  commencement 


346 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


of  building  operations,  the  rear  part  of 
the  church  building  was  finished  and  oc- 
cupied for  some  months.  The  completed 
edifice  was  dedicated  August  1 1,  1872, 
the  property  being  then  valued  at  $2,500. 
The  society  worshiped  in  this  building 
until  1891,  when  the  property  was  sold 
for  $1,100,  and  the  lot  at  the  corner  of 
Central  Street  and  Prairie  Avenue  was 
purchased  for  $1,600.  Upon  this  lot  a 
new  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
nearly  $5,000,  and  dedicated  December 
13,  1891.  The  improvements  added  since 
have  increased  the  value  of  the  property 
to  about  $8,000. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  pastors  of 
this  church: 

E.  G.  W.  Hall  Sept.,  1870 

Wm.  Craven   Mar.,  1871 

Samuel  Paine  Sept.,  1873 

J.  J.  Tobias  Oct.,  1875 

Wm.   Daws 

T.  Van  Scoy  Oct.,  1876 

"R.  J.  Hobbs  •{ to 

C.  E.  Lambert  Nov.,  1879 

V.  F.  Brown 

A.   H.  Kistler   Nov.,  1879 

W.  F.  Stewart Oct.,  1880 

C.  H.  Zimmerman  Oct.,  1882 

J.  H.  Ailing   Oct.,  1883 

J.  E.  Farmer   Sept.,  1884 

E.  H.  Brumbaugh   Oct.,  1886 

C.  S.  Dudley   April,  1889 

H.  W.  Waltz  Mar.,  1892 

A.   S.   Haskins    June,  1893 

G.  P.  Sturges  Oct.,  1898 

R.  H.  Pate Oct.,  1900 

E.  G.  Schultz   Oct.,  1902 

Norwegian-Danish  M.  E.  Church. — 
Organized  Christian  work  among  the 
Scandinavians  in  Evanston  began  in  the 
year  1870,  when  Karl  Schou,  a  native  of 
Denmark  and  a  student  in  the  University, 
gathered  around  him  a  group  of  friends 


for  Bible  study,  meeting  on  Sunday  after- 
noons in  the  Benson  Avenue  school 
house.  From  the  membership  of  this 
Bible  class  a  Methodist  class  was  organ- 
ized, which  formed  the  nucleus  of  a 
church.  The  number  of  class  members 
increased,  and  preachers  from  Chicago 
visited  them.  At  the  Annual  Conference 
held  in  Milwaukee,  October  9,  1871, 
Bishop  Simpson  appointed  Brother  Schou 
pastor  of  this  church.  He  was  also  the 
first  appointed  teacher  of  a  class  of  young 
men  preparing  for  the  ministry,  and  lead- 
er of  one  of  the  two  classes  into  which 
the  church  was  divided,  Oliver  Hansen 
being  leader  of  the  other.  The  member- 
ship of  the  church  at  this  time  numbered 
thirty-three. 

In  the  year  1872  the  frame  building  va- 
cated by  the  First  M.  E.  Church  was  pur- 
chased and  moved  to  the  lot  on  the  south 
side  of  Church  Street  between  Orrington 
and  Sherman  Avenues,  the  lot  being 
leased  from  the  University.  The  build- 
ing was  repaired,  and  a  parsonage  added ; 
the  whole  at  a  cost  of  $7,800,  part  of 
which  remained  as  a  debt.  In  February, 
1873,  Brother  Schou  left  Evanston  to  take 
up  the  work  assigned  to  him  as  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Mission  in  Denmark.  Rev. 
C.  Willerup,  the  former  Superintendent 
of  the  Mission  in  Denmark,  succeeded 
Brother  Schou  as  pastor  of  this  church 
until  the  next  conference,  when  B.  Johan- 
nessen  was  appointed  pastor.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1874,  the  Swedish  members  of  the 
society,  desiring  services  in  their  own  lan- 
guage, withdrew  and  organized  a  society 
of  their  own. 

In  October,  1876,  M.  Nilsen  was  ap- 
pointed to  supply  this  church ;  but  his 
work  was  of  brief  duration.  Before  the 
close  of  the  conference  year  he  withdrew 
from  the  work,  and  sometime  aTterward 
connected  himself  with  the  Lutheran 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


347 


church,  with  whose  doctrines  he  was 
more  in  accord.  Otto  Sanaker,  a  student, 
acted  as  pastor  during  the  remainder  of 
the  conference  year.  At  the  next  con- 
ference C.  F.  Eltzholtz  was  appointed  to 
the  Second  church  in  Chicago  and  Evan- 
ston.  In  1878,  Chr.  Treider  was  appoint- 
ed editor  of  Den  CkrilteKgt  TaJsinand 
and  pastor  of  the  church  in  Evanston.  At 
this  time  the  membership  of  the  church 
numbered  thirty-nine  in  full  connection 
and  three  on  probation. 

In  October,  1879.  Mr.  Willerup  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  and  remained  one  year. 
From  October,  1880,  until  September, 
1884,  A.  Haagensen  was  pastor  of  the 
church,  and  also  at  the  same  time  editor 
of  the  church  paper  before  named.  B. 
Smith  was  pastor  in  1884  and  1885. 

In  November,  1885,  X.  E.  Simonsen, 
being  transferred  from  the  Norway  Con- 
ference, took  up  the  work  as  pastor  in 
connection  with  his  work  as  President  of 
the  Norwegian-Danish  Theological  Sem- 
inary; but  the  Annual  Conference,  rec- 
ognizing that  his  work  as  teacher  de- 
manded his  entire  attention,  appointed 
M.  Rye,  a  student,  as  pastor  in  1886.  Bro. 
Rye  did  faithful  work  for  about  a  year 
and  a  half,  when  failing  health  compelled 
him  to  retire.  He  died  in  Utah  in  1888. 

E.  M.  Stangland,  a  student  in  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,  took  up  the  work  dur- 
ing the  conference  year  1888-1889.  His 
report  to  the  annual  conference  showed 
fifty-seven  persons  in  full  connection  and 
four  on  probation.  G.  Anderson  received 
his  appointment  as  pastor  in  September, 
1889;  the  following  February  he  was 
transferred  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Chr. 
Arndt,  a  student  in  the  Norwegian-Dan- 
ish Theological  School,  then  became  pas- 
tor for  sixteen  months,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  H.  P.  Berg,  assistant  teacher 
in  the  theological  school,  who  served  two 


years.  During  Bro.  Berg's  pastorate  the 
church  lot  on  Clark  Street  was  bought. 
A.  Anderson,  a  student  in  the  Norwegian- 
Danish  Theological  School,  followed  Bro. 
Berg,  and  was  pastor  two  years. 

In  1895  Paul  Haugan  was  appointed 
pastor.  At  this  time  the  membership 
numbered  eighty-eight  in  full  connection 
and  eleven  on  probation.  Of  seventeen 
pastors  up  to  this  time  four  were  teach- 
ers in  the  theological  school,  two  were 
editors  of  Den  Christcligc  TalsinanJ, 
and  six  were  students  in  the  educational 
institutions  in  Evanston.  Such  combina- 
tions of  duties  were  necessary  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  there  are  not  many  Norwe- 
gians and  Danes  in  Evanston,  and  the 
congregation  has  never  been  large.  Dur- 
ing Bro.  Haugan's  pastorate  the  present 
church  building  on  Clark  Street  was 
erected.  He  both  made  the  plans  for  the 
building  and  superintended  the  erection. 

In  1897  Gustav  Mathesen  became  pas- 
tor and  served  until  1901,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Charles  J.  Johnson,  the 
present  pastor. 

Swedish  M.  E.  Church.— The  society 
organized  in  the  year  1872,  of  which  Karl 
Schou,  a  Dane,  was  appointed  the  first 
pastor — now  the  Norwegian-Danish  M. 
E.  Church — was  styled  the  Scandinavian 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  Evanston. 
Although  the  Swedes  were  in  the  majori- 
ty, the  new  society  was  soon  connected 
with  the  Norwegian-Danish  work ;  and 
the  request  of  the  Swedish  members  to 
have  occasional  meetings  conducted  in 
their  language  being  denied  them,  they 
withdrew  and  formed  a  separate  society. 
Meetings  were  first  held  in  Ladd's  Hall, 
where  quite  a  revival  followed.  Later  the 
society  worshiped  in  Union  Hall,  where, 
on  October  17,  1874,  the  church  was  for- 
mally organized,  J.  B.  Anderson  act- 
ing as  chairman  and  Charles  J.  \Vigren 


348 


EYAXSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


as  secretary  of  the  meeting.  The  five 
Trustees  elected  were:  Charles  J.  \\ig- 
ren,  L.  O.  Lawson,  A.  B.  Johnson,  John 
A.  Oberg,  and  Otto  Johnson.  The  first 
quarterly  conference  was  held  the  same 
evening,  presided  over  by  Rev.  A.  J.  An- 
derson, of  Chicago,  and  J.  B.  Anderson, 
a  theological  student,  was  appointed  the 
first  pastor.  The  following  year  O.  J. 
Stead,  also  a  theological  student,  was  ap- 
pointed pastor.  During  his  time  the 
church  building  on  the  corner  of  Grove 
Street  and  Sherman  Avenue  was  erected, 
and  dedicated  on  the  nth  of  June,  1876. 
The  cost  of  the  building  was  $5,000. 
Later  a  parsonage  was  built  and  the  en- 
tire property  of  the  church  freed  from 
debt. 

The  following  is  the  complete  list  of 
pastors:  J.  B.  Anderson,  1874-75;  O.  J. 
Stead.  1875-76;  Wm.  Henchen,  1876-77: 
Fr.  Ahgren.  1877-78;  James  T.  Wigren, 
1878-79;  S.  B.  Newman,  1879-82;  John 
Lundgren,  1882-83;  Albert  Ericson,  1883- 
86:  X.  O.  Westergreen.  1886-90:  Alfred 
Anderson,  1890-91 ;  Richard  Cederberg, 
1891-94;  O.  F.  Lindstrum.  1894;  Jas.  T. 
Wigren,  September, .1899;  John  \V.  Swen- 
son,  September,  1903. 

The  present  trustees  are :  Frida  Han- 
son, Hanna  Barck,  Carl  Anderson,  Leon- 
ard Gustafson,  J.  A.  Holmgren,  Tina 
Carlson  and  Mary  Nelson.  J.  A.  Holm- 
gren is  Superintendent  of  the  Sunday 
school  and  Ernest  Johnson  is  President 
of  the  Epworth  League. 

Hemenway  M.  E.  Church. — The  Meth- 
odist church  in  South  Evanston  had  its 
inception  in  the  spring  of  1872.  Lots  for 
a  site  of  a  church  building  were  secured 
at  the  northwest  corner  of  Lincoln  Ave- 
nue (now  Main  Street)  and  Benson  Ave- 
nue. Regular  services  were  held  several 
months  in  a  small  school  house  on  Ridge 
Avenue  just  south  of  Lincoln.  The  per- 


manent organization  of  the  church  was 
effected  Thursday  evening,  July  17,  1873, 
and  ground  was  broken  for  the  first 
church  building  Tuesday,  July  22nd.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  Monday,  August 
nth,  the  religious  ceremonies  having 
taken  place  the  previous  Sunday.  The 
church  was  dedicated  Sunday,  November 
9,  1873,  only  the  basement  being  finished. 
About  ten  years  later,  on  Wednesday, 
May  9,  1883,  this  building  was  complete- 
ly demolished  by  a  cyclone.  The  society 
rallied  at  once,  began  rebuilding,  wor- 
shiping in  the  meantime  in  Ducat's  hall. 
The  second  church  edifice  was  dedicated 
Sunday,  November  1 1,  1883.  This  struc- 
ture was  destroyed  by  fire  early  on  the 
morning  of  Saturday,  January  23,  1886. 
Worship  was  resumed  in  Ducat's  hall.  A 
new  location  on  the  east  side  of  Chicago 
Avenue  a  little  north  of  Lincoln  (now 
Main  Street)  was  decided  upon,  March 
20,  1886.  A  lot  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
front,  and  containing  a  house  suitable  for 
a  parsonage,  was  purchased.  Ground  was 
broken  for  the  new  church  edifice  Satur- 
day, August  28,  1886.  The  corner-stone 
was  laid  October  gth,  the  formal  cere- 
monies occurring  Sunday,  October  loth. 
About  this  time  it  was  decided  to  call  the 
church  "Hemenway  M.  E.  Church,''  in 
honor  or  Rev.  Francis  Dana  Hemenway, 
D.  D.,  Professor  in  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, and  a  former  pastor  of  the  church. 
The  new  church  edifice,  a  substantial 
building  of  red  pressed  brick  with  white 
stone  foundations  and  trimmings,  was 
dedicated  Sunday,  December  25,  1887, 
Rev.  T.  P.  Marsh  being  the  pastor.  The 
program  of  dedication  week,  beginning 
on  the  previous  Sunday,  is  interesting  as 
showing  the  names  of  the  men  active  in 
the  Methodist  churches  about  Chicago 
and  Evanston  at  that  time.  On  the  first 
Sunday  there  was  preaching  in  the  morn- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


349 


ing  by  Rev.  R.  M.  Hatfield,  D.  D.,  and  in 
the  afternoon  by  Rev.  Frank  M.  Bristol, 
with  a  platform  meeting  in  the  evening 
presided  over  by  Charles  B.  Congdon, 
Esq.,  and  addressed  by  Judge  O.  H.  Hor- 
ton,  J.  B.  Hobbs,  F.  P.  Crandon,  and  H. 
S.  Towle.  There  was  preaching  on  sub- 
sequent evenings  of  the  week  by  C.  E. 
Mandeville,  H.  \V.  Bolton.  H.  G.  Jack- 
son, and  S.  F.  Jones,  with  another  plat- 
form meeting  on  Friday  evening  presided 
over  by  Rev.  L.  Curts  and  addressed  by 
Rev.  William  Smith,  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church.  Rev.  D.  S.  Smith,  rector 
of  the  Episcopal  church  and  former  pas- 
tors Burns  and  Zimmerman.  On  Sunday, 
"the  great  day  of  the  feast,"  Doctor  Ridg- 
away  preached  in  the  morning.  Rev.  B.  I. 
Ives  in  the  afternoon  and  Miss  Frances 
E.  Willard  delivered  an  address  in  the 
evening.  Others  taking  part  in  the  exer- 
cises of  the  week  were  Drs.  Stowe,  Bor- 
ing, Edwards,  Jutkins  and  Rev.  C.  M. 
Stuart.  At  the  time  of  dedication  the 
Trustees  were:  Thomas  Purnell,  Presi- 
dent: John  W.  Byam,  Wesley  L.  Knox, 
W.  H.  Blake,  M.  D.  Ewell,  W.  G.  Miller, 
Edwin  Benjamin.  The  stewards  were 
Thomas  Purnell,  E.  Benjamin,  J.  E. 
Hathaway,  James  H.  Thomas,  Thomas 
Blackler,  J.  Milhenning.  F.  W.  Brown, 
James  VVigginton.  Charles  O.  Boring 
was  Sunday  School  Superintendent. 

The  following  is  the  complete  list  of 
pastors  who  have  served  this  church : 


A.  G.   Button Jan.  Sept.  1873 

W.    H.    Burns Sept.  1873— Oct.  1874 

W.  X.  Ninde  (supply) Oct.  1874— Oct.  1876 

J.  C.  R.  Layton  (supply) Oct.  1876— Apr.  1877 

C.   H.  Zimmerman   (supply) June  Sept.  1877 

F.  D.  Hemenway  (supply) Oct.   1878— Oct.  1881 

S.   H.   Adams Oct.  1881—  Oct.  1882 

I.   Lineliarger Oct.  1882—  Oct.  1884 

H.  B.  Ridgaway  J 

L.   Curts  J   (supply) Oct.  1884— Oct.  1885 

M.  S.  Terry 

T.  P.  Marsh Oct.  1885— Oct.  1888 

W.    H.    Holmes Oct.  1888— Oct.  1803 

W.     E.     Wilkinson Oct.  1893—  Oct.  1807 

O.   F.   Mattison Oct.  1897— Oct.  1903 

R.    B.    Kester Oct.  1903— 


Wheadon  M.  E.  Church.— In  February, 
1887.  Rev.  Edward  D.  Wheadon  formed  a 
class  which,  for  a  time,  met  in  the  homes 
of  the  members  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Wesley  Avenue,  and  north  of  Emerson 
Street.  Later  a  tent  was  pitched  on  Fos- 
•  ter  Street,  and  preaching  services  held  in 
it.  In  1888  a  hall  was  secured  on  (West) 
Foster  Street :  a  church  was  organized 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Luke  Hitchcock,  Presiding 
Elder  of  the  Chicago  District,  and  "Fa- 
ther" Wheadon  was  appointed  the  first 
pastor.  The  first  Trustees  were:  E.  D. 
Wheadon,  Adam  Tail,  John  Owens  and 
John  Culver.  In  1889,  Rev.  E.  G.  Lewis 
was  appointed  pastor;  and  a  lot  120  feet 
by  192  feet  was  secured  on  the  corner 
of  Ridge  Avenue  and  Leon  Street.  It 
is  recorded  that  the  enterprise  was  kindly 
encouraged  by  Rev.  S.  F.  Jones,  pastor 
of  the  First  Church,  and  by  William 
Deering,  Frank  P.  Crandon.  John  B.  Kirk, 
and  James  H.  Raymond.  L'nder  the  pas- 
torate of  Rev.  F.  G.  lioylan.  a  chapel  was 
built  on  the  property  costing  $1,750, 
which  was  dedicated  in  February,  1890, 
Rev.  H.  D.  Kimball.  Dr.  Hitchcock.  Dr. 
Jones  and  Dr.  Ridgaway  taking  part  in 
the  dedication.  The  chapel  was  built  on 
the  rear  part  of  the  lot  facing  north  on 
Leon  Street.  In  1903  it  was  turned 
around  to  face  Ridge  Avenue,  and  much 
improved  at  a  cost  of  about  $3.500.  Up 
to  1902  over  500  persons  had  united  with 
the  church  by  letter  or  on  probation,  the 
average  resident  membership  being  100, 
the  average  congregation  about  130,  and 
the  average  membership  of  the  Sunday 
school  about  150. 

The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  pas- 
tors, with  dates  of  entrance  upon  their 
pastorates:  E.  D.  Wheadon,  April,  1888; 
E.  G.  Lewis.  May,  1889;  F.  G.  Boylan, 
October.  1889:  J.  B.  Lucas.  October. 
1890;  R.  H.  Wilkinson.  October  1891: 


350 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


John  Lee.  October,  1894;  R.  H.  Wilkin- 
son, October,  1896;  J.  R.  Smith,  October, 
1898;  W.  T.  Euster,  October  1900;  W.  C. 
Reuter,  July  1901 ;  M.  L.  Xorris,  October, 
1903. 

The  present  officials  of  the  church  are : 
Trustees— William  Campbell,  R.  H.  Bald- 
win, J.  W.  Travis,  F.  Flood,  A.  B.  Cros- 
by, C.  J.  Tisdel,  W.  A.  Dyche ;  Stewards 
— Charles  Beck,  A.  C.  Pearson,  Charles 
Rose,  George  Fellingham,  G.  F.  Stark- 
weather, Joseph  Justice,  J.  P.  Sloan,  Miss 
Cora  Marsh,  Mrs.  F.  M.  Crosby,  Mrs.  H. 
L.  Lincoln ;  Sunday  School  Superintend- 
ent— G.  F.  Starkweather;  President  Ep- 
worth  League — Stanley  Ward  ;  President 
Junior  Epworth  League — Miss  Myrtle 
English. 

Emmanuel  M.  E.  Church. — March  10, 
1889,  a  Sabbath  School  was  organized  in 
the  High  School  building,  west  of  the  rail- 
road track.  Charles  O.  Boring  was  Sup- 
erintendent, S.  A.  Kean,  Assistant  Super- 
intendent, and  Charles  G.  Haskins  was 
secretary  and  treasurer.  This  school  was 
under  the  control  of  the  First  Church. 
At  the  quarterly  conference  of  the  First 
M.  E.  Church,  held  November  25,  1889, 
Rev.  Dr.  S.  F.  Jones  being  pastor,  the 
following  resolution  was  offered  by  C.  O. 
Boring  and  unanimously  adopted: 

"Whereas,  it  is  the  sense  of  this  quarter- 
ly conference  that  the  time  has  come  to 
arrange  for  the  purchase  of  a  lot,  looking 
toward  the  ultimate  erection  of  a  church 
on  the  west  side  of  Evanston ;  and, 

"Whereas,  a  committee  was  recently  ap- 
'pointed,  at  a  meeting  of  gentlemen  living 
on  the  west  side,  for  the  purpose : 

"Be  It  Resolved,  that  this  quarterly  con- 
ference appoint  a  committee  to  cooperate 
with  said  committee  in  the  selection  of  a 
lot  south  of  Davis  Street,  and  that  the 
lot  so  selected  may  then  be  purchased 


with   the   full   consent  of  this   quarterly 
conference." 

The  chairman,  Dr.  Jones,  appointed  as 
such  committee,  C.  O.  Boring,  William 
Deering,  D.  R.  Dyche,  C.  B.  Congdon 
and  R.  B.  McMullen. 

At  the  quarterly  conference,  held  Sep- 
tember 22,  1890,  the  committee  reported 
that  a  lot  had  been  purchased  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Greenwood  Boulevard  and  Oak 
Avenue,  and  the  report  was  accepted.  A 
communication  was  received  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
Emmanuel  M.  E.  Church,  stating  the 
facts  of  the  organization  of  that  church, 
as  follows:  On  the  evening  of  June  9, 
1890,  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  residence 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  G.  Haskin,  203 
Maple  Avenue.  There  were  present : 
Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  Dr.  S.  F.  Jones 
(pastor  of  the  First  Church),  Mr.  Wil- 
liam H.  Jones,  Mr.  Charles  O.  Boring, 
Mr.  David  B.  Dewey,  Mr.  David  R. 
Dyche,  Mr.  Frank  P.  Crandon,  Mr.  Hen- 
ry H.  Gage  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  G. 
Haskin. 

Dr.  Jones,  the  pastor,  stated  that 
he  had  nominated,  and  Presiding  Elder 
Truesdell  had  approved,  the  following 
gentlemen  for  Trustees  of  the  new 
church:  H.  B.  Hurd,  \V.  H.  Jones,  D. 

B.  Dewey,  J.  B.  Kirk,  J.  J.  Shutterly,  H. 
H.  Gage,  F.  P.  Crandon,  D.  R.  Dyche  and 

C.  G.  Haskin. 

The  meeting  was  organized  by  the  elec- 
tion of  H.  B.  Hurd,  Chairman,  and  C.  G. 
Haskin,  Secretary ;  the  name  of  the 
church  was  declared  to  be  Emmanuel 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Evans- 
ton  the  persons  above  named  were  elect- 
ed the  first  Board  of  Trustees;  and  the 
secretary  was  directed  to  file  a  certificate 
of  organization  in  the  Recorder's  office  of 
Cook  County.  At  a  regular  meeting  of 


^x>^ 


LYAXSTOX  C1ICRCI1   HISTORY 


John  Lee.  October.  iSiq;  R.  II.  Wilkin- 
son. October,  iSijO:  J.  R.  Smith.  October. 
iSiiS:  \\'.  T.  luistcr.  October  KIGO:  W.  C. 
Renter.  July  MAM  :  M.  L.  Xurris.  October, 
"it'.v 

Tin.-  present  officials  <<{  the  church  are: 
Trustee- — \\  illiani  Campbell.  R.  1 1.  I'.ald- 
xvin.  J.  W.  Travis.  !•'.  Flood.  A.  1!.  Cros- 
by. C.  J.  Tisdel.  \\  .  A.  Dychc:  Stewards 
— Charles  licck.  A.  C.  IV-arson.  Charles 
Ro-e.  i  ici >rgc  Fcllingham.  <  i.  !•'.  Stark- 
xveatlRr.  Jo-c-ph  Justice.  J.  I'.  Sloan.  Miss 
Cnra  Marsh.  Mrs.  F.  M.  Crosby,  Mrs.  n. 
L.  l.inci'ln:  Sunday  School  Superintend- 
t-ni — i  1.  !;.  Starkweather:  1'resiilent  Ep- 
uortli  League — Stanley  Ward:  President 
Junior  F.pu'irth  League — Mi-s  Myrtle 
English. 

Emmanuel  M.  E.  Church. — March  10. 
iSSii.  a  Salidath  School  \va-  organi/ed  in 
the  High  School  building,  west  of  the  rail- 
road track.  Charle-  (  ).  1  Soring  was  Snji- 
erinteiident.  S.  A.  Keau.  A»i-tant  Super- 
iiiTeiidenl.  and  I  harle-  '  i.  I  la-kin-  \\a- 
-ecretarx  and  trea-urcr.  Thi-  school  xvas 
•.iiider  the  control  of  the  First  Church. 
At  the  c|iiarterly  conference  of  the  First 
M.  I'..  Church,  held  Xovcmln-r  25.  1889. 
i\ev.  Mr.  S.  I".  Jones  IK-JIIL;  pa-tor,  the 
folloxvinjL;  resolution  was  offered  liy  C.  O. 
I'.orin^;  and  unanimou-1  v  adopteil : 

"\\hereas.  it  i>  tlu-  scn-c  of  this  i|iiarter- 
ly  conference  that  the  time  has  come  to 
j.rran^'e  for  the  purchase  of  a  lot.  looking 
toward  tin1  ultimate  erection  of  a  church 
on  the  ue-t  -ide  of  F.vanston  :  and. 

"\\~l.erea-.  a  committee  \\a-  recently  ap- 
|  ointi-d.  at  a  meeting  of  gentlemen  lixing 
on  the  we-t  -ide.  for  the  piirpo-e: 

"I'e  It  ke-olved.  that  tin-  ijuarterlx  con- 
ference appoint  a  committee  to  cooperate 
\vith  -aid  committee  in  the  -election  of  a 
lot  -outh  of  !)a\is  Street,  and  that  the 
lot  >o  -elected  mav  then  lie  purchased 


with   the   full   <jixisent   of   this   quarterly 
conference." 

The  chairman.  Dr.  Jones,  appointed  as 
such  committee.  C.  (  ).  Iloring,  William 
Ucering.  D.  R.  Dychc,  C.  B.  Congdon 
and  R.  I!.  McMullen. 

At  the  <|tiarterly  conference,  held  Sep- 
tember JJ,  iS'jo.  the  committee  reported 
that  a  lot  had  been  purchased  at  the  cor- 
ner of  ( ireenxvood  I'.oulevard  ami  Oak 
Avenue,  and  the  report  was  accepted.  A 
communication  was  received  from  the 
Secretarv  of  the  Hoard  of  Trustees  of 
F'mmanuel  M.  1C.  Church,  stating  the 
facts  of  the  organization  of  that  church, 
as  follows:  On  the  evening  of  June  <i, 
icScjo.  a  meeting  xvas  held  at  the  residence 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  ( i.  Ilaskiu.  .203 
Maple  Avenue.  There  \\cre  present: 
lion.  Harvey  I'..  Ilurd.  Dr.  S.  F.  Jo,u- 
i  pastor  of  the  First  Church).  Mr.  Wil- 
liam II.  Jones.  Mr.  Charles  C).  I  Soring. 
Mr.  David  1'..  Dexvey.  Mr.  David  R. 
Dyche.  Mr.  F'rank  I'.  Crandon.  Mr.  Hen- 
ry II.  Cage  and  Mr.  anil  Mrs.  Charles  (  ',. 
lla-kin. 

Dr.  Jones,  the  pa-tor,  stated  that 
he  had  nominated,  and  Presiding  Kldcr 
Tnic-dcll  hail  approved,  the  folloxving 
gentlemen  for  Trustees  of  the  new 
church:  II.  I'..  Ilurd.  \\  .  II.  Jones.  I ). 
11.  Dewey.  J.  \\.  Kirk.  J.  J.  Shutterly.  II. 
II.  Cage.  I-'.  1'.  Crandon.  D.  R.  Dychc  and 
C.  C.  lla-kin. 

The  meeting  was  organixed  by  the  elec- 
tion of  II.  I'..  Ilurd.  Chairman,  and  C.  <  1. 
I  laskin.  Secretarv:  the  name  of  the 
church  was  declared  to  be  Knimanuei 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Evans- 
ton  the  persons  above  named  xvere  elect- 
ed the  first  Hoard  of  Trustees:  and  the 
secretary  xvas  directed  to  file  a  certificate 
of  organization  in  the  Recorder's  office  of 
Cook  Count  v.  At  a  regular  meeting  of 


LI  iRAHY 

0!    i  HE 
y,*i»tnohV  UF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


the  trustees,  held  June  131)1,  the  following 
officers  were  elected :  H.  B.  Hurd,  Presi- 
dent; C.  G.  Haskin,  Secretary,  and  D.  B. 
Dewey,  Treasurer.  The  secretary's  com- 
munication further  stated  that  the  site 
selected  for  the  erection  of  the  church 
building-,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Green- 
wood Boulevard  and  Oak  Avenue,  has  a 
frontage  of  seventy  feet  on  Greenwood 
Boulevard  and  214  feet  on  Oak  Avenue; 
that  it  was  bought  in  two  parcels,  the 
total  purchase  price  being  $11,500,  all  of 
which  had  been  paid,  and  the  title  placed 
in  Emmanuel  M.  E.  Church ;  that  it  was 
proposed  to  erect  a  church  edifice  to  cost, 
when  finished  and  furnished,  about  $35.- 
ooo,  which,  with  the  cost  of  the  lot  —  less 
the  sale  of  old  buildings  to  be  credited — 
would  make  an  investment  of  about  $45,- 
ooo;  the  seating  capacity  of  this  church  to 
be  about  600,  with  a  Sunday  school  room 
ample  for  all  needs  for  several  years  to 
come. 

The  first  Stewards  of  Emmanuel  Church 
were:  H.  B.  Hurd,  \V.  H.  Jones,  R.  B. 
McMullen,  S.  A.  Kean,  J.  J.  Shutterly, 
C.  O.  Boring,  George  S.  Baker,  John  Free- 
man and  George  A.  Bass.  C.  O.  Boring 
was  the  first  Sunday  School  Superinten- 
dent. Of  the  first  Board  of  Trustees 
Messrs.  Gage,  Crandon,  and  Dyche  were 
members  of  the  First  M.  E.  Church. 

In  October,  1890,  Rev.  Sylvester  F. 
Jones  was  appointed  the  first  pastor  of 
Emmanuel  Church.  During  the  construc- 
tion of  the  church  edifice  the  society  wor- 
shiped in  the  building  on  (West)  Davis 
Street,  formerly  occupied  by  St.  Mark's 
Episcopal  Church. 

The  church  building  was  finished  and 
dedicated  in  August,  1892.  The  total  cost 
of  the  property  was  $80,000.  Doctor 
Jones  served  as  pastor  three  years  and 
was  succeeded,  October,  1893,  by  Rev.  C. 
A.  Van  Anda,  who  remained  one  year. 


From  October,  1894,  to  October,  1895,  the 
pulpit  was  supplied  by  Rev.  S.  J.  Herben 
and  Rev.  M.  S.  Terry,  D.  D.  October, 
1895,  Rev.  X.  M.  Waters  was  appointed 
pastor  and  remained  four  years.  Rev.  W. 
O.  Shepherd  was  pastor  from  October, 
1899,  to  October,  1901 ;  Rev.  W.  E.  Mc- 
Lennan, from  October,  1901,  to  October, 
1903,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  F.  S. 
Rockwell,  the  present  pastor. 

The  present  officers  of  the  church 
(1905)  are: 

Trustees. — H.  B.  Hurd  (now  deceased)  ; 
W.  H.  Jones,  W.  O.  Dean,  Dr.  W.  R. 
Parkes.  M.  L.  Record,  L.  M.  Sawyer.  C.  S. 
Graves,  S.  J.  Llewellyn,  J.  L.  Whitlock: 
Stewards — J.  M.  Barnes.  C.  O.  Boring,  W. 
L.  Boettcher,  G.  J.  Dart,  G.  W.  Eddy,  G. 
X.  Friend,  J.  P.  Grier.  J.  C.  Turner,  S.  R. 
Winchell.  J.  L.  Whitlock.  E.  R.  Prickett, 
J.  S.  Crosby;  Sunday  School  Superinten- 
dent— W.  A.  Burch;  President  Epworth 
League — II.  H.  Young. 


FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH 

(By  KKV.  B.  A.  ORKKNE,  D.  D.) 

Those  interested  in  forming  a  Baptist 
church  in  Evanston  met  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Xorthwestern  University  April  24, 
1858.  Mr.  E.  H.  Mulford  was  elected 
moderator  and  Moses  Danby  clerk.  "Ar- 
ticles of  Faith  and  Practice"  were  adopted, 
and  it  was  voted  to  call  the  church  "The 
Evanston  Baptist  Church."  The  six  con- 
stituent members  were :  E.  H.  Mulford, 
Rebecca  Mulford,  Francis  M.  Iglehart, 
Judith  W.  Burroughs,  Rebecca  Wester- 
field  and  Moses  Danby. 

For  two  years  previous  to  this  time 
Mrs.  Francis  Iglehart  had  been  the  leader 
in  Sunday  school  work  in  the  vicinity  of 
Oakton.  Her  leadership,  at  this  earlv 
stage,  and  her  hearty,  generous,  contin- 


352 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


ued  helpfulness  afterward,  made  her  the 
mother  of  the  Baptist  interest  in  the  city. 
A  marble  tablet  may  be  seen  in  the  pres- 
ent church  edifice  commemorating  her 
conspicuous  fidelity. 

A  council  for  the  recognition  of  the 
church  was  held  April  291)1  in  the  Metho- 
dist church.  Five  churches  in  Chicago 
and  the  church  in  Waukegan  were  repre- 
sented by  delegates.  Dr.  \V.  G.  Howard, 
pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  Chi- 
cago, was  elected  moderator.  E.  H.  Mul- 
ford  stated  that  a  lot  worth  $600,  on  the 
northeast  corner  of  Hinman  Avenue  and 
Church  Street,  had  been  given  to  them 
by  the  Northwestern  University,  and  the 
Trustees  had  further  given  the  use  of 
their  chapel  until  a  new  house  of  worship 
should  be  built.  This  surely  was  very 
generous  help  from  Methodist  friends. 
Those  who  participated  in  the  recogni- 
tion were:  Rev.  Dr.  Foster,  President  of 
Northwestern  University,  who  read  the 
scripture ;  Prof.  Goodman  offered  the 
prayer;  Dr.  Howard  preached  the  ser- 
mon ;  Rev.  A.  J.  Joslyn,  of  Union  Park 
Church,  gave  the  charge  to  the  church ; 
Rev.  A.  Kenyon,  of  the  Berean  Church, 
offered  the  closing  prayer  and  pronounced 
the  benediction. 

At  a  business  meeting,  on  May  6,  1858, 
the  following  were  elected  Trustees  of 
the  church:  X.  P.  Iglehart,  President; 
E.  H.  Mulford,  James  Sudlam,  Moses 
Danby  and  Mr.  Trumbull.  A  month  later, 
at  a  church  meeting,  the  following  were 
received  for  baptism,  and  the  next  clay, 
June  6th,  were  baptized  in  the  lake  :  Isaac 
Burroughs,  Betsy  Burroughs,  Almina 
Burroughs  and  Hannah  Newell.  This 
month,  also,  the  church  was  admitted  to 
the  Fox  River  Baptist  Association,  held 
at  Plainfield,  having  sent  as  delegates  F. 
M.  Iglehart  and  E.  H.  Mulford. 

The  church,  although  small,  seemed  to 


be  well  started  and  entering  upon  a  career 
of  organic  and  spiritual  life.  But  it  was 
very  soon  found  that  they  must  pass 
through  a  stage  of  struggle  and  disap- 
pointment. The  preaching  service  was 
irregular.  Supplies  for  the  pulpit  came 
sometimes  from  neighboring  churches 
and  sometimes  from  the  University.  The 
next  year,  1859,  when  four  of  their  most 
active  members  were  temporarily  absent, 
the  church  became  discouraged,  and  voted 
in  July  "to  suspend  further  efforts  toward 
erecting  a  building  for  the  church,  and 
also  to  give  up  public  worship  for  the 
present."  However,  social  gatherings  and 
prayer  meetings  continued  to  be  held,  and 
so  they  were  kept  together  in  sorrowing 
hope  until  the  next  spring.  They  had 
given  up  the  use  of  the  chapel,  and  the 
Congregational  people  occupied  it.  In 
the  meantime  Mr.  Iglehart  had  erected  a 
building,  twenty  by  thirty  feet,  on  their 
home  lot  at  Oakton,  near  what  is  now 
Ridge  Avenue  and  Oakton  Street.  This 
building  was  put  up  for  a  billiard  room,  but 
was  christened  instead  as  "Oakton 
Chapel."  and  here  public  services  were 
resumed. 

Rev.  Ira  E.  Kenney  began  his  pastorate 
March  n,  1860.  In  August  of  that  year, 
as  the  Congregationalists  had  given  up 
their  service  in  the  University  chapel,  it 
was  voted  to  hold  a  four  o'clock  service 
there  and  have  an  evening  prayer  meeting 
at  Oakton.  In  their  letter  to  the  Fox 
River  Association,  this  year,  they  report 
fourteen  members,  $460  raised  for  ex- 
penses and  benevolence,  a  sewing  society 
and  sociable  every  other  Friday  after- 
noon and  evening,  a  sewing  society 
for  little  misses  every  Saturday  afternoon, 
and  that  scholars  in  the  Bible  school  learn 
ten  verses  each,  every  Sabbath.  In  1861 
they  left  Oakton  Chapel  and  worshipped 
in  the  schoolhouse  near  bv:  and,  for  a 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


353 


while,  they  had  preaching  only  once  a 
month.  Mr.  Kenney  closed  his  pastorate 
March  9,  1862,  having  accepted  a  call  from 
Niles,  Mich. 

Rev.  J.  S.  Mahan  was  then  called  to  the 
pastorate  from  Waukegan.  May  4,  1862. 
The  compensation  was  not  flattering — 
"$2.50  to  $3.00  every  two  weeks."  He 
preached  his  farewell  sermon  October 
iQth  of  that  year.  Preaching  service  was 
again  suspended.  Prayer  meetings  were 
kept  up  for  a  while,  but  the  records  say  that, 
as  Mrs.  Iglehart  and  family  removed  tem- 
porarily to  Chicago  in  the  winter  of  1863- 
64,  all  preaching  and  prayer-meetings 
were  suspended  until  the  family  should 
return.  The  Civil  War  had  its  depressing 
effect,  not  only  on  business  life,  but  upon 
social  and  religious  life  as  well. 

The  next  spring  there  was  a  concerted 
movement  on  the  part  of  the  members 
and  of  friends  in  the  city  to  get  the  church 
into  such  condition  as  to  receive  those 
who  had  moved  out  from  Chicago. 
Thomas  Goodman,  of  the  Union  Park 
Church,  and  afterward  editor  of  The 
Standard,  the  Baptist  denominational 
paper  of  the  Northwest,  was  a  leader  in 
the  advisory  work.  A  meeting  was  held 
in  June.  Minor  matters  in  the  "Articles 
of  Faith"  were  corrected.  A  proper  record 
was  made  of  the  former  election  of  E.  H. 
Mulford  as  deacon.  Then,  ten  persons 
were  received  into  membership.  S.  E. 
Jackson,  who  had  served  as  clerk  since 
1860,  resigned,  and  A.  W.  Ford  took  his 
place.  The  latter  soon  moved  to  Free- 
port  and,  October  2oth,  J.  N.  YVhidden 
became  clerk.  Thomas  Goodman  and  J. 
N.  \Yhidden  were  elected  deacons.  "The 
Evanston  Baptist  Society"  was  consti- 
tuted, and  the  following  trustees  elected : 
B.  F.  Johnson,  Richard  Somers,  James 
Maclay,  Riley  M.  Graves,  John  Clough 
and  I.  P.  Iglehart.  Their  report  to  the 


Association,  in  June,  1865,  begins  with 
this  sentence :  "Our  long  night  of  anxiety 
has  passed,  and  the  full  light  of  a  new 
and,  we  trust,  a  better  day  has  dawned." 
They  received  twenty-six  by  letter  and 
had  dedicated  their  new  house  of  worship, 
costing  $6.500,  free  of  debt.  Many  friends 
from  Chicago  came  February  16,  1865, 
and  Dr.  Everts,  pastor  of  the  First  Bap- 
tist Church,  of  that  city,  preached  the 
sermon.  The  next  Sunday,  February  igth, 
after  Dr.  Tiffany  preached  in  the  after- 
noon, the  entire  indebtedness  was  pro- 
vided for.  Rev.  X.  Sheppard  was  en- 
gaged to  preach  once  on  the  Sabbath  until 
further  arrangement  could  be  made,  and 
his  pay  was  to  be  $10  per  Sabbath. 

June  28,  1865,  William  J.  Leonard  was 
called  to  be  pastor,  at  a  salary  of  $1,000. 
He  was  young  and  unmarried.  He  was 
ordained  in  the  church  September  7th. 
Dr.  E.  J.  Goodspeed  preached  the  sermon, 
Dr.  J.  C.  Burroughs  offered  the  ordaining 
prayer,  Dr.  Raymond,  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  gave  the  charge  to  the  candidate, 
and  Rev.  N.  Sheppard  the  charge  to  the 
church.  Previous  to  the  coming  of  the 
pastor,  on  July  i/th,  Theodore  Reese  was 
elected  treasurer,  L.  L.  Greenleaf  having 
resigned.  Riley  M.  Graves,  John  Clough 
and  John  Goebel  were  elected  deacons. 
During  this  pastorate  quite  a  number 
were  received  by  letter,  bringing  the 
membership  up  to  seventy-three.  There 
is  a  story  still  in  circulation,  which  used 
to  be  told  with  much  gusto,  as  throwing 
light  upon  customs  and  comments  behind 
the  scenes,  especially  touching  up  long- 
winded  parsons.  One  day  a  visiting 
clergyman,  stopping  with  the  pastor,  was 
asked  to  "say  grace"  at  the  table.  The 
pastor's  little  nephew  was  very  hungry, 
and,  after  he  had  waited  and  waited  for 
the  words  of  blessing  to  cease,  when  the 
"amen"  was  pronounced,  he  burst  forth, 


354 


EVAXSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


"Hocus-pokus,  what  a  long  prayer!"  A 
parsonage  was  built.  Messrs.  Greenleaf, 
Graves  and  Clough  advanced  the  required 
capital :  but,  as  the  church  became  finan- 
cially involved,  the  "so-called  parsonage" 
was  sold  in  the  same  year,  1867.  A  bap- 
tistry was  built  in  November  of  this  year. 
Mr.  Leonard's  pastorate  closed  in  Novem- 
ber, 1868,  amid  considerable  disturbance 
of  feeling.  He  was  a  man  of  intellectual 
ability,  generous  instincts  and  fine  taste, 
but  was  lacking  in  some  of  those  tactful 
qualities  so  essential  in  a  struggling 
church. 

It  is  to  be  noted  here  that,  on  Thurs- 
day evening,  August  18,  1868.  Theodore 
Reese  was  elected  clerk,  and.  for  the  next 
seven  years,  served  faithfully.  He  had 
been  immediately  preceded  in  short  terms 
by  J.  R.  Hearsey  and  J.  W.  P.  Hovey. 

In  January,  1869.  Dr.  M.  G.  Clark,  a  re- 
tired minister  living  in  Chicago,  began 
preaching.  His  services  proved  so  ac- 
ceptable, tending  to  restore  harmony  in 
the  church,  that  he  was  given  a  unani- 
mous call,  at  a  salary  of  $1,500.  He  was 
a  strong  man  and  received  into  the 
church,  in  the  next  two  years,  about 
eighty  persons.  The  Trustees  at  this 
time  were:  John  Clough.  Andrew  Shu- 
rnan,  H.  C.  Tillinghast,  R.  S.  King,  R.  M. 
Graves,  C.  F.  Grey.  J.  \V.  P.  Hovey  and 
E.  R.  Paul.  The  Treasurer  was  Towner 
K.  Webster.  During  this  pastorate  "The 
Xew  Hampshire  Articles  of  Faith"  were 
adopted  by  the  church,  in  place  of  those 
which  had  given  trouble  in  earlier  days. 
The  trouble  was  verbal  and  of  minor 
character,  rather  than  theological.  There 
was  feeling  on  the  part  of  some  that  the 
pews  should  be  free:  but  they  voted,  Jan- 
uary 10,  1870,  to  rent  them  as  before,  and 
Mr.  C.  F.  Grey  was  made  chairman  of 
the  committee  to  solicit  the  renting  of 
them.  In  February  of  that  year  it  was 


voted  to  have  a  covenant  meeting  both 
afternoon  and  evening.  In  May,  1870, 
they  reported  a  membership  of  105 — 
twenty-three  having  recently  been  bap- 
tized ;  $3,200  for  home  expenses  and  be- 
nevolence, and  the  Bible  school  was  sup- 
porting two  native  Garo  preachers  in  Bur- 
mah,  and  members  were  working  in  four 
mission  schools. 

Dr.  Clark  befriended  the  janitor  of  the 
church,  a  colored  man,  because  he  was 
shamefully  abused,  and,  on  that  account, 
came  near  being  mobbed  by  the  "hood- 
lum element."  His  friends  shielded  him, 
and  his  enemies  were  afterward  ashamed 
of  their  folly.  Dr.  Clark's  wife  was  edi- 
tor of  "The  Mother's  Journal."  He  re- 
signed in  March,  1871,  to  become  district 
secretary  of  the  Home  Mission  Society 
in  the  State  of  Xew  York. 

On  Sunday,  May  28,  1871,  a  unanimous 
call  was  extended  to  Rev.  F.  S.  Chapell,  of 
Middletown,  Ohio,  at  a  salary  of  $2,500. 
This  double  fact  of  unanimity  and  of 
large  increase  in  salary  shows  advance. 
And,  within  a  week,  they  entertained  the 
Fox  River  Association  for  three  days. 

Mr.  Chapell  began  work  July  2d.  The 
church  now  entered  upon  longer  pastor- 
ates and  larger  activity.  They  decided 
upon  quarterly  business  meetings,  ap- 
pointed a  committee  on  music  and  se- 
lected a  new  hymn-book.  Within  a  year 
they  decided  to  secure  a  more  central  lo- 
cation and  fixed  upon  the  lot  now  occu- 
pied, the  northwest  corner  of  Chicago 
Avenue  and  Lake  Street.  The  price  of 
the  lot  was  $6.000.  C.  F.  Grey,  C.  E. 
Brown.  H.  C.  Tillinghast,  W.  C.  Clark, 
A.  S.  Shuman  were  appointed  a  commit- 
tee to  have  charge  of  building  the  new 
house.  The  last  service  on  Hinman  Ave- 
nue was  held  August  18,  1872.  The  next 
four  Sundays  they  occupied  "Lyons' 
Hall."  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  little 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


355 


wooden  church  had  been  moved  and  lo- 
cated on  the  rear  of  the  new  lot.  There 
the  congregation  worshiped  until  the 
present  brick  church  was  finished,  in  No- 
vember, 1872. 

Sunday  evening,  November  3,  1872,  a 
crowd  of  people  had  come  to  hear  one  of 
a  series  of  sermons  for  the  young  and  to 
witness  a  baptism.  Just  as  the  pastor  be- 
gan preaching  "nearly  half  of  the  floor 
gave  way  and  precipitated  the  congrega- 
tion into  the  basement,  about  nine  feet 
below."  None  were  seriously  injured. 
Xathan  Branch,  a  highly  esteemed  col- 
ored brother  of  the  church,  was  sitting  in 
a  pew  that  was  fastened  to  the  side  of 
the  building.  When  he  felt  the  floor  giv- 
ing way,  and  glanced  at  the  confusion 
below,  he  leaped  to  a  window-sill  from 
his  lofty  perch  and  plunged  through  the 
window,  breaking  sash  and  glass.  He 
came  around  to  the  treasurer  the  next 
morning  and  offered  to  pay  the  damage. 

Sunday,  April  27,  1873,  the  fifteenth  an- 
niversary of  the  church  was  celebrated. 
The  pastor  preached  a  historical  sermon 
in  the  morning  and  Rev.  Dr.  W.  W. 
Everts  preached  in  the  evening.  During 
the  day  the  sum  of  $19,400  was  subscribed 
for  the  new  church. 

In  June,  1874,  Riley  M.  Graves  and 
four  others  were  dismissed,  to  help  form 
a  new  Baptist  church  at  Winnetka.  The 
church  was  organized,  but  it  did  not  con- 
tinue long,  as  the  leaders  in  the  work  soon 
left  the  village. 

In  December  of  this  year  the  church 
adopted  revised  and  elaborated  "Rules 
of  Order"  for  the  church,  and  also  a  "Con- 
stitution of  the  Bible  School."  A  finan- 
cial report  for  the  year  1874  shows 
$3.714.32  received  and  $3,305.35  expended, 
with  $178  for  benevolence.  The  follow- 
ing officers  were  elected  for  the  year  1875  : 
Deacons:  E.  H.  Mulford,  James  B.  Van 


Buren,  John  Goebel,  H.  C.  Tillinghast.  F. 
S.  Belden,  C.  H.  Rudd  and  S.  Harbert. 
Trustees:  C.  F.  Grey,  C.  F.  Brown,  D.  F. 
Keeney,  R.  S.  King,  John  Goebel,  An- 
drew Shuman  and  E.  R.  Paul ;  Clerk,  The- 
odore Reese :  Treasurer,  George  D. 
Mosely.  Finance  Committee :  D.  B. 
Dewey,  George  D.  Mosely,  C.  F.  Grey. 
Francis  B.  Belden  and  H.  C.  Tillinghast. 

February  17,  1875.  the  church  was  re- 
incorporated  "under  and  by  virtue  of  Sec- 
tion 44  of  an  Act  concerning  corpora- 
tions, approved  April  18,  1872,"  and  the 
corporate  name  adopted  was  "First  Bap- 
tist Church  of  Evanston."  In  March  of 
this  year  fourteen  names  were  dropped 
from  the  roll  of  membership.  In  June  it 
was  voted  to  establish  three  mission 
schools,  the  financial  obligation  of  the 
church  not  to  exceed  $150  per  annum. 
John  Goebel  was  elected  superintendent 
of  the  South  Mission.  F.  S.  Belden  of  the 
North  Mission,  and  C.  H.  Rudd  of  the 
West  Mission.  The  latter  was  the  more 
successful,  and  brought  a  number  of  mem- 
bers to  the  church  afterward.  In  July 
letters  were  granted  to  J.  G.  Westerfield 
and  three  others,  to  help  form  a  new 
church  in  Wilmette ;  but  this  movement, 
like  the  one  in  Winnetka,  was  short- 
lived. It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  church 
was  feeling  the  vigor  of  growing  life. 
They  had  business  enterprise.  They 
could  clear  the  decks  for  effective  action, 
and  they  had  the  missionary  zeal  to  reach 
out  into  the  surrounding  regions.  In  No- 
vember, 1875,  N.  L.  Stow  was  elected 
clerk  of  the  church,  and  has  served  with 
conscientious,  painstaking  fidelity  up  to 
the  present  time,  a  period  of  twenty-seven 
years. 

The  building  of  the  new  church  pro- 
gressed rather  slowly,  on  account  of  the 
hard  times.  A  loan  of  $10,000  was  se- 
cured in  June,  1875,  to  pay  off  the  float- 


356 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


ing  debt  and  for  completing  the  church. 
N.  L.  Stow,  in  his  address  at  the  fortieth 
anniversary,  has  this  to  say  of  the  con- 
dition of  things :  "The  foundation  for  the 
new  building  was  laid  in  the  autumn  of 
1873.  The  panic  of  these  years  caused 
the  work  to  drag  slowly,  and  two  years 
went  by  before  we  saw  the  completion. 
The  building  committee  had  so  attended 
to  the  main  work,  the  ladies  to  the  fur- 
nishing and  the  pastor  to  the  bell,  that 
the  house  was  very  complete ;  the  spire 
being  finished,  the  entire  floor  carpeted 
and  the  seats  cushioned.  It  was  a  beau- 
tiful day  —  this  Sabbath,  the  2ist  of  No- 
vember, 1875.  A  large  congregation  as- 
sembled, morning,  afternoon  and  evening. 
Dr.  Everts  preached  in  the  morning.  The 
afternoon  service  was  a  children's  service, 
H.  C.  Tillinghast,  the  superintendent, 
having  charge.  Other  schools  of  the  vil- 
lage were  represented.  Rev.  Mr.  Pack- 
ard, of  the  Congregationalist  Church ; 
Rev.  Dr.  Noyes,  of  the  Presbyterian,  and 
Prof.  Hemenway,  of  the  Methodist, 
gave  addresses.  Col.  Fairman,  the  artist, 
made  the  closing  speech.  Dr.  Northrop, 
President  of  the  Chicago  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  preached  in  the  even- 
ing. The  subscriptions  this  day  amounted 
to  $14,000.  The  bell  was  made  especially 
for  the  church.  The  motto  cast  in  the 
metal  was  selected  by  the  pastor,  and  is 
as  follows :  "Gather  the  people  together, 
men  and  women  and  children,  and  thy 
stranger  that  is  within  thy  gates,  that 
they  may  hear  and  that  they  may  learn 
and  fear  the  Lord  your  God."  Many  sub- 
scriptions were  made  by  citizens  outside 
the  church,  that  Evanston  might  have  at 
least  one  church  bell  centrally  located. 
The  building  cost  $31,000.  which,  added  to 
the  cost  of  lot,  bell  and  furnishing,  made 
a  total  of  $40,000.  Mrs.  Rebecca  J.  Mul- 
ford,  wife  of  Major  E.  H.  Mulford,  re- 


membered the  church  generously  in  her 
will ;  and  her  name,  in  memory  of  her 
devout  character,  was  placed  in  one  of 
the  windows  beside  the  appropriate  em- 
blem of  a  sheaf  of  ripe  wheat. 

It  was  a  large  undertaking  to  keep  up 
the  running  expenses  and  meet  the  matur- 
ing obligations  involved  in  the  new  con- 
struction. Heavy  lifting  there  was  on  the 
part  of  many ;  but  in  March  of  the  fol- 
lowing year,  1876,  the  auditing  committee 
insert  this  statement  in  their  report  with 
regard  to  H.  C.  Tillinghast: 

"We  find  that,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
cares  incident  to  the  position  as  Treas- 
urer and  Chairman  of  the  Building  Com- 
mittee, rather  than  see  the  work  stop,  he 
has  loaned  his  own  individual  credit,  giv- 
ing his  notes,  endorsing  subscription 
notes  to  make  them  negotiable,  advancing 
money  when  the  funds  of  the  church  were 
low,  and  at  the  present  time,  the  church 
is  indebted  to  him  over  $1,400.  We  owe 
Brother  Tillinghast  a  lasting  debt  of  grat- 
itude and  that  some  acknowledgment  of 
these  services  be  placed  on  record." 

Record  is  made  July  4,  1876,  that  the 
new  bell  was  consecrated  to  patriotic  ser- 
vice by  being  rung  thirty  minutes  at  sun- 
rise, noon  and  sunset.  Ivy  was  also 
planted  at  the  south  of  the  spire.  The 
church  contributed  to  the  new  Moody 
movement  in  Chicago.  Thursday,  No- 
vember gth,  of  this  year,  a  large  social 
gathering  met  at  the  pastor's  house,  to 
celebrate  his  fortieth  birthday  by  giving 
him  a  set  of  "Johnson's  Encyclopedia." 

In  December.  1877,  Pastor  Chapell  ten- 
dered his  resignation  to  take  effect  the 
following  July.  He  felt  it  was  impossible 
for  the  church  to  keep  up  his  salary ;  that 
the  pastorate  was  already  as  long  as  the 
average,  and  a  change  might  be  beneficial 
to  the  health  of  his  family.  He  had 
wrought  a  noble  work,  and  there  was  the 


KYAXSTOX  CHURCH    HISTORY 


ing  debt  and  for  completing  the  church. 
X.  I..  Stow,  in  his  address  ;it  the  fortieth 
anniversary,  has  this  to  say  of  the  con- 
dition of  tilings:  "The  foundation  for  the 
new  building  was  laid  in  the  autumn  of 
187.5-  Tile  panic  of  these  years  caused 
the  work  to  dray  slowly,  and  two  years 
went  I iy  before  we  saw  I  lie  completion. 
The  building*  committee  had  >o  attended 
to  the  main  work,  the  ladies  to  the  fur- 
nishing and  the  pastor  to  the  bell,  that 
the  house  was  verv  complete;  the  spire 
being  finished,  the  entire  tloi.>r  carpeted 
and  the  seats  cushioned.  It  was  a  beau- 
tiful day  --  this  Sabbath,  the  Jlst  of  Xo- 
vember.  1875.  A  large  congregation  a-- 
sembled.  morning,  afternoon  and  evening. 
Dr.  Inverts  preached  in  the  morning.  The 
afternoon  service  was  a  children's  service. 
H.  (.'.  Tillinghast.  the  Mipcrintcndent, 
having  charge.  Other  schools  of  the  vil- 
lage were  represented.  Rev.  Mr.  Pack- 
ard, of  the  C'ongregationalist  Church : 
Rev.  Dr.  Xoycs,  of  the  Presbyterian,  and 
Prof.  llcmenua).  of  the  Methodist, 
ga\e  addresses.  Col.  [-'airman,  the  artist, 
made  the  closing  speech.  Dr.  Xorthrop. 
PfVsiilvnt  ol  ihe  Chicago  P>apti>t  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  preached  in  the  even- 
ing. The  subscriptions  this  day  amounted 
to  Sl4.<xjo.  The  bell  was  made  especially 
for  the  church.  The  motto  cast  in  the 
metal  was  selected  bv  the  pastor,  and  is 
as  follows:  "(lather  the  people  together, 
men  and  women  and  children,  and  thy 
stranger  that  is  within  thy  gates,  that 
they  may  hear  and  that  they  may  learn 
and  fear  the  Lord  your  ( iod."  Many  sub- 
scriptions were  made  by  citi/cns  outside 
the  church,  that  Lvanstou  might  have  at 
least  one  church  bell  centrally  located. 
The  building  cost  S^i.txm.  which,  added  to 
the  cost  of  lot,  bell  and  furnishing,  made 
a  total  of  $40,000.  Mrs.  Rebecca  J.  Mttl- 
ford,  wile  of  Major  I'..  II.  Mulford,  re- 


membered the  church  gcnerouslv  in  her 
will:  and  her  name,  in  memory  of  her 
devout  character,  was  placed  in  one  of 
the  windows  beside  the  appropriate  em- 
blem of  a  sheaf  of  ripe  wheat. 

It  was  a  large  undertaking  to  keep  up 
the  running  expenses  and  meet  the  matur- 
ing obligations  involved  in  the  new  con- 
struction. Heavy  lilting  there  was  on  the 
part  of  many:  but  in  March  of  the  fo!- 
Icwing  year.  1876.  the  auditing  committee 
insert  this  statement  in  their  report  with 
regard  !•>  II.  C.  Tillinghast: 

"\Ve  find  that,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
cares  incident  to  the  position  as  Treas- 
urer and  Chairman  of  the  P.uilding  Com- 
mittee, rather  than  see  the  work  stop,  he 
has  loaned  his  own  individual  credit,  giv- 
ing hi-  notes,  endorsing  subscription 
rotes  to  nrike  them  negotiable,  advancing 
money  when  the  funds  of  the  church  were 
low.  and  at  the  present  time,  the  church 
is  indebted  to  him  over  $1.41x1.  \\  e  owe 
I'rother  Tillinghast  a  lasting  debt  of  grat- 
itude and  that  some  acknowledgment  of 
these  ser\ices  be  placed  on  record." 

Record  is  made  July  4.  1876,  that  tin- 
new  bell  was  consecrated  to  patriotic  ser- 
vice by  being  rung  thirty  minutes  at  sun- 
rise, noon  and  sun-et.  Ivy  was  also 
planted  at  the  south  of  the  spire.  The 
church  contributed  to  the  new  Moody 
movement  in  Chicago.  Thursday.  Xo- 
vcmber  <jth.  "f  this  year,  a  large  social 
gathering  met  at  the  pastor's  house,  to 
celebrate  his  fortieth  birthday  by  giving 
him  a  set  of  "Johnson's  Lncyclopcdia." 

In  December.  1X77.  Pastor  Chapcll  ten- 
dered his  resignation  to  take  ettect  the 
following  |ui\.  lie  felt  it  was  impossible 
for  the  church  to  keep  tip  his  salary:  that 
the  pastorate  was  already  as  long  as  the 
average,  and  a  change  might  be  beneficial 
to  the  health  of  his  family.  He  had 
wrought  a  noble  work,  and  there  was  the 


.     ;nv 

OF   fHE 
MWVI     ,-jr  OF  ILLIKOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


357 


best  of  feeling  in  the  separation.  Reso- 
lutions were  spread  upon  the  records, 
affirming  that  it  was  through  the  pastor's 
pulpit  ability,  his  zeal  and  consecration, 
that  the  church  had  come  to  its  present 
state  of  growth.  He  was  devout  and  at 
the  same  time  practical.  He  believed  in 
attending  to  details  and  statistics  and 
discipline.  He  was  untiring  in  labors 
and,  during  the  last  year,  acted  as  Super- 
intendent of  the  Bible  school.  During 
"the  seven  years  of  his  pastorate  he 
preached  684  sermons,  conducted  535  de- 
votional meetings,  married  34  couples, 
attended  66  funerals,  baptized  83,  received 
into  the  church  204,  and  there  has  been 
raised  in  money  $53,250.  He  went  to 
Janesville,  Wisconsin. 

It  is  very  evident  from  the  report  of  the 
Trustees,  the  December  following,  that 
the  church  was  passing  through  financial 
straits,  owing  to  the  loss  of  several  val- 
uable members  and  the  general  business 
depression.  When  overtures  were  made 
to  Rev.  Mr.  Custis,  of  Chicago,  to  become 
pastor,  he  felt  that  he  could  not  come  for 
less  than  $2,000.  That  salary  they  could 
not  then  pay.  March  31,  1879,  a  unanimous 
call  was  extended  to  Rev.  George  R. 
Pierce  of  Oneida,  N.  Y.,  at  a  salary  of 
$100  per  month.  He  accepted  April  8th, 
and  immediately  entered  upon  his  work. 
Nothing  unusual  marked  the  early  part  of 
his  pastorate.  July  2yth  the  records  state : 
"Service  this  morning  was  made  more 
than  usually  interesting,  because  of  the 
first  introduction  of  a  quartette  choir." 
The  pew  question  came  up  for  consider- 
ation, and  the  evening  preaching  service 
was  repeatedly  discussed  and  voted  upon, 
while  the  church,  exercising  the  usual 
Baptist  prerogative,  instructed  the  Trus- 
tees not  to  order  any  "further  collection 
to  be  taken,  unless  the  matter  be  first 
submitted  to  the  church."  At  the  opening 


of  the  second  year  the  pastor's  salary  was 
raised  to  $1,300  per  annum,  and,  a  little 
later,  he  was  granted  a  vacation  of  five 
weeks.  During  the  year  1880,  the  Eddy 
mortgage  of  $10,000  became  due.  It  was 
arranged  to  pay  $1,000  by  November  ist 
and  let  the  remaining  $9,000  run  until 
May,  1885,  at  7  per  cent  interest — it  being 
understood  that  the  church  could,  at  any 
time,  pay  any  portion  of  the  principal.  On 
November  28th  of  that  year  Mr.  Kimball, 
of  Chicago,  spent  the  day  trying  to  raise 
the  entire  debt.  In  the  morning  $6,000 
were  subscribed  and  in  the  evening  $1.000. 
In  order  to  raise  25  per  cent  more,  a  com- 
mittee of  ladies  was  appointed  to  solicit 
help  from  every  individual.  These  ladies 
were:  Mrs.  Goebel,  Mrs.  Craine,  Mrs. 
Somers  and  Miss  Sarah  Webster.  But 
not  until  March,  1883,  was  there  recorded 
any  special  reduction  of  the  debt.  Then, 
by  the  aid  of  R.  S.  King's  bequest  of 
$5,000,  the  bonded  debt  was  reduced  to 
$3.000,  and  the  interest  to  the  rate  of 
6  per  cent  per  annum-  An  amended  and 
revised  constitution  for  the  Bible  school 
was  reported  by  J.  W.  Thompson,  and 
this  was  adopted  April  18,  1881.  Novem- 
ber 15,  1882,  Nathan  Branch  and  nine 
other  persons  were  dismissed  to  become 
constituent  members  of  the  First  Colored 
Baptist  Church  to  be  organized  in  Evan- 
ston. 

March  19.  1883,  Pastor  Pierce  resigned, 
stating  as  his  reason  that  "general  dissat- 
isfaction has  sprung  up  in  the  minds  of 
the  members  of  the  church."  A  week 
from  that  time  the  resignation  was  ac- 
cepted by  a  vote  of  29  to  16,  the  resigna- 
tion to  take  effect  September  3Oth. 

Sunday,  April  22d,  they  began  celebrat- 
ing the  twenty-fifth  anniversary.  Dr.  Wil- 
liam M.  Lawrence,  of  the  Second  Church 
of  Chicago,  preached  in  the  morning,  and 
Dr.  Anderson,  of  the  Chicago  University, 


358 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


in  the  evening.  In  the  afternoon  the 
pastor  gave  a  history  of  the  church  and 
read  letters  from  Rev.  W.  J.  Leonard  and 
Rev.  F.  Chapell,  former  pastors.  Two 
constituent  members  were  present,  Mrs. 
Iglehart  and  Mrs.  Burroughs.  On  the  fol- 
lowing Tuesday  evening,  in  response  to 
an  invitation,  many  friends  from  Chicago 
and  Evanston  rallied,  and,  after  listening 
to  the  pastor  in  a  brief  recital  of  church  his- 
tory and  short  addresses  from  Rev.  Mr. 
Burhoe.  Rev.  Mr.  McGregor  and  Dr.  Hat- 
field,  they  repaired  to  the  vestry  where 
bountiful  tables  awaited  them. 

At  the  quarterly  meeting,  June  25.  1883, 
the  motion  accepting  the  pastor's  resigna- 
tion was  rescinded  and  he  was  asked  to 
remain.  The  pastor  wished  time  for  con- 
sideration, but  finally  decided  that  he 
ir.ust  go.  There  was  considerable  feeling 
stirred,  and  D.  B.  Dewey  with  some 
others  withdrew  from  the  church.  This 
pastorate  ended  December  30,  1883-  Al- 
though 65  had  been  added  to  the  church 
in  the  four  years,  losses  had  made  the  net 
gain  only  three,  and  the  number  reported 
to  the  Association  the  next  year  showed  a 
net  loss  of  three. 

Rev.  Fred  Clatworthy,  of  Norwalk. 
Ohio,  was  given  a  unanimous  call,  Jan- 
uary 9.  1884.  This  call,  coming  as  it  did 
after  so  much  commotion,  and  with  an 
offer  of  $2.000  salary  ($500  of  it  to  be 
made  up  by  private  subscription),  when 
much  financial  strength  had  been  lost  to 
the  parish,  spoke  highly  of  the  church's 
regard  for  the  man.  This  esteem  was 
well  placed,  for,  beginning  March  1st.  he 
did  a  rare  work  in  settling  disturbed  con- 
ditions and  rallying  forces  for  the  begin- 
ning of  even  a  larger  prosperity  than  ever. 
The  work  began  with  revising  the  church 
rules  of  order  and  a  new  election  of  offi- 
cers. For  Deacons  they  elected  C.  H. 
Rudd,  A.  O.  Bassett  and  E.  S.  Turner; 


for  Trustees,  H.  C.  Tillinghast,  John  Goe- 
bel,  C.  F.  Grey,  J.  W.  Thompson,  L.  K. 
Gillson ;  for  Clerk,  N.  L.  Stow ;  for  Treas- 
urer, H.  G.  Grey;  for  Superintendent  of 
Bible  School,  J.  W.  Thompson. 

In  March,  T.  K.  Webster  reported  from 
the  Trustees  that  they  had  decided  to 
secure  the  income  for  the  church  from 
voluntary  offerings,  and,  in  April  of  the 
next  year,  they  reported  a  floating  debt  of 
$500  wiped  out,  the  additional  $500  for 
salary  met,  the  chapel  painted  and  dec- 
orated, a  good  choir  kept  up,  all  bills 
(aside  from  mortgage)  paid,  and  a  small 
balance  in  the  treasury.  The  amount  ex- 
pended this  year  was  $4.305.44.  There 
was  a  net  increase  in  membership  of  37 
making  a  total  of  198,  and  the  church  was 
thoroughly  united.  P.  N.  Fox  followed 
H.  G.  Grey  as  Treasurer,  while  James  E. 
Low  took  the  place  of  J.  \V.  Thompson  as 
Superintendent  of  the  Bible  School. 

May  6,  1885,  the  church  sent  delegates 
to  help  form  a  city  Mission  Society  in 
Chicago.  A  tablet  in  memory  of  the  wife 
of  Rufus  King  was  placed  on  the  east  wall 
of  the  church,  carrying  out  the  condition 
on  which  he  bequeathed  to  the  church  the 
$5.000,  before  referred  to. 

During  December,  1887.  a  new  organ, 
made  by  Steere  and  Turner,  was  placed  in 
the  church,  and  on  the  thirty-first  of  the 
month  a  concert  was  given  by  Mr.  Clar- 
ence Eddy  of  Chicago. 

May  5,  1889,  Mr.  Clatworthy  resigned 
to  go  to  the  church  in  Adrian,  Michigan. 
It  was  with  regret  that  the  resignation 
was  accepted,  for  "exceedingly  pleasant 
relations  characterized  the  pastorate." 
He  preached  his  farewell  sermon  June 
30th. 

During  his  pastorate  197  were  added 
to  the  church  roll  by  baptism  and  by  let- 
ter and,  the  total  membership  was  in- 
creased from  if<)  to  284. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


359 


Before  the  pastor  left  the  field,  a  com- 
mittee, of  which  J.  W.  Thompson  was 
chairman,  reported  in  favor  of  calling  Rev. 
H.  A.  Delano,  of  South  Xorvvalk,  Conn. 
It  was  with  the  hearty  endorsement  of 
the  retiring  pastor  that  this  was  done. 
Such  a  call  was  extended  June  13,  the  vote 
standing  54  to  19,  and  the  salary  to  be 
$2,000.  Mr.  Delano  accepted  July  1st,  and 
began  his  labors  September  I,  1889. 

The  work  started  in  a  prosperous  way. 
At  the  following  Easter  enough  money 
was  raised  to  close  up  the  old  year  and 
begin  the  new  year  "in  the  best  possible 
condition."  Treasurer  James  E.  Low, 
April  7,  1890,  reported  they  had  expended 
for  the  year  just  closed  $3,727,  and  there 
was  on  hand  $271.  There  was  an  in- 
creasing demand  for  pews  and  it  was  de- 
cided to  go  back  to  pew  rentals.  The 
church  building  was  equipped  for  electric 
lighting,  and  they  began  agitating  the 
question  of  a  new  chapel,  as  the  old  one 
was  in  bad  condition  and  not  at  all  in 
keeping  with  the  new  structure  in  front. 

In  September  of  the  following  year, 
1891,  Mr.  C.  F.  Grey  very  generously  of- 
fered "to  donate  towards  a  new  chapel, 
all  the  mason  and  carpenter  work,  with 
material  for  all  the  building,  except  the 
roof,  plumbing,  painting  and  finishing — 
provided  the  church  would  complete  the 
building  without  incurring  debt  in  so  do- 
ing." With  a  vote  of  hearty  thanks  to 
the  donor,  the  Trustees  were  authorized 
to  secure  plans  and  provide  for  the  addi- 
tional money  needed.  Plans  were  re- 
ported and  adopted  March  6,  1892,  and  on 
March  27,  at  the  close  of  the  sermon,  the 
amount  required  ($6.500)  was  very  nearly 
pledged  and  the  work  on  the  new  chapel 
began. 

The  last* service  in  the  old  chapel  was 
on  Sunday  evening,  June  12,  1892.  The 
new  chapel  was  first  occupied  Sunday, 


June  ii,  1893.  The  Bible  school  session 
was  first,  as  they  had  before  changed  the 
hour  of  the  school  from  12  m.  to  9:30 
a.  m.  The  service  was,  in  part,  an  instal- 
lation of  the  new  officers  and  in  part  a 
dedication.  The  morning  preaching  ser- 
vice was  also  held  here.  The  chapel  was 
solidly  built,  conveniently  arranged  and 
beautiful,  giving  completeness  to  the 
church  property.  Its  cost  reached  about 
$22,000. 

For  a  while,  previous  to  this,  the  mid- 
week prayer-meeting  was  held  in  "Union 
Hall."  The  Presbyterian  church  very 
kindly  offered  the  use  of  their  vestry. 
And  this  courtesy  was  reciprocated  when, 
in  1894,  the  Presbyterian  church  building 
was  burned.  They  were  invited  to  use 
the  Baptist  auditorium,  and  did  so  for  a 
while. 

Dr.  Delano's  salary  was  raised  twice, 
$500  at  a  time.  His  ministry  was  an  able 
one.  He  was  interested  in  public  affairs 
and  social  reforms,  and  was  everywhere  ac- 
ceptable as  a  platform  speaker.  His 
hearty,  companionable  way  won  him 
hosts  of  friends  in  the  community.  When 
his  resignation  came,  March  23,  1896.  to 
take  effect  May  1st.  it  was  with  great 
reluctance  his  friends  consented  to  have 
him  go.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  Belden 
Avenue  Baptist  church,  Chicago.  In  the 
seven  years  of  his  pastorate  the  church 
had  received  295  additions ;  but  removals 
had  been  so  frequent,  the  net  gain  was 
only  about  60,  leaving  a  membership  of 

354- 

During  the  following  year  the  pulpit 
was  supplied,  for  the  most  part,  by  Prof. 
Albion  \\r.  Small,  of  Chicago  University. 
He  preached  only  in  the  morning.  The 
evening  preaching  service,  which  had 
been  a  perplexing  problem  even  in  the 
hands  of  the  popular  pastor,  Dr.  Delano, 
was  suspended.  November  18,  1896,  a 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


unanimous  call  was  extended  to  Rev.  D. 
B.  Cheeney,  of  Racine,  but  he  did  not  feel 
justified  in  leaving  his  field. 

January  20,  i8(>7.  a  unanimous  call  was 
extended  to  15.  A.  Greene,  D.  D.,  of  Lynn, 
Massachusetts,  at  a  salary  of  $3,000.  The 
church  had  not  heard  him  preach,  neither 
had  he  known  the  church :  but  the  call 
was  given  on  the  strength  of  reports 
gained  from  many  sources  as  to  his  fit- 
ness for  the  place.  J.  \V.  Thompson  and 
J.  S.  Dickerson  were  selected  to  confer 
\\ith  the  man  of  their  choice.  Dr.  Greene 
accepted  and  began  work  March  2,  1897. 
The  last  nine  years  have  been  prosperous 
anil  harmonious.  There  have  been  290 
additions.  The  finances  have  been  gener- 
ously cared  for.  In  addition  to  pew 
rentals,  and  to  provide  beforehand  against 
deficiency,  it  is  a  custom  to  secure  pledges 
at  some  selected  morning  service.  Annual 
expenses  amount  to  about  $7,000 ;  be- 
nevolences, about  $3.000. 

The  church  has  adopted  as  its  own  the 
Delano  Mission,  corner  of  Maple  Avenue 
and  Foster  Street. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  officers  at  the 
present  time  (1906): 

Pastor — B.  A.  Greene,  D.  D. ;  Deacons 
— James  E.  Low,  J.  S.  Dickerson.  Peter 
Lemoi,  L.  K.  Gillson,  W.  G.  Sherer,  A.  M. 
X.immerman,  A.  E.  \Y right,  Rev.  M.  Bar- 
ker;  Trustees— J.  E.  Scott,  J.  \Y.  Low,  H. 
G.  Grey.  Dr.  D.  J.  Harris.  J.  H.  Mac- 
'  Gregor.  L.  R.  Wing,  J.  F.  Piersen :  Treas- 
urer— E.  R.  Gilmore  ;  Clerk — X.  L.  Stow: 
Uible  School  Officers — L.  A.  Trowbridge, 
Superintendent :  \\"m.  Hanchett.  Associate 
Superintendent :  Fred  Richards.  Secretary  ; 
J.  Q.  Adams.  Treasurer:  Women's  Socie- 
ties—Mrs H.  W.  Tate.  President  of  Wo- 
man's Aid  and  Home  Mission  Department ; 
Mrs.  W.  P.  F'arker,  President  of  Foreign 
Mission  Department :  Mrs  L  K.  Gillson, 
President  of  Home  Missions;  Young  Peo- 


ple's Society  (B.  Y.  P.  U.)— Mr.  S.  S. 
Crippcn.  President :  Harold  Hanchett,  Yice- 
1 'resident:  Miss  Mabel  Piersen,  Secretary; 
Miss  Helen  Talbot,  Treasurer. 


PRESBYTERIANISM  IX  EYAXSTON 

(By  KKV.  JOHN  H.  BOVD.  D.  D.) 

The  City  of  Evanston  is  the  offspring 
of  a  Methodist  University,  and  very  nat- 
urally, the  first  church  organized  was  the 
noble  First  Methodist  Church,  who  is  the 
mother  of  us  all.  In  the  days  of  small 
population  and  primitive  simplicity  the 
religious  life  of  the  village  was  nurtured 
solely  by  her ;  but  as  the  community 
grew,  the  uniformity  which  marks  the 
early  stages  of  every  infant  society  passed, 
and  little  groups  of  kindred  faith  and  spirit 
drew  off,  one  by  one,  to  organize  separate 
churches;  the  Baptists  in  1858  and  the 
Episcopalians  in  1864. 

First  Presbyterian  Church. — In  July. 
i86/>,  the  Rev.  James  B.  Duncan,  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Canada,  came  to 
Evanston  upon  invitation,  with  a  view  to 
establishing  a  Presbyterian  Church,  but 
after  a  canvass  of  the  field  a  union  church 
alone  was  deemed  possible  of  success. 
Accordingly,  on  the  first  of  August  a  small 
company  of  Congregationalists  and  Pres- 
byterians united  in  forming  an  inde- 
pendent church.  The  ministry  of  Mr. 
Duncan  continued  over  a  period  of  about 
two  years.  The  Northwestern  University, 
continuing  the  generosity  shown  to  all 
previously  organized  societies,  presented 
this  new  church  with  a  lot  situated  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Hinman  Avenue  and 
Greenwood  Boulevard,  where  the  Green- 
wood Inn  now  stands.  This  lot  was 
afterwards  exchanged  for  one  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Lake  "Avenue"  and  Chicago  Ave- 
nue, and  the  church  thereafter  was  known 
as  the  "Lake  Avenue  Church."  Upon  this 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


site  was  erected  a  simple  wooden  struc- 
ture, without  lecture  or  Sunday  School 
room,  with  about  250  sittings.  At  the  end 
of  two  years,  after  a  most  harmonious  and 
profitable  association,  each  of  the  ele- 
ments constituting  this  society  felt  strong 
enough  to  separate  and  organize  churches 
of  their  own  order.  The  Presbyterians 
purchased  the  interest  of  the  Congrega- 
tionalists,  and  remained  on  the  original 
site.  By  appointment  of  the  Presbytery 
of  Chicago  the  Rev.  Robert  \V.  Patterson, 
D.  D..  and  the  Rev.  James  T.  .Matthews 
organized  "The  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Evanston,  July  27,  1868,"  with  thirty- 
eight  members,  all  except  three  of  whom 
had  been  members  of  the  "Lake  Avenue 
Church."  Three  of  these  original  mem- 
bers live  today:  Mrs.  Frances  \Yinne, 
Mrs.  Priscilla  Poole.  of  Evanston,  and 
John  McLean  of  Chicago.  At  its  organ- 
ization, Brainerd  Kent.  George  E.  Pur- 
ington.  Lewis  M.  Angle  and  A.  L.  \Vinne 
were  chosen  and  ordained  ruling  elders. 
But  one  member  of  this  original  session 
is  living  today — Mr.  George  E.  Purington 
of  Chicago. 

In  October  following  the  Rev.  George 
Clement  Xoyes,  of  LaPorte,  Ind.,  was 
called  to  the  pastorate.  He  began  his 
ministry  November  22.  1868.  The  rapid 
growth  of  the  congregation  made  it  neces- 
sary to  enlarge  the  building  the  year  after 
his  coming.  One  hundred  sittings  were 
added  to  the  auditorium  and  a  pleasant 
lecture  room  annexed.  On  May  2,  1875, 
the  building,  with  its  entire  contents,  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  loss  was  a  most 
serious  one  for  the  little  congregation. 
Many  men  of  business  had  been  financial- 
ly embarrassed  by  the  great  Chicago  fire, 
and  a  long1  period  of  depression  in  busi- 
ness ensued,  but  the  spirit  of  the  people 
was  undaunted  ,and  their  liberality  and 
enterprise  are  manifest  in  the  fact  that, 


at  the  following  Christmas  season,  ser- 
vices were  held  in  the  completed  lecture 
room.  The  entire  building  was  ready  for 
dedication  July  23.  1876.  The  cost  of  this 
edifice  with  furnishings  was  about  twenty- 
two  thousand  dollars. 

The  ministry  of  Dr.  Xoyes  was  one  of 
remarkable  fruitfulness.  evidenced  in  a 
net  growth  of  the  Church  from  a  member- 
ship of  thirty-eight  to  four  hundred  and 
sixty-four — nine  hundred  and  sixty-three 
persons  having  been  received  into  the 
Church  during  his  pastorate  of  twenty 
years.  The  benevolences  for  the  last  five 
years  of  his  ministry  amounted  to  more 
than  twenty-three  thousand  dollars,  but 
the  power  of  his  ministry  cannot  be  meas- 
ured in  concrete  facts,  however  large  and 
significant.  Dr.  Xoyes.  through  his  mas- 
sive and  sweetly  spiritual  personality,  be- 
gat a  spirit  and  created  an  atmosphere  in 
which  this  congregation  still  lives.  He 
possessed  and  represented  the  highest 
style  of  Presbyterian  Christianity.  Pro- 
foundly serious,  earnest,  broad  and  toler- 
ant, believing  God  too  great  and  too  good 
to  be  exhausted  by  human  definitions,  and 
the  ways  of  love  and  grace  too  many  and 
too  mysterious  to  be  traced  and  numbered 
by  formulas  and  creeds,  he  tolerated,  he 
welcomed,  he  embraced  all  who  loyally 
and  lovingly  clung  to  the  Divine  Master. 

During  his  long  pastorate  of  more  than 
twenty-one  years,  he  represented — it 
would  be  more  true  to  say  that  he  em- 
bodied— in  his  own  personality  the  Pres- 
byterianism  of  Evanston.  making  it  con- 
spicuous and  noble  before  the  eyes  of  the 
Church  and  the  world.  For  man}'  years 
he  was  an  editorial  writer  and  weekly 
correspondent  of  the  AVii1  York  Ei-an- 
Xclist.  The  words  of  "Clement"  were 
read  throughout  the  land  as  messages  of 
wisdom.  In  the  great'  controversy  be- 
tween the  Reverend  David  Swing  and  the 


362 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


Reverend  Frank  L.  Patten,  Mr.  Swing 
chose  Dr.  Xoyes  as  his  counsel,  and  he 
was  so  appointed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
Chicago.  He  conducted  the  defense  with 
distinguished  ability.  For  a  long  term  of 
years  he  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Home  Missions  of  the  Chicago  Presby- 
tery, the  aggressiveness  and  efficiency  of 
that  body  being  in  a  large  measure  due  to 
his  splendid  leadership.  The  ministry  of 
Dr.  Noyes  was  closed  by  his  death  Jan- 
uary 14,  1889.  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard, 
who  knew  Evanston  so  long  and  intimate- 
ly, writes  thus  of  the  places  which  this 
noble  Presbyterian  had  in  the  life  and 
affection  of  the  community:  "I  think," 
says  she.  "no  other  death,  unless  it  be  that 
of  Dr.  Otis  Haven,  in  all  the  years  I  have 
been  an  Evanstonian,  ever  drew  forth  so 
many  expressions  of  sorrow,  or  from 
quarters  so  various,  including  the  wide 
gamut  that  separated  our  municipal  coun- 
cil from  the  freshman  class  of  our  Uni- 
versity." 

The  Church,  thus  so  sadly  vacated,  re- 
mained pastorless  until  a  worthy  succes- 
sor to  Dr.  Noyes  was  found  in  the  Rev. 
Newell  Dwight  Hillis,  then  pastor  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Peoria.  The 
congregation  invited  Dr.  Hillis  to  become 
pastor  on  February  6,  1890.  He  accepted 
and  entered  upon  his  labor  April  6th. 

The  work  prospered  under  the  younger 
prophet  as  it  had  under  the  elder.  He  had 
the  joy  of  seeing  the  work  and  Kingdom 
of  God  ever  enlarging  under  his  hand,  and 
the  congregation  was  happy  in  watching 
the  unfolding  of  that  power  and  eloquence 
which  have  placed  him  in  a  position  where 
he  addresses,  through  tongue  and  pen.  an 
audience  which  may  well  be  the  admira- 
tion of  any  man  who  desires  to  reach  his 
fellows  with  the  message  of  God  as  lie 
understands  it. 

The  years  of  Dr.  Hillis'  ministry  were 


very  fruitful.  The  membership  of  the 
Church  grew  from  four  hundred  and  six- 
ty-four to  seven  hundred  and  twelve.  Be- 
nevolent gifts  increased  to  unprecedented 
largeness,  while  every  branch  of  the  work 
showed  thorough  organization  and  won 
ever  enlarging  successes.  The  traditions 
of  the  Church  were  all  preserved  and  the 
spirit  of  the  great  soul  who  had  preceded 
him  and  had  molded  the  congregation  was 
that  of  his  own  soul. 

In  the  fourth  year  of  this  pastorate  the 
Church  went  through  its  second  fire  bath. 
On  a  quiet  Sabbath  morning,  February 
24,  1894,  the  assembling  congregation,  in- 
stead of  entering  the  Sanctuary  to  wor- 
ship, stood  by  and  saw  it  consumed  by  the 
flames.  They  were  not,  however,  difficult 
to  comfort.  The  loss  of  the  building  was 
not  a  serious  disaster.  It  was  rather  an 
unlooked-for  solution  of  a  difficult  prob- 
lem. The  growth  of  the  audience  had 
made  is  necessary  to  consider  the  question 
of  either  enlarging  the  old  building  or 
erecting  a  new  one.  The  charred  timbers 
and  ashes  of  the  old  answered  the  ques- 
tion. The  congregation  moved  with  such 
characteristic  energy  that,  on  the  /th  day 
of  the  following  October,  the  corner-stone 
of  the  present  structure  was  laid  with  ap- 
propriate ceremonies,  and,  less  than  a 
year  from  that  date,  the  building  stood 
completed  and  furnished,  being  opened 
for  worship  September  I,  1895,  the  pastor- 
elect  preaching  the  sermon. 

This  new  building  is  a  splendid,  mas- 
sive structure,  built  of  Lemont  limestone, 
with  interior  finishings  of  red  oak,  the 
roof  beams  of  Georgia  pine.  It  cost,  com- 
plete with  decorations  and  furnishings, 
$63,500.  the  organ  costing  $6,600  addi- 
tional. The  main  auditorium,  of  75x90 
feet,  with  a  gallery  in  the  rear,  has  a  seat- 
ing capacity  of  about  fourteen  hundred. 
It  is  lighted  by  two  great  memorial  winT 


K\  AXSTOX  CHURCH   HISTORY 


Reverend  l-'rank  I,.  I 'alien.  .Mr.  Swing 
chose  l)r.  Xoyes  as  lii-  counsel,  and  he 
wa.s  so  appoint ci I  \>\  the  Presbytery  of 
Chicago,  lie  conducted  the  defense  with 
distinguished  ability.  \'«r  a  long  term  of 
yiars  he  was  Chairman  of  tlie  Committee 
of  llonie  .Missions  of  the  Chicago  I'reshy- 
tery. the  aggressiveness  ami  efficiency  of 
that  body  being  in  a  large  measure  due  to 
liis  splendid  leadership.  The  miuistrv  of 
I)r.  Xoyes  was.  closed  hy  his  death  Jan- 
nary  14.  iSSi).  .Miss  l-'ranccs  ]•'..  \Yillanl. 
who  knew  Kvanston  - .  long  and  intimate- 
ly, writes  thus  of  the  places  which  this 
nohle  I 'resbvterian  hail  in  the  life  and 
affection  of  the  community:  "I  think," 
says  she.  "no  other  death,  unless  it  he  that 
of  Dr.  (  Mis  Haven,  in  all  the  years  1  have 
!>«. en  an  F.vanstonian,  ever  drew  forth  so 
many  expressions  of  sorrow,  or  from 
quarters  so  various,  including  the  wide 
gamut  that  separated  our  mtmicipal  coun- 
cil from  the  freshman  class  of  our  Uni- 
versity." 

The  Church,  thti-  so  sadly  vacated,  re- 
trained pastorlcss  until  a  worthy  .-ueces- 
sor  to  \)r.  N'oycs  was  found  in  the  Kev. 
Xewell  Dwight  llilli-.  then  pastor  of  the 
I-~irst  I'reshyterian  Church  of  I'eoria.  The 
congregation  invited  I  )r.  Ilillis  to  become 
pastor  mi  February  d.  iSijo.  lie  accepted 
and  entered  upon  liis  labor  April  Oth. 

The  work  prospered  under  the  yonnjjer 
proplu-t  a-  it  had  under  the  elder.  I  le  had 
the  joy  of  seeing  the  \\ork  and  Kingdom 
of  (  io<l  ever  eiilarsijinjj  under  his  hand,  and 
the  congregation  \\  as  happy  in  watching 
the  unfolding  of  that  power  and  eloquence 
\\hich  have  placed  him  in  a  po>ition  where 
he  addresses,  through  tongue  and  pen.  an 
audience  which  may  well  be  the  admira- 
tion of  anv  man  who  desires  to  reach  his 
fellows  with  the  me— avte  of  I  iod  a>  he 
understands  it. 

The  vears  of  I  )r.  Ililli^'  ministrv  were 


very  fruitful.  The  membership  of  the 
Church  grew  from  four  hundred  and  six- 
ty-four to  seven  hundred  and  twelve.  Be- 
nevolent gifts  increased  to  unprecedented 
largeness,  while  every  branch  of  the  work 
showed  thorough  urbanization  and  won 
ever  enlarging  successes.  The  traditions 
of  the  Church  were  all  preserved  and  the 
spirit  of  the  great  soul  who  had  preceded 
him  and  had  molded  the  congregation  was 
that  of  his  i  iwn  soul. 

In  the  fourth  year  of  this  pastorate  the 
Church  went  through  its  second  tire  bath. 
On  a  quiet  Sabbath  morning.  February 
24,  lS')4.  the  assembling  congregation,  in- 
stead of  entering  the  Sanctuary  to  wor- 
ship, stood  hy  and  saw  it  consumed  by  the 
(lames.  They  were  not.  however,  difficult 
to  comfort.  The  loss  of  the  building  was 
not  a  serious  disaster.  It  was  rather  an 
nnloiiked-for  solution  of  a  difficult  prob- 
lem. The  growth  of  the  audience  had 
made  is  necessary  to  consider  the  question 
of  either  enlarging  the  old  building  or 
erecting  a  new  cine.  The  charred  timbers 
ami  ashes  of  the  old  answered  the  ques- 
tion. The  congregation  moved  with  such 
characteristic  energy  that,  on  the  7th  day 
of  the  following  (  ictober.  the  corner-stone 
of  the  pre-cnt  structure  was  laid  with  ap- 
propriate ceremonies,  and.  less  than  a 
year  from  that  date,  the  building  stood 
completed  and  furnished,  being  opened 
for  worship  September  I.  l&t*,.  the  pastor- 
elect  preaching  the  sermon. 

This  new  building  is  a  splendid,  mas- 
sive structure,  built  of  I.emont  limestone. 
with  interior  finishings  of  red  oak.  the 
roof  beams  of  (  ieorgia  pine.  It  cost,  com- 
plete with  decorations  and  furnishings. 
S'>.?. 51 10.  the  organ  Costing  S'i/oo  addi- 
tional. The  main  auditorium,  of  75x110 
feet,  with  a  gallery  in  the  rear,  has  a  seat- 
ing capacitv  of  about  fourteen  hundred. 
It  is  lighted  by  two  great  memorial  win- 


I       ',RY 
Or   [HE 

MWVH",:;;J  i  y  Or  ILLIWW 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


dows — that  on  the  north  commemorating 
the  Rev.  Robert  \Y.  Patterson,  D.  D.,  who 
was  a  noble  father  of  Chicago  Presbyter- 
ianism,  from  the  beginning  the  friend  of 
this  Church,  and  afterwards  coming  with 
his  family  to  be,  for  many  years,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  congregation ;  that  on  the 
south  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the 
Rev.  George  Clement  Xoyes,  D.  D.  It  is 
most  fitting  that  the  worship  and  the  work 
and  fellowship  of  the  congregation  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  should  exist 
between  windows  sacred  to  the  memory 
of  these  two  men :  for.  as  the  fair  audi- 
torium is  lighted  by  the  rays  of  the  sun 
which  fall  through  the  rich  glasses,  so  the 
life  of  the  congregation  has  been,  and  will 
in  the  future  continue  to  be,  illuminated 
by  the  rays  of  the  Sun  of  Righteousness 
which  shine  through  their  holy  characters. 
During  the  erection  of  this  edifice  Dr. 
Hillis  retired  from  the  pastorate,  present- 
ing his  resignation  in  December,  1894, 
having  accepted  an  invitation  to  m'nister 
to  the  Central  Church  CIndependent)  of 
Chicago.  On  the  loth  of  July  following, 
a  call  was  extended  to  the  Rev.  John  H. 
P.oyd,  D.  D.,  then  pastor  of  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Charlotte.  X.  C. 
The  call  was  accepted  and  the  new  pas- 
torate opened  on  the  6th  day  of  October. 
1895.  Dr.  Boyd  still  remains  in  the  field, 
and  under  his  charge  the  prosperity  which 
has  always  characterized  the  organization 
continues.  The  roll  of  church  member- 
ship, after  careful  expurgation,  showed 
at  the  beginning  of  his  pastorate  six 
hundred  and  fifty-nine  names.  This  has 
been  increased  to  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
three.  During  the  seven  years  past  $14,- 
716  have  been  contributed  to  the  cause  of 
Home  Missions,  and  $10,618  to  Foreign 
Missions.  Other  Boards  and  benevolences 
have  received  $25,813.  while  in  the  pay- 
ment of  debts  and  self-support  the  con- 


gregation has  expended  $109.602,  making 
a  grand  total  of  $160,749,  or  almost  $23.- 
ooo  per  year.  During  the  past  seven 
years  219  persons  have  been  received  on 
profession  of  faith,  and  449  by  letter — 
making  a  total  of  668  additions  to  the 
membership. 

A  notable  event  in  the  recent  life  of  the 
congregation  was  the  payment  of  a  large 
debt  which  existed  after  the  new  church 
was  completed.  This  amounted  to  $21,- 
500.  After  three  years  this  amount  was 
reduced  by  $4,000,  leaving  $17,500  in- 
debtedness. On  Sunday  morning,  April 
23.  1899.  after  a  discourse  by  the  pastor, 
the  congregation  with  enthusiastic  liberal- 
ity swept  the  whole  debt  away,  in  forty 
minutes  time  contributing  more  than  suf- 
ficient to  pay  the  whole. 

The  Church,  as  now  organized,  is  a 
splendid  piece  of  religious  machinery,  em- 
bracing sixteen  different  organizations, 
which  engage  the  active  co-operation  of 
more  than  six  hundred  workers.  The 
present  session  consists  of  twelve  elders : 
Homer  C.  Hunt,  who  has  served  for  more 
than  twenty-two  years :  Thomas  Lord, 
with  a  record  of  twenty  years  of  sen-ice; 
Andress  B.  Hull,  nineteen  years  of  ser- 
vice; Thomas  H.  Linsle\r,  Adam  E.  Dunn. 
Edward  B.  Quinlan,  Otis  R.  Larsen. 
Frank  S.  Shaw.  Cornelius  D.  B.  Howel! 
Harry  B.  \Yheelock,  Charles  C.  Cox  and 
Frank  Marimon. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  consists  of  nine 
members:  Henry  J.  \Vallingford.  Jerome 
A.  Smith.  Philip  P.  I.ee,  Andrew  Patter- 
son, Adam  E.  Dunn.  Frank  \V.  Gerould, 
J.  H.  Xitchie.  David  B.  Forgan.  M.  Coch- 
rane  Armour.  This  roll  of  esteemed  and 
earnest  men  fully  represents  that  greater 
list  of  officers  who  have  served  the  church 
during  the  thirty-two  years  of  its  ex- 
istence. The  splendid  personnel-  of  the 
governing  body  and  their  positions  of 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


leadership  is  the  explanation  of  the  years 
of  unarrested  prosperity  and  continued 
peace  which  have  marked  this  Church. 
The  Sunday  School,  with  a  membership 
of  five  hundred,  is  under  the  leadership 
of  Elder  H.  B.  Wheelock,  who,  with  his 
diligent  officers  and  teachers,  has  brought 
the  work  to  a  high  state  of  efficiency.  The 
school  is  excellently  graded.  Miss  Laura 
E.  Cragin  is  in  charge  of  the  Kinder- 
garten, Mrs.  George  H.  Ludlow,  the  Pri- 
mary, and  T.  K.  Webster,  the  Inter- 
mediate. The  Superintendent  conducts 
the  main  department,  and  Mr.  Fleming 
H.  Revell  and  Mr.  Xewell  C.  Knight  are 
leaders  of  Bible  classes.  The  other  minor 
organizations,  devotional  and  benevolent, 
operate  along  the  whole  front  of  religious 
opportunity  and  are  accomplishing  large 
results. 

The  enlargement  of  Presbyterianism  in 
Evanston  is  represented  in  two  move- 
ments; one  resulting  in  the  organization 
of  the  Second  Church  in  what  was  then 
the  village  of  South  Evanston,  and  the 
second  and  more  recent  one  the  building 
of  a  chapel  whose  future  is  full  of  prom- 
ise. For  nine  years  a  prayer-meeting  and 
Sunday  School  were  sustained  in  a  store 
house  at  1315  Emerson  Street.  This  was 
known  as  the  Emerson  Street  Chapel.  In 
the  winter  of  1902  the  Church  felt  justi- 
fied in  placing  this  work  upon  a  more  sub- 
stantial footing.  A  lot  was  bought  at  the 
corner  of  Emerson  Street  and  Dewey  Ave- 
nue. A  neat  little  Chapel,  well  equipped 
for  a  neighborhood  church,  seating  about 
250,  was  erected.  It  was  first  occupied 
May  4th  and  was  dedicated,  amid  the  re- 
joicings of  Children's  Day,  on  June  8, 
1902. 

The  Second  Presbyterian  Church  grew 
out  the  interest  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Xoyes 
of  the  First  Church,  in  the  people  of  the 
village  of  South  Evanston.  Having 


moved  with  his  family  to  the  corner  of 
Greenleaf  Street  and  Judson  Avenue,  he 
began  to  hold  cottage  prayer-meetings  in 
the  neighborhood.  These  gatherings 
quickened  the  desire  of  the  people  in  that 
locality  to  have  a  church  of  their  own. 
The  growth  of  the  movement  and  career 
of  the  church  is  here  given  from  the  pen 
of  Mr.  George  W.  Hotchkiss,  who  was 
from  the  beginning  active  in  advancing 
the  cause  and  who  remains,  today,  to  en- 
joy the  large  measure  of  success  which 
has  come  to  the  effort  of  the  earnest  men 
and  women  of  that  congregation: 

Second  Presbyterian  Church.  —  The 
Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Evanston, 
located  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Hin- 
man  Avenue  and  Main  Street,  originated 
in  February,  1884,  from  the  gathering  to- 
gether of  a  few  citizens  of  the  then  Village 
of  South  Evanston  (now  comprising  the 
Third  and  Fourth  Wards  of  the  City  of 
Evanston),  to  consider  the  spiritual  needs 
of  the  village,  which,  with  about  1,500  in- 
habitants, had  but  one  church  organiza- 
tion, that  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  de- 
nomination. The  preliminary  and  several 
successive  conferences  were  attended  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Randolph,  Gen.  Julius 
White,  A.  H.  Gunn,  J.  M.  Brown.  T. 
Winter,  S.  E.  Norton,  A.  L.  Winne,  J.  B. 
Lamkin,  E.  A.  Downs,  Wm.  M.  R.  Vose 
and  George  W.  Hotchkiss,  and  a  general 
call  was  promulgated  addressed  to — 

"All  persons  who  believe  that  the  time 
has  arrived  when  an  earnest  effort  should 
be  made  to  organize  either  a  Presbyterian 
or  Congregational  Church  in  South  Evan- 
ston, and  those  feeling  any  interest  in 
the  subject  are  requested  to  assemble  in 
Ducat's  Hall  on  the  afternoon  of  Sunday, 
February  24,  1884.  at  four  o'clock,  to  con- 
sider the  question  and  to  inaugurate  such 
action  as  will  lead  to  the  accomplishment 
of  such  an  organization." 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


365 


At  this  meeting  eighty-five  persons 
were  assembled,  and  by  a  practically 
unanimous  vote,  it  was  decided  to  can- 
vass the  village  and  thus  ascertain  if 
financial  and  religious  support  could  be  re- 
lied upon.  This  resulted  in  a  report  to  a 
meeting,  held  March  gth.  that  the  move- 
ment could  rely  upon  the  approval  and 
support  of  two  hundred  and  three  adults, 
while  one  hundred  and  two  children  and 
youth  had  been  found  who  would  gladly 
attend  the  Sabbath  School,  and  the  Com- 
mittee recommended  that  immediate  steps 
be  taken  toward  permanent  organization 
and  the  securing  of  subscriptions  for  a 
building  fund.  At  a  meeting  held  April 
I3th  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of  over 
$6.000  were  reported  as  having  been 
pledged,  and  it  was  formally  decided  to 
go  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible  with  the 
work  of  organization  and  the  erection  of 
a  house  of  worship.  At  this  meeting 
articles  of  association  were  adopted  for 
the  formation  of  a  religious  society  and 
received  the  signatures  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  persons.  On  Saturday 
evening,  April  igth,  a  formal  organization 
was  effected  by  the  adoption  of  by-laws, 
and  a  two-thirds  majority  of  those  present 
being  in  favor  of  a  Presbyterian  form  of 
government,  the  new  organization  was 
designated  as  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
South  Evanston,  and,  as  such,  was  certi- 
fied by  the  Secretary,  George  \Y.  Hotch- 
kiss,  to  the  County  Clerk  of  Cook  County 
in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  the  State 
ol"  Illinois.  At  this  meeting  A.  H.  Gunn, 
John  M.  Brown  and  O.  F.  Gibbs  were 
elected  Trustees  to  serve  one  year,  and 
Thaddeus  Winter,  Charles  Randolph  and 
II.  C.  McClary  to  serve  for  two  years. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
was  held  April  zy\,  at  which  time  it  was 
voted  to  purchase  a  lot  of  114  feet  front- 
age on  Hinman  Avenue,  northeast  corner 


of  Lincoln  Avenue  (afterwards  named 
Main  Street),  for  the  price  of  $3.500.  April 
251)1  a  building  committee  was  appointed 
to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  Board  of 
Trustees.  June  7th  Messrs.  Holabird  and 
Roach  were  selected  as  the  architects,  and 
their  plans  of  a  building  to  cost  about 
$8.000  were  approved.  These  plans  were 
subsequently  remodeled  and  the  final 
structure,  as  it  now  stands,  represents  an 
outlay  of  about  $20,000.  The  edifice  has 
seating  capacity  for  about  four  hundred 
and  fifty  persons.  So  much  for  the  origin 
and  completion  of  the  temporalities  of  the 
Church  which,  upon  the  incorporation  of 
the  two  villages  of  South  Evanston  and 
Evanston.  became  known  as  "The  South 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Evanston.''  In 
June,  1901,  the  corporate  name  was  again 
changed  to  conform  to  existing  conditions, 
and  it  is  now  known  as  "The  Second  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Evanston." 

During  the  progress  of  events  from  the 
initiation  of  the  movement  looking  to  the 
formation  of  the  Society  and  during  the  in- 
terim of  building,  neighborhood  prayer- 
meetings  were  held,  ladies'  societies  formed 
and  every  preparation  made  for  the  final 
organization  as  a  religious  body.  By 
June.  1885.  the  church  building  had  so  far 
progressed  that,  on  Sabbath  Day.  June 
28th,  a  committee  from  the  Presbytery  of 
Chicago  consisting  of  Rev.  George  C. 
Noyes  ("pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Evanston)  and  Rev.  R.  W.  Pat- 
terson. D.  D..  met  and  examined  the  let- 
ters of  forty-four  members  of  other 
churches  who  had  decided  to  join  the  new 
organization,  and  who.  together  with  six 
persons  who  presented  themeslves  upon 
confession  of  their  faith,  were  declared  to 
form  the  thus  constituted  church.  At  this, 
the  first  religious  sen-ice  held  in  the 
church.  Rev.  R.  \Y.  Patterson.  D.  D..  ad- 
ministered the  ordinance  of  baptism  to 


KYAXSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


three  adults,  afti-r  which  he  preached  i 
sirmon  from  Luke  ij:  iS-Ji.  Dr.  Patter- 
son was  assisted  in  this  service  liy  Rev. 
Clatworthy.  pastor  of  the  1'aptist  Church 
of  Kvanston.  and  the  Rev.  Lewis  Curts.  of 
the  Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church  of  Kvan- 
ston.  while  the  service  of  dedicating  the 
building  to  the  worship  of  Almighty  (iod 
was  conducted  l>y  Rev.  Cicorge  C.  Xoycs, 
D.  O..  the  dedicatory  prayer  being  offered 
by  Rev.  A.  J.  Scott,  pastor  of  the  Congre- 
gational Church  of  Kvanston.  From  this 
time  regular  church  service  was  held  in 
the  lecture  room,  a  Sabbath  School  organ- 
i/cd  and  a  Wednesday  evening  prayer- 
meeting  established.  On  July  1 5th.  at  the 
close  of  the  prayer  service,  it  was  decided 
to  elect  but  two  elders  at  that  time  and  Wil- 
liam If.  Spencer  and  William  M.  R.  Yose 
were  elected  to  that  office.  During  the 
remainder  of  that  year  the  Rev.  R.  W. 
Patterson,  although  of  advanced  age  and 
infirmity,  assisted  the  young  Church  as 
pulpit  supply,  until  November  n.  1885. 
when  a  call  was  extended  to  Rev.  William 
Smith,  of  Hudson.  X.  Y..  who.  accepting, 
came  at  once  to  his  new  pastorate  and 
continued  to  the  great  edification  of  the 
Church  until  his  death.  February  23.  1892. 
In  June.  i8<)2.  the  Rev.  John  X.  Mills,  of 
1'eatrice.  Xeb..  was  called  to  the  pastorate 
which  he  filled  acceptably  until  May  8. 
180?.  when  failing  health  compelled  him 
to  present  his  resignation,  much  to  the 
regret  of  the  membership,  and  his  fare- 
well sermon  was  preached  on  the  26th 
of  the  same  month.  From  that  time  until 
March.  i8</>.  Prof.  M.  Bross  Thomas 
acted  as  pulpit  supply  with  great  accept- 
ability and.  on  March  4,  1896.  a  call  was 
extended  to  Rev.  A  AV.  Ringland.  D.  D., 
late  of  Toledo.  Ohio,  which,  being  ac- 
cepted. Dr.  Ringland  entered  upon  his 


pastorate  April  5.  lKc/>.  lie  continued  a 
most  successful  and  harmonious  pastorate 
until  February  25,  1898,  when  failing 
health  compelled  his  resignation,  taking 
effect  April  1st  of  that  year.  Loath  to 
accept  the  resignation  of  so  faithful  a 
pastor,  a  resolution  prevailed  granting  to 
Dr.  Ringland  a  year's  vacation  in  the  hope 
that,  with  restored  health,  his  pastorate 
might  continue;  but.  in  February,  1899, 
he  deemed  it  judicious  to  make  his  resig- 
nation absolute,  and  it  was  accepted. 
During  the  interregnum  the  pulpit  was 
again  supplied,  to  the  great  edification  of 
the  Church,  by  Prof.  M.  liross  Thomas, 
of  the  Lake  Forest  University,  until  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1899.  when  a  call  was  extended 
to  Rev.  John  W.  Francis,  of  Richland 
Center,  Wis.,  who  was  installed  as  pastor 
on  June  4,  1899,  and  still  occupies  that 
position,  at  this  writing  (April,  1902),  the 
Church  under  his  charge  having  greatly 
prospered.  The  present  membership  is 
220. 

During  all  the  years  since  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Church  a  Sabbath  School, 
which  now  has  a  regular  attendance  of 
about  185,  has  been  maintained.  A  so- 
ciety of  Christian  Endeavor  has  engaged 
the  attention  and  interest  of  the  young 
women  of  the  Church,  while  various  so- 
cieties in  different  branches  of  church 
work  have  done  effective  service.  Of 
these,  the  Ladies'  Home  and  Foreign 
Missionary  Societies,  the  Ladies'  Aid  So- 
ciety and  the  Forward  Circle  of  the 
younger  ladies  have  been  prominent  in 
effective  work.  The  weekly  prayer-meet- 
ing has  been  well  sustained  from  the  be- 
ginning, and  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Evanston  justly  holds  a  posi- 
tion of  prominence  among  the  many 
churches  of  the  city. 


HISTORY  OF  KVANSTOX 


EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES 
my  in  v.  AiiTinic  w.  i.rn  I.K,  n.  i> .  i..  11.  u.) 

In  the  year  1X^4  there  were  in  Evanston 
only  three  or  four  families  who  really 
belonged  tr,  the  Episcopal  Church.  There 
were,  however,  several  leading  citizens 
who  love-1  the  I 'raver  Book,  and  were 
ready  to  aid  in  starting  a  parish  church. 
There  were  also  certain  other  public- 
spirited  men  who,  from  considerations  of 
civic  pride,  desired  to  see  an  Anglican 
church  in  the  village.  Thus  the  way  was 
opened  for  the  founding  of  St.  Mark's 
Church. 

In  the  spring  of  18/14  the  Rev.  John 
Wilkinson,  a  priest,  and  chaplain  to  the 
Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  \Vhitehonse.  Bishop  of  Illi- 
nois, was  permitted  by  the  courtesy  of  the 
Methodists  to  give  notice  in  the  chapel  of 
the  L'niversity  that  a  parish  would  be  or- 
ganized according  to  the  canons  of  the 
Diocese  of  Illinois,  and  that  the  organi- 
zation would  take  place  on  April  2Oth. 
At  this  meeting  a  canonical  organization 
was  effected  under  the  title  of  St.  Mark's 
Parish,  and  Mr.  Charles  Cumstock  and 
Mr.  D.  J.  Crocker  were  chosen  church 
wardens.  St.  Mark's,  therefore,  started 
as  a  parish,  and  was  never  a  mission. 

The  first  service  was  held  on  the  third 
Sunday  of  May.  1864.  in  the  building  then 
known  as  the  First  Methodist  church. 
After  that  the  services  were  held  in  the 
chapel  of  the  University,  the  Rev.  Theo- 
dore I.  Holcombe  being  priest  in  charge. 
There  are  many  interesting  reminiscences 
of  his  ministry  here  as  a  temporary  supply 
for  about  a  year,  although  it  was  indeed 
the  day  of  small  things. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  186;  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Holcombe  was  transferred  to  the  Diocese 
of  Wisconsin,  and  for  several  weeks  there 
seem  to  have  been  no  public  services  of 
the  Church.  Meantime,  however,  the 
Trustees  of  the  University  kindly  gave 


the  parish  a  lot  of  land  on  the  north  side 
of  Davis  Street,  between  Ridge  and  Oak 
Avenues,  sixty  feet  front  by  150  feet  deep, 
upon  which  a  small  wooden  church  was 
built.  On  September  1 5th  of  the  year 
1805  the  church,  being  free  of  debt,  was 
consecrated  by  Bishop  Whitehou-e.  the 
solemn  function  being  attended  by  'he 
clerical  and  lay  members  of  the  Diocesan 
Convention,  4fehich  was  in  session  that 
week  in  Chicago.  At  the  same  time  the 
Rev.  John  W.  Buckmaster,  a  priest  of  the 
Diocese  of  New  York,  was  made  rector  of 
the  parish.  From  that  day  to  this  there 
has  been  no  interruption  in  the  parochial 
work  of  this  church.  The  eucharistic  sac- 
rifice has  been  offered,  and  all  the  sacra- 
ments have  been  duly  celebrated.  wh:> 
divine  worship  and  preaching  of  the  go- 
pel  have  been  maintained,  with  r.-.uch 
charity  and  good  work  for  the  bodies  a< 
well  as  for  the  souls  of  men.  When  there 
has  been  a  vacancy  in  the  rector-hip,  there 
have  always  been  temporary  supplies. 

The  first  class  of  candidates  for  con- 
firmation was  presented  by  the  rec;-'«r.  -  Tr. 
Buckmaster,  on  March  20.  i8fS>. 
sisted  of  ten  persons  who  were  confirmed 
by  the  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C.  Talbot.  D.  D..  B  - 
coadjutor  of  Indiana,  acting  for  the 
Bishop  of  Illinois.  That  was  a  great  event 
in  Evanston.  It  was  like  the  day  when 
St.  Peter  and  St.  John  came  down  from 
Jerusalem  to  Samaria,  and  laid  their 
hands  in  apostolic  benediction  upon  the 
first  converts  who  had  been  baptized  by 
St.  Philip.  This  was  the  only  class  r~e" 
sented  by  the  first  rector:  ten  confirr.-.a- 
tions  in  two  years — an  average  of  five  a 
year.  This  rectorship  lasted  from  Sep:<r:r.- 
ber.  1865  to  April.  18^7. 

During  much  of  the  history  of  5:. 
Mark's,  the  parish  undoubtedly  suttere.l 
from  the  shortness  of  the  rectorship? — a 
thing  which  seriously  interrupts  parochial 


368 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


work  and  the  pastoral  relation.  The  first 
ten  years  show  four  rectorships,  besides 
two  years  of  supplies.  The  next  thirteen 
years  show  three  rectorships,  with  about 
two  years  of  supplies ;  in  short,  up  to  the 
year  1888,  the  average  rectorship  was  less 
than  three  years.  This  seems  like  the 
Methodist  system  grafted  upon  the  Old 
Church.  It  is  wholly  contrary  to  the 
Church  idea,  and  was  the  cause  as  well  as 
the  result  of  evil. 

The  second  rector  of  St.  Mark's  was  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Lisle  of  Philadelphia,  who 
was  the  parish  priest  here  from  the  2Oth 
of  May,  1867,  to  the  7th  of  June,  1869. 
Great  progress  was  made  during  this  rec- 
torship. The  fact  is,  the  people  of  the 
village  began  to  realize  that  St.  Mark's 
Church  was  here,  that  it  stood  for  some- 
thing, and  that  it  had  come  to  stay. 
Moreover,  the  village  was  growing  quite 
rapidly  at  that  time.  It  is  recorded  that 
the  number  of  familie^  and  communicants 
in  the  parish  doubled  in  those  two  years. 
The  church  building  was  also  greatly  en- 
larged by  being  lengthened,  and  a  small 
wooden  tower  was  built,  containing  a  bell 
made  by  the  Meneely  Bell  Company  of 
Troy.  So  that,  from  that  day  St.  Mark's 
has  never  been  without  "the  sound  of  the 
church-going  bell,"  to  tell  of  God  and  to 
summon  to  the  House  of  God,  except  dur- 
ing the  time  after  the  new  church  was 
built  and  until  the  beautiful  chimes  of  St. 
Mark's  were  installed. 

Bishop  Whitehouse  made  his  first  epis- 
copal visitation  for  confirmation  on  April 
19,  1868,  confirming  a  class  of  four  per- 
sons: and  again,  on  April  251)1  of  the  year 
1869,  when  he  confirmed  ten,  making  four- 
teen who  received  the  sacrament  of  con- 
firmation during  this  rectorship — an  aver- 
age of  seven  a  year. 

From  January,  1869,  until  April,  1872, 
there  was  one  short  rectorship  with  sev- 


eral priests  in  charge  as  temporary  sup- 
plies. Not  much  work  was  done.  There 
were  no  confirmations.  The  rectorship 
was  that  of  Rev.  A.  J.  Barrows,  from 
November,  1869,  to  September,  1870 — less 
than  a  year. 

In  April,  1872,  the  Rev.  C.  S.  Abbott 
became  rector,  and  remained  until  in  1875. 
He  was  a  kindly  and  faithful  priest  and 
pastor.  He  presented  three  classes  for 
confirmation,  containing,  respectively, 
one,  five  and  twelve  souls,  making 
eighteen  confirmations — an  average  of 
four  and  one-half  a  year. 

During  this  rectorship,  as  early  as  in 
the  year  1873,  plans  for  building  a  new 
church  began  to  be  formed.  The  scheme, 
however,  was  rejected  by  the  vestry  on 
what  were  probably  wise  and  prudent 
considerations.  There  had  been  what  is 
familiarly  known  as  a  great  "boom"  in 
Evanston.  Alter  the  Chicago  fire,  many 
Chicago  people  were  left  homeless  and 
came  out  to  this  suburb  to  live.  Among 
them  were  many  Church  folk.  Thus  the 
parish  received  a  great  accession  of  numbers 
and  strength.  But  the  vestry  knew  that 
many  of  these  would  go  back  to  Chicago, 
and  that  the  boom  was  an  artificial  one 
and  could  not  be  depended  on.  Conse- 
quently they  were  not  willing  to  under- 
take either  the  building  or  enlargement  of 
the  church.  But,  as  often  happens  in  such 
esses,  the  women  of  the  parish  were 
roused  to  action,  as  appears  from  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  the  minutes  of  the 
vestry  of  St.  Mark's  under  date  of  July 
II,  1875: 

"A  proposition  of  the  women  of  the  par- 
ish to  enlarge  the  church-building  at  their 
own  cost,  by  widening  it  about  twelve  feet 
on  the  east  side  and  making  some  other 
minor  improvements  incidental  thereto,  was 
laid  before  the  vestry.  After  a  discussion 
of  the  plan  proposed,  it  was  unanimously 


KV. \.\STo\  CHURCH   HISTORY 


work  and  the  pa-toral  relation.  The  first 
t«n  year-  show  four  rectorships,  besides 
uvii  year-  of  supplies.  Tile  next  thirteen 
years  show  three  rectorships,  with  about 
two  years  of  supplies;  in  short,  up  to  tilt- 
year  iSSS.  the  average  rectorship  wa-  less 
than  three  years.  This  seems  like  the 
Methoili-t  -ysleni  grafted  upon  the  (  )li! 
Church.  It  i-  wholly  contrary  to  the 
Church  idea,  ami  was  the  cause  as  well  as 
the  result  of  e\  il. 

The  secoiul  rector  of  St.  Mark's  was  the 
Rev.  Thomas  I. isle  of  Philadelphia,  who 
was  the  pari-h  priest  here  from  the  2Oth 
of  May.  iSdj,  to  the  7th  of  June.  I.S'xj. 
(ireat  progress  was  made  during  this  rec- 
torship. The  fact  is,  the  people  of  the 
village  liegan  to  realize  that  St.  Mark's 
Church  was  here,  that  it  stood  for  some- 
thing, and  that  it  had  come  to  stay. 
Moreover,  the  village  was  growing  quite 
rapidly  at  that  time.  It  is  recorded  that 
tlu-  number  of  families  ami  communicants 
in  the  pari-h  doubled  in  those  two  years. 
The  church  building  \\a-  also  greatly  en- 
larged bv  being  lengthened,  and  a  small 
wooden  tower  was  built,  containing  a  hell 
made  bv  the  Meneelv  IJell  Company  of 
Troy.  So  that,  from  that  day  St.  Mark's 
ha-  never  been  without  "the  sound  of  the 
church-going  bell."  to  tell  of  (iod  ami  to 
sumim  in  ti  •  the  i  Ioii-c  i  <i  <  )•  id.  except  dur- 
ing the  time  after  the  new  church  wa- 
bitilt  and  until  the  beautiful  chimes  of  St. 
Mark'-  were  in-tailed. 

Uishop  \\  hitehott-c  made  his  fir-t  epis- 
copal vi-itatioii  for  confirmation  on  April 
i<).  iS'S.  confirming  a  cla--  of  lour  per- 
-on-;  and  again,  on  April  _';th  of  the  year 
|S'.(),  when  lie  c>  •ntirmed  ten.  making  four- 
teen who  reeei\eil  the  -acrament  of  con- 
firmation during  tin-  rectorship — an  aver- 
age of  seven  a  year. 

l-'roni  January.  iSi«i.  until  April.  1872. 
there  wa-  one  short  rectorship  with  sev- 


eral priests  in  charge  as  temporary  sup- 
plies. \ot  much  work  wa-  done.  There 
were  no  confirmation-.  The  rector-hip 
was  that  of  Rev.  A.  J.  Harrows,  from 
November.  iSixj.  to  September,  1870 — less 
than  a  year. 

In  April.  |S7_>.  the  Rev.  C.  S.  Abbott 
became  rector,  and  remained  until  in  1X75. 
He  was  a  kindly  and  faithful  priest  and 
pastor.  lie  presented  three  classes  for 
confirmation,  containing,  respectively, 
one.  t.  -  and  twelve  souls,  making 
eighteen  confirmation: — an  average  of 
four  and  one-half  a  year. 

During  this  rector-hip,  as  early  as  in 
the  year  1X7.5.  plans  for  building  a  new 
church  began  to  be  formed.  The  scheme, 
however,  was  rejected  by  the  vestry  on 
what  were  probably  wise  and  prudent 
consideration-.  There  had  been  what  is 
familiarly  known  as  a  great  "boom"  in 
{•".van-ton.  After  the  Chicago  fire,  many 
Chicago  people  were  left  homeless  and 
came  out  to  this  suburb  to  live.  Among 
them  \\ere  main  Church  folk.  Thus  the 
parish  received  a  great  a  ccc--i'  in  of  numbers 
and  strength.  I'.ut  the  \estry  knew  that 
many  of  these  would  go  back  to  Chicago, 
and  that  the  boom  wa-  an  artificial  one 
and  could  not  be  depended  on.  Conse- 
quently they  were  imt  willing  to  under- 
take either  the  building  or  enlargement  of 
the  church,  lint,  as  often  happens  in  such 
c;--e-.  the  women  of  the  pari-h  were 
roused  to  action,  as  appears  from  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  the  minutes  of  the 
vestry  of  St.  Mark's  under  date  of  July 
i  i .  i *7 ; : 

"A  proposition  of  the  women  of  the  par- 
ish to  enlarge  the  church-building  at  their 
own  cost,  by  widening  it  about  twelve  feet 
on  the  east  side  and  making  -nine  other 
minor  improvement-  incidental  thereto,  was 
laid  before  the  vestry.  After  a  diseu— ion 
of  the  plan  proposed,  it  wa-  unanimously 


. 

01-   fHE 
MIJUL..JIIT  Of  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX 


resolved"  (note  the  unanimity  with  which 
it  was  resolved ) ,  "that  the  ladies  of  the  par- 
ish be  allowed  to  enlarge  the  church  build- 
ing at  their  own  expense,  provided  that  the 
contract  be  so  made  as  in  no  way  to  make 
the  vestry  liable  or  to  incumber  the  church 
building  for  any  part  of  the  cost  of  the  con- 
templated improvement." 

The  good  women  were  not  abashed; 
the}-  took  hold  and  built  what,  in  ecclesi- 
astical language,  is  known  as  the  south 
aisle  of  the  church.  The  example  of  the 
women  produced  an  effect  which  was 
that,  subsequently,  the  Men's  Guild  of 
the  parish  built  and  added  to  the  old 
church  the  north  aisle. 

I  have  thus  very  briefly  sketched  the 
first  ten  years  of  the  parochial  life  of  St. 
Mark's.  God  alone  knows  the  unrecorded 
works ;  the  faith  and  charity  that  went  on 
all  through  that  decade ;  the  earnest,  de- 
voted and  faithful  struggles  of  the  laymen 
to  maintain  the  church ;  the  faithful  pas- 
toral work,  and  the  preaching  by  the  three 
rectors  and  the  various  temporary  sup- 
lilies.  These  things  are  written  in  the 
Lamb's  Book  of  Life. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  period  of  ten 
years,  hard  times  came  upon  the  parish 
and  the  town.  Many  of  the  refugees 
from  the  Chicago  fire  had  moved  back  to 
their  own  rebuilded  homes.  There  had 
been  a  great  panic  in  the  financial  world, 
and  men  felt  the  pressure  of  straightened 
resources.  The  congregation  fell  off.  It 
is  recorded  that  the  Sunday  morning  con- 
gregation that  used  to  fill  the  church  had 
now  dwindled  down  to  thirty-five  or  forty 
persons,  hardly  more  than  the  present 
choir. 

The  first  ten  years  of  parochial  admin- 
istration of  St.  Mark's  were  years  when 
the  parish  work  was  done  on  what  may 
be  called  protestant  lines.  The  general 
teaching  and  tone  of  the  church,  aside 


from  the  irresistible  influence  of  the 
Prayer  Book,  were  hardly  above  the  aver- 
age Puritan  level.  One  may  see  some- 
thing of  this,  for  example,  in  the  fact  that, 
during  those  ten  years  there  were  but 
fifty  confirmations — an  average  of  five  a 
year.  There  was,  comparatively  speaking, 
little  brightness  in  the  service ;  there 
seemed  to  be  a  fear  of  making  the  worship 
of  God  beautiful ;  and  the  senseless  cry 
of  "no  popery"  was  raised  by  some,  over 
things  that  are  a  part  of  the  Anglo-Catho- 
lic heritage.  The  building  itself  was  un- 
churchly  and  unattractive.  The  altar  was 
a  wooden  box  only  four  feet  long,  with- 
out cross,  vases,  altar  lights,  altar  vest- 
ings,  or  even  a  full  set  of  altar  linens. 
There  was  no  credence  or  prothesis. 
In  celebrating  the  Holy  Eucharist,  in- 
stead of  the  unleavened  bread  which  our 
Lord  used,  common  bread  was  employed. 
The  mixed  chalice  was  not  used.  Eucha- 
ristic  vestments  were  unknown ;  the  cele- 
brant wore  a  long  white  surplice  and 
black  stole.  The  ablutions  were  not  per- 
formed. There  were  no  early  commun- 
ions, and  the  Saints'  days  and  many  of 
the  Church's  holy  feasts  and  fasts  were 
not  generally  observed. 

With  the  coming  in  of  the  new  rector,  the 
Rev.  J.  Stewart  Smith,  which  coincided 
with  the  advent  of  the  new  Bishop  of 
the  diocese,  a  new  system  was  inaugu- 
rated ;  and.  from  that  time  St.  Mark's  has 
known  prosperity  and  progress  un- 
dreamed of  before.  For  thirty  years, 
then,  after  the  first  ten.  the  parish 
has  been  administered  on  what  may  prop- 
erly be  called  Anglo-Catholic  lines.  In 
the  History  of  Evanston  by  our  late  bril- 
liant fellow-townswoman.  Miss  \YiIlard, 
are  these  words,  describing  the  rector- 
ship of  the  Rev.  J.  Stewart  Smith: 

"This  was  the  beginning  of  a  new  order 
of  things,  wherein  was  a  striking  contrast 


3/0 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


to  the  old ;  the  change  was  a  marked  differ- 
ence in  Catholic  teaching  and  practice,  and 
the  work  then  earnestly  begun  has  been 
faithfully  increased  and  widened  by  Mr. 
Smith's  successors.  The  trend  of  this 
movement  has  steadily  been  in  harmony 
with  the  Catholic  revival  in  the  Anglican 
Church,  and  St.  Mark's  has  been  highly 
favored  in  the  men  who  have  filled  her  pul- 
pit since  then." 

It  is  impossible  to  overestimate  the 
work  of  the  Rev.  J.  Stewart  Smith, 
the  fifth  rector  of  St.  Mark's.  He 
was  the  curate  of  the  Rev.  William  E. 
McLaren,  D.  D.,  rector  of  Trinity  Church, 
Cleveland,  when  Dr.  McLaren  was  made 
Bishop  of  this  diocese.  Mr.  Smith  was 
then  in  deacon's  orders,  but  the  Bishop, 
knowing  the  worth  of  his  young  curate, 
nominated  him  to  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Mark's.  He  was  elected  by  tht  vestry 
on  the  3Oth  day  of  January,  1876,  with  the 
understanding  that  he  should  become  rec- 
tor as  soon  as  he  was  advanced  to  priest's 
orders,  for  a  deacon  cannot  be  rector  of  a 
parish.  He  was  advanced  to  the  sacred 
order  of  the  priesthood  on  the  3Oth  day 
of  January  of  that  year,  and  on  the  I4th 
day  of  February — known  as  St.  Valen- 
tine's Day — Mr.  Smith  became  the  rector 
of  this  church.  He  remained  as  rector  for 
about  four  years;  that  is,  until  January, 
1880. 

He  found  the  parish  very  sadly  run 
down.  The  services,  as  has  been  said, 
were  protestant  in  tone  and  unattractive. 
That,  however,  was  characteristic  of  the 
church  services  in  general  throughout  this 
part  of  the  land.  But  the  clergy  and  a 
few  of  the  parishes  were  beginning  to  feel 
the  uplifting  tide  of  Catholic  reform 
which  was  then  spreading  over  England 
and  the  East. 

Immediately  upon  the  coming  of  J. 
Stewart  Smith,  an  improvement  was  seen 


all  along  the  line,  and  no  one  would  wish 
to  go  back  to  the  condition  of  things  that 
prevailed  before  he  accomplished  his  great 
work.  But  his  work  was  not  accom- 
plished without  heroism,  perseverance  and 
indomitable  courage.  Almost  every  im- 
provement that  he  made  in  the  character 
of  the  services  was  opposed  or  criticised 
by  some  section  of  the  parish.  But  he 
was  a  man  whom  nothing  could  discour- 
age, whom  nothing  could  daunt.  The  fact 
is,  the  whole  subject  of  the  Church's  ritual 
on  which  so  much  has  been  said  of  late 
years,  after  all  is  simply  this:  Whether 
we  shall  have  reverent  behavior  in  the 
House  of  God  and  a  decent  adornment  of 
the  House  of  God,  or  whether  we  shall  treat 
God  and  His  House  worse  than  we  treat 
ourselves  and  our  own  domestic  dwell- 
ings. 

A  bare  summary  of  the  chief  restora- 
tions and  improvements  introduced  by 
Mr.  Smith  must  suffice:  He  secured  a 
good  cabinet  organ  in  place  of  the  old 
melodeon.  The  church  was  repaired  and 
decorated  in  as  churchly  a  style  as  the 
limitations  of  the  old  building  would  per- 
mit. A  large  altar  was  placed  in  the 
Sanctuary,  with  cross  and  vases  and 
proper  vestings  for  the  various  seasons 
of  the  Christian  year.  A  credence  was 
procured.  Proper  vestments  were  worn. 
All  Holy  Days  were  duly  observed.  Re- 
quiem masses  were  celebrated.  Services 
and  instructions  were  greatly  multiplied 
and  the  pastoral  care  of  souls  greatly  in- 
creased. 

The  opposition  against  him  was  such  as 
is  always  met  with  when  a  sleepy  and 
protestant  parish  is  brought  under  the 
leadership  of  a  truly  Catholic  priest.  But 
his  loving  kindness,  his  tact,  and  his  per- 
severance conquered ;  and  when  finally  he 
left,  the  parish  found  itself  transformed, 
and  has  never  been  willing  to  sink  back 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


into  the  condition  in  which  it  had  pre- 
viously been.  Father  Smith  is  still  living 
and  active,  the  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Kan- 
sas City.  All  subsequent  rectors  have 
simply  built  upon  the  foundations  that 
he  laid.  If  any  honor  is  due  to  any  rector 
of  this  parish,  it  is  above  all  to  the  Rev. 
J.  Stewart  Smith. 

Aside  from  purely  local  and  parochial 
work,  Mr.  Smith  also  launched  forth  into 
missionary  work  and  Church-extension.  He 
began  the  services  of  the  Church  in  the 
neighboring  villages  of  Winnetka,  Wil- 
niette,  Xorth  Evanston  and  Rogers  Park, 
where,  today,  four  flourishing  churches, 
which  may  be  called  daughters  of  St. 
Mark's,  remain  as  monuments  of  Mr. 
Smith's  zeal  and  devotion.  The  time  had 
not  yet  come  for  starting  a  mission  in  South 
Evanston.  That  was  done  a  few  years 
later. 

Every  year  of  his  rectorship  Mr.  Smith 
presented  good  classes  for  confirmation, 
numbering,  respectively,  sixteen,  eighteen, 
nine  and  seven  per  year — an  average  of 
twelve  a  year  instead  of  four,  which  had 
been  the  previous  average.  After  his  de- 
parture, there  was  a  vacancy  for  about  a 
year,  during  which  time  four  persons  were 
confirmed. 

The  sixth  rector  of  St.  Mark's  was  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Frederick  S.  Jewell,  6th  May, 
1880,  to  August,  1885.  Dr.  Jewell  had 
been  a  Presbyterian  minister,  but  had 
been  converted  to  the  older  Church,  had 
been  confirmed,  ordained  a  deacon  and 
then  advanced  to  the  priesthood.  He  was 
a  Catholic  Churchman  and  a  strong  and 
brilliant  preacher.  His  work  here  for 
about  five  years  was  fruitful.  One  in- 
teresting feature  of  this  rectorship  was 
that,  in  the  year  1882  there  was  organ- 
ized what  was  called  the  "Men's  Guild." 
During  the  five  years  of  its  existence 
the  guild  raised  nearly  $4,000.  It  was 


the  Men's  Guild  that  paid  for  building  the 
north  aisle  of  the  church ;  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  choir,  and  in  large  part  for 
the  purchase  of  the  new  pipe  organ,  which 
was  considered  a  fine  instrument  for  those 
days.  One  of  the  great  objects  of  the 
guild  was  to  promote  fellowship  in  the 
parish,  visit  the  newcomers,  get  acquaint- 
ed with  strangers,  and  support  the  rector 
in  every  one  of  his  works.  The  result 
was  that  everything  in  the  parish  was 
strengthened,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
the  Men's  Guild.  It  was  during  this  rec- 
torship that  the  mission  in  "South  Evans- 
ton"  (now  the  flourishing  parish  of  St. 
Luke's,  Evanston)  was  started,  not  with- 
out the  help  of  Dr.  Jewell  and  the  Men's 
Guild  of  St.  Mark's. 

Dr.  Jewell  was  the  first  to  complete  the 
adornment  of  the  altar  by  placing  upon  it 
altar  lights.  During  his  rectorship  Dr. 
Jewell  presented,  classes  for  confirmation 
every  year,  numbering  respectively,  nine, 
four,  fifteen,  nine  and  ten  candidates — 
being  an  average  of  nine  and  one-half  per 
year. 

Dr.  Jewell,  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
rectorship,  also  introduced  some  choral 
services  which  are  now  so  dear  and  up- 
lifting to  the  people  of  the  parish  and  of 
the  community.  Yet,  strange  to  say,  this 
induced  opposition  which  spread  through- 
out the  parish.  After  faithfully  upholding 
the  standard  of  the  Cross  here  for  more 
than  five  years,  the  good  doctor  resigned. 

The  seventh  rector  of  St.  Mark's  was 
the  Rev.  Richard  Hayward,  who  held  the 
rectorship  from  February,  1886,  to  May, 
1888.  He  had  previously  been  a  chaplain  in 
the  United  States  Navy.  He  was  a  sound 
Churchman  and  a  good  preacher.  Two 
notable  events  marked  his  brief  rector- 
ship of  less  than  three  years.  Tht  first 
was  the  successful  introduction  of  the 
vested  choir,  which  took  place  on  Whit- 


372 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


sunday  in  1887,  and  has  been  the  greatest 
blessing  to  the  public  worship  of  the 
Church  ever  since.  The  faithful  and  be- 
loved choirmaster,  Mr.  Robert  Holmes, 
has  been  the  choirmaster  nearly  all  the 
time  since  then. 

The  second  notable  event  in  the  rector- 
ship of  Mr.  Hayvvard  was  the  revival  of 
the  scheme  of  building  a  new  church  and  a 
rectory.  Ten  thousand  dollars  (or  nearly 
that)  were  pledged,  payable  as  soon  as  the 
church  should  be  begun.  During  his  rec- 
torship Mr.  Hay  ward  presented  three 
classes  for  confirmation,  numbering  re- 
spectively, four,  thirteen  and  ten — an  av- 
erage of  nine  a  year.  When  Mr.  Hayward 
left  in  May,  1888,  for  about  six  months 
the  parish  was  vacant,  but  was  chiefly 
in  charge  of  a  faithful  priest,  the  Rev. 
\Valter  H.  Moore,  afterwards  dean  of 
Quincy. 

The  eighth  rector  of  St.  Mark's  was  a 
young  priest  from  the  diocese  of  Maine, 
the  Rev.  Arthur  W.  Little.  Mr.  Little 
had  been  for  seven  years  rector  of  St. 
Paul's,  Portland  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Cathedral  Chapter  and  of  the  Stand- 
ing Committee  of  the  Diocese;  hid  repre- 
sented Miinc  in  the  General  Convention 
of  1886,  and  was  well  known  as  the  author 
of  a  popular  work  entitled  "Reasons  for 
Being  a  Ch'.irchman."  His  rectorship  be- 
gin on  All  Saint-;'  Day.  November  I, 
1888.  He  was  formally  instituted  by  the 
Bishop  on  the  i8th  of  November,  being 
the  twenty-fifth  Sun-lay  after  Trinity,  and 
is  still  the  rector  of  the  parish.  In  1895  he 
received  a  doctor's  degree  from  Hobart 
College.  He  ha*  been  for  many  years 
Examining  Chiolain  to  the  Bishop,  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Missions  and  of 
the  Standing  Committee  of  the  Diocese, 
and  Lecturer  on  Ecclesiastical  History  in 
the  Western  Theological  Seminary.  Still 


later  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  General  Con- 
vention in  1904. 

Mr.  Little  ?t  once  began  to  push  for- 
ward the  building  of  the  new  church. 
A  desirable  lot  on  the  corner  of  Ridge 
Avenue  and  Grove  Street  was  bought  and 
paid  for.  A  beautiful  stone  church  of 
early  English  typo,  designed  by  the  dis- 
tinguished architects,  Holabird  &  Roche, 
was  built.  The  corner-stone  was  laid  by 
the  Bishop  on  the  Sunday  after  Ascen- 
sion, May  18,  1900.  The  first  services 
were  held  on  Easter  Day,  March  29, 
1901.  On  the  following  Wednesday,  at  a 
high  celebration  of  the  Holy  Eucharist, 
at  which  most  of  the  clergy  rr  tlie  diocese 
were  present,  an  office  of  Benediction  was 
said  by  the  Bishop,  the  Rt.  Rev.  William 
E.  McLaren.  D.  I).,  D.  C.  L.,  who  also 
preached  the  sermon.  At  evensong  the 
Rt.  Rev.  George  F.  Seymour,  D.  I).,  LL. 
D.,  Bishop  of  Springfield,  preached.  On 
St.  Mark's  Day.  April  25.  1895.  tn<-*  church, 
including  the  chapel  of  St.  Mary,  in  the 
north  choir  aisle,  being  entirely  free  from 
debt,  was  solemnly  consecrated  by  the 
Bishop  in  a  splendid  and  memorable 
service. 

This  was  tin  last  public  service  at 
which  the  venerable  Charles  Comstock. 
for  thirty  years  the  Senior  Warden  and 
constant  benefactor  of  the  parish,  was 
present.  He  died  on  the  5th  of  the  fol- 
lowing September,  in  the  eighty-second 
year  of  his  age. 

In  1899  a  commodious  rectory  or  par- 
sonage was  boug'-t  on  Ridge  Avenue, 
near  the  church.  A  beautiful  Rood  Se- 
rene, of  carved  oak.  separating  the  choir 
from  the  nave,  was  placed  in  the  church 
in  1899.  as  a  memo-i  il  to  the  late  Franklin 
G.  Bench.  The  church  contains  some  beau- 
tiful windows  of  tl-e  best  English  stained 
glass,  made  by  Ward  &  Hughes  of  Lon- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


37.< 


don.  The  great  east  window  over  the 
high  altar,  representing  The  Institution 
of  the  Holy  Eucharist,  is  considered  the 
finest  example  of  stained  glass  in  the 
West.  It  is  a  memorial  to  the  late  Frank- 
lin G.  Beach  and  Elizabeth,  his  wife.  The 
windows  in  the  north  aisle  depict  scenes 
from  the  Old  Testament,  and  those  in 
the  south  aisle  from  the  New. 

In  the  fall  of  1891  a  superb  chime  of 
nine  bells  was  placed  in  the  tower  of  the 
church,  along  with  an  automatic  attach- 
ment for  playing  the  beautiful  "West- 
minster changes"  at  the  quarter  hours. 
The  following  Latin  inscription  was  cast 
on  the  great  bell : 

A.  M.  D.  G. 

AEDI  PAROCHIAEQUE  SANCTI 

MARCI  ME,  OCTO  CUM  ALIIS  CAM- 

PAXIS,  GRATO    CORDE   DEDIT 

AMICUS  MEXSE  SEPTEMBRE, 

MDCCCCI. 
RDO.  ARTURO  W.  LITTLE,  L.  H.  D., 

PAROCHO. 

LAUDE  SONO  DOMINI;  POPULUM 
YOCO  AD  OSTIA  CAELI. 

(To  the  greater  glory  of  God.  To  the 
church  and  parish  of  St.  Mark's,  a  friend, 
out  of  a  grateful  heart,  gave  me,  along 
with  eight  other  bells,  in  the  month  of 
September,  1901,  during  the  rectorship  of 
the  Rev.  Arthur  W.  Little,  L.  H.  D.  I  re- 
sound with  the  praise  of  the  Lord:  I  sum- 
mon the  people  to  the  gates  of  heaven.) 

The  parish  during  1903  erected  a  large 
and  beautiful  Guild  Hall  or  Parish  House, 
adjoining  the  church,  for  the  use  of  the 
Sunday  School,  and  the  various  guilds  and 
other  charitable  and  social  organizations 
of  the  parish. 

During  the  rectorship  of  Dr.  Little  the 
church  has  enjoyed  a  steady  and  healthy 
growth  in  numbers  and  influence  and  in 
all  departments  of  worship  and  of  work, 


especially  in  the  cause  of  missions  and 
charities.  In  the  seventeen  years  of  his 
rectorship  Dr.  Little  has  presented  five 
hundred  and  ten  candidates  for  con- 
firmation, being  an  average  of  thirty 
a  year.  In  the  previous  twenty-three  years, 
one  hundred  and  sixty  were  confirmed — 
making  six  hundred  and  seventy  confirma- 
tions in  the  forty  years  of  parish  life. 

In  the  summer  of  1904  a  superb  marble 
altar  and  reredos  were  presented  to  St. 
Mark's  by  the  children  of  the  late  Senior 
Warden,  Charles  Comstock.  as  a  memorial 
to  him  and  his  beloved  wife,  and  to  their 
daughter-in-law,  Eleanora  K.  Comstock. 

In  1905  the  interior  of  the  choir  and 
sanctuary  was  rebuilt  of  massive  carved 
stone,  the  walls  of  the  clear-story  being  cov- 
ered with  gold.  The  effect  is  very  fine. 
This  was  the  gift  of  Mr.  William  C.  Com- 
stock, and  is  a  memorial  to  his  beloved  wife, 
Eleanora  K.  Comstock. 

The  year  1905  also  witnessed  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Men's  Club  of  St.  Mark's,  a 
society  for  literary  an;!  social  as  well  as  for 
ecclesiastical  purposes.  It  has  had  one 
prosperous  year  under  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  William  15.  Bogert.  The  President  for 
1906-7  is  Mr.  William  S.  Powers.  Any  citi- 
zen of  Evanston  is  eligible  to  membership 
in  this  club. 

St.  Mark's  is  a  strong  and  united  parish. 
It  numbers  among  its  adherents  some  of 
the  best  citizens  of  Evanston,  and  has 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  community. 

A  few  items  from  the  last  Parochial 
Report  —  May,  1906  —  must  close  this 
sketch : 

St.  Mark's. 

Rector,  Dr.  Arthur  W.  Little. 

Church  Wardens,  Messrs.  Henry  S. 
Slaymaker  and  Edward  H.  Buehler. 

Members,  about  1,500. 

Communicants,  775. 

Value  of  property,  about  $125.000. 


374 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


St.  Matthew's  Mission.1 — The  first  serv- 
ice in  connection  with  the  starting  of  "St. 
Matthew's"  Mission  was  held  in  the  pub- 
lic school-house  and  was  conducted  by 
the  Rev.  J.  Stewart  Smith,  Rector  of  "St. 
Mark's,"  Evanston,  on  Sunday,  May  14, 
1876.  Services  were  maintained  every 
third  Sunday  until  1878,  when  these  were 
discontinued.  The  Sunday  School  was 
organized  September  8,  1878,  soon  finding 
a  home  in  the  house  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Turner. 
March  7,  1878,  a  Sunday  evening  service 
was  begun  in  the  same  place.  This  con- 
tinued until  January,  1880. 

After  Mr.  Smith's  departure  from  St. 
Mark's,  lay-readers  conducted  the  service. 
In  1862,  May  2ist,  a  lot  was  donated  by 
Mr.  Jenks,  and  by  July  I,  1883,  the  church 
building  was  ready  for  occupancy.  It  was 
in  May  of  this  year  that  the  Mission  was 
duly  organized,  being  put  in  charge  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Jewell,  rector  of  St.  Mark's. 

The  Rev.  George  B.  Whitney  was  ap- 
pointed priest  in  charge  June  24,  1883, 
having  also  in  his  care  Christ  Church, 
Winnetka.  Mr.  Whitney  remained  in 
charge  until  November  I,  1885.  Through 
the  kindness  of  friends  in  St.  Mark's  and 
elsewhere,  the  indebtedness  on  the  build- 
ing was  cancelled,  and  the  church  conse- 
crated by  the  Rt.  Rev.  William  E.  Mc- 
Laren, D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Chicago,  October 
30,  1884. 

The  years  following  the  departure  of 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Whitney  were  marked  by 
various  and  ofttimes  trying  experiences, 
but  the  life  was  maintained  by  the  faith- 
ful women  of  the  Mission  and  the  assist- 
ance of  students  from  the  Western 
Theological  Seminary,  the  Rev.  John  C. 
Sage,  now  of  St.  John's,  Dubuque,  serving 
in  this  capacity  for  a  year.  He  left  in 
September,  1870,  and  on  November  2,  of 
the  same  year,  the  Rev.  H.  R.  Neely  took 
charge,  remaining  until  May,  1897.  In 


the  fall  of  1897  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Granger, 
at  that  time  assistant  at  St.  Peter's,  Chi- 
cago, was  given  charge  of  "St.  Mat- 
thew's ;"  he  is  still  the  incumbent. 

Several  fitting  memorials  have  recently 
been  placed  in  the  church,  such  as  a  pair  of 
three-branch  candlesticks  for  the  altar,  in 
memory  of  the  late  Mr.  C.  O.  Ferris,  and  a 
beautiful  oak  lecturn. 

WThile  credit  is  due  to  many  kind  friends 
for  their  undiminished  interest  in  St. 
Matthew's  during  all  these  years — es- 
pecially to  the  rectors  of  St.  Mark's,  Ev- 
anston— it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
among  the  names  deserving  of  very  par- 
ticular mention  are  those  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  T.  A.  Turner,  by  whose  unceasing 
and  loving  care  the  lamp,  once  lighted, 
was  never  suffered  to  go  out. 

From  the  Parochial  Report  of  St.  Mat- 
thew's Mission,  May,  1906: 

Priest  in  charge,  the  Rev.  Henry  C. 
Granger. 

Members.  200. 

Communicants,  70. 

Estimated  value  of  property,  $3,000. 

St.  Luke's  Parish.2 — St.  Luke's  Church 
was  organized  as  a  mission  early  in  July, 
1885,  and  the  first  service  was  held  in 
Ducat's  Hall.  In  August  a  store  was 
rented  on  Chicago  Avenue  and  fitted  up 
for  use  of  the  mission.  In  June,  1886,  the 
Rev.  Marcus  Lane,  who  had  been  priest  in 
charge  for  this  first  year,  resigned,  and 
was  succeeded,  August  I,  by  the  Rev. 
Daniel  F.  Smith,  who  continued  in  charge 
until  August  i,  1904. 

In  October,  1886,  ground  was  broken  for 
the  erection  of  a  church  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  Lincoln  Avenue  (now  Main 
Street)  and  Sherman  Avenue.  In  May, 
1887,  this  was  so  far  completed  as  to  be 


lThl»  Bketrh  of  St.  Matthew's  Mlmlon  wan  furnished  by 
Rev.  Henry  C.  Granger. 

>The  Hketcli  nf  St.  Luke'l,  up  to  1901.  was  furnltbed  by  the 
Rev.  D.  F.  Smith,  D.  D. 


M 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


375 


available  for  the  services,  though  still 
quite  in  the  rough.  Improvements  have 
been  made  almost  continually,  and  twice 
the  church  has  been  enlarged.  It  was 
solemnly  consecrated  November  10,  1889, 
being  free  from  debt. 

On  January  I,  1891,  the  mission  was  re- 
organized as  a  parish,  which,  on  May  26 
of  that  year,  was  admitted  into  union  with 
the  Convention  of  the  Diocese  of  Chicago, 
with  the  following  officers:  David  L. 
Thorp.  Josiah  C.  Lane.  Wardens. 

In  twenty-one  years  since  the  organiza- 
tion of  St.  Luke's  the  number  of  communi- 
cants has  increased  from  twenty-seven  to 
four  hundred  and  sixty-two.  The  parish  is 
now  numbered  among  the  stronger  and 
more  active  in  the  diocese,  is  united  and 
piosperous  and  abounds  in  good  works. 

In  1904  the  Rev.  Daniel  F.  Smith,  D.  D., 
resigned,  and  was  elected  rector  emeritus, 
carrying  with  him  the  love  and  esteem  of 
the  people  to  whom  he  had  ministered  so 
faithfully  and  so  long.  He  was  succeeded 
by  the  Rev.  George  Craig  Stewart  who  be- 
came rector  of  St.  Luke's,  August  I.  1904. 
Mr.  Stewart  is  an  able  and  energetic 
priest.  Among  the  notable  events  in  the 
history  of  Evanston  during  the  last  two 
years  has  been  the  great  progress  of  St. 
Luke's.  Strong  preaching  on  Catholic 
lines,  improvement  in  the  ritual  and  cere- 
monial of  public  worship,  large  confirma- 
tion classes,  the  organization  of  the  Men's 
Club  of  St.  Luke's,  and  great  parochial  ac- 
tivity are  signs  of  his  progress.  A  large  lot 
has  been  bought  on  the  corner  of  Hinman 
Avenue  and  Lee  Street,  and  plans  had  been 
adopted  for  a  large  and  beautiful  stone 
church,  to  cost,  when  completed.  $125,000. 
The  building  will  be  begun  in  June,  1906, 
and  the  work  will  be  pushed  forward  with 
the  energy  which  characterizes  the  rector 
and  the  people  of  St.  Luke's. 


From  the  Parochial  Report  of  St.  Luke's 
Parish,  May,  1906: 

Rector  Emeritus,  the  Rev.  Daniel  F. 
Smith,  D.  D. 

Rector,  the  Rev.  Geo.  Craig  Stewart. 

Church  Wardens,  Messrs.  C.  H.  Cowper 
and  C.  E.  Dudley. 

Members,  1,000. 

Communicants,  462. 


CATHOLIC  CHURCHES 

(By  FR.  H.  P.  SMYTH) 

Among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Evanston 
were  a  few  Catholic  families.  They  wor- 
shipped either  at  St.  Joseph's  Church, 
Gross  Point,  or  at  St.  Henry's,  High 
Ridge,  according  to  their  convenience. 

However,  in  1864  a  concerted  effort 
was  made  to  establish  a  church  in  Evan- 
ston. Accordingly,  on  July  2oth  of  that 
year,  the  property  upon  which  St.  Mary's 
Church  now  stands,  corner  of  Lake  Street 
and  Oak  Avenue,  was  purchased ;  the 
deed  being  made  to  "the  Catholic  Bishop 
of  Chicago." 

The  few  families  that  then  constituted 
the  Catholic  population  of  Evanston. 
found  that  the  purchase  of  property  nad 
exhausted  their  resources,  leaving  them 
little  hope  of  erecting  a  church  in  the 
near  future-  Yet,  so  confident  were  those 
pioneers  of  the  ultimate  success  of  their 
enterprise,  that,  as  it  were,  burning  the 
bridges  behind  them,  they  had  inserted  in 
the  deed  a  clause  making  the  property 
revertable  to  the  original  owner,  in  the 
event  of  its  being  used  for  other  than 
Catholic  Church  purposes.  This  limita- 
tion of  title,  though  prudent  at  the  time, 
afterwards  gave  trouble ;  and  has  been 
removed  at  considerable  expense  within 
the  last  few  years.  The  few  people  con- 
tinued as  formerly  to  attend  mass,  either 
at  Gross  Point  or  Rose  Hill. 


3/6 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


In  1866  the  foundation  of  a  church  was 
laid,  but  it  was  found  impossible,  through 
lack  of  funds,  to  construct  the  edifice  ac- 
cording to  plans.  A  smaller  structure 
forty  feet  by  twenty,  which  still  stands 
on  the  rear  of  an  adjoining  lot,  was  erected. 
In  this  church  the  small  congregation 
worshipped  for  three  years.  In  1869  the 
little  building  was  moved  south  on  the 
property,  and  work  was  begun  on  another 
structure  according  to  the  original  plan. 
This  second  church  was  finished  towards 
the  close  of  the  year. 

Still  there  was  no  resident  pastor  in 
Evanston.  Father  Heskemann,  of  Gross 
Point,  had  superintended  the  construction 
of  the  first  church,  and,  for  two  years  after 
its  completion,  came  every  alternate  Sun- 
day to  Evanston. 

Early  in  1868,  the  priest  in  residence  at 
Rose  Hill,  Father  Heamers,  succeeded 
Father  Heskemann,  in  charge  of  the  small 
congregation  and  church.  He,  too,  how- 
ever came  only  on  Sundays.  He  con- 
tinued to  minister  to  St.  Mary's,  Evan- 
ston, as  long  as  he  remained  at  Rose 
Hill.  In  1869  or  1870  he  was  succeeded 
in  both  charges,  first  by  Father  Marshall 
and  later  by  Father  Michels,  who  like  their 
predecessor  attended  Evanston  as  a  mis- 
sion from  Rose  Hill. 

During  Father  Heamer's  pastorate  a 
school  was  established,  and  two  nuns  of 
German  birth  taught  and  resided  in  Evan- 
ston for  one  year.  Lay  teachers  were 
employed  subsequently. 

In  the  fall  of  1872,  Rev.  M.  Donohue 
came  from  Waukegan  to  St.  Mary's,  Ev- 
anston, as  its  first  resident  pastor.  When 
he  came  he  found  the  church  which  con- 
tinued to  be  used  for  the  succeeding 
twenty  years,  and  also  the  parochial  resi- 
dence, which  is  occupied  today,  awaiting 
him. 

In  1874  the  Dominican  Sisters  of  Sinsin- 


awa  Mound,  Wis.,  were  invited  to  take 
charge  of  the  school  which  was  now  estab- 
lished. They  have  continued  to  work  un- 
interruptedly to  the  present. 

Father  Donohue  had,  at  some  time  in 
the  'seventies,  been  created  Rural  Dean 
by  Bishop  Foley,  and,  in  1887,  was  made 
permanent  rector  by  Archbishop  Feehan. 
The  former  title  is  honorary  and,  in  the 
Chicago  archdiocese,  brings  with  it  no  re- 
sponsibility. The  latter  is  more  substan- 
tial and  was  conferred  upon  Father  Don- 
ohue purely  as  a  personal  compliment ; 
the  parish,  as  it  then  was,  not  being  of 
sufficient  importance  to  warrant  the 
honor- 
In  the  same  year,  1887,  Catholics  of 
German  birth  and  blood,  became  suffi- 
ciently numerous  to  support  a  church; 
and  Archbishop  Feehan  sent  Rev.  Otto 
Greenebaum  to  organize  a  new  congre- 
gation. Father  Greenebaum  came  in 
July,  1887,  and.  in  November  of  the  same 
year,  a  two-story  building,  intended  as  a 
school  and  temporary  church,  was  opened. 
Father  Donohue's  declining  health  com- 
pelled him  to  ask  for  an  assistant,  and,  in 
the  fall  of  1883,  Rev.  W.  J.  McNamee,  who 
had  recently  come  from  Ireland,  was  sent 
to  help  him.  Father  McNamee,  however, 
was  soon  transferred  to  a  more  important 
parish  in  Chicago,  and  his  place  was  filled 
by  a  priest  from  the  Servite  Church,  Chi- 
cago, who  came  occasionally  as  required. 
This  condition  obtained  until  1888,  when 
Rev.  M.  Foley,  present  pastor  of  St.  Pat- 
rick's church,  Dixon,  came  to  Evanston  as 
assistant  to  Father  Donohue.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1889,  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  P. 
C.  Conway,  who  remained  four  years. 

The  new  St.  Mary's  church  was  begun 
in  1891  and  was  opened  to  worship  in  May, 
1892. 

On  March  12,  1893,  Father  Donohue 
died.  The  formalities  governing  the  sue- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


377 


cession  to  an  irremovable  rectorship,  de- 
layed for  some  weeks  the  appointment  of 
a  new  rector  Toward  the  end  of  April 
the  present  pastor,  Rev.  H.  P.  Smyth, 
was  selected  by  the  Archbishop,  and  on 
May  6,  1893,  took  possession  of  the  par- 
ish. 

Father  Conway,  who  had  been  acting 
pastor,  was  transferred  to  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Chicago.  On  November  I,  1893, 
Rev.  Thos.  M.  Burke  came  as  an  assistant, 
and  an  out-mission  at  Rogers  Park  was 
immediately  opened-  During  the  follow- 
ing summer  the  present  St.  Jerome's 
church  was  built  and  dedicated.  The  mis- 
sion continued  to  be  attended  from  St. 
Mary's,  Evanston,  until  it  became  im- 
portant enough  to  need  the  attention  of  a 
resident  pastor. 

In  July,  1897,  Father  Greenebaum  died ; 
and  in  August  of  the  same  year  the  pres- 
ent pastor  of  St.  Nicholas'  Church,  Rev. 
P.  L.  Biermann,  came  to  Evanston.  On 
February  3d,  following,  the  structure 
which  had  for  ten  years  served  as  church 
and  school  was  burned  to  the  ground. 
The  fire  occurred  during  school  hours,  but 
the  children  and  teachers  escaped  in 
safety.  St.  Nicholas'  congregation  then 
again  worshipped  in  St.  Mary's  Church 
for  some  months  during  the  erection  of  the 
present  church  and  school,  which  were 
opened  in  the  spring  of  that  year.  A  hand- 
some parochial  residence  was  also  built 
simultaneously. 

In  the  fall  of  1897  a  Community  of 
Visitation  Xuns,  twenty-five  in  number 
came  to  Evanston  to  establish  an  Acad- 
emy for  young  ladies.  They  rented  a 
large  residence  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Davis  Street  and  Wesley  Avenue,  where 
they  resided  for  four  years.  In  1899  they 
purchased  the  tract  of  land  known  as  the 
Freeman  Place  on  Ridge  Avenue,  and  in 
1901  erected  the  south  wing  of  an  im- 


posing structure  designed  for  them  by 
Architect  Schlaachs.  They  took  possession 
of  the  building  on  the  eve  of  Thanksgiv- 
ing Day,  1901. 

In  the  autumn  of  1900,  Fathers  Smyth 
and  Biermann,  acting  for  the  Franciscan 
Sisters,  purchased  the  Kirk  Mansion  and 
grounds  on  Ridge  Avenue  in  South  Evan- 
ston, and  on  December  1st  of  the  same 
year,  the  nuns  took  possession  of  it.  The 
mansion  was,  in  1901,  fitted  up  as  a  hos- 
pital and  patients  were  received.  In  De- 
cember of  the  same  year  the  Catholics 
of  both  parishes  came  together  to  estab- 
lish "The  St.  Francis'  Hospital  Auxiliary 
Association-" 

The  growing  needs  of  St.  Mary's 
Church  necessitated  the  purchase  of  a  lot 
adjoining  the  church  property  in  January, 
1897.  In  June.  1900,  Rev.  Thomas 
Egan  came  to  fill  the  place  of  the  pastor 
who  was  setting  out  on  an  extended  tour 
through  Europe  and  the  Orient.  On  the 
return  of  Father  Burke,  who  is  now  trav- 
eling, as  we  write,  it  is  the  purpose  to 
have  three  priests  at  St.  Mary's. 

The  Catholic  Church  of  Evanston  has 
not  grown  as  rapidly  as  the  church  in 
Chicago  and  its  other  suburbs,  yet  there 
has  been  considerable  growth.  A  census, 
taken  in  the  interest  of  church  work  in 
the  summer  of  1900  gave  the  Catholic  pop- 
ulation about  3.400.  It  would  seem  that 
was  somewhat  of  an  exaggeration.  The 
question  put  by  the  canvassers  bore  upon 
preference  rather  than  affiliation.  It  has 
been  ascertained  that  some  expressed  a 
preference  for  St.  Mary's  who  have  no 
affiliation  with  it-  But,  today,  as  we  write. 
February.  1902,  we  are  safe  in  saying  that 
the  Catholics  of  Evanston  number  at  least 
3.400.  These  are  of  various  nationalities. 
Those  of  Irish  and  German  blood  predom- 
inate. Besides  these,  there  are  English. 
French,  Scandinavian,  Italian,  Greek  and 


378 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


Dutch.  Nearly  all  European  nationalities 
are  represented.  These  attend  two 
churches  and  support  two  schools,  with 
six  hundred  pupils.  There  are  five  priests 
and  four  communities  of  nuns. 

The  Dominicans,  eleven  in  number, 
teach  St.  Mary's  Parochial  School ;  six 
Sisters  of  St.  Agnes  have  charge  of  St. 
Nicholas'  School ;  seven  Franciscan  nuns 
take  care  of  the  new  Hospital,  and,  in  the 
Visitation  Convent  and  Academy,  there  is 
a  community  of  about  thirty  nuns. 

Recent  Changes. — In  bringing  the  story 
of  Catholic  work  in  Evanston  down  to  date 
(May,  1906),  we  have  a  few  important 
changes  to  note:  Rev.  Thomas  M.  Burke 
was  intrusted  by  the  Archbishop  of  Chicago 
with  the  formation  of  a  new  parish  in  Chi- 
cago, and  Rev.  P.  J.  Hennessy  came  to  suc- 
ceed him  at  St.  Mary's  June,  1903.  Rev. 
L.  J.  Maiwonn  came  to  assist  at  St.  Nicho- 
las' church  in  1902.  In  the  spring  of  1904. 
ground  was  broken  for  the  new  St.  Mary's 
School,  which  was  ready  for  occupancy  in 
the  following  September.  Later  the  new 
parochial  residence  was  commenced.  On  its 
completion  in  the  spring  of  the  present  year 
(1906)  the  old  presbytery,  which  had  done 
service  for  thirty-five  years,  was  removed. 
The  splendid  new  (lothic  church  of  St. 
Nicholas'  Parish,  begun  over  a  year  ago,  is 
approaching  completion  as  we  write. 


FIRST  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 

(By  RKV.  JEAN  FKKDKKIC  LOBA) 

The  very  first  Congregational  Church 
in  Evanston  was  organized  on  December 
8,  1859.  A  preliminary  meeting  had  been 
held  to  consider  the  possibility  of  such  a 
step  on  November  13,  1859,  and  another 
preparatory  to  organization  the  week  fol- 
lowing; but  the  final  step  was  taken  on 


the  first  date  above  mentioned,  when,  by 
a  council  called  for  that  purpose,  meet- 
ing in  the  Chapel  of  the  Northwestern 
University,  the  Church  was  organized, 
consisting  of  five  members.  Of  this  coun- 
cil the  Rev.  W.  W.  Patton,  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  of  Chicago,  was  Moderator, 
and  E.  W.  Blatchford,  Esq.,  was  scribe. 
A.  T.  Sherman  was  clerk,  and  S.  S.  Whit- 
ney and  Isaac  D.  Guyer  were  deacons  of 
the  Church.  During  the  six  months  of  the 
following  year  (1860),  the  membership 
was  increased  to  eleven  members,  and  it 
is  interesting  to  note  that  of  these  only 
seven  were  originally  Congregationalists, 
the  others  coming  from  different  denom- 
inations. 

This  first  Congregational  Church  at- 
tained to  no  strength  nor  did  it  long  con- 
tinue to  exist.  In  the  records  of  that 
Church,  kept  by  Mr.  Sherman,  we  find  a 
note  to  the  effect  that,  on  June  15,  1860. 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Church,  it  was  re- 
solved: "That  as  so  many  of  the  mem- 
bers contemplated  removing  from  the 
place,  the  services  could  not  be  sustained, 
and  that  the  clerk  be  authorized  to  grant 
letters  to  any  who  might  desire  them."  A 
final  note  informs  us  that  letters  were 
granted  by  the  clerk  to  all  except  him- 
self, he  keeping  up  the  organization  by 
paying  the  annual  assessment  to  the  Asso- 
ciation until  the  year  1865,  at  which  time 
the  organization  was  suspended,  as  he 
saw  no  hope  of  reviving  the  church.  This 
is  the  pathetic  little  story  of  an  early 
effort  to  organize  a  Congregational 
Church  in  the  weak,  scattered  and  un- 
settled conditions  of  the  early  days  of 
Evanston. 

There  was,  however,  a  growing  sense 
of  the  need  of  such  a  church,  for  in  that 
same  year,  as  we  learn  from  the  late  L. 
H.  Boutell,  "One  Sunday  afternoon  in  the 
summer  of  1865,  as  I  was  sitting  in  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


379 


library  of  Dr.  Bannister,  that  large  hearted 
man  suggested  the  propriety  and  feasi- 
bility of  forming  a  Congregational  Church 
in  Evanston.  That  suggestion  bore  fruit 
in  the  autumn  of  that  year  when,  on  the 
6th  of  November,  a  few  families  met  at 
the  house  of  Francis  Bradley  and  organ- 
ized a  weekly  prayer  meeting,  out  of 
which  grew  the  Lake  Avenue  Church,  an 
independent  organization  composed  of 
Congregationalists  and  Presbyterians." 

In  1868  this  Lake  Avenue  Church  or- 
ganized the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Evanston  from  which,  in  1869,  the  Con- 
gregationalist  members  withdrew  with  per- 
fect good  feeling  on  both  sides ;  so  that 
this  Lake  Avenue  Church,  it  seems,  did 
not  long  continue  its  existence,  but,  in 
turn,  became  the  mother  of  at  least  two  of 
the  present  churches  of  Evanston — the 
First  Congregational  and  the  First  Pres- 
byterian. A  little  later  on  Mr.  Boutell 
narrates :  "The  twenty-two  persons  who. 
on  the  first  day  of  August,  1866,  gathered 
in  the  Baptist  Church,  which  then  stood 
on  the  corner  of  Church  street  and  Hin- 
man  Avenue,  to  form  the  Lake  Avenue 
Church,  little  thought  that,  in  so  short  a 
time,  two  strong  churches  would  be  the 
outcome  of  an  enterprise  so  insignificant." 

It  is  a  very  singular  fact  that,  so  soon 
after  the  disbanding  of  the  First  Congre- 
gational Church  under  what  seemed  to  be 
hopeless  conditions,  a  new  organization, 
covering  practically  the  same  ground  and 
on  the  same  basis,  should  spring  up  under 
such  auspicious  circumstances.  The  pa- 
thetic final  note  of  the  clerk  of  that  first 
church  affords  us  a  loop-hole  through 
which  we  may  see  the  very  uncertain  ami 
changeable  conditions  of  the  population 
of  Evanston  at  that  time. 

When  in  August,  1869,  the  Congrega- 
tionalists withdrew  from  the  Lake  Avenue 
Church,  they  left  the  property  in  the 


hands  of  the  majority  who  were  Presby- 
terians. The  winter  of  1869-1870,  or  three 
months  thereof,  was  spent  chiefly  in  or- 
ganizing a  Congregational  group,  the  for- 
mal organization  taking  place  upon  the 
8th  of  September.  1869,  and  recognition 
by  Council  on  January  13,  1870. 

During  these  early  and  formative  years, 
it  is  interesting  to  note  the  spirit  of  har- 
mony, fellowship  and  co-operation  among 
the  different  denominational  representa- 
tives in  Evanston  which  has  subsisted  to 
the  present  time.  The  first  suggestion  of 
a  Congregational  Church  seems  to  have 
originated  with  the  earnest  Methodist,  Dr. 
Bannister.  The  first  meetings  of  the 
Congregationalists  were  held  in  the 
Chapel  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
which  then  was  the  only  building  of  that 
institution.  These  services  were  con- 
ducted by  different  pastors  and  teachers, 
prominent  among  whom  were  such  men 
as  Dr.  Bannister,  Dr.  Hemenway,  E.  O. 
Haven,  President  of  the  University,  and 
others. 

Mr.  Luther  D.  Bradley,  who,  as  a 
youth,  was  present  at  these  early  meet- 
ings of  the  Congregational  Church,  thus 
writes  of  them :  "The  prayer-meeting  in 
our  little  front  room  I  remember  very 
well,  but  the  one  at  the  Baptist  Church 
but  dimly ;  but  there  was  one  season  of 
services  which  is  very  fresh  in  my  mind — 
that  during  which  Dr.  Hemenway 
preached  for  us.  These  services  were  held 
in  the  old  chapel  of  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity. The  sole  building  of  those  days  was 
the  old  frame  structure,  now  standing  on 
the  campus  north  of  the  Preparatory — or, 
as  I  believe  they  call  it.  the  'Old  College' 
— building.  The  structure  was  then 
standing  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Hinman  Avenue,  fronting 
south.  The  east  room  on  the  ground 
floor  was  the  chapel,  a  plain  old  room 


EVAXSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


with  fixed  pews  of  pine,  painted  a  drab 
color,  with  blackboards  around  the  walls. 
Here  the  meetings  were  held  on  Sunday 
afternoons,  and  here,  I  think,  Mr.  Duncan, 
the  first  pastor  of  the  church,  began  his 
work.  I  think  some  mention  must  be 
made  of  Mr.  Duncan,  both  on  account 
of  his  importance  as  the  first  settled  min- 
ister of  the  church,  and  also  because  of  his 
very  picturesque  personality.  He  was  a 
Scotch-Canadian,  a  very  agreeable  preach- 
er and  good  man,  but  not  exactly  like  any 
of  his  people  and  not  precisely  at  home  in 
the  community. 

"I  remember  that  some  of  the  most 
telling  sermons  that  were  preached  in  the 
old  chapel  at  this  time  were  by  Dr.  S.  C. 
Bartlett,  later  President  of  Dartmouth 
College,  who  filled  the  pulpit  for  a  few 
Sundays,  though  this  was  before  Mr. 
Duncan's  arrival." 

'However  uncertain,  interrupted  and  in- 
adequately recorded  were  these  early 
steps  toward  organization,  they  all  crys- 
tallized on  the  1 3th  of  January,  1870,  into 
the  First  Congregational  Church  of  Evan- 
ston.  Very  few  of  the  early  members  now 
survive.  Hut  the  roll  of  the  church  of  that 
time  contained  some  noble  names  such  as 
those  of  Francis  Bradley,  L.  H.  Boutell, 
Rev.  D.  Crosby  Green  (now  and  for  many 
years  a  missionary  in  Japan),  Heman 
Powers,  J.  M.  Williams,  Orvis  French, 
besides  many  others  who  won  for 
themselves  enviable  reputations  as  men 
and  women  of  character,  of  more  than 
usual  intelligence,  of  capacity,  energy  and 
a  wide-reaching  influence. 

Immediately  upon  the  organization  of 
the  First  Church,  it  called,  and  on  the  I3th 
day  of  January,  1870,  installed  its  first 
regular  pastor,  the  Rev.  Edward  N.  Pack- 
ard, D.  D.,  now  of  Syracuse,  X.  Y.  The 
University  again  granted  the  new  church  a 
lot  on  which  to  erect  a  suitable  structure 


for  worship.  Mr.  Dorr  A.  Kimball  gives  us- 
an  interesting  sketch  of  the  method  by 
which  the  lot  on  which  the  present  church 
edifice  stands,  became  Congregational  prop- 
erty. He  says:  "At  that  time  the  lot  on 
which  this  church  edifice  is  located,  was 
a  little  park  originally  given  to  the  Village 
of  Evanston  by  the  Xorthwestern  Univer- 
sity, to  be  used  for  Park  purposes  only. 
Immediately  after  the  meeting  held  at  Mr. 
Green's  residence  for  the  organization  of 
a  Congregational  Society,  our  trustees 
had  made  a  very  satisfactory  arrangement, 
which  was  this:  On  payment  of  the  sum 
of  $600  to  the  Village  Trustees,  they  va- 
cated the  park  and,  the  title  reverting  to 
the  University,  they  persuaded  the  Uni- 
versity Trustees  to  deed  the  property  to 
the  First  Congregational  Society  without 
further  compensation."  Upon  this  lot, 
then  the  trustees  having  secured  $6,000  as 
a  building  fund,  "General  Julius  White 
moved  that  they  proceed  to  build  a  church 
edifice  costing  not  less  than  $10,000." 
From  Mr.  Kimball's  sketch,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  they  "succeeded  in  getting  the 
lecture  room  completed  in  July,  1869  ,and 
the  main  auditorium  was  wholly  com- 
pleted in  the  month  of  January,  1870." 
This  ten  thousand  dollar  church,  how- 
ever, was  to  cost  the  little  society  not 
far  from  $25,000,  leaving  them  with  a 
debt  of  $7.000,  with  interest  at  nine  anrl 
ten  per  cent. 

The  maintenance  of  a  church  during 
these  days  of  poverty  and  struggle  was 
not  all  smooth  sailing,  for  in  1871  came 
the  Chicago  fire  which  impoverished 
many  of  its  members,  and  immediately 
thereafter  one  of  the  greatest  financial 
panics  that  this  nation  has  ever  experi- 
enced swept  over  the  country  bringing 
financial  ruin  and  distress  upon  many 
households.  With  self-sacrifice  and  stern 
resolution  the  society  and  the  church 


RKV.   MINER    RAYMOND 


FA  A. \STUN  CHURCH  HISTORY 


with  fixed  pews  of  pine,  painted  a  drab 
color,  with  blackboard:!  around  the  walls. 
Here  tin.'  meetings  were  held  on  Sunday 
afternoons,  and  here.  I  think.  Mr.  Duncan, 
the  first  pastor  of  tin-  church,  began  his 
work.  1  think  some  mention  must  l>e 
made  of  Mr.  Duncan,  hoth  on  account 
of  his  importance  as  the  first  settled  min- 
ister of  the  church,  and  also  because  of  his 
very  picturesque  personality,  lie  was  a 
Scotch-Canadian,  a  verv  agreeable  preach- 
er and  good  man.  hut  not  exactly  like  any 
of  his  people  and  not  precise!  v  at  home  in 
the  community. 

"1  reniemlier  that  some  of  the  most 
telling  sermons  that  were  preached  in  the 
old  chapel  at  this  time  were  by  Dr.  S.  C. 
P.artlett.  later  President  of  Dartmouth 
College,  who  tilled  the  pulpit  for  a  few 
Sundays,  though  this  was  before  Mr. 
Duncan  s  arrival.  ' 

However  uncertain,  interrupted  and  in- 
adequately recorded  were  these  early 
steps  toward  organization,  thev  all  crys- 
tallized on  the  i^th  of  Jannan.  iSjo.  into 
the  l;irst  Congregational  Church  of  Evan- 
ston.  \  er\  few  of  the  early  members  now 
survive.  P.ut  the  roll  of  the  church  (if  that 
time  contained  some  noble  names  such  as 
those  of  Francis  I'.radley,  L.  II.  Boutell, 
Rev.  I).  Croshv  Crceii  i  now  and  for  many 
years  a  missionary  in  Japan).  Henian 
Power--.  |.  M.  Williams,  (  )rvis  French, 
ln-sidcs  many  others  who  won  for 
themselves  enviable  reputations  as  men 
ami  women  of  character,  of  more  than 
usual  intelligence,  of  capacity,  energy  and 
a  wide-reaching  influence. 

Immediately  upon  the  organization  of 
the  First  Church,  it  called,  and  on  the  i.}th 
day  of  January.  1X70.  installed  its  first 
regular  pastor,  the  Rev.  F.dward  N".  Pack- 
ard. I  >.  I'.,  now  of  Syracuse.  X.  N'.  The 
I  niversiu  again  granted  the  new  church  a 
!<>t  on  which  to  erect  a  suitable  structure 


for  worship.  Mr.  Dorr  A.  Kimball  gives  us 
an  interesting  sketch  of  the  method  by 
which  the  lot  on  which  the  present  church 
edifice  stands,  became  Congregational  prop- 
erty. He  says:  "At  that  time  the  lot  on 
which  this  church  edifice  is  located,  was 
a  little  park  originally  given  to  the  Village 
of  Evanston  by  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, to  be  used  for  Park  purposes  only. 
Immediately  after  the  meeting  held  at  Mr. 
Green's  residence  for  the  Organization  of 
;i  Congregational  Society,  our  trustees 
had  made  a  very  satisfactory  arrangement, 
which  was  this:  ( )n  payment  of  the  sum 
of  $fxxj  to  tlie  Village  Trustees,  they  va- 
cated the  park  and,  the  title  reverting  to 
the  I  niversitv.  thev  persuaded  the  Uni- 
versity Trustees  to  deed  the  proper!  v  to 
the  First  Congregational  Society  without 
further  compensation."  Upon  this  lot. 
then  the  trustees  having  secured  $6.000  as 
a  budding  fund.  "General  Julius  White 
moved  that  they  proceed  to  build  a  church 
edifice  costing  not  less  than  .Sio.ooo." 
From  Mr.  Kimball's  sketch,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  thev  'Succeeded  in  getting  the 
lecture  room  completed  in  July.  1809  .and 
the  main  auditorium  was  wholly  com- 
pleted in  the  month  of  January,  1870." 
This  ten  thousand  dollar  church,  how- 
ever, was  to  cost  the  little  society  not 
far  from  S^5,(xx),  leaving  them  with  a 
debt  of  $7  .<xx>.  with  interest  at  nine  and 
ten  per  cent. 

The  maintenance  of  a  church  during 
these  days  of  poverty  and  struggle  was 
not  all  smooth  sailing,  for  in  1X71  came 
the  Chicago  tire  which  impoverished 
many  of  its  members,  and  immediately 
thereafter  one  of  the  greatest  financial 
panics  that  this  nation  has  ever  experi- 
enced swept  over  the  country  bringing 
financial  ruin  and  distress  upon  many 
households.  With  self-sacrifice  and  stern 
resolution  the  societv  and  the  church 


Ki:\  .    MIM.k    UAYMl  INII 


LIBRARY 

Or   iHE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


held  on,  although  it  required  the  wisest 
management  to  meet  current  expenses 
and  keep  up  interest  on  the  bonded  debt. 
In  March,  1879,  Dr.  Packard  resigned  to 
accept  a  call  to  a  church  in  Boston.  He 
was  succeeded,  September  loth,  of  the 
same  3'ear,  by  Rev.  A.  J.  Scott.  In  188.3 
the  church  edifice  was  enlarged,  repaired 
and  in  part  refurnished  at  a  cost  of  $5.000. 
greatly  increasing  the  seating  capacity. 
On  the  night  of  November  23,  1884,  after 
the  first  service  in  the  renovated  church, 
the  entire  edifice  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
The  next  morning,  as  the  friends  gathered 
about  the  smoking  ruins,  sums  of  money 
were  at  once  pledged  toward  rebuilding. 
These  sums,  together  with  the  insurance 
of  $25,000.  enabled  the  trustees  to  proceed 
at  once  to  the  erection  of  a  new  edifice. 
Before  the  fire  was  extinguished,  invita- 
tions had  been  received  from  the  trustees 
of  the  First  Methodist,  Presbyterian  and 
Baptist  Churches  to  use  their  buildings 
on  Sabbath  afternoons  and  for  social 
meetings  as  they  might  desire.  Similar 
invitations  were  also  received  from  the 
\Yoman 's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
to  occupy  Union  Hall  free  of  charge,  and 
the  Northwestern  University  again  gener- 
ously offered  Heck  Hall  on  the  same 
terms.  The  new  structure  was  completed 
and  dedicated  upon  the  nth  of  April, 
1886.  and  has  continued  in  use  ever  since. 
From  the  very  earliest  days  the  church 
has  been  marked  by  a  spirit  of  harmony 
and  benevolence.  When  it  numbered  less 
than  fifty  members  it  erected  and.  fur- 
nished its  own  church  building  at  a  cost 
of  about  $25.000.  Before  the  burden  of 
this  debt  was  fully  removed,  it  enlarged 
and  improved  this  building  at  a  cost  of 
$8,000.  In  1884,  it  erected  and  furnished 
the  present  edifice  at  a  cost  of  over  $50,- 
ooo.  During  this  time  its  current  expenses 
increased  from  $3,000  to  $10,000  a  year. 


During  the  first  twenty-five  years  its  be- 
nevolences to  Home  and  Foreign  Missions 
aggregated  $103.854,  making  an  average 
of  $4,154  a  year.  One  of  its  first  mem- 
bers has  been  himself  a  missionary  to 
Japan  for  forty  years.  One  of  the  most 
earnest  and  devoted  Japanese  Christians 
was  baptized  in  this  church  and  returned 
as  a  preacher  to  his  own  people  in  Japan. 

l;i  1886,  on  the  resignation  of  Rev.  A.  J. 
Scott,  the  Rev.  Nathan  H.  \\Tiittlesey, 
D.  D..  was  called  to  the  pastorate,  which 
continued  harmonious  and  unbroken  until 
May  i,  1892.  In  October  of  the  latter 
year,  Rev.  Jean  Frederic  Loba,  D.  D., 
was  called  and  installed  November  17, 
1892. 

During  more  than  thirty  years  the 
church  has  been  characterized,  first  of  all. 
by  a  spirit  of  harmony.  No  serious  dis- 
sensions have  ever  existed  among  its 
members,  and,  whenever  any  misunder- 
standings have  arisen,  they  have  quickly 
been  adjusted  and  smoothed  away.  It  has 
stood  for  a  perfectly  simple  evangelical 
faith,  its  present  articles  of  faith  being 
the  ones  which  were  adopted  by  the  Lake 
Avenue  Church  in  which  Dr.  Francis 
Bradley  characteristically  substituted  the 
word  "privilege"  for  "duty."  It  has  ever 
shown  interest  in  every  form  of  philan- 
thropic benevolence.  It  was  among  the 
first  supporters  and  benefactors  of  the 
city  settlement  movement.  Its  interest 
in  education  has  been  shown  by  its  hearty 
sympathy  and  co-operation  with  -the 
Northwestern  University.  Its  benevo- 
lences have  been  unstinted  and  generous. 
During  the  year  1901  these  exceeded  its 
home  expenses  by  $1,500,  and  during  the 
year  1905  they  aggregated  over  $13.000. 
It  has  been  foremost  in  its  love  of 
all  that  was  tasteful  and  artistic  in 
its  form  of  worship,  having  been  gen- 
erous in  its  expenditrre  for  the  best 


382 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


church  music.  A  chapter  might  well 
be  written  upon  the  history  of  its  devo- 
tion to  sacred  music.  Many  of  its  singers 
and  organists  were  artists  of  the  highest 
rank.  For  the  first  ten  years  of  its  ex- 
istence the  expense  for  music  was  from 
$331  to  $1,912  a  year,  making  an  annual 
average  of  about  $1,295.  From  1890  to 
1895  the  average  was  $2,390  a  year,  and 
the  total  cost  of  music  from  1880  to  1895 
was  $24,759. 

The  church  has  been  interested  in  city 
missions  and  has  been  a  liberal  supporter 
of  the  Chicago  City  Missionary  Society. 
For  two  years  it  supported  an  inde- 
pendent mission  on  Halsted  Street.  In 
1894  it  purchased  a  lot  on  the  west  side 
of  Evanston  on  which  it  erected  a  sub- 
stantial and  neat  house  of  worship.  For 
this,  on  one  Sabbath,  $4,800  were  sub- 
scribed and  a  thousand  dollars  more  se- 
cured for  lot  and  structure.  Here  it 
co-operated  with  a  small  congregation  in 
the  support  of  a  pastor,  so  that  it  may  be 
truly  said  that  the  church,  while  inter- 
ested in  foreign  missions,  has  never  neg- 
lected home  culture  and  home  benevo- 
lences. In  1903  it  was  thought  best  to  dis- 
continue this  work  or  place  it  in  other 
hands,  and  the  property  was  sold  to  the 
Christian  Church  by  whicli  a  flourishing 
church  organization  is  now  conducted. 
The  proceeds  of  this  sale  were  donated  to 
the  Chicago  City  Missionary  Society  for  its 
endowment  fund. 

During  i<;O5  and  1906  the  Church  has 
contributed  about  $2.500  per  year  through 
the  Chicago  City  Missionary  Society,  for 
the  support  of  I'ethesda  Mission  in  Chicago, 
besides  furnishing  some  eighteen  or  twenty 
teachers  and  officers  in  the  various  branches 
of  this  work.  It  has  also  an  active  interest 
in  a  promising  mission  at  Rose  Hill,  in 
Chicago. 

Charity  has  begun  at  home,  but  it  has 


not  stopped  there.  The  church  has  always 
maintained  a  most  cordial  relation  with  the 
sister  churches  in  Evanston  and,  with  them, 
has  always  been  ready  to  co-operate  in 
every  religious,  social  and  civic  effort  for 
the  improvement  of  the  higher  life  of  our 
city.  Its  six  hundred  members  are  now 
thoroughly  organized  for  work  in  and  out 
of  its  own  organization.  Its  Sabbath  School 
of  about  350  scholars  has  long  been  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  and  thoroughly 
equipped  in  the  city,  being  carefully 
graded  into  primary,  intermediate  and 
senior  schools,  each  with  a  competent 
head  of  department. 

The  benevolences  of  the  Church  are 
fostered  and  directed  by  the  Home,  For- 
eign and  Young  Ladies'  Missionary  So- 
cieties ;  to  which  should  also  be  added 
the  missionary  departments  of  the  Young 
People's  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor 
and  the  Light-Bearers. 

Grateful  for  its  history  and  successes, 
the  Church  goes  forward  full  of  faith  and 
hope,  assured  that  its  Master,  who  has  in- 
stituted and  prospered  it  thus  far,  will 
lead  it  to  yet  larger  successes. 


LUTHERAN   CHURCHES 

(By  REV.  J.  D.  MATTHIUS) 

German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Bethle- 
hem Church. — It  was  in  the  year  1872, 
when  a  small  number  of  Germans,  liv- 
ing in  Evanston  and  professing  faith  in 
the  religion  of  Martin  Luther,  first  assem- 
bled for  regular  Evangelical  Lutheran  ser- 
vices. They  did  not  possess  a  house  of 
worship,  so  they  met  in  those  little  cabins 
down  on  Clark  Street,  near  the  locality  of 
the  present  Electric  Light  plant.  Several 
of  the  first  Lutheran  pioneers  had  settled 
in  that  neighborhood.  A  pastor  they 
found  in  Rev.  A.  H.  Reinke,  of  Chicago. 
He  agreed  to  come  to  quiet  little  Evan- 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


383 


ston  on  Sunday  evenings  and  preach 
God's  message  to  the  attentive  little  group 
which  was  seated  on  up-turned  wash-tubs, 
laundry-benches,  and  whatever  could  be 
used  as  stool  or  pew.  The  majority  of 
this  small  congregation  had  emigrated  from 
the  "Old  Country."  Having  become  tired 
of  the  hardships  which  they  had  to  endure 
under  landlordism  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  they  had  come  to  America  in 
the  hope  of  enjoying  the  freedom  of  this 
country.  But  poor  they  were,  indeed — 
the  most  of  them — and  the  plain,  simple 
mode  of  their  living  bore  ample  proof  of  it. 
Some  of  them  experienced  many  sad  and 
gloomy  hours  on  their  "arrival  at  this 
village  in  the  woods,"  far  away  from  their 
native  home,  without  their  church  so  dear 
to  them,  without  a  German  school,  with- 
out a  pastor  to  teach  and  console  them. 
Their  delight  was  great  when,  at  last, 
they  had  their  own  religious  services 
in  the  dwellings  of  their  fellow-people. 

Twenty-five  years  later  the  Rev.  A.  H. 
Reinke  wrote  as  follows  concerning  the 
first  Lutherans  of  Evanston :  "When  I 
first  began  to  preach  at  Evanston  and 
organized  a  congregation,  there  were,  ac- 
cording to  my  knowledge,  the  following 
people  among  the  members  and  hearers: 
H.  Voigts,  H.  Witt,  Joh.  Witt,  Joachim 
Witt.  P.  Claussen,  Martin  Becker,  A.  P. 
Handke,  F.  Lass,  Joh.  Yorbeck,  F. 
Strokey  and  others." 

The  names  of  the  above  are  also  found 
in  the  records  of  the  church  attached  to  a 
constitution  which  was  adopted  August 
8,  1875,  f°r  the  "German  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Bethlehem  Church  of  Evanston, 
Cook  County,  Illinois." 

We  find  that  Rev-  A.  H.  Reinke  bap- 
tized children  here,  from  June  16,  1872, 
until  May  18,  1873.  After  that  time  a 
number  of  baptisms  were  performed  by 
Rev.  G.  S.  Lober,  of  Niles,  Illinois.  For 


some  unknown  reason  it  appears  the  little 
flock  of  Lutherans  were  without  services 
for  a  while  after  June,  1873.  Again,  how- 
ever, Rev.  Reinke,  missionary  as  he  was, 
turned  his  attention  to  his  small  mission 
post  at  Evanston,  and,  though  over- 
burdened with  work,  took  up  the  care  of 
the  Evanston  Lutherans  with  a  zeal  and 
devoutness  not  often  to  be  found.  Rev.  H. 
\\  under,  of  Chicago,  too,  found  his  way 
here  and  preached  to  the  people  occasion- 
ally. 

The  year  1875  was  an  epoch  in  the 
annals  of  the  Bethlehem  Church.  Glencoe. 
about  seven  miles  north  of  Evanston.  had 
had  a  Lutheran  congregation  since  1847, 
but  had  always  been  attended  to  by  the 
Lutheran  ministers  of  Chicago,  especially 
by  Rev.  Prof.  C.  A.  T.  Selle,  Rev.  H. 
Wuncler  and  Rev.  J.  Grosse.  In  1874  they 
rejoiced  to  have  the  young  Rev.  Ed.  Dor- 
ing  take  up  his  residence  at  Glencoe  as 
their  ordained  minister.  In  the  following 
year,  January,  1875,  we  find  the  first 
records  of  holy  communion  celebrated  in 
Evanston  by  the  Rev.  Ed.  Doring.  He 
it  was  then  who  conducted  the  services 
of  the  congregation  until  1881.  when  he 
accepted  a  call  to  a  mission  post  at  Port- 
land. Oregon.  In  the  meanwhile  the  Luth- 
erans had  come  into  possession  of  a  little 
church  property  on  Florence  Avenue,  near 
Lake  Street,  and  built  a  small  frame 
church  on  it.  Later  this  little  church  was 
sold  to  the  Swedish  Lutherans  and  was 
moved  to  Lake  Street  near  Sherman  Ave- 
nue. Xow  it  is  the  church  of  the  Danish- 
Norwegian  Lutherans,  and  is  to  be  found 
on  Greenwood  Boulevard,  near  Sherman 
Avenue,  west  of  the  Northwestern  Rail- 
road- 

Until  the  departure  of  Rev.  Doring  the 
congregation  had  not  taken  very  great 
strides  to  prosperity ;  still  it  had  among 
its  members  several  young,  enterprising 


384 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


and  good  Lutherans,  one  of  which  was  the 
late  \Vm.  F,.  Suhr.  They  were  not  with- 
out a  minister  very  long.  In  the  fall  of 
1881  a  young  energetic  pastor,  Rev.  A. 
Detzer,  a  graduate  of  Concordia  Semi- 
nary, St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  installed  in  his 
calling  as  pastor  of  the  German  Lutheran 
Church  (at  Evanston),  with  his  residence 
at  Evanston.  In  future  there  were  ser- 
vices every  Sunday.  The  new  pastor  also 
took  charge  of  the  parish  at  Glencoe  and 
preached  there  every  two  weeks. 

As  soon  as  Rev.  Detzer  had  become 
acquainted  with  his  people,  he  had  them 
found  a  parochial  school.  He  undertook 
the  task  of  teaching  the  children  himself. 
The  school  was  opened  with  twelve  pupils 
in  attendance.  The  schoolroom  was  in  the 
attic  of  a  small  dwelling  house  in  the 
"prairie."  The  venture,  however  difficult 
for  pastor  and  people,  who  gladly  paid 
their  taxes  for  public  schools,  and  besides 
upheld  their  private  school,  proved  so  suc- 
cessful that  they  soon  saw  themselves 
compelled  to  build  a  school-house  of  their 
own.  They  erected  a  house  for  this  pur- 
pose at  a  cost  of  $1,450,  where  now  the 
parsonage  is  to  be  seen  at  1410  Green- 
wood Boulevard. 

In  1885  we  find  a  school  of  fifty-three 
pupils  learning  the  rudiments  of  the  Ev- 
angelical Lutheran  denomination,  and  all 
elementary  branches  necessary  for  a  good 
secular  education.  The  congregation 
understood  how  great  a  burden  their 
pastor  had  taken  upon  his  shoulders  and 
relieved  him  of  it  by  appointing  Mr.  H. 
Feuchter  as  provisory  teacher,  and  by 
calling  Mr.  M.  E.  Bittner.  in  1886.  as 
their  ordained  school-teacher.  Mr.  Bittner 
still  holds  this  position,  having  held  it 
sixteen  years.  He  now  teaches  the  upper 
class  only. 

As  the  number  of  pupils  increased,  so 
also  did  the  number  of  members  of  the 


church.  The  congregation,  therefore, 
soon  found  its  first  church  too  small,  and 
without  delay  built  a  handsome  new 
church  edifice  at  the  corner  of  Green- 
wood Boulevard  and  Wesley  Avenue, 
which  was  dedicated  November  21,  1886. 
It  was  a  great  day  for  the  German  Luth- 
erans. After  a  period  of  fourteen  years 
since  their  first  services,  they  now  were  in 
possession  of  their  second  church,  which, 
though  not  as  large  as  some  of  our  present 
churches,  was  far  larger  than  their  firsc 
one  and  far  more  artistic  and  inviting. 
After  having  stood  sixteen  years,  it  still 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  as  one  of  Evan- 
ston's  notable  buildings. 

\\'hen  the  year  1899  came,  the  class 
of  pupils  had  outgrown  the  school.  There 
was  not  room  enough  for  a  new  scholar, 
so  the  enterprising  congregation,  number- 
ing about  sixty  male  voting  members  by 
this  time,  did  not  hesitate  to  purchase  a 
new  building  site  at  the  corner  of  Lake 
Street  and  Ashland  Avenue.  Here  they 
erected  a  two-story  brick-veneered  school- 
house  containing  two  spacious  class- 
rooms, with  all  modern  improvements. 
The  "Evanston  Press,"  of  March  8,  1890, 
devoted  its  entire  second  page  to  the  de- 
scription of  the  dedication  of  this  school. 
It  said :  "Our  German  patrons  are  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  enterprise  and  devo- 
tion to  the  cause  of  education  which  has 
prompted  them  to  this  progressive  move." 

Soon  after  the  new  school  had  been 
pressed  into  service.  Rev.  Detzer  received 
a  call  from  St.  Paul,  Minn-,  where  he  was 
wanted  to  build  up  an  English  Lutheran 
mission.  Though  he  had  been  serving  a 
German  congregation  in  Evanston,  he 
was  an  able  English  scholar  and  therefore 
regarded  this  tfall  as  one  which  his  con- 
science urged  him  to  accept.  It  was  a 
painful  parting  when  he  left. 

Again  the  founder  of  the  congregation. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


385 


Rev.  A.  H.  Reinke,  of  Chicago,  then  pastor 
of  the  largest  German  Lutheran  congre- 
gation in  America,  was  asked  to  take  care 
of  his  forsaken  flock  in  Evanston.  He 
gladly  did  so.  He  preached  and  performed 
all  other  pastoral  duties,  attended  their 
meetings  and  assisted  them  in  every  man- 
ner to  get  a  new  pastor.  They  extended 
calls  to  a  number  of  ministers,  but  in 
vain.  Several  months  passed  by,  and 
Evanston  was  still  looking  for  a  minister. 
In  August,  1890,  a  call  was  sent  to  the 
undersigned,  Rev.  J-  D.  Matthius,  of  Chi- 
cago, son-in-law  of  Rev.  A.  H.  Reinke. 
He  accepted  and  was  installed  September 
3,  1890.  He  was  a  native  of  Staten 
Island,  New  York,  the  son  of  a  prosperous 
business  man.  When  thirteen  years  old  he 
entered  Concorclia  College,  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind..  took  an  academic  course  of  six 
years,  graduated  there  in  1885,  and  in 
1888  from  Concordia  Seminary,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  From  that  time  until  his 
charge  in  Evanston  he  was  assistant  of 
Rev.  A.  H.  Reinke  in  Chicago. 

From  1890  up  to  the  present  day  (Feb- 
ruary, 1902)  the  congregation  has  enjoyed 
constant  prosperity.  It  still  clings  to  the 
infallible  divine  inspiration  of  the  Bible 
and  to  Faith  in  Christ  Jesus  as  the  only 
way  to  salvation.  The  congregation  now 
consists  of  over  200  German  Lutheran 
families  and  many  single  persons.  It  has 
130  male  voting  members,  135  pupils  in  its 
school  and,  besides  Mr.  M.  E.  Bittner,  has 
Mr.  R.  Mangelsdorf  as  teacher  of  the 
second  class.  In  1893  a  handsome  par- 
sonage was  erected  in  the  rear  of  the 
church. 

The  congregation  belongs  to  the  "Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri,  Ohio 
and  other  states." 

Besides  the  German  Lutheran,  Evan- 
ston has  also  a  Norwegian-Danish  Luth- 


eran, a  Swedish  Lutheran,  and,  of  late, 
also  a  small  English  Lutheran  congrega- 
tion. The  latter  conducts  its  services  in 
the  church  of  the  Danish-Norwegian 
Lutherans,  and  is  attended  to  by  Rev.  J. 
K.  Reed  of  Chicago,  a  member  of  the 
General  Synod. 

Norwegian-Danish  Lutheran  Church. — 
The  following  notes  have  been  kindly 
compiled  by  the  pastor,  Rev.  D.  Larsen : 

The  Evanston  Norwegian-Danish  Luth- 
eran Church  was  organized  July  29,  1891, 
under  the  supervision  of  Rev.  N.  J.  Elles- 
tad  and  Rev.  J.  N.  Kildal  of  the  Bethle- 
hem Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  in  Chi- 
cago, and,  until  the  new  congregation 
could  secure  a  pastor.  Rev.  Kildal  tem- 
porarily served  it  in  connection  with  the 
Chicago  church. 

Admission  into  the  United  Norwegian 
Lutheran  Church  of  America  was  applied 
for  and  granted  in  June.  1892.  In  March 
of  the  same  year  Rev.  T.  Aarrestad  be- 
gan to  serve  the  congregation  as  its  or- 
dained pastor,  and  remained  in  that  ca- 
pacity until  October,  1893. 

John  Hetland,  the  next  pastor,  served 
from  February,  1894,  till  June,  1900. 

In  January,  1894.  the  Young  People's 
Society,  "Nordlyset,"  was  organized. 

The  congregation  had,  as  yet.  owned 
no  place  of  worship,  but  services  were 
held  in  rented  quarters.  In  1899,  how- 
ever, a  lot  was  bought  on  Greenwood 
Boulevard  between  Sherman  and  Benson 
Avenues,  and  the  chapel,  owned  first  by 
the  German  and  then  by  the  Swedish 
Lutheran  congregation,  was  bought  and 
moved  to  the  above-mentioned  location. 
This  chapel  will  serve  as  a  temporary 
house  of  worship  until  the  congregation 
becomes  able  to  build  a  church.  The 
present  pastor,  Ditman  Larsen,  was  in- 
stalled July  21,  1901. 


386 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


Swedish  Evangelical  Lutheran  (Im- 
manuel )  Church. — This  congregation  was 
organized  in  1888,  by  Rev.  S.  A.  Sandahl 
of  Lake  View,  with  thirty-four  communi- 
cant members.  The  first  installed  pastor 
was  Rev.  J.  Edgren,  who  served  the  con- 
gregation a  number  of  years.  The  next 
pastor  was  Rev.  C.  Solmonson.  During 
his  ministry  in  Evanston  the  Swedes  built 
their  present  handsome  new  church  and 
parsonage  at  Sherman  Avenue  and  Lake 
Street.  Their  present  minister  is  Rev. 
G.  K.  Stark. 

Our  information  concerning  the  Swed- 
ish Lutherans  is  very  scant. 

We  should  have  gladly  inserted  a 
chapter  from  the  pen  of  the  present  pas- 
tor, but  our  efforts  to  obtain  such  an  arti- 
cle were  in  vain. 

Supplemental. 

Since  the  above  chapter  was  written  work 
among  the  Lutherans  of  Evanston  has  kept 
on.  The  English  Lutherans  now  have  a 
handsome  little  edifice  of  their  own  at  Ben- 
son Avenue  and  Greenleaf  Street. 

In  Bethlehem  German  Lutheran  congre- 
gation the  parochial  school  has  experienced 
some  changes.  Mr.  R.  E.  Mangelsdorf,  on 
account  of  failing  health,  was  obliged  to  ac- 
cept a  position  as  teacher  of  a  parochial 
school  at  Black  Jack,  Mo.  Likewise,  Mr. 
M.  E.  Bittner.  after  having  been  at  the 
head  of  the  school  for  almost  nineteen 
years,  accepted  a  call  to  Kankakee,  111.,  in 
1905.  where  he  now  is  Principal  of  a  pa- 
rochial school.  The  respective  vacancies 
have  been  filled  by  Mr.  F.  Teenies,  for 
many  years  teacher  at  Strassburg,  111.,  and 
by  Mr.  L.  O.  Schaefer,  one  of  the  graduates 
of  the  Addison  Lutheran  Teachers'  Semin- 
ary in  this  State,  in  1905. 


EVAXSTON  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 

(Bj  ULYSSES  GKANT  BUCK) 

The  Evanston  Christian  Church  has 
had  humble  beginnings,  but  gives  prom- 
ise of  becoming  a  strong  power  for  good 
in  this  city  of  churches,  and  has  found  a 
place  and  a  work  that  would  indicate  that 
no  mistake  has  been  made  in  bringing  it 
into  being. 

The  Reformation  Movement,  which  this 
organization  represents,  had  its  inception 
in  Western  Pennsylvania  about  one  hun- 
dred years  ago,  and  has  been  one  of  rapid 
growth  on  lines  parallel  to  the  lines  of 
immigration,  with  the  result  that  the 
northern  and  southern  parts  of  our  coun- 
try have  few,  if  any,  more  prosperous 
churches.  However,  there  have  gone  into 
all  parts  of  the  country,  as  happens  with 
our  shifting  population,  a  few  represent- 
ative active  members,  and  these  have  been 
gathered  together  to  form  a  working  nu- 
cleus, and  thus  have  grown  up  large  con- 
gregations where  once  there  was  no  work 
done.  This  is  the  history  of  the  Evans- 
ton  Church. 

The  Christian  Missionary  Society  of 
Chicago  had  its  attention  called  to  the 
possibilities  of  a  work  being  started  in 
Evanston  in  the  year  1895.  Accordingly 
on  the  241)1  day  of  November,  1895,  City 
Evangelist  E.  W.  Darst,  accompanied  by 
W.  B.  Taylor,  pastor  of  the  North  Side 
Christian  Church ;  E.  S.  Ames,  of  the 
Disciples'  Divinity  House  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  met  with  the  few  disciples 
to  be  found  in  this  community,  among 
whom  were  Mr.  and  Mrs-  E.  E.  Starkey, 
of  Wilmette;  Dr.  and  Mrs.  R.  C.  Knox, 
of  Rogers  Park,  at  the  home  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Milton  O.  Naramore,  at  925 
Main  Street,  to  discuss  the  idea  of  at- 
tempting to  organize  a  Christian  Church 
at  some  point  in  Evanston.  The  urgent 


386 


EVAXSTOX  CHURCH  HISTORY 


Swedish  Evangelical  Lutheran  (Im- 
manuel)  Church. — This  congregation  was 
organized  in  iSSS.  l>y  Rev.  S.  A.  Satulahl 
of  Lake  View,  with  thirty-four  communi- 
cant mcmhcrs.  The  first  installed  pastor 
was  Kev.  J.  Ldgrcn,  who  served  the  con- 
gregation a  number  of  vears.  The  next 
pastor  was  Kev.  C.  Solmonson.  During 
his  ministry  in  Lvanston  the  Swedes  built 
their  ])resei)t  handsome  new  church  and 
parsonage  at  Sherman  Avenue  and  Lake 
Street.  Their  present  minister  is  Kev. 
G.  K.  Stark. 

I  Hir  information  concerning  the  Swed- 
ish Lutherans  is  very  scant. 

\\'e  should  have  gladly  inserted  a 
chapter  from  the  pen  of  the  present  pas- 
tor, but  our  efforts  to  obtain  such  an  arti- 
cle were  in  vain. 

Supplemental. 

Since  the  above  chapter  was  written  work 
among  the  Lutherans  of  Kvanston  has  kept 
on.  The  Knglish  Lutherans  now  have  a 
handsome  little  edifice  of  their  own  at  I '.en- 
son  Avenue  ami  (  ireenleaf  Street. 

In  liethlehem  <  icrman  Lutheran  congre- 
gation the  parochial  school  ha-  experienced 
some  changes.  Mr.  K.  K.  Mangclsilorf,  oil 
account  "f  lading  health,  was  obliged  to  ac- 
cept a  po-itioii  a-  teacher  of  a  parochial 
school  at  I  Hack  Jack.  Mo.  Likewise.  Mr. 
M.  L.  Mittncr.  after  bavin;,'  been  at  the 
head  ol  the  -chool  for  almo-t  nineteen 
years,  accepteil  a  call  to  Kankakee.  III.,  in 
HJO^.  where  he  now  i-  I'rincipal  of  a  pa- 
rochial -chool.  The  rc-pcetivc  vacancies 
have  been  tilled  bv  Mr.  I'.  Toenies.  for 
many  \i-ar-  teacher  at  Strassburg.  111.,  and 
b\  Mr.  L.  i  I.  Schaefer.  one  of  the  graduates 
of  the  .\i|i|i-on  Lutheran  Teachers'  Semin- 
ary in  tliis  State,  in  11)05. 


LVAXSTOX  CHRISTIAX  Clll'RCII 

(I'.y  ri.YSSKS  GKANT  HfCK) 

The  Lvanston  Christian  Church  has 
had  humble  beginnings,  but  gives  prom- 
ise of  becoming  a  strong  power  for  good 
in  this  city  of  churches,  and  has  found  a 
place  and  a  work  that  would  indicate  that 
no  mi>takc  has  been  made  in  bringing  it 
into  being. 

The  Reformation  Movement,  which  this 
organization  represents,  had  its  inception 
in  Western  Pennsylvania  about  one  hun- 
dred years  ago.  and  has  been  one  of  rapid 
growth  on  lines  parallel  to  the  lines  of 
immigration,  with  the  result  that  the 
northern  and  southern  parts  of  our  coun- 
try have  few.  if  any.  more  prosperous 
churches.  However,  there  have  gone  into 
all  parts  of  the  country,  as  happens  with 
our  shifting  population,  a  few  represent- 
ative active  members,  and  these  have  been 
gathered  together  to  form  a  working  nu- 
cleus, and  thus  have  grown  up  large  con- 
gregations where  once  there  was  no  work 
done.  This  is  the  history  of  the  Kvans- 
ton  Church. 

The  Christian  Missionary  Society  of 
Chicago  had  its  attention  called  to  the 
possibilities  of  a  work  being  started  in 
Kvanst'iii  in  the  year  iSi)=;.  Accordingly 
on  the  J-jth  day  of  November.  1X05.  City 
Kvangelist  K.  W.  Darst.  accompanied  by 
\\  .  I'..  Taylor,  pastor  of  the  North  Side 
Christian  Church:  K.  S.  Ames,  of  the 
Disciples'  Divinity  House  of  the  I'niver- 
sity  of  Chicago,  met  with  the  few  disciples 
to  be  found  in  this  community,  among 
whom  were  Mr.  and  Mr-  L.  K.  Starkcy. 
of  Wilmette:  Dr.  and  Mrs.  1\.  C.  KIMX. 
of  Rogers  I 'ark.  at  the  home  of  Mr.  and 
Mr-.  Milton  (  ).  Xaramore.  at  '125 
Main  Street,  to  discuss  the  idea  r,f  at- 
tempting to  orgam/e  a  Christian  Church 
at  -ome  point  in  Kvanston.  The  urgent 


us 

Or   (HE 
SITY  OF  HUN0W 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


387 


need  of  a  church  organization  was  con- 
ceded, and  it  was  unanimously  decided 
to  take  steps  to  hold  a  meeting,  and  in 
the  meantime  to  hold  preliminary  cottage 
meetings  in  order  to  enlist  the  co-opera- 
tion of  all  persons  who  might  be  found 
to  be  members  of  the  Church. 

Meetings  were  held  at  the  same  place 
on  each  of  the  Lord's  Days  in  Decem- 
ber, making  six  preliminary  and  prepara- 
tory meetings,  during  which  the  whole 
situation  was  thoroughly  canvassed  and 
all  arrangements  were  made  to  hold  a  se- 
ries of  meetings  at  Union  Hall,  807  Davis 
Street,  beginning  on  Sunday.  January  5, 
1896.  At  3  o'clock  on  that  day  a  large 
audience  assembled  at  the  above  place, 
among  whom  were  many  representatives 
from  the  city  churches,  and,  as  an  inau- 
gural service,  Rev.  W.  F.  Black,  of  the 
Central  Church,  Chicago,  preached  a 
learned  and  able  discourse. 

On  the  evening  following,  Evangelist 
E.  W.  Darst,  assisted  by  local  members, 
began  a  series  of  meetings  which  lasted 
for  the  next  eleven  weeks,  without  in- 
terruption, every  week  day  evening  ex- 
cept Saturday  and  twice  on  Sunday.  At 
the  end  of  this  series  of  meetings  there 
were  forty-two  persons  who  had  made 
confession  and  thirty-four  who  had  been 
received  by  letter,  making  a  total  of  sev- 
enty-six, who  thus  became  the  nucleus 
of  the  Evanston  Christian  Church. 

Upon  the  completion  of  this  series  of 
meetings  the  church  proceeded  to  the  or- 
ganization of  all  the  departments  com- 
mon to  Evangelical  churches,  and  soon  it 
had  an  active  Sunday  School,  a  live  Chris- 
tian Endeavor  Society,  a  Ladies'  Aid  So- 
ciety and  a  Woman's  Missionary  Society. 

On  the  1 7th  day  of  May,  1896,  the 
church  called  Edward  Scribner  Ames,  of 
the  Disciples'  Divinity  House,  as  its  first 
pastor.  He  continued  with  the  church  for 


about  one  year,  when  he  was  followed  by 
Rev.  A.  L.  Chapman. 

On  the  1st  day  of  May,  1897,  the  church 
was  moved  from  807  Davis  Street  to  Odd- 
Fellows'  Hall,  6o4J^Davis  Street,  where 
it  continued  to  meet  until  it  was  removed 
to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building. 

Mr.  Chapman  remained  as  pastor  until 
the  autumn  of  1898.  On  the  3Oth  of  Oc- 
tober of  that  year  E.  W.  Darst  was  called 
as  pastor,  and  continued  until  September. 
1899,  when  Wallace  C.  Payne,  of  New 
York,  became  his  successor.  Mr.  Payne's 
work  continued  until  March  24,  1901, 
when  he  was  succeeded,  after  a  short  in- 
terval, by  Dr.  E.  V.  Zollars,  President  of 
Hiram  College,  Hiram,  Ohio.  Dr.  Zollars 
is  one  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  Christian 
Church,  and  gave  the  church  in  Evanston 
a  standing  second  to  none.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded on  October  27.  1901.  by  Mr.  W.  D. 
Ward,  a  graduate  of  Hiram  College  un- 
der Dr.  Zollars,  and  formerly  of  Mantua, 
Ohio.  Under  his  guidance  and  preaching 
the  church  has  prospered  and  grown,  and 
his  relations  with  the  church  have  been 
so  pleasant  that  he  is  liable  to  remain  yet 
many  years. 

In  -1900  the  church,  under  careful  and 
wise  financial  management,  began  to  ac- 
cumulate a  building  fund,  and  after  about 
three  years'  saving,  was  able  to  purchase 
a  lot  at  the  corner  of  Oak  and  Church 
Streets,  where  it  was  proposed  to  build 
a  church  home,  and  which  it  still  owns; 
but  the  unexpected,  which  often  happens, 
came  when  the  opportunity  was  presented 
of  securing  a  commodious  property  at 
the  corner  of  Lee  Street  and  Asbury  Ave- 
nue, known  as  the  Plymouth  Congrega- 
tional Church. 

This  came  near  the  end  of  1903,  and 
the  generous  offer  of  the  First  Congrega- 
tional Society  of  Evanston  was  soon  ac- 
cepted, and,  for  the  first  time  in  its  his- 


388 


EVANSTON  CHURCH  HISTORY 


tory,  the  Evanston  Christian  Church  be- 
came an  established  fact  in  the  commu- 
nity. 

In  June,  1905,  the  church  celebrated,  in 
befitting  manner,  the  clearing  off  of  all 
indebtedness ;  and  with  all  its  equipment 
and  with  the  simple  gospel  plea  which  it 
presents,  is  bound  to  continue  to  prosper 
and  grow,  and  lead  men  and  women  and 
children  to  a  knowledge  of  better  things 
and  to  lives  of  better  deeds,  until  the  time 
when  it  shall  be  known  as  one  of  the  most 
potent  influences  for  good  in  this  splen- 
did city  of  splendid  people. 


FIRST   CHURCH    OF    CHRIST    (SCI- 
ENTIST) 

(By  HOLMKS  Ih  'i.i  i 

The  First  Church  of  Christ  (Scientist), 
of  Evanston,  was  organized  under  a  char- 
ter granted  by  the  State  of  Illinois,  Jan- 
uary 23,  1895,  with  a  membership  of 
twenty-six.  It  is  a  branch  church  of  the 
First  Church  of  Christ  (Scientist),  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  which  was  founded  in  1879. 
Since  that  time  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  churches  and  societies  of  this  de- 
nomination have  been  organized  in  this 
country  and  foreign  lands.  The  branch 
churches  have  the  power  to  govern  local 
affairs  and  elect  their  First  and  Second 
Readers,  Boards  of  Trustees  and  Direct- 
ors, and  other  officers,  annually. 

The  Evanston  church  has  had  a  steady 
growth  and  has  received  one  hundred 
and  fifty-two  persons  into  membership. 
The  meetings  were  first  held  in  a  private 
house,  but  that  was  soon  found  too  small 
to  accommodate  the  increasing  congre- 
gation, and  larger  quarters  have  been 
sought  from  time  to  time,  until  now  the 
church  owns  the  handsome  property  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Chicago  Avenue 
and  Grove  Street. 


The  present  form  of  Sunday  service  ob- 
served in  all  of  the  churches  of  the  de- 
nomination was  inaugurated  in  1895. 
The  sermons  consist  of  selections  taken 
from  the  Bible  and  the  Christian  Science 
Text  Book,  "Science  and  Health,"  with 
Key  to  the  Scriptures,  by  Rev.  Mary  Baker 
G.  Eddy,  the  discoverer  and  leader  of 
Christian  Science.  The  lesson  sermons  of 
all  the  churches  are  arranged  by  a  commit- 
tee appointed  by  the  First  Church  of 
Christ  (Scientist),  of  Boston,  and  are 
read  by  the  First  and  Second  Readers, 
reading  from  the  Bible  and  from  "Science 
and  Health,"  respectively. 

Following  the  Sunday  morning  service 
the  Sunday  School  assembles.  Since  its 
organization  progress  has  been  the  key- 
note with  these  little  workers,  who  arc 
bringing  out  in  their  daily  lives  beautiful 
proofs  of  the  power  of  good  in  overcom- 
ing evil,  as  this  religion  teaches. 

On  each  Wednesday  evening  in  this 
church,  as  well  as  all  other  churches  of 
this  denomination,  a  meeting  is  held  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  testimonies  of  the 
benefits  received  physically,  morally  and 
spiritually  from  the  study  and  practice  of 
Christian  Science. 

In  accordance  with  a  by-law  of  the 
First  Church  of  Christ  (Scientist),  of  Bos- 
ton, a  reading  room  has  been  established 
and  is  open  daily,  affording  an  opportu- 
nity to  those  who  are  seeking  knowledge 
on  the  subject  of  Christian  Science  to 
read  and  procure  literature. 

The  theology  of  Christian  Science  in- 
cludes healing  the  sick,  as  well  as  re- 
forming the  sinner,  by  the  prayer  of  faith 
with  a  spiritual  understanding  of  the 
Scriptures,  basing  its  authority  upon  the 
teachings  and  works  of  Christ  Jesus  and 
the  Apostles,  as  recorded  in  the  Bible. 

The   following   item   from   one   of  the 


.HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


389 


Chicago  newspapers  of  a  year  ago — the 
exact  date  is  not  known — furnishes  an  in- 
teresting fact  in  connection  with  the  his- 
tory of  the  First  Church  of  Christ  (Scien- 
tist), of  Evanston : 

"When  the  temple  building  of  the  First 
Church  of  Christ  (Scientist),  of  Evans- 
ton,  was  destroyed  by  fire  two  and  a  half 
vears  ago,  the  one  hundred  persons  who 


comprised  the  membership  of  the  church 
erected  a  new  building  at  a  cost  of  $25,- 
ooo,  and  then  set  out  to  wipe  out  the  debt 
within  three  years.  Last  evening,  at  the 
regular  prayer  service.  Holmes  Hoge, 
treasurer  of  the  church  and  assistant 
cashier  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Chicago,  announced  that  the  last  payment 
on  the  mortgage  was  made  yesterday." 


CHAPTKR  XXXVIII. 


YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 

(By  ARTHUR  B.  DALE,  General  Secretary) 


Evanston  young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion —  Organization  Effected  in  1885 — 
First  Board  of  Officers  —  General  His- 
tory —  Association  Building  Erected  and 
Dedicated  in  1898  —  Gymnasium  and 
Katatorium  Constructed  —  List  of  For- 
mer and  Present  Officers. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion of  Evanston,  as  elsewhere,  arose  in 
response  to  a  public  need  for  the  care  of 
the  young  men  of  the  community,  and 
since  its  organization  has  steadily  grown, 
both  in  size  and  efficiency,  until  now  it 
occupies  a  place  of  unquestioned  utility  in 
the  city  and  has  become  one  of  the  most 
effective  arms  of  the  church  for  its  work 
among  young  men.  Differing  from  the 
usual  social  or  athletic  club  in  breadth  of 
purpose,  it  has  steadily  aimed  to  reach 
the  young  man  in  his  entirety  and  to  ben- 
efit him  morally,  intellectually,  physically 
and  socially.  It  firmly  stands  for  the 
symmetrical  growth  of  all  of  these  sides 
of  his  life,  believing  that  only  thus  does  a 
man  approach  the  plan  designed  for  him 
by  his  Maker. 

The  local  organization  was  called  into 
being  as  the  result  of  a  meeting  of  pas- 
tors and  lay  members  of  the  various 
churches  of  the  city,  held  June  26,  1885, 
at  which  were  present  Rev.  Messrs.  Scott. 
Curts  and  Noyes  for  the  pastors,  and 


Messrs.  H.  G.  Grey,  D.  S.  McMullen, 
Martin,  Miller,  Adams,  Gillson  and  Ben- 
jamin for  the  laity.  This  meeting  had 
under  discussion  the  question  whether  an 
organization  for  young  men  was  needed, 
on  which  point  they  were  unanimous ; 
and  whether  such  organization  should  be 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 
On  the  latter  point,  some  difference  of 
opinion  arising,  the  matter  was  referred 
to  a  committee  of  five,  who  afterward  re- 
ported to  a  mass  meeting  in  favor  of  the 
Association,  which  was  finally  launched 
on  November  17,  1885,  with  the  follow- 
ing Board  of  Managers :  M.  P.  Aiken, 
Jos.  M.  Larimer.  XV.  E.  Stockton,  Capt. 
L.  O.  Lawson,  J.  H.  Nitchie,  W.  H.  Spen- 
ser, O.  E.  Haven,  S.  A.  Kean,  C.  B.  Cong- 
don,  H.  G.  Grey,  L.  K.  Gillson  and  P.  O. 
Magnuson.  This  Board  organized  with 
the  following  officers :  President — M.  P. 
Aiken;  Vice-President — J.  M.  Larimer; 
Recording  Secretary  —  J.  H.  Nitchie ; 
Treasurer  —  Howard  G.  Grey. 

Under  this  Board  of  Directors  the  As- 
sociation was  duly  incorporated  as  "The 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of 
Evanston,"  on  November  17,  1885,  and 
has  continued  under  these  articles  to  the 
present  time.  Rooms  were  secured  in  the 
Rink  Building,  at  Hie  corner  of  Davis 
Street  and  Chicago  Avenue,  and  on  March 
1 6,  1886,  Mr.  \V.  S.  Mather  was  engage  1 

391 


392 


YOUNG    MEN'S    CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION 


as  General  Secretary,  to  take  charge  of 
the  work. 

From  this  date  the  Association  pursued 
the  usual  course  of  such  organizations, 
meeting  with  difficulties  and  achieving 
successes  from  time  to  time,  but  persist- 
ently holding  to  its  one  purpose  of  reach- 
ing and  benefitting  the  young  men  of  the 
community.  After  a  period  in  the  Rink 
Building,  the  rooms  were  moved  to  the 
Block  Building,  on  Sherman  Avenue, 
south  of  Davis  Street,  where  the  work 
continued  to  prosper.  Among  the  suc- 
cessful enterprises  conducted  by  the  As- 
sociation during  this  period  were  the  re- 
ligious meetings  addressed  by  Rev.  C. 
H.  Yatman,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  the  fall 
of  1887.  These  meetings  were  held  in 
conjunction  with  the  city  churches  and 
resulted  in  218  professed  conversions,  of 
which  115  were  young  men,  and  a  gen- 
eral quickening  of  the  religious  life  of  the 
city. 

During  the  General  Secretaryship  of 
Mr.  F.  D.  Fagg,  agitation  for  a  build- 
ing began,  and  the  following  resolution 
was  adopted  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  on  June  3,  1892 : 
"Resolved.  That  it  is  the  sense  of 
this  Board  that  the  Association  pro- 
ceed, at  the  earliest  possible  date,  to 
secure  a  site  and  take  the  necessary  steps 
to  erect  a  building  commensurate  with 
the  public  need."  Pursuant  to  this  reso- 
lution, a  committee  of  five  was  appointed 
to  select  a  site  and  solicit  funds  for  its 
purchase.  This  agitation  finally  resulted 
in  the  purchase  of  the  present  Associa- 
tion lots,  in  March,  1893,  at  a  cost  of  $27,- 
ooo. 

Just  when  matters  were  growing  bright 
for  the  accomplishment  of  the  long-de- 
sired purpose  of  beginning  work  for  a 
building,  the  Association  met  with  a  great 
loss  in  the  death  of  Mr.  J.  M.  Larimer, 


who  was,  at  the  time,  its  President.  Mr. 
Larimer  had  been  for  a  number  of  years 
a  most  active  friend  and  supporter  of  the 
work,  giving  both  of  his  time  and  money 
with  unusual  generosity,  and  to  his  ef- 
forts was  largely  due  the  progress  that 
had  been  made  up  to  that  time. 

Shortly  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Lari- 
mer, Mr.  John  R.  Lindgren  was  elected 
President,  and  Mr.  William  Boyd  having 
just  entered  upon  the  duties  of  General 
Secretary,  the  work  of  canvassing  for 
funds  for  the  new  building  was  taken  up 
and  pushed  to  a  successful  issue.  A  great 
stimulus  was  given  the  project  by  the 
State  Convention  of  the  Association, 
which  was  held  in  Evanston  in  1895,  anc' 
gave  the  people  of  the  city  an  enlarged 
view  of  the  extent  and  importance  of  the 
work  at  large,  of  which  the  local  organi- 
zation was  a  part.  After  much  hard  work 
and  patient  continuance  in  the  solicitation 
of  funds,  the  present  building  was  finally 
completed,  and  on  October  6,  1898,  was 
dedicated  to  the  interests  of  young  men 
in  Evanston  in  a  public  reception,  at 
which  a  very  large  number  of  the  citi- 
zens were  present. 

With  the  completion  of  the  front  build- 
ing, the  interest  in  the  Association  took 
on  a  renewed  vigor,  and  work  was  imme- 
diately begun  for  the  building  of  the  gym- 
nasium, without  which  the  work  planned 
would  have  been  most  incomplete.  This 
was  carried  on  in  a  most  systematic  and 
successful  manner,  and  on  November  28, 
1899,  the  Gymnasium  Building  was  for- 
mally opened,  complete  in  every  detail 
with  the  exception  of  the  Natatorium 
that  had  been  contemplated  in  the  orig- 
inal plan.  For  this  latter  feature  the  As- 
sociation waited  until  July  I,  1903,  when 
two  of  Evanston 's  most  liberal  citizens 
contributed  $5,000  each,  for  this  purpose, 
and  one  of  the  finest  swimming  pools  in 


2 
c. 


Yol'Xi.    MFX'S    CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION 


as  ( icncral  Secretary,  to  take  charge  of 
the  work. 

From  this  date  the  Association  pursued 
the  usual  course  of  such  organizations, 
meeting  with  difficulties  and  achieving 
successes  from  time  to  time,  but  persist- 
entlv  holding  to  its  one  purpose  of  reach- 
ing and  hem-fitting  the  young  men  of  the 
community.  After  a  period  in  the  Kink 
Building,  the  rooms  were  moved  to  the 
Block  Building,  on  Sherman  Avenue. 
south  of  Davis  Street,  where  the  work 
continued  to  prosper.  Among  the  suc- 
cessful enterprises  conducted  by  the  As- 
sociation during  this  period  were  the  re- 
ligious meetings  addressed  by  Rev.  C. 
II.  Yainian.  of  Xewark.  X.  J..  in  the  fall 
of  18X7.  These  meetings  were  held  in 
conjunction  \\ith  the  city  churches  and 
resulted  in  JlS  professed  conversions,  of 
which  115  were  young  men.  and  a  gen- 
eral (|uickening  of  the  religious  life  of  the 
city. 

During  the  (  ieiu-ral  Secretaryship  of 
Mr.  I'.  I  >.  l-'agg.  agitation  for  a  build- 
ing began,  and  the  following  resolution 
\\a-  adopted  at  a  meeting  of  tin- 
Hoard  of  Directors  on  June  .^.  lS<u: 
"Resolved.  That  it  i-  the  seil»e  of 
this  I'.oard  that  the  Association  pro- 
ceed.  at  the  earliest  possible  date,  to 
secure  a  site  ami  take  the  necessary  steps 
to  erect  a  building  commensurate  with 
the  public  need."  1'nrstumt  to  this  reso- 
lution, a  committee  of  five  was  appointed 
to  select  a  site  and  solicit  funds  for  its 
purchase.  This  agitation  finally  resulted 
in  the  purchase  of  the  present  Associa- 
tion lots,  in  March.  1893,  at  a  cost  of  $27,- 
ooo. 

Just  when  matters  were  growing  bright 
for  the  accomplishment  of  the  long-de- 
sired purpose  of  beginning  work  for  a 
building,  the  Association  met  with  a  great 
loss  in  the  death  of  .Mr.  J.  M.  Larimer, 


who  was.  at  the  time,  its  President.  Mr. 
Larimer  had  been  for  a  number  of  years 
a  most  active  friend  and  supporter  of  the 
work,  giving  both  of  his  time  and  money 
with  unusual  generosity,  and  to  his  ef- 
forts was  largely  due  the  progress  that 
had  been  made  up  to  that  time. 

Shortly  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Lari- 
mer, Mr.  John  K.  Lindgren  was  elected 
President,  and  Mr.  William  Boyd  having 
just  entered  upon  the  duties  of  (iencral 
Secretary,  the  work  of  canvassing  for 
funds  for  the  new  building  was  taken  up 
and  pushed  to  a  successful  issue.  A  great 
stimulus  was  given  the  project  by  the 
State  Convention  of  the  Association, 
which  was  held  in  F.vanston  in  181)5,  and 
gave  the  people  of  the  city  an  enlarged 
view  of  the  extent  and  importance  of  the 
work  at  large,  of  which  the  local  organi- 
zation was  a  part.  After  much  hard  work 
and  patient  continuance  in  the  solicitation 
of  funds,  the  present  building  was  finally 
completed,  and  on  October  'p.  i8<>8.  was 
dedicated  to  the  interests  of  young  men 
in  Evanston  in  a  public  reception,  at 
which  a  very  large  number  of  the  citi- 
zens were  present. 

\\  ith  the  completion  of  the  front  build- 
ing, the  interest  in  the  Association  took 
on  a  renewed  vigor,  and  work  was  imme- 
diately begun  for  the  building  of  the  gym- 
nasium, without  which  the  work  planned 
would  have  been  most  incomplete.  This 
was  carried  on  in  a  most  systematic  ami 
successful  manner,  and  on  November  28, 
l8(/).  the  (iymnasium  Building  was  for- 
mally opened,  complete  in  every  detail 
with  the  exception  of  the  Xatatorium 
that  had  been  contemplated  in  the  orig- 
inal plan.  For  this  latter  feature  the  As- 
sociation waited  until  Inly  I.  i'io.}.  when 
two  of  Kvanston's  most  liberal  citizens 
contributed  $5.000  each,  for  this  purpose, 
and  one  of  the  finest  swimming  pools  in 


!Y 

. 

.    Cr   IL!.: 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


393 


the  country,  of  tile  and  marble  construc- 
tion, was  installed  as  part  of  the  physical 
eciuipment. 

The  completion  of  the  Gymnasium  and 
Natatorium  gave  the  Evanston  Associa- 
tion not  only  one  of  the  most  complete 
equipments  in  the  country,  but  also  one 
most  admirably  adapted  to  the  work  to 
be  performed.  The  greatest  wisdom  has 
been  shown  by  those  having  the  matter 
in  hand  in  providing  not  only  for  the  pres- 
ent membership,  but  also  for  the  prob- 
able increase  of  future  years.  Since  its 
completion,  the  International  officers  of 
the  Association  have  frequently  referred 
others  to  the  Evanston  building  as  a 
model  to  be  followed,  and  calls  for  in- 
spection by  visiting  officers  or  architects 
are  of  common  occurrence. 

Together  with  the  completeness  of  its 
equipment,  however,  the  Association  has 
never  lost  sight  of  the  real  purpose  of  its 
organization,  viz.,  the  extension  of  the 
kingdom  of  Christ  among  the  young  men 
of  the  city.  Aided  by  the  active  co-oper- 
ation of  the  churches,  it  has  conducted  its 
physical,  educational  and  social  work,  as 
veil  as  its  more  specifically  religious 
work,  with  this  object  in  view,  and  by 
this  policy  has  won  a  place  for  itself 
among  the  permanent  factors  going  to 
make  up  the  better  citizenship  and  life  of 
the  city. 

Presidents  and   General   Secretaries  of 


the  Association  since  its  organization, 
with  their  terms  of  service,  have  been  as 
follows: 

Presidents: 

M.  P.  Aiken,  1885-1886. 
C  B.  Congdon,  1886-1891. 
J.  M.  Larimer,  1891-1894. 
J.  R.  Lindgren,  1894-1903. 

John  E.  Wilder,  1903- 

General  Secretaries : 
W.  S.  Mather,  1886. 
Jesse  Lockwood,  1886-1887. 
W.  A.  Hill,  1887-1888. 

E.  A.  Barrett,  1888-1889. 
John  M.  Dick,  1889-1890. 

F.  D.  Fagg,  1890-1893. 
Win.  Boyd,  1893-1901. 
A.  B.  Dale,  1901- • 

The  present  Board  of  Directors  is  com- 
posed of  the  following  gentlemen :  John 
E.  Wilder,  President;  Richard  C.  Hall, 
Vice-President ;  Wm.  Hudson  Harper, 
Recording  Secretary;  Win.  A.  Dyche, 
Treasurer ;  Frank  H.  Armstrong,  Thos. 
L.  Fansler,  Livingstone  P.  Moore,  John  H. 
Hardin,  John  R.  Lindgren,  James  F- 
Oates,  Thos.  I.  Stacey,  Wm.  G.  Sherer, 
Alfred  L.  Lindsey,  Milton  H.  Wilson. 

The  present  executive  force  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Arthur  B.  Dale,  General  Secre- 
tary ;  J.  Graham  Stewart,  Assistant  Sec- 
retary ;  Lewis  O.  Gillesby,  Physical  Di- 
rector. 


CHAPTER   XXXIX. 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN    TEMPERANCE  UNION'S 

(B/  SUSANNA  M.  D.  FRY.  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.) 


' t  Temperance  Alliance — Eranston 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
Organized  in  1875 — Working  Depart- 
ments —  Enforcement  of  Four-Mile 
Limit  Late1  —  Industrial  School  —  Chil- 
dren's Organization  —  Lo\al  Temper- 
ance Legion  and  Gospel  Temperance 
Meetings  —  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard 
and  Other  \otcd  Leaders  —  Manual 
Training  School — The  Eranston  II'.  C. 
T.  U. — Reilcy  and  South  Eranston  Un- 
ions— young  Woman's  Organization. 

The  forerunner  of  the  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  in  Evanston  was 
the  Women's  Temperance  Alliance.  This, 
was  formed  March  17,  1874,  and  was  a 
part  of  the  general  awakening  which  fol- 
lowed the  Woman's  Crusade  of  the  win- 
ter of  1873-74.  The  name,  "Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,"  was  as  yet 
practically  unknown,  and  that  the  organi- 
zation took  the  name  it  did  was  probably 
due  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  L.  L.  Greenleaf 
had.  several  years  earlier,  formed  an  Al- 
liance which  met  at  his  own  and  other 
homes  in  Evanston.  The  chief  object  of 
the  Women's  Temperance  Alliance  was 
the  prosecution  of  violators  of  the  Uni- 
versity charter  law,  which  forbade  sa- 
loons within  four  miles  of  the  college 
campus.  As  soon  as  the  village  of  Evans- 


ton  was  incorporated  a  local  ordinance  had 
been  passed  in  harmony  with  the  Uni- 
versity charter.  Other  objects  of  the  Al- 
liance were  the  circulation  of  the  pledge 
and  the  visiting  of  places  within  the  four- 
mile  limit,  where  liquor  was  believed  to 
be  sold,  or  where  gambling  was  carried 
on.  Mrs.  A.  J.  Brown  was  elected  the 
first  President,  but  declined  to  serve,  and 
Mrs.  Dr.  O.  Marcy  was  elected.  Mrs. 
Prof.  H.  F.  Fisk  was  the  first  Secretary. 
Among  those  who  were  particularly  in- 
terested were  Mrs.  Dr.  David  Noyes,  Mrs. 
Edward  Russell,  Mrs.  A.  P.  Wightman. 
Mrs.  Francis  Bradley,  Mrs.  Arza  Brown. 
Mrs.  Charles  E.  Brown.  Mrs.  Emily 
Huntington  Miller,  Mrs.  John  E.  Kedzie. 
Mrs.  T.  C.  Hoag.  Mrs.  Helen  E.  Hesler, 
Mrs.  J.  F.  Willard,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Willard, 
Mrs.  Rev.  F.  L.  Chappell.  Mrs.  Caroline 
F.  Corbin,  Mrs.  M.  C.  Van  Benschoten. 
The  records  of  the  Alliance  include  the 
names  of  about  seven  hundred  citizens  of 
Evanston  who  signed  the  total  abstinence 
pledge  at  that  time.  The  men  and  women 
signers  were  about  equal  in  number,  and 
the  last  fifty-four  names  are  noted  as  com- 
ing from  the  University  and  the  College 
Cottage,  and  were  handed  in  by  Miss  Jes- 
sie Brown,  afterward  Mrs.  Hilton,  who 
became  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  Superin- 
tendent of  Mothers'  Meetings. 


395 


396 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN   TEMPERANCE  UXIOXS 


THE  EYAXSTON  W.  C.  T.  U. 

May  i,  1875,  the  Alliance  changed  its 
name  to  the  Evanston  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union,  and  September 
18,  1878,  became  auxiliary  to  the  State 
and  Xational  W.  C.  T.  U.  The  following 
have  served  as  Presidents  of  this  Union 
from  1874  until  1906:  Mrs.  Dr.  O. 
Marcy,  Mrs.  Mary  Thompson  Willard, 
Mrs.  W.  E.  Clifford,  Mrs.  Francis  Brad- 
ley, Mrs.  A.  J.  Brown,  Mrs.  M.  M.  Con- 
well,  Mrs.  Mary  Bannister  Willard,  Mrs. 
Jane  Eggleston  Zimmerman,  Mrs.  Mary 
H.  Hull,  Mrs.  William  Bradley,  Mrs.  Ger- 
trude M.  Singleton,  Mrs.  Lucy  Prescott 
Vane,  Mrs.  John  B.  Finch,  Mrs.  A.  De- 
Coudres,  Mrs.  Robert  M.  Hatfiekl,  "Mrs. 
Harriet  Kidder,  and  Mrs.  George  R. 
Brown,  who  became  President  in  1899. 

For  many  years  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  and 
the  Ladies'  Union  Prayer  Meeting  met  as 
one  body.  The  Evanston  Union  has,  at 
different  times,  carried  on  the  following 
lines  of  work :  Law  Enforcement,  Gos- 
pel Temperance  Meetings,  Kindergarten 
Work,  Night  School,  Industrial  School, 
Reading  Room,  Band  of  Hope,  Loyal 
Temperance  Legion,  Hospital  and  Res- 
cue Work,  Distribution  of  Literature, 
Scientific  Temperance  Instruction,  Work 
Among  Colored  People,  Temperance 
Teaching  in  the  Sunday  School,  Parlia- 
mentary Usage,  Medal  Contest,  Work 
Among  Railroad  Employes,  Mothers' 
Meeting,  Pledge  Signing,  and  other  de- 
partments of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U- 
work,  some  of  which  will  be  taken  up 
somewhat  in  detail  in  this  sketch.  This 
Union  is  still  doing  good  work  under  the 
leadership  of  Mrs.  George  R.  Brown, 
President,  and  Mrs.  G.  W.  Price,  its 
faithful,  long-time  Recording  Secretary. 
It  has  a  paid-up  membership  of  sixty. 

Law  Enforcement. — In  the  early    days 


Mrs.  Arza  Brown,  mother  of  Mrs.  Mary 
H.  B.  Hitt,  who  was  for  many  years 
President  of  the  Northwestern  Branch  of 
the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Socie- 
ty of  the  M.  E.  Church,  used  to  take  Mrs. 
Dr.  Marcy  with  her  in  her  buggy  to  Gross 
Point,  a  German  settlement  north  of 
Evanston,  where  they  visited  saloons  and 
did  regular  temperance  missionary  work 
among  the  people.  The  women  prose- 
cuted those  found  selling  liquor  within 
the  four-mile  limit  and  generally  gained 
their  case,  but  too  often  an  appeal  was 
taken  and  the  case  was  finally  lost.  The 
members  of  the  Union  did  not  hesitate  to 
go  into  the  court  and  testify.  Mrs.  Arza 
Brown,  when  nearly  eighty  years  old, 
went  fearlessly  into  the  most  forbidding 
places  and  searched  most  diligently  into 
the  statutes  concerning  liquor-selling, 
and,  withal,  was  most  fervent  in  prayer, 
not  only  in  the  Union,  but  among  the 
offenders  whom  she  visited. 

The  following  appeared  in  the  "Evans- 
ton  Index"  while  the  Union  was  still 
called  the  Alliance: 

"The  Women's  Temperance  Alliance 
of  Evanston,  appreciating  the  embarrass- 
ment systematically  thrown  in  the  way 
of  all  who  attempt  to  prosecute  the  secret 
and  open  venders  of  intoxicants,  at  its 
last  meeting  created  a  committee  of  vig- 
ilance, consisting  of  many  influential  la- 
dies and  gentlemen,  whose  duty  it  will  be 
to  attend  the  courts  to  prevent,  as  far  as 
possible  the  intimidation  of  witnesses  and 
to  do  whatever  else  may  be  necessary  to 
insure  a  prompt  and  vigorous  prosecu- 
tion of  all  violators  of  the  University 
charter  law,  and  the  laws  of  this  State 
and  village,  within  reach  of  the  influence 
of  the  Alliance." 

The  same  paper  reported  at  another 
time  a  liquor  case  before  Justice  Hun- 
toon,  which  was  attended  by  Mesdames 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


397 


Arza  Brown,  Charles  E.  Brown,  A.  J. 
Brown.  Marcy,  Bradley.  Fisk,  Willard. 
Boutell,  Goebel,  Woodson,  Ninde,  New- 
man, Moore,  Stout,  Butler,  Curtis.  Lane, 
Van  Benschoten,  Hoag,  Pitner,  Pitt,  Clif- 
ford and  Miss  Jackson. 

In  1883  a  Law  and  Order  League  was 
organized  among  the  men  of  Evanston,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bannister,  of 
which  Dr.  D.  R.  Dyche  was  for  many 
years  President,  but  the  Union  never  lost 
its  interest  in  this  phase  of  temperance 
work  and  no  single  feature  has  been  of 
more  general  interest  to  the  citizens  of 
Evanston.  The  minutes  of  the  Evanston 
Union  show,  from  time  to  time,  that  the 
"saloon  on  wheels"  was  still  rolling  up 
and  down  the  streets,  and  that  the  Union 
was  called  upon  for  greater  activity  in 
law  enforcement. 

October  16,  1880,  the  Y.  \Y.  C.  T.  U., 
which  had  beeri  organized  the  year  be- 
fore, moved  that  the  society  communi- 
cate, through  its  Secretary,  with  the 
Trustees  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
respectfully  calling  their  attention  to  the 
fact  that,  in  direct  opposition  to  published 
laws,  beer  was  sold  on  the  streets,  and 
that  there  were  seven  saloons  in  opera- 
tion within  less  than'  four  miles  of  the 
University ;  also  that  the  society  would 
furnish  witnesses  who  would  testify  to 
the  facts  as  above  stated. 

The  National  \V.  C.  T.  U.  has  a  de- 
partment of  Legislation  and  Law  En- 
forcement, and  even  in  Evanston,  which 
has  never  had  a  legalized  saloon,  constant 
vigilance  is  needed  on  the  part  of  officials 
and  other  citizens  to  minimize  illicit  sell- 
ing of  intoxicating  drinks.  Hence  the 
continued  activity  of  the  Unions  in  this 
direction. 

Industrial  School. — One  of  the  earliest 
efforts  among  poor  children  was  made  by 
Mrs.  Dr.  O.  Marcy.  Those  most  needing 


instruction  along  the  lines  of  temperance, 
industry,  cleanliness,  et  cetera,  were  gath- 
ered together  in  a  school,  which  some  per- 
sisted in  calling  the  ragged  school,  but 
which  the  leader  always  dignified  with  the 
title  of  "Industrial."  The  children  were 
taught  in  a  very  simple  and  practical  way. 
Texts  were  often  selected  which  had 
something  to  say  about  "clean  hands." 
To  illustrate  the  Scripture.  "Make  a 
chain,  for  the  land  is  full  of  bloody  crimes 
and  the  city  is  full  of  violence,"  the  chil- 
dren were  taught  to  make  a  chain  of  their 
pledge  cards.  These  had  all  been  deco- 
rated with  hand-painted  flowers,  and  upon 
them  were  the  names  of  those  who  signed 
the  following  pledge :  "We  all,  whose 
names  are  on  this  pledge,  promise  not  to 
drink  anything  that  will  intoxicate."  The 
children  were  taught  that  "crimes"  and 
"violence"  were  to  be  lessened  by  their 
sobriety  and  industry.  The  chain  of 
pledge  cards  is  still  in  existence.  The 
school  met  in  uncomfortable  places  until 
taken  to  Union  Hall.  They  were  trained 
to  recite  pieces  and  sing,  together  with 
sewing  for  the  girls  and  some  simple 
manual  work  for  the  boys.  Mrs.  Cornelia 
A.  Churcher  and  others  of  the  long-time 
residents  of  Evanston  were  greatly  inter- 
ested in  this  school. 

The  Star  Band  of  Hope. — February  23, 
1875,  Mrs.  S.  M.  I.  Henry,  afterward  a 
National  \\".  C.  T.  U.  evangelist,  organ- 
ized the  Star  Band  of  Hope  among  the 
children,  which  soon  numbered  seventy. 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Brown  was  the  presiding  gen- 
ius, and  Dr.  Eben  Clapp  was  her  most 
faithful  co-laborer.  The  meetings  were 
held  in  Mrs.  Brown's  house  at  first,  then 
in  the  old  Evanston  Hotel  on  Davis 
Street,  and  afterward  in  Union  Hall.  Dr. 
George  C.  Noyes,  then  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  helped  to  corral  the 
unrulv  bovs,  and  assisted  in  manv  wavs. 


398 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNIONS 


as  did  Mr.  George  Wire,  Dr.  William  B. 
Phillips  and  others.  Many  of  the  boys 
were  wild  and,  reckless,  and  a  system  of 
military  drill  was  instituted  among  them 
by  Captain  Julian  R.  Fitch.  Evanston 
ladies  met  and  made  caps  and  belts  for 
the  boys.  A  band  of  musicians  was 
tiained  among  them,  and  they  marched 
through  the  streets  with  their  wooden 
guns,  the  band  playing  such  military  airs 
as  were  supposed  to  indicate  that  they 
were  "soldiers  fighting  for  good  habits." 
Mrs.  Marcy  wrote  some  songs  for  them, 
notably,  "I  Heard  a  Little  Bird  One 
Morning  Sing,  Sip,  Sip  No  Wine." 

Mrs.  Edward  Russell  had  charge  of  the 
Girls'  Brigade,  which  was  a  part  of  the 
Band  of  Hope.  The  children  of  many 
prominent  families  belonged  to  the  or- 
ganization, and  the  testimony  is  that 
never  was  better  temperance  work  done 
among  the  children  than  during  the  five 
years'  existence  of  the  Band  of  Hope. 

The  Loyal  Temperance  Legion. — The 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.  adopted  the  name, 
Loyal  Temperance  Legion,  for  its  tem- 
perance society  among  the  children  in 
1886,  and  these  Legions  succeeded  the 
Bands  of  Hope.  The  same  year  Miss 
Anna  A.  Gordon,  now  Vice-President-at- 
large  of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and 
Edward  Murphy  formed  a  Legion  in 
Evanston,  which  met  in  the  First  M.  E. 
Church.  It  was  formally  adopted  by  the 
Evanston  Union  at  a  meeting  on  Decem- 
ber 6,  1886,  with  Miss  Gordon  as  Super- 
intendent. The  Legion  numbered  200 
members,  with  an  average  attendance  of 
about  loo.  Mrs.  Mary  Owens  Denyes, 
now  President  of  the  Straits  Settlement' 
W.  C.  T.  U./and  residing  at  Singapore, 
was  a  member  of  the  Legion,  as  were 
others  whose  names  are  now  widely 
known. 

After  the  completion  of  Miss  Gordon's 


first  book  of  "Marching  Songs"  for  the  L. 
T.  L.,  her  legioners  gave  a  demonstration 
in  the  church.  The  banners  with  mot- 
toes, the  marching  and  singing  and  de- 
claiming, were  new  to  the  audience  and 
were  wonderfully  impressive.  Later, 
Mrs.  Culla  J.  Vayhinger,  then  a  student 
in  the  University  and  now  President  of 
the  Indiana  W.  C.  T.  U.,  was  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Legion.  The  children  had 
courses  of  instruction  which  have  come, 
through  repeated  revisions  and  improve- 
ments, to  be  exceedingly  fine  manuals  of 
study,  adapted  to  Junior,  Senior  and  Nor- 
mal grades.  Several  L.  T.  L.'s  have  suc- 
ceeded each  other,  but  Evanston  has 
never  been  long  without  such  an  organi- 
zation. The  L.  T.  L.  is  a  branch  of  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  in  its  entirety 
numbers  about  200,000. 

Gospel  Temperance  Meetings. — Sun- 
day afternoon,  September,  1879,  a  Gos- 
pel temperance  meeting  was  started 
under  the  leadership  of  Mrs.  M.  M.  Con- 
well,  in  the  waiting-room  of  the  old  North- 
western depot.  These  meetings  contin- 
ued until  1895  or  1896.  After  leaving  the 
depot  they  were  held  in  a  rented  room  on 
the  corner  of  Davis  and  Maple  Streets, 
and,  later  still,  were  regularly  maintained 
in  Union  Hall.  Mrs.  Jane  Eggleston 
Zimmerman  was  leader  of  these  meetings 
for  about  eight  years,  beginning  in  1881. 
Among  the  devoted  workers  were  Mrs.  R. 
H.  Trumbull,  Mrs.  Mary  Bannister  Wil- 
lard,  Mrs.  T.  C.  Reiley,  Mrs.  R.  Somers 
and  scores  of  others. 

When  Lady  Henry  Somerset,  now 
President  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U  , 
made  her  first  visit  to  this  country,  1891- 
92,  she  and  Miss  Willard  spoke  at  the 
Gospel  temperance  meeting  on  Sunday, 
March  13,  1892.  The  hall  was  packed 
and  the  interest  intense.  A  farewell  meet- 
ing for  Lady  Henry  Somerset  had  been 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


399 


given  in  Central  Music  Hall,  Chicago,  the 
evening  before,  and  both  she  and  Miss 
Willard  were  extremely  weary,  but  they 
did  not  find  it  in  their  hearts  to  refuse  to 
speak  on  the  occasion  named. 

Miss  Julia  Ames,  Miss  Helen  L.  Hood, 
Miss  Ruby  I.  Gilbert  and  Mary  Allen  West, 
editor  of  "The  Union  Signal,"  all  closely 
identified  with  the  National  \V.  C.  T.  U., 
and  domiciled  in  the  northern  half  of 
Rest  Cottage,  were  frequently  at  these 
meetings.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton  Har- 
bert,  Mrs.  M.  L.  Welles,  afterward  Na- 
tional W.  C.  T.  U.  lecturer,  and  many 
others  belonging  to  the  Union,  spoke  at 
these  meetings,  as  well  as  the  pastors  of 
the  various  churches.  Temperance  pa- 
pers from  all  over  the  world  were  re- 
ceived by  Miss  Willard  at  Rest  Cottage, 
and  these  were  carried  over  to  Union  Hall 
every  Sunday  and  distributed. 

The  following,  which  appeared  in  the 
"Evanston  Index"  at  the  time,  shows  the 
inspiring  cause  of  the  meetings: 

"Father  Wheadon  was  roused  from 
sleep  one  night  by  a  young  man  living 
near  him,  who  came  to  him  saying:  'I 
have  signed  the  pledge,  but  I  must  have 
God's  help  to  keep  it.'  From  the  spirit 
aroused  by  the  recital  of  this  incident 
came  the  combination  of  effort  on  the 
part  of  Mrs.  Convvell,  Mrs.  Clifford,  Miss 
Willard  and  others,  which  resulted  in  the 
Gospel  meetings." 

An  incident  will  illustrate  the  charac- 
ter of  the  work : 

When  Miss  Willard  was  to  speak. 
Union  Hall,  with  all  side  rooms  opened 
up,  was  always  crowded.  On  one  such 
occasion  a  man  was  observed  to  be  eager- 
ly seeking  admittance.  To  Mrs.  T.  C. 
Reiley,  who  sought  to  make  room  for  him, 
he  said  he  must  see  Miss  Willard.  He 
was  informed  that  he  could  not  see  her 
then,  as  she  was  about  to  speak,  but 


might  do  so  at  the  close  of  the  meeting. 
Observation  of  the  man  suggested  the 
wisdom  of  an  after  meeting,  and  a  note 
to  Miss  Willard  prompted  its  announce- 
ment. When  the  man  had  an  opportunity 
he  asked  if  the  Union  took  care  of  men's 
wives.  He  said  he  had  gone  to  ethical 
culture  lectures  and  many  others,  and  no 
one  could  tell  him  how  to  reform,  and 
now  it  was  time  to  drop  all  such  efforts. 
A  word  of  prayer  was  proposed,  and 
\vhen  the  meeting  closed  the  man  said 
that  if  God  was  what  they  represented 
Him  to  be,  and  would  keep  him  from 
falling  through  the  week,  he  would  come 
again  next  Sunday.  He  was  given  a  Bi- 
ble, a  white  ribbon  was  pinned  on  his 
coat,  and  he  was  sent  to  his  Chicago 
home.  Before  going  he  said  he  had  come 
to  Evanston  with  the  intention  of  killing 
himself,  had  walked  past  Rest  Cottage 
six  times  without  the  courage  to  enter, 
and  then  went  to  the  meeting  with  his 
revolver  in  his  pocket.  After  reading 
the  Bible  many  times,  he  said  to  his  wife : 
"If  this  God  will  take  me  past  the  sa- 
loons, I'll  take  Him."  Influence  was 
brought  to  bear  to  secure  employment  for 
the  man,  he  joined  the  church,  and  a: 
last  accounts  was  still  doing  well. 

The  attention  of  the  Union,  however, 
came  to  be  turned  more  and  more  to  pre- 
vention by  work  among  children,  as  the 
experiences  of  this  and  thousands  of 
other  unions  showed  that  a  large  percent- 
age of  reformed  men  eventually  went 
back  to  their  cups.  The  Salvation  Army 
came  in  with  the  same  kind  of  Gospel 
work,  and  in  time  this  particular  field  in 
Evanston  was  largely  left  to  them. 

Kindergarten  Work. — In  the  winter  of 
1885  a  kindergarten  was  started  which 
continued  until  April,  1896,  when  the 
work  was  introduced  into  the  Haven  pub- 
lic school.  Mrs.  Marv  Bannister  Willard 


4OO 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNION'S 


was  chiefly  instrumental  in  raising  the 
necessary  funds  at  the  beginning, 
through  what  was  termed  $15  scholar- 
ships, and  in  honor  of  her  work  the 
school  was  later  named  the  Mary  Ban- 
nister \\illard  Kindergarten.  Mrs.  Hes- 
ter E.  Walker  had  the  school  in  charge 
and  was  most  successful  in  winning  both 
children  and  parents.  The  ladies  of  the 
First  M.  E.  Church  earned  the  first  $200 
for  the  kindergarten.  The  Y.  W.  C.  T. 
U.  and  other  young  people  lent  a  helping 
hand,  chiefly  through  the  sale  of  home- 
made candies,  which  was  a  source  of  con- 
siderable revenue  to  the  Union  for  many 
years.  Miss  Mary  McDowell,  now  at 
the  head  of  the  Northwestern  University 
Settlement  in  Chicago,  did  much  to  aid 
the  kindergarten  work.  Miss  Kate  Jack- 
son, Mrs.  John  A.  Childs,  Mrs.  Dr.  O.  H. 
Mann,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Hatfield  and  Mrs. 
Henderson  were  also  moving  spirits.  The 
need  for  the  school  did  not  exist  after  the 
work  became  a  part  of  the  public  school 
system.  During  the  more  than  eleven 
years  of  its  existence  it  cost  the  Union,  for 
hall  rent,  salary  to  the  Superintendent, 
supplies,  et  cetera,  about  $1,000  per  year, 
which  was  cheerfully  contributed  by  the 
citizens.  It  is  related  that  some  of  the 
little  folks  won  their  fathers  from  drink 
by  the  instructions  which  they  had  received 
in  the  kindergarten  and  carried  to  their 
homes. 

Manual  Training  School. — This  school 
was  started  about  1883  and  suspended  in 
January,  1887.  Mrs.  H.  H.  C.  Miller  was 
Secretary  of  the  Union  during  a  part  of 
that  period,  and  she  was  especially  active 
in  raising  funds  for  the  school  and  in 
carrying  on  the  work.  Other  able  women 
assisted  her.  Miss  Lu  Bushnell  was  a 
devoted  teacher  and  Mr.  William  Lind- 
ley  taught  the  boys  carpentry.  The  meet- 


ings were  held  in  Union  Hall  and  the 
practical  work  was  done  in  another  build- 
ing. The  especial  aim  was  to  gather  in 
the  neglected  children,  or  those  who  for 
reasons  had  the  greatest  need,  and  to 
teach  them  temperance,  industry  and 
other  virtues. 

Other  Undertakings. — The  Evanston 
Union  inaugurated  many  other  lines  of 
work  beside  those  already  named.  At 
one  time  a  night  school  was  opened  for 
youths  who  were  obliged  to  work  and 
could  not  attend  the  day  schools.  This 
numbered  about  eighty,  and  was  sus- 
tained through  the  generosity  of  Mr.  Wil 
Ham  Deering,  Rev.  Henry  Delano,  Mr. 
Charles  Congdon  and  others,  until  the 
Public  School  Board  was  induced  to  open 
a  night  school.  A  reading  room  was  car- 
ried on  from  1881  to  1886,  and  cottage 
prayer  meetings  were  held  frequently. 
At  one  time  open  air  meetings  were  held 
on  the  University  campus  and  on  the 
corner  of  Ayars  Court  and  Ridge  Avenue. 

In  1886  the  Good  Times  Club  of  girls, 
organized  to  illustrate  that  the  best  of 
good  times  consist  in  doing  good  to  some- 
body else,  became  a  part  of  the  Union. 

Much  attention  was  given  to  mothers' 
meetings.  Mrs.  Jessie  Brown  Hilton  was, 
for  a  number  of  years,  the  inspiring  and 
instructive  leader.  She  served  as  Na- 
tional W.  C.  T.  U.  Superintendent  of 
Mothers'  Meetings  several  successive 
years,  and  gave  many  special  lectures  in 
Evanston  by  invitation  of  the  Union.  A 
sewing  school  for  girls  was  maintained 
for  some  time. 

Social  purity  also  had  its  place.  Mrs. 
Isabel  Wing  Lake,  for  many  years  Na- 
tional Superintendent  of  Rescue  Work , 
Mrs.  Major  Singleton,  Mrs.  R.  H.  Trum- 
bull  and  others  went  regularly  to  the 
Cook  County  Hospital,  interested  them- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


401 


selves  in  the  welfare  of  the  girls  in  that 
institution,  and  in  many  cases  did  prac- 
tical rescue  work. 

Thousands  of  pages  of  temperance  lit- 
erature were  distributed  every  year.  Act- 
ive interest  has  always  been  taken  in  the 
teaching  of  scientific  temperance  truths 
from  proper  text-books  in  the  public 
schools.  As  is  well  known,  this  plan 
originated  with  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  the 
Evanston  Union  did  its  part  in  securing 
the  State  law  and  the  amendments  which 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time,  and 
in  helping  to  make  the  law  effective  lo- 
cally. 

The  Union  was  instrumental  in  organ- 
izing a  union  among  the  colored  people  of 
Evanston  at  one  time,  and  it  has  regu- 
larly supervised  a  number  of  other  depart- 
ments of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  such 
as  Non-Alcoholic  Medication,  Anti-Nar- 
cotics, Flower  Mission,  whereby  thou- 
sands of  bouquets,  with  Scripture  texts, 
have  been  given  to  the  sick  and  unfor- 
tunate, but  first,  last  and  all  the  time,  it 
has  striven  to  promulgate  the  two  basic 
principles  of  total  abstinence  and  prohi- 
bition. The  Union  assisted  the  Delano 
Mission  and  has  always  been  active  in 
home  charities,  besides  sending  many 
boxes  and  barrels  of  clothing  to  needy 
Western  territory. 

As  indicative  of  the  practical  work  of 
the  Union,  the  following,  taken  at  ran- 
dcyn  from  its  minutes,  may  be  noted : 

"December  23,  1878,  the  anniversary 
of  the  Temperance  Crusade  was  observed 
in  the  M.  E.  Church,  which  was  deco- 
rated for  the  occasion,  the  President,  Mrs. 
M.  M.  Conwell,  presiding.  Miss  Willard 
delivered,  in  her  own  peculiarly  charming 
manner,  her  lecture  on  "Home  Protec- 
tion," at  the  close  of  which  150  signa- 
tures to  the  petition  to  the  Illinois  Legis- 


lature were  secured.  (Some  600  in  all 
were  taken.) 

"January  10,  1879,  temperance  day  in 
the  week  of  prayer,  was  observed,  Mrs. 
Converse  presiding.  Mrs.  Arza  Brown 
spoke  with  energy  against  the  use  of  to- 
bacco. 

"March  19,  1879,  the  Union  petitioned 
a  certain  railroad  to  remove  intoxicating 
liquors  from  its  dining-cars  and  a  com- 
mittee reported  having  visited  all  of  the 
churches  of  Evanston  urging  the  use  of 
unfermented  wine  at  the  sacrament. 

"May  7,  1881,  Mary  B.  Willard,  Presi- 
dent, a  committee  was  appointed  to  pro- 
test to  druggists  against  unnecessary  Sab- 
bath trade,  and  to  the  town  authorities 
against  a  gambling  den  known  to  exist." 

For  several  years  lately  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 
has  had  representation  on  the  Board  of 
Associated  Charities  of  Evanston,  Mrs. 
G  M.  Price  having  been  the  representa- 
tive so  far. 

Many  lecturers  have  been  brought  to 
Evanston  by  the  Union  to  address  public 
audiences  or  union  meetings.  Among 
these  may  be  named  John  B.  Gough,  Joe 
Hess  (the  reformed  pugilist),  Francis 
Murphy,  Col.  George  Bain,  John  B. 
Finch,  and  of  our  own,  Mary  T.  Lathrap, 
Mary  H.  Hunt,  Narcissa  White  Kinney, 
Caroline  B.  Buell,  Esther  Pugh,  Helen  M. 
Barker,  Mary  A.  Woodbridge,  Katharine 
Lent  Stevenson,  Mary  Allen  West  and 
Mrs.  Robinson,  an  evangelist,  who  held 
meetings  for  two  months,  sometimes  five 
a  day.  Those  heard  most  frequently 
were,  of  course,  our  own  citizens : 
Mesdames  Emily  Huntington  Miller, 
Elizabeth  Boynton  Harbert,  S.  M.  I. 
Henry,  Jessie  Brown  Hilton,  Dr.  Kate 
Bushnell  and  Frances  E.  Willard. 

The  Sunday  Gospel  temperance  meet- 
ings were  addressed  by  people  from 


4O2 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNIONS 


Japan,  Persia,  India,  Mexico,  and  from 
many  of  our  own  States,  besides  many 
pastors  and  others  citizens  of  Evanston. 
Frequent  mass  meetings  and  receptions 
were  held  during  the  early  years. 

It  is  related  that  when  Miss  Willard 
made  her  first  public  address  in  Evans- 
ton,  in  the  old  M.  E.  Church  which  stood 
on  the  site  now  selected  for  the  new  Pub- 
lic Library  on  Church  Street,  she  did  not 
remove  her  bonnet.  Before  the  meeting 
opened,  a  friend  suggested  that  she  take 
it  off,  saying  the  lines  were  not  just  suited 
to  Miss  Willard's  face.  "O  no,  dear,"  she 
replied :  "I  mustn't  do  it.  Some  of  the 
sisters  might  not  just  like  it,"  which  is  il- 
lustrative of  her  thoughtful  care  of  the 
feelings  of  others. 

When  Mr.  Murphy  was  lecturing  in 
Evanston,  Miss  Willard  used  to  occupy 
fifteen  or  twenty  minutes  before  he  began. 
One  night  a  $5  gold  piece  was  put  in  the 
collection-box  by  a  gentleman  who,  upon 
inquiry  as  to  whether  a  mistake  had  been 
made,  said  that  this  piece  had  come  to 
him  in  a  very  peculiar  manner  and  was 
tc  be  used  for  his  own  personal  pleasure; 
that  he  came  to  hear  Mr.  Murphy  and 
heard  Miss  \Yillard,  and  knew  the  time 
had  come  to  use  the  $5  gold  piece.  He 
said  he  regarded  her  perorations  as  worth 
many  times  the  value  of  the  coin. 

Not  a  few  members  of  the  Evanston 
Union  have  been  prime  movers  in  Nation- 
al W.  C.  T.  U.  matters,  as,  for  instance, 
Mrs.  Dr.  O.  Marcy  was  one  of  the  commit- 
tee which  founded  the  first  National  pa- 
per, called  "Our  Union."  Plans  for  it 
were  discussed  in  Evanston  and  investi- 
gations were  made  in  Chicago  as  to  the 
printing  of  the  paper,  which  was  finally 
published  in  Philadelphia,  and  if  Miss 
Willard's  work  were  to  be  taken  account 
of,  it  would  mean  an  enumeration  of  much 


of  that  which  is  of  greatest  value  in  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Suffrage  was  a  dangerous  question  in 
the  early  days.  Mrs.  Harbert  relates  that 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Unioft  she  was  nomi- 
nated as  Secretary.  She  rose  and  said: 
"Ladies,  I  think  I  ought  to  tell  you,  before 
you  go  any  further,  that  I  hold  in  my  hand 
an  invitation  to  become  the  President  of 
the  State  Suffrage  Association";  where- 
upon the  presiding  officer  quickly  said, 
"Do  sit  right  down,  Mrs.  Harbert,  or  you 
will  turn  this  meeting  into  a  suffrage  dis- 
cussion." Mrs.  Harbert  sat  down,  con- 
tenting herself  mostly  thereafter,  she  says, 
by  offering  to  furnish  scalloped  oysters 
and  angel  food  on  occasions,  believing 
these  would  create  no  discussion. 

The  anniversary  meeting  for  Miss  Wil- 
lard, on  her  fiftieth  birthday,  was  the  first 
public  recognition  of  the  department  of 
equal  suffrage,  which  the  National  had 
adopted  years  before.  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Wheeler  Andrew,  afterward  round  the 
world  W.  C.  T.  U.  missionary,  presented 
Miss  Willard  with  a  basket  of  beautiful 
flowers  decorated  with  white  and  yellow 
ribbons,  and  explained  that  the  white 
stood  for  temperance  and  the  yellow  for 
equal  suffrage.  The  Unions,  State  and 
Local,  had  long  since  learned  that  they 
were  free  to  accept  or  reject  departments 
according  to  their  likings  and  beliefs, 
which  had  allayed  the  fears  of  some  who 
could  not  accept  all  of  the  departments 
proposed  by  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

The  Reilcy  Union. — For  many  years 
there  was  but  the  one  Union  in  Evanston. 
except  those  among  the  young  women  called 
the  "Ys."  In  later  years,  it  was  thought  a 
union  west  of  the  railroad  tracks  would 
appeal  more  particularly  to  residents  in 
that  locality,  and  January  21,  1896.  the 
Reiley  Union  was  organized.  The  Pres- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


403 


idents  have  been  Mrs.  Caroline  Franklin, 
Mrs.  Ella  DeCoudres  and  Mrs.  T.  C. 
Reiley,  who  had  served  many  years  as 
Treasurer  of  the  Evanston  Union,  and 
who  was  President  of  the  Fourth  District 
for  nine  years,  beginning  in  1893.  The 
Fourth  District  then  included  Chicago 
and  Evanston,  and  in  fact,  all  of  the  north 
shore.  The  work  and  the  departments  of 
the  Reiley  Union  have  been  similar  to 
those  of  the  Evanston  Union  during  the 
same  years,  and  a  number  of  its  members 
were  previously  identified  with  the  older 
union  and  had  a  share  in  what  has  been 
related  of  it.  It  may  be  noted,  however, 
that  the  Reiley  Union  has  sent  quantities 
of  literature  to  needy  places  and  to  other 
States ;  has  worked  the  department  of 
Soldiers  and  Sailors,  supplying  the  sol- 
diers with  many  comfortbags  during  the 
Spanish  and  Philippine  wars.  It  has  been 
an  ardent  supporter  of  the  one  time  affili- 
ated interests  of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U., 
and  it  secured  the  organization  of  the 
present  Y.  W.  C.  T.  U.  It  has  many  de- 
voted workers  in  its  membership  of  thirty. 

The  South  Evanston  Union. — This 
Union  was  organized  by  Mrs.  Reiley  in 
1894  and  continued  the  work  for  seven 
years.  Its  presidents  were  Mrs.  D.  D. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  K.  R.  Whitman  and  Mrs. 
George  Hoover.  It  numbered  twenty-five 
or  thirty  members,  distributed  a  large 
amount  of  literature,  held  most  excellent 
mothers'  meetings  and  had  a  fine  Loyal 
Temperance  Legion. 

The  Ys  of  Evanston. — The  Young  Wo- 
man's Christian  Temperance  Union  is  a 
branch  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  these 
Unions  among  the  young  people  have 
come  to  be  known  as  "the  Ys."  Tradition 
says  that  Evanston  has  had  three  differ- 
ent organizations  of  the  Ys,  but  written 
records  supply  information  of  two  only. 
The  first  of  these  was  organized  January 


2.  1879,  with  a  speedy  enrollment  of 
thirty-seven  members.  It  was  organized 
at  Rest  Cottage,  the  home  of  Miss  Wil- 
lard,  she  and  Miss  Gordon  both  being 
present  and  assisting  in  the  organization. 
Miss  Belle  Webb  was  elected  President 
and  Miss  Justina  A.  Pingree,  Recording 
Secretary.  Miss  Webb  declined  to  serve 
and  Miss  Fannie  Wiswall  was  elected.  The 
Union  took  up  temperance  teaching  in  the 
Sabbath  schools,  securing  subscriptions  to 
"Our  Union,"  the  official  organ  of  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and  supplying  the 
papers  with  temperance  items  and  reports 
of  the  work  of  the  Y.  The  society  was 
pledged  to  total  abstinence  and  also  to  use 
its  influence  against  the  use  of  tobacco. 
Many  signers  of  the  Home  Protection 
Petition  and  the  total  abstinence  pledge 
were  obtained.  As  has  already  been  stated, 
this  Union  lent  its  aid  to  the  efforts  for 
law  enforcement  and  to  the  other  undertak- 
ings of  the  mother  Union,  the  Evans- 
ton  \V.  C.  T.  U.  It  secured  lectures  by 
Prof.  George  E.  Foster,  Mrs.  Harbert, 
Mrs.  Hannah  Whitall  Smith,  Miss  Lucia 
Kimball,  Miss  Willard  and  others.  Miss 
Martha  Button  was  the  President  in  1880. 
A  temperance  school  was  conducted  by 
the  Ys,  and  they  aided  the  Gospel  tem- 
perance meetings  and  edited  and  read  at 
their  monthly  meetings  a  little  paper  fitly 
called,  "The  Waterspout."  Prof.  Haven 
of  the  public  schools,  Dr.  Garnsey  and 
Miss  Brace  conducted  experiments  in 
the  temperance  school.  The  membership 
came  up  to  forty  and  the  meetings  were 
moved  from  private  houses  to  Room  4  of 
Union  Hall,  and  later  to  a  building  on 
the  corner  of  Davis  and  Maple  Streets. 
In  1880,  leaflets  were  distributed  to  the 
number  of  10,000,  and  132  total  abstinence 
pledges  were  secured,  exclusive  of  chil- 
dren. The  temperance  school  was  held 
every  Saturday  except  for  two  summer 


404 


WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNIONS 


months.  It  numbered  sixty.  Julia  Col- 
man's  Juvenile  Temperance  Manual,  pic- 
ture tracts  and  reward  cards  were  used: 
The  society  subscribed  for  fifty  copies  of 
"Illustrated  Temperance  Tales"  and  Miss 
Willard  donated  fifty  copies  of  "The 
Youth's  Temperance  Banner."  A  number 
of  public  entertainments  were  given. 
Miss  Mary  Ninde  was  the  President  for 
1881,  but  on  March  12,  1881,  after  two 
years  and  a  quarter  of  separate  activity, 
the  Y  voted  to  become  a  part  of  the  Ev- 
anston  W.  C.  T.  U. 

The  next  Y,  of  which  there  are  records, 
is  the  present  Evanston  Y.  W.  C.  T.  U. 
It  was  organized  November  8,  1902,  by 
Mrs.  Minnie  B.  Horning,  Corresponding 
Secretary  of  the  Illinois  W.  C.  T.  U.,  and 
Miss  Kathryn  Sawyer,  State  Y  Secretary. 
It  began  with  eight  active  members,  and 
numbers,  at  the  present  time,  twenty-four 
young  women  and  eighteen  young  men, 
the  latter  being  honorary  members.  Its 
Presidents  have  been  as  follows:  Miss 
Sibyl  Horning,  Miss  Mildred  Auten  and 
Miss  Erma  Hoag.  Their  work  has  been 
mainly  connected  with  the  Flower  Mis- 
sion, Press,  Hospital  and  Literature.  A 
necessary  requirement  for  membership  in 
all  Ys,  as  well  as  \Vs,  is  the  signing  of  the 
pledge  against  the  use  of  intoxicating 
drinks,  and  this  one  has  also  declared 
against  the  use  of  tobacco,  though  this  is 
not  made  a  requirement  of  membership 
They  have  contributed  to  the  \Yhite  Rib- 
bon Missionary  Fund,  which,  at  present, 
helps  to  sustain  Miss  Kara  Smart  as  a  res- 
ident W.  C.  T.  U.  missionary  in  Japan, 
and  to  the  Frances  E.  Willard  Memorial 
Fund,  which  is  used  to  enlarge  and  per- 
petuate the  work  at  home,  and  also  to  the 
state  work.  Considerable  attention  has 
been  given  to  parliamentary  usage,  that 
the  meetings  may  be  conducted  properly. 


At  this  writing  it  is  proposed  to  supply 
teachers  from  their  membership  for  a  new 
Junior  Loyal  Temperance  Legion  being 
organized  among  the  children. 

At  one  time,  in  order  to  increase  the  in- 
terest in  the  meetings,  a  continued  story 
was  a  part  of  the  program,  each  chapter 
being  written  by  a  different  member. 
This  Union  is  made  up  of  University  and 
High  School  young  people,  and  bids  fair 
to  be  a  worthy  member  of  the  trio  of 
Unions  now  working  in  Evanston,  viz. : 
the  Evanston  \V.  C.  T.  U.,  the  Reiley  W. 
C.  T.  U.  and  the  Y.  \V.  C.  T.  U. 

Brother  Helpers. — The  ministers  and 
other  good  men  of  Evanston  have  lent 
their  aid  during  the  more  than  thirty  years 
of  active  service  by  the  Unions.  Chief 
among  the  early  helpers  may  be  men- 
tioned Dr.  Martin  C.  Briggs,  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  :  Rev.  Edward  N. 
Packard,  of  the  Congregational  Church; 
Rev.  F.  L.Chappell.of  the  Baptist  Church, 
and  Dr.  (ieo.  C.  Xoyes.  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church  :  and.  in  later  years.  Dr.  Rob- 
ert M.  Hatfield.  Dr.  Frank  Bristol,  Dr. 
Frederick  Clatworthy,  and  Dr.  Henry  De- 
bno,  who  often  spoke  for  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 
and  whose  church  was  always  open  for  its 
meetings.  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  was  ready  to 
help  at  the  public  meetings  with  valuable 
contributions  from  his  professional  knowl- 
edge. 

Among  the  other  notable  Brother  Help- 
ers were  Mr.  William  Deering,  Dr.  O.  H. 
Mann.  Dr.  Eben  Clapp,  Mr.  C.  B.  Cong- 
don,  Major  W.  F.  Singleton.  Mr.  F.  P. 
Crandon,  Mr.  John  B.  Finch,  Dr.  Milton 
Terry,  and  other  University  professors, 
including  Prof.  H.  F.  Fisk  and  President 
Joseph  Cummings. 

All  the  Unions  have  been  greatly  in- 
debted from  time  to  time  to  the  Brother 
Helpers  who  have  aided  in  many  ways. 


I 


. 


CHAPTBR  XL. 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 

(By  MRS.  LOUISE  BBOCKWAY  STANWOOD) 


Benevolent  Society  Organized  —  Hospital     benevolent    society    for   the    relief   of   the 
Projected   —   New   Society    Takes   the     poor  and  suffering  in  Evanston  took  shape 


Projected  —  Ne^v  Society  Takes  the 
Kame  "Associated  Charities"  —  Auxili- 
ary Organizations  —  Mothers'  Sewing 
School  —  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society — 
Needle  Work  Guild  —  Mothers'  Club  — 
Visiting  Nurse  Association  —  King's 
Daughters  —  Camp  Good  Will  —  Its 
Service  in  Behalf  of  Poor  Mothers  and 
Children  —  Receipts  and  Expenditures. 

The  distribution  of  charity  in  Evanston, 
up  to  the  year  1883,  had  been  a  matter  of 
individual  effort  or  of  church  discrimina- 
tion ;  but  the  winter  of  1883  opened  very 
bitter  and  stormy  and,  on  one  particularly 
cold  day,  Mrs.  William  Blanchard  was 
distressed  at  the  thought  of  the  suffering 
there  must  be  amongst  the  poor  of  the 
town.  Calling  her  coachman,  she  in- 
quired if  he  would  think  it  inhuman  to 
take  his  horses  out  and  drive  her  about 
to  look  after  cases  of  suffering.  The  chil- 
dren coming  home  from  school  reported 
that,  in  one  family,  a  baby  had  been  fro- 
zen to  death  the  night  before.  When  Mrs. 
Blanchard  reached  this  home,  she  found 
the  family  in  a  desperate  condition  ;  several 
children  partially  frozen  and  the  whole 
family  in  need  of  every  comfort — clothes, 
food,  and  heat.  After  relieving  their  im- 
mediate necessities,  she  went  home  to 
think  over  the  situation,  and  the  idea  of  a 


poor  and  suffering  in  Evanston  took  shape 
in  her  mind.  Mrs.  Blanchard  inserted  a 
notice  in  the  village  paper,  calling  on  all 
ladies  who  might  be  interested  in  the 
formation  of  such  a  society  to  meet  at  her 
house  on  a  given  day,  to  talk  the  matter 
over  and  to  organize.  Many  ladies  re- 
sponded to  the  call  and  the  Benevolent 
Society  of  Evanston  was  duly  organized. 

Benevolent  Society  Organized. — It 
was  decided  to  hold  meetings  for  sewing 
at  the  different  homes,  to  have  a  relief  and 
investigating  committee  and  a  committee 
to  solicit  funds.  The  response  to  the  re- 
quest for  funds  was  hearty  and  generous, 
as  Mrs.  Blanchard  herself  says,  only  one 
person  who  was  approached  for  money  re- 
fusing to  give.  The  names  of  the  first 
workers  in  the  Benevolent  Society  includ- 
ed those  of  Mrs.  Edward  Taylor,  Mrs. 
George  Watson,  Mrs.  L.  C.  Tallmadge, 
Mrs.  N.  A.  Coble,  Mrs.  N.  C.  Gridley,  Mrs. 
Tillinghast,  Mrs.  William  Deering,  Miss 
Josephine  Patterson,  Mrs.  A.  L.  Butler, 
Mrs.  Frank  M.  Elliot,  Miss  Alice  Blanch- 
ard and  Mrs.  Blanchard,  Miss  Katherine 
Lord  and  Mrs.  Frank  Wilder. 

The  sewing  meetings  were  continued 
all  the  winter  of  1883-84  and  Mrs.  Blanch- 
ard's  house  was  used  as  the  depot  for  the 
storing  and  distributing  of  clothing.  Mrs. 
Blanchard  also  made  such  arrangements 


405 


406 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


with  the  Cook  County  hospital  that,  on 
her  request  and  recommendation,  any  case 
of  sickness  could  be  taken  to  the  hospital 
to  be  taken  care  of.  This  Society,  while  it 
provided  for  the  needs  of  many  of  the 
poor,  did  not  prevent  frequent  cases  of 
duplication  in  individual  charity  nor  the 
special  efforts  of  churches  in  relieving 
their  own  people.  That  was  a  develop- 
ment that  was  to  come  later. 

The  first  records  of  the  Association 
show  the  list  of  officers  elected  in  the 
winter  of  1887-88,  when  Mrs.  Edward 
Taylor  was  made  President,  Mrs.  L.  C. 
Tallmadge,  Vice-President-at-large,  with 
a  Vice- President  from  each  of  the 
following  churches :  Congregational,  Pres- 
byterian, Episcopal,  Methodist  and  Baptist; 
Miss  Josephine  Patterson,  Secretary ;  and 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Burke,  Treasurer. 

A  sewing  school,  to  teach  young  girls  be- 
longing to  needy  families  to  sew,  had  been 
organized  in  1883-84  and  in  this  year 
(1887)  Mrs.  Edward  Belknap  was  appoint- 
ed the  chairman  of  the  sewing-school.  Dur- 
ing this  same  winter — which  is  memorable 
for  organization — the  Kitchen  Garden  As- 
sociation was  formed,  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  some  instruction  in  cleaning,  set- 
ting tables,  making  beds  and  other  house- 
work, that  would  make  it  easier  for  girls 
to  secure  positions  where  they  could  earn 
something  to  help  themselves  and  their 
families.  This  Kitchen  Garden  was  first 
taught  by  Miss  Gardner  of  Chicago,  who 
trained  several  of  the  younger  Evanston 
ladies  to  be  teachers  and  to  continue  the 
school.  In  the  year  1887,  Mrs.  L.  C.  Tall- 
madge and  Miss  Kate  Lord  were  appoint- 
ed to  have  charge  of  the  Kitchen  Garden. 
Mrs.  Blanchard,  Mrs.  Watson,  and  Mrs. 
Balding  formed  the  committee  to  raise 
funds.  The  amount  of  money  received 
was  in  no  sense  insignificant,  for  from  the 
first  of  November,  1887,  to  the  first  of  No- 


vember, 1888,  the  Treasurer's  books  show 
receipts  of  over  $800. 

Another  form  of  benevolence  had  been 
maintained  by  the  Flower  Mission,  an  or- 
ganization of  young  women  in  the  village 
whose  chief  duty  it  was  to  gather  and 
send  to  Chicago,  for  distribution,  both 
garden  and  greenhouse  flowers.  This  so- 
ciety also  had  done  some  relief  work,  but 
in  October,  1887,  the  Benevolent  Society 
and  the  Flower  Mission  were  consolidated, 
a  constitution  was  adopted,  and  one  more 
step  was  taken  in  the  thorough  organiza- 
tion of  charity  work  in  the  village. 

The  work  done  by  this  Society  at  this 
time  consisted  chiefly  in  clothing  the  poor, 
and  it  had  also  helped  with  actual  money 
in  the  payment  of  rents,  but  as  the  village 
grew,  the  needy  increased  in  numbers  and. 
in  the  very  last  of  1887,  it  was  decided 
that  society  could  not  afford  to  pay  out 
money  for  rents,  nor  could  it  provide  cof- 
fee, sugar,  and  butter,  except  in  cases  of 
illness.  Throughout  the  records  of  the  Be- 
nevolent Society  the  reports  of  the  Sew- 
ing School  and  the  Kitchen  Garden  fur- 
nish interesting  reading;  and  the  gener- 
osity of  various  merchants  of  Evanston 
and  of  the  doctors  in  rendering  profes- 
sional services  free  are  many  times  grate- 
fully acknowledged.  In  October,  1888,  it 
was  decided  to  confine  the  work  of  relief 
strictly  within  the  villages  of  North  Ev- 
anston, Evanston  and  South  Evanston. 
Tickets  were  also  distributed  amongst 
householders  in  these  three  villages,  which 
were  to  be  given  to  all  applicants  for  relief, 
directing  these  latter  to  the  proper  author- 
ities. 

In  October,  1889,  the  Society  decided  to 
hold  an  open  business  meeting  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  sewing  meeting,  and  to 
ask  for  reports  from  each  department  con- 
nected with  the  work.  This  had  a  ten- 
dency to  increase  the  attendance  at  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


407 


meetings  and  to  further  the  interests  of 
the  Society.  Up  to  this  time  the  money 
had  been  solicited  either  by  representa- 
tives from  the  churches  or  by  a  general 
finance  committee;  but  in  this  year  (1889) 
a  solicitor  was  appointed  for  each  side  of 
the  village  —  these  being  Mrs.  Bishop  and 
Mrs.  Gridley  for  the  east  side  and  Mrs. 
George  Judd  for  the  west.  The  minutes  of 
October  29,  1889.  are  interesting  to  read, 
because  the  problem  of  furnishing  fuel 
to  the  poor  was  so  well  met  by  the  offer  of 
Mr.  Hugh  Wilson  to  give  ten  tons  of  coal, 
and  the  enumeration  of  garments  (old  and 
new)  blankets,  shoes,  etc.,  indicates  that 
the  work  afterwards  performed  by  the 
Needle  Work  Guild  was  so  well  done  at 
this  time  by  the  general  Society.  Another 
point  noticed  in  these  minutes  is  the  sug- 
gestion of  Miss  Lord's  growing  out  of  her 
experience  as  the  head  of  the  Kitchen 
Garden,  that  steps  should  be  taken  to 
found  a  cooking  school  in  Evanston.  The 
teachers  of  the  Kitchen  Garden  drilled 
their  girls  for  a  public  entertainment 
which  was  given  very  successfully  and 
the  money  received  was  afterwards  ap- 
plied to  that  purpose. 

Hospital  Projected. — In  the  minutes  of 
February  1 1,  1890,  occur  these  words: 
"The  hospital  question  was  agitated,  and 
it  was  decided  to  call  a  meeting  on  Tues- 
day, February  1 5th,  at  Mrs.  Tallmadge's, 
of  a  committee  of  six  ladies,  one  from  each 
church,  to  discuss  the  propriety  of  estab- 
lishing a  hospital  in  Evanston."  The 
names  of  this  committee  were  as  follows : 
Baptist  Church,  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Gfey; 
Presbyterian  Church,  Mrs.  H.  E.  Daniels; 
Methodist  Church,  Mrs.  Tallmadge  and 
Mrs.  A.  L.  Butler;  Congregational 
Church,  Mrs.  Joseph  Larimer;  Episcopal 
Church,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Hinsdale ;  and  from 
the  village  at  large,  Mrs.  William  Blanch- 
ard.  In  this  year,  also,  it  was  decided  to 


organize  an  auxiliary  society  in  North 
Evanston,  and  the  names  of  Mrs.  Corn- 
stock,  Mrs.  Carson  and  Mrs.  Boomer  are 
associated  with  the  reports  of  work  done 
by  this  society. 

The  cooking  school  proposed  by  Miss 
Lord  was  established  in  the  basement  of 
the  Congregational  Church  in  the  winter 
of  1889  and  1890.  under  the  care  of  Miss 
Lord  and  Miss  Mary  Bradley.  The  young 
girls  were  very  well  instructed  as  cooks, 
waitresses  and  house  maids. 

In  1890  other  names  appear  amongst 
the  list  of  officers,  Mrs.  P.  S.  Shumway 
being  made  President,  Mrs.  Hugh  R.  Wil- 
son Vice-President  from  the  Methodist 
Church,  Mrs.  W.  E.  Stockton  from  the 
Presbyterian,  Mrs.  Fred  Washburn  from 
the  Congregational,  Mrs.  Morse  from  the 
Baptist,  Mrs.  David  Cooke  from  the  Epis- 
copal, Mrs.  Charles  Haskins  from  the  Im- 
manuel,  Miss  Lindgren  from  the  Swedish 
Methodist,  Mrs.  Magill  from  the  Catho- 
lic ;  Secretary,  Miss  Maud  Wycoff,  and 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  Whitely  :  and  Miss  Boutell 
the  chairman  of  the  Flower  Mission.  On 
December  I,  1890,  the  Treasurer  reports 
the  treasury  empty  and  in  debt,  but  a  lit- 
tle later  in  the  month  she  reports  $72  in 
the  treasury  and  Mrs.  Stockton  for  the 
Presbyterian  Church  reports  a  collection 
of  $105,  so  the  response  to  the  solicitors 
was  always  to  be  depended  upon.  Mrs. 
Wilder,  the  visitor,  reported  at  this  same 
meeting  that  she  had  provided  nineteen 
families  with  Thanksgiving  dinners.  This, 
of  course,  was  in  addition  to  many  such 
dinners  provided  by  individuals  and 
churches.  By  the  last  day  of  the  year  1890 
the  Treasurer  reported  $527  on  hand,  a 
part  of  which  was  given  by  the  Business 
Men's  Association  of  the  town  and  part  by 
the  collection  taken  at  the  union  services 
on  Thanksgiving  day.  About  this  time 
the  Society  begins  to  recognize  the  work 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


of  the  King's  Daughters,  who  are  reported 
as  making  garments  for  the  Benevolent 
Society  and  acting  as  visitors  to  some 
poor  families. 

Another  reference  to  the  need  of  an  Ev- 
anston  hospital  is  found  in  the  minutes  of 
April  6,  1891,  when  Mrs.  Butler  reports 
upon  a  plan  of  founding  a  small  hospital.  At 
the  meeting  of  October  14,  1891,  Mrs.  Wild- 
er suggested  that,  as  the  amount  in  the 
treasury  ($367)  was  unusually  large,  a 
part  of  it  be  appropriated  for  hospital  pur- 
poses; and  in  accordance  with  this  sug- 
gestion, $300  was  set  aside  for  that  pur- 
pose. By  this  time  the  attempt  to  divide 
the  sewing  hitherto  done  at  the  afternoon 
meetings  among  the  churches  was  tried, 
although  the  cutting  was  still  done  by  the 
cutters  appointed  by  the  general  society. 

The  annual  meeting  for  the  year  1891 
shows  total  receipts  of  $734  and  disburse- 
ments $666.  The  Flower  Mission  report- 
ed that  year  having  sent  70  crates  of  flow- 
ers to  the  Chicago  hospitals.  The  Kitch- 
en Garden  seems  to  have  served  its  pur- 
pose and,  for  a  time,  it  was  thought  wise 
to  abandon  it.  The  work  for  the  Relief 
Committee  had  increased  so  much  by  1891 
that  it  was  found  necessary  to  hire  a  cab 
for  its  use,  although  the  number  of  cases 
visited  is  not  enumerated. 

At  Christmas  time  of  1892,  Mrs.  But- 
ler reported  that  she  had  provided  twelve 
families  with  Christmas  baskets,  and  it  is 
interesting  to  see  that  the  names  of  the 
same  families  appear,  year  after  year, 
amongst  the  poor  and  needy,  although 
sickness  and  drunkenness  in  the  head  of 
the  family  seem  to  be  the  prevailing 
causes  of  this  poverty. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  1892,  Mrs. 
Walworth  was  made  President,  with 
Vice-Presidents  Mrs.  P.  B.  Shumway, 
from  the  Methodist,  Mrs.  H.  L.  Boltwood 
from  the  Congregational,  Mrs.  W.  B.  Top- 


liff  from  the  Presbyterian,  Mrs.  L.  K.  Gil- 
son  from  the  Baptist,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Hins- 
dale  from  St.  Marks,  Mrs.  Wm.  Cowper 
from  St.  Lukes,  Mrs.  Herman  Poppen- 
husen  from  the  Presbyterian  South,  Mrs. 
J.  O.  Foster  from  the  Methodist  South, 
Mrs.  F.  M.  Forrey  from  Wheadon,  Mrs. 
M.  J.  Boomer  from  the  Central,  Mrs.  H. 
W.  Brough  from  the  Unitarian  and  Mrs. 
Robert  Magill  from  the  Catholic  Church. 
Buying  Committee,  Mrs.  Wilder ;  Visiting 
Committee,  Mrs.  A.  D.  Sanders. 

It  was  at  this  meeting  that  it  was  de- 
cided to  change  the  name  of  the  Society 
to  the  Associated  Charities  of  Evanston, 
and  an  amendment  was  added  to  the  con- 
stitution to  this  effect,  the  number  of  vice- 
presidents  increased,  as  is  to  be  seen  by 
the  foregoing  list  of  officers,  and  all  char- 
ities in  the  three  parts  of  the  city  were 
represented  on  the  board.  The  following 
quotation  from  the  report  of  the  Relief 
Committee  of  this  year  shows  how  the 
work  of  the  Benevolent  Society  had  in- 
creased from  the  time  of  the  informal 
meeting  in  Mrs.  Blanchard's  parlors  to 
October  3,  1892: 

"During  the  past  year  \ve  have  cared  for 
one  or  more  members  of  thirty-two  differ- 
ent families.  These  have  been  furnished 
food,  medicine,  fuel,  clothing,  nurses,  hos- 
pital services,  and  in  a  few  cases,  funeral 
expenses.  We  have  had  surgical  cases, 
partial  blindness,  consumption,  diphtheria, 
typhoid  fever,  scarlet  fever,  inflammatory 
rheumatism,  erysipelas,  deformities,  con- 
finement cases.  We  have  furnished  work 
of  all  varieties  for  both  sexes.  We  have 
provided  all  sorts  of  things,  from  a  nurs- 
ing bottle  to  a  load  of  hay,  the  last  being 
given  in  order  that  the  father  of  eight  chil- 
dren— one  of  whom,  together  with  the 
mother,  had  been  sick  eight  weeks  with  ty- 
phoid fever — should  not  be  obliged  to  sell 
his  cow  which  provided  the  greater  part  of 
food  for  the  sick  and  little  ones.  One  of 
the  greatest  difficulties  met  with  has  been 
that  of  procuring  nurses  willing  to  go  into 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


409 


the  homes  of  these  families.  But  the  com- 
pletion of  the  hospital  now  near  at  hand, 
will,  we  trust,  obviate  the  necessity.1' 

This  report  of  Mrs.  Butler's  pointed 
forward  not  only  to  the  necessity  for  a 
hospital  in  Evanston,  but  to  the  need  of  a 
visiting  nurse.  This  need  was  soon  met 
as  will  be  see  further  on  in  this  chapter. 

The  Flower  Mission  reported  that  fall 
a  distribution  of  49^  crates  of  flowers, 
three  baskets  of  bouquets  and  $l/2  crates 
mostly  of  hot-house  roses,  the  gift  of  Mr. 
Weilancl.  The  Kitchen  Garden  reported 
a  class  of  twenty-four,  the  Sewing  School 
reported  an  attendance  of  ninety  scholars 
and  eleven  teachers.  The  receipts  for  that 
year  were  over  $800. 

Change  of  Name. — The  change  from 
Benevolent  Society  to  Associated  Char- 
ities made  it  desirable,  and  even  necessary, 
to  seek  a  permanent  place  of  meeting,  and 
Mrs.  VVhitely  and  Mrs.  Tallmadge  volun- 
teered to  see  the  Mayor  and  ascertain  if  a 
small  room  in  the  new  City  Hall  could  be 
secured.  The  report  of  the  next  meeting 
shows  that  the  Mayor  readily  acceded  to 
the  request.  At  this  time  the  Society  had 
been  meeting  in  the  different  church  par- 
lors instead  of  in  the  individual  homes  as 
at  first.  The  room  in  the  City  Hall  was 
not  yet  finished  in  November  of  1892  and 
it  continued  to  be  necessary  to  meet  in  dif- 
ferent churches.  At  one  of  these  meetings 
the  minutes  relate  that  a  large  clothes 
basket  was  heaped  with  new  garments 
made  during  the  day.  By  Dec.  19,  1892, 
the  room  in  the  City  Hall  was  furnished 
and  was  made  the  depot  for  garments  old 
and  new,  and  it  was  announced  in  the  city 
press  that  the  room  was  open  to  all 
comers. 

The  relief  committee  of  this  year  volun- 
teered to  distribute  Christmas  dinners  to 
those  needing  them,  which  were  promised 
by  Sunday  schools  and  private  parties.  It 


was  reported  at  this  meeting  that  Mr.  Mc- 
Mahon  had  received  $100  from  an  Evan- 
ston gentleman  to  invest  in  chickens  and 
turkeys,  and  that  they  would  be  distribut- 
ed from  one  of  the  markets  on  Christmas 
eve. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  1893,  it  was 
reported,  among  other  benevolences,  that 
an  Evanston  gentleman  had  offered  to  fur- 
nish new  shoes  to  any  one  recommended 
by  a  committee  from  the  Associated  Char- 
ities. The  annual  report  of  this  year 
(1893)  speaks  of  the  difficulty  a  stranger 
experiences  in  believing  that  there  can  be 
want  and  destitution  in  so  beautiful  a 
place  as  Evanston.  The  report  says  the 
poor  are  usually  in  that  condition  because 
of  shiftless  habits,  lack  of  training  as  to 
the  use  of  money,  spending  freely  when 
not  earning,  not  laying  by  for  winter,  but 
adds:  "It  is  hard  to  refuse  coal  and  food, 
even  to  the  shiftless,  when  they  are  found 
suffering."  Another  large  gift  of  coal 
from  Mr.  Wilson  and  help  from  the  gro- 
cers in  the  matter  of  discount  is  grateful- 
ly acknowledged.  It  is  reported  that  265 
new  garments  were  made  and  given  out 
from  the  City  Hall  in  this  year.  The  re- 
ports of  the  Society  show  a  constant  im- 
provement in  organization,  investigation 
and  discrimination,  and  new  names  are 
constantly  being  added  to  the  lists  of  of- 
ficers and  visitors.  This  increased  care 
in  the  distribution  of  charity  was  gradual- 
ly reducing  the  relief  formerly  given  from 
door  to  door  and  the  claim  that  the  charity 
of  the  kindly  disposed  was  abused  by  the 
unworthy  poor  was  being  surely  under- 
mined. It  was  in  1893  that  the  ladies  de- 
cided to  interview  the  ministers  of  the 
town  and  seek  to  have  the  entire  collec- 
tion of  the  union  Thanksgiving  service 
given  to  the  Associated  Charities.  By  this 
time  the  Society  recognizes  the  gifts  of 
the  Needle  Work  Guild,  an  organization 


J.1O 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


whose  work  will  be  referred  to  later.  The 
generosity  of  the  merchants  of  Evanston 
is   constantly   noted,   ami    the   distributing 
station  was  made  available  for  the  distri- 
bution of  the  donations  from  the  grocery 
stores  and  bakeries  as  well  as  for  clothing. 
Auxiliary  Organization. — In  1894,  when 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Scott  was  President  of  the  As- 
sociated   Charities,    a    Mothers'    Sewing 
School    was    organized    as    an    additional 
means  of  helping  mothers  to  clothe  their 
children.     A  careful  record  was  kept  in 
1894  and   1895,  not  only  of  the  officers, 
visitors  and  committees,  but  also  of  the 
pastors  of  all  churches  and  the  represen- 
tatives from  each  church  on  the  Execu- 
tive  Board  of  the  Associated   Charities. 
The  boundaries  of  the  wards  are  given 
and  the  visitors  are  named  according  to 
their  wards.    October  I,  1894,  Mrs.  H.  L. 
Boltwood   was   elected   President ;   Mrs.  J. 
E.   'Scott,    Vice-President ;    Mrs.    C.    J. 
Whitely,  Treasurer ;  Mrs.  L.  G.  Wescott, 
Secretary;  Mrs.  A.  D.  Sanders,  Chairman 
of  the  Visiting  Committee,  and  Mrs.  J.  E. 
Scott,    Superintendent    of    the     Sewing 
School.    Out  of  the  sewing  class  for  moth- 
ers had  come  a  sewing  class  for  children, 
and  Mrs.  Strawbridge,  a  teacher  of  sew- 
ing, came  out  from  the  city  on  Saturday 
afternoons  to  teach  them.    A  regular  sys- 
tematic course  of  instruction  was  given, 
which  secured  the  interest  of  the  children 
and  uniformity  in  the  work.     The  chil- 
dren were  required  to  come  with  clean 
hands,  faces  and  aprons.    The  receipts  for 
the  year  1894  are  reported  at  $1,630  and 
the  work  of  visiting  the  poor  was  much 
more  efficiently  carried  on  because  of  the 
division  of  labor.    No  help  was  given  until 
the   homes   had   been  visited   and   great 
pains  taken  to  ascertain  the  exact  state  of 
the  family. 

The  work  of  the  different  wards  is  in- 
teresting as  showing  where  the  greatest 


needs  were.  In  the  First  Ward  20  fam- 
ilies were  helped;  in  the  Second,  6;  in  the 
Third,  n;  in  the  Fourth,  24;  in  the  Fifth, 
45 ;  in  the  Sixth,  32 ;  in  the  Seventh,  67 ; 
and  in  North  Evanston,  47. 

At  the  meeting  of  November  2ist,  in 
order  to  have  some  uniformity  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  groceries,  the  following  rule 
was  adopted :    "The  following  articles  can 
be  ordered  by  the  visitor:  beans,  potatoes 
by  the  peck  or  half  peck  only,  cheap  cof- 
fee or  tea  in  small  quantities,  sugar  in 
small  quantities,  corn-meal  or  oat-meal, 
rice,  salt,  flour,  laundry  soap  by  the  bar ; 
no  meat,  except  in  the  case  of  sickness." 
In  1895  occurs  the  last  mention  of  the 
Kitchen  Garden,  when  it  was  decided  to 
donate  the  material  used  in  the  instruction 
to  the   Northwestern  University  Settle- 
ment of  Chicago.    At  the  annual  meeting 
it  was  reported  that  there  had  been  re- 
ceived $831   and  that  $795  had  been  dis- 
bursed. The  President  reported  over  1,500 
garments,  the  value  of  which  is  not  in- 
cluded in  the  money  receipts.     Of  these, 
the  new  garments  were  contributed  by  the 
Needlework  Guild.    At  this  meeting  Mrs. 
Brewer  was  elected  President,  Mrs.  Bolt- 
wood,  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Sanders,  Sec- 
retary, and  Mrs.  Whitely,  Treasurer,  with 
representatives  from  each  of  the  churches. 
In  1896  the  German  Catholic  Church  re- 
ported that  it  would  care  for  all  its  poor 
and  needy,  and  any  Catholics  applying  to 
the  Associated  Charities  were  almost  sure 
to  be  unworthy.    This  lessened  the  field 
for  the  society.    At  the  annual  meeting  of 
1896  Mrs.  J.  E.  Scott  was  made  President 
and   Mrs.   Cragin,   Secretary,   with  Vice- 
Presidents     representing     the     different 
churches  as  usual.     The  winter  of  1896 
opened  early  and  the  women  began  cast- 
ing about  for  means  to  employ  the  men 
and  women  who  applied  for  aid  that  they 
might  earn  the  relief  that  was  granted 


LIBRARY 

OF  [HE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


411 


them.  October  28th,  at  a  meeting  in  the 
Congregational  Church,  Rev.  Mr.  South- 
gate  was  asked  to  be  present  and  he  spoke 
of  the  possibility  of  arranging  such  work 
for  both  men  and  women.  A  wood  yard 
was  proposed  for  the  men  where  they 
could  saw  and  split  wood  and  a  work  room 
for  women,  where,  under  a  superinten- 
dent, they  could  be  instructed  in  repairing 
and  making  garments,  receiving  either 
clothing  or  provisions  as  compensation. 
After  this  talk  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  see  the  city  officials,  and  to  ask  them  to 
help  in  establishing  a  wood  yard.  The 
report  of  this  committee  was  given  at  the 
next  meeting  and  was  very  favorable.  The 
Mayor  offered  to  furnish  work  and  a  su- 
perintendent to  supervise  it,  the  wood  be- 
ing obtained  by  cutting  off  the  piles  of  the 
old  Davis  Street  pier.  A  great  deal  of 
cleaning  was  secured  in  the  public  schools 
during  this  winter  for  the  women,  an  ar- 
rangement which  worked  well  in  both  di- 
rections— making  the  recipients  of  the 
city's  charity  feel  that  they  had  earned  it;" 
and  making  the  schools  much  more  sani- 
tary and  wholesome  for  children.  Twen- 
ty-eight men  were  employed  on  the 
streets  of  Evanston.  The  new  plan  in- 
stituted this  year,  of  requiring  work  from 
all  the  able-bodied  who  had  been  assisted, 
proved  very  successful,  the  records  show- 
ing that  only  three  persons  refused  to 
work,  and  that  many  had  expressed  their 
satisfaction  at  being  allowed  to  do  so. 
This  year  it  is  recorded  that  over  1,200 
visits  were  made  by  the  visitors  of  the 
Society. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  1897,  Mrs. 
William  M.  Green  was  made  President ; 
Mrs.  J.  L.  Whitlock,  Vice-President ;  Mrs. 
S.  G.  White,  Secretary;  and  Mrs.  Joseph 
Lyons,  Treasurer.  It  was  decided  to  give 
no  assistance  to  the  able-bodied  this  year 
without  its  equivalent  of  work,  and  two 


rooms  in  the  City  Hall  were  given  to 
ladies  for  their  use  as  a  distributing 
center. 

From  this  time  on  the  work  of  the  As- 
sociated Charities  runs  in  regular  grooves, 
well  organized,  systematized,  and  admir- 
ably accomplished.  The  next  year  Mrs. 
Whitlock  was  made  President  and  has 
served  in  that  capacity  up  to  the  present 
writing.  The  records  show  the  increasing 
use  of  the  plan  of  no  aid  without  services 
rendered,  and  the  number  of  unworthy  ap- 
plicants has  been  reduced  to  almost  noth- 
ing. \yith  the  aid  of  the  visiting  nurse, 
the  sick  poor  have  been  cared  for;  the 
homeless  old  people  have  been  put  into 
proper  institutions  or  sent  to  their  own 
people  in  more  or  less  distant  places;  chil- 
dren have  been  clothed  and  fed  and  kept 
in  school ;  and  any  one  who  wishes  to 
give  to  the  relief  work  in  the  city  can  do 
so  with  every  assurance  that  his  contri- 
bution" will  be  wisely  and  carefuly  ad- 
ministered' '  The  work  of  the  Associated 
Charities  -Ha'S-sho^i  an  increasing  co-op- 
eration with  the  other  forces  of  the  town 
that  make  for  the  comfort  of  the  needy 
and  for  righteousness.  The  Supervisor, 
the  Chief  of  Police,  the  Officer  of  the  Hu- 
mane Society,  the  Probation  Officer,  the 
Associated  Charities,  the  Hospital,  the 
Visiting  Nurse,  and  the  Needle  Work 
Guild,  have  so  interwoven  their  advice, 
their  special  knowledge  of  needs  and  their 
means  of  relief,  that  the  best  results  have 
been  obtained.  The  work  of  soliciting 
funds  is  still  done  by  the  representatives 
of  different  churches  on  the  Board,  and 
the  successful  efforts  of  the  officers  of  the 
Society  to  secure  work  supplement  these 
actual  money  donations.  At  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  twentieth  anniversary  of 
the  founding  of  the  Society  ( 1903) ,  the  Sec- 
retary reported  that  the  work  of  the  So- 
ciety began  early  on  account  of  the  prev- 


412 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


alence  of  smallpox  in  the  city.  Nearly  all 
the  afflicted  families  were  those  of  labor- 
ers who  were  necessarily  kept  from  their 
work  and,  in  some  cases,  the  fathers  were 
the  only  nurses  for  wives  and  children. 
The  Society  furnished  an  abundance  of 
clothing  suitable  for  the  sick,  and  when 
this  was  destroyed  upon  the  recovery  of 
the  patients,  furnished  still  other  outfits. 
But  this  is  the  only  epidemic  which  the 
Society  has  had  to  contend  with.  Seven- 
teen hundred  and  sixty  garments,  old  and 
new,  were  distributed  this  year.  The  re- 
port closed  with  these  words:  "If  suc- 
cess is  measured  by  activity  and  consci- 
entious effort,  this  year  deserves  to  be 
placed  in  line  with  those  preceding  it." 

St.  Vincent  De  Paul  Society.— In  1887 
the  Evanston  branch  of  the  St.  Vincent 
de  Paul  Society  was  organized  and  be- 
came auxiliary  to  the  great  Catholic  So- 
ci.ety  of  the  same  name  three  or  four  years 
later.  This  society  is  composed  of  men  in 
the  Catholic  Church  who  are  devoted  to 
the  relief  of  distress,  the  care  of  the  sick 
and  the  burying  of  the  dead.  It  is  unique 
in  Evanston  in  being  a  society  composed 
of  men,  aided,  when  necessary,  by  an 
auxiliary  society  of  ladies.  It  is  non- 
sectarian  in  its  work,  aiding  any  cases  of 
distress,  although  later,  after  time  for  in- 
vestigation, if  found  to  be  non-Catholic, 
the  case  is  turned  over  to  the  proper 
church  or  institution. 

It  co-operates  with  the  Visiting  Nurse 
and  the  Associated  Charities  and  the 
ladies  of  the  auxiliary  are  members  of  the 
Needle  Work  Guild,  their  contribution  to 
the  Association  being  returned  to  them 
for  distribution  by  this  Society.  It  has 
raised  in  money  about  $4,700  in  the  last 
seventeen  years,  although  one  of  its  fun- 
damental principles  is  never  to  give 
money  directly,  preferring  to  furnish  pro- 
visions and,  if  possible,  to  aid  the  recipi- 


ent in  earning  the  assistance.  In  many 
cases  the  women  so  aided  have  been  glad 
of  the  opportunity  to  pay  for  it  by  scrub- 
bing and  cleaning  in  the  parochial  school 
and  the  church.  This  is  a  society  which 
seldom  makes  public  reports  but  prefers 
to  do  its  work  without  the  sound  of  trum- 
pets. The  society  has  been  served  by  the 
same  officers  since  its  founding:  Mr. 
Daniel  McCann,  President;  Mr.  Cullen, 
Secretary. 

The  Woman's  Club. — Although  the 
Woman's  Club  was  founded  in  1889  for 
social  and  literary  purposes,  the  organ- 
ization was  very  early  interested  in  phil- 
anthropic work,  since  so  many  of  its 
members  were  interested  in  particular 
charitable  enterprises  and  sought  the  op- 
portunity to  lay  them  before  the  Club  and 
seek  its  support.  In  1891  before  the  Club 
was  divided  into  departments  (as  it  was 
later),  there  was  a  meeting  well  re- 
membered by  the  old  members,  when 
Mrs.  A.  L.  Butler  spoke  on  behalf  of  the 
need  of  a  hospital  in  this  community. 
Her  plea  for  the  sick  amongst  the  poor 
and  helpless  and  the  strangers  in  our 
midst  was  so  touching,  that  it  was  im- 
mediately determined  by  the  Club  to  en- 
deavor to  raise  money  to  help  found  a 
hospital.  A  committee  was  appointed 
with  Mrs.  Joseph  Hubbart  Chairman, 
and  it  was  determined  to  give  a  kirmess, 
the  plans  for  which  were  minute  and,  at 
the  same  time,  elaborate  and  kept  the 
ladies  of  the  town  busy  the  entire  sum- 
mer preparing  for  it.  A  most  successful 
kirmess  was  held,  continuing  for  five 
afternoons  and  evenings  and  netting  a 
sum  of  $3,500,  which  was  handed  over  to 
the  Hospital  Board,  which  had  already 
acquired  a  small  property,  for  hospital 
purposes. 

Later  Mrs.  H.  W.  Rogers  made  a  plea 
in  behalf  of  the  Kindergarten  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Northwestern  University  Settlement,  and 
$100  was  appropriated  from  the  club 
funds  to  apply  on  the  rental  of  better 
rooms  for  the  children.  When,  after  eight 
years  of  service  as  President  of  the  Club, 
Mrs.  Harbert  refused  a  renomination,  it 
was  decided  by  the  Executive  Board  to 
recognize  her  long  and  faithful  service 
to  the  Club  by  making  some  gift  in  her 
name  which  should  be  a  source  of  comfort 
and  blessing  to  humanity.  A  drinking 
fountain,  properly  inscribed,  was  erected 
on  Grand  Avenue,  near  the  corner  of 
Union  Street,  in  a  neighborhood  where 
no  such  convenience  existed  and  where 
thousands  pass  every  day.  While  this 
token  of  appreciation  was  not  erected  in 
Evanston  itself,  it  is  none  the  less  one  of 
the  expressions  of  brotherly  love  that 
Evanston  feels  for  the  great  neighboring 
city. 

About  this  time  the  records  show  the 
formation  of  a  separate  department  in 
the  Woman's  Club  to  be  called  the  Phil- 
anthropic Department,  the  purpose  of 
which  was  to  give  the  members  special 
opportunities  for  the  study  of  philan- 
thropy and  sociology  and  to  enable  them 
to  work  more  directly  in  the  interests  of 
any  charitable  project  that  they  chose. 
The  very  first  record  of  this  department 
showed  an  appropriation  of  $150  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Kindergarten  of  the  North- 
western University  Settlement,  the  Vaca- 
tion Schools,  Probation  Officer,  and  Vis- 
iting Nurse.  These  appropriations  vary 
in  amount,  but  invariably  they  result  in 
an  empty  treasury  which  was  refilled  by 
entertainments,  lecture  courses,  readings, 
and  various  such  methods  of  raising 
money,  besides  individual  pledges  and 
dues  of  the  members.  Many  noted  speak- 
ers and  workers  in  charitable  and  phil- 
anthropic fields  appeared  before  the  de- 
partment, and  its  members  were  thus 


educated  in  the  idea  of  scientific,  organ- 
ized charity,  and  were  made  acquainted 
with  the  needs  of  all  kinds  of  endeavor. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  pur- 
poses for  which  this  department  has 
worked  is  that  of  the  Probation  Officer 
maintained  by  funds  raised  in  Evanston 
through  the  efforts  of  members  of  this 
department,  from  September  I,  1900,  to 
May  I,  1903,  under  the  chairmanship  of 
Mrs.  W.  O.  Dean.  The  records  of  Jan- 
uary 31,  1902,  refer  to  a  meeting  held  at 
the  house  of  Mr.  H.  B.  Hurd,  where  Mr. 
Kurd  and  Miss  Clark,  a  probation  officer 
in  Chicago,  related  the  history  of  the 
Juvenile  Court  Bill,  told  of  the  work  of 
the  court  and  of  the  probation  officers. 
This  bill  was  drawn  by  Mr.  Hurd  and 
went  into  operation  July  I,  1899.  In  three 
years  previous  to  the  opening  of  the 
Juvenile  Court,  there  were  1,705  children 
(that  is,  boys)  under  sixteen  years  of 
age  in  the  county  jail,  while  in  the  three 
years  following  the  opening  of  the  court, 
there  were  but  forty-eight.  Fourteen 
hundred  and  seven  of  the  cases  of  delin- 
quent children,  out  of  2,854  heard  in  the 
year  1902,  were  placed  in  charge  of  a  pro- 
bation officer,  and  these  are  the  very  pivot 
of  the  success  of  the  law.  The  formation 
of  the  law  itself  removes  children  from 
the  police  stations  and  from  jail ;  but  it 
is  the  faithful,  patient  work  of  the  pro- 
bation officer  which  makes  this  removal 
of  real  value  to  the  child.  These  facts  ap- 
pealed to  the  members  of  the  department 
so  strongly,  that,  after  supporting  an 
officer  of  the  Children's  Aid  Society  for 
a  time,  as  a  probation  officer  of  this  court, 
they  finally  took  entire  charge  directly 
of  one  probation  officer  (  Miss  Clark)  and 
paid  her  salary  until  it  was  necessary  for 
her  to  resign  her  work.  Up  to  the  present 
time,  the  minutes  of  the  Philanthropic 
Department  show  a  constant  interest  in 


414 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


this  work,  and  it  is  noted  in  one  place 
that  during  that  year  seven  children  from 
Evanston  had  been  taken  before  the  Ju- 
venile Court.  This  care  of  neglected 
children  is  not  only  a  charitable  work  but 
one  of  real  economy. 

The  visiting  nurse  has  been  aided  di- 
rectly and  indirectly  in  the  discharge  of 
her  labors.  The  management  of  her 
work  lies  in  the  hands  of  a  committee 
chosen  from  this  department,  and  month- 
ly statements  of  her  work,  with  detailed 
information  about  the  individual  cases, 
are  regularly  given.  Any  special  need 
which  the  nurse  finds  for  medicine, 
clothes,  or  delicacies  for  the  sick  are  al- 
ways met  on  appeal  to  this  department. 

The  Needle  Work  Guild.— The  Needle 
Work  Guild  of  Evanston  was  organized 
in  1892  as  a  branch  of  the  Needle  Work 
Guild  of  America.  Mrs.  Charles  Hamill, 
of  Chicago,  came  to  Evanston  upon  the 
invitation  of  Miss  Nina  Lunt,  to  meet  the 
ladies  of  Evanston  at  the  house  of  Mrs. 
Arthur  Orr,  and  by  her  enthusiastic  pre- 
sentation of  the  work  of  this  society, 
persuaded  the  ladies  present  to  organize. 
Miss  Lunt  was  made  Honorary  President, 
Mrs.  Frank  Wilder  President,  and  Mrs. 
C.  F.  Bradley  Secretary,  but  no  records 
were  kept  of  the  work  of  the  first  two 
years.  The  purpose  of  the  Needle  Work 
Guild  is  to  collect  and  distribute  new, 
plain,  suitable  garments  to  meet  the  great 
need  of  hospitals,  homes,  and  other  char- 
ities, and  permits  each  branch  to  elect 
its  own  beneficiaries.  At  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Guild  in  November,  1896, 
the  following  officers  were  elected:  Hon- 
orary President,  Miss  Lunt;  President, 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Scott;  Treasurer,  Miss  Sarah 
W.  Gillett;  Secretary,  Miss  Ethel  Grey. 
Sectional  Presidents  to  the  number  of 
twenty-one  were  appointed,  as  follows: 
Mrs.  Connell,  Mrs.  Chapin,  Mrs.  Shum- 


way,  Mrs.  Clark,  Mrs.  Brooks,  Mrs. 
Stevens,  Mrs.  Whitely,  Mrs.  Fabian,  Mrs. 
W.  J.  Littlejohn,  Mrs.  Gallop,  Miss  Hoge, 
Miss  Harrows,  Mrs.  Hanford,  Mrs.  Ward, 
Mrs.  Isbester,  Mrs.  Magill,  Mrs.  Murphy, 
Mrs.  O'Connell,  Mrs.  Howard  Gray,  Mrs. 
J.  C.  Connor,  and  Mrs.  J.  E.  Scott.  The 
number  of  garments  gathered  at  this 
meeting  is  not  stated  in  the  records. 

At  the  meeting  of  1897  the  officers  of 
the  last  year  were  re-elected.  The  gar- 
ments were  distributed  as  follows:  To 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society,  152;  Evan- 
ston Hospital,  187;  Girls'  Industrial 
School,  150;  special  cases,  266;  Asso- 
ciated Charities,  1,053 — Total,  1,810. 

At  the  annual  meeting  in  1898,  the 
garments  were  distributed  as  follows :  To 
the  visiting  nurse,  398;  Girls'  Industrial 
School,  217;  The  Evanston  Hospital, 
141;  Old  Ladies'  Home,  67;  Associated 
Charities,  944 ;  special  cases,  43  ;  St.  Vin- 
cent cle  Paul  Society,  163 — Total,  1,973. 

At  the  annual  meeting  in  1899  the  gar- 
ments were  distributed  to  the  same  bene- 
ficiaries as  the  year  before,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  the  King's  Daughters'  Fresh  Air 
Home,  which,  by  that  time,  had  been 
established  in  Evanston.  At  this  time 
there  were  1,560  garments  completed. 
At  the  annual  meeting  in  1900,  the  same 
list  of  beneficiaries  were  maintained,  and 
a  total  of  1,574  garments  were  distributed. 
In  1901,  with  the  same  board  of  officers, 
1.684  garments  were  distributed.  At  the 
election  of  officers  in  1902,  Miss  Hemp- 
sted  was  elected  Secretary  and  Mrs.  C.  T. 
Connell  was  made  Honorary  Presirent. 
This  year  the  total  number  of  garments 
collected  was  1,256.  At  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  1903,  Mrs.  T.  P.  Stanwood  was 
elected  President,  the  other  officers  re- 
maining the  same.  The  number  of  gar- 
ments collected  this  year  was  1600. 

The  total  money  receipts  during  these 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


years  was  $198,  and  it  has  been  the  annual 
custom,  after  deducting  the  dues  for 
membership  in  the  National  Society  for 
the  Needle  Work  Guild,  to  contribute 
nearly  the  balance  to  the  Visiting  Nurse 
fund. 

Mother's  Club  of  Noyes  Street. — In 
1896  a  group  of  mothers  and  teachers 
gathered  in  the  rooms  of  the  Noyes  Street 
School  House,  to  talk  over  the  needs  of 
the  neighborhood.  It  was  found  that 
there  were  many  children  attending  that 
school  who  were  poorly  clothed  and  whose 
mothers,  from  illness  or  poverty,  were 
not  able  to  provide  as  they  would  for  their 
children.  An  informal  sort  of  a  neighbor- 
hood society  grew  up,  which,  at  first,  de- 
voted itself  to  supplying  those  needs  of 
the  people  which  were  evident  to  the 
eyes  of  the  teachers,  and  all  mothers  of 
the  neighborhood  were  invited  to  join. 
The  club  met  by  permission  of  the  School 
Board  in  the  school  building  and  made 
over  and  renovated  all  garments  that 
were  contributed.  There  developed  a 
feeling  of  friendliness  and  neighborliness 
which  carried  the  work  of  helpfulness  into 
the  homes,  and  at  the  occasional  evening 
meetings  which  were  held  in  the  school 
house,  entertainment  in  the  form  of  music, 
readings,  and  lectures  was  freely  given 
and  enjoyed  by  the  fathers,  mothers,  and 
young  children  of  the  neighborhood. 
Christmas  trees  were  contributed  and 
decorated,  and  from  year  to  year  it  was  so 
managed  that  the  gifts  on  the  tree  were 
largely  the  manufacture  of  the  children 
for  each  other  and  for  their  fathers  and 
mothers. 

From  the  first  the  desire  to  help  others 
has  been  a  conspicuous  characteristic  of 
this  neighborhood  club,  and  for  seven 
years  it  has  been  the  custom  of  the 
women  to  invite  from  300  to  350  women 
and  children  from  the  city,  from  the  least 


favored  quarters,  to  an  all-day's  picnic  on 
the  lake  shore  in  Evanston.  These 
mothers  and  children  have  been  brought 
out,  entertained,  fed  and  returned  to  their 
homes  in  entire  safety  and  at  the  expense 
of  the  treasury  of  the  Mother's  Club. 

A  knitting  machine  owned  by  the 
Woman's  Club  of  Evanston  has  been  for 
several  years  in  the  home  of  one  of  the 
members  of  this  Mothers'  Club.  On  it 
she  has  knit  the  legs  of  nearly  500  pairs 
of  stockings  which  have  been  footed  by 
the  mothers  who  knew  how  to  knit,  at  the 
regular  meetings  of  the  club.  In  one 
year  this  Club  has  distributed  1,000  gar- 
ments, including  these  stockings. 

Visiting  Nurse  Association. — In  the 
year  1897  a  mother,  who  had  been  recent- 
ly bereaved,  felt  that  she  would  like  to  do 
something  in  the  name  of  her  daughter 
for  other  mothers  who  were  trying  to 
care  for  sick  children.  She  called  a  few 
women  who  were  experienced  in  the 
charity  work  of  the  city  into  consulta- 
tion, and  asked  their  advice  as  to  the 
need  of  a  visiting  nurse  among  the  sick 
poor  of  Evanston.  The  women  were 
unanimous  in  believing  that  there  was 
much  suffering  and  sickness  which  could 
be  relieved  by  the  visits  that  such  a  nurse 
could  give,  and  upon  their  advice  Mrs. 
McMullen  offered  a  sum  of  money  suffi- 
cient to  keep  a  nurse  at  work  for  four 
months,  as  a  memorial  to  her  daughter. 
Miss  Faltz.  a  trained  nurse,  was  chosen 
to  inaugurate  the  work  and,  going  about 
the  town  from  north  to  south  and  far 
out  on  the  prairie,  she  found  plenty  of 
work  to  keep  her  busy. 

So  impressed  were  the  women  who  had 
been  consulted  in  the  matter  with  the 
success  of  the  experiment,  that  they  de- 
cided that  this  beautiful  work  must  not  be 
allowed  to  stop,  and  there  was  organized 
the  Visiting  Nurse  Association  of  Evan- 


416 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


ston.  Mrs.  C.  H.  Chandler  was  made 
President  and  served  in  this  position  until 
her  death  in  1903.  Mrs.  P.  C.  Lutkin  was 
made  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  and  is 
still  serving  in  that  capacity.  Mrs.  C.  F. 
Grey,  Mrs.  R.  B.  McMullen,  Mrs.  R.  H. 
Wyman,  Mrs.  J.  Ct  Bundy,  Mrs.  T.  P. 
Stanwood,  Mrs.  O.  F.  Carpenter,  Mrs.  T. 
K.  Webster  are  among  those  who  have 
served  on  this  Association,  but  the  de- 
voted, intelligent,  increasing  attention  paid 
by  Mrs.  Chandler  and  Mrs.  Lutkin  have 
been  the  real  backbone  of  these  years  of 
its  work.  It  would  be  a  beautiful  thing 
if  the  Visiting  Nurse  could  be  endowed 
in  memory  of  Mrs.  Chandler. 

Only  one  nurse  has  been  employed  and 
she  has  been  maintained  by  friendly  gifts 
of  money.  She  visits  among  the  sick 
poor,  carrying  out  the  orders  of  the  phy- 
sician, if  one  is  employed,  bathing  and 
caring  for  mother  and  babe  in  maternity 
cases,  dressing  wounds,  cuts,  burns  and 
bruises,  making  poultices  for  pneumonia, 
and  giving  instructions  in  cleanliness  and 
sanitation.  Where  a  case  proves  too 
severe  for  care  at  home,  she  recommends 
it  to  the  hospital  where  the  response  has 
been  most  generous. 

Besides  this  care  of  the  actual  sick,  the 
services  of  this  nurse  are  invaluable  in 
the  prevention  of  the  spread  of  infectious 
diseases.  Many  families,  feeling  unable 
to  call  a  physician,  will  ask  for  the  ser- 
vices of  the  Visiting  Nurse,  and  she  is 
often  able  to  decide  that  a  case,  which 
seems  simple  to  an  ignorant  father  and 
mother,  is  really  a  danger  to  the  com- 
munity. Several  cases  of  scarlet  fever,  in 
different  years,  have  been  so  discovered 
and  isolated  and  the  possibility  or  prob- 
ability of  the  spread  of  these  diseases 
through  the  schools,  where  other  chil- 
dren of  the  same  family  were  in  attend- 
ance, has  been  avoided. 


Besides  rendering  assistance  as  a 
trained  nurse,  the  endeavor  is  made  to 
treat  each  individual  case  as  its  peculiar 
necessities  seem  to  demand,  giving  help 
in  time  of  greatest  need  and  saving  the 
small  wage-earner,  so  far  as  possible,  from 
the  worry  of  debt  and  discouragement 
consequent  upon  severe  illness.  It  is 
just  at  this  point  that  co-operation  be- 
tween the  Associated  Charities  and  the 
Visiting  Nurse  Association  has  been  most 
valuable.  This  sympathetic  aid  is  looked 
upon  as  the  larger  part  of  the  nurse's 
work.  The  nurse  goes  everywhere  within 
the  limits  of  Evanston  free  of  charge,  ex- 
cept where  patients  prefer  to  pay  a  small 
fee.  At  first  the  nurse  was  able  to  go 
about  on  her  bicycle  during  the  large 
part  of  the  year,  but  it  was  found  that 
this  mode  of  conveyance  exhausted  her 
strength  and  unfitted  her  for  much  of  the 
arduous  labor  that  she  is  called  upon  to 
perform.  The  necessity  for  providing  a 
carriage  of  some  sort  has  increased  the 
cost  of  maintaining  this  charity  some- 
what. The  Visiting  Nurse  Association 
is  made  up  chiefly  of  members  of  the 
philanthropic  department  of  the  Wo- 
man's Club,  and  monthly  reports  of  its 
work  are  given  this  department,  but  the 
department  is  not  able  to  maintain  the 
charity,  and  aids  it  only  so  far  as  its 
funds  make  it  possible. 

Miss  Faltz  was  the  Visiting  Nurse  in 
Evanston  from  November  I,  1898,  to 
November  I,  1902.  In  the  year  1898  she 
made  2,105  calls,  and  the  expense  for 
the  year  was  $661.62.  In  1899  she  made 
1,710  calls  at  an  expense  of  $915.23.  In 
1900  she  made  2,035  calls  and  the  expense 
was  $1,293.90.  On  November  I,  1901, 
Miss  Brown  took  Miss  Faltz's  place  and 
continued  the  work  until  December  i, 
1902.  In  1901  there  were  2,361  calls,  cost- 
ing $1,274.80.  December  i,  1902,  Miss 


•P4.  i 

m 


,.-. 


LIKHAHY 

OF  rue 

Of  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Warren  took  up  the  work  and,  in  that 
year,  made  2,505  calls,  and  the  expense 
was  $1,341.85.  In  1903  the  Nurse  made 
2,554  calls  and  the  expense  was  $1,312.50. 
In  1904  the  Nurse  made  2,608  calls  and 
the  expense  was  $1,350.75. 

In  cases  of  protracted  illness,  which  for 
any  reason  cannot  be  carried  to  the  hos- 
pital, the  Association  sends  a  special 
nurse  to  take  charge  of  the  case.  The 
money  is  solicited  by  means  of  a  little 
circular,  which  is  issued  each  year  and 
sent  by  post  to  the  people  of  Evanston. 
Kindly  disposed  friends  have  many  times 
given  special  entertainments  for  the 
benefit  of  this  fund,  and  some  particularly 
fine  dramatic  entertainments  have  been 
given  by  the  dramatic  department  of  the 
Country  Club.  The  little  circular  bears 
on  its  face  the  significant  words :  "I  was 
sick  and  ye  visited  me."  "Inasmuch  as 
ye  have  done  it  unto  one  of  the  least  of 
these,  my  brethren,  ye  have  done  it  unto 
me." 

King's  Daughters.  —  The  Evanston 
King's  Daughters  Society  was  founded 
by  Mrs.  Daniel  B.  Gardner  in  1893,  the 
first  membership  consisting  of  ten  young 
women  of  Evanston  who  wished  to  de- 
vote some  time  to  charity  work.  Mrs. 
Lucian  Harding  was  the  first  President, 
and  the  first  work  undertaken  was  the 
support  of  a  bed  in  the  Burling  Street 
Half  Orphan  Asylum,  which  is  still  main- 
tained by  the  King's  Daughters.  A  few 
years  later  it  was  decided  to  open  a  fresh- 
air  home  in  North  Evanston  for  the  poor 
working  girls  of  Chicago,  and  this  has 
continued  to  be  the  chief  work  of  the 
Circle  up  to  the  present  day. 

The  King's  Daughters  own  their  home 
at  2339  Hartzell  Street,  North  Evanston, 
for  which  they  paid  $3,000.  This  money 
was  raised  chiefly  by  the  management  of 
a  golf  club  during  several  years,  and 


also  by  donations  from  generous  friends. 
About  one  hundred  girls  from  Chicago 
are  given  a  two  weeks'  outing  every  sum- 
mer, the  home  being  open  generally  four- 
teen weeks  at  an  annual  expense  of  about 
$500.  The  money  to  carry  on  the  sum- 
mer's work  in  the  home  is  raised  each 
winter  by  the  King's  Daughters  in  vari- 
ous ways.  The  receipts  for  the  last  year 
show  a  candy  sale  and  musicale  as  sources 
of  income,  as  well  as  the  membership  fees 
from  active  and  associate  members. 

The  society  is  now  incorporated  and 
the  active  membership  is  limited  to  fifty. 
There  is  an  associate  membership  of  123 
well  known  citizens  of  Evanston,  who 
pay  one  dollar  annually  for  the  support 
of  the  home.  The  annual  report  just 
published  at  this  writing  shows  the  elec- 
tion of  the  following  board  of  officers: 
President,  Miss  Mary  Manson;  Vice- 
President,  Mrs.  George  Peaks;  Corres- 
ponding Secretary,  Miss  Alma  McDon- 
ald; Recording  Secretary,  Mrs.  Elmer 
M.  Scott  ]  TrVasiirer,  Miss  Hoge;  with 
Mrs.  Fred  P.  Vose  and  Miss  Daisy  Pansier, 
Directors.  The  receipts  for  the  year  have 
been  $757  and  the  disbursements  $505, 
which  leaves  the  society  in  a  good  finan- 
cial condition. 

Camp  Good  Will. — A  meeting  was  held 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  on  Monday  evening, 
March  12,  1900,  to  listen  to  Mr.  Charles 
F.  Weller,  Superintendent  of  the  West 
Side  District  of  the  Bureau  of  Associated 
Charities  of  Chicago,  who  called  attention 
to  the  great  benefit  of  giving  to  the  poor 
mothers  and  children,  living  in  the  un- 
sanitary and  crowded  parts  of  the  city, 
some  relief  during  the  hot  summer  months. 
Mr.  Weller  explained  the  purpose  and 
method  of  the  Camp  Good  Will  at  Oak 
Park,  which  has  been  in  successful  opera- 
tion for  three  years.  Three  members  of 


4i8 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


the  executive  committee  of  that  Camp 
were  present  and  gave  interesting  details. 

The  meeting  manifested  hearty  interest 
in  the  work,  and  it  was  thought  that,  if 
this  humane  enterprise  were  fully  brought 
to  the  attention  of  the  people  of  Evan- 
ston,  it  would  be  supported  and  carried 
through  to  complete  success.  According- 
ly it  was  voted  to  issue  a  call  for  another 
meeting,  to  be  held  at  the  rooms  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  on 
Monday  evening,  March  26th,  at  8  o'clock. 
Mr.  Weller  was  present  with  stereopticon 
views  of  life  in  the  congested  wards  of 
Chicago,  and  contrasting  views  of  the 
Summer  Camp  at  Oak  Park.  Mr.  A.  H. 
Standish,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Camp,  was  present  and  furnished  infor- 
mation. 

All  the  Churches,  the  Clubs  and  the 
Associated  Charities  of  Evanston  were 
invited  to  attend,  with  a  view  to  definite 
action  and  organization,  if,  upon  consulta- 
tion, the  work  was  approved  and  under- 
taken. The  call  for  this  meeting  was 
signed  by  the  following:  J.  F.  Loba,  D.  D., 
B.  A.  Greene,  D.  D.,  J.  L.  Whitlock,  Julia 
M.  E.  Hintermeister,  Committee;  with 
W.  L.  Cobb,  Chairman  and  C.  B.  Foote, 
Secretary. 

The  different  aspects  of  country  and 
city  life  for  the  poor  were  brought  vividly 
before  an  audience  by  Mr.  Chas.  F.  Weller 
in  1900.  After  some  informal  discussion, 
on  motion  of  A.  W.  Kimball,  it  was 
voted  that  "this  meeting  is  cordial  in  its 
support  of  this  movement,  and  enthusias- 
tically recommends  it." 

It  was  voted  to  begin  the  organization 
of  a  summer  camp  by  appointing  a  Gen- 
eral Council  to  consist  of  two  from  each 
of  the  churches  there  present,  and  further 
that  each  of  the  Evanston  Churches  be 
asked  to  send  two  representatives  to  a 
meeting  to  be  held  on  Monday  evening. 


April  2d,  to  complete  this  organization. 
Mr.  A.  W.  Kimball  and  Mr.  F.  H.  McCul- 
loch  were  appointed  members  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  from  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church ;  Mr.  D.  D.  Thomp- 
son and  Mr.  C.  O.  Boring  from  the  Em- 
manuel M.  E.  Church ;  Mr.  C.  K.  Pittman 
and  Mr.  J.  R.  Guilliams  from  the  Church 
of  all  Souls.  The  First  Baptist  Church 
was  represented  by  two  members  who 
promised  delegates  to  this  committee  for 
the  next  meeting,  and  communications 
were  reported  from  the  pastors  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  and  South  Presby- 
terian Churches,  expressing  sympathy 
with  the  work  and  a  desire  to  help.  Votes 
of  thanks  were  given  Mr.  Weller  and  Mr. 
Standish,  and  also  to  Prof.  Nichols  of 
South  Evanston,  who  furnished  and  oper- 
ated the  stereopticon. 

Those  who  were  interested  in  the  pro- 
ject of  establishing  Camp  Good  Will  in 
Evanston  were  glad  to  learn  that  its  suc- 
cess was  assured.  At  a  meeting  held 
Monday  evening  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion was  effected,  with  A.  W.  Kimball  as 
Chairman ;  F.  D.  Raymond,  Treasurer ; 
and  C.  B.  Foote,  Secretary.  The  follow- 
ing committees  were  also  appointed : 
Grounds— A.  W.  Kimball,  F.  P.  Crandon, 
J.  R.  Guilliams;  Plans — J.  R.  Guilliams, 
Dr.  B.  A.  Greene,  Dr.  J.  F.  Loba,  Rev. 
J.  W.  Francis,  Louis  S.  Rice ;  Finance — 
C.  K.  Pittman,  J.  L.  Whitlock,  F.  D. 
Raymond,  F.  E.  French,  C.  Poppenhusen. 
The  following  announcement  was  made: 

"The  camp  will  be  opened  in  July  and 
will  continue  for  several  weeks.  It  is 
hoped  that,  in  that  time,  as  many  as 
500  tired  mothers  with  their  children  will 
have  enjoyed  a  week  of  fresh  air  and  sun- 
shine, coming  in  sections  of  loo  at  a 
time. 

"The  Bureau  of  Associated  Charities  of 
Chicago,  through  its  friendly  visitors, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


419 


selects  needy  and  deserving  people,  and 
experience  has  shown  that  their  visit 
brings  as  much  blessing  as  it  gives.  This 
was  proved  at  Oak  Park  by  the  fact  that 
the  work  was  continued  for  three  years 
and  is  still  going  on.  It  is  an  enterprise 
that  will  enlist  the  sympathy  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Evanston  and  all  will  have  an  op- 
portunity to  co-operate." 

A  meeting  of  the  General  Council  was 
held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  Tuesday  evening, 
May  8th.  with  Mr.  A.  W.  KimbalT  in  the 
chair.  Nine  members  were  present.  Mr. 
C.  Poppenhusen  was  appointed  Secretary, 
pro  tern.,  and  minutes  of  the  previous 
meeting  were  read  and  approved.  Mr.  J. 
Guilliams,  Chairman  of  Committee  on 
Selection  of  Grounds,  reported  they  had 
in  view  a  tract  of  ground  which  seemed 
to  his  Committee  very  desirable  for  the 
use  of  the  Camp.  The  property  belongs 
to  the  Northwestern  University,  and  the 
chairman  thought  it  would  probably  be 
available.  A  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  University  was  to  be  held  May  2ist, 
at  which  time  this  matter  was  to  be  con- 
sidered. This  selection  was  approved. 

The  Finance  Committee  through  Mr. 
C.  K.  Pittman,  its  chairman,  advised  hav- 
ing a  union  meeting  of  the  churches  on 
Sunday  evening,  May  27,  if  practicable, 
at  the  First  Methodist  Church,  to  be 
addressed  by  Franklin  MacVeagh,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Charities, 
and  Mr.  Charles  F.  Weller,  Superinten- 
dent of  the  West  Division  of  the  Chicago 
Association.  The  plan  was  approved  and 
Mr.  Kimball  was  appointed  to  arrange 
for  a  public  meeting  as  outlined. 

The  following  plan  of  organization  for 
the  summer  camp  was  presented  by  Mr. 
Guilliams:  "We  recommend  the  follow- 
ing additional  committees,  to  have  special 
executive  duties,  but  under  the  instruc- 


tion of  and  reporting  to  the  Executive 
Committee:  Commissary  Committee; 
Entertainment  Committee ;  Committee 
on  Grounds  and  Tents  (sanitary,  etc.)  ; 
these  committees  to  be  appointed  from 
among  the  members  of  the  General  Coun- 
cil. 

"There  shall  be  an  auditor  of  accounts 
appointed  by  the  General  Council,  and 
that  auditor  shall  not  be  a  member  of  the 
Council. 

"A  resident  superintendent,  man  or 
woman,  satisfactory  to  the  executive  com-' 
mittee,  shall  be  appointed,  who  shall  have 
general  supervision  of  all  affairs  of 
the  camp,  such  as  the  cooking,  laundry 
work,  all  needful  sanitary  rules  and  rules 
of  behavior,  etc.,  etc.  And  this  super- 
intendent shall  be  paid  and  shall  engage 
the  other  paid  servants,  such  as  the  cook, 
laundry  workers,  and  any  others  found 
necessary ;  and  the  superintendent  en- 
gaging these  servants  shall  also  discharge 
them,  if  need  be,  for  any  reason.  But 
the  superintendent  shall  report  any  such 
matters  to  the  executive  committee,  if 
requested  to  do  so.  The  superintendent 
also  shall  be  under  the  authority  of  any 
committee  having  special  executive  func- 
tions, such  as  Committee  on  Tents  and 
Grounds,  Commissary  Committee,  etc. 
But  these  committees  shall  deal  with  the 
superintendent,  and  not  with  the  serv- 
ants and  employes  direct. 

"The  several  churches  shall  each  as- 
sume charge  of  the  special  needs  of  the 
camp,  under  the  superintendent,  or  under 
any  special  committees  that  may  be  ap- 
pointed— such  needs  as  waiting  on  the 
table,  pleasant  social  service  and  as- 
sociation and  entertainment  for  the 
pleasure  of  the  guests ;  and  this  re- 
sponsibility shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  churches  according  to  their 
ability  and  willingness,  so  that  one 


420 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


church  may  assume  the  special  duty 
for  one  week,  another  for  three  days, 
and  another  for  two  claj's,  etc. ;  and  the 
manner  in  which  each  church  shall  dis- 
charge this  responsibility,  by  committees, 
or  in  whatever  way.  shall  be  left  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  church  itself.  It  shall 
be  the  duty  and  power  of  the  General 
Council  to  apportion  and  appoint  the  serv- 
ice and  time  of  duty  for  each  church,  and 
the  special  time  for  each  church  shall  be 
.arranged  and  appointed  in  the  beginning. 

"All  donations  of  food  must  be  sent  to 
the  Commissary  Committee,  and  not  to 
the  guests  direct.  This  is  a  point  that 
shall  be  exclusively  under  the  daily  con- 
trol of  the  Superintendent  acting  under 
the  Commissary  Committee. 

"The  Executive  Committee  shall  de- 
termine what,  if  any,  shall  be  the  order 
of  the  day  in  the  Camp,  on  Sunday,  and 
what,  if  any,  shall  be  the  meetings  held 
for  religious  purposes ;  but  no  one  of  the 
guests  shall  be  obliged,  or  even  urged  be- 
yond a  kind  invitation,  to  take  part  in  any 
meeting  or  take  part  in  any  religious 
form,  or  assembly,  or  service. 

"The  General  Council  to  have  supreme 
power,  except  as  to  any  limitations  pro- 
vided herein,  and  except  that  it  must  not 
take  away  or  abridge  the  responsibility  of 
any  individual  church  once  assumed  and 
appointed,  at  the  beginning  or  thereafter, 
without  the  consent  of  the  church  being 
first  secured." 

Promoters  of  Camp  Good  Will,  which 
was  to  be  established  on  the  lake  shore 
north  of  Sheppard  field  this  summer,  were 
more  than  pleased  with  the  result  of  the 
appeal  for  funds  made  at  a  union  mass 
meeting  of  all  local  churches,  held  in  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church.  More  than 
$1,400  was  raised  by  subscriptions.  This 
amount  was  made  more  conspicuous  to 
the  camp  enthusiasts  by  the  fact  that  the 


Oak  Park  outing  camp,  which  has  been 
so  successful  the  last  three  years,  started 
out  with  only  $23  to  back  it. 

The  church  was  well  filled  when  Dr. 
J.  F.  Loba,  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  introduced  C.  F.  Weller,  Super- 
intendent of  the  West  Division  office  of 
the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Associated  Chari- 
ties, who  gave  an  interesting  talk  about 
the  slum  districts  on  the  West  Side  of 
Chicago.  Stereopticon  views  of  the 
wretched  dwellings  called  home,  the  foul- 
smelling  play-grounds  of  the  children 
about  garbage  boxes  in  the  ill-kept  streets 
and  alleys,  and  also  of  the  transformation 
which  takes  place  when  the  children  are 
given  fresh  air  and  freedom  in  the  Camp 
Good  Will  at  Oak  Park,  were  thrown 
upon  the  screen.  He  told  of  the  methods 
which  the  different  churches  employed  in 
caring  for  their  charges  when  they  as- 
sumed control.  Each  church  would  have 
charge  of  the  camp  for  a  week.  The 
women  of  the  church  would  wait  on  the 
Chicago  mothers  and  children  and  do  all 
the  necessary  work.  The  Evanston  camp 
planned  to  follow  the  same  plan,  and 
hoped  to  do  much  more  with  such  a  bank 
account  and  the  ideal  location  of  the  lake 
front.  Dr.  William  Macafee  and  Rev. 
J.  H.  Boyd  made  short  addresses,  saying 
that  the  opportunity  of  showing  practical 
Christianity  had  been  offered  to  Evan- 
ston people  in  their  joining  in  and  push- 
ing forward  this  new  charitable  move- 
ment. 

A  blackboard,  with  a  number  of  small 
squares,  each  representing  a  subscription 
ranging  from  $5  to  $50,  was  placed  upon 
the  platform.  Dr.  Loba  auctioned  these 
squares  off  until  $1,000  was  raised.  Then 
slips  were  passed  through  the  congrega- 
tion and  $400  more  was  promised.  The 
committees  and  officers  held  meetings 
during  the  week  and  organized  a  plan  of 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


421 


.procedure.     The  camp  was  to  open   in 

July- 

Camp  Good  Will  is  Open. — (July  n, 
1900.) — "Evanston  Camp  Good  Will 
opened  this  afternoon  when  the  two  char- 
tered cars  of  the  Chicago  Street  Railway 
company  unloaded  the  100  women  and 
children,  selected  from  the  poor  districts 
by  the  Bureau  of  Associated  Charities. 
Those  who  will  take  part  in  this  week's 
outing  at  the  Camp  gathered  from  the 
different  poor  districts  at  Madison  and 
Halsted  Streets,  and  were  taken  directly 
to  Evanston. 

"Camp  Good  Will  is  situated  just  north 
of  the  University  grounds,  and  is  on  the 
lake  shore,  with  the  woods  stretching  to 
the  north  open  for  the  children  to  romp 
in.  One  of  the  Evanston  local  Commit- 
teemen  will  have  charge  of  the  camp  and 
will  be  assisted  by  members  of  the  com- 
mittees from  the  Evanston  churches,  who 
are  the  founders  of  the  camp.  The  camp 
will  last  for  five  weeks,  and  each  week 
100  more  women  and  children  will  be 
taken  out  to  take  the  place  of  those  who 
have  had  their  week.  Tents  have  been 
provided  for  the  use  of  the  campers.  Each 
tent  is  supplied  with  two  double-decked 
beds,  making  each  tent  capable  of  hold- 
ing eight  persons." 

Report. — "Babies  hold  Sway.  With 
the  1 20  guests  who  arrived  yesterday  af- 
ternoon at  5  o'clock  at  Camp  Good  Will, 
came  sixteen  children  in  arms.  Baby  car- 
riages and  high  chairs  are  now  in  great 
demand.  There  is  no  time  in  the  day 
when  the  babies'  presence  is  not  made 
well  known,  and  these  very  young  camp- 
ers constitute  the  main  attraction  to  the 
church  women.  Exclamations  as  (too- 
cute  for  anything),  (how  cunning!)  and 
(the  little  dear)  were  heard  on  all  sides. 

"That's  a  pretty  good  speech."  This 
was  the  opinion  of  a  ten-year-old  camper 


advanced  to  Superintendent  Riddle,  when 
the  latter  had  tried  to  impress  some 
salient  point  of  good  conduct  upon  the 
little  fellow.  The  culprit  is  inclined  to 
be  tough,  it  is  said. 

"It  was  announced  in  the  local  churches 
Sunday,  that  more  blankets  were  neces- 
sary for  the  comfort  of  the  Camp  Good 
Will  visitors.  The  result  of  the  appeal 
has  not  been  so  favorable  as  wished.  The 
hospital  loaned  many  coverings,  but  came 
after  them  today.  This  leaves  the  "Good 
Willers"  subject  to  the  cold  breezes  from 
the  lake  on  stormy  and  chilly  nights. 

"The  First  Methodist  Church  assumed 
control  of  the  camp  this  week.  The  Con- 
gregationalists  are  ready  to  receive  con- 
gratulations on  their  efficient  and  pains- 
taking management  of  the  initial  week's 
camp.  Dr.  William  Macafee  will  lead  the 
song  service  in  the  assembly  tent  tonight. 
The  usual  program  of  kindergarten  and 
mothers'  meeting  in  the  morning,  and  the 
carriage  riding  and  bathing  in  the  lake 
in  the  afternoon,  was  carried  out  today. 

"Charles  F.  Weller,  Superintendent  of 
the  West  Side  Division  of  the  Chicago 
Bureau  of  Associated  Charities,  had  a 
narrow  escape  from  an  infuriated  mob  of 
Italians  yesterday.  Mr.  Weller  selects 
the  most  deserving  families  to  be  given 
an  outing  in  the  summer  camp  and,  in 
the  course  of  his  rounds,  takes  down  the 
number  of  members  in  each  family.  In 
the  Italian  district  he  had  chosen  enough 
families  to  aggregate  twenty-five  per- 
sons according  to  their-  own  count,  but 
when  they  made  their  appearance  for 
transportation  the  surprised  Superinten- 
dent counted  forty  expectant  persons.  He 
asked  an  explanation  and  soon  found  that 
the  mothers  had  failed  to  name  all  their 
children  for  fear  they  would  not  be  se- 
lected. Some  of  the  families  had  to  be 
sent  home  again,  and  the  fathers  became 


422 


CHARITABLE  ASSOCIATIONS 


angry.  They  threatened  all  kinds  of  ven- 
geance, and  it  looked  as  though  a  mad  rush 
would  be  made  for  Mr.  Weller,  but  the  lat- 
ter succeeded  in  quieting  the  foreigners  and 
a  possible  riot  was  averted. 

Report  of  the  Treasurer. 

Promotion:  prospectus,  expense  of  union  meeting. $  52.15 
General  Expense:  stationery,  printing,  postage...  11. 85 
Preparing  Camp:  sewerage,  plumbing,  tent  floors  280.47 

Hire  of  tents,  cots  and  bedding 321.50 

Equipment,  utensils,  towels,  bathing  suits 64.BS 

Transportation  :    car    fares I-i-ftl 

Superintendence  and  Labor :  wages  of  Superinten- 
dent, cook  and  help ;  Superintendent's  travel- 
ing expenses  148.73 

Entertainments,    stereopticon,    etc 16.0O 

Incidental  expenses,  lighting  supplies,  etc 42.45 

Provisions :  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  nutter,  eggs,  po- 
tatoes, soap,  ice,  bread,  milk 300.95 

Total   expenses,   paid   from   general   fund $1,320.75 

Subscriptions,  paid   $1,165.811 

Subscriptions,  unpaid   25.00 

Discounts    on    bills     40.15 

Plumbing  returned    34.0O 

Lumber   sold    50.00 

Deficit     5.80 


$1,320.75 
F.    D.    RAYMOND. 

Treasurer. 

"Camp  Good  Will,  which  was  such  a 
feature  for  good  in  Evanston  last  summer, 
is  to  be  continued.  During  July  and 
August  last  year,  five  hundred  and  eighty- 
five  mothers  and  children  enjoyed  a 
weeks'  vacation — a  bright  spot  in  many  a 
weary  life — in  Camp  flood  Will. 

"The  eminent  success  of  last  year's 
work,  the  ease  with  which  it  was  done, 
the  liberality  and  interest  of  many  cit- 
izens, and  the  unbounded  joy  of  both 
guests  and  hosts  make  it  a  pleasure  again 
to  undertake  this  noble  work.  Much 
property  has  been  left  over  which  will 
materially  reduce  the  cost  of  inaugura- 
tion, and,  with  the  same  generous  sup- 
port and  effort,  it  is  certain  that  this 
year  will  be  a  far  greater  success  than 
the  first  attempt." 

"Moved  by  a  deep  conviction  that  this 
work  is  building  where  needed,  and  that 
its  report  is  not  alone  to  be  found  in  bene- 
fit to  the  present,  but  also  to  future  gener- 
ations, those  people  who  carried  it  for- 
ward last  summer  .ire  to  engage  in  it 
again  this  summer,  and  through  the  gen- 


erosity of  the  Trustees  of  the  North- 
western University,  the  use  of  the 
grounds  had  last  year  is  to  be  had  again 
for  the  camp  this  year. 

"On  next  Sunday,  June  16,  at  7:45 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  general  mass 
meeting  will  be  held  in  the  interest  of  this 
work  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Evanston.  The  Rev.  Professor  Gra- 
ham Taylor,  of  the  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  and  who  is  head  resident  of  the 
Chicago  Commons,  will  address  the  meet- 
ing." 

"An  illustrated  lecture  will  be  given  by 
Mr.  James  Minnick,  Superintendent  of 
the  West  Side  Division  of  the  Chicago 
Bureau  of  Associated  Charities,  during 
which  views  depicting  the  home  life  and 
the  surroundings  of  the  poor  of  Chicago 
will  be  shown. 

"It  is  hoped  that  all  of  Evanston 's  cit- 
izens who  did  not  join  in  the  work  of  last 
year  will  do  so  this  year,  and  through 
the  undersigned,  the  organization  having 
the  matter  in  hand  extends  an  invitation 
to  all  to  attend  the  meeting." 

The  appeal  is  signed  by  J.  R.  Guilliams, 
First  Vice-President ;  Charles  B.  Foote, 
Secretary:  Joseph  I-".  Ward,  Treasurer. 

The  result  of  this  appeal  was  so  en- 
couraging that,  on  June  i8th,  an  an- 
nouncement was  sent  to  each  church 
stating  that  the  camp  would  open  on 
Wednesday  noon,  July  loth,  and  continue 
for  five  weeks.  Permission  to  use  the 
same  beautiful  grounds  was  granted  by 
the  Trustees  of  Xorthwestern  University, 
and  the  Superintendent  of  the  preceding 
years,  Mr.  J.  R.  Riddle,  who  had  proved 
most  wise  and  efficient,  agreed  to  act 
again  in  the  same  capacity.  The  exper- 
ience of  former  years  was  repeated  in 
giving  rest  and  joy  to  groups  of  many 
women  and  children  and  the  money  col- 
lected through  the  churches  was  entirely 


CIIAK1TALJLF.  ASS(  >CIATK>NS 


angry.  They  threatened  all  kinds  of  ven- 
geance, and  it  looked  as  though  a  mad  rush 
would  he  made  for  Mr.  \Veller.  but  the  lat- 
ter succeeded  in  quieting  the  foreigners  and 
a  possible  riot  was  averted. 

Report  of  the  Treasurer. 

I'romolioM  :   prospectus,  expense  of  unimi  ineelin«.$  ."ij.l.j 

(ieneral    Kxpense  :    stationery,    printing,    postage...  ll..s."i 

l'reparini»    (.'amp:    sewerage.    plu.n!»in«,    tent    lloors  L'S'1.47 

I  !:re  of  tents,  cots  ami  he. Mill ^ :{L'l.."n 

Kquipinent.    utensils,   towels,    lathun!    suits IH.liS 

Transportation:    ear    fares 74.!t.~> 

Superintendence   and    l.a'ior:    uaiies  of   Superinten- 
dent, cook   and   help;   Superintendent'!   navel- 

IllkJ    expenses     14*.7."i 

Kntertainnieiits.    stcrcopticon.    elc Ifi.m 

Incidental  expenses,  lii^litm^   s-ipphr~.   etc. 4J.4.~» 

I'rovisions :    tea.    cottre,    suyat.    Sutler,    enns,    po- 
tatoes,   soap.    iee.    l>read.   milk...., :tll!l.!».'i 

Total    rxnenses.    paid    from    neiu-ral    fund $1..'!J<I.7.~> 

Subscriptions,  pai.l    Sl.lll.YHM 

Subscriptions,  unpaid    l!.Ym 

Discounts    on    I. ill 4n.1.'. 

rhmil.ini;   returned    :tl.m 

l.uml.iT    sold     r.i>.'«> 

IJeficil     .Vsii 

$l.:iLii."."i 

i-    i)    KAYMoNn. 

Treasurer, 

"Camp  (ioorl  \\'ill,  which  was  Mich  a 
feature  for  good  in  F.vanston  hist  summer, 
is  to  he  continued.  During  July  and 
August  last  year,  live  hundred  ami  eighty- 
five  mothers  and  children  enjoyed  a 
weeks'  \acation--a  bright  spot  in  many  a 
\\earv  life-  in  Camp  Good  Will. 

"The  eminent  success  o!  last  vear's 
work,  the  case  with  which  it  was  done, 
the  liberality  and  interest  of  many  cit- 
izens, and  the  unbounded  joy  of  both 
guests  and  IM-.IS  make  it  a  plea-tire  again 
ID  undertake  this  noble  work.  .Much 
property  ha-  been  let!  over  which  will 
materially  reduce  the  cost  of  inaugura- 
tion, and,  with  the  same  generous  sup- 
port and  effort,  it  is  certain  that  this 
year  will  be  a  far  greater  success  than 
the  lil'st  attempt." 

"Moved  bv  a  deep  conviction  that  this 
work  is  building  where  needed,  and  that 
its  report  is  not  alone  to  be  found  in  bene- 
fit to  the  present,  hut  also  to  future  gener- 
ations, those  people  who  carried  it  for- 
ward last  summer  are  to  engage  in  it 
again  this  .summer,  ami  through  the  gen- 


erosity of  the  Trustees  of  the  North- 
western University,  the  use  of  the 
grounds  had  last  year  is  to  be  had  again 
for  the  camp  this  year. 

"On  next  Sunday,  June  1 6,  at  7:45 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  general  mass 
meeting  will  be  held  in  the  interest  of  this 
work  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Kvanston.  The  Rev.  Professor  Gra- 
ham Tavlor,  of  the  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  and  who  is  head  resident  of  the 
Chicago  Commons,  will  address  the  meet- 
ing." 

"An  illustrated  lecture  will  be  given  by 
Mr.  lames  Miunick.  5u|i?rintcn«lent  of 
the  West  Side  Division  of  ;hc  Chicago 
I'nreau  of  Associated  Charities,  during 
which  view?,  depicting  the  home  life  and 
the  .surroundings  of  the  poor  of  Chicago 
will  be  shown. 

"It  is  hoped  that  ail  of  Kvan-lon's  cit- 
i/ens  who  did  not  join  in  the  work  of  last 
year  will  do  so  this  year,  and  through 
the  undersigned,  the  organi/ation  having 
the  matter  in  hand  extends  an  invitation 
to  all  to  attend  the  meeting." 

The  appeal  is  signed  by  J.  R.  Guilliams. 
First  \ice-l 'resident  :  Charles  IJ.  I'oote. 
Secretary:  Joseph  I-',  \\ard.  Treasurer. 

The  result  of  this  appeal  was  so  en- 
couraging that,  on  June  iSth.  an  an- 
nouncement was  sent  to  each  church 
stating  that  the  cam])  would  open  on 
Wednesday  noon.  July  loth,  ami  continue 
for  live  weeks.  Permission  to  use  the 
same  beautiful  grounds  was  granted  by 
the  Trustees  of  North  western  (/Diversity, 
and  the  Superintendent  of  the  preceding 
years.  Mr.  I.  l\.  kiddle,  who  had  proved 
most  wise  and  efficient,  agreed  to  act 
again  in  the  same  capacity.  The  exper- 
ience of  former  years  was  repeated  in 
giving  rest  and  joy  to  groups  of  many 
women  an  1  children  and  the  money  col- 
lected through  the  churches  was  entirely 


LlWWW 
Of  THE 
Of 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


423 


adequate  for  all  purposes.  The  cost  of 
maintenance  was  practically  the  same  as 
that  of  the  preceding  year — i.  e.,  $1,320. 
The  camp  has  now  become  a  regular  feat- 
ure of  the  summer  life  of  Evanston,  and 
those  who  participate  in  its  service  feel 
that  those  residents  who  are  in  the  habit 
of  spending  their  summers  elsewhere  lose 
a  privilege  and  satisfaction  that  they  can 
hardly  estimate.  The  past  three  sum- 
mers have  seen  the  work  conducted  in  the 
same  systematic  and  hearty  way  as  at 
first,  although  since  every  church  now 
contributes  service,  the  period  that  each 
church  serves  is  shorter  than  it  was  dur- 
ing the  first  year.  In  1903,  Mr.  Crosby 
was  the  Superintendent,  but  in  1904.  Mr. 
J.  B.  Riddle  resumed  the  task  for  which 
he  is  so  admirably  fitted. 

In  1903,  at  the  request  of  Miss  Addams 
of  Hull  House,  the  camp  was  kept  open 
one  week  longer  and  boys'  clubs  of  Hull 
House  and  Northwestern  University  Set- 
tlement were  entertained.  This  increased 
the  cost  of  that  year  to  $2,124.  The  same"' 
plan  was  carried  out  during  the  summer 
of  1904,  and  everyone  interested  in  the 


work  of  the  camp  rejoiced  in  helping  to 
extend  its  services  for  this  additional 
week.  It  is  easy  to  maintain  discipline 
where  the  privilege  of  living  in  the  camp 
is  so  highly  esteemed,  and  the  experience 
of  a  few  unruly  boys  in  being  sent  home 
has  been  sufficient  to  hold  any  temptation 
to  waywardness  in  check.  The  Evan- 
stonians  who  have  waited  on  their  guests 
of  Camp  Good  Will  at  table,  entertained 
them  in  the  evening,  talked  to  the  mothers 
in  the  informal  Mothers'  meetings,  led 
the  children  in  kindergarten  games, 
songs  and  occupations,  or  given  personal 
service  in  any  way,  have  received  far 
more  of  blessing  than  they  have  given. 
We  cannot  all  go  to  Chicago  to  work  in 
the  neglected  and  forlorn  places  for  the 
downtrodden  and  hopeless,  but  Camp 
Good  Will  brings  them  to  us,  and  the 
cordial  response  that  has  been  given  to 
app'&fcls  for  money  and  service  to  main- 
Jij  summer  outing  proves  that  Ev- 
k^in,e^  the  opportunity.  "Thou 
shall  be  servecfthyself  by  every  sense  of 
service  that  thou  renderest." 


CHAPTER   XLI. 


SOCIAL    LIFE    IN    A    UNIVERSITY    TOWN 

(Bj  EMILY  HUJJTINOTON  MILLER) 


Transitions  of  a  Half  Century — Social  Life 
as  It  Existed  in  Early  Days — The  Build- 
ing up  of  a  Great  Christian  Institution  as 
Its  Dominant  Motive — Reminiscences  of 
Some  of  Its  Early  Factors — Influence  of 
Hospitality  on  Student  Life  and  Charac- 
ter— Some  of  Those  Who  Were  Influen- 
tial in  Establishing  Evanston's  Reputation 
as  a  Hospitable  Center. 

It  would  be  a  difficult,  if  not  an  impossible 
thing,  to  present  from  individual  impres- 
sions the  spirit  of  social  life  in  the  Univer- 
sity to-day.  Society  is  no  longer  a  unit, 
but  broken  up  into  a  multitude  of  groups ; 
and  its  aspect,  as  in  any  community,  will 
differ  with  the  point  of  view  held  by  the 
observer,  or  the  special  development  noted. 

But  looking  back  to  the  early  days  of  the 
University,  one  finds,  among  the  witnesses 
who  shared  and  helped  to  create  its  social 
life,  a  practical  unanimity  of  sentiment. 
To  some  extent  most  of  them  agree  in  the 
opinion  expressed  by  one  of  their  number — 

"I  am  reminded  of  the  sentence  with 
which  the  writer  of  an  encyclopaedic  article 
on  'Owls  in  Ireland'  introduced  his  disqui- 
sition :  'There  be  no  Owls  in  Ireland.'  " 

Social  life  as  an  end  certainly  did  not 
exist  in  those  first  strenuous  days,  when  the 
University  was  Evanston,  and  the  noble 
ambition  which  dominated  every  other  pur- 


pose, and  united  all  her  citizens  in  a  bond 
of  brotherhood,  was  the  hope  of  building  up 
a  great  Christian  institution  that  should  be 
an  opportunity,  an  invitation,  and  an  incen- 
tive to  a  multitude  of  young  men  whom  the 
older  universities  could  never  reach. 

Naturally,  in  the  days  of  its  small  begin- 
nings, when  faith  and  courage  and  energy 
were  taxed  to  the  utmost,  many  things 
seemed  of  more  vital  consequence  than  any 
special  provision  for  the  social  instincts. 
But  the  greatest  charm  of  that  early  fellow- 
ship was  its  purely  instinctive  character ; 
the  shining  out  of  a  spirit  of  friendliness 
that  took  little  thought  for  any  formal  ex- 
pression. 

Making  reasonable  allowance  for  the 
mellowing  effect  of  distance,  and  for  the 
happy  illusion  through  which  memory 
shows  "the  days  that  are  no  more,"  there  is 
still  sufficient  testimony  to  the  idyllic  char- 
acter of  that  early  life  to  justify  the  decla- 
ration of  one  who  shared  it: 

"No  doubt  there  were  hardships  and  dep- 
rivations and  necessary  crudities,  but,  as 
I  look  back  upon  it,  it  seems  to  me  like 
Eden,  in  its  peace,  and  simplicity,  and  good- 
fellowship;  people  of  every  denomination 
worshiping  together  in  one  church,  and 
living  like  one  family ;  old  and  young  meet- 
ing in  friendly  intercourse  by  hearth  and 
fireside,  and  counselling  together  for  that 


425 


426 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  A  UNIVERSITY   TOWN 


which  most  concerned  us  all,  the  welfare  of 
the  students  and  the  prosperity  of  the  Uni- 
versity." 

There  seems  no  more  effective  way  of 
presenting  the  salient  features  of  a  society 
that  was  only  impressive  because  of  its 
spirit,  than  by  employing  the  old  class-meet- 
ing methods  of  that  day,  and  calling  up 
individual  testimonies. 

The  University  owes  to  its  comparative 
youth  the  happy  possibility  of  summoning 
a  few  such  witnesses,  even  for  its  very 
earliest  times,  though  year  by  year  the  call- 
ing of  the  roll  brings  fewer  responses,  and 
much  that  might  have  illuminated  this  rec- 
ord has  passed  beyond  our  reach. 

The  writer  is  especially  indebted  for  val- 
uable material  to  Mrs.  Harriette  S.  Kidder, 
whose  clear  and  comprehensive  recollection 
of  the  time  is  fortunately  supplemented  by 
her  diary,  and  who,  to-day  in  her  eighty- 
fourth  year,  is  a  beautiful  example  of  spir- 
itual and  mental  vigor. 

"Of  course  I  knew  largely  what  was  pass- 
ing in  Evanston  in  its  earliest  days,  and  was 
deeply  interested  in  all  that  concerned  it. 
It  seemed  to  me  there  never  was  a  better 
opportunity  offered  to  build  up  a  model 
community.  As  the  families  that  settled 
there  came  from  different  localities,  and 
were  strangers  to  each  other,  they  were 
ready  to  respond  to  any  movement  that 
would  bring  them  into  closer  social  rela- 
tions. I  was  deeply  impressed  with  the 
idea  that,  in  this  rural  place,  we  need  not 
take  for  our  standard  all  the  customs  that 
were  perhaps  best  suited  to  city  life  and  a 
more  mixed  society.  Since  we  were  gen- 
erally intelligent  Christian  people,  we 
might  be  really  fraternal  in  our  social  rela- 
tions. So,  for  myself,  I  made  it  a  rule  to 
call  upon  every  new  family  that  came  to 
Evanston,  and  to  invite  them,  as  opportu- 


nity offered,  to  a  place  at  my  table  and  a 
share  in  our  social  intercourse. 

"Many  of  us  who  were  connected  with 
the  University  went  to  Evanston  because 
of  our  deep  interest  in  the  training  of  the 
young  people  who  were  to  be  drawn  there 
by  these  schools,  founded  for  their  benefit, 
and  we  felt  that,  away  from  their  own  home 
influences,  congregated  in  clubs  or  scattered 
through  the  village,  they  needed  to  be 
brought  under  the  influence  of  our  homes 
and  such  home-association  as  we  could  give 
them.  As  their  number  was  for  several 
years  comparatively  small,  we  could  invite 
them  in  a  social  way,  providing  rational 
entertainment,  and  thus  a  strong  bond  of 
union  between  students  and  citizens  was 
formed  that  was  valuable  to  both  parties. 

"The  instructors  of  the  young  men  who 
were  to  mingle  among  the  people  as  minis- 
ters of  the  gospel,  felt  it  specially  important 
that  they  should  share  the  social  life  of  the 
community,  as  a  necessary  part  of  the  train- 
ing for  their  work.  So  there  were  gather- 
ings in  the  homes  of  the  professors,  bring- 
ing together,  in  a  social  way,  students, 
teachers,  trustees  and  citizens.  At  these 
gatherings,  after  a  substantial  supper  was 
served,  there  was  singing,  sometimes  short 
talks,  and  always  prayer  before  separating. 
In  all  the  social  gatherings  of  that  day  we 
met  early,  and  generally  left  before  eleven 
o'clock.  I  doubt  if  any  community  ever 
enjoyed  a  more  delightful  social  life.  The 
six  or  eight  families  of  the  professors  often 
took  dinner  together  in  each  other's  homes, 
and,  as  each  of  us  had  frequent  visitors 
whom  we  wished  others  to  enjoy,  they  were 
introduced  into  our  social  circle  in  this 
neighborly  way.  This  simple  form  of  so- 
cial life  was  a  striking  feature  of  our  com- 
munity for  several  years,  and  people  out- 
side of  our  church,  who  had  only  known 
more  formal  society  and  more  elaborate  en- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


427 


tertainments,  seemed  greatly  to  enjoy  this 
friendly  sort  of  home  visiting." 

Dr.  Daniel  Bonbright,  whose  memories 
cover  the  whole  existence  of  the  University, 
adds  some  vivid  touches  to  the  picture  of 
its  early  days. 

"In  those  first  years,  when  the  University 
counted  in  its  catalogue  scarcely  fifty  stu- 
dents, collective  social  life  could  hardly  be 
said  to  have  existed.  There  were,  to  be 
sure,  two  literary  societies,  and  Greek  let- 
ter fraternities  in  germ.  These,  in  their 
way,  must  have  been  centers  of  association, 
but  I  doubt  if  they  counted  for  much  in  the 
life  of  the  student  body  as  a  bond  or  spur. 

"There  were  no  athletic  games ;  public 
entertainments  of  any  sort  were  rare  and 
unimpressive.  1  recall  the  Cantata  of 
Queen  Esther.  It  was  gotten  up  by  the 
Sunday  School  as  an  event  of  pomp  and 
circumstance.  One  can  judge,  from  this 
example  of  the  extraordinary,  what  must 
have  been  the  average  quality  of  the  social 
satisfaction  of  the  epoch. 

"The  families  of  the  faculty  were 
thoughtful  of  the  students,  as  were  also  a 
good  number  of  families  in  the  village. 
One  may  hear  from  the  older  graduates 
grateful  reference  to  hospitalities  and  cheer 
which  they  enjoyed  from  those  sources  dur- 
ing their  student  life.  But  housed  as  the 
students  were  at  hap-hazard,  in  a  commu- 
nity itself  scattered  and  struggling,  there 
could  have  been  among  them  but  feeble  col- 
lective consciousness,  and  sense  of  a  mu- 
tual life.  I  suspect  there  was  little  escape 
from  lonely  isolation,  save  in  the  self-for- 
getfulness  of  hard  work,  a  recourse  more  in 
honor  in  that  primitive  age  than  in  these 
piping  times  of  merry-go-round,  cigarette 
and  song. 

"As  for  social  life  in  the  faculty  itself, 
including  that  of  the  Biblical  Institute,  there 
was  nothing  characteristic  which  would  not 


be  implied  by  its  constituent  elements. 
The  families  were  nearly  all  from  Xew 
England,  and  brought  with  them  the  quali- 
ties of  their  birthright.  They  were  people 
of  education,  intelligence  and  Christian 
sobriety.  As  your  letter  reminds  me.  cards 
and  social  dances  were  not  yet ;  neither  were 
Browning  Clubs  nor  other  idolatry.  I 
remember  only  one  coterie :  I  forgot  what  it 
called  itself.  (See  Chapter  XLII..  on  "So- 
cial and  Literary  Clubs,"  in  this  volume.) 
It  was  composed  of  gentlemen  from  the  fac- 
ulties of  the  University  and  Institute.  They 
met,  perhaps,  once  a  fortnight,  for  the  dis- 
cussion of  questions  in  religious  philosophy. 
But  they  took  their  separate  convictions 
too  seriously  for  controversy.  In  the  in- 
terest of  good-will  and  harmony  it  was 
found  safest  to  disband.  The  immediate 
occasion  of  the  disruption,  I  believe,  was 
the  introduction  of  some  explosive  specu- 
lation by  Dr.  Dempster  on  the  subject  of 
the  'Eternal  A'oic.' 

"But  the  peaceful  unity  that  prevailed, 
both  in  the  schools  and  in  the  community 
around  them,  is  illustrated  by  the  tact  that 
the  entire  Protestant  population  worshipped' 
together,  Sunday  after  Sunday,  in  the  same 
church.  Methodists,  Baptists.  Episcopa- 
lians, and  the  rest,  they  all  listened  to  the 
Gospel  proclaimed  from  the  same  pulpit ; 
each,  as  in  Apostolic  times,  hearing  the 
word,  as  it  were  in  his  own  tongue,  wherein 
he  had  been  born." 

Probably  no  individual  is  more  closely 
associated  with  memories  of  the  University 
days  in  the  thought  of  a  great  majority  of 
its  graduates,  than  Dr.  Oliver  Marcy.  One 
can  scarcely  recall  the  older  or  the  newer 
Evanston,  the  shaded  streets,  the  class- 
room, or  the  campus,  without  seeing  his 
fine  patrician  face,  and  his  dignified  figure 
with  its  impressive  bearing  of  genial  cour- 
tesy. The  Marcy  home  was  generously 


428 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  A  UNIVERSITY  TOWN 


opened  for  the  hospitalities  of  the  Univer- 
sity, and  many  of  the  early  classes  could 
testify  to  the  readiness  with  which  their 
attempts  at  class  entertainment  were  helped 
out  by  placing  its  resources  at  their  service. 

Mrs.  Marcy  has  furnished  some  recol- 
lections, beginning  with  the  time  of  their 
coming  to  Evanston  in  1862,  a  date  at  which 
it  must  have  required  a  vivid  imagination 
to  speak  gravely  of  the  existing  school  as  a 
University. 

"When  we  came  to  Evanston  things  were 
in  a  very  primitive  condition,  though  about 
seven  years  before  there  had  been  a  'boom' 
in  the  settlement  of  the  town.  Dr.  Kidder 
had  built  a  commodious  house,  near  what 
was  then  the  center  of-  the  town,  and  his 
family  had  occupied  it  five  or  six  years. 
They  were  leaders  in  hospitality,  and  no  one 
came  to  town  who  was  not  soon  made  the 
recipient  of  their  cordiality.  Garrett  Bibli- 
cal Institute  was  well  established,  but 
though  Dr.  Dempster  was  its  official  head, 
there  was  no  doubt  Dr.  Kidder's  open  doors 
were  the  magnet  that  drew  the  student 
body,  as  well  as  others  who  came  to  town, 
for  Evanston  itself  is  indebted  in  no  small 
degree  to  the  University  for  its  early  social 
life. 

"I  think  it  had  been  the  habit  of  Mrs. 
Kidder  to  entertain,  and  she  continued  the 
practice  so  that,  sooner  or  later,  every  mem- 
ber of  the  schools  then  in  operation  had 
been  included.  Some  of  the  young  men 
who  underwent  this  initiation  into  society 
were,  of  course,  not  exactly  up  to  date  in 
matters  of  etiquette,  and  while  appreciating 
the  courtesy,  sometimes  dreaded  the  ordeal ; 
but  the  hearty  good-will  with  which  they 
were  received  by  old  and  young  soon  re- 
moved any  sense  of  discomfort. 

"The  'Female  College'  was  then  in  the 
hey-day  of  its  popularity,  under  the  man- 
agement of  Professor  Jones,  who  did  his 


part  to  make  it  conspicuous  in  social  hap- 
penings, making  the  most  of  his  anniver- 
saries, and  inviting  the  '400'  with  a  very 
liberal  inclusiveness. 

"Bishop  Simpson  lived  here  at  that  time, 
the  greatest  of  our  living  preachers,  a  most 
genial  and  lovable  man  in  his  prime.  Gov- 
ernor Evans  was  with  us  the  first  years,  but 
soon  left  for  Colorado.  They  were  quite 
distinctive  features  of  Evanston  society  in 
those  early  days.  Mrs.  Evans  was  a  woman 
of  superb  presence,  and  the  daughter,  Jose- 
phine, a  favorite  among  young  people.  Her 
wedding,  which  took  place  on  the  lawn  be- 
tween the  house  and  the  lake,  was  a  notable 
event  of  the  time. 

"On  the  Ridge  were  Mr.  Hurd,  Mr. 
Kedzie  and  other  families  of  position  and 
character,  who  gave  entertainments  as  they 
had  probably  been  accustomed  to  do,  and 
helped  to  maintain  the  cordial  spirit  of 
friendly  interest  and  co-operation  between 
the  town  and  the  University,  although  in 
that  day  no  such  distinction  was  ever 
thought  of:  we  were  all  'University  people.' 

"Mrs.  Bragdon,  at  that  time  struggling 
with  the  effort  to  'college  her  boys,'  did 
not  forget  that  her  calling  and  election  had 
been  the  care  of  the  churches  as  a  minis- 
ter's wife,  and  interested  herself  in  a  sister- 
ly way  in  every  social  scheme  or  kindly 
project. 

"The  history  of  our  social  life  would  be 
incomplete  without  reference  to  Professor 
Bonbright,  who  from  thebeginning  watched 
over  these  interests  in  a  most  tactful  man- 
ner, and  without  whose  presence  in  those 
days  no  social  function  would  have  seemed 
complete.  He  not  only  made  himself  agree- 
able, but,  in  some  sense,  responsible,  that  the 
University  influence  should  be  brought  to 
bear  even  in  its  social  affairs,  and  nothing 
overlooked  that  might  contribute  to  tone 
and  popularity.  I  remember  the  brotherly 


A3. 


_y 


428 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IX  A  UNIVERSITY  TO\YX 


opened  for  the  hospitalities  of  the  Univer- 
sity, and  inanv  of  the  early  classes  could 
testify  to  the  readiness  with  which  their 
attempts  at  class  entertainment  were  helped 
out  by  placing  its  resources  at  their  service. 

Mrs.  Marey  has  furnished  some  recol- 
lections, beginning  with  the  time  of  their 
coming  to  Evanston  in  1862,  a  date  at  which 
it  must  have  required  a  vivid  imagination 
to  speak  gravely  of  the  existing  school  as  a 
University. 

"When  we  came  to  Evanston  things  were 
in  a  very  primitive  condition,  though  about 
seven  years  before  there  had  been  a  'boom' 
in  the  settlement  of  the  town.  Dr.  Kidder 
had  built  a  commodious  house,  near  what 
was  then  the  center  of  the  town,  and  his 
family  had  occupied  it  five  or  six  years. 
They  were  leaders  in  hospitality,  and  no  one 
came  to  town  who  was  not  soon  made  the 
recipient  of  their  cordiality.  Garrett  Bibli- 
cal Institute  was  well  established,  but 
thiiugh  Dr.  Dempster  was  its  official  head, 
there  was  no  doubt  Dr.  rudder's  open  doors 
were  the  magnet  that  drew  the  student 
body,  as  well  as  others  who  came  to  town, 
for  Evanston  itself  is  indebted  in  no  small 
degree  to  the  University  for  its  early  social 
life. 

"I  think  it  had  been  the  habit  of  -Mrs. 
Kidder  to  entertain,  and  she  continued  the 
practice  so  that,  sooner  or  later,  every  mem- 
ber of  the  schools  then  in  operation  had 
been  included.  Some  of  the  young  men 
who  underwent  this  initiation  into  society 
were,  of  course,  not  exactly  up  to  date  in 
matters  of  etiquette,  and  while  appreciating 
the  courtesy,  sometimes  dreaded  the  ordeal; 
but  the  hearty  good-will  with  which  they 
were  received  by  old  and  young  soon  re- 
moved any  sense  of  discomfort. 

"The  'Female  College'  was  then  in  the 
hey-dav  of  its  popularity,  under  the  man- 
agement of  Professor  Jones,  who  did  his 


part  to  make  it  conspicuous  in  social  hap- 
penings, making  the  most  of  his  anniver- 
saries, and  inviting  the  '400'  with  a  very 
liberal  inclusiveness. 

"Bishop  Simpson  lived  here  at  that  time, 
the  greatest  of  our  living  preachers,  a  most 
genial  and  lovable  man  in  his  prime.  Gov- 
ernor Evans  was  with  us  the  first  years,  but 
soon  left  for  Colorado.  They  were  quite 
distinctive  features  of  Evanston  society  in 
those  early  days.  Mrs.  Evans  was  a  woman 
of  superb  presence,  and  the  daughter,  Jose- 
phine, a  favorite  among  young  people.  Her 
wedding,  which  took  place  on  the  lawn  be- 
tween the  house  and  the  lake,  was  a  notable 
event  of  the  time. 

"On  the  Ridge  were  Mr.  llurd,  Mr. 
Kedzie  and  other  families  of  position  and 
character,  who  gave  entertainments  as  they 
had  probably  been  accustomed  to  do,  and 
helped  to  maintain  the  cordial  spirit  of 
friendly  interest  and  co-operation  between 
the  town  and  the  University,  although  in 
that  day  no  such  distinction  was  ever 
thought  of :  we  were  all  'University  people.' 

"Mrs.  llragdon,  at  that  time  struggling 
with  the  effort  to  'college  her  boys,'  did 
not  forget  that  her  calling  and  election  had 
been  the  care  of  the  churches  as  a  minis- 
ter's wife,  and  interested  herself  in  a  sister- 
ly way  in  every  social  scheme  or  kindly 
project. 

"The  history  of  our  social  life  would  be 
incomplete  without  reference  to  Professor 
I  !•  nibrigh  t.  who  frntn  the  beginning  watched 
over  these  interests  in  a  most  tactful  man- 
ner, and  without  whose  presence  in  those 
days  no  social  function  would  have  seemed 
complete.  He  not  only  made  himself  agree- 
able, but,  in  some  sense,  responsible,  that  the 
University  influence  should  be  brought  to 
bear  even  in  its  social  affairs,  and  nothing 
overlooked  that  might  contribute  to  tone 
and  popularity.  I  remember  the  brotherly 


Of  THE 
UMflMMft  Of  JUIWS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


429 


way  in  which  he  used  to  discuss  with  me 
matters  great  and  small,  making  the  most 
valuable  suggestions  in  his  courteous  def- 
erential manner  that  always  carried  convic- 
tion with  it. 

"A  score  of  worthy  names  arise  in  my 
memory  of  those  whom  the  University 
might  well  delight  to  honor,  because  of  their 
earl}'  ministry  to  its  social  well-being,  but 
they  had  their  reward  in  'having  served 
their  day  and  generation,'  and  most  of  them 
have  'fallen  on  sleep.'  " 

Mr.  Andrew  J.  Brown,  the  Secretary  of 
the  University's  first  Board  of  Trustees, 
and  now  the  only  surviving  member  of 
that  board,  brought  his  family  at  an  early 
date  to  the  little  community  and  took  an 
active  interest  in  its  development.  Mrs. 
Brown  adds  to  the  history  of  the  time  some 
reminiscences : 

"I  should  like  to  begin  with  my  first  im-  . 
pression  of  the  village,  that  in  1866  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  University,  and  was 
scarcely  in  thought  separated  from  it.  We' 
were  sitting  upon  the  piazza,  at  Dr.  Ban- 
nister's, just  at  twilight,  and  the  sweet 
sound  of  a  hymn  came  to  us.  It  was  the 
hour  of  family  prayer,  and  the  melody  was 
soon  mingled  with  that  from  another  home, 
until  from  the  whole  circle  of  firesides  went 
up  the  voice  of  praise  and  prayer,  the  spir- 
it of  social  fellowship  giving  a  new  power 
to  individual  worship.  These  two  charac- 
teristics, Christian  devotion  and  Christian 
fellowship,  were  the  strong  and  impressive 
features  of  University  life  at  that  day. 

"Though  the  number  of  students  was 
comparatively  small,  we  soon  found  that 
there  were  many  lonely  young  men  in  town, 
and  it  was  our  practice,  for  many  years, 
to  invite  to  our  tea-table  on  Sunday  as 
many  as  chose  to  join  us.  There  were  many 
families  where  the  students  were  most  hos- 
pitably received,  besides  their  own  class 


gatherings  and  receptions,  and  our  inge- 
nuity was  sometimes  taxed  to  the  utmost 
to  provide  amusement  for  young  people  who 
might  not  indulge  in  card-playing  or  danc- 
ing. But,  however  strong  may  be  the  pro- 
test against  church  rules  to-day,  I  do  not 
think  there  ever  was  a  happier  time  than 
when  we  were  all  held  to  their  strict  ob- 
servance. 

"We  had  at  that  time  a  most  delightful 
society.  Governor  and  Mrs.  Evans  had  a 
beautiful  home  on  the  Lake  Shore,  always 
open  to  the  young  people.  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Bannister,  Pro'fessor  and  Mrs.  Godman, 
Professor  Bonbright,  Professor  Blaney  and 
his  charming  family,  Colonel  and  Mrs. 
Eaton  on  the  Ridge,  the  Pearsons  with  their 
unfailing  interest  in  the  students,  Bishop 
Foster  and  his  family  so  genial  and  gra- 
cious in  their  hospitality,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Greenleaf.  and  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Marcy — it 
seerns  invidious  to  mention  names  where  the 
Spirit  of  hospitality  was  universal.  We 
'ftfere'  onei'gffeit  family  whose  highest  aspira- 
tion was  to  build  up  this  school,  which  was 
to  rival  Harvard  in  its  literary  standard, 
but  set  above  all  other  learning,  that  knowl- 
edge of  God  which  is  the  beginning  of  wis- 
dom." 

It  would  be  interesting,  as  well  as  en- 
lightening, if  one  could  set  beside  these  tes- 
timonials from  what  might  perhaps  be  con- 
sidered the  governmental  side  of  social  life, 
the  unbiased  confessions  of  the  party  of  the 
second  part,  now  happily  removed  from  the 
pressure  of  fear  or  favor,  and  learn  exact- 
ly how  things  looked  from  the  student 
point  of  view.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  in- 
structive to  know  whether  the  young  man 
of  that  day  felt  the  deep  necessity  of  rec- 
reation, and  yearned,  though  in  a  half 
conscious,  unenlightened  way,  for  foot-ball 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  A  UNIVERSITY   TOWN 


and  track  athletics.'  One  would  like  to 
discover  what  relief  they  themselves  con- 
trived for  the  social  instincts,  and  what 
were  the  delights  of  class-socials  and  kin- 
dred dissipations.  Such  things  there  must 
have  been  even  in  the  days  when  the  sim- 
plest entertainments  gave  pleasure,  and 
the  young  people  were  not  burdened  with 
bills  for  flowers,  music  and  carriage-hire  at 
their  social  parties. 

One  would  like  for  the  benefit  of  coming 
generations,  to  know  how  it  was  done,  and 
how  it  was  found  practicable  to  maintain  a 
rational  balance  between  the  pleasures  of 
life  and  the  serious  duties  of  University 
work.  But  a  mist  seems  to  have  gathered 
over  the  memories  of  those  who  might  tes- 
tify, and  nothing  definite  is  available.  One 
of  them  indeed  declares : 

"In  the  days  which  I  remember,  it  seems 
to  me  few  persons  had  any  respect  for 
social  functions  as  a  part  of  any  earnest 
life.  I  remember  that  President  Foster  had 
receptions,  and  1'rofessor  Noyes,  Dr.  Kid- 
der,  and  others  had  'evenings' — especially 
for  married  'Bibs' — and  that  all  the  town 
seemed  to  swing  about  the  students.  But, 
so  far  as  I  know,  the  students  themselves 
did  nothing  but  grind  and  haunt  the  Female 
College." 

Co-education,  with  its  far-reaching  com- 
plications, had  not  yet  presented  itself  to 
trouble  the  placid  counsels  of  trustees  and 
faculty.  Possibly  some  wise  women  already 
saw  its  Star  in  the  East,  but  they  dreamed 
only  of  a  related  college  after  the  pattern 
that  Radcliffe  has  since  so  successfully 
adopted.  l>ut  the  feminine  nearness,  even 
inpurelyunsympatheticinstitutions,  is  too 
intimately  related  to  Dr.  Dempster's  "Eter- 
nal Xoti.'"  to  be  lightly  ignored. 

The  friendly  homes  that  welcomed  the 
students  held  daughters  to  whose  pres- 
ence they  owed  their  attractions  and  human- 
izing influence,  quite  as  much  as  to  the 


hospitable  tea-table  and  the  courtesies  of 
more  formal  receptions.  And  the  home  so- 
ciety was  amply  supplemented  by  the 
Northwestern  Female  College,  from  whose 
incongruous  title  the  Woman's  College  in- 
herited its  designation  of  "Fern.  Sem." 
The  students  were  ready  to  avail  them- 
selves of  its  friendly  overtures  for  all  estab- 
lished ceremonials,  and,  it  may  be  surmised, 
found  further  opportunity  in  its  halls  and 
laurel  groves,  for  which  human  nature  was 
the  only  authority  consulted. 

The  University,  from  the  very  outset, 
took  its  students  as  a  trust,  and  made  it- 
self responsible  for  them  in  a  measure  far 
beyond  the  mere  furnishing  of  opportunity 
for  learning.  In  the  days  of  its  poverty 
nothing  made  this  possible  but  the  bond  of 
sympathy  and  mutual  interest  between  the 
University  and  the  community  outside  of 
it.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  how  far  the  influ- 
ence of  an  individual  or  an  institution  may 
have  been  effective  in  the  shaping  of  com- 
munity life,  so  many  obscure  and  apparent- 
ly unrelated  forces  go  to  determine  its  char- 
acter. But  looking  back  to  those  earliest 
days  it  seems  reasonable  to  claim  that  Ev- 
anston  owes  much  to  the  direction  given  its 
development  when  the  University,  laying  its 
own  foundations,  laid  those  of  the  village 
also.  Social  fraternity,  civic  responsibility, 


*An  interesting  reminiscence  of  this  i>eriod  of  the 
history  of  the  t'niversity  is  that  of  Melville  C. 
Spaulding,  of  the  class  of  I8«0,  who  relates  the 
origin  of  athletics  in  the  college : 

"When  we  had  about  sixty  students  in  the  old 
building  ('Old  College')  I  solicited  10  cents  each 
from  the  students — on  the  co-operative  plan — ami 
with  the  $<i.OO  in  hand,  created  an  out-door  gym- 
nasium (the  first),  the  uprights,  parallel  bars,  etc.. 
being  placed  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  college 
lot.  and  much  use  was  made  of  the  simple  ap- 
paratus. This  diminutive  beginning  or  'Commence- 
ment'— outlay,  Jli.OO — sounds  strange  when  con- 
trasted with  the  proposed  $50,000  gymnasium." — 
(Letter  to  the  editor,  May  '•>,  1!»04.) 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


431 


and  that  broad  religious  sympathy  which  is 
far  nobler  than  toleration,  were  fruits  of  the 
spirit  springing  naturally  from  seed  sown  in 
that  day  of  small  things. 

The  deep  religious  spirit  that  was  so 
marked  in  its  beginnings  when  one  church 
sufficed  for  the  whole  community,  found  its 
natural  outgrowth  in  later  years,  when  the 
denominations  had  gathered  each  one  into 
its  own  fold  in  practical  Christian  unity. 
Its  spirit  of  brotherhood  still  survives  in  a 
disregard  of  social  distinctions ;  its  teach- 
ing of  civic  responsibility  long  held  citizens 
of  all  persuasions  to  alliance  for  the  public 
good  irrespective  of  party  politics,  and  the 
unwritten  law  which  made  brain  and  cul- 
ture the  stamp  of  its  aristocracy  rather  than 
money  and  birth,  has  never  been  revoked. 

It  was  inevitable  that,  with  the  expansion 
of  the  little  rural  village  into  the  suburban 
city,  its  residents  should  become  absorbed 
in  diverse  interests,  and  the  prosperity  of 
the  University  cease  to  be  the  ever  present 
motive  and  ambition.  The  growth  of  the 
University  itself  from  feebleness  to  strength 
tended  to  this  change  of  sentiment,  since  the 
personal  interest  one  might  feel  for  a  small 


body  of  students  and  instructors,  with 
whom  individual  acquaintance  was  pos- 
sible, could  not  exist  when,  in  place  of 
a  little  coterie  of  friends,  one  had  to  consid- 
er that  vague  impersonal  thing — an  institu- 
tion. 

But  while  it  would  be  impossible  to  re- 
store the  simplicity  and  unity  of  early 
social  life,  it  is  most  desirable  for  both 
town  and  University  that  the  bond  of 
sympathy  between  them  should,  in  every 
way,  be  guarded  and  strengthened. 

And  in  closing  this  chapter  it  may  not  be 
out  of  place  to  say,  that  to  accomplish  this 
end  and  re-establish  this  active  interest  in 
promoting  University  interests  with  a  gen- 
eration to  which  the  earlier  history  is  only 
an  uncertain  tradition,  was  the  purpose  for 
which  the  University  Guild  was  organized, 
and  which  it  seems,  in  some  encouraging 
measure,  to  be  attaining. 

(The  foregoing  chapter  is  copied  by  permission 
of  the  publishers  from  the  "N'orthwestern  Uni- 
versity, A  History,  1855-190.),"  edited  by  Arthur 
Herbert  Wilde,  Ph.  D.,  Assistant  Professor  of 
History  in  The  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  North- 
western University.) 


CHAPTER  XLII. 


SOCIAL  AND   LITERARY  CLUBS 

(By  PROF.  HOMEK  H.  K INiiSLI  V 


A  Reminiscence  of  Noah's  Ark  —  Social 
Instincts  of  Evanstonians  —  Philosophi- 
cal Association  —  Its  Founders  and  Their 
Favorite  Topics  —  The  "O.  R.  Circle" 
Blossoms  Out  as  the  "Legensia"  —  Bry- 
ant Circle  —  Pierian  Club  —  Woman's 
Clubs  —  The  Fortnightly  Succeeds  the 
"Woman's  Reading  Circle"  —  Its  Serv- 
ice in  the  Field  of  Charity  and  Philan- 
thropy —  The  Coterie  —  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury and  Present  Day  Clubs. 

It  is  said  that  the  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Montmorency  family  contains  the  picture 
of  a  servant  with  a  box  under  his  arm  run- 
ning after  Noah's  Ark,  while  a  legend  is- 
sues from  his  mouth  expressing  these 
words:  "Make  room  for  the  archives  of 
the  Montmorency  family !"  Evanston  is 
yet  so  young  that  the  organization  of  all 
of  her  clubs  is  a  matter  of  history.  They 
are  not  like  Melchizedec,  "without  father 
or  mother,  or  table  of  descent."  Fortu- 
nately in  all  of  them  we  have  official  rec- 
ords of  origin,  purpose  and,  in  many,  of 
their  final  dissolution.  This  history  can 
touch  only  the  more  pretentious  clubs. 
An  attempt  to  define  the  scope  and  to  give 
the  history  of  all  the  various  church  so- 
cieties, neighborhood  circles,  social  and 
card  clubs,  would  use  up  the  limits  of  this 
paper  largely  in  their  simple  enumeration. 

The   social    instincts   of   Evanstonians 


are  much  like  those  of  any  community. 
As  soon  as  any  neighborhood  discovered 
that  it  contained  a  band  of  congenial 
spirits,  it  generally  desired  to  form  a  club 
in  order  to  give  these  instincts  play  and 
development.  In  the  early  days,  when 
Evanston  was  smaller  and  when  outside 
interests  attracted  less  of  the  attention  of 
business  men  and  professional  men ;  when 
the  people  on  the  Ridge  knew  the  people 
on  Forest  Avenue ;  before  the  Evanston 
Club,  the  Boat  Club,  the  Country  Club,  or 
any  of  the  various  whist  clubs  were  or- 
ganized ;  in  the  days  when  people  took 
time  to  read  and  think  and  discuss,  and 
not  simply  prophesy  smooth  things ;  back 
in  the  early  '6os,  in  the  days  when  the 
names  of  Bannister,  Willard,  and  Kidder 
were  household  words  in  Evanston,  a  club 
of  young  women  was  organized  known 
as  the  Iota  Omega  Club.  The  symbolic 
letters  were  believed  to  signify  Inde- 
pendent Order ;  at  least,  the  motto  of  the 
club — "No  others  need  apply" — would 
seem  to  make  it  capable  of  that  interpre- 
tation. This  club  was  organized  in  1860. 
and  during  its  various  vicissitudes  and 
ramifications,  it  developed  into,  or  was 
absorbed  by,  the  Eclectic  Society,  the  So- 
cial Club,  and  finally  by  the  well  known 
club  of  the  present  day,  the  Evanston 
Club.  As  this  club  is  to  have  a  separate 
chapter  in  this  History,  it  is  not  necessary 


434 


SOCIAL  AND   LITERARY   CLUBS 


to  go  more  into  detail  in  this  account. 
Intellectual  improvement  and  social  en- 
joyment were  the  fundamental  features 
of  all  of  these  clubs. 

Perhaps  the  most  pretentious  club  in 
Evanston's  early  days  was  the 

Philosophical  Association. — This  club 
had  enough  importance  to  be  incor- 
porated, and  received  a  charter  from  the 
Secretary  of  State,  bearing  date,  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1867.  Dr.  Bannister  was  the 
father  of  the  society,  and  a  study  of  the 
list  of  subjects  discussed  shows  that  they 
were  of  no  trifling  nature,  and  were 
handled  in  no  inferior  manner.  The  rec- 
ords show  that  papers  were  discussed 
bearing  such  formidable  titles  as  the  fol- 
lowing:  "The  Relation  of  the  Uncondi- 
tioned, the  Absolute,  and  the  Infinite  to 
Human  Faith  and  Knowledge" ;  "Is  a 
Science  of  History  Possible?"  "Science, 
Religion  and  Theology";  "The  Nature 
and  Province  of  Instinct";  "Religious 
Controversy  between  Deism  and  Chris- 
tianity." The  foregoing  are  not  specially 
selected  subjects,  but  are  taken  at  ran- 
dom from  the  records,  and  illustrate  the 
fact  that,  in  those  early  days,  the  men 
who  discussed  subjects  did  much  original 
work,  and  did  not  rely  upon  the  encyclo- 
paedia to  inform  them  as  to  what  some 
one  else  had  said  or  done  upon  the  sub- 
ject in  hand.  Economics,  Sociology,  Po- 
litical Economy,  Electricity,  Astronomy, 
Physics,  Chemistry  and  pure  Mathe- 
matics came  in  for  a  fair  share  of  the  dis- 
cussion ;  in  fact,  it  is  not  impossible  to 
find  men  today  who  think  the  society 
might  be  still  living  if  it  had  not  been  for 
its  sensitiveness  about  having  the  tariff 
discussed.  If  this  is  a  matter  of  history, 
it  serves  to  show  that  the  tariff  is  not 
entirely  an  unmixed  good ;  for  there  ought 
to  be  a  place  in  Evanston  for  a  club  which 
would  discuss  the  more  serious  things  of 


life.  It  is,  however,  hardly  to  be  ex- 
pected that  another  club  like  this  will  ever 
exist  in  Evanston.  The  changes  -an  theo- 
logical thought  and  discussion  in  the  last 
twenty-five  years,  perhaps  a  certain  lack 
of  seriousness  in  the  present  day  life,  the 
demands  that  are  made  on  professional 
and  business  men,  make  it  quite  impos- 
sible to  get  together  a  set  of  men  who- 
could  give  time  and  energy  to  such  sub- 
jects as  the  old  Philosophical  Association 
used  to  consider.  The  society  had  are 
existence  of  sixteen  years,  and  finally  dis- 
banded after  its  meeting  of  February  13,. 
1882.  During  its  period  of  prosperity,  the 
society  kept  up,  for  a  time,  a  course  of 
free  public  lectures,  and  the  public  were 
frequently  invited  to  hear  papers  of  the 
members  when  such  papers  promised  to 
be  of  more  than  ordinary  interest  or  merit. 
The  successive  Presidents  of  the  society- 
were:  Henry  Bannister,  Oliver  Marcy, 
Francis  Bradley,  L.  H.  Boutell.  F.  D.. 
Hemenway,  Andrew  Shuman,  D.  H_ 
Wheeler,  N.  S.  Davis,  Miner  Raymond,. 
N.  C.  Gridley,  J.  G.  Forest,  H.  S.  Carhart. 
C.  W.  Pearson^  H.  F.  Fisk. 

Legensia  Club. — Perhaps  the  next  most 
important  club  in  Evanston  was  "Legen- 
sia." The  original  name  of  this  club  was- 
the  O.  R.  Circle.  This  was  the  abbrevi- 
ated way  of  writing  "Our  Reading  Cir- 
cle." It  had  its  origin  January  30,  1880. 
On  that  date  a  few  congenial  friends  met 
at  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  B 
Cragin  and  formed  a  club  whose  object, 
as  stated  in  its  call,  should  be  "the  form- 
ing of  a  club  for  literary  exercises,  having 
in  view  both  the  profit  and  pleasure  of  its 
members."  In  a  short  time  the  name  of 
the  club  was  changed  to  "Legensia" — a 
name  which  was  compounded  by  Pro- 
fessor J.  Scott  Clark  from  the  last  three 
syllables  of  Collegensia  and  the  syllable- 
leg  from  the  Latin  word  lego,  to  read.. 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


435 


The  development  of  this  club  was  much 
like  that  of  a  child.  It  passed  through  its 
years  of  infancy,  youth,  maturity  and  de- 
cline. A  study  of  its  successive  programs 
shows  clearly  the  working  out  of  those 
lines  of  work  and  thought  which  char- 
acterize childhood,  youth  and  maturity. 
Its  first  noti6n  was  to  meet  and  read 
something  serious,  then  something  light 
and  humorous,  and  to  have  each  program 
interspersed  with  some  descriptions  of 
people  or  places  by  members  who  might 
be  qualified  to  speak  along  these  lines. 
The  club  soon  gave  up  this  desultory 
work,  and  took  up  a  line  of  work  which 
had  continuity  and  serious  purpose  in  it. 
The  Life  and  Works  of  Daniel  Webster 
formed  the  theme  of  reading  for  the  first 
year,  and  the* Life  and  Letters  of  Ticknor 
the  second  year.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  third  year,  Legensia  began  to  show 
precocity  by  writing  its  own  composi- 
tions. The  biographical  spirit  was  still 
rampant  and  strongly  impressed  the  so- 
ciety, and  accordingly  all  of  the  essays 
were  biographical.  No  system  obtained 
in  the  selection  of  authors,  and  there  was 
a  frisky  skipping  from  Holmes  to  John 
Adams.  Then  Legensia  took  a  run  down 
to  the  sixteenth  century,  to  Martin  Luther, 
and  then  back  to  the  nineteenth  century  to 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  with  an 
alacrity  of  disconnectedness  which  would 
have  been  the  envy  of  the  promoters  of 
the  International  Sunday  School  Lessons. 
The  novelist,  poet,  statesman,  historian, 
essayist,  philosopher,  and  philanthropist 
were  made,  in  succession,  the  subjects  of 
Legensia's  praise  and  criticism.  During 
this  year  a  famous  debate  arose  as  to  the 
relative  merits  of  Webster  and  Sumner 
as  statesmen.  The  debate  was  as  hot 
and  as  protracted  as  any  in  which  those 
famous  statesmen  ever  engaged  in  the 
halls  of  congress.  Curiously  enough,  all 


of  the  women  of  the  club  sided  with  Sum- 
ner, while  all  of  the  men  yielded  their 
allegiance  to  Webster.  Finally  one  mem- 
ber was  won  over  to  the  side  of  the 
Webster  camp,  and  the  question  was  set- 
tled in  this  way,  and  never  disturbed  the 
dreams  of  the  club  thereafter.  In  1883. 
Legensia  thought  it  was  old  enough  to 
forego  writing  essays  upon  persons  whose 
lives  had  been  carefully  and  thoughtfully 
written  beforehand  by  competent  histor- 
ians, and  it  took  up  the  matter  of  writing 
about  things.  American  History  became 
the  theme  of  this  year's  work.  The  fol- 
lowing year  was  spent  in  a  study  of  the 
English  poets  from  Chaucer  to  Words- 
worth. By  1886,  the  society  thought  it 
could  wrestle  with  the  deep  problems  of 
life,  and  so  took  up  the  discussion  of  the 
mysteries  of  the  protective  tariff,  with  the 
usual  result,  that  after  a  year  of  discussion, 
everyone  understood  it  perfectly,  but  no 
two  persons  had  the  same  understanding 
about  it.  In  1887-88,  the  Victorian  Reign, 
and  the  next  year  French  History  from 
Julius  Caesar  to  that  date,  were  con- 
sidered. In  1889,  nothing  in  the  old  lines 
was  quite  satisfactory  to  the  society. 
Several  programs  were  suggested,  but 
were  all  thrown  out,  and  the  club  spent 
a  year  on  the  study  of  "Socialism."  This 
proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  interesting 
years  in  the  history  of  the  society.  After 
1890  the  club  had  an  existence  of  four 
years  during  which  it  discussed  art,  archi- 
tecture, Alaska,  Australia,  Africa,  Aid- 
rich,  Agassiz,  and  numerous  problems  of 
government,  ethics,  schools,  and  also 
the  practical  problems  of  life.  In  fact, 
the  latter  subject  was  frequently  a 
matter  of  discussion  in  the  club,  and 
the  manner  in  which  it  took  hold 
of  the  subject  was  an  ample  testi- 
mony to  the  witticism  of  the  bright 
Evanston  woman  who  said  she  was  jick 


436 


SOCIAL  AND   LITERARY  CLUBS 


and  tired  of  hearing  about  her  soul,  but 
wanted  to  know  how  to  keep  her  kitchen 
drain  clean.  The  last  year  of  Legensia 
was  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  Bryce's 
American  Commonwealth.  Whether  or 
not  this  proved  too  severe  a  task,  or 
whether  other  attractions  abbreviated 
the  membership,  the  club  never  got  be- 
yond December,  1894.  This  club  never 
attempted  the  solution  of  the  deep  things 
of  life,  as  did  the  old  Philosophical  As- 
sociation. It  never  had  soarings  after 
the  infinite  nor  divings  after  the  unfath- 
omable, nor  did  it  ever  attempt  Brown- 
ing. 

The  annual  banquets  of  Legensia 
were  meetings  of  great  enjoyment.  The 
first  one  was  a  complete  surprise  upon 
the  gentlemen  of  the  club,  having  been 
secretly  prepared  in  advance  by  the  la- 
dies. It  consisted  of  a  fine  collation  of 
chicken  salad,  celery,  cheese  -  sticks, 
cream,  candy,  and  numerous  other  at- 
tractive articles  of  diet,  and  when  the 
business  of  this  evening  was  over,  the 
gentlemen  were  ushered  into  the  pres- 
ence of  the  feast.  As  a  literary  feature 
of  the  evening,  each  man  was  asked  to 
give  his  favorite  author  and  a  quotation 
from  his  works,  and  also  to  name  his  na- 
tive State.  As  this  was  entirely  im- 
promptu, it  led  to  some  embarrassment, 
and  men  who  had  never  quailed  before 
the  cannon's  mouth  were  suddenly  struck 
dumb  at  the  audacity  of  the  ladies,  and 
their  natural  eloquence  was  abated.  One 
of  the  most  eloquent  members  of  the 
club  could  only  repeat  the  first  verse  of 
Genesis,  while  one  of  the  most  learned 
members  of  the  faculty  of  Northwestern 
University  could  only  describe  his  favor- 
ite state  —  into  which  he  shortly  after- 
ward entered.  Fourteen  banquets  in  all 
were  held,  and  it  would  be  impossible  to 
recount  all  of  the  bright  things  that  were 


said  and  done  on  these  occasions.  One 
of  the  most  unique  was  where  each  mem- 
ber was  required  to  bring  in  an  original 
poem,  or  at  least  alleged  poetry;  and 
these  poems  varied  in  length  from  four 
lines  to  one  which  took  two  rolls  of  wall 
paper  to  contain  it.  From  the  latter  epi- 
sode Mr.  Dorr  A.  Kimball  earned  the 
title  of  poet  laureate  of  the  club.  It 
would  be  impossible  to  speak  in  detail 
of  the  personnel  of  the  club.  There  were 
in  all  about  three  hundred  members  dur- 
ing its  fourteen  years  of  history,  includ- 
ing every  class  of  society  except  the 
crank ;  all  degrees  of  wealth,  one  Gov- 
ernor, three  members  of  the  Legislature, 
one  Attorney-General  of  the  State,  busi- 
ness men,  bankers,  professional  men,  col- 
lege Presidents  and  Professors  unnum- 
bered. One  of  the  early  members  of  the 
club  made  it  a  point,  at  every  meeting,  to 
have  on  hand  the  autograph  or  some  for- 
mer personal  belonging  of  the  person 
under  discussion,  and  succeeded  in  every 
case  except  in  the  case  of  Julius  Caesar. 
When  Martin  Luther  was  under  consid- 
eration this  member  is  said  to  have  had 
with  him  ink-stained  samples  of  ingrain 
wall-paper,  which  he  declared  were  taken 
from  the  room  where  Luther  threw  the 
ink  bottle  at  the  Devil.  The  higher  crit- 
icism was  not  rampant  in  those  days,  but 
in  spite  of  that  fact,  some  members  were 
so  incredulous  as  to  doubt  the  identity 
of  this  particular  paper. 

The  papers  of  Legensia  were  always 
of  a  dignified  nature.  The  flippant  never 
entered  into  its  discussions,  and  even  the 
discussion  of  the  protective  tariff  never 
precipitated  any  lifelong  animosities,  and 
the  club  will  ever  remain  in  the  memo- 
ries of  older  Evanstonians  as  a  pleasant 
recollection  of  fourteen  years  of  earnest, 
profitable,  wholesome  and  most  enjoy- 
able work,  coupled  with  a  spirit  of  hos- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


437 


pitality,  generosity  and  friendship,  which 
have  become  a  permanent  part  of  many 
lives  made  sweeter  by  the  privileges  of 
this  association. 

The  following  persons  have  acted  as 
Presidents  of  Legensia:  C.  A.  Flanders, 

F.  P.  Crandon  (two  terms),  H.  B.  Cra- 
gin,  W.  S.  Harbert,  H.  H.  C.  Miller,  O. 
E.  Haven,  C.  W.  Pearson,  Dorr  A.  Kim- 
ball,   H.  H.  Kingsley,  C.   B.   Atwell.   L. 
K.   Gillson,  R.    B.   McMullen,    J.    Scott 
Clark  and  Fleming  H.  Revell. 

Bryant  Circle. — The  Bryant  Circle  can 
claim  the  distinction  of  having  had  thus 
far  the  longest  life  of  any  literary  society 
in  Evanston,  it  now  being  in  the  twenty- 
first  year  of  its  existence.  It  was  or- 
ganized in  1885  as  a  "Chautauqua  Lit- 
erary and  Scientific  Circle."  In  the  win- 
ter of  1883-84  several  ladies  of  Evanston 
were  pursuing  independently  the  studies 
as  laid  down  by  the  Chautauqua  Asso- 
ciation. Realizing,  however,  the  benefit 
that  would  come  from  united  action,  the 
regular  meeting  together  of  those  inter- 
ested in  the  same  line  of  study,  both 
from  the  information  each  would  impart 
to  the  other  and  from  the  stimulus  that 
would  be  aroused  by  such  union,  they 
resolved  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  ladies  of 
the  village  interested  in  forming  an  after- 
noon circle  for  the  following  winter.  Ac- 
cordingly, there  appeared  in  the  "Evans- 
ton  Index"  of  September  19,  1885,  a  no- 
tice calling  such  a  meeting,  the  result  of 
which  was  seen  in  the  coming  together 
of  ten  ladies,  meeting  with  Mrs.  Carse- 
well  at  the  Avenue  House  Cottage.  The 
charter  members  of  the  society  which 
was  organized  were  Mrs.  Carsewell,  Mrs. 
H.  H.  Gage,  Mrs.  George  Bancroft,  Mrs. 
H.  J.  Edwards,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Crocker,  Mrs. 

G.  H.   Thompson,   Mrs.   \V.    H.    Lewis, 
Mrs.   Baskin    and    Mrs.   Balding.     New 
members  were  constantly  added  and  in- 


terest continued  unabated.  The  name 
"Bryant"  may  possibly  be  something  of 
a  misnomer  to  those  not  familiar  with 
the  beginnings  of  the  society.  When  a 
name  for  the  circle  was  under  discussion 
at  one  of  the  early  meetings  the  name 
Bryant  seemed  especially  fitting,  that 
day  being  the  birthday  of  the  poet,  and 
also  one  of  the  memorial  days  in  the 
Chautauqua  calendar;  hence  it  was 
chosen.  As  no  study  of  that  poet  has 
ever  been  pursued  by  the  circle,  it  has 
been  thought  by  many,  during  late 
years,  that  it  is  misleading,  and  there 
has  been  an  attempt  made  to  change  the 
name,  but,  possibly  from  the  sentiment 
of  long  association,  the  vote  of  the  circle 
decided  to  retain  its  original  name.  The 
Chautauqua  outline  of  work  was  strictly 
followed  for  four  years,  at  which  time 
(1889)  the  course  was  completed.  The 
Circle  then  departed  somewhat  from  the 
prescribed  line,  and  for  three  years  fol- 
lowed the  outline  pertaining  to  History 
and  Literature,  leaving  out  the  sciences. 
At  the  end  of  that  time  it  discontinued 
the  Chautauqua  study  and  a  program 
committee  from  the  club  has,  each  year, 
presented  a  program  which  met  the  ex- 
pressed desires  of  the  Circle — the  prefer- 
ence being  generally  given  to  literary  and 
art  studies.  During  the  winter  following 
the  World's  Fair  papers  were  prepared 
on  the  various  exhibits,  more  especially 
pertaining  to  the  arts,  crafts  and  indus- 
tries, each  paper  being  the  result  of  per- 
sonal observations.  Various  countries 
have  been  studied,  and  altogether  the 
Circle's  work,  during  its  long  career,  has 
touched  upon  many  branches  of  culture 
— intellectual,  aesthetic,  moral  and  re- 
ligious. The  fact  that  every  member 
has  contributed  her  share  of  the  written 
papers,  and  taken  part  in  the  discussions, 
has  been  a  distinctive  and  pleasing  fea- 


438 


SOCIAL  AND   LITERARY  CLUBS 


ture  of  the  society.  The  active  member- 
ship of  the  Circle  is  limited  to  thirty. 
There  is  an  associate  list,  limited  to  ten, 
containing  the  names  of  those  who,  hav- 
ing been  active  members,  are  for  good 
reasons  unable  to  be  constant  attend- 
ants at  regular  meetings ;  these,  how- 
ever, are  expected  to  participate,  as  far 
as  possible,  in  the  programs  of  the  Cir- 
cle. There  is  usually  a  number  of  names 
on  the  waiting  list  ready  for  election  into 
the  Circle  whenever  a  vacancy  occurs, 
thus  showing  the  sustained  interest  and 
popularity  of  the  society.  These  names 
must  be  presented  by  some  member  of  the 
society.  The  election  is  by  ballot,  and  a 
unanimous  vote  is  required  to  gain  admission. 
The  Circle  holds  its  meetings  on  alternate 
Monday  afternoons  at  the  homes  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  not  the  least  delightful  feature  of 
the  exercises  is  the  social  one — the  cup 
of  tea  and  the  friendly  chat  which  fol- 
low the  more  formal  program.  During 
the  last  few  years  it  has  been  the  custom, 
each  winter,  to  hold  one  evening  meeting 
to  which  the  husbands  and  friends  of  the 
members  have  been  invited,  and  an  ad- 
dress has  been  given  by  an  invited 
speaker  on  some  topic  kindred  to  the  line 
of  study  of  the  year.  A  number  of 
clergymen  of  Evanston  and  University 
professors  have  favored  the  Circle ;  also 
delightful  musical  numbers  have  been 
given  by  Evanston  artists. 

The  following  persons  have  acted  as 
Presidents  of  the  Circle:  Mrs.  G.  W. 
Candee,  Mrs.  W.  H.  VVhitehead,  Mrs.  A. 
F.  Townsend,  Mrs.  L.  D.  Norton,  Mrs. 
H.  R.  Wilson,  Miss  Mary  Harris,  Mrs. 
E.  A.  Dawson,  Mrs.  H.  H.  Kingsley, 
Mrs.  Thomas  Balmer,  Mrs.  W.  A.  Smith, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Raddin,  Mrs.  F.  M.  Bristol, 
Miss  Alice  Houston,  Mrs.  Howard  Field, 
Mrs.  P.  L.  McKinnie,  Mrs.  J.  C.  Turner. 

Pierian    Circle. — The     Pierian     Circle 


was  organized  February  27,  1891.  It 
was  the  outgrowth  of  a  porch  reading 
circle,  which  had  been  enjoyed  by  a  few 
ladies  in  the  same  neighborhood  during 
the  preceding  summer.  As  they  wished 
to  continue  the  pleasant  custom,  and  also 
to  widen  the  scope  of  this  little  circle, 
they  decided  to  make  it  a  regular  organi- 
zation, under  as  informal  a  rule  as  possi- 
ble. For  this  purpose,  a  meeting  was 
called  at  the  above  date  at  the  home  of 
Mrs.  P.  L.  McKinnie,  108  Davis  Street. 
Twelve  ladies  were  present,  and  after 
freely  discussing  the  matter,  a  study  club 
was  formed,  the  object  of  which  should 
be  to  stimulate,  in  an  enjoyable  way,  the 
intellectual  development  of  its  members, 
and  combine  the  advantage  of  literary 
and  social  culture.  The  name  "Pierian" 
was  chosen  for  the  Circle  with  much 
hesitation  as  being  rather  ambitious  for 
a  circle  of  learners,  the  suggestion  com- 
ing from  Pope's  Essay  on  Criticism : 
"Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian 
Spring."  This  objection  was  counter- 
acted somewhat  by  the  motto  selected 
for  the  Circle:  "Let  Knowledge  grow 
from  more  to  more."  The  number  of 
members  was  limited  to  thirty,  to  be 
elected  by  vote  of  the  club  after  having 
been  considered  by  a  membership  com- 
mittee, the  meetings  to  be  held  twice  a 
month  at  the  homes  of  its  members. 
The  subject  selected  for  the  first  season's 
study  was  American  History,  and  cur- 
rent events  were  given  at  roll  call.  The 
President  elected  at  the  initial  meeting 
was  Mrs.  C.  E.  Thayer,  one  of  the  orig- 
inal porch  circle. 

While  early  in  its  history  some  philan- 
thropic work  was  done  by  the  club,  its 
main  object  has  been  of  a  literary  nature. 
The  regular  afternoon  meetings  have 
been  occasionally  varied  by  evening 
meetings,  with  invited  guests  and  lee- 


b 


43* 


SOCIAL   AXD    LITFRARY   CLCIiS 


tn  re  of  the  society.  The  active  member- 
ship of  the  Circle  is  limited  to  tliirtv. 
There  is  an  associate  list.  limited  to  ten, 
containing  the  names  of  those  who,' hav- 
ing been  active  members,  are  for  good 
reasons  unable  to  be  constant  attend- 
ants at  regular  meetings:  these,  how- 
ever, are  expected  to  participate,  as  far 
as  possible,  in  the  programs  of  the  Cir- 
cle. There  is  usually  a  number  of  names 
on  the  waiting  list  ready  for  election  into 
the  C  ircle  whenever  a  vacancy  occurs, 
thus  showing  the  sustained  interest  and 
popularity  of  the  society.  These  name-- 
must be  presented  by  some  member  of  the 
society.  The  election  is  by  ballot,  and  a 
unanimous  vote  is  required  to  gain  admission. 
The  Circle  holds  its  meetings  on  alternate 
Monday  afternoons  at  the  homes  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  not  the  least  delightful  feature  of 
the  exercises  is  the  social  one — the  cup 
of  tea  and  the  friendly  chat  which  fol- 
low the  more  formal  program.  During 
the  last  few  years  it  has  been  the  custom, 
each  winter,  to  hold  one  evening  meeting 
to  which  the  husbands  and  friends  of  the 
members  have  been  invited,  and  an  ad- 
dress has  been  given  bv  an  invited 
speaker  on  some  topic  kindred  to  the  line 
of  study  of  the  vear.  A  number  of 
clergymen  of  Kvanston  and  I'nivcrsity 
professors  have  favored  the  Circle;  also 
delightful  musical  numbers  have  been 
given  by  Kvanston  artists. 

The  following  persons  have  acted  as 
President-  of  the  Circle:  Mrs.  (',.  W. 
Can. lee.  Mrs.  \\  .  II.  \\hiiehead.  Mrs.  A. 
F.  Town-end.  Mrs.  I..  1).  Xorton.  Mrs. 
II.  R.  \\il-on.  Mi.-s  Mary  Harris.  Mrs. 
I'..  A.  Daw-.. n.  Mrs.  II.  II.  Kingsley, 
Mrs.  Thomas  lialmer.  Mrs.  \Y.  A.  Smith, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Raddin.  Mrs.  I'.  M.  P.ristol, 
Mi.-s  Alice  Houston.  Mrs.  Howard  Field. 
Mr-.  P.  I..  McKinnie.  Mrs.  I.  ( ".  Turner. 

Pierian     Circle. — The     Pierian     Circle 


was  organized  February  2~.  1X91.  It 
was  the  outgrowth  of  a  porch  reading 
circle,  which  had  been  enjoyed  by  a  few 
ladies  in  the  same  neighborhood  during 
the  preceding  summer.  As  they  wished 
to  continue  the  pleasant  custom,  and  also 
to  widen  the  scope  of  this  little  circle, 
they  decided  to  make  it  a  regular  organi- 
zation, under  as  informal  a  rule  as  possi- 
ble. For  this  purpose,  a  meeting  was 
called  at  the  above  date  at  the  home  of 
Mrs.  P.  I..  McKinnie,  108  Davis  Street. 
Twelve  ladies  were  present,  and  after 
freely  discussing  the  matter,  a  study  club 
was  formed,  the  object  of  which  should 
be  to  stimulate,  in  an  enjoyable  way,  the 
intellectual  development  of  its  members, 
and  combine  the  advantage  of  literary 
and  social  culture.  The  name  "Pierian" 
was  chosen  for  the  Circle  with  much 
hesitation  as  being  rather  ambitious  for 
a  circle  of  learners,  the  suggestion  com- 
ing from  Pope's  Kssay  on  Criticism : 
"Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian 
Spring."  This  objection  was  counter- 
acted somewhat  by  the  motto  selected 
for  the  Circle:  "Let  Knowledge  grow 
fiom  more  to  more."  The  number  of 
members  was  limited  to  thirty,  to  be 
elected  by  vote  of  the  club  after  having 
been  considered  by  a  membership  com- 
mittee, the  meetings  to  be  held  twice  a 
month  at  the  homes  of  its  members. 
The  subject  selected  for  the  first  season's 
study  was  American  History,  and  cur- 
rent events  were  given  at  roll  call.  The 
President  elected  at  the  initial  meeting 
was  Mrs.  C.  F..  Thayer.  one  of  the  orig- 
inal porch  circle. 

While  early  in  its  history  some  philan- 
thropic work  was  done  by  the  club,  its 
main  object  has  been  of  a  literary  nature. 
The  regular  afternoon  meetings  havo 
been  occasionally  varied  by  evening 
meetings,  with  invited  guests  and  lee- 


b 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVfeRSUt  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


439 


tures  by  those  outside  of  its  own  mem- 
bership. 

The  interest  in  the  Pierian  Club  has 
been  steadily  increasing  and  warmly 
maintained.  Its  list  of  membership  has 
always  been  full,  with  several  on  the 
waiting  list.  The  subjects  which  have 
been  studied  during  the  years  succeeding 
the  first  one  already  mentioned  are  as 
follows :  Ruskin  for  three  seasons ; 
Magazine  Reviews;  The  Victorian 
Reign;  London;  France;  The  English 
Colonies ;  The  Industrial  Arts. 

The  office  of  President  has  been  held 
by  the  following  named  persons :  Mrs. 
P.  R.  Woodford,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Hollett,  Miss 
Mary  Harris,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Battle,  Mrs.  Nel- 
son De  Golyer,  Mrs.  J.  M.  Bond. 

The  Fortnightly. — Preparatory  to  the 
ascension  of  the  great  White  City  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  a  thousand 
fantasies  possessed  the  imaginations  of 
the  people,  anticipating  the  marvelous 
phantasmagoria  soon  to  be  practically, 
realized.  It  is  not  surprising  that  the 
highly  favored  inhabitants  of  Evanston 
should  have  shared  in  the  general  enthu- 
siasm to  the  extent  of  seeing  visions  by 
night  and  dreaming  dreams  by  day. 
Hence  it  so  happened  that  the  genesis 
of  the  "Fortnightly"  was  the  product  of 
a  revelation  communicated  to  a  few 
friends  with  mutual  sympathies  and 
common  aims,  who  entered  into  an  infor- 
mal partnership  for  higher  education,  di- 
versified by  friendly  chat  and  the  con- 
sequent attrition  of  many  minds.  On 
this  purely  unconventional  basis,  the 
Fortnightly  Club  commenced  business 
nearly  fourteen  years  ago.  This  chrysalis 
of  inexperience  was  destined  to  mature 
beyond  the  stage  of  the  ephemeral  fledg- 
ling, and  while  building  better  than  it 
knew,  to  earn  an  enviable  reputation  for 
stabi"ty  and  intelligence  second  to  none 


of  its  kindred  societies.  The  first  women 
to  extend  a  helping  hand  to  this  union 
were,  in  order,  as  follows :  Mrs.  Lucre- 
tia  Morgan,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Day,  Mrs. 
Alexander  Clark,  Mrs.  Sereno  Norton, 
Mrs.  Thomas  L.  Fansler  and  Mrs.  George 
Graley.  These  few  founders  stand  for 
charter  members  of  an  unincorporated 
club  which  has  never  formed  any  alli- 
ance with  State  or  National  Federations. 
It  was  originally  christened  as  the 
"Woman's  Reading  Circle,"  and  made  its 
initial  bow  to  the  public  with  the  assist- 
ance of  a  single  official,  Mrs.  Alexander 
Clark  acting  as  Director,  and  filling  the 
position  most  acceptably  and  efficiently. 
With  the  lapse  of  years  this  infant  indus- 
try grew  in  stature  and  in  grace.  Hav- 
ing an  increased  membership,  it  natur- 
ally drifted  with  the  tide  into  broader 
thought  expressed  in  more  conventional 
channels,  and  became,  like  all  well-regu- 
lated associations  of  the  time,  governed 
.  by.  parliamentary  rules,  selecting  regu- 
lar presiding'" officers,  and  finally  adopt- 
ing the  more  dignified  title  of  the  Fort- 
nightly Club  of  Evanston.  As_  any  trust- 
worthy narrative  must  include  a  definite 
list  of  topics  for  study,  the  various  sub- 
jects are  appended  herewith:  History  of 
Spain ;  Arts  and  Industries ;  Countries  of 
the  World;  Celebrated  Historians;  Par- 
liamentary Law  and  Socialism ;  Miscel- 
laneous Program  in  1896-7 — History  of 
Chicago;  Cuba  and  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands ;  Russia,  Customs  and  Manners ; 
Holland  and  Her  Dykes;  Fiction  and 
Philosophy. 

These  topics  were  interspersed  with 
current  events  of  interest,  discussions  on 
higher  education,  the  amenities  of  home 
and  fireside,  with  the  practical  solution  of 
vexed  problems  and  the  burning  issues 
of  the  hour. 

The   life  of  the   Fortnightly   has   not, 


440 


SOCIAL  AND   LITERARY  CLUBS 


however,  been  one  of  serious  contempla- 
tion. It  has  frequently  had  brought  to 
mind  the  old  adage,  that  "All  work  and 
no  play  makes  life  dull  every  day" ;  so, 
metaphorically  speaking,  the  club  has 
taken  up  the  "fiddle  and  the  bow,"  while 
resting  from  the  exertions  of  the  "shovel 
and  the  hoe."  As  comparisons  are  odi- 
ous, it  may  not  be  well  to  chronicle  any 
of  the  gay  larks  indulged  in  by  this  clique 
of  sober  and  serious  matrons.  Let  it 
suffice  that  the  Fortnightly  has  held  dig- 
nified receptions,  listened  to  lectures  and 
addresses,  played  hilarious  games  galore ; 
has  been  feted  and  feasted  at  the  hospita- 
ble homes  of  its  members,  and  last,  but 
not  least,  has  disported  gaily  in  honor  of 
Saint  Valentine,  where,  if  not  wined  in 
this  prohibition  town,  the  club  has  cer- 
tainly dined  to  its  heart's  content.  As 
this  is  a  many-sided  club,  it  has  never 
turned  a  deaf  ear  to  appeals  for  philan- 
thropic and  charitable  enterprises.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  many  a  fire  has  been  kept 
burning,  and  the  wolf  diverted  from  the 
doors  of  the  sick  and  needy.  Money  has 
been  contributed  for  the  collection  of 
books,  a  room  furnished  in  a  public  insti- 
tution, and  last  year  all  moneys  were 
turned  into  the  general  fund  of  the  As- 
sociated Charities. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  fourteenth 
year  of  the  history  of  the  Club,  it  has  a 
full  roster  of  thirty  members.  Good  fel- 
lowship has  always  been  its  aim.  On  the 
solid  rock  of  the  sacredness  of  home  and 
family  ties,  the  Club  stands  as  a  unit. 
Births  and  deaths  and  burials  have  been 
fitly  commemorated  alike  in  kind  words 
and  loving  deeds,  and  the  fragrant  min- 
istry of  flowers — the  pink  carnation  be- 
ing the  floral  emblem  of  the  Club.  In 
the  flight  of  time  but  one  member  has 
been  gathered  by  the  unrelenting  scythe 
of  death.  Many  changes  have  occurred 


in  the  roll  call,  but  vacancies  are  speedily 
filled,  while  some  of  the  original  mem- 
bers and  a  little  of  the  old  leaven  still 
remain  intact. 

Thirty  daughters  under  one  roof-tree 
have  inevitably  held  different  opinions, 
yet  uniformly  agreeing  to  disagree  in  a 
spirit  of  tolerance,  the  general  weal  be- 
ing the  paramount  consideration.  Col- 
lectively the  Fortnightly  Club  is  com- 
posed of  wide-awake,  intelligent,  pro- 
gressive women  living  up  to  the  spirit  of 
the  motto  of  the  Club,  "Whatever  the 
subject,  it  deserves  our  pains." 

The  Club  has  a  very  promising  future, 
and  it  is  enthusiastically  hoped  that  it 
may  attain  to  that  spirit  of  high  idealism 
expressed  by  one  of  its  members :  "That 
the  coming  years  may  bring  to  all  its 
members  a  still  larger  charity  and  greater 
loving  kindness,  forming  an  indissoluble 
union  of  heart  and  hand,  a  loyal  copart- 
nership that  shall  abide  'for  better  or 
worse,  for  richer  or  poorer,  in  sickness 
and  in  health,  till  death  do  us  part.'  " 

The  Coterie. — In  1893  an  invitation 
was  sent  to  the  ladies  living  on  Michigan 
Avenue  between  Kedzie  and  Keeney 
Avenues,  to  come  together  for  the  after- 
noon, and  bring  their  sewing  and  chil- 
dren, if  necessary,  while  one  lady  would 
read  to  them  from  some  recently  pub- 
lished book.  "The  Prince  of  India,"  by 
General  Lew  Wallace,  was  chosen;  and 
each  week  a  few  chapters  of  the  book 
were  read,  after  which  a  social  hour  was 
passed  and  light  refreshments  were 
served. 

The  afternoon  was  much  enjoyed,  and 
the  ladies  decided  to  meet  every  week 
at  their  various  homes.  There  were 
present  at  each  meeting  ladies  of  musi- 
cal talent  who  pledged  themselves  to 
furnish  either  piano  or  vocal  music. 
Several  books  were  read  during  1893-4. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


441 


October  5,  1894,  it  was  decided  to  organ- 
ize a  society  with  the  understanding  that 
the  closing  hour  for  conversation  and 
social  pleasure  be  not  infringed  upon. 
Accordingly,  a  constitution  was  pre- 
sented and  unanimously  adopted.  Mrs. 
E.  L.  Waddell  was  elected  President, 
and  she  has  retained  the  office  up  to  the 
present  time,  1902.  With  no  desire  to 
be  called  a  literary  club,  it  was  decided 
to  call  the  Club  "The  Coterie."  The  so- 
cial requirements  form  a  large  part  of 
the  afternoon  entertainment.  As  the 
members  are,  for  the  most  part,  too  busy 
to  prepare  papers,  the  literary  features 
of  the  afternoon  have  consisted  largely  in 
reading  from  books,  magazines  and  va- 
rious other  sources. 

The  later  history  of  The  Coterie  em- 
braces a  study  of  foreign  countries,  and 
an  annual  program  is  followed  every 
year,  in  which  pleasure,  entertainment 
and  culture,  as  well  as  social  enjoyment, 
are  the  leading  characteristics.  The  lit- 
erary features  of  the  afternoon  have 
never  been  a  burden  to  the  Club,  and 
once  a  year  there  is  an  annual  dinner  and 
a  children's  party,  which  are  not  the  least 
pleasing  features  of  this  very  delightful 
and  enthusiastic  club. 

The  Coming  Century  Club.— The  Com- 
ing Century  Club  of  Evanston  was  first 
suggested  February  18,  1894.  It  origi- 
nated in  a  meeting  of  eight  men:  W.  E. 
Wilkinson,  H.  L.  Tolman,  D.  D.  Thomp- 
son, F.  W.  Nichols,  C.  O.  Scudder,  W. 
H.  Webster,  E.  O.  Blake  and  A.  E.  A. 
Shinner.  It  was  proposed  to  form  a  so- 
ciety of  gentlemen  to  discuss  the  live 
topics  of  the  day. 

A  meeting  was  called  by  this  gather- 
ing, and  over  a  supper  at  the  home  of 
H.  L.  Tolman,  the  Club  was  organized. 
The  name,  "Coming  Century  Club,"  was 
suggested  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Flinn,  and  the 


following  is  Mr.  Scudder's  record  of  the 
meeting: 

"Coming  Century  Club. — On  Monday  evening,  Feb- 
ruary 25th,  Messrs.  Adair,  Blake,  Flinn,  Graham,  Hibben. 
Knox,  Milhening,  Nichols,  Rowe,  Scudder,  Thompson, 
Tolman,  Webster,  and  Wilkinson,  met  at  the  home  of 
Mr.  Henry  L.  Tolman  and  organized  the  above  named 
club  for  the  free  discussion  of  current  questions,  on  the 
following  basis: 

Negations. 
No  Accounts  nor  Axes, 

nor  Bores  nor  Business, 

nor  Constitution, 

nor  Dudes  nor  Dues, 

nor  Formality, 

nor  Late  Sittings, 

nor  Organizations, 

nor  Profanity. 


No    By-Laws 

No  Club  House 
No  Debts,  Dress  Coats 

No    Fines 
No  Lone  Speeches 
Officers 


No  Off 

No  Preaching 

"Messrs.  Nichols,  Scudder,  Tolman,  Thompson,  and 
Wilkinson  were  made  an  Executive  Committee  with  power 
to  do  all  business,  with  Mr.  Tolman  as  Chairman  and 
Mr.  Scudder  as  Secretary. 

"The  Club  meets  on  the  second  and  fourth  Monday 
evenings  of  each  month;  on  the  second  Monday  evening  at 
eight  o'clock  sharp,  at  the  house  of  some  member ;  on  the 
fourth  Monday  at  six-thirty  P.  M.,  for  dinner,  discussion 
afterward,  at  some  place  hereafter  designated,  the  same 
to  cost  not  to  exceed  seventy-five  cents. 

"The  Club  adjourns  at  ten  o'clock.  The  introductory 
speakers  are  allowed  twenty  minutes  each,  with  five 
minutes  additional  to  close.  Other  speakers  are  limited 
to  five  minutes.  The  next  meeting  will  be  held  at  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Nichols,  932  Hinman  Avenue,  Monday 
evening,  March  11. 

"Question :  Should  the  United  States  adopt  the  bi- 
metallic standard? 

"Affirmative — Mr.   Adair. 

"Negative — Mr.   Tolman. 

"C.  O.   SCUDDER,  Sec." 

The  membership  was  at  first  limited 
to  thirty-five,  and  meetings  have  always 
been  held  at  the  homes  of  members.  The 
early  popularity  of  the  Club  came  from 
its  unique  constitution,  all  business  be- 
ing transacted  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee without  coming  before  the  Club 
to  distract  from  its  social  and  literary 
character.  Its  continued  vitality  has  also 
been  due  to  the  freedom  given  to  all  mem- 
bers to  take  part  in  the  discussions, 
which  have  frequently  been  wise  as  well 
as  witty. 

Meetings  have  been  held  twice  each 
month  during  the  winter  months  of  each 
year  ever  since  the  organization.  Ban- 
quets have  been  held  two  or  three  times 
each  year,  generally  served  by  church  la- 
dies. 

In  1897  the  membership  was  doubled 
by  the  admission  of  ladies,  and  has  sev- 
eral times  been  enlarged  to  accommodate 
the  demand  for  admission  of  new  mem- 


442 


SOCIAL  AND  LITERARY  CLUBS 


bers.  The  present  membership  is  one 
hundred  and  the  homes  are  often  taxed 
to  accommodate  the  meetings. 

At  the  opening  of  the  year  1898  it  was 
thought  best  by  the  committee  to  adopt 
a  constitution,  which  embodied  mainly 
the  past  practices  of  the  Club.  The  first 
printed  annual  programs  were  used  in 
1896  and  have  been  printed  each  year 
since. 

Of  late  years  there  have  been  a  few 
meetings  each  year,  when  outside  talent 
has  been  called  in  to  entertain  the  Club. 
Perfect  harmony  has  prevailed  in  the 
meetings  and  the  discussions  have  set- 
tled nearly  all  the  questions  of  the  day — 
political,  religious,  literary  and  scientific. 

With  the  opening  of  the  season  of 
1901-2  the  name  of  the  Club  became 
"The  Twentieth  Century  Club"  and  will 
probably  remain  so  during  the  present 
century. 

Present  Day  Club.— The  Present  Day 
Club,  while  one  of  the  youngest  clubs  in 
Evanston,  is  thoroughly  an  up-to-date 
club.  It  was  organized  about  1899  by 
six  women  living  in  the  vicinity  of  Sheri- 
dan Road  and  Lee  Street,  for  the  purpose 
.  of  discussing  the  best  news  of  the  day, 
and  keeping  in  touch  with  the  literary 
world.  The  Club,  which  is  limited  to 
fifteen  members,  meets  every  two  weeks 
in  the  homes  of  its  members.  The  an- 
nual fee  is  used  for  a  book  fund.  The 
leading  works  of  the  present  day  are  pur- 
chased, read  and  discussed,  and  distrib- 
uted, pro  rata,  to  the  members  at  the  close 
of  each  club  year.  Among  the  works  of 
fiction  discussed  during  the  first  year 


were  "Janice  Meredith,"  "When  Knight- 
hood Was  in  Flower"  and  "Richard  Car- 
vel." In  connection  with  the  reading  of 
the  last-named  book,  which  was  valuable 
for  its  wholesomeness  as  well  as  for  its 
historical  worth,  a  scholarly  lecture  on 
the  Revolutionary  Period  was  given  by 
one  of  its  members.  All  the  points  of  in- 
terest were  traced  on  the  map,  and  com- 
parisons were  drawn  with  the  characters 
and  events  depicted  in  the  book.  "Eben 
Holden"  served  as  a  pleasant  dessert  to 
the  year's  literary  menu.  Tolstoy's  life, 
country  and  works  were  studied  during 
the  second  year,  his  last  work  of  fiction 
being  considered  a  strong  work  for  peo- 
ple of  mature  years  who  are  studying  the 
sociological  questions  of  the  day.  The 
work  of  fiction  which  found  greatest  fa- 
vor among  the  members  of  the  Club  was 
"The  Crisis,"  and  it  was  especially  no- 
ticeable that  the  literary  criticisms  of  the 
Club  were  frequently  at  wide  variance 
with  those  of  the  professional  reviewers. 
The  program  for  the  present  year  in- 
cludes current  events,  lives  of  editors, 
magazine  articles  and  late  works  of  fic- 
tion. After  reading  such  books  as  "La- 
zarre"  and  admiring  Gilbert  Parker's 
strong  literary  strokes  in  his  "Right  of 
Way,"  rest  and  refreshment  are  to  be 
found  in  turning  to  Van  Dyke's  "Little 
Rivers,"  or  reading  his  "To  Be  Glad  of 
Life,  because  it  gives  you  the  chance  to 
love  and  to  work,  and  to  play  and  to  look 
up  at  the  stars ;  to  be  satisfied  with  your 
possessions,  but  not  contented  with  your- 
self until  you  have  made  the  best  of 
them." 


CHAPTER  XLIII. 


THE  EVANSTON  WOMAN'S  CLUB 

1 1  :y  MBS.  RICHARD  II.  WYMAN) 


Origin  of  Evanston  Woman's  Club  —  Julia 
Ward  Howe's  Advice  —  Organization 
and  First  Officers  —  Club  Programs  — 
Auxiliary  Organizations  —  Work  of  the 
Traveling  Library  Committee  —  Field 
Day  at  Lake  Genera  —  Object  of  the 
Club  Defined  in  Its  Constitution  —  Club 
Motto. 

All  great  and  successful  organiza- 
tions have  their  origin  in  consecration  of 
thought  and  purpose.  The  seed-thought 
of  the  Evanston's  Woman's  Club  flick- 
ered into  existence  deep  in  the  heart  of 
a  woman  whose  desire  was  for  the  activ- 
ity of  all  women  striving  for  the  good  of 
all  women.  The  thought  was  cherished 
and  confided  to  a  few  kindred  spirits. 
Nourished  by  their  sympathy,  strength- 
ened by  their  zeal,  it  grew  into  an  im- 
pulse to  reach  out  for  co-operation. 

Early  in  1889  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton 
Harbert  invited  to  her  home  a  little 
group  of  earnest  women,  to  take  counsel 
together  as  to  how  they  might  unite  in 
promoting  a  Woman's  Club.  For  inspi- 
ration they  read  with  interest  and  profit 
Julia  Ward  Howe's  address  on  the  "Or- 
ganization of  Women."  That  great  and 
wise  leader,  desiring  to  help  others,  says : 

'"Deliberation  in  common,  mutual  in- 
struction, achievement  for  the  whole, 
should  be  the  spirit  of  associations ;  work 


faithfully,  fervently  and  in  sincerity  with 
the  motto,  'The  good  of  all,  the  aim  of 
each.'  Question:  What  are  the  most 
pressing  needs  of  society?  What  can  we, 
as  a  body  corporate,  do  to  meet  and  an- 
swer them?  Learn  to  act  in  the  light 
of  experience.  Work  with  the  conviction 
that  the  possibilities  of  Women's  Clubs 
are  as  broad  as  the  land,  as  diverse  as  are 
the  requirements  of  mankind." 

Pondering  these  sentiments  and  en- 
couraged by  the  enthusiasm  of  their 
hostess,  who  proved  herself  in  every 
sense  a  leader,  these  women  continued  to 
meet  informally  until  in  March,  1889, 
when  they  associated  themselves  to- 
gether to  form  "The  Woman's  Club  of 
Evanston." 

Mrs.  Harbert  was  made  President  and 
Mrs.  Thaddeus  P.  Stanwood  Secretary. 
Early  in  1890  the  membership  had  grown 
to  a  dignity  requiring  a  constitution  and 
regular  officers.  This  form  of  organi- 
zation continued  until  March,  1898,  when 
the  club  was  duly  incorporated  in  accord- 
ance with  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois. 

Mrs.  Harbert  was  the  Mother  of  the 
Club  in  the  deepest  and  broadest  sense 
of  the  relation  expressed  by  the  word.  It 
has  been  well  said  that  what  Alice  Gary 
accomplished  in  Sorosis,  Mrs.  Harbert  ac- 
complished and  amplified  in  Evanston. 


443 


THE  EVANSTON  WOMAN'S  CLUB 


To  her  personal  inspiration  and  wise  di- 
rection the  Club  owes  its  early  activities 
and  its  healthful  development.  She  was 
its  President  for  eight  years,  when,  at 
her  own  instance,  the  honor  was  trans- 
ferred to  another.  Mrs  T.  P.  Stanwood 
was  then  elected  to  the  office.  Being  a 
woman  of  exceptional  ability,  keen  per- 
ception and  rare  graciousness,  she  was 
well  qualified  to  guide  the  Club  through 
a  critical  period  and  to  thoroughly  estab- 
lish its  prosperity. 

At  the  end  of  two  years  she  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mrs.  Richard  H.  Wyman, 
who,  after  two  years'  service,  was  fol- 
lowed by  Mrs.  H.  H.  Kingsley,  a  char- 
ter member  and  loyal  worker.  With 
charming  tact  and  grace  she  conducted 
the  affairs  through  a  very  successful 
year,  when,  positively  declining  re-elec- 
tion, she  was  succeeded,  in  April,  1902, 
by  Mrs.  C.  A.  Goodnow.  These  Presi- 
dents have  always  been  splendidly  sup- 
ported by  fellow-officers  and  a  Board  of 
Managers  showing  ability  and  devoted 
zeal.  Every  department  and  branch  of 
the  club  work  have  received  the  special 
attention  of  women  who  have  devoted 
heart  and  hand  to  the  attainment  of  high- 
est standards. 

The  program  of  the  earlier  years, 
though  not  thoroughly  systematized,  was 
profitable  and  enjoyable.  It  consisted 
usually  of  a  special  topic  with  prepared 
essay,  which  was  followed  by  two  short 
speeches  on  the  subject,  supplemented 
by  informal  discussion.  This  method 
furthered  one  of  the  primary  objects  of 
the  Club — to  train  women  to  become  easy 
speakers ;  to  help  them  to  acquire  the  habit 
of  thinking  and  speaking  readily  and 
connectedly  on  their  feet  before  an  au- 
dience. 

An  indication  of  one  of  the  early-time 
interests  and  activities,  which  has  since 


grown  to  importance,  is  given  in  the  fact 
that  a  large  reception  was  tendered  the 
teachers  of  Evanston  at  Mrs.  Harbert's 
home,  where  an  address  was  made  by 
the  late  Colonel  Parker  on  the  Relation 
of  the  Home  to  the  School. 

During  the  time  from  1891  to  1894  the 
Club  sustained  a  World's  Fair  Depart- 
ment, for  the  purpose  of  study  and  in- 
vestigation in  the  various  lines  of  inter- 
est connected  with  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition.  This  was  under  the 
leadership  of  Miss  Mary  Harris,  and 
proved  a  marked  success. 

A  Household  Economic  Department 
was  organized  at  about  this  time,  at 
whose  meetings,  held  twice  each  month, 
papers  on  Domestic  Science,  previously 
read  at  the  World's  Fair  Congresses, 
were  presented.  This  department 
merged  into  the  Department  of  Philan- 
thropy, which  has  led  the  Club  into  the 
line  of  broader  work  and  great  achieve- 
ments. 

From  this  time  the  work  of  the  Club 
developed  into  departments,  serving  as 
channels  for  each  member  to  pursue  in- 
vestigation and  to  derive  pleasure,  ac- 
cording to  her  taste  and  desire — all  unit- 
ing in  one  general  club  meeting  each 
month ;  all  serving  loyally  any  cause  for 
the  general  good. 

The  Art  and  Literature  Department  was 
formed  in  September,  1894,  and  the  Child 
and  Home  Department  in  1897.  The 
Press  Department  was  organized  a  lit- 
tle later.  A  French  Study  Class,  under 
Professor  Oudshorn,  was  formed  in  1897; 
a  class  in  German,  under  Miss  White,  in 
1899,  and  a  class  in  Civics,  under  Miss 
Childs,  in  1902.  Also  a  class  in  singing, 
under  Professor  Niedlinger,  was  carried 
on  during  the  winter  of  1902. 

The  first,  and  one  of  the  greatest  ef- 
forts of  the  Club  in  outside  work,  was 


444 


Till-:  EVAXSTOX  WOMAN'S  CLIT. 


To  her  personal  inspiration  and  wise  di- 
rection the  Club  owes  its  early  activities 
and  its  healthful  development.  She  was 
its  I 'resident  for  eight  year?,,  when,  at 
her  ciwn  instance,  the  honor  was  trans- 
ferred to  another.  Mrs  T.  I'.  Stamvood 
was  then  elected  to  the  office.  lleing  a 
woman  of  exceptional  ability,  keen  per- 
ception and  rare  graciousness.  she  was 
well  qualified  to  guide  the  Club  through 
a  critical  period  and  to  thoroughly  estab- 
lish its  prosperity. 

At  the  end  of  two  years  she  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mrs.  Richard  11.  Wyman, 
who,  after  two  years'  service,  was  fol- 
lowed by  Mrs.  II.  II.  Kingsley,  a  char- 
ter member  aixl  loyal  worker.  With 
charming  tact  and  grace  she  conducted 
the  affairs  through  a  very  successful 
year,  when,  positively  declining  re-elec- 
tion, she  was  succeeded,  in  April,  1902, 
by  Mrs.  C.  A.  (Joodnow.  These  Presi- 
dents have  always  been  splendidly  sup- 
ported by  fellow-officers  and  a  Hoard  of 
Managers  showing  ability  and  devoted 
zeal.  Every  department  and  branch  of 
the  club  work  have  received  the  special 
attention  of  women  who  have  devoted 
heart  and  hand  to  the  attainment  of  high- 
est >tandnrds. 

The  program  of  the  earlier  years, 
though  not  thoroughly  systematized,  was 
profitable  and  enjoyable.  It  consisted 
usually  of  a  special  topic  with  prepared 
essay,  which  was  followed  by  two  short 
Speeches  on  the  subject,  supplemented 
by  informal  discussion.  This  method 
furthered  one  <,f  the  primarv  objects  of 
the  Club — to  train  women  to  become  easy 
speakers:  to  help  them  to  acquire  the  habit 
of  thinking  and  speaking  readily  and 
connectedly  on  their  feet  before  an  au- 
dience. 

An  indication  of  one  of  the  early-time 
interests  and  activities,  which  has  since 


grown  to  importance,  is  given  in  the  fact 
that  a  large  reception  was  tendered  the 
teachers  of  Evanston  at  Mrs.  Ilarbert's 
home,  where  an  address  was  made  by 
the  late  Colonel  Parker  on  the  Relation 
of  the  Home  to  the  School. 

During  the  time  from  1891  to  1894  the 
Club  sustained  a  \Yorld's  Fair  Depart- 
ment, for  the  purpose  of  study  and  in- 
vestigation in  the  various  lines  of  inter- 
est connected  with  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition.  This  was  under  the 
leadership  of  Miss  Mary  Harris,  and 
proved  a  marked  success. 

A  Household  Economic  Department 
was  organized  at  about  this  time,  at 
whose  meetings,  held  twice  each  month, 
papers  on  Domestic  Science,  previously 
read  at  the  World's  Eair  Congresses, 
were  presented.  This  department 
merged  into  the  Department  of  Philan- 
thropy, which  has  led  the  Club  into  the 
line  of  broader  work  and  great  achieve- 
ments. 

From  this  time  the  work  of  the  Club 
developed  into  departments,  serving  as 
channels  for  each  member  to  pursue  in- 
vestigation and  to  derive  pleasure,  ac- 
cording to  her  taste  and  desire — all  unit- 
ing in  one  general  club  meeting  each 
month;  all  serving  loyally  any  cause  for 
the  general  good. 

The  Art  and  Literature  Department  was 
formed  in  September,  1894.  and  the  Child 
and  Home  Department  in  1897.  The 
Press  Department  was  organized  a  lit- 
tle later.  A  Erench  Study  Class,  under 
1'rofessor  Ondshorn.  was  formed  in  181)7: 
a  class  in  (ierman.  under  Miss  White,  in 
1899,  and  a  class  in  Civics,  under  Miss 
Childs.  in  l')OJ.  Also  a  class  in  singing, 
under  Professor  Xiedlinger.  was  carried 
on  during  the  winter  of  1902. 

The  tirr-t.  and  one  of  the  greatest  ef- 
forts of  the  Club  in  outside  work,  was 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

OP  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


445 


the  impetus  which  it  was  the  means  of 
giving  to  the  Evanston  Emergency  Hos- 
pital. At  a  meeting  held  in  November, 
1891,  the  words  of  Mrs.  A.  L.  Butler 
stirred  the  members  to  form  a  Hospital 
Committee  with  Mrs.  Joseph  Hubbart 
as  Chairman.  It  was  resolved  to  give  a 
festival  and  kirmess.  The  enterprise  met 
with  the  cordial  and  generous  support 
and  efficient  co-operation  of  citizens, 
both  in  and  out  of  the  Club,  and  was  a 
brilliant  success,  netting  $3,600  for  the 
hospital  fund. 

A  course  of  lectures  was  given  during 
the  winter  of  1895,  by  Professor  Charles 
G.  Moulton,  which  afforded  means  to  as- 
sist the  Convalescent  Home  at  Lake 
Geneva  and  to  support  a  teacher  for  a 
sewing  school.  As  a  mark  of  apprecia- 
tion of  the  hospitality  of  the  Evanston 
Boat  Club  in  offering  the  use  of  its 
rooms,  a  complimentary  lecture  by  Pro- 
fessor Moulton,  followed  by  a  reception, 
was  given. 

Among  other  good  deeds,  the  Wom^ 
an's  Club  has  extended  substantial  aid 
to  the  Northwestern  University  Settle- 
ment; it  has  placed  a  beautiful  drinking 
fountain  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Chicago 
Commons ;  it  has  contributed  to  the  For- 
ward Movement  and  the  Vacation 
Schools  of  Chicago;  the  local  charities 
have  received  generous  co-operation;  a 
Day  Nursery  was  established  and  sus- 
tained for  a  time,  and  several  successful 
Mothers'  Clubs  have  been  conducted  at 
the  homes  of  members  and  at  school 
houses. 

Sewing  classes  and  housework  classes 
for  young  girls  were,  during  one  season, 
conducted  by  members  at  their  own 
homes.  At  Thanksgiving  and  Christmas- 
tide  the  overflowing  spirit  of  giving  and 
doing  has  been  directed  in  proper  chan- 
nels by  a  Club  Committee,  who  thor- 


oughly canvassed  the  town  and  knew 
just  where  the  bounty  was  most  needed 
and  would  be  best  appreciated.  The  pur- 
pose was  that  there  should  not  be  a  child 
within  reach  who  should  not  know  the 
blessings  of  the  season.  Over  two  hun- 
dred families  have  thus  been  reached, 
while  over  one  thousand  public  school 
children  have  been  carefully  examined 
to  ascertain  and  assist  those  suffering 
from  defective  sight  or  hearing.  The 
teeth  of  the  children  have  also  received 
attention. 

A  successful  entertainment,  in  the 
form  of  a  children's  operetta,  "The  House 
That  Jack  Built,"  was  given  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Child  and  Home  Depart- 
ment, which  netted  a  substantial  sum  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Domestic  Science  De- 
partment of  the  Evanston  Public 
Schools.  As  a  memorial  to  a  beautiful 
young  daughter,  one  of  the  prominent 
mothers  of  the  Club  installed  a  Visiting 
Nurse  to  minister  to  those  needing,  but 
not  ..able  to  pay  for,  such  service.  This 
noble  work  "has  been  sustained  through 
the  Philanthropic  Department.  The 
bright  face,  untiring  devotion  and  ready 
skill  of  the  Club's  representative,  Miss 
Galtz,  in  this  beautiful  charity,  has  been 
appreciatively  welcomed  by  scores  of  suf- 
ferers. 

In  response  to  an  earnest  talk  from 
the  President,  much  of  personal  service 
was  undertaken  and  accomplished  during 
Mrs.  Stanwood's  administration.  It  was 
interesting  to  note  the  varied  •  character 
of  the  responses.  Some  offered  the  use 
of  their  carriages  to  those  who  might 
especially  need  them ;  others,  a  view  of 
their  pictures;  still  others,  their  time  to 
read,  to  tell  stories,  to  mend,  to  make 
over  clothing,  to  teach  some  common  or 
unusual  branch  of  home  accomplish- 
ments. One  of  the  tangible  results  of 


446 


THE  EVANSTON  WOMAN'S  CLUB 


this  movement  was  the  purchase  by  the 
Club  of  a  knitting-machine  for  the  use 
of  the  different  Mothers'  Clubs,  where  the 
call  for  stockings  was  constant  and  im- 
perative. 

A  letter,  sent  through  Mrs.  Grey,  ap- 
pealed to  Marshall  Field  &  Company  for 
a  guarantee  of  garments  manufactured 
under  sanitary  conditions.  Thus  was  a 
beginning  made  towards  one  of  the  great 
objects  aimed  at  later  by  the  Consumers' 
League.  One  of  the  members  skilled  in 
bird  lore  gave  a  series  of  interesting 
talks  upon  her  favorite  subject.  An- 
other member  led  a  course  in  parliament- 
ary law,  which  was  very  profitable  and 
enjoyable.  A  Legislative  Committee  has 
watched  and  reported  bills  and  legisla- 
tive matters  of  importance  and  interest 
to  the  women,  and  the  proper  influence 
has  been  used  to  further  them.  A  course 
of  lectures  and  demonstrations  in  cook- 
ing and  housekeeping,  by  Mrs.  Hiller, 
was  managed  by  the  Child  and  Home 
Department.  These  were  attended  by 
over  a  hundred  women,  both  mistresses 
and  maids,  who  gave  their  enthusiastic 
approval. 

In  May,  1900,  the  Club  invited  the  Il- 
linois Congress  of  Mothers  to  meet  un- 
der its  auspices  in  Evanston.  An  ex- 
ceedingly interesting  series  of  meetings 
was  held,  lasting  over  three  days.  These 
meetings  were  addressed  by  eminent 
men  and  women,  and  were  attended  by 
delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  State. 
The  conference  closed  with  a  beautiful 
reception  given  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  McKin- 
ney,  at  their  palatial  home  on  the  lake 
shore.  Baroness  Schimmermann,  the 
German  philanthropist,  gave  an  interest- 
ing talk  during  her  stay  in  Chicago  con- 
cerning herself  and  her  work  among  sail- 
ors. Committees  are  maintained  to  pro- 
mote the  work  of  the  Juvenile  Court  and 


support  a  probation  officer;  also  to  assist 
the  Vacation  Schools  and  to  guard  and 
enforce  the  ordinances  of  the  city  of 
Evanston. 

The  Traveling  Library  Committee 
sent  out  its  first  library  in  1900.  This 
was  the  first  library  in  the  world  to  be 
taken  in  charge  by  the  Rural  Delivery. 
Since  that  time  ten  libraries  of  fifty  books 
each,  packed  in  a  complete  case,  have 
been  sent  on  their  way  to  cheer  the  bar- 
ren places  where  books  are  unattainable. 
Magazines  and  periodicals  are  constantly 
being  sent  in  packages  to  various  insti- 
tutions and  hospitals,  for  both  adults  and 
children. 

For  several  seasons  the  privileges  of 
the  Club  have  been  extended  to  all  the 
teachers  of  Evanston,  and  during  the 
past  season  the  husbands  of  members 
and  gentlemen  "connected  by  marriage" 
have  been  invited  to  attend  the  meetings. 
Those  who  have  been  able  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  opportunity  have  expressed 
their  approbation  and  enjoyment,  as 
they  have  lingered  to  chat  over  the  cup 
of  tea  or  coffee  which  is  always  served 
at  the  close  of  the  meetings. 

The  Club  is  affiliated  with  the  Illinois 
Federation  of  Woman's  Clubs,  the  Illi- 
nois Congress  of  Mothers,  the  Illinois  So- 
ciety for  Child-Study,  the  Chicago  Art 
Association  and  the  Cook  County  League, 
and  in  the  Club  rooms  is  a  tempting  sup- 
ply of  books  and  current  magazines. 

A  word  as  to  the  local  habitation  of 
this  organization.  It  was  born  in  the 
home  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton  Har- 
bert.  and  there  it  was  carefully  watched 
through  its  young  and  tender  years.  As 
it  grew  the  members  realized  that  this 
charming  home  had  its  limitations  in 
space,  though  never  in  hospitality.  The 
mention  of  this  hospitality  brings  to  the 
minds  of  the  early  members  the  vivid 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


447 


memory  of  the  devotion  of  Arthur  Har- 
bert,  who  so  cordially  assisted  in  provid- 
ing for  the  comfort  and  entertainment  of 
his  mother's  friends.  With  the  greatest 
reluctance  to  leaving  the  environment 
around  which  so  many  associations  clus- 
tered, the  Club  gratefully  accepted  the 
generous  offer  of  the  Evanston  Boat 
Club,  in  December,  1894,  and  for  two 
seasons  occupied  its  attractive  assembly 
hall.  The  membership  at  this  time  was 
about  two  hundred. 

During  the  two  following  seasons  the 
Club  enjoyed  the  hospitality  of  the  Coun- 
try Club,  but  in  the  autumn  of  1898  the 
members  entered  upon  the  occupation  of 
a  suite  of  rooms  of  their  own  in  the 
new  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
Building.  These  rooms,  furnished  com- 
pletely and  in  excellent  taste,  have  been 
the  Club  headquarters  for  five  years. 
With  the  truest  instinct  of  women  and 
the  best  spirit  of  a  club,  the  members 
look  forward  with  longings  and  hope  to 
the  vague  future,  which  may  hold  for 
them  a  home  of  their  own.  Surely,  with 
entire  possession  and  complete  control  of 
the  premises,  this  ideal  club  would  make 
an  ideal  home. 

The  first  and  only  "Field-Day"  of  the 
Club  was  celebrated  at  the  charming 
home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harbert,  at  Lake 
Geneva,  in  July,  1894.  Fifty  members 
made  up  the  happy  party,  and  they  will 
ever  cherish  the  memory  of  the  occasion 
with  keen  pleasure  and  a  consciousness 
of  fresh  inspiration. 

The  programs  of  the  twelve  years  of 
the  Club's  history  contain  many  names 
illustrious  in  art,  literature,  education, 
music,  philanthropy  and  science.  The 
very  best  to  be  obtained  in  professional 
and  practical  lines  has  been  brought  be- 
fore the  members,  both  in  the  depart- 
ments and  in  the  general  meetings. 


The  membership  numbers  over  three 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  includes  many 
prominent  women,  among  whom  are  the 
President  of  the  Illinois  Federation  of 
Clubs,  the  President  of  the  Illinois  Con- 
gress of  Mothers,  the  President  of  the  Il- 
linois Suffrage  Association,  the  Dean  of 
Woman's  Hall,  the  Musical  Director  of 
the  Northwestern  University,  and  Presi- 
dents of  several  smaller  clubs.  There 
are  a  lawyer,  a  doctor,  a  librarian,  teach- 
ers, wives  of  judges,  editors,  professors, 
clergymen,  and — honor  be  to  them — 
scores  of  women  who  are  devoted  to  that 
most  exalted  sphere  of  woman — the 
Home. 

Twenty  members  have  passed  beyond 
the  activities  of  this  life  to  the  higher 
life  Beyond.  Their  memories  are  a  bene- 
diction to  those  who  knew  them  here. 

"There  is  no  death 
To  the  living  soul,  nor  loss,  nor  harm." 

In  1898  a  Club  pledge,  color  and  pin 
were  adopted.  The  pin  is  in  form  of  a 
shield,  with  emblems  of  heart,  distaff 
and  torch,  above  a  scroll  bearing  the 
words,  "Unity,  Charity,  Liberty."  The 
colors  are  green  and  gold.  The  Pledge 
voices  unfailing  loyalty  and  active  de- 
votion to  the  Club  and  its  interests. 

There  is  no  better  way  to  epitomize 
the  cause  of  the  existence  and  the  course 
of  the  vitality  of  the  Evanston  Woman's 
Club  than  to  quote,  in  closing,  its  own- 
words,  taken  from  its  Constitution : 

"The  objects  are  mutual  helpfulness  in' 
all  affairs  of  life,  and  united  efforts  to- 
ward the  higher  development  of  human- 
ity." 

Surely  there  could  be  no  higher  stand- 
ard than  that  expressed  in  its  motto : 

"In  essentials,  unity ; 
"In  .non-essentials,  liberty : 
"In  all  things,  charity." 


CHAPTER  XLIV. 


THE  EVANSTON  CLUB 

Hy  N.  C.  GRIDLEY) 


Promoters  and  Organisers  of  "The  Green- 
wood Club"  —  First  Members  and  Offi- 
cers —  Xante  Changed  to  "The  Evans- 
ton  Club"  —  Club  Building  Erected  — 
First  Reception  —  Changes  in  By-Laws 
and  Membership  —  Value  of  Club  Prop- 
erty —  List  of  Officers. 

On  the  24th  day  of  November,  1888, 
at  the  request  of  Marshall  M.  Kirkman, 
the  following-named  citizens  of  Evans- 
ton  met  in  the  Committee  Room  of  the 
Hotel  Richelieu,  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  Club  in 
Evanston,  namely:  Curtis  H.  Remy, 
Daniel  H.  Burnham,  Marshall  M.  Kirk- 
man, Nelson  C.  Gridley,  Francis  A. 
Hardy,  James  K.  Armsby,  Frederick  W. 
Clarke,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Edward  P.  Wil- 
son, David  B.  Dewey,  John  B.  Kirk,  Wil- 
liam E.  Stockton,  Josiah  J.  Parkhurst, 
George  E.  Gooch  and  Frank  M.  Elliot. 

Mr.  Kirkman  stated  the  object  of  the 
meeting,  and,  on  his  motion,  Mr.  C.  H. 
Remy  was  elected  Chairman ;  and,  on 
motion  of  Mr.  D.  B.  Dewey,  Mr.  C.  G. 
Phillips  was  elected  Secretary.  There- 
upon it  was — 

"Resolved,  That  measures  be  at  once 
taken  to  incorporate  the  Club  under  the 
laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois,"  and  on  the 
26th  of  November,  1888,  a  certificate  of 
incorporation  of  "The  Greenwood  Club" 


was  duly  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  State 
of  Illinois. 

Subsequently,  at  a  meeting  held  in  the 
Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  Chicago,  November 
28,  1888,  the  following-named  gentlemen 
were  duly  elected  as  the  officers  and  Di- 
rectors of  "The  Greenwood  Club:" 
President,  Marshall  M.  Kirkman;  First 
Vice-President,  Daniel  H.  Burnham  ;  Sec- 
ond Vice-President,  Milton  W.  Kirk; 
Treasurer,  David  B.  Dewey;  Directors — 
Hugh  R.  Wilson,  Charles  W.  Deering, 
Nelson  C.  Gridley,  Curtis  H.  Remy,  Wil- 
liam E.  Stockton,  James  K.  Armsby  and 
Charles  F.  Dwight. 

Thereupon  the  officers  and  Directors 
adopted  By-Laws  and  House  Rules  for 
the  government  of  the  Club,  and  elected 
Frank  M.  Elliot  as  Secretary. 

The  By-Laws  provided  that  "The  ob- 
ject for  which  this  Club  is  formed  is  the 
promotion  of  social,  athletic  and  aesthetic 
culture;  its  immediate  purpose  the  recre- 
ation and  amusement  of  its  members  and 
their  families;  that  the  membership 
should  be  limited  to  one  hundred  mem- 
bers of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years ;  that 
the  initiation  fee  shall  be  $300  and  the 
annual  dues  $50;  that  junior  members, 
between  the  ages  of  sixteen  and  twenty- 
one  years,  and  the  sons  of  or  related  to 
members,  may  be  admitted  to  all  the 
privileges  of  the  Club  except  voting ;  that 


449 


450 


THE  EVANSTON  CLUB 


the  ladies  of  every  member's  family,  and  the 
males  between  the  age  of  sixteen  and 
twenty-one  years,  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
privileges  of  the  club;  and  that  no 
liquors  shall  be  allowed  in  the  Club 
House  or  upon  the  premises,  nor  any 
gambling  or  betting — the  purposes  of 
the  Club  being  to  afford  its  members  and 
their  families  a  place  where  they  may  go 
to  seek  the  recreation  and  amusement 
that  are  commonly  to  be  found  at  clubs." 
The  following  named  gentlemen,  resi- 
dents of  Evanston,  were  duly  elected 
members  of  the  club,  each  of  whom  paid 
the  initiation  fee  of  $300,  and  to  each  of 
whom  was  subsequently  issued  a  certifi- 
cate of  membership: 

James  K.  Armsby  William  E.  Stockton 

Daniel  H.  Burnham  Frederick  VV.  Clarke 

Hugh   R.   Wilson  Charles  W.  Deering 

Curtis   H.  Remy  David  B.  Dewey 

George  E.  Gooch  Charles    F.    Dwight 

Milton  W.  Kirk  Edward  P.  Wilson 

Francis  A.  Hardy  Morris  R.  Eddy 

Arthur  Orr  John  B.  Kirk 

William   Holabird  Nicholas  G.  Iglehart 
William  D.  Hitchcock  Arthur   S.    Kirk 

Frederic  T.  Peabody  Thomas  A.   Balding 

Nelson  C.  Gridley  Henry  M.  Kidder 

Josiah  J.  Parkhurst  Richard   L.   Dakin 

Augustus  A.  Buell  Frank   M.   Elliot 

Aaron  N.  Young  Hugh  A.  White 

James  H.  Deering  William  D.  Porter 
Marshall  M.  Kirkman  Charles   G.   Fuller 

William   Blanchard  Volney  W.  Foster 

Simeon    Farwell  Harry   S.   Farvvell 

Nelson  De  Golyer  Charles  P.  Mitchell 

George  A.  Foster  David  S.  Cook 

William  B.  Phillips  Harold   Smith 

George  M.  Sargent  Martin  M.  Gridley 

Henry  R.  Pearsons  Birney  J.   Moore 

William  T.  Rickards  H.  H.  C.  Miller 

Edward  H.  Webster  Richard  W.  Lynch 

At  the  meeting  of  November  28,  1888. 


a  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Dew- 
ey, Burnham  and  M.  W.  Kirk,  were  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  as  to  the  most  de- 
sirable location  for  the  Club,  which  com- 
mittee, on  the  ijth  day  of  December, 
1888,  reported  the  selection  of  the  "Lud- 
lam"  lots  (on  which  the  Club  House  now 
stands)  situated  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  Chicago  Avenue  and  Grove  Street,  132 
by  210  feet,  and  which  could  be  purchased 
at  $1 1,000;  and  thereupon  the  Executive 
Committee  were  authorized  to  make  the 
purchase  of  said  lots.  The  money  for  the 
purchase  of  said  lots  was  obtained  by  the 
issue  of  the  bonds  of  the  club,  of  $500 
each,  secured  by  mortgage,  all  of  which 
bonds  were  purchased  by  members  of  the 
club.  There  was  situated  upon  said  lots 
a  frame  dwelling  house,  which  had  been 
occupied  by  Mrs.  Ludlam  and  family  for 
many  years,  and  which  was  removed  by 
her  as  a  condition  of  the  purchase  of  said 
lots. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  members  of  "The 
Greenwood  Club,"  held  at  the  Avenue 
House,  Evanston,  January  14,  1889,  it  was 
unanimously 

"Resolved,  That  the  name  of  this  cor- 
poration,'The  Greenwood  Club.'  be,  and 
the  same  is  hereby  changed  to  'The  Ev- 
anston Club." 

And,  thereupon  due  proceedings  were 
taken  for  the  change  of  same  in  compli- 
ance with  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

On  the  isth  of  March,  1889,  the  Board 
of  Directors  adopted  plans  and  specifica- 
tions for  the  building  of  a  Club  House, 
which  had  been  prepared  by  Holabird  & 
Roche,  architects,  under  the  supervision 
of  a  committee  consisting  of  F.  W.  Clarke, 
D.  H.  Burnham  and  William  Holabird, 
and  thereupon  a  building  committee,  con- 
sisting of  D.  H.  Burnham,  D.  B.  Dewey 
and  N.  C.  Gridley  was  duly  appointed. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


and  instructed  to  proceed  with  the  erec- 
tion of  a  Club  House. 

"The  Evanston  Club"  Club  House  was 
practically  completed,  and  a  meeting  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  was  first  held  in 
the  Club  House  on  September  24,  1889. 

In  consequence  of  the  cost  of  the  build- 
ing and  its  appurtenances  exceeding  the 
estimates  therefor,  it  became  necessary  to 
raise  funds  for  the  furnishing  of  the  Club 
House,  whereupon  twenty-three  members 
of  the  Club  voluntarily  subscribed  $100 
each,  for  that  purpose,  which  money  was 
subsequently  repaid  by  the  Club. 

A  committee  consisting  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  F.  Dwight,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William 
Jlolabird,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  W. 
Clarke,  was  appointed  to  select  and  pur- 
chase furniture  and  fixtures  for  the  Club 
House.  The  opening  party  of  the  Club 
was  given  on  the  evening  of  Tuesday,  Oc- 
tober i,  1889.  The  guests,  consisting  of 
members  and  their  wives,  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  members  over  the  age  of  sixteen, 
and  invited  guests,  in  all  about.  600,  were 
received  by  a  Reception  Committee  con- 
sisting of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marshall  M.  Kirk- 
man,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  H.  Burnham, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Frank  M.  Elliot,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hugh  R.  Wilson,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles 
Deering,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  K.  Armsby 
and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Dwight. 

On  August  28,  1890,  the  By-Laws  were 
so  amended  that  "The  membership  of 
this  Club  shall  be  limited  to  one  hundred 
and  sixty  (160),  and  shall  consist  of  sixty 
(60)  charter  members,  or  those  having 
paid  $300  membership  fee  and  holding 
certificates  of  membership,  and  one  hun- 
dred (100)  Associate  Members  without 
any  ownership  in  the  property  of  the 
Club."  Subsequently,  on  November  2, 
1891,  the  By-Laws  were  again  amended 
so  as  to  increase  the  membership  to  200, 


to  consist  of  sixty  (60)  charter  and  one 
hundred  and  forty  (140)  Associate  Mem- 
bers. 

In  July,  1896,  the  distinctions  thereto- 
fore existing  in  the  membership  of  the 
Club  were  abolished,  and  all  members 
were  granted  equal  rights  in  the  govern- 
ment and  property  of  the  Club.  This  was 
accomplished  by  the  charter  members 
surrendering  their  certificates  of  member- 
ship and  releasing  all  interest  in  the  proper- 
ty of  the  Club,  in  consideration  of  new  cer- 
tificates of  membership  providing  that  the 
dues  of  each  holder  of  a  certificate  shall 
not  exceed  $25  per  annum. 

During  the  fall  and  winter  months  in 
each  year  from  the  opening  party  in  Oc- 
tober, 1889,  to  and  including  1894-5  —  the 
Club  took  the  lead  in  the  social  amuse- 
ments of  Evanston  in  providing  for  its 
members,  their  wives  and  children,  con- 
certs, vocal  and  instrumental ;  musicales 
and  theatricals  by  members ;  sociables, 
with  music,  dancing  and  cards ;  children's 
entertainments,  card  parties,  dancing 
parties,  lectures,  readings,  song  and  vio- 
lin recitals,  and,  in  many  of  the  entertain- 
ments, the  Club  hired  artists  of  national 
and  international  reputation. 

In  consequence  of  the  organization  of 
other  social  clubs  in  Evanston,  as  "The 
Country  Club"  and  "The  Boat  Club,"  the 
general  features  of  social  entertainment 
by  "the  Evanston  Club"  were  curtailed, 
and  have  been  limited,  since  the  fall  and 
winter  of  1895-6.  to  bowling,  billiards  and 
cards,  with  bi-monthly  card  parties  or 
"Ladies'  Nights,"  for  the  special  enter- 
tainments of  the  wives  and  daughters  of 
members  of  the  Club. 

The  property  of  "The  Evanston  Club," 
consisting  of  real  estate  and  the  Club 
House  with  its  furnishings  and  fixtures, 
is  of  the  value  of  about  $50,000,  with  a 


452 


THE  EVANSTON  CLUB 


bonded  indebtedness  of  only  $12,000,  and 
having   a   balance   in    the   hands   of   the 


Treasurer,  on  January   I,   1902,  of  about 
$  1,000. 


OFFICERS    AND    DIRECTORS    OF   THE    EVANSTON    CLUB    FROM    ITS    INCEPTION 


Year 

President  and 
Director 

Flret 
Vice-president 

and  1  in.  •<•!..  i 

Second 
X'lce-  President 
and  Director 

Secretary 

Treasurer  and 
Director 

Director 

1NHH 

M.M.  Kir  man 

I).  H.  Huinlmin 

M.  W.  Kirk 

F.  M,  Elliot 

D.  B.  Dewey 

C.  W.  Deerlng 

WO 

M.  H.  Kir  man 

D.  H.  Km  Mli.ini 

H.  W.  Kirk 

F.M.  Elliot 

D.  B.  Dewey 

O.  W.  Deerlng 

1H9U 

M.  M.  Kir  man 

D.  H.  Burnbalii 

M.  W.  Kirk 

F.  M.  Mil..! 

D.  B.  Dewey 

C.  W.  Deerlng 

ltf.ll 

M.  M.  Kir    in.  in 

M.  W.  Kirk 

N.  C.  lirhll.-y 

F.  M.  Klli.it 

W.  T.  Klckarde 

F.  A.  Hardy 

1891 

M.  M.  Kir    man 

M.  W.  Kirk 

N.  C.   1,1:11,-) 

F.  M.  Elliot 

W.  J.  Fabian 

F.  A.  Hardy 

M» 

M.  M.  Kir  man 

W.  H.  Bartlett 

.1    B.  Kirk 

F.  M.  Elliot 

W.  J.  F.il.i.in 

F.  A.  Hardy 

1894 

M.  M.  Kir  man 

W.  H.  li.ii  tl.  -i  i 

J.  B.  Kirk 

N.  O.  Iglebart 

W.  J.  Fabian 

F.  A.  Hardy 

l-'-. 

M.  M.  K  ii  kni.ii, 

W.  II.  Hurtlrtt 

N.  C.  i.h.  !!.•)• 

G.  M.  Sargent 

O.  H.  Jenkins 

F.  A.  Hardy 

1H98 

M.  M.  h  ii  km.  in 

N.  C.  Orldley 

W.  Holablrd 

W.  T.  Rlckards 

O.  K.  Jenkins 

F.  A.  Hardy 

IK* 

N.  0.  Orldley 

W.  Holablrd 

F.  A.  Hardy 

W.  T.  Hi.-kii  i  ,i» 

O.  K.  Jenkins 

M.  M.  Klrkman 

1*17 

N.  C.  Grldley 

W.  Holablrd 

F.  A.  Hardy 

W.  T.  Rlckards 

O.  K.  Jenkins 

H.  M.  Klrkman 

1X98 

N.  C.  Orldley 

W.  Holablrd 

F.  A.  Hardy 

W.  T.  Rlckar.ls 

U.  K.  Jenkins 

M.  M.  Klrkiuan 

!-•• 

N.  C.  llri.ll.-) 

W.  Holablrd 

F.  A.  Hardy 

W,  T.  Rlckarda 

O.  K.  Jenklni 

C.  H.  M'r'Hi  l.in.l 

1900 

A.  N.  Young 

O.  K.  Jenkins 

W.  T.  Rlckards 

A.  Millar.  1 

C.  H.  Harbert 

C.  H.  M'Farland 

1DU1 

O.  K.  Jenkins 

11.  F.  Adams 

0.  S.  Mama 

N.  U.  Iglebart 

N.  Q.  Iglebart 

C.  H.  M'Farland 

Year 

Director 

Director 

Director 

Director 

Director 

Director 

18H8 

J.  K.  Armsby 

H.  R.  Wilson 

W.  K.  Stockton 

N.  C.  Orldley 

C.  F.  Dwlgbt 

C.  H.  Remy 

I*1' 

J.  K.  Armsby 

H.  R.  Wilson 

W.  K.  Stockton 

N.  C.  Orldley 

O.  F.  Dwlgbt 

C.  H.  Kemy 

1890 

J.  K.  Armsby 

H.  K.  Wilson 

W.  E.  Stockton 

N.  C.  Orldley 

C.  F.  Dwlgut 

C.  H.  Kemy 

1-  -1 

N  ti.  Iglehart 

H.  R.  Wilson 

W.  E.  Stockton 

W.  Holablrd 

A.  C.  Buell 

A.  N.  Young 

ism 

N.  0.  Iglehart 

H.  K.  Wilson 

W.  H.  Bartlett 

W.  Holablrd 

A.  C.  Buell 

W.  D.  Hitchcock 

1893 

N.  U.  Iglebart 

N.  C.  Orldley 

H.  A.  Pearsons 

W.  Holablrd 

A.  C.  Buell 

W.  D.  Hitchcock 

MM 

N.  a.  Iglehart 

N.  C.  Orldley 

H.  A.  Pearsons 

W.  Holablrd 

D.  A.  Nudge 

C.  H.  Remy 

M» 

N.  a.  Iglehart 

W.  J.  Fabian 

C.  J.  Council 

W.  Holablrd 

O.  H.  Sargent 

C.  H.  Remy 

1X96 

N.  Q.  Iglebart 

W.  J.  Fabian 

C.  J.  Connell 

W.  H.  Bartlett 

0.  M.  Sargent 

C.  H.  Remy 

18U6 

N.  O.  Iglehart 

W.  J.  Fabian 

O.  J.  Connell 

W.  H.  Ilartlett 

il    M.  Sargent 

C.  H.  Remy 

1H97 

N.  O.  Iglebart 

E.  S.  LI..-, 

C.  T.  1!..}  nt.  in 

W.  H.  Bartlett 

O.  M.  Sargent 

H.  S.  Stevens 

MSB 

N.  Q.  Iglehart 

K.  S.  Lacey 

C.  T.  Boynton 

W.  H.  Bartlett 

O.  M.  Sargent 

H.  S.  Sterens 

1W» 

N.  O.  Iglehart 

K.  S.  Lacey 

R.  C.  Lake 

D.  A.  Klmball 

W.  T.  Rlckards 

H.  S.  Stevens 

19011 

N.  Q.  Iglehart 

F.  W.  Oemuld 

J.  A.  Patten 

D.  A.  Klmball 

N.  C.  Orldley 

H.  S.  Stevens 

1  "I 

A.  N.  Young 

F.  W.  Oerould 

J.  A.  Lawrence 

D.  A.  Klmball 

N.  C.  Orldley 

H.  S.  Stevens 

CHAPTKR  XLV. 


EVANSTOX  COUNTRY  CLUB 


First  Steps  and  Motives  Prompting  Organ- 
isation —  Names  of  Projectors  —  Or- 
ganization Effected  in  May,  1888  —  The 
New  Club  Finds  a  Home  —  Memories 
of  the  "Old  Shelter"  and  Its  First  Occu- 
pants —  The  Club  Formally  Incorpo- 
rated—  First  Board  of  Directors  —  Club 
Abandons  the  "Old  Shelter"  —  \cw 
Quarters  Dedicated  in  October,  1902  — 
New  Year's  Receptions  and  Children's 
Day  Chief  Functions  —  Lady  Directors 
—  Promotion  of  Branch  Associations  — 
Dramatic.  Cycling,  Musical,  Equestrian 
and  Polo  Associations  —  Banjo  and 
Mandolin  Association  —  Former  and 
Present  Officers  —  Present  Membership 
Soo  —  List  of  Life  Members. 

To  the  minds  of  the  older  individual 
members  of  Evanston's  representative  so- 
ciety, that  class  which  typifies  the  best 
achievement  and  highest  aspiration  of  the 
city's  social  life,  any  reference  to  the 
"Country  Club"  has  been  suggestive,  in 
other  days,  of  a  larger  volume  of  pleasur- 
able thoughts,  remembrances  and  antici- 
pations than  were  called  forth  by  the  men- 
tion of  any  other  feature  of  that  com- 
munity. This  responsive  sentiment, 
moreover,  was  not  confined  to  those  who 
made  their  home  in  the  beautiful  city  with 
which  the  Country  Club  is  identified,  but 
extended  to  urban  residents  of  the  vicin- 


age, where  dwelt  congenial  souls,  who,  as 
guests,  were  wont  to  partake  of  the  enjoy- 
ment signalizing  memorable  gatherings 
within  the  hospitable  portals  of  the  Club's 
"Home."  And  thus,  although  its  exist- 
ence is  measured  by  less  than  a  score  of 
years,  its  name  long  since  became  a  syn- 
onym in  Evanston  for  all  that  is  worthiest 
and  best  in  an  association  of  kindred  spir- 
its, with  the  common  purpose  of  fostering 
inspiriting  diversions  and  wholesome 
sports,  commingled  with  exercises  of  the 
mental  faculties,  and  uplifting  endeavors 
in  the  domain  of  music  and  art.  The  first 
conception  of  the  projectors  of  the  club 
was,  doubtless,  little  else  than  as  a  medi- 
um for  indulgence,  on  a  more  compre- 
hensive scale,  in  the  popular  sports  of  the 
day,  such  as  basket  ball,  tennis,  billiards, 
pool,  and  other  games  devoid  of  strenu- 
ous exertion,  and  as  an  opportunity  for 
unconventional  gatherings,  in  a  "home" 
common  to  the  membership,  of  those  who 
sought  to  cultivate  a  wider  and  better  ac- 
quaintance than  occasional  neighborhood 
visiting  afforded.  Almost  in  its  infancy, 
however,  the  organization  began  to  develop 
into  a  broader  scope,  and  continued  enlarg- 
ing its  sphere  of  activities  until  it  became 
the  most  conspicuous  feature  in  Evanston's 
social  life. 

Previous  to  the  inception  of  "The  Coun- 
try Club,"  many  well-known  gentlemen  of 


453 


454 


EVANSTON  COUNTRY  CLUB 


Evanston,  largelyof  the  younger  element, 
were  wont  to  indulge  their  social  inclina- 
tions for  fellowship,  by  fraternizing  in 
coteries  of  limited  membership,  under  va- 
rious designations  and  for  various  speci- 
fied purposes.  This  manner  of  dividing 
into  small  groups  led  to  a  habit  of  invid- 
ious criticism,  and  the  members  of  one  set 
were  not  infrequently  the  objects  of  de- 
preciatory allusions  by  those  of  another, 
the  basis  of  organization  being  narrow  and 
the  methods  arbitrary.  In  none  of  these 
was  the  gentler  sex  eligible  to  member- 
ship, and  public  social  functions  of  a  com- 
prehensive nature  were  unknown.  In 
1880  but  two  clubs  of  any  pretentions 
were  known  in  Evanston,  viz. :  the  "Ev- 
anston Social  Club,"  which  was  shortly 
afterwards  disrupted,  and  the  "Evanston 
Boat  Club,"  devoted  to  a  single  purpose, 
and  having  an  enrollment  of  two  score  of 
the  stylish  young  men  of  the  town.  Some- 
what later,  another  organization  of  young 
men  was  formed  under  the  title  of  the 
"Idlevvild  Club,"  for  the  promotion  of  ath- 
letic sports,  chiefly  indoor  ball  and  tennis. 
The  Idlewild  Club  was  subsequently 
merged  with  the  Evanston  Boat  Club. 
The  "Evanston  Club,"  of  present  high  re- 
pute, had  not  then  been  ushered  into  ex- 
istence. 

The  ladies  of  Evanston,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, were  associated  in  those  days  in 
small,  companionable  bodies  of  their  own 
sex,  each  comprising  from  a  dozen  to  a 
score  of  members,  designated  by  odd  and 
enigmatic  titles  in  the  form  of  initial  let- 
ters, such  as  the  M.  As ;  the  X.  Gs ;  the 
X.  Ys ;  and  the  J.  Js.  These  feminine 
groups  were  quite  out  of  social  touch  with 
each  other,  making  no  effort  towards  har- 
monious relations,  and,  as  between  clubs 
of  the  sterner  sex,  unseemly  rivalry  en- 
gendered petty  jealousies  and  harsh  as- 
persions, at  times  approaching  animosity. 


Under  the  conditions  which  then  pre- 
vailed in  Evanston  society,  it  was  thus 
reserved  for  a  new  blending  of  social  fac- 
tors, the  necessity  for  which  had  long 
been  tacitly  recognized  in  various  quar- 
ters, to  mold  into  cordial  harmony,  upon 
a  broad  and  enduring  basis,  all  kindred 
spirits  of  both  sexes,  composing  that  ele- 
ment which  was  conceded  to  be  truly  rep- 
resentative of  the  better  and  more  highly 
aspiring  social  life  of  the  city,  in  which 
all  felt  a  fond  pride. 

The  project  of  the  Country  Club  of  Ev- 
anston was  first  made  a  subject  of  discus- 
sion at  a  select  social  gathering  at  the 
residence  of  Frederick  W.  Clarke,  on  Hin- 
man  Avenue,  in  April,  1888.  The  sugges- 
tion of  such  an  idea  touched  a  common 
chord  of  responsive  sentiment  in  all  the 
guests,  prominent  among  whom  were  A. 
T.  Cutler,  George  T.  Judd,  Frederick 
Arnd,  George  Lunt,  E.  A.  Chapman  and 
William  L.  Brown.  One  of  the  ladies 
present  was  Mrs.  Thomas  S.  Creighton 
(then  Virginia  Hamline),  who  was  em- 
phatic in  urging  an  immediate  movement 
toward  organization.  The  gentlemen  pres- 
ent withdrew  into  seclusion  for  a  brief 
conference  in  regard  to  the  practical  fea- 
tures of  the  scheme,  and  their  consulta- 
tion resulted  in  a  decision  to  induce,  if 
possible,  one  of  Evanston's  most  promi- 
nent and  popular  citizens  to  take  the  in- 
itiative in  formative  effort.  The  particular 
patron  on  whom  the  minds  of  all  in  at- 
tendance centered,  was  Marshall  M.  Kirk- 
man,  then,  as  now,  a  recognized  leader  in 
all  worthy  enterprises  in  Evanston.  To 
Misses  Hamline  and  Barlow,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Thomas  S.  Creighton,  was  in- 
trusted the  mission  of  soliciting  Mr.  Kirk- 
man's  co-operation  as  the  principal  or- 
ganizer of  the  new  club.  This  committee 
and  its  proposition  met  with  a  cordial 
reception  from  that  gentleman,  who  be- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


455 


came  a  ready  sponsor  of  the  movement, 
and  at  his  residence,  on  the  evening  of  May 
14,  1888,  two  committees  were  appointed, 
one  to  formulate  a  constitution,  and  the 
other  to  nominate  officers,  for  the  forth- 
coming organization.  Their  duties  were 
accomplished  on  the  spot.  The  nucleus 
of  the  present  elaborate  constitution  was 
submitted  to  the  assemblage  and  prompt- 
ly ratified,  and  the  officials  designated  by 
the  committee  on  nominations  were  con- 
firmed by  vote,  as  follows :  President, 
Marshall  M.  Kirkman ;  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Frederick  W.  Clarke;  Second  Vice- 
President,  Milton  W.  Kirk;  Treasurer 
and  Recording  Secretary,  Thomas  S. 
Creighton;  and  Corresponding  Secretary, 
Catherine  Aishton.  The  original  enroll- 
ment included  a  membership  of  150,  com- 
posed of  persons  representing  the  most 
reputable  element  in  Evanston  society, 
associated  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
a  higher  degree  and  wider  range  of  socia- 
bility, and  encouraging  physical  exercise 
in  the  practice  of  athletic  games.  The 
aim  of  the  club  was,  as  declared  by  one 
of  its  projectors,  the  "making  of  life  in 
Evanston  even  more  pleasant  than  it  is  at 
present,"  and  in  the  by-laws  adopted  at 
the  outset,  the  object  was  formally  stated 
to  be  "the  promotion  of  social,  athletic 
and  esthetic  culture,  and  its  immediate 
purpose,  the  recreation  and  amusement  of 
its  members." 

Formative  details  having  been  disposed 
of,  the  next  step  in  the  progress  of  the 
Country  Club  was,  naturally,  the  estab- 
lishment of  suitable  quarters  for  its  oc- 
cupancy. Its  first  "home"  was  built  on 
Hinman  Avenue,  within  an  environment 
of  most  pleasant  grounds.  It  was  known 
by  the  quaint  name  of  "The  Old  Shelter," 
and  although  of  limited  dimensions  and 
unpretentious  aspect,  well  served  its  pur- 
pose during  the  inceptive  period  of  the 


club's  existence.  A  snug  retreat,  of  rus- 
tic design  with  a  generous  fireplace  and 
cozy  veranda,  it  was  uniquely  decorated 
within  and  without,  and,  altogether,  was 
keenly  suggestive  of  ease  and  comfort. 
Delightful  indeed  are  the  recollections 
that  cluster  about  "The  Old  Shelter,"  and 
the  thoughts  of  early  members  of  the 
club  who  frequented  it  often  revert  to  its 
homelike  attractiveness,  with  feelings  of 
pleasure  not  unmingled  with  a  tinge  of 
sadness.  Many  of  them,  then  in  the  fer- 
vid flush  of  youth,  but  now  staid  matrons 
or  sedate  sires,  both  smile  and  sigh  as 
they  recall  the  gayeties  of  old-time  sum- 
mer gatherings  there,  under  moonlit  foli- 
age, or  the  mirthful  hours  of  cider  sym- 
posiums on  long  winter  evenings.  Of  the 
familiar  faces  of  yore  that  reflected  cheer 
on  the  festivities  of  "The  Old  Shelter," 
not  all  remain.  Some  of  them  are  now 
known  in  connection  with  new  scenes  of 
activity,  while  the  earthly  abodes  of  oth- 
ers will  miss  them  evermore.  The  mem- 
ory of  the  early  members  who  have  van- 
ished from  this  world's  habitations,  not- 
ably, George  T.  Judd,  George  Lunt  and 
E.  A.  Chapman,  is  sacredly  cherished  by 
their  surviving  contemporaries  among  the 
founders  of  the  club. 

At  a  business  meeting  of  the  members 
held  March  22,  1889,  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  secure  the  incorporation  of 
The  Country  Club  under  the  laws  of  Il- 
linois, and  a  petition  for  that  purpose  was 
drafted  and  forwarded  to  the  State  capi- 
tal, to  which  twenty-eight  names  were  ap- 
pended. The  gentlemen  having  charge 
of  this  matter  were  Martin  M.  Gridley, 
Harry  P.  Pearsons,  J.  Stanley  Grepe. 
Thomas  S.  Creighton,  Edwin  F.  Brown, 
Arthur  Orr,  Nicholas  G.  Iglehart,  George 
Lunt,  Harry  S.  Farwell  and  Freder- 
ick W.  Clarke.  A  charter  was  issued, 
and  the  club  was  thus  ushered  into  exist- 


456 


EVANSTON  COUNTRY  CLUB 


ence  with  the  sanction  of  law.  The  first 
Board  of  Directors  under  the  act  of  in- 
corporation was  composed  of  William 
Holabird,  William  L.  Brown,  John  H. 
Kedzie,  Jr.,  Charles  H.  Matthews  and 
John  W.  Scott.  Applications  for  mem- 
bership were  numerous  from  this  period, 
and  the  strength  of  the  organization  rap- 
idly increased.  At  the  outset  its  influence 
was  chiefly  manifest  in  widening  the  circle 
of  pleasant  acquaintance  of  worthy  men 
and  women,  who  had  hitherto  been  kept 
apart  by  barriers  of  formality.  While 
the  rules  regulating  admission  were  care- 
fully administered,  arbitrary  restrictions 
were  ignored,  and  the  stiffness  of  mere 
conventionalism,  in  the  better  element  of 
Evanston  society,  was  soon  materially 
relaxed  under  the  genial  sentiment  domi- 
nating the  club.  The  principal  entertain- 
ment features  under  its  auspices  were  in 
the  form  of  select  dancing  parties,  and 
the  popular  sports  on  its  program  were 
those  then  mostly  in  vogue — tennis  and 
indoor  ball. 

Early  in  its  fifth  year,  the  numerical 
strength  of  the  organization  had  grown 
to  such  a  degree,  and  the  social  and  ath- 
letic activities  projected  had  so  far  ex- 
ceeded the  original  plans,  as  to  disclose 
the  need  of  more  ample  accommodations 
as  to  space  and  convenience  of  arrange- 
ment, than  "The  Old  Shelter"  afforded. 
Measures  were  thereupon  taken  to  pro- 
vide new  quarters.  Plans  were  drawn  un- 
der the  supervision  of  the  management, 
and  the  task  of  construction  was  com- 
menced in  the  early  summer  of  1902.  In 
the  autumn  of  that  year  the  present  com- 
modious and  inviting  structure,  at  the  in- 
tersection of  Lake  Street  and  Oak  Ave- 
nue, was  completed.  On  the  evening 
of  October  18,  the  new  edifice  was  suit- 
ably dedicated.  The  cost  of  the  house  and 
grounds  was  about  $40,000,  which  in- 


volved an  issue  of  bonds  to  the  amount 
of  $33,500.  The  occupation  of  the  present 
"home"  signalized  the  inauguration  of  a 
more  attractive  series  of  social  festivities, 
and  a  course  of  highly-interesting  athletic 
competitions,  which  occasionally  involved 
the  participation  of  noted  clubs  from 
other  localities.  The  Country  Club  "ger- 
mans"  date  from  that  period,  as  does  also 
the  Lady  Directors'  custom  of  New 
Year's  Day  receptions,  which  have  since 
constituted  the  most  elaborate  and  en- 
joyable society  "affairs"  known  in  Evans- 
ton.  From  the  time  of  the  club's  incep- 
tion,.one  day  has  been  set  apart  in  sum- 
mer, and  one  in  winter,  as  "Children's 
Day,"  devoted  to  childish  merry-making. 
On  these  occasions,  the  little  folk  monop- 
olize the  club  house  and  its  environs  for 
a  time  of  blithesome  frolic.  Music,  re- 
freshments and  youthful  sports  abound, 
and  the  periodical  recurrence  of  "Chil- 
dren's Day"  is  awaited  by  the  juvenile 
element  in  Evanston  with  eager  anticipa- 
tion. 

During  the  period  intervening  between 
1892  and  1895,  the  Country  Club  played 
the  part  of  host  in  many  entertainments 
on  an  elaborate  scale,  in  which  its  guests 
were  well-known  pleasure  clubs,  athletic 
organizations,  and  civic  and  military 
bodies.  Among  the  prominent  Lady  Di- 
rectors of  that  time  whose  conspicuous 
charms  and  accomplishments  lent  peculiar 
dignity  and  grace  to  these  brilliant  func- 
tions, were  Mrs.  Thomas  S.  Creighton, 
Mrs.  Frederick  Arnd,  Mrs.  George  R. 
Jenkins,  Mrs.  Charles  G.  Fuller.  Mrs.  David 
A.  Mudge,  Mrs.  William  A.  Hammond, 
Mrs.  John  B.  Kirk,  Mrs.  Christopher  L. 
Williams.  Mrs.  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Mrs. 
Andrew  Hazelhurst,  Mrs.  Frank  M.  Elli- 
ot, Miss  Cornelia  G.  Lunt,  Mrs.  William 
J.  Fabian.  Mrs.  Milton  M.  Kirkman,  Mrs. 
Benjamin  F.  Adams,  Mrs.  Nicholas  G. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


457 


Iglehart,  Mrs.  Edwin  F.  Brown.  Mrs. 
Stewart  Clark,  Mrs.  A.  C.  Buell.  Mrs. 
Harry  P.  Pearsons,  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Con- 
nell,  Mrs.  George  Lunt,  Mrs.  Curtis  H. 
Remy,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Post,  Mrs.  William 
Holabird.  Mrs.  William  H.  Harper.  Mrs. 
Daniel  H.  Burnham,  Mrs.  B.  J.  Moore, 
Mrs.  Francis  A.  Hardy,  and  Mrs.  Herman 
D.  Cable. 

About  the  year  189x1,  was  put  into  prac- 
tical operation  the  policy  of  promoting 
branch  associations  for  the  purpose  of 
fostering  the  talent  and  skill  of  the  club's 
membership  in  particular  lines  of  accom- 
plishment. Between  that  year  and  1895, 
seven  flourishing  subordinate  branches 
were  formed  under  the  fostering  care  of 
the  parent  body,  and  whatever  were  the 
predilections  of  individual  members  as  to 
esthetic  culture,  or  their  aptitude  in  the 
line  of  popular  sports,  each  found  in  one 
of  these  different  associations  a  satisfac- 
tory medium  for  the  gratification  of  a  pe- 
culiar taste,  or  the  cultivation  of  a  special 
talent.  This  policy  of  the  club  proved 
signally  successful,  and  has  done  more  to 
bring  into  prominent  notice  and  stimulate 
to  a  high  degree  of  development,  the  home 
talent  of  Evanston  in  musical  and  histrionic 
rendition,  than  all  other  local  agencies 
combined.  As  early  as  1895  the  concerts 
given  and  the  operas  and  dramas  rendered 
by  the  members,  and  under  the  auspices 
of  The  Country  Club,  were  hardly  inferior 
to  professional  presentations,  and  the  new 
club  house  had  become  the  musical  and  ar- 
tistic center  of  Evanston. 

In  the  winter  of  1893-94  was  formed 
the  Dramatic  Association  of  the  club. 
Prominent  among  the  organizers  were 
Louis  F.  Brown,  William  J.  Fabian,  Arch- 
er Gifford,  Henry  Raeder  and  William  L. 
Wells.  In  addition  to  these  gentlemen, 
arid  the  wives  of  the  last  four,  the  follow- 
ing were  original  members  of  the  associa- 


tion, namely:  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick 
Arnd,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Harper, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  Cobb  Kennedy.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  William  A.  Hammond,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Charles  P.  Spining.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Harley  C.  Winchell,  Messrs.  Gardner 
Read.  Charles  H.  Dalgleish.  Edward  Html 
Smith,  Hugh  Talbot,  George  Stanford, 
Frederick  H.  Tackaberry,  Frank  M. 
Gould,  John  \V.  Scott,  Ernest  H.  Eversz. 
Louis  A.  Ferguson,  Frank  M.  Savage, 
Hanson  McDowell,  William  C.  Evans, 
and  Misses  Bessie  Fletcher,  Lida  Scott, 
Anna  Ives  Hotchkiss,  A.  Louise  Redfield, 
Maria  Reynolds,  Flora  Gardner.  Louise 
Rice,  Sarah  Ward,  Mae  Talbot.  Mary  T. 
Wilson,  Virginia  Boteler,  Alice  Spaulding, 
Mae  Dingee,  Anna  Jane  Wilcox,  Lily  M. 
Parker,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton  Harbert. 
Rosella  Ward,  Jessie  E.  Eversz.  Ruth  Far- 
well,  Catherine  Aishton  and  Louise  Hoge. 
The  officers  were  as  follows :  William  T. 
Fabian,  Manager ;  Miss  Jean  McX.  Matte- 
son,  Secretary :  and  Mrs.  Charles  P.  Spin- 
ing,  Miss  Mary  W.  Lord.  Archer  Gifford, 
Henry  Raeder  and  Harvey  Cobb  Ken- 
nedy, Directors.  The  new  "Shelter"  was 
remodeled  in  1895,  m  OI"der  to  admit  of 
an  enlargement  of  the  stage  to  meet  the 
necessary  requirements  of  the  Dramatic 
Association,  and  after  this  was  made  suit- 
able, and  the  requisite  mechanical  ap- 
pointments were  provided.  the  plays 
thereupon  produced,  with  roles  filled  by 
association's  members,  were  presented  in 
a  manner  as  complete,  entertaining  and 
artistic  as  many  witnessed  in  the  theaters 
of  Chicago. 

The  Cycling  Association  of  the  Coun- 
try Club,  for  the  purpose  of  which  the 
smooth  and  shady  streets  of  Evanston  and 
its  environs  afforded  peculiar  facilities, 
was  formed  in  1894.  A  special  feature  in 
its  program  of  recreation  was  the  club 
rides  on  Saturday  afternoons,  when  the 


458 


EVANSTON  COUNTRY  CLUB 


members  sallied  forth  from  the  club 
house,  and  wended  their  way  to  some  ap- 
pointed destination  in  the  surrounding 
country.  There  they  partook  of  refresh- 
ments and  whiled  away  the  waning  day 
with  pleasant  converse  in  scattered 
groups,  returning  homeward  in  the  dusk 
of  evening,  in  jovial  procession.  The 
tasteful  and  variegated  attire  of  the  lady 
cyclists  on  these  occasions  presented  a 
gay  spectacle,  the  animated  discourse  of 
all,  as  they  glided  along  in  the  twilight, 
giving  evidence  to  throngs  of  interested 
observers,  of  the  enjoyable  hours  they  had 
passed.  A  large  proportion  of  the  early 
members  of  the  club  were  enrolled  in  this 
association.  It  was  managed  by  a  Board 
of  Directors,  the  regular  excursions  being 
under  the  conduct  of  Dr.  Frank  Dakin  or 
Edwin  C.  Belknap.  The  association  also 
included  a  body  of  cyclists  composed  ex- 
clusively of  ladies  organized  for  daily 
rides,  under  the  guidance  of  Mrs.  Freder- 
ick Arnd  and  Miss  Bessie  Chapin. 

The  Country  Club  "Musical  Associa- 
tion" was  formed  in  1894,  its  nucleus  be- 
ing a  singing  society  previously  organized 
by  a  few  of  the  members.  Through  the 
efforts  of  President  Kirkman,  who  was 
ever  on  the  alert  to  devise  measures  for 
broadening  the  scope  and  enhancing  the 
usefulness  and  prestige  of  the  club,  this 
association  received  its  first  impetus.  Mr. 
Kirkman  was  aided  by  the  earnest  co-op- 
eration of  Walter  M.  Anthony,  who  had 
been  prominent  in  the  musical  circles  of 
Worcester,  Mass.,  before  establishing  his 
home  in  Evanston.  At  the  instance  of 
these  two  gentlemen,  a  meeting  of  all  the 
members  interested  in  the  project  was 
convened  on  February  20,  of  the  last  men- 
tioned year.  In  that  gathering  The  Coun- 
try Club  Musical  Association  was 
launched  into  being,  with  the  following 
board  of  Directors,  namely :  Mrs.  George 


R.  Jenkins,  Miss  Cornelia  G.  Lunt,  Miss 
Annie  W.  Lord,  John  W.  Scott,  Prof.  A. 
F.  McCarrell,  Ernest  H.  Eversz,  and  Wal- 
ter M.  Anthony.  Mr.  Anthony  was  after- 
wards elected  President,  and  Mr.  Eversz, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  The  associa- 
tion was  subsequently  divided  into  two 
separate  bodies — a  woman's  musical  or- 
ganization, at  first  styled  the  "Friday 
Morning  Musical  Club,"  and  a  society  of 
male  vocalists,  called  the  Country  Club 
Maennerchor.  The  practice  of  the  latter 
was  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  McCar- 
rell, and  later,  under  that  of  Prof.  P.  C. 
Lutkin.  In  conjunction  with  Messrs.  Mc- 
Carrell and  Lutkin  as  founders  of  the 
Maennerchor,  were  William  Richards, 
Charles  Dickinson  and  John  R.  Lindgren. 
Mr.  Lindgren,  who  had  been  an  orchestra 
leader  in  Chicago,  suceeded  Mr.  Anthony 
as  its  President.  Associated  with  him  as 
officers  were  Charles  S.  Burch,  Vice-Pres- 
ident ;  Albert  D.  Shaw,  Secretary ;  Thom- 
as Beard,  Treasurer ;  and  Robert  Holmes. 
Librarian.  The  Maennerchor,  whose  first 
efforts  were  limited  to  college  songs  and 
old-time  melodies,  gradually  attained  pro- 
ficiency in  a  higher  degree  of  musical  art, 
and  became  one  of  the  leading  organiza- 
tions of  its  kind  in  the  West. 

The  Woman's  Musical  Association  of 
The  Country  Club,  at  first  known  as  the 
"Friday  Morning  Club,"  was  composed  of 
about  thirty  active  members,  and  consti- 
tuted the  Ladies'  Choir  of  The  Country 
Club.  Together  with  the  Maennerchor, 
it  formed  the  well-known  "Evanston  Mu- 
sic Club  of  that  period.  The  original 
officers  of  the  Woman's  Musical  Associ- 
ation were  as  follows :  Mrs.  William  Hol- 
abird,  President ;  Mrs.  Arthur  W.  Under- 
wood, Vice-President ;  and  Mrs.  Marshall 
M.  Kirkman,  Mrs.  Daniel  A.  Mudge,  Mrs. 
William  L.  Vance,  Mrs.  Charles  P.  Spin- 
ing,  Mrs.  Charles  R.  Webster  and  Miss 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


459 


Helen  M.  Ide,  Directors.  The  member- 
ship represented  a  superior  order  of  mu- 
sical talent,  and  acquired,  by  reason  of  dili- 
gent practice,  an  excellent  artistic  culture. 
It  was  recognized  as  the  bright  esthetic 
feature  of  Evanston  society. 

A  large  number  of  members  of  The 
Country  Club  gathered  in  its  reception 
rooms  on  May  28,  1894,  and  perfected  the 
organization  of  the  Equestrian  Associa- 
tion, in  which  riders  of  both  sexes  were 
represented.  Francis  A.  Hardy  was 
elected  Director,  with  William  C.  Hoag 
as  Secretary  and  Treasurer ;  and  Francis 
O.  Frazier,  William  B.  Bogert  and  Ham- 
ilton E.  Grepe  were  chosen  as  a  board  of 
managers.  The  event  at  once  stimulated  a 
new  interest  in  horsemanship  throughout 
the  town.  Many  superb  riding  horses 
were  purchased  and  brought  to  Evanston 
from  Kentucky  and  Missouri.  States  noted 
for  their  fine  grade  of  saddle  horses,  and 
scores  of  mettlesome  steeds  were  soon 
seen  prancing  in  the  knightly  sport  which 
the  association  was  formed  to  promote. 
Its  members,  mounted  on  chargers  capar- 
isoned in  saddle-blankets  of  blue  broad- 
cloth with  yellow  bindings  and  showing, 
brightly  embroidered  in  their  corners,  the 
four-leaf  clover  emblematic  of  the  club, 
presented  a  gay  and  imposing  sight 
to  the  beholder.  The  riding  parties  were 
wont  to  meet  for  country-road  excursions 
on  Saturday  afternoons,  and  to  the  prac- 
tice of  graceful  horsemanship  acquired  in 
many  spirited  jaunts,  is  attributable  much 
of  the  skill  for  which  Evanston  society 
people  have  been  noted  in  connection  with 
this  robust  and  exhilarating  diversion.  At 
the  period  of  its  inception,  thirty-one  gen- 
tlemen, all  prominent  members  of  The 
Country  Club,  joined  in  the  regular  riding 
parties  of  the  Equestrian  Association. 
Among  the  accomplished  equestriennes 
who  graced  these  occasions  were  Mrs. 


Louis  F.  Brown,  Mrs.  Charles  Buckley, 
Mrs.  Thomas  S.  Creighton,  Mrs.  Frederick 
E.  French,  Mrs.  Francis  A.  Hardy,  Mrs. 
Marshall  M.  Kirkman,  Mrs.  George  W. 
Whitfield  and  Misses  Katherine  Buehler, 
Cora  Cassard,  Elizabeth  Fletcher,  Minnie 
Kirkman,  Maude  Parker,  Kate  C.  Quin- 
lan  and  Mary  T.  Wilson.  In  the  summer 
of  1895,  as  an  off-shoot  of  the  Equestrian 
Association,  a  number  of  its  members  or- 
ganized themselves  for  competition  in  the 
game  of  pony  polo.  This  body  acting  in 
concert  with  the  former,  afterwards  in- 
augurated what  was  observed  as  "The 
Country  Club  Field  Day,"  on  which  polo 
matches,  hurdle  races,  pony  races  and 
premium  "turnout"  exhibits  constituted 
•  the  attractions.  Marshall  M.  Kirkman  was 
the  projector  of  The  Country  Club  Polo 
Association,  and  its  organization  was  ef- 
fected at  his  residence  on  the  evening  of 
April  12,  1895.  Besides  the  host  of  the 
occasion,  those  in  attendance  were  Albert 
Tracy  Kirkman,  Marshall  Jay  Kirkman, 
W.  Bruce  Kirkman,  George  H.  Sargent, 
John  H.  Kedzie,  Jr.,  Gabriel  F.  Slaughter, 
Henry  W.  Dakin,  John  M.  Allen,  Freder- 
ick S.  Chapin  and  George  K.  Armsby. 
George  S.  Chapin  was  elected  Captain  of 
the  Association,  and  Frederick  S.  Chapin 
was  made  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Grounds  were  leased  and  suitably  pre- 
pared at  the  corner  of  Grant  Street  and 
Asbury  Avenue,  and  an  experimental 
game  of  polo  was  there  played  one  month 
from  the  date  of  organization. 

A  feature  of  instrumental  music  was 
supplied  by  the  club  in  October,  1894,  in 
the  formation  of  a  Banjo  and  Mandolin 
Association,  each  instrument  being  at  first 
represented  by  a  distinct  organization, 
the  former  having  fifteen  members,  and 
the  latter,  eleven.  These  were  under  the 
direction,  respectively,  of  Ralph  H.  Smith 
and  Signor  Salvatore  Tomaso.  The  two 


460 


EVANSTON  COUNTRY  CLUB 


societies  were  subsequently  united  under 
one  leadership.  Prominent  among  the  or- 
iginal  members  were  the  Misses  Mae  Rice, 
Grace  Hess,  Lily  Rice,  Susanna  Rowe, 
Lucy  Pinney,  Blanche  Eversz,  Elizabeth 
Boynton  Harbert,  Frances  Rickards,  Ter- 
esa Metcalf,  Louise  Rice,  Emily  D.  Rowe, 
Mrs.  Lucian  E.  Harding,  and  Messrs. 
Charles  George  Lewis,  Thomas  H.  Lewis, 
William  C.  Gilbert,  John  W.  Scott, 
Dwight  Willing.  Frank  Savage,  Winter 
D.  Hess,  Will  Gilbert,  William  McCor- 
mick,  Charles  H.  Matthews,  Marshall  Jay 
Kirkman  and  Benjamin  Miller.  Some  of 
these  "branch  associations"  were  discon- 
tinued in  after  years.  Among  the  most 
notable  "functions"  of  the  parent  club 
which  have  been  maintained  ever  since 
its  inception,  are  the  New  Year's  recep- 
tions and  the  Children's  Day  festivals, 
which  are  still  characterized  by  undimin- 
ished  vivacity  and  eclat. 

From  the  organization  of  the  Country 
Club,  on  May  14,  1888,  until  and  including 
the  annual  election  of  officers  in  1898,  its 
subordinate  executive  officials  were  as  fol- 
lows: First  Vice  -Presidents — Frederick 
W.  Clarke,  Arthur  Orr,  William  E.  Stock- 
ton (who  served  two  terms),  and  Freder- 
ick Arrnl  (who  served  seven  terms) ;  Sec- 
ond Vice-Presidents — Milton  W.  Kirk, 
Frederick  Arnd  (who  served  two  terms), 
Frank  M.  Elliot,  and  Benjamin  F.  Adams 
(who  served  seven  terms)  ;  Treasurers — 
Thomas  S.  Creighton  and  Nicholas  G. 
Iglehart,  of  whom  the  latter  served  ten 
terms  ;  Secretaries — Catherine  Aishton, 
Edwin  F.  Brown  (who  served  seven 
terms),  William  B.  Bogert,  and  John  H. 
Kedzie,  Jr.,  (who  served  two  terms).  In 
the  course  of  time  above  mentioned,  the 
following  gentlemen  were  Directors  of 
the  club:  Marshall  M.  Kirkman,  Nicholas 
G.  Iglehart,  Edwin  C.  Belknap,  Benjamin 
F.  Adams,  Thomas  S.  Creighton,  Arthur 


Orr,  Frederick  Arnd,  George  Lunt,  Ros- 
coe  L.  Wickes,  Edwin  F.  Brown,  Martin 
M.  Gridley,  William  E.  Stockton,  William 
Holabird,  Frank  M.  Elliot,  Harry  S.  Stev- 
ens, Francis  O.  Frazier,  Francis  A.  Hardy, 
E.  A.  Chapman,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Hugh 
R.  Wilson,  John  Scott,  Hanson  McDow- 
ell, Charles  H.  Matthews,  William  B. 
Bogert  and  Charles  T.  Boynton. 

Marshall  M.  Kirkman  served  continu- 
ously as  President  of  the  club  from  the  time 
of  its  organization  until  the  official  term 
covering  1898.  William  Holabird  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Kirkman  as  President  and 
Francis  A.  Hardy  became  First  Vice- 
President ;  Francis  O.  Frazier,  Second 
Vice-President ;  Rufus  C.  Davis,  Treasur- 
er ;  and  Lucien  E.  Harding,  Secretary. 
The  directors  then  elected  were :  for  three 
years — Frederick  Arnd,  John  H.  Kedzie. 
jr.,  John  W.  Scott  and  William  W.  Gates ; 
for  two  years — Hugh  R.  Wilson  and  Wal- 
ter W.  Ross;  for  one  year — Marshall  M. 
Kirkman,  Rollin  A.  Keyes  and  Edwin  A. 
Sherman.  In  April,  1901,  Judge  Leroy  D. 
Thoman  succeeded  Mr.  Holabird  as  Pres- 
ident, serving  in  that  capacity  four  years. 

The  present  President  of  the  Club. 
Franklin  C.  Letts,  was  elected  May  I, 
1905,  when  the  following  officials  were 
also  elected,  namely:  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Charles  E.  Yerkes;  Second  Vice- 
President,  Charles  G.  Davis;  Secretary 
and  Treasurer,  Charles  N.  Stevens ;  Di- 
rectors— Murray  B.  Augur,  Charles  H. 
Barry,  Marshall  Clarke,  David  R.  Forgan. 
George  T.  Kelly,  William  Holabird,  Mar- 
shall M.  Kirkman,  C.  F.  Marlow,  F.  F. 
Peabody  and  William  H.  Warren. 

The  present  membership  of  The  Coun- 
try Club  numbers  800.  Its  sole  honorary 
member  is  Nicholas  G.  Iglehart.  The  list 
of  life  members,  a  relation  involving  a  fee 
of  $400  for  gentlemen  and  $85  for  ladies, 
is  as  follows:  William  Blanchard,  Charles 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


461 


T.  Boynton,  William  L.  Brown,  John  M. 
Ewen,  William  J.  Fabian.  Francis  P.  Fra- 
zier.  Francis  A.  Hardy,  William  Holabird, 
John  H.  Kedzie,  Jr.,  John  B.  Kirk,  Walter 
W.  Kirk,  Marshall  M.  Kirkman,  Richard 
C.  Lake.  Charles  G.  Lewis,  Dr.  Thomas 
H.  Lewis,  Benjamin  W.  Lord,  Uriah  Lott, 
Arthur  Orr,  Henry  P.  Pearsons,  Henry 
Raeder.  George  M.  Sargent,  Roscoe  L. 
Wickes.  Hugh  R.  Wilson,  Mrs.  Charles  T. 
Boynton,  Mrs.  William  L.  Brown,  Mrs. 


John  M.  Ewen,  Mrs.  William  J.  Fabian. 
Mrs.  Francis  P.  Frazier,  Mrs.  Francis  A. 
Hardy,  Mrs.  William  Holabird.  Mrs.  J. 
W.  Howell,  Miss  Margaret  Kedzie.  Miss 
Emma  Kirk,  Mrs.  John  B.  Kirk,  Mrs. 
Walter  W.  Kirk,  Mrs.  Marshall  M.  Kirk- 
man, Miss  Ella  Gates  Kirkman,  Miss 
Mary  Lewis,  Mrs.  Uriah  Lott,  Mrs. 
Henry  Raeder,  Mrs.  Martha  C.  Stockton, 
Miss  Julia  K.  Watson,  Mrs.  Hugh  R. 
Wilson  and  Miss  Mary  T.  Wilson. 


CHAPTER  XLVI. 


BIOORAPHICAL 


ORRINGTON  LUNT. 

"A  man  he  seems  of  cheerful  yesterdays, 
And  confident  tomorrows." 

Orrington  Lunt,  one  of  Chicago's  pi- 
oneers and  one  of  the  founders  of  Evan- 
ston,  attained  to  the  very  ideal  of  the 
public-spirited,  patriotic  citizen,  without 
a  blemish  upon  his  record  as  a  merchant, 
a  gentleman  and  a  Christian.  He  was 
born  in  Bowdoinham,  Maine,  December 
24,  1815.  He  came  of  old  New  England 
stock.  His  first  American  ancestor,  Hen- 
ry Lunt,  who  emigrated  to  this  country 
from  England  in  1635,  was  a  grantee  in 
the  original  allotment  of  land  in  Xew- 
buryport,  Mass.,  and,  in  1636,  was 
made  a  freeman  of  the  colony.  His 
grandmother  was  a  daughter  of  Gen- 
eral Joseph  Vose  of  Revolutionary  fame, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  and  a  direct  descendant  of  a 
family  noted  for  courage  and  prowess. 
His  father,  William  Lunt,  represented 
his  county  in  the  Maine  Legislature  and 
was  everywhere  recognized  as  a  thrifty 
and  enterprising  man  of  affairs.  He  was 
a  merchant  in  the  little  town  of  Bowdoin- 
ham and  during  a  long  life-time  enjoyed 
the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  lived.  His  mother, 
Anne  Matilda  Sumner,  was  of  the  same 
lineage  as  Governor  Sumner  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  the  distinguished  Senator 


of  that  name.  She  was  a  woman  of  rare 
cleverness  and  beauty,  and  from  her  ap- 
parently her  oldest  child  derived  many 
of  his  principal  traits.  And  the  gifts  be- 
stowed upon  him  at  his  cradle  were 
among  the  best  at  God's  command ;  phy- 
sical strength  and  manly  beauty,  a  sweet 
and  sunny  temper,  a  quick  strong  mind, 
a  rich  quaint  humor,  a  fearless  spirit  and 
a  tender  heart.  Besides  all  these,  a  glad 
delight  in  natural  beauty  and  a  joy  in 
human  fellowship. 

When  the  lad  was  nine  years  old  he 
sat  one  wintry  afternoon  watching  his 
mother's  face  by  the  light  of  the  fire. 
Her  beloved  features  changed  to  such 
unutterable  sadness  that  he  burst  into 
tears.  Roused  from  her  reverie  she  put 
her  arms  about  him  and  tried  to  com- 
fort him.  But  the  solemn  sweetness  with 
which  she  urged  him  to  be  a  good  boy 
and  a  good  man,  never  to  forget  her, 
never  to  forget  her  counsels,  revealed 
the  truth,  and  ere  many  months  he  stood 
beside  her  grave.  After  that,  it  was 
said,  the  neighbors  seldom  saw  him 
smile.  But  he  learned  rapidly  and  eager- 
ly all  that  the  village  schools  could  teach 
him.  The  vigorous  and  ambitious  boy 
was  everywhere  known  as  a  hard  worker 
and  an  apt  scholar.  Apparently  a  bright 
future  opened  before  him  as  a  student, 
but  at  the  call  of  dutv  he  went  forth  to 


463 


4*4 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


prepare  for  the  great  battle  of  commercial 
life,  being  then  in  his  fourteenth  year. 

On  leaving  school  he  entered  his 
father's  store,  taking  hold  of  his  assigned 
tasks  with  the  same  hearty  good  will 
and  high  purpose  that  so  distinctly 
marked  his  whole  after  career.  He  showed 
from  the  first  the  steady  light  of  sterling 
integrity,  of  persistent  effort,  and  of  un- 
weariedness  in  well  doing.  He  remained 
in  the  store,  a  growing  favorite  with  all 
who  dealt  there,  until  the  attainment  of 
his  majority  when  he  was  taken  into 
partnership.  The  character  of  Mr.  Lunt 
was  well  established.  He  had  attracted 
the  confidence  of  his  neighbors  and  was 
honored  by  them  publicly.  In  his  twenty- 
second  year  he  was  elected  Clerk  and 
Treasurer  of  the  town,  and  was  also  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  Peace.  These  po- 
sitions he  held  until  he  left  the  State. 

But  Bowdoinham  was  too  small  and 
too  slow  a  place  for  his  active  and  enter- 
prising nature.  He  had  married  on  the 
i6th  of  January.  1842,  Miss  Cornelia  A. 
Gray,  the  oldest  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Samuel  Gray,  a  leading  attorney  in  the 
village,  who  served  as  Representative, 
Senator,  and  member  of  the  Governor's 
Council  of  the  State ;  and  as  trade  grew 
dull  he  and  his  young  wife  determined 
to  try  their  fortune  in  the  then  distant 
and  unknown  West. 

He  sold  out  his  interests  in  Maine  at 
a  heavy  sacrifice,  realizing  little  more 
than  enough  to  pay  off  his  mercantile 
indebtedness.  They  started  west  on 
the  first  of  November,  1842,  and  arrived 
in  Chicago  on  the  eleventh  of  that  same 
month,  it  taking  ten  days  of  constant  trav- 
el to  make  the  journey.  Chicago  then,  ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1840,  had  a  popu- 
lation of  less  than  five  thousand,  and  it 
was  then  at  its  lowest  ebb,  real  estate 
selling  for  less  than  at  any  time  since  the 


crisis  of  1837.  The  condition  of  trade 
was  at  a  standstill  and  it  was  impossible 
to  embark  in  business  during  the  winter, 
as  navigation  was  closed.  At  that  time 
there  were  no  railroads  in  the  Western 
State.  To  add  to  their  discouragement, 
in  the  spring  Mrs.  Lunt  became  alarm- 
ingly ill,  and  during  her  partial  convales- 
cence they  decided  to  return  to  Maine. 
He  was  now  thoroughly  disheartened, 
but  the  spirit  of  the  pioneer  was  not  to 
be  denied.  He  had  looked  upon  the  prai- 
ries and  the  Lakes,  and  the  narrower  hori- 
zon of  New  England  robbed  him  of  that 
new  sense  of  liberty  he  had  learned  to 
value.  He  felt,  with  the  intuition  of  a 
faith  he  never  lost,  that  in  the  West  was 
the  seat  of  opportunity,  and  that  Chicago, 
then  a  village  of  five  or  six  thousand  in- 
habitants, was  to  be  the  metropolis  of 
that  West.  So  about  the  last  of  July 
they  again  turned  their  faces  westward, 
his  entire  capital  consisting  of  letters  of 
recommendation  from  Eastern  firms,  mer- 
cantile houses  in  Boston  and  New  York. 
Mr.  Lunt  began  his  business  career  in 
Chicago  as  a  commission  merchant  by 
purchasing  a  set  of  books  on  credit,  and 
a*  once  started  the  shipments  of  such  prod- 
uce as  he  could  obtain.  His  first  trans- 
action of  any  considerable  magnitude  was 
the  buying  of  several  hundred  barrels  of 
cranberries  in  lots,  as  they  were  offered 
at  fifty  cents  per  bushel,  for  a  Boston 
house.  He  was  soon  busily  at  work  pur- 
chasing almost  anything  that  offered.  He 
succeeded  so  well  that,  by  the  summer  of 
1844,  he  was  fairly  started  in  the  grain 
trade,  which  he  began  by  receiving  from 
Buffalo  a  small  cargo  of  oats  to  sell  for 
this  market.  After  the  ensuing  harvest 
he  began  to  purchase  wheat  from  teams. 
At  that  time  this  product  had  to  be  hauled 
by  the  farmers  in  their  wagons  to  Chi- 
cago, sometimes  coming  from  the  distant 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


465 


fields  in  Indiana  and  from  the  prairies  of 
Central  Illinois.  At  Chicago  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  boats  and  thence  transported 
eastward  by  way  of  the  Lakes.  The 
business  steadily  increased,  his  operations 
became  more  extensive,  his  careful  ener- 
getic management  attracted  confidence 
and  esteem.  In  1845  ne  leased  a  lot  on 
the  river  front  and  erected  thereon  a 
warehouse  having  a  storage  capacity  of 
100,000  bushels — no  mean  capacity  in 
that  "day  of  small  things."  \Yheat  came 
in  quite  freely  after  the  harvest,  and  with 
a  brisk  trade,  on  a  continually  advancing 
market,  he  had  his  house  full  by  the  close 
of  navigation.  He  made  one  sale  of  fifty 
thousand  bushels,  which  was  a  very  large 
transaction  in  those  days. 

In  business  Mr.  Lunt  was  an  honest 
man  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word — 
not  only  honest  in  his  personal  dealings, 
but  he  never  tolerated  dishonesty  in 
subordinates  or  employes.  In  those  days, 
when  grain  was  drawn  to  Chicago,  sold 
to  buyers  on  the  street  and  weighed  in 
at  South  Water  street  warehouses,  the 
farmers  who  sent  their  boys  to  the  young 
city  repeatedly  told  the  inexperienced 
youths  to  "wait  for  Orrington  Lunt  or 
one  of  his  buyers,"  and  it  became  known 
on  the  street  that  instructions  were  given 
that,  even  if  he  offered  lower  prices  than 
any  other  buyers,  "not  to  leave  him.  for  his 
honest  weights  would  more  than  make 
the  difference."  He  was  strong,  self-re- 
liant and  enterprising,  and  soon  prosper- 
ity made  him  over-sanguine.  He  bought 
boldly  and  lost  in  a  single  season  all  that 
he  had  made.  He  took  the  lesson  to 
heart.  He  never  speculated  again,  and 
was  ever  afterward  noted  for  his  cautious 
and  conservative  sagacity.  Frontier  life 
is  a  severe  test  of  character.  Many  a  man 
has  forgotten,  in  the  hurry  and  excite- 
ment of  a  rapidly  growing  town,  his 


moral  training  and  his  religious  experi- 
ence. But  Orrington  Lunt  never  neglect- 
ed his  vows  to  God  during  the  years  of 
strenuous  commercial  activity,  in  which 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  his  success. 
His  probity  became  proverbial. 

With  the  entry  of  railroads  into  Chi- 
cago, the  conditions  of  trade  materially 
changed,  and,  in  the  year  1853,  Mr.  Lunt 
leased  his  warehouse  for  a  term  of  years 
and  retired  temporarily  from  the  handling 
of  grain,  but  in  1859  he  again  took  charge 
and  continued  until  1862  handling  as 
much  as  three  and  a  half  million  bushels 
of  grain  annually.  He  always  kept  him- 
self familiar  with  all  the  transactions  of 
the  Boad  of  Trade,  which  had  seen  its 
first  struggles  into  existence  in  1848.  He 
had  joined  with  those  who  were  taking 
the  initiatory  steps  for  its  formation,  and 
was  at  the  first  meeting  called  to  pass  res- 
olutions and  adopt  a  constitution.  He 
was  a  charter  member,  at  one  time  a  Di- 
rector on  the  Board,  and  was  one  of  the 
noted  pioneers  in  that  period  of  its  his- 
tory. In  1851,  at  its  third  annual  meeting, 
the  official  reports  presented  an  extreme- 
ly discouraging  aspect  of  affairs.  Not 
only  had  the  membership  fallen  off,  but 
those  in  good  standing  who  had  paid  their 
dues  numbered  only  thirty-eight,  and  dur- 
ing the  following  year  business  transac- 
tions "on  change"  became  so  insignificant 
that  attendance  dropped  at  times  to  noth- 
ing. It  is  noteworthy  that  on  the  record 
for  July  I2th  there  was  present  one  man. 
It  was  Orrington  Lunt.  And  during  nine 
days  only  five  members  had  sufficient 
interest  to  put  in  an  appearance  at  the 
place  appointed  for  daily  sessions.  From 
that  Board  of  Trade,  to  which  he  belonged 
from  its  organization,  he  never  resigned 
his  membership. 

Mr.  Lunt  was  pre-eminently  a  builder 
whose  conservatism  was  only  matched  by 


466 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


his  steady,  persistent  push  in  everything 
he  undertook.  He  exercised  a  potent  in- 
fluence in  the  city  of  his  adoption.  Every 
enterprise  calculated  to  further  its  pros- 
perity deeply  interested  him.  His  zeal, 
conservatism,  and  strenuous  endeavor 
made  him  an  important  factor  during  the 
formation  period  of  the  civic,  railroad, 
educational,  church  and  business  life  of 
Chicago  and  all  the  country  tributary  to 
it  during  that  period.  His  geniality  was 
as  proverbial  as  his  sterling  honesty.  His 
generosity  was  without  narrowness.  His 
hand  and  his  home  were  open  to  all  good 
men  and  all  good  causes,  and  the  wisdom 
of  his  counsel  was  eagerly  welcomed  in 
all  the  varied  interests  connected  with  the 
growth  of  the  Northwest.  He  early  held 
many  honorable  positions.  Rarely  does 
it  fall  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  be  equally 
wise  in  the  Council  Chamber  and  strong 
in  executive  action.  Places  upon  boards 
of  directors  always  came  to  him.  He  did 
not  have  to  seek  them  nor  did  he  shun 
them.  He  responded  to  every  call  upon 
his  conscience  and  his  judgment,  and  was 
ever  ready  to  share  in  doing  anything  that 
would  develop  Chicago  and  the  country 
about  it.  His  love  for  his  adopted  city 
grew  with  its  growth,  and  lasted  all  his 
life  long;  and  the  name  of  Orrington  Lunt 
commanded  respect,  confidence  and  affec- 
tion in  all  Chicago.  Men  loved  him  for 
his  gentleness,  yet  he  knew  how  to 
achieve  his  purpose.  His  plans  were 
pushed  with  tranquil  energy,  and  none 
could  swerve  him  where  his  conscience 
was  involved. 

In  1853  Mr.  Lunt  was  appojnted  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  to  visit  Washington  and  urge 
upon  Congress  the  improvement  of 
Chicago  harbor.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  a  Water  Commissioner  for 
the  South  Division  of  Chicago,  and  con- 


tinued in  that  position  for  six  years.  At 
the  end  of  his  first  term  in  office,  he  was 
re-elected  for  three  more  years,  and  during 
the  last  three,  the  City  Department  hav- 
ing been  consolidated  in  the  Board  of 
Public  Works,  he  held  the  position  of 
Treasurer  and  President  of  the  Board. 
He  was  often  solicited  by  his  friends  to 
allow  his  name  to  be  used  as  a  candidate 
for  Mayor  and  various  high  city  offices, 
but  his  ambition  never  ran  in  that  direc- 
tion. He  was  one  of  the  most  modest 
men  that  ever  blessed  the  human  family. 
He  shrank  from  ostentation  and  from 
public  applause.  Like  most  men  of  that 
early  period  he  made  investments  in  real 
estate.  He  became  interested  in  Fire  and 
Life  Insurance,  and  was  a  Director  in  the 
Chicago  Fireman's  and  the  Chicago 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Companies.  He 
devoted  much  attention  to  railroad  enter- 
prises, particularly  to  the  Galena  &  Chi- 
cago Union,  of  which  he  was  a  director 
from  1855  until  it  became  a  part  of  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway  Com- 
pany's System.  He -was  also  one  of  the 
Auditors  of  the  Board  of  Directors  and 
devoted  close  attention  to  the  duties  of  the 
office  for  several  years.  During  the  last 
two  years  of  his  connection  with  the  road, 
up  to  the  time  of  its  absorption  by  the 
Northwestern,  he  was  its  Vice-President. 
During  all  its  years,  until  his  resigna- 
tion a  few  months  before  his  death,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association ;  he 
was  President  of  the  Chicago  Bible  Soci- 
ty  and  one  of  its  life-members,  and  worked 
earnestly  and  with  decided  success  to  es- 
tablish the  Chicago  Orphan  Asylum,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  builders  and 
early  benefactors.  In  connection  with 
one  other  member  of  the  Building  Com- 
mittee, in  the  summer  of  1854.  he  raised 
nearly  twenty  thousand  dollars  to  com- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


467 


plete  the  edifice.  In  1854  he  also  became 
a  Trustee  of  Dearborn  Seminary,  which, 
after  a  trying  struggle,  succeeded  in  erect- 
ing its  building  in  1857.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  Trustees  of  Clark  Seminary 
at  Aurora,  which  was  built  by  a  private 
corporation  but  subsequently  turned  over 
to  the  church,  the  first  holders  transfer- 
ring their  interest  without  compensation. 
He  was  one  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  first  Homoeopathic  Hospital  estab- 
lished in  1854,  and  a  Trustee  of  the  Hah- 
nemann  College,  whose  charter  was 
drafted  in  the  office  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
who  personally  exerted  himself  to  secure 
its  passage.  Quinn  Chapel  was  organized 
in  1847  to  shelter  a  little  congregation  of 
colored  people.  With  a  quiet  courage  that 
never  failed  him,  Mr.  Lunt  helped  these 
unfortunates  when  they  were  the1  objects 
of  much  persecution.  He  had  sold  to 
them  a  lot  at  a  minimum  price,  receiving 
a  very  small  first  payment.  The  passage 
and  the  approval  of  the  Fugitive  Slave 
Act  in  1850  had  caused  great  consterna- 
tion among  the  colored  population  of  Chi- 
cago, and  resolutions  intensely  antagon- 
istic to  the  bill  were  passed  and  even  a 
Vigilance  Committee  appointed.  In  one 
of  the  journals  of  that  period  it  is  related 
that  many  of  the  little  congregation  fled 
to  Canada  to  prevent  the  provisions  of 
the  bill  being  enforced  upon  them.  A 
local  historian  describes  their  pastor  as 
"having  very  strong  lungs,  and  being 
well  versed  in  the  prophecies  and  Revela- 
tions, but  with  a  weak  heart  and  doing 
nothing  for  the  church."  He  refused  to 
sign  any  papers,  nor  would  he  do  anything 
toward  collections,  or  aid  in  any  pay- 
ments on  Queen  Chapel  lot.  A  commit- 
tee, therefore,  waited  upon  Mr.  Lunt  to 
explain  their  indigence  and  inability,  to 
whom  he  replied,  "Give  yourselves  no 
uneasiness;  you  shall  not  lose  the  prop- 


erty," and  immediately  donated  three  hun- 
dred of  the  five  hundred  dollars  due  him. 
He  purchased  lots  for  the  Swedes,  Ger- 
mans and  other  church  societies,  and  his 
name  became  a  household  word  in  all  of 
them.  A  liberal  man  at  the  beginning  of 
his  Christian  life  when  only  twenty  years 
of  age  and  when  his  means  were  slender, 
his  benefactions  increased  in  variety  and 
magnitude  with  his  enlarging  fortune. 

When  Mr.  Lunt  first  came  to  Chicago 
he  and  his  wife  immediately  connected 
themselves  with  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  in  which  he  became  one  of 
the  Trustees  and  for  a  long  time  was  the 
Secretary  of  the  Board.  In  the  counsels 
of  the  church  his  words  were  not  many, 
but  always  wise  and  brave.  For  Orring- 
ton  Lunt  united  shrewdness  with  senti- 
ment. He  planned  for  others  as  well  as 
for  himself.  He  gave  thought  and  toil  as 
well  as  speech  and  song.  It  has  been 
said  of  him  that  there  is  not  a  Methodist 
institution,  general  or  local,  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  which  is  not,  in  one  way  or 
another,  a  beneficiary  of  his  enthusiastic 
and  invincible  love  for  the  Church  and 
Kingdom.  The  State  Street  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  originated  with  Orring- 
ton  Lunt.  In  1847,  realizing  the  necessity 
of  a  church  edifice  further  south,  he 
bought  a  lot  which  he  offered  to  the  Clark 
Street  at  the  purchase  price  less  his  own 
contribution,  and  held  this  offer  open  for 
five  years.  The  Wabash  Avenue  M.  E. 
Church  was  the  result  of  his  foresight 
and  generosity.  To  the  church  of  his 
early  love  he  gave  unstinted  energy  and  a 
thrifty  and  far-seeing  wisdom.  His  pietv 
was  fraught  with  rare  intelligence,  and 
to  him  more  than  to  any  other  man  the 
Methodists  in  Chicago  owe  many  of  the 
plans  that  made  their  growth  so  rapid.  In 
spiritual  as  well  as  financial  affairs  he  was 
active.  In  the  social  meetings  he  was  a 


468 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


conspicuous  and  beloved  figure.  When 
he  sang  in  the  prayer  meetings  he  cap- 
tured all  hearts.  Not  unfrequently  in 
those  early  days  he  sang  alone.  His  voice 
was  rich  and  resonant,  strong,  with  a 
supporting,  inspiring  quality  that  made 
the  heart  glad.  "I  believe,"  he  wrote  in 
his  old  age,  "that  if  one  sings  so  as  to 
help  the  meeting  he  must  have  the  spirit 
to  sing."  And  he  sang,  as  he  gave,  with 
the  spirit  and  desire  to  help.  He  had  the 
keenest  sense  of  righteousness  without  a 
tinge  of  bitterness  toward  anybody.  Re- 
ligious faith  wrought  in  him  not  so  much 
to  transform  as  to  refine,  to  preserve,  to 
illuminate  and  to  perfect  him.  And  the 
vital  thing  about  Orrington  Lunt  was  the 
divine  atmosphere  in  which  he  moved  for 
over  sixty  years.  It  clothed  him  with  an 
invisible  armor.  It  urged  him  on  to  secret 
prayer  and  open  goodness.  It  strength- 
ened and  perfected  the  virtues  he  inherit- 
ed. It  guided  him  into  large  and  generous 
enterprise.  It  made  his  home  luminous 
and  glorified  his  old  age.  His  character, 
to  many  who  thought  they  understood 
him,  seemed  quite  simple.  But  it  was,  in 
reality,  a  harmony  of  many  qualities  too 
seldom  found  together.  There  was  noth- 
ing astonishing  about  him,  and  yet  no 
human  being  in  all  Chicago  taught  more 
perfectly  the  dignity  of  manhood  and  the 
sweet  magic  of  loving  kindness.  Other 
men  have  had  more  fame:  no  man  was 
ever  dearer  to  the  hearts  that  knew  him. 
Other  men  have  made  more  money ;  he 
made  enough  to  accomplish  far  more  for 
the  public  good  than  most  of  them.  True 
to  every  trust,  eager  to  urge  and  swift  to 
aid. in  every  work  of  mercy,  the  associa- 
tion of  his  name  with  a  new  project 
became  almost  a  guarantee  of  its  success. 
When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Mr. 
Lunt  consented  to  serve  upon  the  Com- 
mittee of  Safety  and  Finance,  appointed 


at  the  Bryan  Hall  Meeting,  held  April  13, 
1861.  That  was  a  day  long  to  be  remem- 
bered in  Chicago,  a  beautiful,  cloudless 
spring  day,  such  as  seldom  visits  the  West 
so  early — and  in  the  fresh  April  air,  from 
spire  and  balcony,  church  and  dwelling, 
floated  the  flag  which  had  been  lowered 
at  Fort  Suinter.  To  raise  it  once  more — 
to  preserve  its  honor  as  a  priceless  heri- 
tage— was  the  all-absorbing  passion  and 
purpose.  He  was  a  figure  in  the  war 
meetings  crowded  with  excited  and  patri- 
otic citizens,  and  he  spent  the  first  Sab- 
bath after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  in  rais- 
ing supplies  and  starting  the  first  regi- 
ment to  the  front  from  Chicago.  And  this 
was  but  the  beginning  of  his  efforts  to  aid 
the  Union  cause.  His  work  was  continu- 
ous, faithful  and  nobly  generous.  He 
threw  himself  into  the  arduous  work  of 
the  committee  with  the  zeal  of  an  enthu- 
siast whose  patriotism  knew  no  more 
doubt  than  his  religious  faith.  While  the 
war  lasted  his  devotion  never  flagged.  And 
whatever  Orrington  Lunt  did  was  not 
only  sure  to  be  well  done,  but  it  was  done 
in  a  spirit  of  gentleness  and  cheerfulness 
that  was  a  constant  wonder  and  joy  to 
his  fellow-workers  in  those  days  of  Na- 
tional trial.  And  four  years  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  bitter  struggle,  he  had 
the  delight  of  seeing  the  old  flag  again 
flung  to  the  breeze  from  the  battlements 
of  Sumter,  and  later,  in  company  with 
distinguished  generals  and  civilians,  he 
visited  Charleston  and  Richmond.  His 
was  also  the  proud  privilege  of  witness- 
ing, at  our  National  Capital,  the  never  to 
be  forgotten  Grand  Review  of  our  vic- 
torious armies  at  Washington  on  May 
24.  1865. 

Travel  had  always  been  to  Mr.  Lunt 
a  source  of  keen  enjoyment,  and  he  lost 
no  opportunity  to  familiarize  himself  with 
large  regions  of  his  own  country.  In  1865 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


469 


he  started  with  his  family  on  a  journey  to 
the  Old  World.  He  visited  the  noted  cities 
and  countries  of  Europe  and  the  East  and 
traveled  extensively  for  over  two  years. 
He  loved  nature  and  he  loved  art,  and  to 
the  last  moment  of  his  stay  abroad  he 
showed  for  both  a  tireless  interest.  No 
one  of  his  children,  alert  and  active  as 
they  were,  could  keep  pace  with  him. 
What  he  liked  he  remembered  vividly  and 
tenaciously,  what  he  disliked  he  forgot. 
He  had  the  rare  quality  of  seeing  quickly 
and  passing  by  easily  the  trivial  and  un- 
pleasant, and  he  had  a  childlike  happiness 
in  the  beautiful,  the  curious  and  the  won- 
derful. Returning  to  Chicago  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  care  of  his  estate  and  to  the 
enterprises  that  had  become  the  central 
interests  of  his  life.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Care  Fund  for  the  lot  owners  of  Rose 
Hill  Cemetery,  and  was  their  Treasurer  to 
within  a  short  period  of  his  death,  render- 
ing, as  was  his  wont,  entirely  gratuitous 
service.  Under  the  skillful  and  faithful 
management  of  the  Trustees  $100,000  was 
collected  and  invested  in  city  and  Cook 
County  bonds.  Simply  to  mention  the 
religious,  philanthropic,  and  educational 
enterprises  which  were  and  are  indebted 
to  his  munificence  and  foresight,  is  to 
make  no  inconsiderable  catalogue.  He 
displayed  an  enviable  largeness  of  spirit, 
and  a  monumental  lavishness  in  gifts. 

But  the  crowning  activity  of  Mr.  Lunt's 
public  life  was  that  in  connection  with  the 
Northwestern  University  and  the  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,  to  which  he  gave  more 
affection  and  gratuitous  service  than  any 
other  man  who  has  been  connected  with 
them.  It  is  a  blessing  rare  and  seldom 
paralleled  that  a  man  of  large  private 
interests  should  render,  through  so  long 
a  period  and  without  pecuniary  compen- 
sation, such  painstaking,  judicious  and 


devoted  service.  And  though  responsible 
for  many  and  extensive  interests,  which 
in  the  vicissitudes  of  business  were  often 
imperiled;  and  though  in  constant  de- 
mand by  important  civic,  philanthropic 
and  religious  enterprises  for  service  which 
was  always  ungrudgingly  rendered,  Mr. 
Lunt  still  gave  to  those  institutions  the 
richest  treasure  of  his  sagacity,  his  pa- 
tience, and  his  tireless  devotion.  As  early 
as  1851  Mr.  Lunt,  with  two  others,  pur- 
chased the  quarter  of  a  block  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  La  Salle  and  Jackson 
Streets,  Chicago,  with  a  view  to  the  pos- 
sible location  there  of  a  preparatory 
school  for  the  projected  University.  But, 
after  the  University  had  been  founded  at 
Evanston,  this  property,  of  which  they 
still  held  possession,  as  they  had  given 
their  personal  obligations  for  its  full  pay- 
ment, was  leased  to  provide  an  income  for 
the  University  which  still  owns  it.  It  is 
the  valuable  land  on  which  they  have 
reared,  as  a  permanent  investment,  that 
noble  building  occupied  by  the  Illinois 
Trust  and  Savings  Bank.  Mr.  Lunt's  con- 
nection with  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
University  was  continuous  from  the 
granting  of  the  charter  in  1851,  in  which 
he  was  named  one  of  the  incorporators, 
until  his  death  in  1897.  For  a  time  he 
was  Treasurer  of  the  Board,  and  he  served 
for  several  years  as  a  member  of  the 
Auditing  Committee.  In  1875  ne  became 
First  Vice-President  and  Acting  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and 
continued  as  such  until  1895,  when  he 
accepted  the  Presidency  which  had 
been  repeatedly  urged  upon  him.  The 
University  had  frequently  been  the 
object  of  his  generosity.  It  was  char- 
acteristic of  him  that,  at  the  time  when  he 
was  planning  for  the  special  pleasure  and 
profit  of  his  family,  he  should  also  plan 
for  the  advancement  of  the  institution  he 


470 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


was  wont  to  watch  over  almost  as  if  it 
had  been  one  of  his  children.  Just  before 
his  departure  for  Europe  he  deeded  to  the 
University  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven 
acresof  land.fifty-fourof  which  yet  remain 
unsold  and  constitute  an  endowment  fund 
for  the  Library.  In  1855  he  was  one  of 
the  charter  members  of  the  Garrett  Bibli- 
cal Institute,  and  was  its  Secretary  and 
Treasurer  and  the  Manager  of  its  financial 
and  business  matters  until  his  death.  His 
policy  was  to  sacredly  keep  intact  the 
landed  property  willed  by  Mrs.  Garrett. 
believing  it  to  be  the  most  permanent 
endowment.  His  was  the  steadfast,  prac- 
tical wisdom  that  no  booming  prosperity 
or  speculative  enterprise  could  swerve 
from  the  principles  of  true  conservatism, 
and  that  no  financial  disasters  could  waver 
or  discourage.  His  unwearied  and  unre- 
mitting services,  rendered  with  such  judg- 
ment and  power  of  prevision,  gave  him  a 
unique  place  among  the  benefactors  of  the 
schools.  Only  those  intimately  associated 
with  him  in  the  development  of  that  work 
could  appreciate  the  laborious  exactive 
management  of  infinite  detail  which  he 
voluntarily  assumed.  Xot  only  their  ma- 
terial interests,  but  the  selection  of  fit 
men  for  the  Boards  of  Instruction,  the 
framing  of  educational  policy,  and  the 
fostering  of  the  spirit  of  earnest  evangel- 
ism were  subjects  of  his  constant  care; 
and  his  sagacious  counselling  and  liberal 
devising  were  resorted  to  as  unfailing 
sources  of  light  and  inspiration. 

And  his  chief  success  was  here  at 
Evanston.  A  history  of  Evanston  would 
have  Mr.  Lttnt's  name  inscribed  on  its 
very  first  page,  for  to  him  more  than  to 
any  other  man  is  due  the  location  of  this 
city.  He  was  the  actual  discoverer  of  the 
Evanston  site  and.  therefore,  the  cause  of 
the  purchase  of  the  magnificent  location 
now  owned  and  occupied  by  the  Univer- 


sity. He  helped  to  plant  the  Institute  and 
University  in  the  Grove  that  enchanted 
him.  He  helped  obtain  the  charters  that 
safeguard  their  endowments,  and  safe- 
guard also  the  children  of  this  city  from 
the  dread  destroyer  worse  than  death.  He 
lavished  upon  these  Institutions  an  un- 
ceasing industry.  He  poured  out  for  them 
his  money  and  his  time.  The  noblest 
building  on  the  campus  is  a  visible  monu- 
ment of  his  generosity,  but  no  architect 
that  lives  could  frame  a  structure  beauti- 
ful enough  to  symbolize  the  loving  fidel- 
ity, the  almost  passionate  affection,  with 
which  Orrington  Lunt  fathered  the  prog- 
ress of  these  schools.  They  had  -grown 
fast  to  his  heart. 

When  the  great  fire  of  1871  laid  Chi- 
cago in  ashes,  and  reduced  multitudes  to 
want.  Mr.  Lunt's  home  on  Michigan  Ave- 
nue went  with  the  rest,  and  with  it  went 
all  the  buildings  from  which  he  derived 
an  income.  But  there  was  that  about 
this  quiet  man,  with  the  smiling  kindly 
eyes,  that  neither  flood,  war,  fire  nor  fam- 
ine could  daunt.  He  began  amid  the  smok- 
ing ruins  to  lay  the  foundations  for  the 
restoration  of  his  own  fortune,  as  well  as 
for  the  salvation  of  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute and  the  rebuilding  of  the  Methodist 
churches.  With  the  wisdom  that  always 
requires  most  of  the  busiest  men,  Mr. 
Lunt  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Relief 
and  Aid  Society  which  had  charge  of  the 
distribution  of  the  World's  contributions 
for  the  relief  of  Chicago's  destitute.  The 
$150,000  collected  from  generous  Metho- 
dists in  all  parts  of  the  country  passed 
through  his  hands  and  was  disbursed  to 
the  satisfaction  of  all  parties. 

In  1874  Mr.  Lunt  with  his  family 
removed  to  Evanston.  He  had  first 
looked  with  the  eye  of  a  Seer  on 
the  beautiful  grove.  He  had  watched 
with  pride  the  growth  of  the  charm- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


ing  suburb.  His  home  in  Chicago 
had  melted  under  a  fiery  hand.  His 
memory,  crowded  with  past  scenes,  with 
happy  visions  of  cherished  plans  accom- 
plished and  noble  enterprises  started  for 
centuries  to  come,  made  it  natural  for 
him  to  choose  Evanston  as  the  home  of 
his  old  age.  Yet,  in  one  sense  Orrington 
Lunt  had  no  old  age.  His  four-score 
years  were  not  "labor  and  sorrow."  His 
strength,  his  good  cheer,  his  vivacity,  his 
sagacity  remained  with  him,  so  that  his 
life  at  Evanston  was  an  ideal  existence  for 
him  and  his  beloved.  The  home  was  the 
center  of  his  heart's  affection.  He  never 
forgot  that  a  perfect  human  home  is  the 
joy  and  the  triumph  of  human  endeavor. 
A  lover  after  half  a  century  of  wedded 
life ;  a  father  who  was  at  the  same  time  as 
elder  brother  to  his  children ;  he  never 
did,  and  never  could,  live  his  life  in  any 
sense  apart  from  those  dearest  to  him. 
Whatever  interested  him  he  took  to  them. 
Whatever  interested  them  was  to  him  like 
something  of  his  own.  The  sunny  smile, 
the  hearty  hospitable  word,  the  cordial 
hand-grasp,  the  heart  warmth  that  always 
found  leisure  to  make  a  welcome  for  the 
guest,  the  quick  sense  of  humor  and  ready 
laugh  that  answered  every  jest,  the  low- 
ering of  the  voice  that  showed  his  sym- 
pathy with  every  trouble,  the  swift  re- 
sponsive interest  in  human  life  and  work 
left  in  every  heart  the  sense  of  a  perennial 
and  perpetual  youth.  Happy  in  the  wife 
of  his  youth  and  his  children,  his  hearth- 
stone was  the  center  of  perpetual  glad- 
ness, and  there  gathered  rapidly  a  cluster 
of  far  reaching  activities  and  friendships 
in  Evanston  that  made  their  home  upon 
the  Lake  Shore  as  beautiful,  for  its  moral 
outlook,  as  it  was  for  its  enchanting  views 
of  Lake  Michigan. 

On   the  evening  of  January    16.    1892, 
that    home    of    Mr.    and    Mrs.    Lunt    was 


thronged  with  friends  who  came  to  cele- 
brate their  Golden  Wedding.  Fifty  years 
since  the  newly  wedded  pair  had  turned 
their  hopeful  eyes  toward  Chicago ;  fifty 
years  since,  with  youthful  courage,  thev 
had  made  their  venture  to  the  unknown 
West.  What  wonders  they  had  seen!  Of 
what  marvelous  achievements  they  had 
themselves  been  a  part !  It  was,  indeed, 
a  notable  company  that  assembled  to 
greet  this  pioneer  citizen — to  bring  to  the 
much  beloved  benefactor  and  equally  be- 
loved wife  the  congratulations  of  the 
community  and  the  gratitude  of  thou- 
sands. All  day  long  letters  and  telegrams 
had  been  pouring  in  from  far  and  near; 
friends  of  his  youth  and  friends  of  his 
later  years,  from  bishops  of  the  church, 
civic  rulers,  merchants,  bankers,  lawyers, 
physicians,  officers  and  professors  of  the 
colleges,  neighbors  and  relatives — all  vied 
with  each  other  to  honor  him  and  the  wife 
who  had  furthered  all  his  plans,  who  had 
delighted  alike  in  his  prosperity  and  his 
generosity,  and  who,  with  quiet  skill,  had 
ruled  the  household  and  trained  the  chil- 
dren. Costly  presents  and  elaborate  ad- 
dresses were  laid  at  their  feet.  He  looked 
and  listened  with  gracious  satisfaction. 
Benignity  and  contentment  beamed  from 
his  features.  He  had  completed  half  a  cen- 
tury of  faithful,  happy  and  honorable 
domestic  and  parental  life.  This  unstinted 
appreciation,  these  expressions  of  love 
and  admiration  and  reverence  were  the 
fitting  coronation  of  a  life  so  rich  in  help- 
fulness, so  radiant  with  intelligent  benev- 
olence, so  thoroughly  alive  with  kindly 
energy.  He  had  shown  himself  friendly, 
and  now  he  had  friends.  He  was  recog- 
nized everywhere  as  an  example  the 
largeness  and  wisdom  of  whose  life  had 
come  to  its  golden  fruition  of  victory  and 
peace. 

During   that    culmination    of    Interna- 


472 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


tional  Expositions,  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  of  1893,  Mr.  Lunt  dis- 
played remarkable  vigor  and  vivacity.  He 
visited  the  White  City  almost  daily.  It 
was  to  him  the  grandest  enterprise  ever 
carried  through.  He  exulted  in  it  all  as 
a  great  educational  work  and  it  was  to 
him  the  demonstration  of  how  great  Chi- 
cago could  be.  Those  palaces  and  temples 
of  the  whole  world's  science  and  art  and 
industry  and  zeal  were  studied  with 
keenest  enthusiasm  and  appreciation.  Xot 
counting  the  fatigue  or  exertion,  he  at- 
tended most  of  the  celebrations  held  amid 
those  surroundings.  He  spoke  of  it 
always  with  a  challenging  pride,  he  talked 
much  of  its  far-reaching  and  beneficial 
results,  and  he  astonished  his  whole  circle 
by  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  its 
wonders.  The  advancement  of  our  Nation 
in  art,  science  and  invention  filled  him 
with  a  personal  joy.  On  Chicago  Day — 
that  greatest,  pacific  gathering  the  world 
had  ever  seen — he  was  one  of  the  hap- 
piest in  the  happy  throng.  In  that  Fair 
his  smiling  eyes  beheld  all  the  promises 
of  Chicago  fulfilled  fourfold :  for  as  one 
has  ably  put  it,  "creation  had  been 
brought  together  in  harmony  and  in 
brotherhood." 

As  the  Orrington  Lunt  Library  rose 
above  its  foundations  he  watched  its  prog- 
ress with  ardent  delight,  and  surprised 
his  friends  by  his  alertness  and  activity. 
But,  as  it  approached  completion,  his 
strength  began  to  fail.  When  in  the  fall 
of  1894  the  building  was  dedicated.  Mr. 
Lunt,  to  the  joy  of  his  friends,  was  strong 
enough  to  be  there  and  to  read  his  address 
of  presentation.  No  one  who  saw  it  can 
ever  forget  the  scene ;  some  could  hardly 
take  in  his  words — so  pathetically  beauti- 
ful was  the  sight.  The  touch  of  death  was 
upon  him,  and  they  knew  they  would  hear 
his  voice  in  public  no  more.  His  words 


told  them  that  he  knew  it  also  when  he 
said : — "And,  if  I  may  now  speak  a  few 
words  to  the  young  men  and  women  who 
are  to  gather .  here  that  they  may  gain 
strength  and  enthusiasm  for  lofty  purpose 
and  noble  endeavor,  I  would  earnestly 
say  to  them — remember  that,  whatever 
you  are,  your  chief  effectiveness  in  life 
will  be  due  to  the  high  ground  you  take ; 
that  your  weight  in  advancing  any  cause 
will  be  measured  in  the  end  by  your 
standard  of  character.  That  which  is 
personal,  small  and  intolerant  soon  dies, 
and  only  what  is  rational  and  noble,  in  the 
hard  struggle  for  truth,  survives  to  wield 
eventually  its  just  power  unfettered  and 
free.  The  treasures  of  the  past,  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  present,  and  the  promise 
of  the  future  seem  to  one  of  my  age,  look- 
ing back  upon  many  deprivations  and  an 
entire  lack  of  these  splendid  chances,  to 
be  all  yours  for  the  seeking,  all  within  your 
reach  ...  I  seem  to  see  the  light  which 
touches  even  as  the  sunrise  touches  the  hill 
tops,  the  heads  of  the  young  and  ardent 
workers  of  today.  We,  whose  feet  are  rap- 
idly Hearing  the  Shadowy  Valley,  have 
hope  of  the  better  things  to  come.  Well  do 
we  know  that  all  things  which  are  true  and 
honest,  just  and  pure,  come  from  Him  who 
i?  the  perfect  beauty  and  perfect  truth.  And 
so  believing,  we  look  patiently  for  that  rev- 
elation which  is  to  turn  darkness  into  light, 
falsehood  into  truth,  hatred  into  love,  and 
the  whole  earth  from  evil  unto  good.  .  .  . 
Here  is  the  Library.  It  is  yours  with  its 
class  rooms,  its  lecture  rooms,  its  books,  its 
periodicals,  its  newspapers.  Yours  with  its 
inspirations  and  possessions,  given  to  this 
University  in  cheerful  love,  and  in  full  con- 
fidence that  it  will  be  consecrated  by  pa- 
tient industry  and  fruitful  research,  and 
that  the  gift  will  be  multiplied  by  centuries 
of  use;  that  it  will  enlighten  all  who  come 
into  its  studious  and  quiet  atmosphere,  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


473 


more  firmly  establish  that  which  you — liv- 
ing men  of  progress  and  lovers  of  learning 
— are  aiming  to  teach  and  embody.  I  pray, 
in  hope  and  faith,  that  it  may  become  a 
great,  active  and  potential  force  for  good. 
I  shall  never  speak  to  you  all  again.  Stand- 
ing before  you  where  I  have  so  seldom 
stood  in  my  life  before,  all  unused  as  I  am 
to  the  platform  and  wholly  a  novice  at  pub- 
lic speaking;  reminded,  as  one  of  my  age 
must  constantly  be  reminded,  of  those  who 
have  passed  beyond  our  human  vision, 
whither  all  feet  are  surely  tending — rem- 
iniscence has  had,  perhaps,  too  large  a 
share  in  my  thought  and  speech.  This  you 
will  pardon  to  my  years.  And  in  closing — 
not  mournfully  but  rejoicingly — I  quote, 
and  may  even  dare  to  appropriate,  a  sen- 
tence of  Carlyle's,  spoken  of  his  father, 
whom  he  loved  and  whose  death  left  him 
conscious  of  irreparable  loss,  yet  kindled  his 
faith  into  exalted  expression,  "I,  too," — as 
that  father  did — "feel  my  feet  upon  the 
Everlasting  Rock,  and  through  time,  with 
its  death  can  to  some  degree  see  into  Eter- 
nity with  its  life."  He  was  indeed  seeing 
into  Eternal  Life. 

One  of  the  distinguished  journalists  of 
Chicago  records  the  city's  estimate  in  an 
editorial,  under  the  distinctive  heading, 
"End  of  a  Beautiful  Life": 

"Full  of  years,  crowned  with  good  works, 
beloved  (as  few  men  are)  by  all.  with  not 
an  enemy  in  the  wide  world,  Orrington 
Lunt,  the  founder  of  Evanston  and  one  of 
the  Fathers  of  Northwestern  University, 
died  at  his  residence  in  our  northern  suburb 
yesterday  morning.  Mr.  Lunt  was  in  his 
eighty-second  year,  and  for  fifty-five  years 
of  his  life  he  had  been  a  sweet  and  whole- 
some influence  in  the  stirring  scenes  mark- 
ing the  development  of  Chicago  from  the 
hamlet  to  a  metropolis.  He  was  one  of 
our  pioneers,  and  he  brought  to  this  city 
a  disposition  so  singularly  limpid,  gentle 


and  pure ;  a  nature  so  full  of  love  for  his 
fellow  men ;  a  character  so  free  from  the 
fierce  energy  of  action  that  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  the  founding  of  cities,  that  his 
career  was  another  illustration  of  the  truth 
that 

"The  bravest  are  the  tenderest, 
The  loving  are  the  daring." 

"In  the  early  history  of  Chicago  thename 
of  Orrington  Lunt  figures  in  almost  every 
enterprise  that  went  toward  centering  here 
the  trade  of  this  vast  continent.  And  as 
Chicago  grew  to  be  a  city  of  mark  in  the 
land,  the  same  name  was  found  enrolled 
wherever  action  was  being  taken  to  yoke 
the  refining  elements  of  education  and  cul- 
ture with  its  material  activity  and  growth. 
It  is  impossible  to  fully  estimate  or  appreci- 
ate the  priceless  value  of  such  a  life  to  such 
a  stirring  community  as  that  with  which 
Orrington  Lunt  united  his  fortunes.  It  im- 
parted a  leaven  to  the  grosser  lump  which 
has  never  ceased  to  work  for  the  purifica- 
tion and  elevation  of  this  city. 

"Of  recent  years  it  has  been  a  joy  to  look 
upon  the  beautiful  face  of  this  pioneer. 
Crowned  with  an  aureole  of  silver  hair,  as 
pure  white  as  his  own  spotless  nature,  he 
has  walked  among  us  a  being  beneficent. 
He  has  gone,  but  his  public  benefactions, 
his  private  virtues,  and  the  memory  of  his 
gentle,  successful  life  remain  to  bless  the 
community  in  which  he  lived. 

"Yes,  Orrington  Lunt  was  indeed  a  rare 
being,  a  very  radiant  human  energy,  a  just 
man,  very  beautiful  with  love.  He  died 
on  the  morning  of  April  5,  1897.  He  was 
buried  on  the  following  Thursday.  On  the 
day  of  the  funeral  the  schools  were  closed, 
business  was  practically  suspended,  and  the 
National  colors  were  half-masted  in  Evans- 
ton.  The  entire  city  mourned  as  if  he  rep- 
resented every  interest  there.  A  vast  mul- 
titude gathered  in  the  First  Methodist 


474 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Church  of  Evanston  to  honor  his  memory 
and  to  listen  to  the  beautiful  ceremonies  of 
his  funeral.  In  place  of  the  ordinary  de- 
pressing and  oppressive  black,  the  prevail- 
ing color  of  the  funeral  drapery  was  pur- 
ple. That  color  accorded  better  with  the 
sunny  life,  earnest  spirit,  and  ministering 
works  that  had  adorned  his  personal  his- 
tory. The  many  tributes  to  his  memory 
were  marked  by  an  unusual  tenderness  and 
reverence.  All  who  knew  him  sorrowed 
and  were  grateful.  The  overflowing  buoy- 
ancy of  his  nature  had  made  sunshine  wher- 
ever he  was,  and  left  inevitably  an  unlifting 
shadow  on  every  life  out  of  which  his  smile 
had  gone.  Tears  and  thanksgiving  mingled 
in  every  mention  of  his  death,  for  by  his 
manly  and  beneficent  life  he  had  brought 
men  nearer  to  the  heavenly  world.  No  won- 
der, therefore,  that  his  departure  touched 
them  like  a  benediction.  The  words  spoken 
over  his  bier  sounded  like  words  of  tri- 
timph. 

"All  that  we  loved  him  for  is  now  im- 
mortal, and  the  shadow  of  him  will  linger 
with  us  while  we  remain  and  remember. 
It  is  not  simply  his  name  that  is  woven  for- 
ever into  the  history  of  this  community  and 
its  institutions,  but  his  character  has  pen- 
etrated them  and  us  and  made  us  nobler 
than  we  were.  Like  some  subtle  mystery 
of  climate  that  gives  rare  beauty  and  rare 
vigor  to  the  happy  children  of  the  soil,  so 
his  influence  will  work  its  quiet  marvels  as 
the  days  go  by,  and  brighten  the  lives  of 
many  with  transfiguring  touch.  The  build- 
ing that  bears  his  name  to  posterity  may 
crumble  to  its  foundation ;  but  so  long  as 
yonder  Lake  that  charmed  him  hither  mur- 
murs to  human  listeners,  the  power  of  his 
faith  and  his  example,  carried  from  gen- 
eration to  generation,  will  break  in  praises 
of  human  blessing  at  the  feet  of  God." 


HARVEY  B.  HURD. 


Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd  was  born  in  Hunt- 
ington,  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  Feb- 
ruary 14,  1828,  and  died  at  his  home  in 
Evanston,  111.,  January  20,  1906.  On  his 
father's  side  he  was  of  English  descent, 
and  of  Dutch  and  Irish  lineage  on  the  side 
of  his  mother.  His  youth  was  spent  on  his 
father's  farm,  during  the  summers  at  work 
and  in  the  winters  at  school,  until  he  was 
fifteen  years  of  age,  when,  on  May  I,  1842, 
he  made  his  start  in  life,  breaking  the  home 
ties  and  journeying  on  foot  with  his  little 
pack  to  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  to  become  an 
apprentice  in  the  office  of  the  "Bridgeport 
Standard,"  a  Whig  newspaper.  After  two 
years  and  more  of  work  as  a  printer,  with 
a  company  of  young  men  he  turned  his  face 
westward  to  seek  his  fortune.  He  landed 
in  Peoria  County,  Illinois,  and  for  more 
than  a  year  attended  school  at  Jubilee  Col- 
lege, founded  by  Bishop  Philander  Chase. 
His  funds  having  been  exhausted,  he  sought 
employment  in  Peoria  as  a  printer,  but  fail- 
ing to  find  it,  took  passage  on  a  baggage 
stage  for  the  growing  city  of  Chicago. 
There  he  obtained  work  as  a  printer  in  the 
office  of  the  "Evening  Journal,"  which  was 
then  published  by  Wilson  and  Geer.  A  lit- 
tle later  he  was  employed  for  a  time  on  the 
"Prairie  Farmer."  In  the  fall  of  1847  he 
began  studying  law  in  the  office  of  Calvin 
De  Wolf,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1848,  forming  a  partnership  with  Carlos 
Haven,  and  soon  after  with  Henry  Snapp. 
From  1850  to  1854  he  was  in  partnership 
with  Andrew  J.  Brown,  with  whom  he  was 
interested  in  the  purchase  and  platting  of  a 
large  tract  of  land  on  the  West  Side  of 
Evanston,  which  has  since  become  one  of 
the  most  attractive  parts  of  that  suburb. 
In  the  summer  of  1854.  he  built  his  home  in 
Evanston,  where  he  lived  continuously  till 
the  day  of  his  death,  an  exemplary,  indus- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


475 


trious  and  public  spirited  life,  taking  a  vital 
interest  in  all  the  concerns  of  his  home 
town,  of  the  city  in  which  he  worked,  the 
State  and  the  Nation.  No  interests  were 
too  small  or  too  large  to  enlist  his  attention 
and  active  labor.  He  became  the  first 
President  of  the  Evanston  Village  Board 
and  retained  his  active  interest  in  all  its 
steps  of  progress  throughout  his  life. 

Mr.  Hurd  was  an  anti-slavery  man  of  the 
abolitionist  type,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  stirring  events  which  took  place  in  Chi- 
cago, both  before  and  after  the  repeal  of 
the  Missouri  Compromise.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  met  at  Buf- 
falo. N.  Y.,  at  which  a  national  committee 
was  formed  to  aid,  arm  and  protect  the 
Northern  settlers  in  Kansas,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  its  Executive  Com- 
mittee by  this  convention,  with  headquarters 
at  Chicago.  When  the  Kansas  crop  proved 
a  failure  in  1856,  adding  to  the  strife  of  fac- 
tions, the  committee  in  New  York  in- 
structed the  Executive  Committee  at  Chi- 
cago to  purchase  the  necessary  seed  for  the 
crop  of  1857,  at  the  same  time  appropri- 
ating $5.000  to  aid  John  Brown  to  organize 
and  equip  the  Free  Soil  settlers  for  the 
purpose  of  protection.  There  were  not 
funds  enough  in  the  treasurer's  hands  to 
meet  both  requirements,  so  he  decided  that 
the  first  requisite  was  seed,  which  was  for- 
warded. When  John  Brown  called  for  the 
appropriation  the  treasury  was  empty. 
Serious  complaint  was  made  by  Gerritt 
Smith  and  other  martial  friends  of  John 
Brown,  but  the  joy  with  which  the  seed- 
grain  was  hailed  on  its  arrival  at  Law- 
rence. Kans.,  vindicated  the  action  of  Mr. 
Hurd.  and  made  it  possible  for  the  settlers 
to  hold  their  ground,  without  which  their 
cause  would  have  been  lost.  When  John 
Brown  left  Kansas  with  a  price  upon  his 
head,  he  found  an  asylum  in  the  house  of 
John  Jones,  later  the  colored  County  Com- 


missioner of  Cook  County,  who  had  escaped 
from  slavery.  Brown's  clothing  was  in 
tatters,  but  it  was  unsafe  for  him  to  venture 
out  to  the  tailors  to  be  fitted  with  a  new 
suit.  Mr.  Hurd  became  his  proxy  and  wai 
measured  for  the  suit,  which  in  due  time 
reached  Brown.  Mr.  Hurd  used  often  to 
refer  to  the  incident  and  the  humor  of  it, 
and  remarked  that  he  was  glad  he  was  not 
in  it  when  John  Brown  was  hung. 

The  firm  of  Booth  &  Hurd  was  formed 
in  1862.  The  Hon.  Henry  Booth  was 
deeply  interested  in  legal  education,  and 
his  partner  likewise  accepted  a  position  as 
lecturer  in  the  Law  School  of  the  old  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  In  1868,  the  law  firm 
of  Booth  &  Hurd  was  dissolved  and  Mr. 
Hurd  retired  from  private  practice,  accept- 
ing in  iSfigthe  appointment  from  Governor 
Palmer  of  a  place  on  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners to  revise  and  rewrite  the  General 
Statutes  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  His  col- 
leagues soon  withdrew  from  the  work  and 
he  carried  it  on  alone,  completing  it  with 
the  adjournment  of  the  Twenty-eighth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  in  April,  1874.  and  he  was 
appointed  by  that  body  to  edit  and  supervise 
the  publication  of  a  volume  of  revised  stat- 
utes made  necessary  by  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  1870.  This  task  he  accom- 
plished so  satisfactorily  that  it  stands  as  a 
monument  to  his  industry  and  skill.  Sev- 
enteen editions  have  since  been  edited  by 
him  following  successive  sessions  of  the 
Legislature,  and  "Hurd's  Statutes"  has  be- 
come a  household  word  among  the  legal 
profession  of  the  State. 

When  the  Law  School  of  the  Chicago 
L'niversity  became  the  Union  College  of 
Law  in  1876.  under  the  joint  supervision 
of  Northwestern  University  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  Mr.  Hurd  continued 
as  a  Professor  in  the  School  and  remained 
for  many  years  after  it  became  exclusively 
a  department  of  Northwestern  University, 


476 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


until  he  felt  that  he  could  no  longer  carry 
the  burden  in  addition  to  affairs  which 
taxed  his  declining  strength.  The  deep 
regret  of  his  associates  and  students  that 
was  manifested  at  his  leave-taking  made 
very  apparent  the  large  place  that  he  held 
in  their  esteem.  His  logical  mind  and 
large  acquaintance  with  affairs,  his  geniality 
and  democratic  spirit  made  him  an  ideal 
teacher.  His  interest  in  young  men  and  in 
legal  education  kept  him  fresh  and  young, 
and  imparted  an  element  of  enthusiasm  to 
his  work  that  made  it  a  joy  to  himself  and 
his  pupils.  The  importance  of  the  public 
question  of  drainage,  as  it  pertained  to  the 
city  of  Chicago  and  the  communities  adja- 
cent, early  appealed  to  him  as  to  others  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  has  been  credited  by 
many  with  being  the  father  of  the  system. 
However  that  may  be,  he  was  certainly  the 
author  of  the  plan  creating,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  municipal  district  of  Chicago,  "The 
Chicago  Sanitary  District,"  which  was 
adopted.  He  was  the  author  of  the  first 
bill  introduced  in  the  Legislature  on  the 
subject  in  1886.  When  a  legislative  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  further  investigate 
the  subject  and  present  a  bill,  such  a  bill 
fashioned  upon  the  Hurd  Bill  was  pre- 
sented by  them  and  passed  in  1877. 

For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Hurd  was  at 
the  head  of  the  Committee  of  Law  Reform 
of  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Association,  and 
gave  the  subject  the  same  public  spirited 
and  conscientious  care  which  he  was  accus- 
tomed to  bestow  on  all  matters  of  public 
interest.  Many  able  reports  on  this  sub- 
ject emanated  from  his  pen,  among  them 
one  on  the  subject  of  the  transfer  of  land 
titles,  which  resulted  in  the  appointment  of 
a  commission  by  the  State  to  consider  the 
subject.  Mr.  Hurd  was  made  Chairman 
of  the  Commission  which  recommended, 
in  December,  1892,  a  system  of  registering 
land  titles  based  upon  the  Australian  or 


Torrens  system.  In  1897  the  recommenda- 
tions of  this  commission  culminated  in  the 
act  for  the  registration  of  land  titles  which 
is  now  in  our  statutes,  and  which  has  been 
imitated  inmanyother  States  of  the  Union. 
Another  of  his  activities  was  in  connection 
with  the  Children's  Aid  Society  of  Chicago, 
which  grew  out  of  his  earnest  endeavor  to 
protect  the  young  who  were  victims  of 
crime  and  poverty,  and  evil  association  in 
their  tender  years.  He  was  constantly 
calling  attention  to  the  necessity  of  this 
work  in  the  interest  of  the  State,  and  was 
the  sponsor  of  the  Juvenile  Court  Bill, 
which,  under  the  administration  of  such 
Judges  as  Tuthill  and  Mack,  is  working  so 
beneficently  in  the  interest  of  the  youth  of 
Chicago  and  Cook  County  in  the  preven- 
tion of  crime  and  the  saving  of  the  chil- 
dren. 

Not  alone  did  he  lend  his  natural  pow- 
ers, his  wide  observation  and  his  consum- 
mate skill  to  the  formulation  of  legislative 
acts  for  the  numerous  causes  that  enlisted 
his  sympathy,  but  was  constantly  impor- 
tuned for  aid  by  various  causes  seeking 
changes  in  the  interest  of  justice  and  prog- 
ress or  the  public  good,  and  only  those  who 
were  intimately  associated  with  him  can 
realize  the  amount  of  valuable  time  and 
consideration  he  gave  to  these  matters  of 
public  service  without  expectation  of  mate- 
rial reward.  In  all  matters  pertaining  to 
township,  village,  city,  State  and  national 
affairs,  he  was  an  interested  public  spirited 
citizen.  His  home  reflected  his  culture  and 
his  domestic  virtues.  He  was  thrice  mar- 
ried to  lovely  and  cultured  women,  who 
made  the  Hurd  home  in  Evanston  a  syn- 
onym for  refinement  and  taste  and  hospital- 
ity. Two  daughters  survive  him :  Mrs. 
George  S.  Lord,  of  Evanston,  and  Mrs. 
John  A.  Comstock.  His  funeral  was  held 
in  the  Evanston  home  and  memorial  serv- 
ices were  likewise  held  in  the  Emmanuel 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


477 


Methodist  Church,  to  the  building  of  which 
he  had  generously  contributed.  Judges 
Horton,  Kohlsaat  and  Tuthill  each  spoke 
feelingly  and  appreciatively  of  Mr.  Kurd's 
well  spent  life  in  the  interest  of  the  com- 
munity, and  Dr.  R.  D.  Sheppard  spoke  of 
his  relations  in  the  home  town  where  he 
was  best  known.  It  was  the  universal  tes- 
timony that  a  noble,  useful  and  many-sided 
career  had  closed  with  the  death  of  Mr. 
Hurd,  that  the  life  of  the  State  and  Nation 
had  been  enriched  by  his  living,  and  to  him 
should  be  accorded  the  tribute,  "Well  done, 
good  and  faithful  servant." 


ROBERT  DICKINSON  SHEPPARD. 

Robert  Dickinson  Sheppard,  A.  M.. 
D.  D.,  former  Professor  and  present  Trus- 
tee of  Northwestern  University,  was  born 
in  the  city  of  Chicago  July  23,  1846,  the  son 
of  Robert  and  Samantha  (Dickinson) 
Sheppard.  The  father  was  a  native  of 
Dundee,  Scotland,  who  came  to  America 
in  1830,  locating  first  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
whence  five  years  later  he  came  to  Chicago, 
where  he  became  a  building  contractor  and 
later  engaged  in  the  lumber  business.  Rob- 
ert Sheppard,  Sr.,  was  an  early  Methodist 
and  erected  the  first  brick  building  occu- 
pied by  the  First  M.  E.  Church  on  the  site 
of  the  present  Clark  Street  church.  His 
wife.  Samantha  (Dickinson)  Sheppard. 
mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was 
born  in  Granby,  Hampshire  County,  Mass- 
achusetts, the  daughter  of  Zenas  Dickinson, 
who  came  to  Chicago  in  1835.  where  the 
daughter  was  a  pioneer  teacher. 

The  son,  Robert  D.,  was  educated  in  the 
Foster  School,  the  Chicago  High  School. 
the  Northwestern  University  and  the  old 
University  of  Chicago,  graduating  from  the 
latter  in  1869.  At  an  early  period  he 
formed  the  purpose  to  qualify  himself  for 


the  ministry,  and  accordingly  devoted  much 
of  the  time  during  his  college  vacations  to 
the  study  of  theology.  As  a  consequence  it 
was  necessary  for  him  to  spend  only  one 
year  at  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  to 
complete  his  theological  course,  receiving 
his  certificate  of  graduation  from  the  Insti- 
tute in  1870,  when  he  was  immediately  ad- 
mitted to  membership  in  the  Rock  River 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  His  first  charge  after  entering  the 
ministry  was  as  pastor  of  the  Michigan  Ave- 
nue Church,  Chicago,  with  which  he  was 
connected  for  a  period  of  three  years, 
which  was  the  full  limit  at  that  time.  His 
second  charge  was  in  connection  with  the 
Third  Street  Church  at  Rockford,  111.,  after 
which  he  spent  three  years  (1874-77)  as 
pastor  of  the  Western  Avenue  M.  E. 
Church.  Chicago.  In  the  fall  of  1877  he 
went  abroad  and  spent  the  following  year 
in  travel,  visiting  Italy,  Greece,  Palestine, 
Asia  Minor  and  Egypt,  with  a  view  to  ex- 
tending his  acquaintance  with  countries  and 
peoples  connected  with  Biblical  history,  be- 
sides devoting  six  months  to  study  in  Ger- 
many. On  his  return  to  Chicago  in  1878 
he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  Grace  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church.  Chicago,  where  he 
remained  three  years,  when  he  became  pas- 
tor of  the  First  Church  at  Aurora.  111.,  re- 
maining there  a  like  period  when  he  re- 
turned to  Grace  Church.  Three  years  after 
graduating  at  the  University  of  Giicago. 
he  received  from  that  institution  the  degree 
of  A.  M.,  in  course,  and  in  1875  received 
an  honorary  degree  of  the  same  rank  from 
the  Northwestern  University.  Mr.  Shep- 
pard's  official  connection  with  the  latter  in- 
stitution began  in  1878,  when  he  became 
one  of  its  Trustees,  in  1884  accepting  a  sim- 
ilar relation  with  the  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, which  he  has  retained  up  to  the  present 
time.  In  1884  he  was  elected  by  unanimous 
vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  North- 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


western  University  to  the  chair  of  History 
and  Political  Economy  in  that  institution, 
and  was  immediately  granted  one  year's 
leave  of  absence,  which  he  utilized  for 
travel  and  study  abroad.  Returning  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  he  entered  upon  his  studies, 
which  he  continued  to  discharge  in  full 
until  the  burden  of  care  in  the  business 
office  of  the  University  made  it  necessary 
for  him  to  share  some  of  his  professional 
work  with  his  colleagues.  In  1892  he  was 
elected  Treasurer  and  Business  Manager 
of  the  University,  resigning  this  position  in 
1904,  with  the  intention  of  resuming  -his 
work  in  history  after  a  vacation  granted 
him  by  the  Trustees.  Excepting  the  Pres- 
ident, no  one  has  occupied  a  more  prom- 
inent and  responsible  position  in  connection 
with  the  material  growth  of  Northwestern 
University  than  Dr.  Sheppard,  and  his  fit- 
ness has  been  demonstrated  by  his  long 
connection  therewith  and  the  confidence 
manifested  in  him  by  the  Trustees  and 
friends  of  the  institution.  After  an  active 
professional  experience  of  over  thirty-five 
years, of  which  more  than  twentyyears  has 
been  spent  in  connection  with  the  North- 
western University,  Dr.  Sheppard  is  still 
in  the  midst  of  a  successful  career  with 
apparently  many  years  of  usefulness  before 
him. 

Dr.  Sheppard  was  married  on  June  13, 
1872,  to  Miss  Virginia  Loring,  a  daughter 
of  Nahum  Loring,  who  settled  at  Naper- 
ville.  111.,  at  an  early  day,  and  there  estab- 
lished a  mercantile  business  at  a  time  when 
that  place  was  considered,  in  a  certain  sense, 
a  rival  of  Chicago.  Four  children  have 
been  the  result  of  this  union,  namely :  Rob- 
ert Loring,  Margarethe.  Virginia  and  Dor- 
othea, all  of  whom  are  living. 


FRANCES  E.  WILLARD. 

(B/  MRS.  I .    M .  X .  SI  EVENS,  President  National  W.  C.  I  .  U.> 

Frances  E.  Willard  was  born  of  New 
England  ancestry  in  Churchville,  N.  Y.. 
September  28,  1839,  reared  in  Wisconsin 
and  educated  at  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, Evanston,  which  was  the  family  home 
for  well-nigh  forty  years.  Here,  beginning 
as  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools,  Miss 
Willard,  by  what  she  liked  to  call  "honest 
hard  work,"  achieved  the  position  of  Dean 
of  the  Woman's  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity, and  Professor  of  Rhetoric  in  a  fac- 
ulty otherwise  composed  of  men,  nearly  all 
of  whom  had  been  graduated  from  Euro- 
pean universities.  She  studied  abroad  two 
years  or  more  (from  1868  to  1870)-,  French, 
German,  Italian,  history  and  the  fine  arts 
being  the  subjects  to  which  her  attention 
was  devoted.  It  was  her  ambition  to  be  a 
literary  woman  in  connection  with  her  work 
as  a  college  professor.  She  was  perhaps 
more  celebrated  for  her  method  of  school 
government  than  for  any  other  one  thing  at 
this  time.  She  organized  what  amounted 
to  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives 
of  the  young  women  in  the  college,  and 
practically  placed  their  government  in  their 
own  hands.  This  method  worked  so  well 
for  the  good  order  of  the  institution  and 
for  the  development  of  a  high  standard  of 
honor  among  the  young  women  students, 
that  it  has  since  been  introduced  into 
many  colleges  and  public  schools. 

In  1862  Miss  Willard  wrote  her  first 
book,  "Nineteen  Beautiful  Years,"  which 
was  published  by  the  Harper  Brothers,  with 
an  introduction  by  the  poet  Whittier,  and 
since  has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages. She  also  wrote  "How  to  Win."  a 
book  for  girls ;  "Woman  and  Temperance," 
a  history  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union;  "A  Classic  Town,"  a  his- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


479> 


tory  of  the  beautiful  university  town  of 
Evanston  ;  "A  Young  Woman  Journalist," 
intended  to  inspire  young  women  to  take 
up  a  profession  in  which  Miss  Willard  her- 
self had  been  engaged  for  many  years. 
"Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years,"  her  autobiog- 
raphy, of  which  50,000  copies  have  been 
sold,  was  written  in  1889  by  request  of  the 
National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union.  "A  Great  Mother"  is,  perhaps,  her 
best  book,  containing  as  it  does  the  theory 
and  practice  of  bringing  up  children  accord- 
ing to  her  mother's  plan ;  and  Madam  Wil- 
lard was,  in  the  estimation  of  everyone  who 
knew  her,  a  truly  "Great  Mother."  Miss 
Willard's  hand-book  for  the  world's  white 
ribbohers,  entitled  "Do  Everything,"  is 
packed  full  of  hints  and  helps  for  local 
workers.  She  also  wrote  "Woman  in  the 
Pulpit"  and  "How  I  Learned  to  Ride  the 
P.icycle." 

In  1883  Miss  Willard  and  Miss  Anna 
Gordon  made  a  temperance  organization 
trip,  visiting  each  of  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories of  the  United  States,  traveling  30.000 
miles  or  more,  from  Puget  Sound  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Such  a  trip  had  never 
before  been  made  by  man  or  woman  in  any 
cause,  so  far  as  we  know.  In  the  same  year 
Miss  Willard  founded  the  World's  Wom- 
an's Christian  Temperance  Union,  of  which 
she  became  President,  and  which  has  made 
the  White  Ribbon  Society  known  in  every 
English  speaking  country  of  the  globe. 

In  1892  Miss  Willard  and  Miss  Gordon 
went  to  England  by  invitation  of  Lady 
Henry  Somerset,  their  devoted  friend,  who 
then  led  the  movement  in  Great  Britain. 
There  they  helped  to  develop  white  ribbon 
methods  and  to  edit  the  English  white  rib- 
bon paper.  Editions  of  several  of  Miss 
Willard's  books  were  brought  out  about 
this  time,  thus  making  her  known  to  the 
reading  public  in  the  mother  country.  A 
great  reception  was  tendered  her  in  Exeter 


Hall,  which  was  participated  in  by  fifty 
philanthropic  societies  of  London,  with  such 
speakers  as  Canon  Wilberforce,  Lady 
Henry  Somerset,  Mrs.  Ormiston  Chant. 
William  T.  Stead,  Rev.  Hugh  Price 
Hughes,  Rev.  Mark  Guy  Pearce  and  sev- 
eral members  of  Parliament. 

They  returned  to  America  from  this  visit 
in  the  summer  of  1894,  Lady  Henry  Som- 
erset coming  with  them.  In  March.  1895, 
they  again  went  to  England.  Miss  Willard 
and  Miss  Gordon  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  time  for  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Convention,  held  that  year  in  Baltimore. 
In  April,  1896,  Miss  Willard  made  her  last 
voyage  to  England,  accompanied  by  Miss 
Gordon,  and  it  was  in  the  autumn  of  this 
year  that  she  and  Lady  Henry  did  their 
notable  work  for  the  Armenian  refugees  at 
Marseilles,  her  interest  in  their  welfare 
never  waning.  She  reached  her  native  land 
in  October,  1896,  spent  the  following  winter 
in  Castile,  N.  Y.,  and  the  last  summer  of 
her  life  was  spent  in  New  England.  In 
October,  1897,  Miss  Willard  presided  over 
the.  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  Convention,  held 
in  Toronto,  Canada.  Her  address  as  Pres- 
ident of  that  convention  was  pronounced  to 
be  one  of  the  finest,  most  powerful  and  elo- 
quent that  she  had  ever  delivered.  A  few 
days  later  she  presided  over  the  National 
Convention  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Miss  Willard  originated  the  "Polyglot" 
Petition  addressed  to'  all  the  Governments 
of  the  world,  praying  for  the  prohibition  of 
the  liquor  traffic  and  the  opium  trade,  which, 
with  seven  million  names  and  attestations 
of  great  societies,  was  presented  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  in  February. 
1895,  and  in  London  before  an  audience  of 
ten  thousand  people  in  June,  1895.  In 
April,  1898,  the  .petition  was  presented  to 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  at  a  great  meeting 
in  Ottawa,  arranged  by  the  Canadian  W. 
C.  T.  U.,  when  it  was  received  on  behalf 


480 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


of  the  Canadian  Government  by  the  Pre- 
mier, Sir  Wilfred  Laurier.  Miss  Willard's 
active  interest  on  behalf  of  social  purity, 
labor  reform  and  woman  suffrage  was  in 
consistent  accord  with  her  belief  in  the  "do 
everything"  policy  of  dealing  with  the  great 
problem  of  the  day. 

In  1894  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 
was  conferred  upon  Miss  Willard  by  the 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 

How  Miss  Willard  Came  Into  the  Work 
of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Miss  Willard  has  repeatedly  said  that, 
when  the  Crusade  came,  in  1873,  she  as  well 
as  her  mother,  became  absorbingly  inter- 
ested in  it.  Miss  Willard  resigned  the  pres- 
idency of  the  Woman's  College  and  her  pro- 
fessorship in  the  University  in  June,  1874. 
Attractive  positions  at  the  head  of  educa- 
tional institutions  were  offered  her,  but  she 
felt  more  and  more  drawn  to  the  women  of 
the  "Crusade."  She  was  not  in  Chautauqua 
when  the  preliminary  committee  for  organ- 
ized work  was  formed,  but  was  at  that  time 
in  Maine,  consulting  with  Xeal  Dow,  and 
in  Boston,  consulting  with  Dr.  Dio  Lewis. 
Meantime  she  wrote  to  Bishop  Simpson, 
who  had  been  an  honored  friend  of  her 
family  for  years;  also  to  Mrs.  Mary  A. 
Livermore.  whom  she  and  her  mother 
greatly  admired,  and  to  other  leaders,  as 
well  as  to  her  own  family,  friends  and  rel- 
atives, not  one  of  whom  sent  her  a  favor- 
able reply  except  Mrs.  Livermore,  who 
encouraged  her.  telling  her  by  all  means  to 
follow  her  leadings.  Miss  Willard's  res- 
olution to  join  the  crusade  movement  was 
taken  independently.  One  morning  in 
August.  1874.  there  came  to  her  a  letter 
from  Mrs.  Louise  S.  Rounds,  who  had  led 
the  crusade  movement  in  Chicago  during 
the  winter,  asking  her  if  she  would  come  to 
Chicago  and  act  as  President  of  the  local 
V.  C.  T.  U.  Thev  were  a  weak  band  of 


middle-aged  women  without  financial  re- 
sources, and  Mrs.  Rounds  wrote  Miss  Wil- 
lard that  they  could  offer  her  no  salary. 
On  the  same  day  that  this  letter  reached  her 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Miss  Willard  received 
a  definite  offer  from  the  principal  of  a 
ladies'  school  in  Xew  York  City,  near  Cen- 
tral Park,  offering  her  $2,500  a  year  if  she 
would  act  as  preceptress,  teaching  as  little 
or  as  much  as  she  pleased,  but  exercising  a 
helpful  influence  over  the  young  ladies  and 
among  the  patrons.  She  was  entirely  with- 
out income,  and  had  not  laid  up  a  penny,  as 
those  who  knew  her  do  not  need  to  be  told. 
Her  mother  was  advancing  in  years,  and 
Miss  Willard  was  her  only  support.  The 
crusade  movement  had  passed  away  and 
there  seemed  to  be  a  lull  in  the  work.  Yet 
so  profound  was  the  impression  that  God 
called  her  to  the  work  of  the  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  that  she  at 
once  wrote  to  New  York  declining  Dr. 
Van  Xonnan's  offer,  and  to  Mrs.  Rounds, 
accepting  the  position  of  President  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Chicago,  entering  upon  its 
duties  a  few  weeks  later. 

At  the  organizing  convention  of  The 
National  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  held  in  Cleveland. 
Ohio.  November,  1874,  Miss  Willard 
was  elected  Corresponding  Secretary 
of  the  organization,  which  position 
she  held  until  she  was  elected  President 
at  the  Indianapolis  Convention  in  1879. 
She  was  re-elected  as  President  each  year, 
holding  that  position  at  the  time  she  passed 
away.  Miss  Willard  was  the  founder  of 
the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  which  was  organized  in  1883. 
and  was  its  first  and  only  President  during 
her  lifetime.  Lady  Henry  Somerset,  who 
was  Vice-President,  succeeded  Miss  Willard 
in  the  1 'residency  and  still  holds  that  office, 
having  been  re-elected  at  the  sixth  biennial 
convention  held  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  in 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


481 


1902.  This  society  is  composed  of  National 
Unions  organized  in  over  fifty  nations. 
The  other  officers  are:  Mrs.  Lillian  M.  M. 
Stevens,  Vice-President,  who  is  also  Pres- 
ident of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  the 
United  States;  Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  one 
of  the  Secretaries  and  also  Vice-President- 
at-large  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  the  United 
States;  Miss  Agnes  Slack  of  England  the 
other  Secretary ;  and  Mrs.  Sanderson,  of 
Canada,  Treasurer. 

Many  memorials  have  been  erected  in 
many  places  in  honor  of  Miss  Willard.  The 
National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  decided  that  its  most  fitting  memorial 
would  be  to  extend  and  perpetuate  the  work 
to  which  she  gave  her  life.  For  this  pur- 
pose, contributions  to  the  Frances  E.  Wil- 
lard Memorial  Organization  Fund  are  made 
each  year,  and  the  society  is  constantly 
gaining  in  membership  and  influence. 

Miss  Willard's  home  State  of  Illinois, 
through  the  action  of  its  Legislature,  has 
placed  a  statue  of  Miss  Willard  in  the  Hall 
of  Fame  in  the  United  States  Capitol  Build- 
ing at  Washington,  D.  C.  Miss  Willard  is 
the  first  woman  to  be  thus  honored.  On 
occasion  of  the  acceptance  of  this  statue 
by  the  United  States  Congress,  on  February 
17,  1905,  memorable  addresses  were  made 
by  Senators  Cullom  and  Hopkins  of  Illi- 
nois, Beveridge  of  Indiana  and  Dolliver  of 
Iowa.  In  the  House,  Representatives  Foss, 
Graff  and  Rainey,  of  Illinois ;  Littlefield,  of 
Maine,  and  Brooks,  of  Colorado,  also  deliv- 
ered notable  addresses. 

These  addresses  were  fitting  eulogies  of 
the  great  good  woman  who  had  the  heart 
and  mind  of  Christ  in  her  yearning  love  for 
humanity.  At  the  hour  of  unveiling  the 
statue,  thousands  of  little  people  paid  the 
tribute  of  childhood,  as  each  one  placed  a 
flower  at  the  foot  of  the  statue. 


"Stand,  radiant  soul, 

Here  in  the  center  of  our  nation's  heart, 
Forever  of  its  best  life  thou'rt  a  part; 
Here  thou  shall  draw  thy  land  to  what  thou  art. 

Stand,   radiant   soul." 

A  commemorative  meeting  was  held  in 
the  evening,  at  which  forty-three  States 
were  represented  by  speeches,  messages  or 
telegrams.  Miss  Willard  will  live  on  and 
on  in  the  hearts  of  multitudes  of  grateful 
men  and  women,  who,  with  desires  like  her 
own,  are  working  to  redeem  our  country 
from  the  curse  of  impurity  and  intemper- 
ance. 

The  following  tribute  to  Miss  Willard, 
as  the  type  of  "The  American  Woman," 
was  delivered  in  the  United  States  Senate 
by  Senator  Albert  J.  Beveridge,  of  Indiana, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  .unveiling  of  the  Wil- 
lard statue  in  Washington,  above  referred 
to: 

Mr.  President:  From  the  beginning  woman 
has  personified  the  world's  ideals.  When  history 
began  its  record  it  found  her  already  the  chosen 
bride  of  Art.  The  things  that  minister  to  man- 
kind's good  have,  from  the  very  first,  by  the 
general  judgment,  been  made  feminine — the  ships 
that  bear  us  through  storm  to  port;  the  seasons 
that  bring  variety,  surcease  of  toil  and  life's  re- 
newal; the  earth  itself,  which,  through  all  time 
and  in  all  speech,  has  been  the  universal  mother. 
The  Graces  were  women,  and  the  Muses,  too. 
Always  her  influence  has  glorified  the  world, 
until  her  beatitude  becomes  divine  in  Mary, 
Mother  of  God. 

Mark  how  the  noblest  conceptions  of  the  hu- 
man mind  have  always  been  presented  in  form 
of  woman.  Take  Liberty;  take  Justice;  take  all 
the  holy  aspirations,  all  the  sacred  realities. 
Each  glorious  ideal  has,  to  the  common  thought, 
been  feminine.  The  sculptors  of  the  olden  time 
made  every  immortal  idea  a  daughter  of  the  gods. 
Even  Wisdom  was  a  woman  in  the  early  concept 
of  the  race,  and  the  unknown  genius  of  the 
youthful  world  wrought  Triumph  itself  into  wo- 
man's form  in  that  masterpiece  of  all  the  ages — 
The  Winged  Victory.  Over  the  lives  and  destinies 
of  men  the  ancients  placed  Clotho,  Lachesis,  and 
Atrophos,  forever  spinning,  twisting,  severing  the 
strands  of  human  fate. 

In  literature  of  all  time  woman  has  been  Mer- 
cy's messenger,  handmaid  of  tenderness,  creator 
and  preserver  of  human  happiness.  Name  Shake- 
speare— Miranda  and  Imogen,  Rosalind.  Perdita 
and  Cordelia  appear;  name  Burns — the  prayer 
"To  Mary  in  Heaven"  gives  to  the  general  heart 
that  touch  of  nature  which  makes  the  whole 


482 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


world  kin;  name  the  Book  of  Books — Rachel  and 
the  women  of  the  Bible,  in  beauty,  walk  before 
us,  and,  in  the  words  of  Ruth,  we  hear  the  ulti- 
mate formula  of  woman's  eternal  fidelity  and 
faith. 

So  we  see  that,  through  all  time,  woman  has 
typified  the  true,  the  beautiful,  and  the  good  on 
earth.  And  now  Illinois,  near  the  very  heart  of 
the  world's  great  Republic  and  at  the  dawn  of 
the  twentieth  century,  chooses  woman  herself  as 
the  ideal  of  that  Commonwealth  and  of  this 
period;  for  the  character  of  Frances  E.  Willard 
is  womanhood's  apotheosis. 

And  she  was  American.  She  was  the  child  of 
our  American  prairies,  daughter  of  an  American 
home.  And  so  she  had  strength  and  gentleness, 
simplicity  and  vision.  Not  from  the  complex 
lives  that  wealth  and  luxury  force  upon  their 
unfortunate  children ;  not  from  the  sharpening 
and  hardening  process  of  the  city's  social  and 
business  grind ;  not  from  any  of  civilization's 
artificialities,  come  those  whom  God  appoints  to 
lead  mankind  toward  the  light. 

Moses  dwelt  alone  on  the  summit  of  mystery 
and  human  solitude.  The  Master  abode  in  the 
wilderness,  and  there  the  power  descended  on 
Him  with  which  He  put  aside  the  tempter.  In 
the  forests  the  Father  of  our  Country  learned 
Liberty's  lessons  from  Nature,  Liberty's  mother, 
and  from  the  valleys  and  the  heights,  the  fields 
and  pouring  streams,  got  understanding  of  the 
possibilities  of  this  land,  a  knowledge  of  its  uses, 
a  perception  of  its  people's  destiny.  We  cannot 
imagine  Abraham  Lincoln  coming  to  us  from  a 
palace.  No !  We  can  understand  him  only  as 
he  really  was — man  of  the  people  and  the  soil, 
thinking  with  the  people's  mind  the  grand  and 
simple  truths,  feeling  with  the  people's  heart  an 
infinite  compassion  for  and  fellowship  with  all 
the  race. 

So,  Mr.  President,  all  the  saints  and  heroes  of 
this  world  have  come,  fresh  and  strong  from  the 
source  of  things,  by  abuses  unspoiled  and  un- 
weakened  by  false  refinements.  And  so  came 
Frances  E.  Willard,  the  American  woman.  The 
wide,  free  fields  were  the  playgrounds  of  her 
childhood.  The  great  primeval  woods  impressed 
her  unfolding  soul  with  their  vast  and  vital  calm- 
ness. Association  with  her  neighbors  was  scant 
and  difficult,  and  home  meant  to  her  all  that  the 
poets  have  sung  of  it,  and  more.  It  was  a  refuge 
and  a  shrine,  a  dwelling  and  a  place  of  joy,  a 
spot  where  peace  and  love  and  safety  and  all 
unselfishness  reigned  with  a  sovereignty  un- 
challenged. And  so  this  child  of  our  forests  and 
our  plains,  this  daughter  of  that  finest  of  civiliza- 
tion's advance  guard — the  American  pioneers — 
early  received  into  her  very  soul  that  conception 
of  the  home  to  which,  as  the  apostle  of  universal 
womanhood,  her  whole  life  was  dedicated. 

To  make  the  homes  of  the  millions  pure,  to 
render  sweet  and  strong  those  human  relations 
which  constitute  the  family — this  was  her  mis- 
sion and  her  work.  And  there  cannot  be  a 
wiser  method  of  mankind's  upliftment  than  this — 
no  better  way  to  make  a  nation  noble  and  en- 
during; for  the  hearthstone  is  the  foundation 
whereon  the  state  is  built.  The  family  is  the 


social  and  natural  unit.  Spencer  wrote  learnedly 
of  "the  individual  and  the  state;"  but  he  wrote 
words  merely.  The  individual  is  not  the  im- 
portant factor  in  nature  or  the  nation.  Nature 
destroys  the  individual.  Nature  cares  only  for 
the  pair;  knows  in  some  form  nothing  but  the 
family.  And  so,  by  the  deep  reasoning  of  nature 
itself,  Frances  Willard's  work  was  justified. 

But  hers  was  no  philosopher's  creed.  She  got 
her  inspiration  from  a  higher  source  than  human 
thinking.  In  her  life's  work  we  see  restored  to 
earth  that  faith  which,  whenever  man  has  let  it 
work  its  miracle  has  wrought  victory  here  and 
immortality  hereafter.  Such  was  the  faith  of 
Joan,  the  inspired  maid  of  France;  such  that  of 
Columbus,  sailing  westward  through  the  dark ; 
such  the  exalted  belief  of  those  good  missionaries 
who  first  invaded  our  American  wilderness  to 
light,  with  their  own  lives  on  civilization's  altar, 
the  sacred  fire  that  never  dies.  The  story  of 
Frances  Willard's  faith  in  the  conquest  of  evil 
by  the  good  seems  incredible  to  us  who  demand 
a  map  of  all  our  future  before  we  take  a  step. 

For  Frances  E.  Willard  knew  no  questioning. 
The  Master's  message  was  at  once  her  guar- 
anty and  her  command.  The  Bible  was  to  her, 
in  very  truth,  divine.  What  immeasurable  and 
increasing  influence  that  one  book  has  wielded 
over  the  minds  of  men  and  the  destiny  of  the 
world!  If  it  be  the  word  of  God,  as  we 
profoundly  believe,  surely  it  comes  to  human 
ears  with  all  the  dignity  and  peace  and  power 
that  His  word  should  command.  If  it  be  the 
word  of  man,  then  even  the  doubter  must  admit 
that  the  ancient  Hebrews  had  miraculous  skill 
to  cast  a  spell  across  millenniums  which, 
strengthening  with  the  years,  spreads  wider 
today  than  ever  and  embraces  the  future  as  far 
as  even  the  eye  of  imagination  can  behold.  Not 
all  invention,  or  all  statesmanship,  or  all  of  litera- 
ture have  so  touched  and  bettered  human  life  as 
this  one  book.  And  it  was  the  Bible  that  gave 
Frances  E.  Willard  her  mission,  her  strength, 
her  hope,  her  argument  and  her  inspiration. 

Thus  prepared  and  thus  equipped  she  went 
out  into  the  world  and  to  her  work.  No  method 
can  measure  what  she  did.  The  half  million  of 
women  whom  she  brought  into  organized  co-op- 
eration in  the  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  is  but  a  suggestion  of  the  real  results  of 
her  activities.  Indeed,  the  highest  benefits  her 
life  bestowed  were  as  intangible  as  air  and  as  full 
of  life.  She  made  purer  the  moral  atmosphere 
of  a  continent — almost  of  a  world.  She  rendered 
the  life  of  a  nation  cleaner,  the  mind  of  a  people 
saner.  Millions  of  homes  today  are  happier  for 
her;  millions  of  wives  and  mothers  bless  her; 
and  countless  children  have  grown  into  strong, 
upright  and  beautiful  maturity,  who,  but  for  the 
work  of  Frances  E.  Willard,  might  have  been 
forever  soiled  and  weakened. 

Mother  of  all  mothers,  sister  of  all  wives,  to 
every  child  the  lover,  Frances  E.  Willard  sacri- 
ficed her  own  life  to  the  happiness  of  her  sisters. 
For  after  all,  she  knew  that,  with  all  her  gifts 
and  all  the  halo  of  her  God-sent  mission,  never- 
theless the  humblest  mother  was  yet  greater  far 
than  she.  But  it  was  needful  that  she  should  so 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


483 


consecrate  her  strength  and  length  of  years.  For 
how  shall  the  service  of  utter  unselfishness  be 
achieved  save  in  the  utter  sacrifice  of  self?  So 
Frances  E.  Willard  gave  up  her  life  and  all  the 
rights  and  glories  of  it,  that  all  of  her  sisters 
might  lead  fuller,  richer,  happier,  sweeter  lives 
themselves. 

So,  Mr.  President,  by  placing  her  statue  in  the 
hall  of  our  national  immortals,  a  great  common- 
wealth today  forever  commemorates  the  services 
of  this  American  woman  to  all  humanity.  And 
the  representatives  of  the  American  people — the 
greatest  people  in  this  world — in  Congress  for- 
mally assembled,  today  are  paying  tribute  to  the 
little  frontier  American  maid  who  heard  and 
heeded  the  voices  that  came  to  her  from  the 
unseen  world,  and,  obeying  their  counsels,  be- 
came the  first  woman  of  her  generation,  the  most 
beloved  character  of  her  time,  and,  under  God, 
a  benefactress  of  her  race. 


WILLIAM  DEERING. 

William  Deering,  merchant  and  manu- 
facturer, was  born  at  Paris.  Oxford  County, 
Maine,  April  24,  1826.  His  parents  were 
James  and  Eliza  (Moore)  Deering.  His 
ancestors  emigrated  from  England  in 
1634,  and,  in  all  of  the  histories  of  New 
England  from  that  time,  the  name  of  Deer- 
ing finds  most  honorable  mention.  Wil- 
liam Deering's  boyhood  was  much  the  same 
as  that  of  other  boys  reared  by  earnest 
Christian  parents.  His  scholastic  educa- 
tion consisted  of  the  full  and  regular  course 
of  studies  in  vogue  at  that  time  in  the  com- 
mon and  graded  schools,  and  was  finished 
in  the  high  school  at  Redfield,  Maine,  in 
1843.  While  yet  in  his  early  manhood  he 
occupied  the  position  of  manager  of  a 
woolen  mill  in  Maine,  discharging  every 
trust  reposed  in  him  to  the  eminent  satisfac- 
tion of  his  employers.  After  the  termina- 
tion of  his  labors  there  he  engaged  in  vari- 
ous business  enterprises,  to  which  is  largely 
due  his  marked  genius  for  handling  large 
manufacturing  details.  His  greatest  achieve- 
ment has  been  the  building  up  of  the  works 
of  William  Deering  &  Company,  for  the 
manufacture  of  harvesters  and  agricultural 
machinery.  The  firm  was  founded  in  1870, 


the  name  being  changed  in  1894  to  the 
Deering  Harvester  Company,  but  is  now 
the  "National  Harvester  Company,"  in 
which  Mr.  Deering  holds  the  controlling 
interest.  The  works  are  now  located  in 
Fullerton  Avenue,  along  the  line  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railroad,  with  docks 
on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River. 
At  the  present  time  eighty-five  acres  are 
occupied  by  the  plant,  which  is  compactly 
arranged.  The  works  comprise  large  wood- 
working shops,  knife  and  section  shops, 
machine  and  blacksmith  shops,  bolt  and 
rivet  works,  a  foundry,  a  large  malleable 
iron  plant,  and  an  extensive  twine  plant. 
The  works  consume  annually  45,00x3  tons  of 
steel  and  a  like  quantity  of  pig  iron,  com- 
prising both  Northern  and  Southern  coke- 
iron.  Some  72,000  tons  of  coal  and  coke 
are  annually  consumed.  4,817,750  gallons  of 
oil  and  31,000.000  feet  of  lumber. 

The  force  employed  in  the  shops  is  usu- 
ally 7,000  hands,  and  many  of  the  depart- 
ments work  with  regular  night  shifts,  the 
establishment  operating  its  own  electric 
light  plant,  which  gives  it  facilities  for  pro- 
ducing a  larger  number  of  machines  of  all 
kinds  than  any  other  harvester  company  in 
the  world.  It  receives  a  part  of  its  raw 
material  from  many  foreign  countries,  in- 
cluding the  Philippines,  and  distributes  its 
products  all  over  the  globe.  The  sales  de- 
partment embraces  fifty-eight  branch  houses 
and  general  agencies,  and  the  sales  extend 
over  Europe,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and 
South  America.  Mr.  Deering,  the  founder 
of  this  immense  plant,  continues  actively 
identified  with  its  operations,  ably  assisted 
by  his  two  sons.  Charles  and  James. 

Mr.  Deering  has  been  twice  married.  His 
first  wife  was  Miss  Abby  Barbour,  of 
Maine,  daughter  of  Charles  and  Joanna 
(Cobb)  Barbour,  to  whom  he  was  married 
October  31,  1849.  Of  this  union  there  was 
one  child,  Charles,  born  in  1852,  now  Sec- 


484 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


retary  of  the  Deering  Harvester  Company. 
The  second  marriage,  on  December  15, 
1857,  was  to  Miss  Clara  Hamilton,  of 
Maine,  daughter  of  Charles  and  Mary 
(Barbour)  Hamilton.  The  issue  was  two 
children,  James  and  Abby  Marion,  born  in 
Maine — the  former  in  1859,  and  the  latter 
1867.  James  Deering  is  the  present  Treas- 
urer of  the  Deering  Harvester  Company. 
William  Deering  removed  with  his  family 
to  Evanston,  111.,  in  1873,  where  he  now 
resides  in  his  beautiful  home.  He  is  lib- 
eral, public-spirited  and  benevolent,  and  his 
business  career  has  been  noteworthy  from 
the  absence  of  controversies  with  his  em- 
ployes. He  has  been,  for  a  number  of 
years,  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  North- 
western University  at  Evanston.  He  is  also 
a  Director  and  stockholder  in  several  finan- 
cial institutions.  One  of  his  latest  acts  of 
beneficence  was  the  giving  of  Fisk  Hall  to 
the  Northwestern  University. 


CHARLES  COMSTOCK. 

Charles  Comstock  (deceased),  for  over 
thirty  years  a  prominent  citizen  of  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  and  during  his  business  career,  a 
leadjng  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  was  born  in  Camden,  N.  Y.,  May  7, 
1814,  and  spent  his  early  life  in  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  his  native  State.  In  1861  he 
came  to  Chicago  as  the  Western  Agent  of 
the  Onondaga  Salt  Company,  of  which  he 
was  a  stockholder,  and  at  once  located  at 
Evanston,  which  continued  to  be  his  res- 
idence for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  cover- 
ing a  period  of  thirty-four  years.  Soon 
after  coming  to  Chicago  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death  in  September,  1895, 
was,  with  one  single  exception,  the  oldest 
in  continuous  membership  connected  with 
that  organization. 


As  a  business  man  Mr.  Comstock  was 
noted  through  his  life  for  his  energy  and 
aggressive  character,  occupied  with  rare 
business  judgment  and  a  public  spirit  that 
tended  to  promote  the  interest  of  the  city 
and  any  enterprise  with  which  he  might  be 
connected.  Always  possessed  of  ample 
means,  he  contributed  liberally  to  the  sup- 
port of  religious  and  benevolent  enter- 
prises, and  was  a  leading  factor  in  the 
founding  of  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church 
in  Evanston  in  1865,  of  which  he  was  a 
generous  supporter  and  which  he  served  as 
Senior  Warden  continuously  for  thirty-one 
years.  For  five  years  he  acted  as  President 
of  the  Traders'  Insurance  Company,  in 
which  he  retained  a  large  interest,  besides 
being  interested  in  several  leading  banks  of 
Chicago.  On  account  of  age  and  failing 
health  he  was  practically  retired  from  active 
business  during  the  latter  years  of  his  life, 
but  always  maintained  a  deep  interest  in 
business  affairs  and  in  operations  on  the 
Board  of  Trade.  The  late  Judge  George 
F.  Comstock,  of  the  New  York  Court  of 
Appeals,  was  his  brother,  and  together  they 
were  largely  interested  in  the  Onondaga 
Salt  Company,  of  which  Mr.  Charles  Com- 
stock was  the  representative  after  coming 
West  in  1861. 

Mr.  Comstock  was  twice  married,  his 
first  marriage  being  with  Mary  Griswold 
of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  and  a  niece 
of  Bishop  Griswold,  an  early  American 
Bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  One  son 
by  this  marriage — who  is  a  namesake  of 
Bishop  Griswold — is  now  living.  Mr. 
Comstock 's  second  marriage  was  with  Miss 
Julia  J.  Sprague  of  New  York  State,  who 
survived  him  five  years.  Of  this  marriage 
five  children  are  living — two  sons  and  three 
(laughters.  The  golden  wedding  anniver- 
sary of  this  marriage  was  celebrated  in 
September,  1892,  three  years  before  Mr. 
Comstock 's  death.  That  event  occurred  at 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


485 


his  home  at  1326  Ridge  Avenue,  Evanston, 
September  5,  1895,  at  the  age  of  over 
eighty-one  years,  as  the  result  of  a  linger- 
ing illness  from  which  he  had  suffered  for 
many  years.  Both  the  local  and  the  Chi- 
cago press  paid  a  generous  tribute  to  his 
memory  as  an  upright  citizen  and  a  public- 
spirited  and  enterprising  business  man. 
The  following  testimonial  to  his  integrity 
of  character  by  one  who  had  been  brought 
in  close  association  with  Mr.  Comstock  and 
knew  him  intimately — Mr.  George  F.  Stone, 
Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade — 
is  worthy  of  reproduction  here:  "He  al- 
ways enjoyed  a  reputation  for  being  con- 
scientiously honest  and  punctilious  in  all  his 
affairs,  and  commanded  the  respect  of  every 
one  who  knew  him.  He  was  an  extremely 
upright  man  in  business  and  charmingly 
affable  and  courteous  in  a  social  wav." 


HUGH   ALEXANDER   WHITE. 

Hugh  Alexander  White  (deceased)  was 
one  of  the  solid  men  of  Chicago,  the  scene 
of  his  business  life,  and  of  Evanston,  the 
place  of  his  residence  for  upwards  of  thirty 
years,  and  where  he  resided  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  after  a  short  illness.  March  25, 
1894.  He  was  a  believer  in  work,  and  one 
of  his  most  prominent  characteristics,  even 
from  childhood,  was  his  unremitting  indus- 
try. It  was  not  a  hardship  for  him  to 
work — it  was  a  pleasure.  He  did  not  be- 
lieve in  royal  roads  to  success  in  life,  or  in 
short  cuts.  There  was,  consequently,  no 
time  in  his  life  when  he  was  not  successful 
to  the  measure  of  his  undertakings.  He 
was  one  of  those  who,  if  he  thought  he 
could  go  a  mile,  could  go  two.  He  did  not 
lack  ambition,  but  it  was  not  for  display — 
not  to  shine  for  a  time — it  was  to  go  stead- 
ily on  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  belong- 
ing to  the  trusts  reposed  in  him,  reaping  the 


rewards  he  knew  were  sure  to  follow.  Such 
was  his  dislike  to  intruding  himself  upon 
public  attention  that  he  would  never  consent 
to  being  "written  up,"  and  so  seldom  talked 
of  himself  that  the  writer  of  this  sketch, 
though  intimate  with  him  for  nearly  thirty- 
five  years,  knew  little  of  his  early  life  except 
what  was  gained  from  others ;  and,  what- 
ever his  success  in  business,  he  seldom 
talked  of  them  by  way  of  self-gratulation. 
He  was  a  public-spirited  man,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  bringing  about  better  condi- 
tions, the  enactment  of  better  laws  and 
greater  fidelity  in  their  enforcement.  By 
the  thoroughness  of  his  investigations  into 
the  subjects  committed  to  him,  and  the 
practical  nature  of  his  suggestions  for  re- 
form, he  rendered  most  valuable  service. 
He  was  clear-headed,  outspoken  and  sturdy, 
and  left  no  one  in  doubt  where  he  stood. 

Mr.  White  was  born  near  Quincy,  111.,  in 
1830.  F>oth  parents  having  died  before  he 
was  nine  months  old.  he  was  left  to  the 
care  of  his  maternal  grandparents.  He  was 
brought  up  on  a  farm  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Quincy  by  an  uncle  by  marriage,  Moses 
Gutherie,  and  was  educated  in  the  Illinois 
College  at  Jacksonville.  From  there  he 
went  to  Quincy  and  entered  the  law  office 
of  Williams,  Grimshaw  &  Lawrence  as  a 
student,  where  he  remained  until  he  came 
to  Chicago  in  1856  and  opened  the  law 
office  of  Williams  &  White.  His  partner 
was  Archibald  Williams,  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  with  which  he  had  studied, 
and  who  was  about  that  time  United  States 
District  Attorney,  one  of  the  great  lawyers 
in  Illinois. 

Mr.  White  continued  in  the  active  prac- 
tice of  the  law,  trying  cases  in  court  until 
about  1874.  when,  in  consequence  of  an 
affection  of  the  throat  and  a  large  increase 
in  his  office  business,  he  discontinued  his 
court  practice  and  confined  himself  to  the 
more  profitable  and  congenial  business  of 


486 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


managing  the  several  large  estates  that  had 
been  entrusted  to  his  care,  examination  of 
abstracts  and  other  office  business.  Among 
the  estates  which  he  managed  were  the 
Allen  C.  Lewis  estate,  which  grew  in  his 
hinds  to  its  present  magnificent  propor- 
tions ;  the  Bigelow  estate,  the  De  Haven 
estate,  and  the  Francis  C.  Sherman  estate. 
To  the  management  of  these  estates  he 
brought  that  same  conscientious,  painstak- 
ing care,  executive  ability  and  strict  integ- 
rity that  marked  his  whole  business  life. 
He  wanted  no  unfair  advantage  of  others, 
and  he  did  not  allow  others  to  take  unfair 
advantage  of  him.  The  upright  found  it 
very  agreeable  to  do  business  with  him,  but 
the  quibbling  and  dishonest  were  sometimes 
made  to  regret  that  they  had  shown  these 
undesirable  traits  to  him. 

Mr.  White  was  married  to  Catherine  Mc- 
Intosh  Sands,  of  New  York,  in  1860,  who 
died  a  few  years  after  her  husband,  a  pub- 
lic benefactress,  mourned  by  many  friends, 
by  those  who  had  sustained  to  her  the  rela- 
tion of  neighbor  and  by  the  general  public 
of  Evanston.  They  had  no  children.  Soon 
after  their  marriage  they  moved  to  Evans- 
ton,  and  not  long  after  that  erected  the 
beautiful  home  where  they  lived  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  Mr.  White  was  a  great  lover 
of  flowers,  among  which  many  of  his  early 
morning  and  evening  hours  were  spent  in 
their  culture.  His  grounds,  half  a  block 
on  Ridge  Avenue,  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful streets  in  the  town,  have  been  the  pride 
and  delight  of  the  people  of  Evanston.  He 
was  a  connoisseur  of  pictures,  and  a  great 
lover  of  books.  His  house  was  well  filled 
with  the  best  paintings  of  the  masters,  and 
his  library  was  well  stocked  with  rare  and 
most  valuable  books.  There  were  few  men 
better  posted  upon  almost  every  topic,  or 
who  could  talk  more  entertainingly,  than 
Mr.  White.  He  cared  little  for  general 
society,  and  did  not  aspire  to  office.  His 


pleasure  was  in  his  home,  which  he  pro- 
vided with  every  luxury,  where,  in  com- 
pany of  his  devoted  wife,  whom  he  de- 
lighted to  honor  and  to  whom  he  left  his 
fortune,  he  spent  the  hours  of  leisure  among 
his  flowers,  his  books  and  gems  of  art. 

During  his  active  business  life  Mr.  White 
was  unostentatious  in  his  private  benevo- 
lence, often  extending  his  charities  to 
worthy  persons  and  objects,  on  the  princi- 
ple that  "the  left  hand  knoweth  not  what 
the  right  hand  doeth."  After  his  demise 
many  instances  came  to  light  of  persons 
whom  he  had  befriended,  saying,  "What 
shall  I  do,  now  that  my  best  friend  is 
gone?"  His  widow,  by  her  will,  left  a 
generous  bequest  to  the  Chicago  Art  Insti- 
tute, thus  carrying  out  the  purposes  which 
Mr.  White  had  entertained  during  his  life. 
Through  the  same  source  his  library  of 
miscellaneous  and  law  books  has  become 
the  property  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 


CHANCELLOR  LIVINGSTON  JENKS. 

Few  names  upon  the  roll  of  honor  of 
Evanston's  loyal  and  successful  citizens  are 
better  known  than  that  of  Chancellor  L. 
Jenks.  During  the  greater  part  of  his  active 
life  he  was  either  a  resident  of,  or  largely 
interested  in,  Evanston.  His  energetic  na- 
ture, guided  as  it  was  by  sound  business 
acumen  and  sterling  honor,  made  him  a 
most  conspicuous  and  influential  figure  in 
the  civic  and  industrial  life  of  the  city  and 
of  Chicago.  He  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Warren,  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  January  29, 
1828,  and  was  one  of  a  large  family  of 
children  born  to  Livingston  and  Sarah 
(  Buffington)  Jenks.  His  father  was  a  na- 
tive of  Rhode  Island,  the  cradle  of  the  fam- 
ily in  America, and  came  of  a  sturdy  line  of 
ancestors  whose  lives  form  part  of  the  glo- 
rious history  of  New  England  patriotism. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


487 


Three  in  the  direct  line  of  his  ancestry — all 
hearing  the  name  of  Joseph  Jenks — had 
much  to  do  in  molding  the  destinies  of  the 
Colonies.  All  were  called  upon  to  serve 
as  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  and 
one  was  four  times  elected  Governor  of 
Rhode  Island.  Livingston  Jenks,  the  father 
of  Chancellor  L.  Jenks,  settled  in  La  Salle 
County,  111.,  in  1836,  where  he  combined 
the  several  vocations  of  farmer,  merchant 
and  lawyer,  until  his  death  in  1863  closed 
a  life  of  usefulness  and  honor. 

Chancellor  L.  Jenks  spent  his  boyhood  in 
La  Salle  County,  receiving  his  education  at 
the  country  school  house  and  at  Granville 
Academy.  From  1849  to  l&5°  ne  taught 
school  in  Ottawa ;  but  his  ambition  had 
always  been  to  engage  in  the  legal  profes- 
sion. In  1851  he  came  to  Chicago  and 
began  the  study  of  law  under  Calvin  De- 
Wolf.  Xine  months  later  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  Success  came  at  once. 
His  tremendous  activity  of  mind,  his  fer- 
tility of  resource,  his  power  of  grasping  in- 
stantly the  important  points  of  a  case,  his 
fearlessness  and  his  great  physical  strength, 
aided  by  a  reputation  for  "good  luck,"  at- 
tracted a  large  clientage.  He  was  an  in- 
domitable worker  and  a  firm  believer  in  the 
policy  of  "keeping  everlastingly  at  it." 

He  was  married  to  Pamella  M.  Hoising- 
ton,  May  6.  1855,  at  the  First  Methodist 
Church  in  Chicago.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Jasper  A.  Hoisington,  whom  many  resi- 
dents of  Evanston  and  Chicago  will  recall 
with  pleasure,  and  who  lived  to  the  ripe 
age  of  ninety-four  years.  Mrs.  Jenks  died 
in  San  Diego,  Cal.,  April  5,  1890,  while  vis- 
iting her  son  Chancellor,  then  a  resident  of 
California. 

Mr.  Jenks  became  early  convinced  of  the 
great  future  of  Chicago  and  vicinity  and 
believed  that  careful  investments  in  real 
estate  would  prove  remunerative.  From 
time  to  time,  as  his  means  allowed,  he 


made  purchases  in  different  parts  of  Chi- 
cago and  its  suburbs.  In  1868,  in  connec- 
tion with  Charles  E.  Brown  and  others,  he 
acquired  a  large  tract  of  land  in  what  is 
now  the  Sixth  Ward  of  Evanston,  and 
laid  out  the  sub-division  known  as  North 
Evanston.  He  was  also  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Glencoe  and,  in  addition  to  his  hold- 
ings in  Chicago,  invested  largely  in  Engle- 
wood,  Hyde  Park  and  elsewhere.  Mr. 
Jenks'  real  estate  interests  having  become 
so  extensive  as  to  demand  his  entire  at- 
tention, he  was  compelled,  with  great  re- 
luctance, to  give  up  the  practice  of  the  law 
not  long  before  the  great  Chicago  fire.  That 
catastrophe  violently  checked  his  career  of 
prosperity.  In  the  second  great  fire  of 
1874,  he  again  suffered  a  heavy  loss.  But 
like  thousands  of  his  energetic  fellow-citi- 
zens, he  managed  to  rise  above  his  misfor- 
tunes and,  in  a  few  years,  realized  that 
these  great  financial  disasters  had  merely 
cleared  the  ground  for  the  foundations  of 
a  more  enduring  and  genuine  success. 

During  his  long  residence  in  Evanston 
Mr.  Jenks  served  several  terms  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  the  School 
Board,  and  was  a  strong  influence  in  the 
development  of  the  municipality.  In  poli- 
tics he  was  always  a  stanch  Republican, 
and,  in  ante-bellum  days,  he  and  his  father 
were  active  champions  of  abolitionism,  and 
maintained  upon  the  farm  in  La  Salle 
County  a  station  of  the  so-called  "Under- 
ground Railway,"  established  to  aid  run- 
away slaves  in  escaping  to  Canada. 

An  interesting  incident  in  connection 
with  Mr.  Jenks'  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 
negro  has  been  often  related.  One  day  he 
saw  a  runaway  slave  girl  struggling  in  the 
grasp  of  her  master,  Stephen  F.  Knuckles, 
and  Jack  Newsoni,  a  commissioner  under 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Law.  Mr.Jenksprompt- 
ly  rushed  to  the  assistance  of  the  negress 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


with  the  result  that  the  entire  party  were 
soon  rolling  over  each  other  in  the  gutter. 
Police  officers  arriving  on  the  scene,  they 
were  all  taken  into  custody.  The  slave 
alone  was  imprisoned ;  the  others  being 
well  known  and  responsible,  were  released 
on  their  own  recognizance.  Mr.  Jenks  im- 
mediately swore  out  a  warrant  charging 
the  slave  with  disorderly  conduct,  Justice 
Calvin  De  Wolf  issuing  the  writ  at  10 
o'clock  at  night.  George  Anderson,  Deputy 
Sheriff  (who  with  Justice  De  Wolf  was 
in  the  "conspiracy")  served  the  warrant 
at  once,  and  took  the  girl  from  the  police 
station  with  the  apparent  purpose  of  pro- 
ducing her  before  the  magistrate.  On  the 
street  he  was  surrounded  by  a  howling 
mob  of  several  hundred  persons,  and.  when 
the  crowd  was  dispersed,  the  prisoner  was 
not  to  be  found.  The  Federal  Grand  Jury, 
which  was  then  in  session,  promptly  indict- 
ed Mr.  Jenks,  Calvin  De  Wolf  and  George 
Anderson  on  the  charge  of  violating  the 
Fugitive  Slave  Law.  The  affair  coming 
to  the  knowledge  of  President  Buchanan, 
he  made  the  somewhat  natural  mistake  of 
supposing  "Chancellor"  Jenks  to  be  a  judge 
of  one  of  the  State  courts  on  the  chancery 
side.  Indignant  at  this  instance  of  open 
violation  of  a  cherished  United  States  stat- 
ute, he  telegraphed  the  L'nited  States  Attor- 
ney at  Chicago  as  follows:  "Prosecute 
Chancellor  Jenks  to  the  full  extent  of  the 
law.  For  a  private  citizen  to  be  engaged 
in  such  nefarious  practices  as  he  is  charged 
with  is  bad  enough ;  but  a  high  officer  of 
the  court,  who  is  concerned  in  them,  should 
be  severely  dealt  with.  James  Buchanan, 
President."  Shortlyafter Abraham  Lincoln 
was  elected  President,  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion broke  out,  the  political  complexion 
of  the  Federal  officers  at  Chicago  changed, 
and  the  indictment  was  nolle  prossed. 

Mr.  Jenks  was  a  member  of  the   First 
P>aptist  Church  of  Chicago  for  more  than 


forty  years.  He  closed  his  eventful,  suc- 
cessful and  honored  life  January  10,  1903, 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  while  on  a  visit  to 
his  son,  Livingston  Jenks.  The  children 
born  to  Mr.  Jenks  and  wife  were  eight  in 
number,  of  whom  but  two  survive  their 
parents — Chancellor  L.  Jenks,  Jr.,  who  re- 
sides at  1217  Ridge  Avenue,  Evanston, 
and  who  is  a  practicing  attorney,  and  Liv- 
ingston Jenks,  whose  residence  is  in  San 
Francisco,  and  who  also  is  a  member  of 
the  legal  profession. 


JOHN  HUME  KEDZIE. 

John  H.  Kedzie  (deceased),  for  over 
forty  years  a  leading  resident  of  Evanston, 
111.,  was  born  in  Stamford,  Delaware  Coun- 
ty, X.  Y.,  September  8,  1815,  and,  after 
reaching  the  school  age,  until  his  seven- 
teenth year  attended  the  district  school  in 
winter  while  working  on  his  father's  farm 
in  the  summer.  At  eighteen  years  of  age 
he  began  teaching  in  a  district  school,  but 
being  ambitious  to  acquire  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, he  began  a  course  of  preparation  for 
college  at  Oneida  Institute,  and  later  en- 
tered Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1841.  Having  studied  law 
and  been  admitted  to  the  bar  in  his  na- 
tive State,  in  1847  he  removed  to  Chicago 
and  there  established  himself  in  practice.  At 
the  time  of  the  California  gold  excitement, 
in  common  with  many  others,  he  was  seized 
with  the  desire  to  visit  the  El  Dorado  of 
the  Pacific  Coast,  but  was  prevented  by 
the  accumulation  of  business  on  his  hands. 
He  was  compelled  to  content  himself  with 
making  financial  advances  to  others.  Of 
four  or  five  whom  he  aided  in  this  way,  not 
one  ever  made  any  return  to  him  as  prom- 
ised. 

In  1850  Mr.  Kedzie  was  married  to 
Marv  Elizabeth  Austin;,  who  died  four 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


489 


years  later,  leaving  an  infant  daughter 
named  for  her  mother,  but  who  died  dur- 
ing the  following  year.  On  June  17,  1857, 
he  was  married  to  a  second  Mary  Eliza- 
beth, whose  maiden  name  was  Kent,  and 
who  still  survives  in  Evanston.  Of  five 
children  born  to  Mr.  Kedzie's  second  mar- 
riage, two — Margaret  Frances  and  John 
Hume,  Jr. — are  still  living.  The  oldest 
daughter,  Kate  Isabel,  who  became  Mrs. 
George  Watson  Smith,  died  over  twenty 
years  ago,  and  two  daughters — Laura 
Louise  and  Julia  Hume — died  in  child- 
hood. 

A  steadfast  Republican  in  his  political 
views,  in  the  fall  of  1876  Mr.  Kedzie  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  branch  of 
the  Thirtieth  General  Assembly  from  Cook 
County,  and  in  the  contest  for  United  States 
Senator  which  followed,  gave  his  earnest 
support  to  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  for  that  po- 
sition. It  becomingapparent  that  Gen.  Lo- 
gan could  not  be  elected,  Mr.  Kedzie  final- 
ly gave  his  support  to  Judge  David  Davis, 
who  was  elected  as  an  "Independent."  His 
prominence  in  connection  with  the  business 
affairs  of  both  Evanston  and  Chicago  is  in- 
dicated by  the  fact  that  public  highways 
have  been  named  in  his  honor  in  both  cities 
— that  in  the  former  being  Kedzie  Street 
and  in  the  latter  Kedzie  Avenue.  An  office 
building  at  120-122  Randolph  Street  also 
bore  his  name.  The  names  of  both  the 
Kedzie  and  the  Hume  families,  from  both 
of  whom,  he  was  descended,  are  traced  to 
Scottish  origin,  each 'being  prominent  about 
the  time  of  Oliver  Cromwell  and  earlier. 

In  1861  Mr.  Kedzie  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Evanston,  and  from  that  time  bore 
a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  that  place. 
He  first  purchased  and  occupied  a  house 
erected  by  Francis  H.  Benson,  which  was 
subsequently  destroyed  by  fire.  Another 
house  built  on  the  same  site  met  a  like  fate 
on  New  Year's  Day  of  1880,  and  during 


the  same  year  he  erected  the  residence  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Ridge  Avenue  and 
Grove  Street,  which  he  occupied  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life. 

Mr.  Kedzie  gave  evidence  of  his  original- 
ity and  his  fondness  for  philosophical  inves- 
tigation in  the  preparation  of  a  volume  en- 
titled "Solar  Heat,  Gravitation  and  Sun 
Spots,"  which  was  published  in  1886,  and 
which  has  attracted  the  attention  of  many 
interested  in  the  unsolved  problems  of  na- 
ture. He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Evanston  Free  Public 
Library,  and  from  the  date  of  its  organiza- 
tion in  1873,  for  the  first  four  years  of  its 
existence,  serving  as  President  of  the  Li- 
brary Board.  He  also  served  for  many 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  Philosophical  Society  organized  in 
1866,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  connec- 
tion with  church  affairs,  being  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  St.  Mark's  Episcopal 
Church  in  1864,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  a  member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  which  he  served  for  many  years 
on  its  Board  of  Trustees.  Mr.  Kedzie's 
death  occurred  April  9,  1903,  in  the  eighty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age. 


JOSEPH  CUM  MINGS,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 

Rev.  Joseph  Cummings  (deceased),  one 
of  the  most  eminent  clergymen  and  edu- 
cators in  the  United  States,  and  widely 
known  as  the  honored  President  of  North- 
western University  from  1881  until  1890, 
was  born  at  Falmouth,  near  Portland,  Me.. 
March  3.  1817.  His  parental  ancestors 
were  of  Scotch  nativity.  His  father  was 
a  zealous  and  faithful  minister  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  whose  la- 
bors covered  a  large  portion  of  the  State 
of  Maine  and  extended  into  the  Canadas. 


4QO 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


His  worthy  wife,  the  steadfast  and  de- 
voted helpmate  in  his  pastoral  labors,  was 
a  member  of  a  family  of  local  note  in  the 
field  of  Methodism,  and  especially  active 
in  the  work  of  the  church.  Thus  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  a  Methodist  by 
birth,  domestic  training  and  institutional 
instruction. 

In  early  youth  Dr.  Cummings  enjoyed 
the  advantages  of  the  public  schools  in 
the  vicinity  of  his  home.  He  underwent 
his  preparation  for  college  in  Maine  \Ves- 
leyan  Seminary  at  Kent's  Hill,  and  after- 
wards entered  Wesleyan  University  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  through  which  he 
worked  his  way  by  teaching  school  at  in- 
tervals. From  this  institution  he  was 
graduated  with  the  Class  of  1840,  and 
shortly  afterwards  became  a  Professor 
in,  and  subsequently  Principal  of,  Amenia 
Seminary,  at  Amenia,  Xew  York.  While 
engaged  in  teaching  he  pursued  a  course 
in  theology,  and  in  1846  was  ordained 
by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Conference 
a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  He  rapidly  gained  prominence 
in  his  calling,  being  recognized  as  an 
impressive  and  convincing  speaker,  a  pro- 
found logician  and  a  forceable  expounder 
of  doctrinal  points. 

In  1853,  Dr.  Cummings  was  called  to 
the  chair  of  Theology  in  the  Methodist 
Biblical  Institute  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  and 
thence  went  to  Lima,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
assumed  the  presidency  of  Genessee  YVes- 
leyan  College,  of  which  he  was  the  head 
from  1854  to  1857.  In  the  latter  year, 
the  success  he  had  achieved  in  this  ca- 
pacity resulted  in  his  election  to  the  presi- 
dency of  his  alma  mater,  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity. Here  was  first  revealed,  in  a 
remarkable  degree,  his  possession  of  that 
superior  constructive  faculty,  capacity  for 
organization  and  high  quality  of  leader- 
ship, which  made  him  famous  among  the 


educators  of  the  United  States.  For 
eighteen  years  he  conducted  the  affairs 
of  this  institution,  and  these  were  years 
of  marvelous  growth  and  development  in 
its  history.  The  grand  results  which  he 
achieved  in  this  connection  were  fittingly 
recognized  in  a  memorial  address  de- 
livered, shortly  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
Cummings,  by  Rev.  James  Marcus  King, 
D.  D.,  of  New  York,  in  which  he  said : 
"It  was  the  proud  boast  of  a  Roman  Em- 
peror that  he  found  the  'Eternal  City' 
brick  and  left  it  marble.  Of  Dr.  Cum- 
mings it  may  justly  be  said,  that  he  found 
the  college  buildings  at  Middletown 
meager,  inadequate  and  unattractive — 
formerly  the  dingy  quarters  of  an  aban- 
doned military  academy — and  he  crowded 
that  classic  hill  on  High  Street  with  mas- 
sive structures  as  noble  and  inspiring  as 
can  be  found  on  this  continent.  In  these 
eighteen  years  he  reared  a  triple  monu- 
ment in  buildings  of  imperishable  old  red- 
sandstone,  that  will  stand  as  imposing 
reminders  of  the  splendidly  successful  ad- 
ministration of  Joseph  Cummings  as  long 
as  the  river  they  overlook  shall  flow  to 
the  sea." 

During  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Cum- 
mings, the  alumni  of  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity contributed  about  $30,000  towards  a 
library  fund  for  the  institution,  and  Isaac 
Rich  and  Daniel  Drew  pledged  $200,000 
to  the  endowment  fund.  The  old  board- 
ing hall  was  remodeled  an$l  transformed 
into  an  observatory  hall,  being  surmount- 
ed by  a  tower  containing  a  telescope  of 
extraordinary  power.  The  memory  of 
''Wesleyan's"  heroic  dead,  fallen  in  the 
War  for  the  Union,  was  perpetuated 
by  the  erection  of  a  memorial  chapel.  A 
model  gymnasium  was  provided ;  large 
additions  were  made  to  the  scientific  col- 
lections; the  faculty  was  increased  in 
lumbers,  and  the  course  of  study  extend- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


49 1 


eel;  the  halls  of  the  University,  with  their 
opportunities,  were  for  the  first  time 
opened  to  women ;  and  finally  the  work 
of  this  administration  was  crowned  by 
the  erection,  through  the  beneficence  of 
Orange  Judd,  of  a  structure — one  of  the 
most  complete  and  elegant  in  the  land — 
as  a  temple  of  natural  science.  Mr.  Judd 
also  originated  and  prepared  at  great  la- 
bor and  expense,  a  work  of  incalculable 
value  to  his  alma  mater,  in  the  shape  of 
an  alumni  record,  which  is  the  only  ap- 
proximately perfect  catalogue  of  this  kind 
known  to  American  colleges.  In  1875, 
Dr.  Cummings  resigned  the  office  which 
he  had  held  for  nearly  a  score  of  years, 
his  administration  having  spanned  the 
pre-eminently  constructive  period  in  the 
history  of  the  University. 

After  his  resignation  Dr.  Cummings 
continued  for  three  years  to  occupy  the 
chair  of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy 
and  Political  Economy  in  the  institution, 
and  then  resumed  his  ministerial  labors, 
feeling  that  his  career  as  an  educator  was 
at  an  end.  It  was  not  so  to  be,  however, 
as  the  fame  of  his  ability,  not  only  as  a 
builder  of  institutions  of  learning,  but  as  a 
developer,  of  character  and  men,  was 
widespread.  His  services  were  needed  in 
an  enlarged  field  of  activity  and  a  broader 
sphere  of  usefulness.  In  1881  he  was 
called  from  a  successful  ministry  in  New 
England  to  the  presidency  of  Northwest- 
ern University.  To  this  position  he 
brought  ripe  experience,  rare  wisdom,  ma- 
ture judgment,  and  that  spirit  of  progres- 
siveness  which  had  been  one  of  the  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics  of  his  career. 
In  addition  to  these,  he  brought  to  the 
scene  of  his  last  endeavor  the  prestige  of 
a  great  name.  Here  he  speedily  won  the 
confidence  of  the  official  board  and  of 
wealthy  and  kindly  disposed  friends  of 
the  University.  Financial  claims  against 


it  were  met,  new  buildings  were  erected, 
its  income  was  increased,  and  the  period 
of  its  highest  prosperity  began.  He  gov- 
erned wisely,  planned  judiciously  for  the 
future,  and  directed  the  affairs  of  the  in- 
stitution, which  is  now  the  pride  of  West- 
ern Methodism,  almost  to  the  end  of  his 
life.  At  his  death  it  was  truly  said. 
"Methodism  has  lost  its  greatest  College 
President."  In  terms  of  endearment,  and 
almost  of  adulation,  those  who  came  un- 
der his  care  and  guidance  at  the  \Ves- 
leyan  and  Northwestern  Universities., 
speak  of  this  great  educator — stern  anil 
exacting  as  he  was  at  times — as  one  who 
seemed  to  grapple  his  pupils  to  himself 
with  hooks  of  steel.  Possessed  of  rare 
moral  and  physical  courage,  a  chevalier 
in  defense  of  the  right,  and  a  knight-er- 
rant in  boldly  and  vigorously  assailing 
the  wrong,  "he  seemed,"  says  one  of  his 
students,  later  associated  with  him  as  an 
instructor  at  Wesleyan  University,  "to 
sum  up  and  embody  all  that  can  vaguely 
be  conceived  of  tenacity  of  will,  fearless- 
ness, superb  power  of  achievement — in 
short  of  the  heroic."  Dr.  Cummings  had 
a  hatred  of  feebleness  and  indolence  of 
nature,  vacillation,  dallying  with  wrong 
and  weak-kneed  sentimentality.  "He 
taught  us,"  said  another  of  his  pupils, 
"that  the  first  duty  of  a  man  is  to  be 
strong:  yet  this  man,  so  stern — at  times 
so  harsh — had  a  heart  as  tender,  a  hand 
as  soft,  and  a  voice  as  gentle  as  a  wo- 
man's, wherever  there  was  pain  to  soothe 
or  sorrow  to  console."  Another,  who  was 
an  elder  and  lifelong  friend,  said:  "For 
the  student,  he  had  a  personal  and  tender 
interest.  He  encouraged  the  despondent, 
assisted  the  sick,  prayed  with  the  peni- 
tent, and  pleaded  and  labored  with  the 
erring.  He  imparted  his  spiritual  life  to 
thousands  who  have  thereby  been 
quickened  into  noble  living.  He  lived 


492 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


on  towards  three-score  years  and  ten, 
genial,  optimistic,  planning,  until  the  last, 
greater  things  for  our  educational  institu- 
tions. Withal,  he  was  so  modest  and  un- 
assuming, and  did  his  work  with  so  lit- 
tle of  the  spirit  of  display,  that  we  have 
but  faintly  realized  how  great  was  the 
place  he  filled." 

Busy  as  was  the  life  of  Dr.  Cummings 
in  the  fields  of  education  and  ministerial 
work,  he  still  found  time  to  give  consid- 
erable attention  to  social,  economic  and 
governmental  problems.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber, and  at  one  time  Vice-President,  of 
the  National  Reform  Association,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
His  was  a  powerful  influence  in  promot- 
ing the  cause  of  temperance,  and  through- 
out his  long  career  he  missed  no  oppor- 
tunity to  aid  in  the  suppression  of  the 
liquor  traffic.  A  great  preacher,  as  well 
as  a  great  educator,  he  stood  high  in  the 
councils  of  the  Methodist  Church.  He 
participated  as  a  delegate  in  many  of  the 
General  Conferences -of  the  Church,  and, 
in  1864,  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
appointed  by  the  Conference  to  formulate 
resolutions  conveying  to  President  Lin- 
coln an  expression  of  the  loyal  sentiment 
and  co-operation  of  the  church.  He  pre- 
pared and  presented  to  Mr.  Lincoln  the 
address  which  drew  from  the  great 
Emancipator  the  following  historic 
answer: 

"Gentlemen :  In  response  to  your  ad- 
dress allow  me  to  attest  the  accuracy  of 
its  historic  statements,  endorse  the  state- 
ments it  expresses,  and  thank  you  in  the 
nation's  name  for  the  sure  promise  it 
gives.  Nobly  sustained,  as  the  Govern- 
ment has  been,  by  all  the  churches,  I 
would  utter  nothing  which  might,  in  the 
least,  appear  invidious  against  any.  Yet 
without  this  it  may  fairly  be  said  that  the 


Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  not  less  de- 
voted than  the  best,  is,  by  its  greater 
numbers,  the  most  important  of  all.  It  is 
no  fault  in  others  that  the  Methodist 
Church  sends  more  soldiers  to  the  field, 
more  nurses  to  the  hospitals  and  more 
prayers  to  Heaven,  than  any.  God  bless 
the  Methodist  Church!  Bless  all  the 
churches  and  blessed  be  God,  who,  in  this, 
our  greatest  trial,  giveth  us  the  churches !" 
.  During  the  war  Dr.  Cummings  was 
among  the  most  active  supporters  of  the 
Union  cause  in  New  England,  bringing  all 
his  powerful  influence  to  bear  to  strength- 
en the  armies,  care  for  the  sick  and 
wounded,  and  provide  for  those  depend- 
ent upon  the  soldiers  in  the  field. 

In  recognition  of  his  distinguished  serv- 
ices as  educator  and  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel, both  Harvard  and  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sities conferred  upon  Dr.  Cummings  the 
degree  of  D.  D.,  and  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  from  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. 

The  domestic  life  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  like  his  professional  and  public 
career,  was  ideal  in  its  character.  In  1843 
he  was  united  in  marriage  with  Deborah 
S.  Haskell,  a  member  of  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  worthy  families  of  Augus- 
ta, Maine,  represented  by  ministers  and 
lawyers  of  local  distinction.  Mrs.  Cum- 
mings was  a  broad-minded,  capable  wo- 
man, and  her  assistance  in  furthering  the 
plans  and  endeavors  of  her  husband  can- 
not be  overestimated.  She  was  endowed 
with  fine  social  gifts,  and  her  home  was 
delightfully  hospitable.  She  survived  her 
husband  and,  after  his  decease,  served  as 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. Her  death  occurred  in  1901. 
Mrs.  Bonbright,  wife  of  Dr.  David  Bon- 
bright,  Professor  of  the  Latin  language 
and  Literature  in  Northwestern  Univer- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


493 


sity,  is  the  only  child  left  by  this  noble 
couple. 

Dr.  Cummings  departed  this  life  on 
May  7,  1890.  In  that  event  a  great  career 
was  ended  and  a  great  soul  entered  the 
communion  of  saints.  His  strong  indi- 
viduality is  indelibly  impressed  upon  the 
city  which  was  his  last  home,  and  upon 
the  famous  educational  institution  of 
which  he  was  the  head;  and  his  memory 
lingers,  like  a  benediction,  with  those  who 
knew  him  as  guide,  philosopher  and  friend 
during  the  years  when  his  labors  were 
drawing  to  a  close.  His  field  of  activity 
was  wide  and  his  fame  national;  but  his 
name  is  indissolubly  linked  with  Evans- 
ton,  with  Northwestern  University,  and 
with  Western  Methodism. 


GEORGE  MYRICK  SARGENT. 

George  My  rick  Sargent,  manufacturer, 
Chicago  and  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in 
Sedgwick,  Me.,  March  29,  1830,  the  son 
of  Benjamin  Choate  and  Susannah  (Cole) 
Sargent,  being  the  youngest  of  a  family 
of  eleven  children,  of  whom  six  (Janu- 
ary, 1904),  are  still  living.  The  family 
name  has  had  more  than  thirty  different 
forms  of  spelling  at  different  periods  and 
in  different  countries,  beginning,  as  it  is 
believed,  in  Normandy  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  twelfth  century,  with  the  name 
"Serniens,"  and  after  undergoing  various 
transformations  in  the  intervening  cen- 
turies, has  taken  on  its  present  form.  The 
founder  of  the  family  in  America  was 
William  Sargent,  who  was  born  in 
Northampton,  England,  in  1602,  and  came 
to  Charleston,  Mass.,  in  1638,  from  whom 
Mr.  George  M.  Sargent  is  sixth  in  line  of 
descent.  Heads  of  various  other  branches 
of  the  family  on  the  maternal  side  came 
to  Plymouth  Colony  in  the  days  of  Pil- 


grim immigration,  some  of  them  coming 
on  the  "Mayflower"  in  1620,  and  their  de- 
scendants took  part  in  most  of  the  colo- 
nial wars,  including  King  Philip's  War, 
and  later  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution, 
tne  War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  War. 
The  children  of  Benjamin  C.  and  Susan- 
nah Sargent  were :  Benjamin  Cleaves, 
born  June  12,  1808,  died  in  infancy ;  Wyer 
Groves,  born  June  24,  1810;  John  Oliver, 
born  December  18,  1812;  Sarah  Jane, 
born  February  2,  1815;  William  Haskell, 
born  February  4,  1818;  Lucius  Bolles, 
born  January  18,  1820;  Thomas  Cole, 
born  November  6,  1821 ;  Albion  Keith 
Parris,  born  October  24,  1823;  Mary  Mer- 
rill, born  June  4,  1826;  Jasper  Newton, 
born  January  6,  1828 ;  and  George  Myrick. 
The  five  last  named,  with  William  Has- 
kell, are  still  surviving. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  reared 
on  his  father's  farm,  meanwhile  attend- 
ing the  common  schools  in  his  native 
State  until  eighteen  years  of  age,  when  he 
entered  into  the  employ  of  his  brother. 
Wyer  G.,  as  clerk  in  his  store  at  Sedg- 
wich  (now  Sargentville),  Maine.  Here 
he  remained  four  or  five  years,  during 
part  of  the  time  serving  as  the  first  Post- 
master of  that  place ;  later  removed  to 
Boston,  Mass.,  where  for  the  next  four 
years  he  was  employed  as  clerk  by  J.  N. 
Dennison  &  Co.  Then  returning  to  Sedg- 
wick, Maine,  he  entered  into  partnership 
with  his  brother  under  the  firm  name  of 
W.  G.  Sargent  &  Brother,  continuing  four 
years.  Retiring  from  this  partnership, 
he  next  engaged  in  the  ship-chandlery 
business  in  Boston  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Joseph  J.  Durham,  the  firm  taking 
the  name  of  Durham  &  Sargent.  In  1861 
Mr.  Sargent  went  to  New  York,  where  he 
formed  a  partnership  in  the  same  line  of 
business  with  Robert  H.  Thayer  (firm 
name  Thayer  &  Sargent),  remaining  until 


494 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


about  1870.  On  account  of  the  sturdy 
political  position  of  the  members  of  this 
firm  during  the  Civil  War  period,  their 
place  of  business  became  known  as  "The 
Black  Republican  Store." 

Coming  west  in  1870,  Mr.  Sargent  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  the  malleable  iron 
works  at  Moline,  111.,  with  which  he  re- 
mained three  years,  the  concern  first  be- 
ing known  by  the  firm  name  of  Hill, 
Heald  &  Sargent,  but  later  being  incor- 
porated as  the  Moline  Malleable  Iron 
Works.  Having  severed  his  connection 
with  the  iron  works  enterprise  at  Moline 
in  1873,  he  removed  to  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
where  for  three  years  he  was  connected 
with  the  Des  Moines  Scale  Company  in 
the  manufacture  of  farmers'  scales.  Then, 
in  1876,  coming  to  the  city  of  Chicago, 
he  established  there  the  first  manufactory 
in  the  United  States  for  the  exclusive 
manufacture  of  the  brake-shoe  for  rail- 
way cars,  under  the  firm  name  of  George 
M.  Sargent  &  Co.  In  1877  the  concern 
was  reorganized  as  a  stock  company, 
known  as  the  Congdon  Brake-Shoe  Com- 
pany. The  business  grew  rapidly  and, 
in  1893.  a  new  corporation  was  formed  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Sargent  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000.  Mr.  Sar- 
gent being  its  President.  Later  the  stock 
was  increased  to  $500,000,  the  plant  be- 
ing located  at  Fifty-ninth  and  Wallace 
Streets,  Chicago,  and  covering  an  area 
of  about  five  acres.  Furnaces  for  the 
manufacture  of  steel  castings  were  erect- 
ed, the  output  consisting  chiefly  of  brake- 
shoes  and  railroad  couplers.  The  busi- 
ness grew  so  rapidly  that  it  was  found 
necessary  to  increase  the  facilities  for  the 
production  of  cast-iron  brake-shoes,  and 
a  new  plant  was  erected  at  Chicago 
Heights,  covering  an  area  of  ten  acres, 
the  plant  at  Fifty-ninth  Street  being  there- 
after devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  coup- 


lers and  knuckles  almost  exclusively  for 
railroads.  In  1901  the  plant  at  Chicago 
Heights  was  sold  to  the  American  Brake- 
shoe  &  Foundry  Company,  and  the  steel 
plant  at  Fifty-ninth  Street  to  the  Ameri- 
can Steel  Foundries,  the  former  represent- 
ing a  capital  stock  of  $4,500,000.  Mr. 
Sargent  is  still  a  director  in  the  first 
named  company,  but  not  in  active  busi- 
ness. His  son,  William  Durham  Sargent, 
who  promoted  its  organization,  was  its 
first  President,  remaining  until  January, 
1904,  when  he  resigned,  and  is  now  Sec- 
ond Vice-President  of  the  American 
Steel  Foundries  (representing  a  capital  of 
$40,000,000),  in  charge  of  the  operating 
department. 

Mr.  George  M.  Sargent  is  a  director 
of  the  Railway  Appliance  Company  of 
which  his  son,  George  H.,  is  the  Vice- 
President.  Other  business  enterprises 
with  which  he  has  been  connected  include 
the  "Live  Poultry  Transportation  Com- 
pany," of  which  he  was  President  for 
some  years,  and  the  Vessel  -Owners'  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  was  a  director 
while  in  New  York.  It  was  through  the 
efforts  of  a  committee  of  the  latter  as- 
sociation, of  which  Mr.  Sargent  was  a 
member,  that  the  builders  of  the  East 
River  Bridge  were  induced  to  increase  the 
elevation  of  that  structure  from  120  feet, 
as  originally  projected,  to  135  feet.  His 
prominence  as  a  business  man  is  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that,  in  1901,  he  was 
elected  Vice-President  for  Illinois  of  the 
National  Association  of  Manufacturers  of 
the  United  States,  and,  at  the  present 
time,  is  a  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Commerce  of  the  National  Business 
League. 

Mr.  Sargent  was  married  at  Winter- 
ford.  Maine,  September  15.  1858,  to  Helen 
Marie  Durham,  who  was  born  in  Free- 
dom, Maine.  February  15,  1834,  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


495 


daughter  of  William  and  Emily  Durham, 
and  they  have  had  four  children:  Emily 
Helen,  born  October  3,  1860,  died  aged 
eleven  months :  William  Durham,  born  in 
Lynn,  Mass.,  June  16,  1863;  George  Ham- 
lin,  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  October  5, 
1865,  and  Annie  Gushing,  born  in  Marl- 
boro, N.  H.,  November  27,  1870.  William 
Durham  Sargent  married,  February  14, 
1899,  May  Alene  Partridge,  daughter  of 
C.  W.  Partridge;  Annie  C.  married,  Sep- 
tember 19,  1895,  Henry  K.  Gilbert  of  Chi- 
cago ;  and  George  Hamlin  married,  Janu- 
ary 12,  1904,  Elizabeth  H.  Pittman,  of 
Detroi',  Mich. 

In  religious  belief  Mr.  George  M.  Sar- 
gent is  a  Methodist  and  in  politics  a  Re- 
publican. For  two  terms  he  served  as 
a  member  of  the  Evanston  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, and  is  a  member  of  various  fraternal 
and  social  organizations,  including  the 
Royal  Arcanum  and  Blue  Lodge  A.  F.  & 
A.  M.,  Evanston  Chapter  and  Command- 
ery  K.  T.,  Evanston ;  the  Mystic  Shrine, 
Medinah  Temple  ;  Union  League  Club,  Chi- 
cago ;  Country  Club  and  Evanston  Club, 
Evanston ;  besides  the  Evanston.  Glen- 
view  and  St.  Augustine  Golf  Clubs.  For 
several  years  he  was  President  of  the 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  Maine,  Chicago, 
and  is  present  Vice-President  of  the  New 
England  Society.  After  a  long  and  con- 
spicuously successful  business  career,  Mr. 
Sargent,  with  his  faithful  and  devoted 
wife,  is  spending  the  evening  of  his  days 
in  their  delightful  home  in  Evanston, 
practically  retired  from  active  business, 
though  still  retaining  his  official  connec- 
tion with  the  manufacturing  enterprises 
in  which  he  his  been  financially  inter- 
ested and  an  important  factor  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 


ALEXANDER  CLARK. 

The  death,  on  September  26,  1903,  of 
Alexander  Clark,  at  Antioch,  111.,  where 
he  was  bringing  to  successful  completion 
one  of  the  many  enterprises  which  his 
genius  for  large  and  useful  undertakings 
had  conceived,  and  which  his  indomitable 
energy  and  splendid  organizing  ability 
had  made  possible,  removed  a  man  who 
had  given  generously  of  his  talents  and 
time  to  the  furtherance  of  Evanston's 
civic  welfare.  Almost  from  his  settle- 
ment in  Evanston  to  his  latest  hours  on 
earth,  he  had  taken  a  deep  and  active  in- 
terest in  everything  that  concerned  the 
community.  Although  he  never  sought  or 
accepted  office,  he  commanded,  by  reason 
at  once  of  his  high  personal  character  and 
his  unselfish  devotion  to  public  interests, 
a  measure  of  respect  in  the  ranks  of  in- 
fluential citizenship,  which  made  his  opin- 
ion an  important  political  factor,  and 
which  never  failed  to  give  weight  to  his 
voice,  whenever  he  felt  called  upon  to 
raise  it,  in  support  or  condemnation  of  the 
policy  of  those  entrusted  with  the  conduct 
of  municipal  affairs.  It  was  mainly 
through  his  instrumentality  that  the  vil- 
lages which  now  constitute  the  City  of 
Evanston  were  consolidated  under  one 
government,  and  it  is  a  peculiar,  yet  a 
characteristic,  coincident  that  only  a  few 
months  subsequent  to  his  death,  his  fel- 
low citizens  ratified  at  the  polls  a  meas- 
ure upon  which  he  had  been  quietly  work- 
ing for  years,  and  one  which  rendered 
this  consolidation  more  secure — the  prac- 
tical combination  of  the  city  and  town- 
ship governments. 

While  South  Evanston  was  still  a  vil- 
lage and  Mr.  Clark  was  among  the  new- 
est of  its  residents,  he  was  foremost  in 
the  movement  for  securing  a  water  sup- 
ply, and  when  the  artesian  well,  then  in- 


496 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


stalled,  proved  inadequate  to  meet  grow- 
ing needs,  he  assisted  materially  in  creat- 
ing the  means  whereby  the  village  was 
enabled,  by  the  erection  of  waterworks,  to 
draw  its  supply  from  Lake  Michigan,  and 
to  establish  in  connection  therewith  an 
electric  light  plant.  He  was  a  strenu- 
ous advocate  of  good  streets  and  side- 
walks, and  it  was  largely  through  his  ef- 
forts, and  in  consequence  of  his  unceasing 
agitation  for  improvement  in  this  direc- 
tion, that  South  Evanston  became  the  best 
paved  of  the  North  Shore  suburbs  and 
was  the  first  among  them  to  introduce  the 
cement  sidewalk.  He  was  the  first  to  see 
the  necessity  for  the  creation  of  a  local 
park  system ;  it  was  he  who  secured  the 
strip  of  lake  frontage  between  Main  and 
Kedzie  Streets.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  movement  for  the  creation  of 
Sheridan  Road,  and  was  Secretary  of  the 
Sheridan  Road  Association  from  its  or- 
ganization to  his  death. 

The  advice  of  Mr.  Clark  was  sought 
and  followed  in  the  establishment  of  the 
city  government ;  he  gave  wise  counsel 
to  its  first  officials,  and  prepared,  or  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of,  many  of  the 
ordinances  under  which  the  municipality 
is  now  operating.  Although  engrossed  in 
an  extensive  law  practice  in  Chicago,  he 
was  always  ready  to  give  liberally  of  his 
thought  and  time  to  the  public  affairs 
of  the  community  in  which  he  made  his 
home  and  for  which  he  always  enter- 
tained and  expressed  the  greatest  affec- 
tion. To  him  is  Evanston  indebted  for 
the  conception  and  construction  of  elec- 
tric railway  communication  with  Chi- 
cago, an  enterprise  in  which  he  enlisted 
capital,  and  for  which  he  secured  the  nec- 
essary frontage  consents  and  right  of  way 
through  its  entire  length.  The  ability 
which  he  displayed  in  this  undertaking 
won  for  him  a  hearing  later,  when  he  pro- 


posed the  construction  of  the  Union  Loop 
in  Chicago — a  conception  which  was  en- 
tirely his  own,  and  which  was  carried  into 
execution,  so  far  as  its  legal  phases  were 
concerned,  in  accordance  with  plans 
which  he  had  formulated  long  before  capi- 
talists were  asked  to  consider  it  as  an  in- 
vestment. In  his  lifetime,  so  unmindful 
was  he  of  any  form  of  personal  praise,  he 
was  never  heard  to  claim  credit  for  what 
many  knew  him  to  be  entitled  to — the 
origination  of  the  scheme  which  has  made 
possible  the  success  of  the  present  elevat- 
ed railway  systems  of  Chicago. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  Mr.  Clark  was 
engaged  in  promoting  the  electric  line  be- 
tween Waukegan  and  Kenosha,  since 
completed,  one  of  his  principal  associates 
being  Volney  W.  Foster,  another  distin- 
guished and  beloved  citizen  of  Evanston, 
who  was  one  of  his  pall-bearers  and  who, 
only  a  few  months  later,  was  also  borne 
to  his  last  resting  place. 

Alexander  Clark  came  of  Scotch-Irish 
stock ;  his  father,  Alexander  Clark,  and  his 
mother,  Eliza  McCullom,  having  been 
born  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  the  former 
on  June  7,  1819,  the  latter  on  July  I,  1821. 
His  parents  emigrating  to  America,  Alex- 
ander was  born  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  on 
June  15,  1851.  The  family  came  West 
when  he  was  12  years  of  age,  settled  on  a 
farm  in  Knox  County,  111.,  later  moving  to 
a  larger  place  in  Ford  County.  He  was 
educated  in  Wabash  College,  Crawfords- 
ville,  Ind.,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1877.  After  reading  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Woods,  Chicago,  he  was,  in  1878, 
admitted  to  the  bar.  On  March  10,  1881, 
he  married  Miss  Emma  Osgood  of 
Oneida,  Knox  County,  111.,  and  the  same 
month  the  young  couple  settled  in  Evans- 
ton.  Mrs.  Clark  and  two  children — John 
Alexander  arid  Helen  Osgood — still  sur- 
vive. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


497 


Following  the  death  of  Mr.  Clark,  the 
City  Council  of  Evanston  adopted  resolu- 
tions setting  forth  the  great  loss  which 
the  community  had  suffered  in  his  demise, 
recounting  the  useful  services  which  he 
had  rendered  the  community,  and  naming 
the  lake  front  park,  which  he  had  secured 
for  the  City,  Clark  Square,  as  a  lasting 
testimonial  to  his  honored  memory. 


DR.  JARED  BASSETT. 

Dr.  Jared  Bassett  (deceased)  was  born 
in  East  Montpelier,  Vt..  January  26,  1814. 
the  son  of  Joel  and  Ruby  (Metcalf)  Bas- 
.  sett,  and  grandson  of  Jared  Bassett,  who 
(.•migrated  from  Connecticut  and  became 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  "Green 
Mountain  State."  While  the  genealogy 
of  the  family  is  not  now  accessible,  it  is 
believed  to  have  been  of  Huguenot  origin, 
the  first  American  ancestor  of  the  nanu- 
having  crossed  the  ocean  in  1621,  the  year 
after  the  landing  of  the  "Mayflower"  at 
Plymouth  Rock.  Dr.  Bassett's  mother 
was  a  devout  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  while  the  father,  who  was  a 
farmer  by  occupation  and  held  many  of- 
fices of  honor  and  trust  in  the  community, 
shared  the  faith  and  mode  of  life  of  his 
wife.  Although  not  strictly  a  Quaker  in 
religious  faith  and  practice,  the  son  inher- 
ited many  of  the  traits  of  his  ancestors, 
including  the  strength  of  character,  sim- 
plicity of  manner  and  quiet  self-control 
which  were  marked  characteristics  of  the 
followers  of  that  faith.  After  having 
spent  his  boyhood  and  youth  on  the  farm 
engaged  in  farm  work  and  in  attendance 
at  the  district  school,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two  years,  having  decided  to 
adopt  the  medical  profession,  he  entered 
the  office  of  Dr.  James  Spanlding,  of 
Montpelier,  as  a  student  in  that  line.  In 


he  attended  medical  lectures  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  later  to'ok  a  course  in 
the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, New  Hampshire,  and  in  1839  received 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Medical  Col- 
lege at  Albany,  N.  Y.  Then  having  set- 
tled at  Plainfield,  Washington  County, 
Vt.,  he  engaged  in  practice,  but  later  re- 
moved to  Northfield  in  the  same  State, 
where  he  remained  seven  years,  winning 
the  experience  of  the  old-school  practi- 
tioners of  that  period. 

On  May  29,  1844.  Dr.  Bassett  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Harriet  Sherman,  a  daughter 
of  Col.  Nathaniel  and  Deborah  (Web- 
ster) Sherman,  of  Barre,  Vt.,  and  sister  of 
the  late  Alson  S.  and  Oren  Sherman,  who 
were  prominent  business  men  of  Chicago 
at  an  early  day.  Two  years  later  his  at- 
tention havingbeen attracted  to  the  advan- 
tages offered  in  the  West  to  those  enter- 
ing upon  a  business  career,  Dr.  Bassett, 
accompanied  by  his  wife,  started  for  Chi- 
cago, making  the  journey  by  stage  to 
Lake  Champlain,  across  the  lake  to 
Whitehall  by  steamer,  thence  to  Roches- 
ter by  canal-boat,  and  from  there  to  Buf- 
falo by  a  newly  built  section  of  what  is 
now  the  New  York  Central  Railroad.  At 
Buffalo  they  took  a  lake  steamer  for  Chi- 
cago, arriving  at  their  destination  on  Sep- 
tember 10.  1846,  after  a  lake  journey  of 
ten  days.  Chicago,  a  primitive  city  of 
some  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  was  then 
just  entering  upon  the  development 
which,  in  the  growth  of  the  next  sixty 
years,  made  it  the  second  city  in  the 
United  States  with  a  population  of  two 
million  souls. 

In  Chicago  Dr.  Bassett  found  a  tempo- 
rary boarding  place  on  West  Washington 
Street,  and  opened  an  office  in  the  second 
story  of  a  frame  building  on  Lake  Street, 
where  he  displayed  a  sign  indicating  his 
profession.  A  year  later  he  bought  a  small 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


house  and  lot  on  Clark  Street,  near  Mon- 
roe, then  a  pleasant  neighborhood  of 
frame  cottages  in  the  outskirts  of  the 
town,  paying  for  the  land  about  fifteen 
dollars  per  front  foot.  After  a  few  years 
residence  here  he  converted  his  home  into 
business  property  and  removed  to  the 
West  Side,  taking  up  his  residence  at  the 
corner  of  West  Adams  and  Morgan 
streets,  where  he  purchased  a  small  brick 
cottage  (the  first  of  its  kind  erected  west 
of  the  river,  with  about  an  acre  of 
ground.  In  1857  he  removed  to  Wauke- 
gan,  where  he  resided  until  1868,  when  he 
returned  to  Chicago,  in  the  meantime  giv- 
ing attention  to  his  landed  interests  in 
Chicago,  making  daily  trips  between  his 
suburban  home  and  the  city  by  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railroad,  the  pi- 
oneer suburban  line  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  dwellers  along  the  North 
Shore.  After  his  return  to  Chicago 
he  erected  a  more  commodious  dwell- 
ing on  the  site  of  his  West  Side  home. 
After  practicing  his  profession  in  Chi- 
cago for  about  twelve  years.  Dr.  Bas- 
sett  turned  his  attention  to  the  improve- 
ment of  his  real  estate,  keeping  pace  with 
the  growth  of  the  city.  In  common  with 
the  mass  of  property  holders  of  the  city 
of  Chicago,  he  was  a  heavy  loser  by  the 
great  fire  of  1871,  the  retrievement  of 
which  cost  him  many  years  of  labor  and 
anxiety.  In  politics  he  was  a  zealous  Re- 
publican, before  the  days  of  the  Civil  War 
maintaining  the  anti-slavery  views  of  his 
ancestors.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  People's  Church,  which  grew  out  of 
the  exclusion  of  Dr.  H.  W.  Thomas  from 
the  Methodist  denomination.  In  1894  he 
removed  to  Evanston,  where  he  contin- 
ued to  reside  until  his  death.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bassett  had  one  son,  Robert  J.,  a 
lawyer,  who  continued  to  reside  with  his 


parents  during  their  latter  years.  Dr. 
Bassett  died  May  10,  1905,  his  wife  having 
preceded  him,  dying  August  14,  1900. 


HENRY  BASCOM  RIDGAWAY. 

Henry  Bascom  Ridgaway,  D.D.,  LL.  D. 
(deceased),  for  thirty  years  a  most  able 
and  efficient  minister  and  pastor  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  for  ten 
years  President  of  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Talbot 
County,  Md.,  September  7,  1830.  His  fa- 
ther, James  Ridgaway,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  prosperous  farmers  in  Talbot 
County,  was  a  man  of  strong  mental  and 
moral  characteristics,  a  devout  Christian, 
and  a  much  valued  official  of  the  church. 
Mary  (Jump)  Ridgaway,  mother  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  was  a  daughter  of 
Alumbey  Jump,  a  veteran  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  who  served  the  State  of 
Maryland  in  official  positions,  and  was 
Representative  in  the  Legislature  from  his 
county  shortly  after  the  successful  ter- 
mination of  the  Revolution.  Henry  B. 
Ridgaway's  parents  moved  to  Baltimore 
when  their  son  was  quite  young,  and  there 
he  attended  the  public  school.  He  subse- 
quently graduated  from  the  high  school, 
the  principal  of  which  left  a  lasting  im- 
press upon  the  after  life  of  his  pupil.  In 
1847  ne  entered  Dickinson  College,  at 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  was  graduated  from  that 
institution  in  June,  1849.  While  pursu- 
ing his  course  there  he  preached  the  gos- 
pel at  frequent  intervals,  and  after  his 
graduation  taught  a  common  school  for 
one  year.  In  1851  he  joined  the  Baltimore 
Conference,  was  ordained  a  Deacon  in 
1853.  and  an  Elder,  in  1855,  by  Bishop 
Beverly  Waugh.  For  four  years  he  was 
engaged  as  an  itinerant  upon  circuits  in 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  in  1856  was 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


499 


assigned  to  the  Harford  Avenue  Church 
in  the  City  of  Baltimore,  which,  with  two 
other  churches  there,  formed  a  city  cir- 
cuit. He  afterwards  served  High  Street 
Church,  Baltimore,  then  in  its  most  flour- 
ishing condition,  and  after  that,  Grace 
Church,  which  had  one  of  the  finest  edi- 
fices and  largest  congregations  in  Balti- 
more. In  1858  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  Chestnut  Street  Methodist  Church 
in  Portland,  Maine,  which  had  just  com- 
pleted an  ornate  and  imposing  place  of 
worship.  Its  new  pastor  attained  the  cli- 
max of  his  pulpit  and  parochial  effective- 
ness while  ministering  to  this  flock,  by 
which  he  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem 
and  affection.  The  country  was  just  pass- 
ing into  the  throes  of  the  Civil  War,  and  a 
Southern  man  in  a  Northern  pastorate 
confronted  a  severe  ordeal,  from  which 
he  emerged  without  the  slightest  distrust 
of  his  patriotism. 

From  Portland  Dr.  Ridgaway  was 
called  to  St.  Paul's  Church,  in  New  York 
City,  then  the  most  conspicuous  church 
in  the  Methodist  denomination.  The 
Washington  Square  Church  was  his  next 
pastorate,  and  the  size  of  the  parish  made 
his  three  years  of  service  there  an  intense 
strain  upon  his  powers  of  endurance.  Dur- 
ing 1867,  however,  he  enjoyed  a  most 
pleasant  ministerial  experience  at  Sing 
Sing,  on  the  Hudson  River.  From  1868 
to  1870  he  was  again  in  charge  of  St. 
Paul's  Church,  New  York  City.  Follow- 
ing this,  he  spent  three  serviceable  years 
at  St.  James  Church,  in  Harlem,  and  then, 
after  a  long  tour  abroad  was  pastor,  for 
one  year  of  St.  James  Church,  Kingston, 
New  York.  His  foreign  journey  was  de- 
voted to  visiting  Egypt,  crossing  the  des- 
ert, traveling  through  Palestine,  and 
going  to  Constantinople  and  Greece.  He 
had,  on  a  former  occasion,  traveled 


through  Great  Britain  and  the  Continent. 
Having  been  transferred  to  the  Cincin- 
nati Conference,  he  was  three  years  in 
charge  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Cincinnati, 
and  three  years  at  Walnut  Hills,  then  a 
suburb  of  that  city.  In  both  parishes  his 
labors  were  highly  effective.  In  1882  Dr. 
Ridgaway  was  elected  Professor  of  His- 
torical Theology  in  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, Evanston,  111.,  and  in  1885,  became 
President  of  this  institute  and  Professor 
of  Practical  Theology.  In  1892  he  availed 
himself  of  an  extended  vacation  to  make 
a  tour  of  the  world,  journeying  through 
Europe;  visiting  the  Riviera,  Florence, 
and  Rome,  Italy;  passing  through  the 
Suez  Canal,  stopping  at  Bombay  and  mak- 
ing extended  journeys  in  India,  spending 
a  month  in  China,  traveling  through  Ja- 
pan and  returning  by  way  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad. 

Dr.  Ridgaway  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  "Methodist"  during  the  entire  period 
of  its  publication,  and  was  the  author  of 
several  interesting  and  popular  works.  He 
was  also  a  most  entertaining  lecturer  on 
various  topics.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
earnest,  forceful  and  convincing :  as  an  ed- 
ucator, erudite,  yet  simple  and  lucid.  The 
enforced  limits  of  this  sketch  forbid  a  de- 
tailed mention  of  his  manifold  efforts  of 
pen  and  tongue, or  of  the  numerous  honors 
bestowed  upon  him  by  different  religious 
bodies.  In  1868  he  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Dickinson  College,  and  that  of 
LL.D.  in  1889. 

Dr.  Ridgaway  was  married,  February 
22,  1855.  to  Rosamond  U.,  daughter  of 
Professor  Caldwell.  of  Dickinson  College. 
Mrs.  Ridgaway  still  survives  her  hus- 
band, having  shared  all  his  experiences  of 
joy  and  sorrow  during  forty  years  of 
wifely  companionship.  His  widely  la- 
mented death  occurred  March  30,  1895. 


500 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ELLIOTT  ANTHONY,  LL.  D. 

Among  the  names  that  are  justly  enti- 
tled to  be  enrolled  among  the  makers  of 
the  great  commonwealth  of  Illinois  and 
of  the  City  of  Chicago,  is  that  of  Judge 
Elliott  Anthony,  whose  more  than  forty 
years  residence  has  left  its  impress 
upon  the  State  and  the  Nation.  Al- 
though born  in  Central  New  York,  he 
early  saw  the  great  possibilities  which 
the  West  afforded,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
left  his  home  and  native  State  within  one 
month  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Oswego  on  May  7,  1851,  and  took  up  his 
abode,  first  at  Sterling,  the  county  seat  of 
Whiteside  County,  111.,  where  an  elder 
brother  was  at  that  time  living.  The  next 
autumn  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
spent  his  life  in  connection  with  his  pro- 
fession, officially  or  otherwise,  though  a 
resident  during  later  years  of  the  city  01 
Evanston.  He  came  at  that  fortunate  pe- 
riod when  everything  was  in  the  formative 
state,  when  there  were  not  more  than  fifty 
lawyers  all  told.  His  rise  was  rapid,  and 
in  less  than  three  years  he  was  known  as 
one  of  the  most  promising  lawyers  at  the 
bar.  Judge  Anthony's  forefathers  were 
Quakers,  who,  early  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  came  to  the  land  to  which  Roger 
Williams  was  exiled,  and  with  which  the 
family  history  has  been  closely  identified 
for  generations.  His  father,  Isaac  An- 
thony, was  born  on  the  island  of  Rhode 
Island,  eight  miles  from  Newport.  His 
grandmother  on  his  father's  side  was  a 
Chase,  who  was  connected  with  the  well 
known  Chase  family  of  which  the  late 
Chief  Justice  Chase  was  a  member,  and 
his  mother  a  Phelps,  belonging  to  the 
Phelps  family  of  Vermont,  who  at  an 
early  period  were  residents  of  Connecti- 
cut and  Massachusetts.  The  grandfather 
and  his  family  were  residents  of  Rhode 


Island  when  the  Hessians  held  it  during 
the  Revolutionary  War,  and  for  some 
alleged  infraction  of  martial  law,  the 
grandfather  and  a  younger  brother  were 
taken  prisoners  and  compelled  to  perform 
various  menial  duties,  which  greatly  em- 
bittered them  against  the  British.  Mr. 
Anthony's  father  was  an  able  historian, 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  facts  con- 
cerning all  the  Indian  wars  and  the  upris- 
ing of  the  colonies  against  their  mother 
country,  having  obtained  them  from  his 
own  father  and  grandfather,  and  thus  the 
son  acquired  familiar  acquaintance  with 
those  stirring  events  in  our  history  which 
has  had  a  most  lasting  effect  on  all  of  the 
descendants  of  the  family. 

Removing  from  New  England  about  the 
same  time,  Mr.  Anthony's  grandfathers  on 
both  sides  settled  in  Washington  County, 
N.  Y.,  and  purchased  lands  in  the  town  of 
Cambridge,  some  twenty  miles  from 
Albany.  Here  the  father  of  Judge  Anthony 
first  met  Parmelia  Phelps,  to  whom  he 
was  married,  and  one  daughter  and  three 
sons  were  born  of  this  union,  when  the 
father  removed  to  Spafford,  the  south- 
western town  of  Onondaga  County,  and 
commenced  the  life  of  a  typical  pioneer. 
There,  on  June  10.  1827,  the  son  Elliott 
was  born.  This  region  was  then  an 
almost  unbroken  wilderness,  and  here  his 
early  years  were  spent  in  cutting  down 
and  clearing  the  forests  and  assisting  in 
work  on  the  farm.  Three  sisters  were 
born  while  the  family  resided  in  this  lo- 
cality, so  that  there  were  in  all  four 
brothers  and  four  sisters  who  grew  to 
manhood  and  womanhood.  The  children 
attended  the  country  schools,  and  attained 
a  considerable  proficiency  in  the  common 
branches,  later  each  in  turn  taking  a 
course  at  Cortland  Academy,  located  at 
Homer.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  Elliott, 
who  was  the  fourth  son,  left  the  farm  to 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


take  a  preparatory  course  before  entering 
college.  Cortland  Academy  was  at  that 
time  under  the  charge  of  Samuel  B.  Wool- 
worth,  who  subsequently  became  one  of 
the  regents  of  the  State  University  at 
Albany.  Here  he  remained  two  years 
studying  Greek  and  Latin  and  some  of  the 
higher  branches  of  mathematics,  and  in 
the  fall  of  1847  entered  the  sophomore 
class  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
graduating  there  with  high  honors  in  1850. 
Prof.  Theodore  W.  Dwight,  afterwards  so 
distinguished,  was  at  that  time  Professor 
of  Law  and  Political  Economy,  and  com- 
menced private  lessons  to  a  few  students 
who  chose  to  avail  themselves  of  his  serv- 
ices. A  class  having  been  formed  for  the 
year  1850-51,  Mr.  Anthony  returned  to 
Clinton  for  a  year's  course,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Oswego,  May  7,  1851. 
It  was  during  this  period  that  he  and  a 
classmate  by  the  name  of  Joseph  D.  Hub- 
bard  had  charge  of  the  academy  located  in 
the  village  of  Clinton,  and  he  had  as  one 
of  his  pupils  Grover  Cleveland,  afterwards 
President  of  the  United  States.  Soon  after 
his  admission  to  the  bar  he  came  west  and 
stopped  for  a  short  time  at  Sterling, 
Whiteside  County,  111.,  where  he  com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  and  where  he 
tried  his  first  case  in  a  court  of  record. 
Returning  east  the  following  year  he  was 
on  the  I4th  of  July,  1852,  married  to  Mary 
Dwight,  the  sister  of  his  law  preceptor, 
and  a  granddaughter  of  President  Dwight, 
so  well  known  in  connection  with  Yale 
College.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he 
came  to  Chicago,  and  from  that  time  until 
elected  to  the  bench  in  1880,  he  pursued 
his  profession  with  a  zeal  and  success 
rarely  equaled.  During  his  first  year's 
residence  in  Chicago,  with  the  aid  of  his 
devoted  wife,  he  compiled  "A  Digest  of 
the  Illinois  Reports,"  which  was  soon 
after  published  and  received  with  favor 


by  the  profession  throughout  the  State. 
In  1858  he  was  elected  City  Attorney  for 
Chicago,  and  distinguished  his  adminis- 
tration of  that  responsible  office  by  the 
energy  and  ability  with  which  he  con- 
ducted the  legal  business  of  the  city. 
Later  he  was  for  several  years  specially 
retained  by  the  city  to  conduct  many 
important  cases  in  the  local  courts  and  in 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  and  the 
United  States.  While  acting  for  the  city 
he  established  several  new  and  interesting 
law  points,  among  which  was  that  the  col- 
lection of  special  assessments  could  not 
be  enjoined  by  a  court  of  chancery ;  next, 
that  the  city  of  Chicago  could  not  be  gar- 
nisheed  to  collect  the  salary  or  wages  of 
any  of  its  officers  or  employes;  and,  lastly, 
that  no  execution  could  issue  against  the 
city  to  collect  a  judgment ;  and  at  a  later 
period,  that  the  city  could  not  tie  up  its 
legislative  powers  by  making  contracts 
with  the  gas  companies  for  the  supply  of 
gas  so  as  to  interfere  with  its  legislative 
prerogatives.  In  1863  he  was  appointed 
the  general  attorney  and  solicitor  of  the 
Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad,  which 
during  the  next  year  was  consolidated 
with  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
way. A  contest  arose  over  this  consoli- 
dation, and  he  was  shortly  after  retained 
by  a  number  of  bondholders  and  non-con- 
senting stockholders  to  test  the  validity  of 
the  consolidation,  and  in  connection  with 
the  case  prepared  and  printed  a  most 
remarkable  argument  upon  the  law  of 
the  case,  which  grew  into  a  treatise 
which  he  entitled  "The  Law  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Consolidation  of  Railroads." 
The  late  Samuel  J.  Tilden  was  directly 
interested  in  the  questions  involved,  as 
well  as  many  of  the  leading  capitalists  and 
railway  magnates  in  New  York,  and  the 
array  of  legal  talent  was  formidable,  the 
late  Judge  Beckwith  leading  on  behalf  of 


502 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


the  consolidationists,  and  Judge  Anthony 
leading  on  behalf  of  the  minority  bond- 
holders and  minority  stockholders.  It 
was  tried  as  a  chancery  case  before  Judge 
David  Davis  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court,  then  on  the  circuit,  who 
associated  with  him  the  late  Samuel  H. 
Treat,  United  States  District  Judge  for 
the  Southern  District  of  Illinois,  and  the 
positions  maintained  by  Mr.  Anthony  were 
upheld  and  affirmed  in  almost  every  par- 
ticular. Soon  after  the  parties  met  and 
settled  their  differences  to  the  satisfaction 
of  all,  as  the  consolidationists  found  that 
it  would  he  disastrous  to  them  if  the  liti- 
gation should  be  continued.  At  this  time 
Mr.  Anthony  received  numerous  letters 
from  some  of  the  most  prominent  lawyers 
and  Judges  in  this  country,  complimenting 
him  upon  his  masterly  exposition  of  the 
law.  Among  them  were  the  late  Josiah 
Otiincy  and  Sidney  Bartlett  of  Boston, 
Mr.  Justice  Swayne  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  the  late  Thomas  A. 
Ewing.  of  Ohio  and  many  others.  His 
brief,  which  was  in  the  shape  of  a  bound 
volume  of  several  hundred  pages,  was  in 
great  demand  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe,  and  was  most  kindly  reviewed  by 
several  of  the  leading  journals  in  Great 
Britain. 

It  fell  to  the  lot  of  Judge  Anthony  to 
serve  as  a  member  of  two  of  the  conven- 
tions called  to  frame  constitutions  for  the 
State  of  Illinois — the  first  held  in  1862, 
which  framed  a  constitution  that  was 
rejected  by  the  people,  and  the  second 
held  in  1870,  and  which  framed  the  pres- 
ent constitution.  In  both  of  these  con- 
ventions Judge  Anthony  took  a  promi- 
nent part,  and  was  regarded  in  many  re- 
spects as  a  leading  expert  in  that  body 
upon  constitutional  questions  and  meth- 
ods of  procedure.  He  was  made  Chair- 
man of  the  Executive  Committee  and 


reported  the  article  as  it  now  appears  in 
the  constitution  relating  to  the  Executive 
Department.  He  also  served  upon  the 
Judiciary  Committee,  and  the  committee 
upon  railroads,  and  many  of  the  provi- 
sions in  the  judiciary  articles,  and  most  of 
those  in  regard  to  railroads,  are  the  work 
of  his  hands.  He  was  instrumental  in  pro- 
viding for  the  organization  of  Appellate 
Courts  and  for  additional  Judges  of  the 
Circuit  and  Superior  Courts  of  Cook 
County,  as  the  population  should  increase 
and  public  business  might  require.  At 
an  earlier  period  he  took  part  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Republican  party  in  this 
State,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  Re- 
publican convention  ever  held  in  Cook 
County,  and  was  for  years  most  active  in 
everything  relating  to  the  welfare  and  suc- 
cess of  that  party.  In  1880  when  the  third 
term  question  came  up,  he  took  a  most 
conspicuous  part  in  that  movement,  was 
elected  Chairman  of  the  Cook  County  con- 
vention, at  which  a  portion  of  the  dele- 
gates withdrew,  was  elected  a  delegate  to 
the  State  Convention,  and  was  then  se- 
lected as  a  contesting  delegate  to  the  Na- 
tional Convention  at  Chicago:  was,  after 
one  of  the  stormiest  debates  on  record, 
admitted  as  a  delegate  and  participated 
in  the  proceedings  which  resulted  in  the 
nomination  of  General  Garfield  for  Presi- 
dent. In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  was  nomi- 
nated and  elected  to  the  office  of  Judge  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  the  city  of  Chicago, 
and  six  years  later  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  position.  Among  the  marked  traits 
in  Judge  Anthony's  character  were  his 
indomitable  industry,  and  his  devotion  to 
business  which,  coupled  with  executive 
ability,  enabled  him  to  try  and  dispose  of 
cases  with  great  promptness  and  celerity. 
Judge  Anthony  was  a  voluminous  writer, 
and  his  contributions  to  various  legal 
magazines  and  periodicals  would,  if  col-' 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


503 


lected,  fill  volumes.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  several  books  of  a  historical 
character,  among  which  may  be  enumer- 
ated "The  Constitutional  History  of  Il- 
linois," "The  Story  of  the  Empire  State," 
and  one  of  local  interest  upon  "Sanitation 
and  Navigation, "  which  has  special  refer- 
ence to  the  disposition  of  sewage  of  the 
city  of  Chicago  and  the  construction  of  a 
ship  canal  to  unite  the  waters  of  Lake 
Michigan  with  those  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  \Yhile  acting  as  Corporation  Coun- 
sel of  the  city  of  Chicago  in  1876.  he  wrote 
an  interesting  work  upon  taxation  and  the 
rules  which  had  been  established  regard- 
ing the  levy  and  collection  of  taxes.  This 
work  involved  great  labor  and  research, 
and  has  proved  a  useful  and  timely  contri- 
bution to  the  general  subject,  and  is  very 
frequently  referred  to.  In  1887,  while  hold- 
ing the  Criminal  Court  of  Cook  County, 
which  includes  the  city  of  Chicago,  he 
wrote  a  most  interesting  work  on  the 
"Law  of  Self-Defense,  Trial  by  Jury  in 
Criminal  Cases  and  Xew  Trials  in  Crim- 
inal Cases."  which  attracted  a  great  deal 
of  attention  in  this  country,  and  is  the 
first  bold  stand  ever  taken  by  any  jurist 
of  distinction  against  the  wanton  abuses 
which  have  arisen  by  invoking  the  doc- 
trines of  self-defense.  One  of  his  latest 
and  most  valuable  contributions  is  an 
extended  chapter  entitled  "Reminiscences 
of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of  Chicago,"  pub- 
lished in  a  two  volume  edition  of  the 
"Bench  and  Bar  of  Illinois"  under  the  edi- 
torship of  the  late  ex-Gov.  John  M. 
Palmer.  Other  contributions  from  his  pen 
include  a  sketch  of  all  of  the  courts  of 
England:  a  treatise  upon  the  "Law  of 
Arrests  in  Civil  Cases."  and  a  series  of 
articles  upon  "Old  Virginia."  published  in 
the  "Western  Magazine  of  History."  By 
special  invitation  of  the  State  Bar  Associ- 
ation, he  delivered  a  memorable  address  at 


their  annual  meeting  in  January,  1891, 
upon  "The  Constitutional  History  of 
Illinois,"  and  another  in  the  following 
year,  entitled,  "Remember  the  Pioneers." 
which  is  replete  with  the  most  interesting 
reminiscences. 

Judge  Anthony  was  one  of  the  incorpo- 
rators  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute,  hav- 
ing drawn  up  its  charter  and.  at  his 
own  expense,  visited  Springfield  twice  in 
one  winter,  while  the  Legislature  was  in 
session,  to  urge  its  passage,  and  for  sev- 
eral terms  served  as  its  President.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chi- 
cago Public  Library,  and  one  of  its  first 
Board  of  Directors  with  which  he  was 
connected  for  a  number  of  years. 

From  his  youth  Judge  Anthony  was  a 
omniverous  reader,  and  had  at  the  time 
of  the  Chicago  Fire,  one  of  the  largest  pri- 
vate libraries  in  the  city.  He  made  sev- 
eral trips  to  Europe,  during  the  last  of 
which  he  visited  Denmark,  Sweden,  Rus- 
sia, Turkey,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain  and  all 
the  regions  along  the  Mediterranean  and 
Southern  France.  Many  of  his  letters 
relating  to  these  countries  were  published 
and  read  with  great  interest.  In  1889 
Judge  Anthony  was  honored  by  his  alma 
mater  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 
1  lis  death  occurred  at  his  home  at  Evans- 
ton.  February  24.  1898. 


YOLXEY  \V.  FOSTER. 

Yolney  YY.  Foster  (deceased)  was  born 
near  Jefferson.  \Yis..  February  27,  1848. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  and  the 
Academy  in  Portage  City,  Y\'is.,  to  which 
place  his  father  moved  when  Volney  was 
an  infant.  When  he  was  thirteen  years 
of  age  his  father  moved  back  to  Jefferson. 
Wis..  on  a  farm  where  Yolney  attended 
the  district  school.  Afterwards  he  at- 


504 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


tended  Milton  College  at  Milton,  \\'is., 
one  year.  His  mother,  who  was  a  gifted 
woman,  helped  him  to  acquire  a  fairly 
good  classical  education.  At  Jefferson  he 
taught  school  several  terms,  holding  the 
position  of  Principal  of  the  Public  Schools 
of  that  city.  Afterwards  he  was  engaged 
in  business  for  himself  as  a  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Platt,  Gray  &  Foster,  general  mer- 
chants, at  Manitowoc,  Wis.  He  sold 
his  interest  in  this  firm  and  came  to  Chi- 
cago. There  he  was  employed  first  by  thf 
Northwestern  Railway.  Later  he  became 
agent  for  a  Wisconsin  Lumber  Company 
and,  still  later,  was  employed  as  cashier 
and  the  representative  of  Schulenburg  & 
Boeckler's  interests  in  the  lumber  firm  of 
James  McDonnel  &  Co.,  Chicago.  After- 
wards he  was  employed  by  Thompson  & 
Barber,  Wholesale  Grocers  on  South 
Water  Street,  Chicago,  as  a  traveling 
salesman. 

In  1874  Mr.  Foster  went  to  Chatham, 
Ontario,  and  there  purchased  a  half  inter- 
est in  the  lumber  business  of  A.  R.  Schul- 
enburg. In  the  following  year  he  pur- 
chased the  entire  business  of  the  Georgian 
Bay  Lumber  Company.  In  1879  he  sold 
his  lumber  business  at  Chatham,  and 
joined  William  D.  Hitchcock  in  the  pur- 
chase, sale  and  manufacture  of  lumber, 
shingles,  railway  ties,  telegraph  poles,  etc., 
the  business  being  carried  on  under  the 
firm  name  of  Hitchcock  &  Foster.  In 
1883,  in  connection  with  Mr.  Hitchcock, 
Amos  H.  Perkins  and  W.  H.  Watson,  he 
organized  the  Western  Paving  &  Supply 
Company.  In  1898  this  company  entered 
extensively  into  the  asphalt-paving  busi- 
ness, establishing  offices  in  Indianapolis. 
Ind.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Evansville,  Ind., 
and  in  Chicago.  In  1892  the  firm  name  of 
Hitchcock  &  Foster  was  dissolved,  Mr. 
Hitchcock  continuing  the  lumber  business 


and  Mr.  Foster  taking  over  the  paving 
business.  In  1898  he  sold  out  his  interest 
in  the  paving  business,  and,  in  1901,  at 
Mexico  City,  in  association  with  Mr. 
Enrique  C.  Creel,  now  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  he  organ- 
ized the  Almacenes  Generales  de  Deposito 
de  Mexico  y  Vera  Cruz,  S.  A.,  which  is  a 
bonded  warehouse  organization,  with 
warehouses  at  Mexico  City  and  Vera 
Cruz.  Of  this  company  Mr.  Foster  was 
Vice-President.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  United  States  Repair  &  Guaranty 
Company,  the  United  States  Silica  Com- 
pany, the  Chicago,  Waukegan  &  North 
Shore  Railway  and  the  Chicago,  Keno- 
sha  &  Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  Com- 
pany, and  he  was  largely  interested  in  the 
North  Shore  Gas  Company  of  Waukegan, 
111.,  in  the  North  Coast  Development 
Company,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  the 
Foster  Contracting  Company  of  Illinois. 
None  of  the  companies  or  corporations  in 
which  he  was  interested  ever  failed  in 
business. 

Mr.  Foster  was  the  possessor  of  one  of 
the  finest  private  libraries  in  Evanston, 
and  was  a  diligent  and  discriminating 
reader,  being  especially  fond  of  history 
and  philosophy.  There  were  few  depart- 
ments of  literature  with  which  he  was 
not  well  acquainted,  and  he  had  a  remark- 
able memory  and  an  unusual  gift  of  lan- 
guage, so  that  he  was  able  to  appear  to 
advantage  in  any  company  of  cultivated 
gentlemen  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
In  1901  he  was  appointed  by  President 
McKinley  a  delegate  to  the  Pan-Ameri- 
can Conference,  held  in  Mexico  City  in 
the  Winter  of  1901-02.  He  there  had 
charge  of  formulating  projects  on  Inter- 
national Sanitation,  the  re-organization  of 
the  Bureau  of  American  Republics,  the 
Exchange  of  Diplomas,  and  he  originated 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


505 


and  presented  to  the  Conference  the  proj- 
ect for  the  establishment  of  an  Interna- 
tional Archaeological  and  Ethnological 
Association,  with  its  headquarters  at 
Washington.  All  of  these  projects  were 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  Republics 
represented  at  the  Conference.  In  1903 
he  was  appointed  by  the  President  one  of 
the  American  Commissioners  to  the  Con- 
vention held  at  Washington,  December 
21,  1903,  for  the  organization  of  the  Inter- 
national Archaeological  and  Ethnological 
Association.  In  1904  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Peruvian  Government  as  repre- 
sentative of  Peru  in  this  Association. 

In  1900  he  was  appointed  and  served  as 
Assistant  Treasurer  in  the  National  Re- 
publican campaign.  In  1887  he  organ- 
ized at  his  home,  with  the  assistance  of  a 
few  friends,  the  Sheridan  Road  Associa- 
tion, its  purpose  being  to  promote  the  con- 
struction of  a  free  pleasure  driveway  on 
and  near  the  Shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
between  Chicago  and  Milwaukee.  Of  this 
Association  he  was  President  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  and  gave  to  it  largely  of 
his  time  and  money.  This  Association 
secured  State  legislation  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  park  districts  and  pleasure 
driveways,  and  also  the  passage  of  the 
bill  authorizing  the  reclamation  of  sub- 
merged lands  on  Lake  Michigan  by  mu- 
nicipalities for  parks.  In  1891  he  organ- 
ized the  Back-Lot  Studies  Society,  and 
devoted  to  it  premises  near  his  home  in 
Evanston  and  erected  thereon  a  building 
for  its  use.  These  were  known  as  the 
Back-Lot  and  the  Shelter.  The  object  of 
this  was  the  instruction  of  boys  selected 
by  the  Principal  of  the  High  School  and 
the  Principal  of  the  Preparatory  Depart- 
ment of  the  University.  The  attendance 
for  several  years  averaged  sixty-five. 
Weekly  meetings  were  held  in  the  Shelter 


and  the  boys  were  addressed  by  practical 
and  successful  business  men  on  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  human  activity  called  busi- 
ness. In  the  summer  of  1903  he  main- 
tained on  these  premises  a  nature  study 
class,  in  charge  of  an  able  director,  where 
eighty-five  young  people  were  taught. 

In  1876  Mr.  Foster  was  married  at 
Brockport,  N.  Y.,  to  Eva  Adele  Hill,  the 
daughter  of  Ezra  N.  Hill,  of  that  city. 
Of  this  marriage  were  born  two  children, 
Albert  Yolney  Foster,  born  in  1877,  and 
Eva  Cornelia  Foster,  born  in  1879.  Albert 
graduated  from  Harvard  LTniversity  and 
Eva  at  Smith  College,  Northampton.  Eva 
married  Mr.  Walter  Leisenring  Righter, 
and  now  resides  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.  Mrs. 
Foster  died  in  1887. 

Mr.  Foster  was  a  member  of  the  Glen 
View  Golf  Club,  a  charter  member  of  the 
Evanstton  Club  and  a  member  of  the 
Union  League  Club  of  Chicago,  of  which 
he  was  President  in  1901.  He  organized 
the  Evanston  Ethical  Club,  which  held 
its  meetings  at  his  home  for  several  years 
and  afterwards  at  his  rooms  at  his  hotel. 
He  was  also  a  charter  member  of  the 
Evanston  Country  Club  and  an  honorary 
member  of  the  University  Club  of  Evans- 
ton,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars,  and  of  the  Society  of  Mayflower 
Descendants.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
International  Peace  Society,  and  author 
of  the  bill  introduced  in  both  Houses  of 
Congress,  in  1893,  for  the  establishment 
of  the  National  Arbitration  Tribunal. 
This  bill  attracted  very  general  attention 
and  it  is  believed  that,  of  he  had  lived,  its 
essential  features  would  have  been  incor- 
porated into  a  national  law.  He  regarded 
this  as  the  most  important  work  of  his 
life.  Mr.  Foster's  death  occurred  August 
15,  1904. 


5o6 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


JOHN  B.  KIRK. 

John  B.  Kirk  (deceased),  former  man- 
ufacturer, Chicago,  with  residence  in 
Evanston,  was  born  in  Utica,  X.  Y., 
November  8,  1842,  the  second  son  of  the 
late  James  S.  Kirk,  who  was  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  and  was  brought  in 
his  infancy  by  his  father  to  Montreal, 
Canada.  Here  James  S.  Kirk  grew 
to  manhood,  married  Nancy  Ann  Dun- 
ning, of  Ottawa,  Canada,  in  1839,  and 
the  same  year  located  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
where  he  entered  into  mercantile  business 
with  his  father.  In  1859  the  firm  removed 
to  Chicago  where  they  founded  the  house 
of  James  S.  Kirk  &  Company,  which  at 
the  time  of  James  S.  Kirk's  death,  in 
1886.  was  one  of  the  most  extensive  man- 
ufacturers of  soap,  perfumery,  etc.,  in  this 
country.  John  B.  received  his  early  school 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
place,  where  he  remained  until  seventeen 
years  of  age,  in  the  meantime  receiving 
a  sound  English  education.  At  first  he 
had  a  strong  predilection  for  a  profes- 
sional career,  but  yielding  to  the  wishes 
of  his  father,  entered  upon  a  business 
career,  finally  succeeding  the  latter  in  a 
branch  of  manufacturing  industry  which 
has  grown  to  large  proportions.  Under 
his  father's  eye  he  was  initiated  into  the 
mysteries  of  chemistry  connected  with 
the  manufacture  of  the  various  products 
turned  out  by  the  firm  of  James  S.  Kirk 
&  Company,  meanwhile  being  trained  in 
bookkeeping  and  business  methods.  After 
serving  a  regular  apprenticeship  under 
such  thorough  tutorship,  having  demon- 
strated his  qualifications  while  still  a 
young  man,  he  was  admitted  as  a  partner 
of  the  concern,  sharing  with  his  father 
the  responsibility  of  its  management.  In 
this  wav  he  was  able  to  render  his  father 


most  valuable  assistance  during  the  period 
of  depression  immediately  following  the 
great  fire  of  1871,  in  which  the  firm  suf- 
fered a  loss  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion dollars.  In  the  work  of  reorganiza- 
tion he  bore  a  prominent  part,  and  the 
business  was  soon  placed  on  a  substantial 
basis.  It  is  worthy  of  note  here  that  the 
site  of  the  plant  now  occupied  by  the 
Kirk  Manufacturing  Company,  on  Xorth 
Water  Street,  is  that  of  the  first  home 
occupied  by  permanent  white  settlers  in 
Chicago,  known  as  the  historic  "Kinzie 
Mansion." 

Besides  the  manufacturing  interests  in 
which  he  held  the  position  of  President. 
Mr.  Kirk  had  been  connected  with  a  num- 
ber of  financial  enterprises,  including  the 
late  American  Exchange  National  Bank 
I  merged  a  few  years  ago  in  the  Corn 
Exchange  Bank),  of  which  he  was  Pres- 
ident from  1890  to  1894.  He  was  also 
deeply  interested  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
Northwestern  University.  .  which  he 
served  for  several  years  as  Trustee,  and 
in  connection  with  which  he  founded  the 
$100  prize  for  oratory,  which  was  of  deep 
interest  to  the  students  of  the  Senior 
Class. 

Mr.  Kirk  was  married  October  4.  1866. 
to  Miss  Susie  MacVean,  the  daughter  of 
Mr.  D.  McVean,  of  Chicago,  and  of  this 
union  four  children  were  born:  James 
M..  Frederick  I.,  Josephine  and  Susie. 
For  many  years  his  home  was  in  Evans- 
ton,  where  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  and 
respect  of  a  large  circle  of  friends.  On 
November  I,  1924.  Mr.  Kirk's  notable 
career  as  a  business  man  and  public-spir- 
ited citizen  was  terminated  by  his  sud- 
den death,  in  New  York  City,  while  on  a 
business  visit  to  that  place. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


507 


SIMEON  FARWELL. 

Simeon  Farwell,  merchant  and  head  of 
one  of  the  most  widely  known  mercantile 
houses  in  the  West,  has  been  a  resident 
of  Evanston  since  1876.  He  was  born  at 
Campbelltown,  Steuben  County,  X.  Y.. 
March  22,  1831,  the  son  of  Henry  and 
Nancy  (Jackson)  Farwell,  and  a  descend- 
ant in  the  seventh  generation  of  Henry 
Farwell,  who  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  colony  of  Concord,  Mass.,  incorpo- 
rated in  1635.  Back  of  its  advent  in  this 
country,  the  history  of  the  Farwell  fam- 
ily is  traced  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and 
to  Richard  Farwell  of  Yorkshire,  who 
gained  distinction  in  the  reign  of  King 
Edward  I.  The  American  branch  of  the 
family  has  had  many  prominent  repre- 
sentatives in  various  walks  of  life  in  New 
England,  and  in  later  years  in  many 
States  of  the  Union.  The  father  o* 
Simeon  Farwell.  who  removed  from  Mass- 
achusetts to  New  York  State,  was  a 
farmer  by  occupation  in  the  last  named 
State,  and  later  became  one  of  the  pio- 
neer agriculturists  in  Ogle  County.  111. 
He  removed  with  his  family  to  this  State 
iu  183*.  and  the  son,  Simeon,  passed  the 
next  few  years  of  his  life  on  the  farm  near 
Oregon,  aiding  as  a  boy  to  bring  under 
cultivation  the  prairie  lands  which  his 
lather  had  acquired.  He  was  educated  at 
Mt.  Morris  Seminary,  Mt.  Morris,  111., 
fitting  himself  for  a  commercial  career. 
In  July  of  iS49  he  came  to  Chicago,  and 
had  his  earliest  experience  in  this  city  as 
Deputy  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  of 
which  the  pioneer  Chicagoan,  L.  D. 
Hoard,  was  then  Clerk.  After  filling  this 
position  about  two  years,  Mr.  Farwell 
entered,  as  a  clerk,  the  noted  old-time 
banking  house  of  George  Smith,  in  its  day 
the  most  famous  financial  institution  in 
the  West.  A  year  later  he  resigned  this 


position  to  become  a  clerk  in  the  dry- 
goods  house  of  Cooley,  Wadsworth  & 
Co.,  accepting  a  lower  salary  than  he  had 
been  receiving  in  order  that  he  might 
learn  the  business  to  which  he  had  de- 
cided to  devote  his  after  life.  When  he 
entered  the  employ  of  this  firm,  he  took 
charge  of  its  books  and  accounts,  bring- 
ing to  the  discharge  of  his  duties  untiring 
energy,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  his  busi- 
ness and  strict  integrity,  which  consti- 
tuted an  excellent  basis  for  success.  He 
continued  to  act  as  bookkeeper  of  the 
firm  until  1860,  and  in  1870  was  admitted 
to  a  partnership.  In  the  meantime,  in 
1860.  the  firm  had  become  Cooley,  Far- 
well  &  Co.,  Mr.  Farwell's  elder  brother. 
John  Y.  Farwell.  since  widely  known  as 
a  merchant,  being  the  junior  partner. 
John  Y.  Farwell  had  preceded  the  younger 
brother  to  Chicago,  as  had  also  another 
brother.  Charles  P>.  Farwell,  later  mer- 
chant, banker  and  United  States  Senator. 
In  1865  the  firm  became  John  V.  Farwell 
&  Co..  a  name  which  it  has  since  retained, 
with  slight  change,  although  the  co-part- 
nership was  succeeded  in  1890  by  the  J. 
Y.  Farwell  Company,  incorporated.  This 
pioneer  dry-goods  house,  known  now  and 
for  many  years  past  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  which  annually  has  a 
trade  aggregating  many  millions  of  dol- 
lars, has  graduated  from  its  salesrooms 
some  of  the  most  famous  merchants  in 
the  world:  among  them,  Marshall  Field, 
Levi  Z.  Leiter,  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  and 
others.  The  connection  of  Simeon  Far- 
well  with  this  house  and  its  predecessors 
has  covered  a  period  of  fifty-five  years, 
and  for  twenty-five  years  he  has  taken  a 
leading  part  in  its  conduct  and  manage- 
ment. He  became  Yice-President  of  the 
T.  Y.  Farwell  Company  at  the  time  of  its 
incorporation  in  1890.  and  since  1900  has 
been  its  President.  To  the  building  up  of 


508 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


this  great  commercial  institution  his  activ- 
ities have  been  mainly  given,  although 
for  some  years  he  was  a  Director  of  the 
Metropolitan  National  Bank.  The  meas- 
ure of  its  success  evidences  the  measure 
of  his  ability  as  a  merchant,  and  the 
breadth  and  scope  of  his  genius  in  the 
field  of  commerce.  In  the  early  years  of 
his  business  career  in  Chicago  his  home 
was  in  this  city,  but  as  previously  stated, 
he  became  a  resident  of  Evanston  in  1876. 
Since  then  he  has  been  a  leading  citizen 
of  this  classic  suburb  of  Chicago,  and  a 
leader  in  advancing  the  interests  of  the 
little  city  and  its  institutions. 

Mr.  Farwell  is  a  Methodist  in  religious 
belief,  and  a  communicant  of  the  First 
Methodist  Church  of  Evanston.  In  1857 
he  married,  at  Sardinia,  Erie  County,  N. 
Y.,  Miss  Ebenette  M.  Smith,  daughter  of 
Rev.  Isaac  B.  Smith,  a  Methodist  clergy- 
man of  the  Empire  State.  Their  living 
children  are  Henry  S.  Farwell,  now  con- 
nected with  the  great  mercantile  house 
which  his  father  helped  to  build  up,  and 
Mrs.  Ruth  (Farwell)  Gridley,  of  Evans- 
ton.  Their  eldest  daughter,  Anna  Pearl 
Farwell,  died  in  1893. 


WILLIAM   HUGH  JONES. 

William  Hugh  Jones,  Evanston,  111., 
President  of  the  Piano  Manufacturing 
Company,  one  of  the  substantial  indus- 
tries of  the  city  of  Chicago,  was  born  in 
Wales  in  1845,  one  °f  eight  children — six 
sons  and  two  daughters — of  Hugh  and 
Jennett  Jones.  His  father,  who  was  a 
farmer  in  comfortable  circumstances, 
came  to  America  in  1812,  locating  near 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  where  his  first  wife  died. 
He  later  returned  to  Wales,  where  he 
married  his  second  wife,  the  mother  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch.  In  1857  he 


again  came  with  his  family  to  America, 
first  locating  in  Wisconsin,  whence  he 
removed  in  1873  to  Iowa,  dying  in  How- 
ard County  in  that  State  in  1876,  aged 
eighty-two  years.  His  widow,  who  sur- 
vived her  husband  about  four  years,  was 
a  daughter  of  Richard  Jones,  an  extensive 
farmer  pf  Wales,  who  reached  the  age  of 
ninety-two  years. 

William  H.  Jones  remained  in  his  native 
land  until  twelve  years  of  age,  when  he 
came  with  his  parents  to  Wisconsin,  and 
there  spent  his  youth  in  farm  work  with 
his  father  until  he  reached  his  majority. 
In  1866  he  became  agent  for  the  Dodge 
Reapers  and  Champion  Mowers  at  Berlin, 
Wis.,  remaining  in  this  business  until 
1868,  when  he  entered  into  the  employ- 
ment of  L.  J.  Bush  &  Co.,  of  Milwaukee, 
as  traveling  salesman.  Two  years  later 
(1870)  he  formed  a  connection  with  E. 
H.  Gammon  for  the  sale  of  the  Marsh 
Harvester  and  Dodge  Reapers.  This  con- 
cern afterwards  became  the  firm  of  Gam- 
mon &  Deering,  which  was  dissolved  in 
1879  by  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Gammon. 
Mr.  Jones  remained  with  Mr.  Deering 
until  1880  and  in  1881  organized  at  Piano. 
111.,  The  Piano  Manufacturing  Company, 
assuming  the  office  of  President,  which 
position  he  has  retained  to  the  present 
time.  In  1893  this  concern  erected  a  new 
factory,  covering  an  area  of  twenty  acres 
in  West  Pullman  (now  One  Hundred  an 
Twentieth  Street,  Chicago),  which  was 
furnished  with  improved  machinery  and 
facilities,  which  has  resulted  in  a  largely 
extended  trade,  both  home  and  foreign. 
Mr.  Jones'  early  experience  as  a  farmer 
fitted  him  to  judge  the  needs  of  the  farm- 
ing class,  while  his  later  connection  with 
practical  manufacturing  enterprises  has 
enabled  him  to  apply  this  knowledge  in  a 
way  greatly  to  benefit  the  farmers  and 
extend  the  trade.  In  1877  he  opened  a 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


500 


wholesale  implement  house  at  Minneap- 
olis, which  carried  on  a  large  business, 
and  with  which  he  continued  to  be  con- 
nected until  1889. 

Mr.  Jones  was  married  in  1867  to  Miss 
Elizabeth  Owens,  and  three  sons  were 
born  of  this  union — Hugh  \V.,  William  O. 
and  Garfield  R.  The  parents  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
in  which  Mr.  Jones  holds  the  position  of 
Trustee.  In  political  views  he  is  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Republican  party,  but  votes 
independently  on  local  questions,  and  has 
never  been  a  seeker  for  office  in  his  own 
behalf.  Since  1872  he  has  been  a  resident 
of  Evanston,  with  the  exception  of  a 
short  time  spent  at  Minneapolis  and  at 
Piano,  111.,  and  is  held  in  high  estimation 
as  a  public-spirited  and  enterprising  cit- 
izen. Mr.  Jones  is  now  a  Vice-President 
and  Director  of  the  International  Har- 
vester Company. 


CHARLES  GATES  DAWES. 

Charles  (i.  Dawes,  President  of 
Central  Trust  Company  of  Illinois,  and 
former  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  was 
born  at  Marietta,  Ohio.  August  27.  1865, 
the  son  of  Gen.  Rufus  R.  Dawes,  who 
served  as  Colonel  of  the  Sixth  Wisconsin 
Volunteer  Infantry  (which  constituted  a 
part  of  the  "Iron  Brigade"  under  com- 
mand of  Gen.  Edward  S.  Bragg)  during 
the  Civil  War.  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  brevetted  as  Brigadier-General 
for  gallant  service.  Mr.  Dawes'  mother, 
Mary  (Gates)  Dawes,  was  a  member  of 
one  of  the  oldest  families  of  Southern 
Ohio,  her  father  being  Beman  Gates,  a 
prominent  business  man  and  banker  of  his 
time,  and  his  great-grandfather  the  cele- 
brated Manasseh  Cutler,  who  was  a  prom- 
inent representative  of  the  Ohio  Land 


Company  just  after  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary War,  and  is  credited  with  hav- 
ing been  the  author  of  the  anti-slavery 
clause  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  protect- 
ing the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio 
River  from  the  admission  of  slavery. 

Charles  G.  Dawes  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Marietta  College, 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1884.  Two 
years  later  he  graduated  from  the  Cincin- 
nati Law  School,  during  his  vacation 
working  as  a  civil  engineer  on  the  Toledo 
&  Ohio  Central  Railroad,  of  which  he 
later  became  Chief  Engineer.  In  1887  he 
went  to  Lincoln,  Neb.,  where  for  the  next 
seven  years  he  was  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  Having  in  the 
meantime  made  a  special  study  of  the 
question  of  railroad  freight  rates,  he  was 
retained  by  a  number  of  Nebraska  ship- 
pers in  the  prosecution  of  suits  against 
railroad  companies  for  violation  of  the 
Inter-State  Commerce  Law.  in  which  he 
displayed  marked  ability. 

In  1894,  having  acquired  an  interest  in 
a  gas  company,  Mr.  Dawes  removed  to 
Evanston,  111.,  which  has  since  been  his 
home  except  when  in  the  Government 
service.  While  a  resident  of  Nebraska  he- 
had  gained  much  prominence  as  a  cham- 
pion of  the  principles  of  the  Republican 
party,  and,  on  coming  to  Illinois,  at  once 
became  an  important  factor  in  the  move- 
ment to  secure  the  nomination  of  Wil- 
liam McKinley  for  President.  Largely 
through  his  influence  and  active  efforts 
the  Republican  State  Convention  at 
Springfield,  in  1896.  adopted  resolutions 
instructing  the  delegates  to  the  National 
Convention  there  appointed  to  cast  their 
votes  for  McKinley.  and  Mr.  Dawes  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee  and  bore  an  important  part  in 
the  following  campaign.  In  January. 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


1898,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  as 
successor  to  James  H.  Eckels,  retaining 
this  position  until  October,  1901,  when 
he  tendered  his  resignation  with  a  view 
to  becoming  a  candidate  for  the  United 
States  Senate.  In  May,  1902,  having 
withdrawn  from  the  candidacy  for  the 
Senate,  he  was,  a  few  days  later,  elected 
President  of  the  Central  Trust  Company 
of  Illinois,  with  headquarters  in  Chicago, 
a  position  which  he  has  retained  contin- 
uously to  the  present  time.  Having  made 
banking  and  finance  a  study  for  many 
years,  he  is  regarded  as  an  authority  on 
these  questions,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
volume  on  "The  Banking  System  of  the 
United  States." 

Mr.  Dawes  was  married  on  January  24, 
1889,  to  Miss  Caro  Dana  Blvmyer.  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 


MERRITT  C.  BRAGDOX.  M.  D. 

Dr.  Merritt  C.  Bragdon,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  successful  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  Cook  County,  111.,  whose 
career  as  a  skillful  practitioner  in  Evans- 
ton,  the  city  of  his  home,  extended  over 
a  period  of  more  than  thirty  years,  was 
born  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  January  6.  1850, 
the  son  of  Rev.  Charles  P.  and  Sarah 
(Cushman)  Bragdon,  natives  of  the  State 
of  Maine,  born  in  the  towns  of  Acton 
and  East  Poland,  respectively.  Rev. 
Charles  P.  Bragdon  was  reared  to  man- 
hood in  his  native  State,  and  there,  in 
early  youth,  made  diligent  use  of  the 
opportunities  for  mental  training  afforded 
by  the  public  schools.  At  a  liter  period 
he  became  a  pupil  in  Cazenovia  Seminary, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  pursued  a  course  of  study, 
which  fitted  him  for  his  subsequent  long 
and  eminently  useful  career  in  the  minis- 


try, covering  a  wide  field  of  activity.  He 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  in  Maine,  and  was  aft- 
erwards stationed  at  Auburn,  X.  Y.,  until 
he  was  called  to  the  agency  of  the  Meth- 
odist Book  Depository  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  until  1854.  In 
that  year  he  made  his  home  in  Illinois, 
becoming  a  member  of  the  Rock  River 
Conference.  His  first  pastoral  charge 
v.-as  at  \Vaukegan,  where  he  remained  for 
two  years.  His  next  appointment  was  at 
Aurora,  from  whence  he  was  transferred 
to  Evanston,  where,  in  1858,  he  became 
one  of  the  early  pastors  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist Church.  He  was  greatly  beloved 
by  the  pioneer  residents  of  Evanston  who 
founded  and  built  up  the  "First  Church," 
which  is  now  one  of  the  leading  churches 
of  the  Xorthwest,  conspicuous  in  Chris- 
tian work,  abounding  in  material  prosper- 
ity, and  noted  for  the  moral  and  intel- 
lectual culture  of  its  members.  On  the 
termination  of  a  useful  pastorate  of  two 
years  in  this  connection,  the  health  of 
Mr.  Bragdon  having  become  seriously  im- 
paired, he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  his 
ministerial  labors  and  withdraw  from 
active  labor.  He  departed  this  life  in 
Evanston  on  January  8,  1861.  His  esti- 
mable wife  survived  her  husband  for  more 
than  forty  years,  during  which  period  she 
continued  to  reside  in  Evanston.  She 
passed  away  on  January  29,  1902,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three  years. 

At  the  time  when  the  Bragdon  family 
established  their  home  in  Evanston,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  eight  years  of 
age.  He  received  his  primary  mental 
training  in  the  local  schools,  and  after 
pursuing  a  course  of  preparatory  study, 
matriculated  in  Xorthwestern  University, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1870.  Immediately  after  gradua- 
tion, he  began  reading  medicine  under  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


preceptorship  of  Dr.  Xathan  Smith  Davis, 
whose  extended  and  distinguished  career 
as  a  physician  and  educator  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  whose 
fame  as  author  and  founder  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association  spread  through- 
out the  scientific  world.  Dr.  Bragdon  at- 
tended his  first  course  of  lectures  at  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  and  subse- 
quently became  a  student  in  the  Hahne- 
mann  Medical  College  at  Philadelphia, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1873.  After  receiving  the  degree  of  M. 
D.  from  this  institution,  he  went  abroad 
and  continued  his  studies  at  Vienna,  de- 
voting particular  attention  to  obstetrics 
and  surgery.  On  completing  his  post- 
graduate researches  he  returned  to  Evans- 
ton,  and  entered'  into  a  professional  part- 
nership with  Dr.  O.  H.  Maun,  who  then 
had  a  large  practice,  hut  is  now  retired. 
This  connection  lasted  three  years,  and 
since  the  end  of  that  peirod.  Dr.  Bragdon 
has  continued  in  practice  alone.  His 
growth  in  popular  favor  has  been  rapid 
and  continuous,  and  he  long  ago  became 
one  of  the  leading  practitioners  of  his 
section  of  the  State.  The  devotion  which 
he  has  manifested  to  professional  duty 
has  been  of  an  intense  and  useful  nature, 
and  nothing  has  been  permitted  by  him 
to  interfere  with  the  attention  due  to 
those  who  required  his  treatment  or 
sought  his  friendly  counsel.  He  was 
chosen  to  a  professorship  in  the  Hahne- 
niann  Medical  College  of  Chicago,  but 
declined  the  honor,  lest  an  acceptance 
should  prove  detrimental  to  his  success 
as  a  practicing  physician  in  Evanston — 
the  college  being  located  at  so  great  a 
distance  from  his  field  of  labor.  He  is, 
however,  a  member  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Homceopathy.  and  the  Illinois 
State  Homoeopathic  Association. 

Dr.  Bragdon  has  taken  an  active  inter- 


est in  public  affairs,  and  has  been  a 
steadfast  advocate  and  supporter  of  ali 
that  is  wholesome  and  desirable  in  con- 
nection with  the  material  and  educational 
interests  of  Evanston.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  an  original  stockholder 
of  the  State  Bank  of  Evanston,  and  has 
for  a  number  of  years  been  a  member  of 
the  directorate  of  that  admirably  managed 
financial  institution.  Of  the  welfare  of 
the  Northwestern  University  he  has  al- 
ways been  a  helpful  promoter,  and  has 
contributed  to  its  prosperity  through  indi- 
vidual effort,  and  as  a  member  of  its  Board 
of  Trustees.  As  a  churchman  he  has  used 
his  best  endeavors  to  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  the  First  Methodist  Church  of 
Evanston,  with  the  official  board  of  which 
he  is  identified. 

On  June  6,  1876,  Dr.  Bragdon  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Elizabeth  Wayne 
Byerly.  a  lady  of  many  virtues  and  graces, 
and  a  daughter  of  David  Byerly,  who  was 
a  representative  of  one  of  the  old  Quaker 
families  of  Philadelphia.  The  children 
resulting  from  this  union  are  as  follows : 
Elizabeth,  Wayne,  Charles  Ridgaway 
Sara  Frances,  and  Merritt  Caldwell,  Jr. 

In  politics,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  is 
an  adherent  of  the  Republican  party,  to 
which  he  lends  an  unselfish  support.  As 
boy  and  man.  he  has  been  a  witness  of  the 
progress  of  Evanston  and  its  institutions 
from  an  early  period,  and  has  borne  his 
full  share  in  their  development.  Through- 
out the  community  he  is  held  in  high 
esteem. 


LEVI  CARROLL  PITXER. 

Rev.  Levi  Carroll  Pitner,  retired,  Evans- 
ton,  was  born  in  Wilson  County,  Tenn.. 
January  24,  1824,  the  son  of  Michael  and 
Catherine  (Rouble)  Pitner.  Michiel  Pit- 
ner was  fjorn  in  Rockingham  County,  Va., 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


the  son  of  John  Pitner,  a  native  of  the 
same  State.  John  Pitner  was  a  soldier  in 
the  Revolutionary  \Yar  for  the  entire 
period  of  seven  years,  and  Michael  Pitner 
was  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  serving 
with  General  Jackson  at  New  Orleans. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen,  Michael  Pitner 
removed  to  East  Tennessee,  near  Knox- 
ville.  and  here  his  marriage  took  place. 
In  the  year  1799,  this  heroic  couple 
crossed  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and 
went  to  Wilson  County,  West  Tennessee, 
where  they  purchased  a  farm,  which,  for 
thirty-two  years,  continued  to  be  their 
home.  On  this  homestead  twelve  chil- 
dren were  born — seven  sons  and  five 
daughters. — eleven  of  whom  grew  to  matu- 
rity. Four  of  these  sons  preceded  the 
family  to  Illinois,  and  so  glowing  were 
the  accounts  sent  back,  that  the  remainder 
soon  followed,  arriving  at  the  home  of 
Montgomery  Pitner,  a  relative,  on  the 
second  day  of  September.  1837,  and  locat- 
ing soon  afterward  on  a  farm  in  North 
Prairie,  nine  miles  northwest  of  Jackson- 
ville. Before  a  permanent  home  could  be 
provided,  the  head  of  the  family  was 
stricken  with  disease,  which  proved  fatal, 
and  ended  his  life  at  the  age  of  sixty-two. 
Levi  Carroll  Pitner.  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  was  then  sixteen.  He  was  greatly 
distressed  at  the  death  of  his  parent,  and. 
as  a  result  of  that  father's  example  and 
death-bed  solicitude,  the  son  gave  his 
heart  to  God  and  united  with  the  M.  E. 
Church.  From  the  day  of  his  conversion 
the  conviction  grew  upon  him  that  his 
life-work  was  to  be  preaching  the  Gospel. 
At  length  he  was  appointed  class-leader: 
next  he  received  a  license  to  exhort,  and 
later  a  license  to  preach  from  the  Quar- 
terly Conference  of  the  Jacksonville  Cir- 
cuit. He  was  next  recommended  for  ad- 
mission to  the  Illinois  Conference,  which 
he  joined  September  4,  1845.  In  those 


days  the  conferences  maintained  a  strict 
course  of  study,  which  Mr.  Pitner  success- 
fully completed.  His  first  work  was  on 
the  Jerseyville  Circuit  as  junior  colleague 
of  the  Rev.  James  Leaton,  and  there  had 
a  happy  and  prosperous  year.  He  later 
had  charge  at  Quincy,  Carlinville,  Beards- 
town,  Bloomington,  Jacksonville  and 
Decatur.  One  of  the  twenty-three  years 
of  Mr.  Pitner's  connection  with  the  Illi- 
nois Conference  was  spent  as  agent  to 
raise  $40.000  with  which  to  build  the 
Quincy  College,  now  known  as  Chaddock 
College.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  Con- 
ference agent  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
$100.000  to  aid  the  conference  institutions 
of  learning,  including  Garrett  Biblical 
Institute.  This  large  amount,  by  the  aid 
of  the  ministry  and  the  laymen,  was 
raised  during  that  year.  Mr.  Pitner  served 
three  years  as  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Dan- 
ville district,  and  was  an  active  force  in 
many  large  camp-meetings  so  popular 
(luring  that  period  of  church  history.  The 
arduous  labors  in  which  he  had  so  long 
indulged  were  a  severe  strain  on  his  phys- 
ical strength,  and  at  the  advice  of  his 
many  friends  he  at  length  asked  for  loca- 
tion. Bishop  Janes  signing  his  release 
fiom  service. 

On  August  30,  1848,  Mr.  Pitner  was 
married  to  Miss  Arminda  F.  Cartwright, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Peter  Cartwright.  D.  D.. 
famous  among  the  pioneer  preachers  of 
Western  Methodism.  Their  only  child  is 
Lee  J.  Pitner  of  Evanston. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  itinerary 
service,  deciding  to  locate  in  Evanston. 
111.,  Mr.  Pitner  was  confronted  with  the 
serious  problem  of  making  a  living.  He 
finally  went  into  the  real  estate  business, 
and  as  his  venture  began  just  at  the  time 
when  Chicago  was  having  "a  boom"  and 
when  buyers  were  plentiful,  he  made  a 
success,  clearing  about  $200.000  in  three 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


513 


or  four  years.  The  panic  of  1873,  how- 
ever, swept  away  all  but  his  home.  In 
the  early  'eighties  the  tide  of  fortune  again 
turned  in  his  favor.  He  was  happy  in 
making  investments  in  Hammond,  Ind.. 
and  also  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  and  has  since 
that  date  lived  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  com- 
fortable competency.  In  his  political 
views,  Mr.  Pitner,  after  having  voted 
twice  for  Lincoln,  because  of  his  temper- 
ance principles  went  over  to  the  Prohibi- 
tion Party  in  1884.  In  1888  he  was  Chair- 
man of  the  State  Central  Committee  for 
his  party,  and  led  the  campaign  for  Fiske 
and  Brooks.  At  that  election  the  party 
cast  a  larger  number  of  votes  in  Illinois 
than  has  been  cast  at  any  Presidential 
election  since,  with  the  exception  of  that 
of  1904.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
he  was  Southern  born  he  was  an  ardent 
Unionist  during  the  Civil  War,  support- 
ing the  cause  with  all  the  means  and  in- 
fluence at  his  command.  It  is  equally  note- 
worthy that  he  was  a  strong  anti-slavery 
man  before  the  war.  voting  for  General 
John  C.  Fremont  in  1856.  When  the  war 
had  settled  the  slavery  question,  his 
strong  convictions  on  the  subject  of  pro- 
hibiting the  liquor  traffic  carried  him  in 
.  1884  into  the  Prohibition  party,  and  he 
has  been  a  consistent  and  forceful  cham- 
pion of  the  principles  of  that  party  ever 
since.  He  is  now  a  local  elder  in  Emman- 
uel M.  E.  Church,  Evanston.  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  official  board. 


REV.  MINER  RAYMOND,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 

January  2nd,  A.  D.  1636.  the  town  of 
Salem,  Mass.,  granted  a  half  acre  of  land 
at  Winter  Harbor,  to  Richard  Raymond, 
"for  fishing  trade  and  to  build  upon." 
Richard  was  a  mariner  who  later  engaged 
in  coastwise  trade  and  died  at  Saybrook, 


Conn.,  in  1692,  "ae.  abt.  90."  Richard's 
son,  John,  and  John's  son,  Thomas,  lived 
at  Norvvalk,  Conn.,  and  Thomas'  son,  Com- 
fort, and  Comfort's  son.  Comfort,  Jr., 
lived  at  New  Canaan,  Conn.  Here  was 
born  Nobles  Benedict,  a  son  of  Comfort, 
Jr.,  September  29,  1788.  Nobles  Benedict, 
who  was  by  trade  a  shoemaker,  was  mar- 
ried in  1808,  in  the  City  of  New  York,  to 
Hannah  Wood,  a  daughter  of  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier.  Of  their  union  Miner 
Raymond  was  born  in  New  York  City, 
August  29,  1811. 

Two  years  later  the  family  removed  to 
Rensselaerville,  Albany  County,  where 
Miner  helped  in  the  home  and  the  shop 
and  attended  the  village  school  until  he 
was  twelve  years  old.  By  that  time  he 
had  mastered  all  that  the  village  school 
could  teach  him  and  he  began  to  yearn 
for  something  larger  and  better.  His 
father  was  not  able  to  send  him  away  to 
school,  nor  could  he  allow  him  to  be  idle : 
so,  to  use  his  own  language,  "he  set  me 
on  'a  shoe-bench  drawing  the  cords  of 
affliction  on  the  stool  of  repentance  for 
six  years,  and  I  wanting  to  go  to  school  all 
the  time." 

In  1830,  when  he  was  nineteen  years 
old,  the  way  opened  for  him  to  go  to  the 
Wesleyan  Academy  at  Wilbraham.  Mass. 
He  succeeded  in  paying  his  way,  in  part, 
by  means  of  his  skill  as  a  shoemaker. 
Three  years  later  he  became  a  teacher  in 
the  Academy  and  continued  for  seven 
years  in  that  relation,  first  in  charge  of 
the  English  department  and  later  as  in- 
structor in  mathematics.  His  remarkable 
aptness  as  a  teacher,  as  well  as  the  power 
of  his  commanding  personality,  is  wit- 
nessed by  a  lawyer  of  New  York  who  was 
a  student  under  him,  and  declared  long 
afterwards  that  "Miner  Raymond  was  the 
greatest  mathematical  teacher  on  God's 
earth."  He  evinced  from  the  first  that 


5'4 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


he  was  one  of  those  born  teachers  who 
are  gifted  beyond  ordinary  men  to  make 
things  clear.  In  1840  the  \Vesleyan  Uni- 
versity honored  him  with  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  and  in  1854  with  that  of* 
Doctor  of  Divinity.  Thirty  years  later 
the  Northwestern  University  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Meanwhile  his  ability  as  a  preacher 
began  to  attract  wide  attention,  and  in 
1841  he  left  the  Academy  and  became  a 
pastor  in  the  New  England  Conference 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
preaching  successively  in  Worcester,  Bos- 
ton and  Westfield,  Mass.  Of  him,  as  a 
preacher,  the  historian  of  \Yesleyan  Acad 
emy  writes,  that  "his  first  attempts  at 
preaching  evinced  the  careful  thinker. 
But  while  the  principles  and  main  prop- 
osition were  laid  down  carefully  as  well 
a's  clearly,  the  preacher  was  sure  to  kindle 
as  he  advanced  and  to  break  into  a  tor- 
nado in  the  peroration.  Though  gifted 
with  large  capacity  for  astute  and  accu- 
rate thought,  he  was  heard  gladly  by  the 
people,  because  his  logic  usually  came  to 
white  heat."  After  his  coming  to  Evans- 
ton  he  was  for  three  years  the  pastor  of 
the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of 
this  place,  and  the  older  inhabitants  often 
speak  of  his  great  power  as  a  preacher,  and 
of  the  overwhelming  effect  some  of  his 
s.ermons  had  upon  the  large  assembly. 
He  was  six  times  a  member  of  the  ( quad- 
rennial) General  Conference  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Slavery  in  the  General 
Conference  at  Indianapolis  in  1848. 

But  it  was  not  as  a  pastor  and  preacher 
that  he  was  destined  to  work  out  the  great 
ministry  of  his  life.  In  1848,  when  he 
was  thirty-seven  years  old,  exigencies  at 
the  Academy  at  \Yilbrahani  led  the  Trus- 
tees to  turn  to  Miner  Raymond  as  the 
man  above  all  others  to  take  charge  of 


the  institution.  It  was  with  great  reluc- 
tance that  he  at  last  consented  to  leave 
the  pastorate  and  become  the  Principal  of 
Wilbraham.  But  he  obeyed  the  call 
which  seemed  divine,  and  the  sixteen 
years  that  followed  were  probably  the 
most  brilliant  period  of  his  entire  career. 
The  same  historian  of  the  \\esleyan 
Academy  says  that  his  election  as  Prin- 
cipal "marked  a  new  era  in  the  history  of 
that  honored  institution.  ( )f  all  the  Prin- 
cipals, his  term  was  at  once  the  longest 
and  most  fruitful  in  important  results. 
Under  the  touch  of  his  genius  and  the  con- 
trol of  his  unconquerable  will,  old  things 
disappeared  and  almost  everything  about 
the  institution  became  new.  Difficulties, 
which  to  weaker  men  would  have  proven 
altogether  insuperable,  vanished  in  the 
presence  of  one  so  able  to  influence  men 
and  to  command  resources.  To  this  wise 
master-builder  the  friends  of  the  institu- 
tion owe  an  immense  debt  of  gratitude." 

But  if  those  sixteen  years  were  the  most 
brilliant  in  his  career,  the  next  period  of 
over  thirty  years  made  him  more  conspic- 
uous in  the  eyes  of  both  the  Church  and 
the  world.  In  the  summer  of  1864  Dr. 
Raymond  was  called  to  succeed  Dr.  John 
Dempster,  as  Professor  of  Systematic  • 
Theology  in  Garrett  Biblical  Institute, 
and  the  rest  of  his  life  work  was  per- 
formed in  connection  with  that  institution. 
"When  I  came  here."  he  once  remarked, 
"and  walked  up  and  down  along  the  lake- 
side, and  considered  the  field  and  its  op- 
portunities, I  felt  that  I  had  come  to  my 
kingdom  :  and  though  it  was  unexpected 
and  unsought,  the  place  and  the  work 
came  to  me  as  that  which,  above  all  others 
in  the  gift  of  the  Church,  was  the  one  for 
which  I  had  been  providentially  pre- 
pared." 

Dr.  Raymond  died  November  25,  1897. 
and  at  his  funeral  services  his  colleague. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


5'5 


Dr.  M.  S.  Terry,  said :  "For  the  last 
thirty  years  his  life  has  been  a  part  of  the 
history  of  Evanston.  His  name  is  to  the 
people  of  this  community  a  household 
word ;  his  memorv  as  ointment  poured 
forth !  How  magnificently  that  whole 
record  of  a  life  of  eighty-six  years  opens 
up  to  our  thought !  Almost  three  genera- 
tions have  come  and  gone  since  he  was 
born,  and  his  life  was  nearly  co-extensive 
with  the  nineteenth  century.  He  has  built 
a  character  and  work  that  cannot  perish 
from  _the  annals  of  the  Church  of  God. 
Dr.  Raymond  was  the  last  survivor  of  a 
great  faculty— that  older  faculty  of  the 
Institute  in  its  heroic  days.  Successor  of 
Dempster,  the  founder  of  theological 
schools  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  he  was  the  fitting  colleague  of 
Ki:!der  and  Bannister  and  Hememvay. 
They  passed  on  before  him  into  God's 
higher  school  many  semesters  ago.  Rut 
Dr.  Raymond  lived  on  to  see  almost  an- 
other generation  pass.  A  Dennett  and  a 
Ridgaway  have  come  and  gone,  and  seem 
already  like  the  transfigured  forms  of  a 
beautiful  vision  that  vanished  long  ago. 
But  this  saintly  man  lived  on  and  taught, 
and  prayed,  and  smiled,  and  wept,  and 
pronounced  many  a  loving  benediction  on 
the  younger  folk." 

Of  Doctor  Raymond  President  Little 
wrote:  "He  was  one  of  the  last  and  one 
of  the  greatest  of  a  marvelous  group  of 
Methodist  preachers — a  group  illustrious 
with  the  names  of  Olin.  and  Fisk.  and 
Rascom :  of  Simpson,  and  McClintock, 
and  Durbin.  and.  Stevens.  And  even  in 
the  class-room  he  could  not  cease  to 
preach.  For  the  truths  that  he  expounded 
were  to  him  the  substance  of  eternal  life. 
Other  teachers  might  be  more  erudite  and 
more  subtle  ;  none  could  be  more  luminous 
or  more  reasonable:  and  few,  indeed, 
could  so  challenge  the  student  to  admira- 


tion, or  so  encourage  him  to  strenuous 
effort  and  to  independent  thought.  Hence, 
the  unbounded  affection  of  the  men  that 
sat  at  his  feet.  Many  of  them  have 
reached  the  highest  station  of  influence 
and  authority  in  the  Church ;  some  of 
them  are  preaching  the  gospel  in  (Jistant 
lands:  others  are  working  quietly  and 
faithfully  at  home.  But  to  all  of  them 
the  echoes  of  his  deep,  sonorous  voice  are 
an  imperishable  treasure,  for  the  words 
he  spoke  to  them  were  spirit  and  life." 

During  the  first  years  of  Doctor  Ray- 
mond's residence  in  Evanston  he  was  not 
only  professor  in  the  Institute  and  pastor 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  but  he  was  also 
President  of  the  Milage  Board  of  Educa- 
tion:  and  it  was  during  his  administration 
that  the  Hinman  Avenue  School  was  or- 
ganized and  the  first  building  erected  for 
that  school. 

When  the  University  purchased  the 
Snyder  farm  in  1867  the  Trustees  voted 
"that  the  street  on  the  north  line  be  called 
Dempster  Street,  and  that  the  street  near- 
est the  lake  shore  be  called  Raymond  Ave- 
nue." Raymond  Avenue  has  been  swal- 
lowed up  in  Sheridan  Road,  but  the  City 
Council  recently  voted  that  the  public 
park  between  Chicago  and  Hinman  Ave- 
nues, and  between  Grove  and  Lake 
Streets,  be  named  Raymond  Park  :  so  that 
Dr.  Raymond's  name  is  still  perpetuated 
on  the  city  plat. 

Doctor  Raymond  married,  at  Webster. 
Mass..  August  20,  1837,  Elizabeth  Hen- 
derson, who  died  at  Evanston,  September 
19,  1877.  She  was  the  mother  of  his  chil- 
dren :  Charles  Wesley  and  Francis 
Asbury,  who  died  in  infancy;  Mary, 
widow  of  Philip  B.  Shumway,  who  died 
at  Evanston,  December  22,  1903:  William 
M..  who  died  in  Chicago.  February  5, 
1896;  Samuel  B.,  now  living  in  Chicago; 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


and  James  H.  and  Frederick  D.,  who  are 
living  in  Evanston. 

On  July  28,  1879,  Doctor  Raymond 
married,  as  his  second  wife,  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Mrs.  Isabella  (Hill)  Binney, 
who  died  at  Evanston  February  6,  1897. 


FREDERICK  D.  RAYMOND. 

Frederick  D.  Raymond,  who  has  been 
a  resident  of  Evanston  for  more  than  forty 
years,  was  born  in  \\  ilbraham,  Mass., 
September  16,  1852.  His  father,  Rev. 
Miner  Raymond,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
born  in  New  York  City,  August  29,  1811 ; 
and  his  mother,  Elizabeth  (Henderson) 
Raymond,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born 
in  Mt.  Hall,  County  Tyrone,  August  12, 
1814.  The  former  was  a  minister  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  an  emi- 
nent teacher.  (See  sketch  of  Rev.  Miner 
Raymond  in  this  volume.) 

Frederick  D.  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
State,  and  came  to  Evanston  with  his  par- 
ents in  August,  1864.  and  there,  for  one 
year,  attended  the  "Grove  School,"  with 
Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  as  his  pre- 
ceptress. He  then  became  a  pupil  in  the 
Preparatory  Department  of  Northwestern 
University  where  he  continued  three 
years.  Subsequently  he  finished  the  uni- 
versity course,  requiring  four  more  years 
of  study,  and  graduated  with  the  class  of 
1872.  During  his  undergraduate  period, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Hinman  Literary 
Society  and  the  Sigma  Chi  fraternity,  and 
later  was  elected  a  member  of  the  hon- 
orary Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  On  com- 
pleting his  education,  Mr.  Raymond  spent 
a  year  in  connection  with  the  adjustment 
of  the  affairs  of  a  Chicago  fire  insurance 
company,  which  was  rendered  insolvent 
by  the  great  fire  of  1871.  He  then  taught 


in  the  Preparatory  Department  of  North- 
western University  during  the  first  year 
of  the  principalship  of  Rev.  Dr.  Fisk — 
1873  to  1874. 

Since  1874,  Mr.  Raymond  has  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  construction  and  oper- 
ation of  railroads.  The  first  three  years 
of  this  period  were  spent  at  Streator,  111., 
engaged  in  construction  work  and  in  the 
freight  department  of  the  Chicago  & 
Paducah  and  the  Chicago,  Pekin  &  South- 
western Railroads,  now,  respectively,  the 
Chicago  division  of  the  Wabash  System 
and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railway.  He  was  subsequently  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  the  "Monon"  line, 
from  Chicago  to  Indianapolis,  and  served 
as  general  freight  agent  of  the  Chicago 
&  Great  Southern  Railway  (now  the  coal 
line),  in  Indiana,  of  the  Chicago  &  East- 
ern Illinois  Railroad.  Since  its  organiza- 
tion in  1887,  he  has  been  a  director,  and 
Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Elgin, 
Joliet  &  Eastern  Railway  Company ;  and 
since  1899  has  acted  in  the  same 
capacities  in  connection  with  the 
Chicago,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  Rail- 
way Company,  both  of  which  com- 
panies are  controlled  by  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation.  In  the  construction 
of  all  these  roads,  except  that  last  men- 
tioned, Mr.  Raymond  was  associated  with 
his  brother-in-law,  the  late  Philip  B. 
Shumway. 

On  October  24,  1877,  Mr.  Raymond 
was  united  in  marriage  at  Evanston,  111., 
with  Carrie  M.  Wyckoff,  of  that  city. 
Mrs.  Raymond  is  a  daughter  of  William 
M.  and  Mary  A.  Wyckoff  residents,  suc- 
cessively, of  New  York  City,  Bellefont- 
aine  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Chicago  and 
Evanston.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  are 
the  parents  of  the  following  named  chil- 
dren: Ruth,  born  October  6,  1878;  Mary, 
born  October  18,  1880;  Philip  W.,  born 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


517 


October  28,  1886;  Margaret,  born  August 
9,  1891 ;  and  Frederick  D.,  Jr.,  born  July 
6.  1896. 

Politically,  Mr.  Raymond  is  a  supporter 
of  the  Republican  party.  His  religious 
connection  is  with  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  of  Evanston,  of  which 
he  has  been  a  member  of  the  official  board 
since  1878.  In  fraternal  circles  he  is 
identified  with  the  Royal  Arcanum,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  University  Club,  of 
Evanston.  He  is  now  acting  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  Treasurer  of  the  Municipal  As- 
sociation of  Evanston. 


CAPT.  JOSHUA  P.  BOUTELLE. 

The  first  American  ancestor  of  Captain 
Joshua  P.  Boutelle.  of  Evanston,  111.,  was 
James  Boutelle,  who  came  from  England 
to  America  earl}'  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, the  original  family  seat  being  in 
Massachusetts.  From  Massachusetts 
Captain  Boutelle's  branch  of  the  family 
emigrated  to  Maine,  and  at  Edgecomb 
and  at  other  places  in  the  latter  State  Dr. 
John  Boutelle.  the  father  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  practiced  medicine  for 
many  years.  Dr.  Boutelle  was  a  zealous 
anti-slavery  champion  and  for  many  years 
was  actively  interested  in  colonization 
movements  in  the  interest  of  ex-slaves 
and  other  negroes  in  the  United  States. 
Captain  Boutelle's  grandfather,  William 
Boutelle,  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  received  for  his  services 
a  land  warrant  from  the  Government, 
which  he  located  on  land  in  Maine. 

Captain  Joshua  P.  Boutelle  was  born 
at  Edgecomb,  Maine.  September  20,  1822, 
where  he  was  reared  on  a  small  farm, 
receiving  a  common  school  education 
during  his  boyhood.  Later  he  attend- 
ed an  academv  at  Newcastle,  Maine, 


where  he  gave  special  attention  to  navi- 
gation, and  at  seventeen  years  of  age 
adopted  the  life  of  a  sailor,  making  his  first 
trip  to  Cuba  on  board  the  brig  "Damas- 
cus," under  the  command  of  Captain 
Chase.  In  1848  he  became  master  of  the 
ship  "St.  John,"  upon  which  he  won  for 
himself  the  title  of  the  "yellow  fever  cap- 
tain," in  consequence  of  having  taken  this 
vessel  to  Vera  Cruz  to  remove  a  number 
of  American  soldiers  to  the  States,  after 
the  close  of  the  Mexican  War.  In  the 
performance  of  this  duty  he  took  the  place 
of  the  regular  commander  of  the  "St. 
John,"  who  feared  to  expose  himself  to 
contracting  the  yellow  fever.  In  1849 
Captain  Boutelle  sailed  the  ship  "Arche- 
laus,"  which  foundered  off  the  coast  of 
Wales,  after  which,  in  1850.  he  took  the 
ship  "State  of  Maine"  around  Cape  Horn 
to  California,  and  thence  sailed  across 
the  Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans,  making 
the  circuit  of  the  globe  and  finally  reach- 
ing London  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  In  1852  he  assumed  command  of 
the  "Arabia,"  which,  for  four  years,  sailed 
between  New  York,  Mobile,  New  Orleans 
and  Liverpool,  after  which  a  company, 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  built  the 
"Niagara, "  which  in  1859  was  engaged 
in  trade  between  the  United  States  and 
Liverpool.  The  last  vessel  on  which 
he  sailed  was  the  "Saginaw,"  which,  in 
company  with  others,  he  built  in  1863, 
and  which  made  its  first  voyage  to  Pan- 
ama the  same  year.  During  the  Civil 
War  this  vessel  narrowly  escaped  capture 
by  the  Confederate  cruiser  "Alabama." 
but  was  burned  in  1866  off  the  Island  of 
Madeira  while  bound  from  Cardiff, 
Wales,  to  Panama. 

This  closed  Captain  Boutelle's  sea-far- 
ing life,  and  in  1867  he  engaged  in  coal- 
mining in  Nova  Scotia,  having  charge, 
as  superintendent  for  one  year,  of  mines 


eig 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


which  he  had  opened  there.  He  then 
came  to  Chicago,  but  in  18^9  returned  to 
New  York,  where  he  embarked  in  the 
wholesale  sewing  machine  trade  for  one 
year,  when,  in  1870,  he  came  to  Evanston. 
111.,  which  continued  to  be  his  home  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  Here  he  in- 
vested in  real  estate  and  engaged  in  build- 
ing and  other  improvements:  in  1871 
erected  the  Boutelle  &  Wesley  Block,  and 
later  improved  considerable  residence 
property.  From  1875  to  1881  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  hardware  trade  in  Evanston, 
since  then  being  retired  from  business 
life. 

Captain  Boutelle  was  married  first  to 
Frances  A.  Robbins,  of  Maine,  who  died 
in  1859,  and  in  1868,  he  married  as  his 
second  wife  Margaret  A.  Patten,  of 
Brunswick,  Maine,  who  died  in  1872.  His 
third  marriage  was  with  Miss  Augusta 
A.  Reed,  of  Chicago,  in  1880.  Mrs. 
Boutelle  is  a  native  of  New  York,  but 
came  to  Sterling,  Illinois,  in  girlhood, 
still  later  spent  some  years  in  the  South 
and  East,  finally  returning  to  the  West. 
An  intimate  friend  of  Mrs.  Boutelle  for 
many  years  was  the  widow  of  the  late 
Judge  David  Davis,  of  Bloomington,  111., 
now  Mrs.  Greene  of  North  Carolina.  Cap- 
tain Boutelle's  only  child  is  now  Mrs. 
Ada  (Boutelle)  Briggs  of  Evanston.  The 
Hon.  Charles  A.  Boutelle,  late  Congress- 
man from  Maine  (now  deceased),  was  a 
nephew  of  Captain  Boutelle. 

Captain  Boutelle  was  a  member  of  the 
Odd  Fellows'  fraternity,  in  politics  was 
a  Republican,  and  served  for  eight  years 
as  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  one  year  as 
Collector  for  the  city  of  Evanston.  He 
lived  an  active  and  strenuous  life,  and  at 
the  age  of  eighty-two  years  was  in  pos- 
session of  his  mental  faculties,  and  re- 
tained a  vivid  memory  of  past  adventures 
and  events  which  made  him  a  most 


charming  companion.  Death  came  to 
him  at  his  home  in  Evanston,  June  21, 
1905.  His  daughter  and  her  husband,  Mr. 
John  A.  Briggs,  accompanied  the  remains 
to  Union,  Maine,  where  they  were  in- 
terred in  accordance  with  his  wish,  by  the 
side  of  his  first  wife. 


WALLACE    REYNOLDS    COXDICT. 

Wallace  Reynolds  Conclict  (deceased),  a 
well  known  and  highly  respected  resident  of 
Evanston  from  May  I,  1875,  until  August 
30.  1899,  was  born  in  Newark,  New  Jersey, 
June  I,  1824.  His  parents  were  Sidney  and 
Charlotte  (Reynolds)  Condict.  Sidney 
Condict  was  a  prominent  and  prosperous 
dry-goods  merchant  in  the  East.  In  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  the  Condicts  are  an 
old  and  influential  family,  and  the  Reynolds 
family  is  of  Mayflower  stock.  The  circum- 
stances of  Wallace  R.  Condict 's  parents  en- 
abled them  to  give  him  an  excellent  high 
school  education,  and  his  business  training 
was  received  in  the  dry-goods  line  under 
his  father's  supervision.  When  about  twen- 
ty years  of  age  the  son  came  West,  to  Ra- 
cine, Wis.,  and  was  connected  with  an  ele- 
vator concern  until  he  was  about  twenty- 
five  years  old,  when  he  went  to  Michigan 
City,  Iml.,  and  engaged  in  the  dry-goods 
business  on  his  own  account.  There  he  re- 
mained until  near  the  termination  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  he  sold  out  and  came  to 
Chicago,  but  did  not  enter  upon  any  active 
business  enterprise  on  his  own  responsibili- 
ty after  his  arrival  there.  On  May  i,  1875, 
he  established  his  residence  in  Evanston, 
where  he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his 
days.  Politically,  Mr.  Condict  supported 
the  Republican  party.  He  attended  the 
Congregational  Church,  to  the  maintenance 
of  which  he  was  a  regular  contributor. 

Mr.    Condict    was   married    in    Chicago, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


5'9 


January  31,  1874,  to  Louise  Albridge,  a 
daughter  of  Isaac  and  Armina  Albridge,  of 
Plattsburgh,  Xew  York.  The  issue  of  their 
union  was  Wallace  Reynolds  and  Jessie 
Haskell,  both  of  whom  are  married  and  liv- 
ing in  Evanston. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  honorable, 
conservative  and  level-headed  in  his  busi- 
ness transactions,  and  one  whom  all  could 
trust.  He  was  a  home-loving,  quiet  man 
who  devoted  himself  to  his  business  and 
family,  and  cared  nothing  for  club  life  or 
political  honors. 


OLIVER    M.  CARSON. 

Oliver  M.  Carson  (deceased)  was  born 
in  Sweden,  March  31,  1853,  and  in  early 
childhood  came  to  America  with  his  parents 
who  settled  in  Galesburg,  111.  His  educa- 
.  tion  was  received  in  the  public  schools  near 
his  home  and  at  Knox  College,  Galesburg. 
While  pursuing  his  course  in  that  institution 
he  supported  himself  and  secured  his  diplo- 
ma by  his  own  unaided  efforts.  He  then  en- 
tered the  well-known  dry-goods  house  of 
Charles  Gossage,  where  he  remained  until 
his  health  became  so  impaired  as  to  necessi- 
tate a  change,  when  he  went  to  Minnesota 
and  tried  agricultural  pursuits  for  a  brief 
period.  An  improvement  in  his  health  en- 
abled him  to  return  to  mercantile  pursuits, 
which  first  took  him  to  Farmington,  Minn., 
later  becoming  connected  with  the  dry 
goods  firm  of  Carhart  &  Co.  of  St.  Paul, 
with  which  house  he  remained  for  a  period 
of  eleven  years.  Returning  to  Chicago,  Mr. 
Carson,  after  a  brief  experience  in  trade, 
began  operating  in  real  estate,  located  in 
the  main  along  the  North  Shore,  and  also 
in  Oak  Park.  Always  enthusiastic  over  the 
development  of  North  Shore  realty,  his  con- 
fidence was  unbounded,  and  the  improve- 
ments made  under  his  management  were 


many  and  of  an  important  character.  The 
subject  of  "riparian  rights"  was  ever  upper- 
most in  his  mind,  and  he  acquired  much 
property  in  this  connection.  In  his  business 
undertakings  he  was  intensely  active,  such 
being  the  nature  of  the  man,  but  of  all  en- 
terprises none  was  dearer  to  his  heart  than 
the  improvements  along  fhe  North  Shore. 
He  promoted  a  number  of  sub-divisions  be- 
tween Chicago  and  the  suburban  cities  to 
the  north,  as  well  as  48  acres  of  land  in 
Oak  Park. 

On  October  18,  1882,  Mr.  Carson  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Clara,  daughter 
of  G.  L.  Wetterland,  of  Chicago,  and  of 
this  union  one  daughter  (Miss  Mildred) 
was  born.  In  his  political  affiliations  Mr. 
Carson  was  a  Republican.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Until  1892 
his  residence  was  in  Chicago,  but  at  that 
time  he  removed  to  Evanston,  111.,  his  home 
being  at  No.  222  Stockham  Place,  one  of 
the  most  charming  locations  in  the  classic 
town.  Active,  genial,  enterprising.  Mr. 
Carson's  interest  in  all  pertaining  to  the 
improvement  of  North  Shore  property  con- 
tinued to  the  close  of  his  successful  career. 
His  decease  occurred  on  September  1 1, 
1902.  Mrs.  Carson,  who  survives  her  hus- 
band, resides  at  Hotel  Monnett,  Evanston. 
Mr.  Carson  was  domestic  in  his  habits,  de- 
lighting in  the  society  of  his  family  and  of 
his  intimate  friends.  He  was  cordial,  ap- 
proachable, and  his  home  was  a  center 
where  one  met  this  most  affable  and  engag- 
ing of  men,  whose  death  was  lamented  by 
many. 


WILLIAM    J.  CANFIELD. 

William  J.  Canfield  (deceased),  former- 
ly a  leading  merchant  of  Evanston,  111.,  was 
born  in  Salisbury,  Conn.,  November  14, 
1832.  His  parents  were  Lee  and  Ruth 
(Butler)  Canfield.  The  Canfield  family 


520 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


was  originally  of  English  extraction,  and 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  descendant 
of  Thomas  Canfield,  one  of  the  early  colon- 
ists who  settled  at  Milford,  near  New  Hav- 
en, Conn.,  and  was  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors of  the  place.  Lieut.  Col.  Buel,  of 
Revolutionary  fame,  was  one  of  the  ances- 
tors of  Mr.  Canfield,  as  was  also  Governor 
Wells,  one  of  the  early  Colonial  Governors. 
Lee  Canfield  was  an  iron  manufacturer  by 
occupation,  and  worked  the  noted  Salisbury 
mines  from  which  iron  was  taken  for  ves- 
sels in  the  Revolutionary  period.  These 
mines  were  once  operated  by  Ethan  Allen, 
and  were  among  the  first  worked  in 
America. 

In  his  boyhood  Mr.  Canfield  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Salisbury,  and  was  after- 
ward a  pupil  in  Amenia  Academy, at  Amenia, 
N.  Y.  He  grew  up  at  Salisbury,  and  was 
trained  to  the  iron  business.  In  early  man- 
hood he  was  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron  at  Salisbury,  which 
he  continued  until  1881,  when  he  came  with 
his  family  to  Evanston.  Here  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  grocery  business  and 
was  one  of  the  principal  merchants  of  the 
city  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Decem- 
ber 19.  1896. 

Mr.  Canfield  was  married,  March  3,  1856, 
to  Frances  C.  Caul,  who  survives  her  hus- 
band. Her  parents  were  William  and  Dor- 
cas (Crowell)  Caul,  of  Salisbury,  N.  Y., 
and  on  the  maternal  side,  she  is  a  descend- 
ant of  John  Alden,  of  the  Mayflower,  and 
also  of  Richard  Warren,  who  was  one  of 
the  same  company  of  Pilgrims.  Her  an- 
cestors were  represented  in  the  Revolution- 
ary army. 

The  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Canfield 
are:  Mrs.  Carrie  (Canfield)  Dean,  and 
Mrs.  Nellie  (Canfield)  Lee,  both  born  in 
Salisbury.  The  former  is  the  wife  of  Mar- 
vin A.  Dean,  of  Evanston,  and  the  latter 
married  Rev.  Frank  T.  Lee,  of  Maywood, 


111.    In  politics  Mr.  Canfield  was  an  adher- 
ent of  the  Republican  party. 


ADAM  FRIES  TOWNSEND. 

Adam  Fries  Townsend  (deceased),  for 
twenty-one  years  special  agent  of  the 
Northern  Assurance  Company  of  London, 
England,  and  a  most  highly  esteemed  citi- 
zen of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, on  May  9.  1834.  Reared  as  a  boy  in 
that  city  and  educated  at  Pennington  Semi- 
nary in  New  Jersey  and  Dickinson  College 
in  Pennsylvania,  the  educational  bent  of  his 
nature  led  to  his  choice  of  the  teacher's 
profession,  and  he  entered  life's  active  serv- 
ice as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Du- 
buque,  Iowa,  where  he  organized  that  city's 
system  of  graded  schools.  Later,  he  under- 
took and  accomplished  a  similar  work  at 
Galena,  111.  While  success  had  crowned  his 
work  as  an  educator,  and  while  his  chosen 
profession  proved  fully  congenial  to  his 
intelligent  spirit,  it  soon  appeared  that  the 
sedentary  conditions  of  his  vocation  were 
detrimental  to  his  physical  well-being.  He 
reluctantly  changed  the  direction  of  his  life 
energies  from  a  professional  sphere  to  the 
business  arena,  entering  the  employ  of  the 
Western  Manufacturers'  Mutual  Fire  In- 
surance Company.  At  this  time  he  came 
to  Evanston  and  soon  after  was  appointed 
special  agent  of  the  Northern  Assurance 
Company  of  London,  serving  the  interests 
of  this  company  with  unflagging  faithful- 
ness for  the  long  period  of  twenty-one  years 
and  up  to  the  very  day  of  his  death.  While 
in  East  St.  Louis,  111.,  in  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  his  business  obligations,  he  fell 
and  fractured  the  bone  of  his  thigh,  an  in- 
jury which  resulted  in  his  death  on  Febru- 
ary 13,  1904,  in  Henrietta  Hospital,  East 
St.  Louis. 

While  in  charge  of  the  Galena  schools, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


521 


Mr.  Townsend  was  married  by  Bishop  Vin- 
cent, of  the  Methodist  Church,  to  Miss 
Sarah  P.  Burr,  daughter  of  Hudson  Burr, 
well-known  merchant  of  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  united  with 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  Salem, 
New  Jersey,  at  the  early  age  of  fourteen. 
Committed  by  holy  vows  to  the  fellowship 
of  the  church,  he  was  ever  devoted  to  her 
interests.  For  many  years  and  in  many 
places  he  was  an  office  bearer  in  the  church, 
attending  with  conscientious  fidelity  to 
whatever  was  committed  to  his  hand.  Of 
him  it  should  be  said  that  he  was  regular 
and  punctual  at  the  place  of  worship,  devout 
in  his  ways,  pure  and  blameless  in  Christ- 
ian life,  uniform  and  steadfast  in  his  relig- 
ious confession,  and  always  ready  to  do  his 
part  in  every  good  work — a  living  epistle, 
a  steady  light,  that  grew  not  dim,  but 
brightened  with  the  years. 


HUMPHRYS  H.  C.  MILLER. 

Humphrys  H.  C.  Miller,  lawyer,  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  with  office  at  1415  Marquette 
Building,  Chicago,  was  born  in  New  York 
City,  October  17,  1845,  tne  son  °f  George 
and  Isabella  (Clark)  Miller,  the  former 
born  at  Ballybay,  County  Monoghan,  Ire- 
land, April  14,  1796,  and  the  latter  in  New 
York  City  in  1820.  After  coming  to  Ameri- 
ca the  father  was  engaged  in  the  book  pub- 
lishing business,  also  keeping  a  book  store, 
until  1855,  when  he  removed  to  the  vicinity 
of  Hanover,  Jo  Daviess  County,  111.,  and 
engaged  in  farming,  later  removing  to  Car- 
roll County,  111.,  where  he  continued  in  the 
same  business.  Still  later  the  father  lived  in 
Jackson  County,  Mo.,  and  died  at  Green- 
wood in  that  State  in  1876,  the  mother  dy- 
ing there  the  same  year. 

Until  about  nine  years  of  age,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  lived  in  New  York  City, 


but  coming  with  his  parents  to  Illinois  in 
1855,  worked  on  his  father's  farm  in  Jo 
Daviess  County,  and  then  in  Carroll  County 
except  while  attending  school.  He  taught 
school  one  winter  in  a  small  log  school- 
house  in  Carroll  County,  at  a  place  called 
Zion's  Grove,  receiving  a  salary  of  $25  per 
month.  While  in  Carroll  County  he  pre- 
pared for  college  in  Mt.  Carroll  Seminary, 
and  entering  Union  College,  at  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.,  in  the  fall  of  1864,  remained  there 
two  years,  when  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Junior  Class  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 
graduating  from  that  institution  with  the 
degree  of  A.  B.  in  1868.  From  1868  to 
1870  he  was  Principal  of  the  high  school  at 
Channahon,  Will  County,  111.,  when  he  went 
to  Morris,  Grundy  County,  serving  as 
School  Superintendent  there  for  five  years, 
after  which  he  occupied  the  same  position 
at  Pittsfield,  111.,  for  one  year.  Always  fond 
of  reading,  his  mind  naturally  turned  to- 
ward the  law  ;  and,  in  1875,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  during  the  following  year  com- 
ing to  Chicago,  where  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  Charles  W.  Needham,  which 
was  continued  five  years,  when  the  partner- 
ship was  terminated  by  Mr.  Needham 's  re- 
moval to  Washington,  D.  C.  While  main- 
taining his  office  in  Chicago,  Mr.  Miller  has 
continuously  made  his  residence  in  Evans- 
ton. 

The  official  positions  held  by  Mr.  Miller 
include  those  of  Corporation  Counsel  for 
the  Village  of  Evanston  (1886-87),  and 
Village  President  from  1888  to  1890,  being 
elected  to  both  of  these  positions  without 
opposition  and  by  unanimous  vote.  At  the 
close  of  his  term  he  was  complimented  by 
a  public  reception  given  in  his  honor  by  the 
citizens  of  Evanston.  He  has  also  been 
President  of  the  Evanston  Board  of  Edu- 
cation since  1880,  and  has  held  a  like  posi- 
tion in  connection  with  the  Civil  Service 
Commission  since  1895.  From  1900  to 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


1904  he  served  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  Richard 
Yates,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  The  pub- 
lic positions  held  by  Mr.  Miller  indicate  the 
est'-v.ation  in  which  he  is  held  as  a  lawyer 
and  as  a  citizen. 


JOHX  MARSHALL  WILLIAMS. 

Mr.  John  M.  Williams  was  born  in  the- 
village  of  Morrisville,  Madison  County,  X. 
Y..  on  the  6th  day  of  December,  1821.  His 
parents  were  Amariah  and  Olive  (Read) 
Williams,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of 
Connecticut.  There  were  four  sons  and  two 
daughters  in  the  family,  of  whom  he  was 
the  third  son.  He  was  sent  to  the  district 
school  and,  later,  to  an  academy  at  Morris- 
ville. At  eighteen  years  of  age  the  course 
of  his  studies  was  interrupted  by  ill-health, 
which  led  to  his  taking  a  sea-voyage  in  the 
hope  of  improvement.  Five  months  spent 
in  cruising  upon  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land, with  the  active  life  and  plain  whole- 
some fare  of  a  cod  fisherman,  so  restored 
his  strength  that  he  resumed  his  course  of 
education,  going  to  The  Oneida  Conference 
Seminary  at  Cazenovia,  X.  Y.  Here  he  pur- 
sued his  studies  for  eighteen  months,  having 
in  view  preparation  for  college,  to  which 
his  taste  and  ambition  led  him.  At  this 
time  his  eyesight  having  become  impaired, 
he  was  obliged  to  leave  school  and  abandon 
the  idea  of  obtaining  a  liberal  education,  but 
desjred  a  wider  and  more  active  field  than 
was  offered  by  the  life  of  a  farmer  among 
the  secluded  valleys  of  Madison  County. 
An  advertisement  of  Mr.  S.  Augustus 
Mitchell,  a  noted  publisher  of  maps  in  Phila- 
delphia at  that  t:me,  met  his  eye.  and 
thinking  it  offered  a  favorable  opportunity 
for  commencing  business  and  seeing  some- 
thing of  the  country,  he  opened  a  corres- 
pondence which  led  to  his  undertaking  the 
sale  of  maps.  Witii  one  hundred  dollars 


advanced  by  his  father — the  only  pecuniary 
aid  which  he  ever  received  during  the  life- 
time of  his  parents — he  procured  a  supply  of 
outline  maps,  suitable  for  use  in  school- 
rooms, and  commenced  a  tour  through  the 
villages  of  Xevv  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
His  success  was  such  that  Mr.  Mitchell, 
though  he  knew  his  customer  only  by  cor- 
respondence, offered  him  an  agency  for  the 
State  of  Ohio  for  the  sale  of  a  wall-map  of 
the  United  States,  which  he  had  just  pub- 
lished. With  a  supply  of  these  maps  he  set 
out  in  the  spring  of  1843  f°r  Ohio,  by  way 
of  the  Erie  Canal  and  by  steamboat  on  Lake 
Erie,  and  commenced  work  in  Cleveland. 
The  maps  sold  readily,  and  after  canvass- 
ing a  large  part  of  the  Western  Reserve  he 
later  took  the  agency  for  Xew  Orleans, 
meeting  there  with  fairly  profitable  success, 
and  in  early  spring  embarked  on  a  sailing 
vessel  for  Xew  York,  visiting  Cuba  on  the 
way.  His  sales  so  far  had  yielded  him  a 
net  capital  of  $800  for  the  year.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  pursued  his  map  business  in 
Xew  York  and  the  South,  but  soon  after  had 
an  earnest  desire  to  go  West. 

An  older  brother.  Mr.  Read  A.  Williams, 
had  already  located  in  Chicago,  and  was 
there  engaged  in  the  lumber  business.  At 
the  solicitation  of  his  brother,  and  impress- 
ed with  the  advantages  which  the  young  city 
offered  for  business,  Mr.  Williams  came 
to  Chicago  in  the  spring  of  1848.  accompa- 
nied by  his  cousin,  William  W.  Farwell.  a 
lawyer,  who  afterwards  was  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Cook  County  for  many 
years.  He  soon  formed  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  Walter  Lull  and  opened  a  yard  for  the 
sale  of  lumber.  Having  occasion  to  visit 
Michigan  for  the  purchase  of  lumber  during 
the  summer,  he  was  there  attacked  by  a 
severe  and  dangerous  fever.  While  upon 
the  sick-bed  the  tidings  of  the  discovery  of 
gold  among  the  alluvial  sands  of  California 
reached  the  East,  and  stimulated  a  wild 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


523 


emigration  to  that  distant,  and  then  almost 
inaccessible,  region.  Mr.  Williams  disposed 
of  his  lumber  business  and  determined  to 
join  the  ranks  of  the  gold-hunters.  At  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.,  the  fitting-out  place  for  over- 
land emigrants,  he  joined  a  party  of  them,  in 
company  with  his  cousin,  Mr.  Farwell. 

The  story  of  the  journey  across  the  plains 
and  over  the  mountains  by  the  emigrants 
of  1849  nas  often  been  told,  and  Mr.  Will- 
iams' experience  was  not  unlike  that  of  oth- 
ers. He  drove  oxen,  toiled  along  dusty 
trails,  crossed  deserts,  starved  and  suffered 
thirst  through  the  long  stretches  of  sage- 
covered  plains,  guarded  the  camp  by  night, 
repulsing  attacks  from  stealthy  savage  ma- 
rauders, climbed  the  ascent  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  wandered  among  the  preci- 
pices of  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  At  the  sink 
of  the  Humboldt  River,  having  tired  of  the 
slow  and  toilsome  progress  of  the  ox-train, 
he  procured  a  horse  and  pushed  on  with  his 
cousin  for  the  remainder  of  the  journey, 
arriving  at  Sacramento  on  the  first  of  Sep- 
tember, 1849.  after  a  three  months'  jour- 
ney. He  lost  no  time  in  seeking  the  placer 
grounds,  which  he  entered  upon  at  Good- 
year's  Bar  on  the  Yuba  River.  With  a 
shovel  and  rude  rocker  he  began  working 
the  gravel  of  the  bar,  and  in  twenty-two 
days  had  taken  out  $900.  Supplies  of  food, 
at  this  place  and  time,  cost  $3.50  per  pound. 
The  work  was  hard  and  the  society  rough. 
With  the  winter  floods  approaching,  he  left 
the  diggings  and  returned  to  Sacramento. 
Going  down  to  San  Francisco  he  invested 
his  little  capital  in  such  goods  as  sperm  can- 
dles, bacon,  etc.,  and  for  two  or  three 
months  carried  on  a  lively  little  trade  in  the 
small  towns  along  the  river.  He  had  ac- 
cumulated $1.000  by  his  labor  and  enter- 
prise, when,  in  January,  1850.  in  conse- 
quence of  the  news  of  his  father's  death, 
he  started  for  his  former  home  in  New 
York,  by  way  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 


Among  his  fellow- voyagers  were  General 
John  C.  Fremont  and  his  wife,  the  renowned 
Jessie  (Benton)  Fremont.  After  walking 
across  the  Isthmus,  where  he  saw  new  and 
strange  forms  of  tropical  vegetation  and  a 
novel  type  of  human  life,  he  again  embarked 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  reached  Morrisville.  his 
former  home,  in  the  early  summer. 

On  July  17,  1850,  he  was  there  married 
to  Miss  Elizabeth  C.  Smith,  a  daughter  of 
Xathan  and  Roxana  Smith,  of  Xelson. 
Madison  County.  X.  Y.  She  accompanied 
her  husband  on  his  return  to  Chicago  and. 
for  forty-five  years,  shared  his  home  at  Chi- 
cago and  at  Evanston,  to  which  they  re- 
moved in  1868.  Uniting  with  the  First 
Congregational  Church  in  its  infancy  in 
Chicago.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williams  both  bore 
a  prominent  part  in  the  work  of  that  de- 
nomination as  charter  members  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church  of  Evanston.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  summer  of  1850.  Mr.  Will- 
iams went  to  Elgin,  which  was  then  the 
temporary  terminus  of  the  Galena  &  Chica- 
go Union  Railroad,  and  there  opened  a  lum- 
ber yard.  The  next  spring  he  formed  a 
partnership,  in  Chicago,  with  Messrs  Ryer- 
son  &  X'orris.  of  which  firm  Mr.  Martin 
Ryerson  was  a  member.  The  firm  of  Will- 
iams. Ryerson  &  Company  opened  a  lumber 
\ard  on  the  corner  of  Fulton  Street  and 
the  River,  adjoining  that  of  Leonard  & 
Williams,  and  carried  on  the  business  for 
five  years.  He  continued  in  the  lumber 
business  until  1860.  when  he  established  a 
wholesale  grocery  business,  but  retired 
from  that  a  few  months  later.  In  1861. 
in  connection  with  W.  D.  Houghteling,  he 
engaged  in  the  grain-buying  and  commis- 
sion trade,  continuing  it  for  several  years. 
In  1869  he  went  into  a  wholesale  hardware 
business,  and  was  so  engaged  when  the  Chi- 
cago fire  of  1871  swept  it  away  and  all  the 
improvements  upon  his  business  lots.  Being 
largely  insured  in  English  companies,  his 


524 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


loss  was  not  as  great  as  that  of  many  oth- 
ers, and  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  rebuild 
his  business  block  on  the  corner  of  Fifth 
Avenue  and  Monroe  Street,  it  being  ready 
for  occupancy  early  in  the  following  spring. 
After  being  destroyed  by  fire  again  in  1898, 
a  modern  fire-proof  building  was  erected  in 
its  place. 

Mr.  Williams  was  a  purchaser  of  lots  in 
the  west  part  of  the  city  at  the  sales  held 
by  the  Canal  Trustees,  and  dealt  in  other 
realty  with  profitable  results.  He  had  con- 
fidence in  Chicago  and  did  not  hesitate  to 
stake  his  fortune  on  her  growth  and  pros- 
perity. In  business  matters  he  seems  to 
have  been  gifted  with  an  accurate  judg- 
ment. He  was  cautious  and  prduent,  and 
invested  freely  when  the  times  seemed  pro- 
pitious. Fortune  seems  to  have  favored 
him,  for,  from  the  time  he  started  out 
from  his  early  home  to  engage  in  a  humble 
trading  venture  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
his  fortune  had  grown  without  any  serious 
set-backs,  until  he  was  numbered  among 
the  many  wealthy  men  of  the  city.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  stockholders  of 
The  First  National  Bank,  of  Chicago,  and 
always  continued  his  ownership  in  its  stock. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of 
that  wonderfully  prosperous  corporation, 
The  Elgin  Watch  Company,  in  which  he 
retained  a  large  financial  interest.  His  early 
knowledge  of  the  lumber  trade  caused  him, 
during  the  period  of  1880  to  1885.  to  invest 
largely  in  pine  timber-lands  adjacent  to  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  Minn.,  on 
what  is  now  termed  the  Mesaba  Range  of 
iron  and  pine  lands.  These  lands  embrace 
the  famous  Biwabik  Iron  Mine,  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  extensive  iron  mines  on 
the  range. 

While  Mr.  Williams'  business  career  has 
been  chiefly  sketched  thus  far,  it  should  not 
be  overlooked  that  he  was  prominently  iden- 
tified with  the  moral  and  religious  move- 


ments of  the  period  of  his  active  life.  His 
early  home  in  New  York  was  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  one  of  the  early  apostles  of 
emancipation,  the  gifted  Gerrit  Smith,  and 
he  brought  to  the  West  such  a  lively  sense 
of  the  abomination  of  slavery,  that  he  class- 
ed himself  with  the  then  execrated,  but  now 
honored,  abolitionists,  and  identified  himself 
with  all  the  agitations  which  preceded  the 
war  of  the  rebellion  and  the  culmination 
in  the  adoption  of  the  policy  of  emancipa- 
tion. He  was  ever  afterward  a  steadfast 
friend  of  the  colored  man,  and  exemplified 
his  friendship  by  his  numerous  benefactions 
for  their  education  and  the  moral  elevation  of 
the  race.  He  was  also  a  liberal  supporter  of 
the  religious  and  city  mission  work  in  Chi- 
cago, prosecuted  by  the  Congregational 
churches.  The  Chicago  Theological  Semin- 
ary, long  struggling  with  embarrassments, 
which  repressed  its  growth,  but  now  happily 
placed  in  an  independent  position,  owes 
much  to  his  liberal  contributions,  and  the 
Chicago  Commons  also  received  much  aid 
from  him,  and  after  his  death  his  children 
manifested  the  same  spirit  by  giving  the 
family  residence  at  the  Commons  as  a  me- 
morial to  his  honor,  while  the  new  Mater- 
nity Building  of  the  Evanston  Hospital  is  a 
memorial  to  their  mother. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williams  had  a  family  of 
eight  children,  three  boys  and  five  girls. 
Lucian  Marshall  rnarried  Lucile  Seaton, 
and  they  reside  in  Chicago.  Walter  Smith 
married  Elia  Gilbert,  daughter  of  Mr.  C. 
J.  Gilbert,  of  Evanston,  but  died  in  1891. 
leaving  two  children — John  Marshall  Will- 
iams and  Margaret  Williams.  Another  son, 
Xathan  Wilbur,  married  Elizabeth  Cook, 
and  they  reside  in  Evanston.  Isabella  mar- 
ried Charles  L.  Blaney,  a  son  of  Doctor  J.  V. 
Z.  Blaney,  formerly  of  Chicago,  and  they 
live  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  and  Anna  married  an- 
other son  of  Dr.  Blaney,  but  both  are  de- 
ceased. Helen  G.  married  Joseph  J.  Husser, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


525 


and  they  reside  in  Chicago.  Edith  married 
Robert  C.  Kirkwood,  and  they  reside  in 
Mountain  View,  Cal.  Jessie  B.  married 
Parke  E.  Simmons,  and  they  reside  on  the 
old  homestead,  in  Evanston,  at  the  corner 
of  Hinman  Avenue  and  Clark  Street. 

Mr.  Williams  was  at  one  time  President 
of  the  Village  Board  of  Evanston,  and  iden- 
tified himself  with  various  interests  of  the 
city.  During  the  last  four  years  of  his  life 
he  made  his  home  in  Mountain  View,  Cal., 
where  he  died  on  March  9,  1901,  leaving  a 
widow,  Mrs.  Annie  (Dearborn)  Williams, 
and  a  son  Alan. 


ALDIX  J.  GROVER. 

Aldin  J.  Grover  (deceased),  pioneer  set- 
tler of  Chicago  and  early  resident  of  Evans- 
ton,  was  born  at  Holland,  Erie  County, 
N.  Y.,  near  Buffalo,  August  24,  1822,  the 
son  of  Chester  J.  and  Susan  (Davis)  Gro- 
ver, both  of  whom  were  natives  of  Brad- 
ford, Vt.  His  parents  moved  to  Western 
New  York  while  that  region  was  still  a 
wilderness,  and  settled  upon  the  famous 
"Holland  Purchase."  Here  the  father  died 
when  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  about 
three  years  old.  Thus  left  fatherless  at  an 
early  age,  the  son  was  compelled  to  face 
the  problem  of  life  about  the  time  when 
most  children  are  entering  school.  Having 
learned  the  carpenter's  trade  by  the  time 
he  was  twenty-two  years  of  age  he  had  ac- 
cumulated sufficient  means  to  enable  him  to 
come  to  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  he  did 
in  September,  1844.  There  being  no  rail- 
road connection  from  Chicago  with  the 
East  at  that  time,  the  journey  was  made 
from  Buffalo  by  the  steamer  "Empire 
State"  around  the  lakes.  He  soon  found 
employment  with  the  American  Car  Works, 
which  later  came  into  the  hands  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  Company.  For  many 
years  thereafter  he  resided  in  Lyons  Town- 


ship, Cook  County,  owning  several  farms 
in  the  vicinity  of  Riverside  and  La  Grange. 
In  1866  he  removed  to  Evanston  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  better  educational  ad- 
vantages for  his  children.  In  Evanston  he 
engaged  in  business  as  a  contractor  and 
builder,  and  was  quite  an  extensive  dealer 
in  real  estate,  in  the  meantime  building  for 
himself  and  others  many  of  the  older  dwell- 
ings and  business  blocks  in  that  city.  His 
residence  in  Evanston,  111.,  from  1866  to 
1895  was  at  the  corner  of  Grove  Street  and 
Sherman  Avenue,  on  the  present  site  of  the 
"Grover  Block,"  recently  built  by  his  ex- 
ecutors. 

In  the  early  days  Mr.  Grover  held  sever- 
al Evanston  township  offices,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Grand  Jury  that  returned  the 
indictments  against  the  Chicago  Anarchists 
after  the  Haymarket  riot  of  1886. 

Mr.  Grover  was  married  twice,  first  to 
Eliza  D.  Reed,  of  Erie  County,  N.  Y-,  and, 
as  his  second  wife,  to  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Skin- 
ner of  Waukegan,  who  survives  him.  Six 
children — two  sons  and  four  daughters — 
were  born  of  the  first  marriage,  all  still 
living,  viz. :  Frank  R.,  Chester  A.,  Etta 
(wife  of  Dr.  Charles  H.  Thayer),  Kath- 
erine  S.,  Caroline  G.  (wife  of  Dr.  Warren 
R.  Smith  of  Lewis  Institute),  and  Louise 
M.  A  stepson,  Mortimer  B.  Skinner,  also 
survives. 

Some  ten  years  before  his  death  Mr. 
Grover  retired  from  business,  and  seven 
years  later  removed  to  Wilmette,  where  he 
spent  the  last  three  years  of  his  life.  His 
death  occurred  in  his  home  at  Wilmette  on 
Sunday,  April  6,  1902. 

Mr.  Grover  is  remembered  as  a  man  of 
great  physical  and  mental  energy  and  in- 
dustry, his  business  activity  extending  until 
he  was  advanced  in  life.  He  left  a  name 
for  sterling  integrity  and  as  a  Christian 
gentleman  of  which  his  family  may  justly 
be  proud,  and  which  is  recognized  by  a 
large  circle  of  friends  and  fellow-citizens. 


526 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


FRANK  REED  GROVER. 


Frank  Reed  Grover,  lawyer,  Chicago, 
with  residence  in  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
on  a  farm  in  Lyons  Township,  Cook 
County,  111.,  September  17,  1858,  the  son 
of  Aldin  J.  and  Eliza  D.  (Reed)  Grover. 
In  1866  he  came  with  his  father's  family  to 
Evanston,  and  there  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools,  being  a  member  of  the 
second  graduating  class  of  the  Evanston 
High  School  in  1877.  Later  he  attended  the 
L'nion  College  of  Law  of  the  Northwestern 
L'niversity  for  one  year,  and  thereafter, 
until  1881,  was  engaged  in  business  as  a 
traveling  salesman.  During  the  year  last 
named  lie  entered  the  law  office  of  Ela  & 
Parker,  Chicago,  where  he  continued  his 
law  studies  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1883.  L'pon  the  dissolution  of  this  firm  in 
1885,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  one 
of  its  members  and  his  former  employer, 
John  \Y.  Ela.  late  President  of  the  Chicago 
Civil  Service  Commission,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Ela  &  Grover,  and  later  under  the 
name  of  Ela,  Grover  &  Graves,  which  was 
continued  until  Mr.  Ela's  death  in  1902. 
Since  that  date  the  business  has  been 
carried  on  by  Mr.  Grover  and  his  surviving 
partners,  without  change  of  the  firm  name. 

The  official  positions  held  by  Mr.  Grover 
include  that  of  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  former  Village  of  Evanston, 
in  which,  although  the  youngest  member 
ever  elected  to  the  Board,  he  held  the  chair- 
manship of  many  important  committees. 
Having  declined  a  re-election  he  was  subse- 
quently appointed  Village  Attorney,  and 
while  occupying  this  position,  carried 
through  all  the  legal  work  incident  to  con- 
solidation of  the  village  of  Evanston  and 
South  Evanston,  laying  the  foundation  for 
the  present  city  government  for  the  consoli- 
dated corporation.  He  was  then  elected  as 
the  first  City  Attorney  and  Corporation 


Counsel,  'and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  or- 
ganization of  the  new  city  government  in 
its  various  departments,  which  was  accom- 
plished in  1892.  For  the  service  thus  ren- 
dered he  received  high  commendation  from 
the  City  Council  in  resolutions  adopted  by 
that  body  on  his  retirement  from  office. 

Mr.  Grover  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Bar  Association  and  has  conducted  a  suc- 
cessful practice  of  his  profession  for  the 
past  twenty  years.  For  several  years  he 
was  Chairman  of  a  Committee  appointed 
by  citizens  of  Evanston  in  connection  with 
the  proposed  constitutional  amendment 
pending  in  the  Legislature,  providing  for  a 
new  charter  for  the  City  of  Chicago.  The 
duties  of  this  committee  were  to  protect 
the  City  of  Evanston  from  any  scheme  look- 
ing to  the  annexation  of  Evanston  to  the 
city,  and  in  this  they  were  entirely  success- 
ful, as  shown  in  the  character  of  the  amend- 
ment as  finally  adopted.  Mr.  Grover  is  a 
charter  member  of  the  Evanston  Historical 
Society,  was  elected  its  first  Vice-Presi- 
dent  and  has  served  in  that  capacity  ever 
since.  During  this  period  he  has  been  an 
important  factor  in  promoting  the  success 
of  the  Society,  not  only  in  the  way  of  organ- 
ization and  subsequent  work  in  its  behalf, 
but  by  his  contributions  on  historical  top- 
ics, especially  with  reference  to  matters  con- 
nected with  Indian  history  of  this  locality. 
An  example  of  this  is  furnished  in  a  chapter 
in  this  work  relating  to  Indian  history  con- 
nected with  the  North  Shore.  (See  Chapter 
II..  "Our  Indian  Predecessors.") 

Mr.  Grover's  father,  Aldin  J.  Grover,  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  Cook  County,  who 
came  to  Chicago  from  Erie  County,  N.  Y., 
in  1844.  and  his  mother,  Eliza  D.  (Reed) 
Grover,  who  came  from  the  same  locality, 
was  a  member  of  the  same  family  as 
Charles  H.  Reed,  a  former  State's  Attor- 
ney of  Cook  County.  (See  sketch,  Aldin  J. 
Grover,  in  this  volume.) 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


s-/ 


Mr.  Frank  R.  Grover  was  married  in 
1884  to  Ella  F.  Smith,  of  Olmsted  County, 
Minn.,  and  one  son  has  been  born  to  them, 
namelv :  Mortimer  C.  Grover. 


WILLIAM    EICHBAUN    STOCKTON. 

William  Eiclibaun  Stockton  was  born  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa..  December  18,  1840,  the  son 
of  Robert  Clark  and  Martha  Celeste  (Lit- 
tle) Stockton,  the  father  born  near  Mead- 
ville,  Pa.,  and  the  mother  in  Pittsburg. 
The  father  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Johnston  &  Stockton — afterward  R.  C. 
Stockton — who  were  engaged  in  the  print- 
ing, publishing,  bookselling  and  paper  man- 
ufacturing business  in  Pittsburg.  Among 
the  publications  issued  by  Johnston  &  Stock- 
ton was  the  "Western  Calculator."  an  arith- 
metic which  was  popular  and  used .  for 
many  years  in  Western  schools.  The  au- 
thor was  Joseph  Stockton,  A.  M.,  the  father 
of  Robert  C.  Stockton,  and  grandfather  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  who  had  studied 
theology  with  the  noted  John  McMillan 
and,  in  1801,  became  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Meadville,  Pa.,  whence  he  removed  to 
Pittsburg  to  become  Principal  of  the  Acade- 
my at  that  place,  now  the  Western  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  In  1819  he  gath- 
ered together  a  little  group  of  worshippers 
in  Allegheny  City,  and  established  the  first 
church  in  that  city.  I  le  published  a  series 
of  school  books,  which  proved  a  valuable 
aid  to  popular  education  of  that  period.  Be- 
sides his  interest  in  education  he  was  skilled 
in  medicine,  and  his  services  as  a  missionary 
and  pastor  of  local  churches  were  given, 
largely  without  compensation  or  reward, 
throughout  all  that  region  from  Allegheny 
City  to  the  United  States  Arsenal,  and  from 
Sharpsburg  to  Pine  Creek,  the  churches  at 
the  two  points  last  named  being  built  under 
his  care.  This  was  before  the  davs  of  rail- 


road transportation,  and  travel  was  solely 
by  means  of  horses  or  on  foot.  His  father, 
Robert,  was  one  of  the  first  elders  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Washington.  Pa., 
and  his  grandfather  (Thomas  Stockton) 
was  an  elder  of  the  church  of  Dr.  Craig- 
head,  at  Rocky  Springs.  Pa.,  when  that 
patriot  pastor  left  his  pulpit  to  lead  the  male 
members  of  his  church  into  the  ranks  of  the 
Continental  Army. 

William  E.  Stockton  was  first  employed 
in  the  railroad  business  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
but  is  now  engaged  in  the  iron  and  steel 
trade  with  office  at  536  Rookery  Building. 
Chicago,  and.  with  the  exception  of  one 
year,  has  been  a  resident  of  Evanston  since 
1872.  On  April  25.  1861,  he  enlisted  under 
the  first  call  for  troops  issued  by  President 
Lincoln  in  defense  of  the  Union,  was  mus- 
tered into  Company  I,  Twelfth  Regiment 
Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  after 
serving  the  three-months'  period  of  his  en- 
listment, was  discharged  at  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
August  5th  following.  On  the  last  day  of 
the  same  month  (August  31.  1861),  he  re- 
enlisted  as  a  member  of  Company  A,  First 
Regiment  Illinois  Volunteer  Artillery,  but 
was  discharged  under  surgeon's  certificate, 
for  disability,  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  February 
15,  1863.  A  year  later  (February  15,  1864) 
he  enlisted  a  third  time  as  a  member  of 
Company  A,  Fourteenth  Pennsylvania  Cav- 
alry, was  promoted  to  be  Sergeant-Major  of 
his  regiment  in  the  field  September  20, 
1864,  and  was  discharged  at  Pittsburg. 
Pa.,  January  16,  1865,  on  account  of  a  gun- 
shot wound  received  at  Fisher's  Hill.  \"a. 

The  civil  offices  held  by  Mr.  Stockton  in- 
clude those  of  Trustee  of  the  Village  of 
Evanston  and  Director  of  the  Evanston 
Public  Library.  He  is  a  pronounced  Re- 
publican in  political  principles,  but  has  not 
been  a  seeker  for  public  office.  His  religious 
affiliations  are  as  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbvterian  Church  of  Evanston,  in  which 


528 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


he  has  held  the  position  of  Elder.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  John  A.  Logan  Post,  No. 
540,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  of 
Evans  Lodge  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  Evanston. 

Mr.  Stockton  was  married  at  Shields,  Pa., 
May  7,  1872,  to  Eliza  Leet  Cook,  a  great- 
granddaughter  of  Major  Daniel  Leet  of 
Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  who  was  an 
officer  of  the  Continental  Army  during  the 
War  of  the  Revolution  and  a  personal 
friend  of  Gen.  George  Washington.  Two 
children  have  been  born  of  this  union: 
Martha  Cook  Stockton  and  John  Wilson 
Stockton.  The  latter  is  a  resident  of  Evan- 
ston and  is  associated  in  business  with  his 
father  in  the  city  of  Chicago.  u 


CHARLES  GRAIN. 

Charles  Grain,  who  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est settlers  on  the  site  of  the  present  city 
of  Evanston,  and  whose  family  still  reside 
at  the  old  homestead,  thereby  linking  the 
earliest  history  of  the  city  with  the  present, 
was  born  in  Stockton,  Chautauqua  County, 
N.  Y.,  July  16,  1822.  He  came  of  an  old 
New  England  family,  which  is  now  widely 
represented  throughout  the  United  States, 
the  names  Grain  and  Crane  being  traceable 
to  the  same  origin,  and  their  genealogy 
to  the  same  parent  place  in  New  York 
State,  and  here  Mr.  Grain  gained  his  early 
education  in  the  schools  of  Stockton.  In 
1833,  his  father's  family  removed  to  Ohio 
and  settled  in  the  town  of  Leroy,  where  they 
lived  during  the  next  three  years.  From 
there  they  came  west  as  far  as  Hamilton, 
now  in  Steuben  County,  Ind.,  where 
Charles  Grain  received  his  last  schooling 
and  was  fitted,  by  thorough  industrial  train* 
ing  for  an  active  business  life.  He  made 
his  first  visit  to  Illinois  in  1840,  coming 
to  Chicago,  which  then  had  a  population  of 
about  four  thousand  souls.  The  same  year 


he  traversed  the  North  Shore  region,  which 
was  later  to  become  his  home,  and  saw 
much  of  the  then  unbroken  and  totally 
unimproved  land  about  Chicago.  His  cous- 
in, John  Miller,  had  settled  at  what  was  then 
called  Dutchman's  Point,  now  Glenview, 
and  Mr.  Grain  was  in  his  employ  during 
part  of  the  following  year.  Then  return- 
ing to  Indiana  in  1841,  he  remained  there 
until  after  the  death  of  his  mother  in  1842. 
In  company  with  his  brother,  O.  A.  Grain, 
he  then  came  again  to  Illinois,  determined 
to  make  here  his  permanent  home.  The 
settlement,  which  a  little  later  became 
known  as  Ridgeville,  and  still  later  devel- 
oped into  the  Town  of  Evanston,  was  then 
called  Gross  Point,  and  here  the  brothers 
cast  their  lot  with  the  few  pioneers  then  to 
be  found  in  this  region.  In  1844,  they  set- 
tled on  the  farm  by  which  they  were  after- 
ward so  closely  identified  with  Evanston, 
and  which  is  now  part  and  parcel  of  the 
city.  From  1845  to  1850  the  brothers 
were  engaged  in  the  cooperage  business 
there  and  were  pioneer  craftsmen  in  that 
line. 

The  gold  discoveries  in  California,  in 
1849,  stirred  the  spirit  of  adventure  within 
them,  however,  and,  early  in  1850,  they 
were  members  of  a  company  that  outfitted 
a  wagon  train  for  the  long  and,  in  those 
days,  perilous  trip  across  the  plains  and 
over  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
Coast.  There  were  thirty  men  in  the  com- 
pany, in  all,  which,  besides  Charles  Grain, 
included  three  of  his  brothers  and  a  cousin 
of  the  same  name.  On  April  8,  1850,  the 
company  left  what  was  known  as  the  Buck- 
eye Inn,  an  old-time  Evanston  tavern,  and 
reached  Georgetown,  Gal.,  in  August  fol- 
lowing, having  been  a  little  more  than  four 
months  on  the  way.  This  was  considered 
a  very  quick  trip  in  those  days,  and  by  rea- 
son of  the  fact  that  this  wagon  train  passed 
pretty  near  everything  on  the  road,  it  was 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


called  the  "Lightning  Express."  After 
mining  for  something  less  than  a  year, 
with  varying  degrees  of  success,  the  com- 
pany returned  to  Illinois  in  1851.  bringing 
with  them  the  recollection  of  many  thrill- 
ing and  interesting  experiences.  Safely 
they  had  crossed  the  arid  plains  of  Kansas, 
the  tortuous  steeps  and  chasms  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  desert  wastes 
beyond.  They  had  traversed,  unharmed, 
a  region  infested  with  wild  animals  and 
wilder  men.  They  had  seen  herds  of  buffa- 
lo so  vast  that  they  seemed  like  moving 
plains ;  and  they  came  back,  if  not  rich  in 
purse,  rich  in  knowledge  and  stories  of  ad- 
venture with  which  to  regale  their  children 
and  grandchildren,  neighbors  and  friends, 
in  later  years.  Upon  their  return,  Mr. 
Grain  and  his  brother,  O.  A.  Grain,  turned 
their  attention  to  farming  and  gardening, 
and  carried  on  a  profitable  business  in  this 
line  for  many  years,  and  until  the  growth 
of  the  city  created  a  demand  for  the  sub- 
division of  the  lands  and  the  building  up 
thereon  of  city  homes.  Mr.  Gharles  Grain 
bought  a  44-acre  tract  of  land  on  which 
he  originally  settled  in  1846,  upon  which 
he  resided  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  dying  at  his  home  on  this  farm,  June 
2,  1891.  In  all  respects  he  was  a  typical 
pioneer.  Honest,  upright,  generous  and 
kindly,  he  was  much  esteemed  by  the  pio- 
neers who  were  his  earliest  neighbors  and 
friends,  and  equally  esteemed  by  the  later 
generation  who  grew  up  around  him.  He 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  members  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Order  in  Evanston,  and  very  soon 
after  its  organization  he  affiliated  with  the 
Evans  Lodge,  and  died  a  member  of  this 
Lodge,  which  buried  him  with  the  honors 
due  a  steadfast  and  faithful  brother. 

Mr.  Grain  was  married,  in  1846,  to  Miss 
Sarah  Burroughs,  who  was  born  in  Ashta- 
bula  County,  Ohio,  and  came  with  her  sis- 
ter. Mrs.  Captain  Beckwith.  and  her  broth- 


er,  Alonzo  Burroughs,  to  Gross   Point  in 

1842.  There  was  a  bit  of  history  kindred 
to    romance    connected    with    the    coming 
thither  of  the  pioneer  Beckwith.    He  sailed 
a  vessel  on  the  lakes  for  fourteen  years  prior 
to  1841  without  accident,  but  in  the  fall  of 
that  year  his  boat  went  ashore  at  what  is 
known  as  Hubbards  Hill.    The  captain  was 
not  aboard  himself  at  the  time  of  the  wreck, 
but   soon   reached   the   disabled   boat,  and 
while  making  his  way  to  Chicago  by  wagon, 
fell  in  love  with  the  country  along  the  lake 
shore  and  determined  to  settle  here,  where 
his   wife,   sister-in-law,  and  brother-in-law 
joined    him    the    following    spring.      Mrs. 
Grain's  father,  David  Burroughs,  who  was 
a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  came  from 
Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  to  what  is  now 
Evanston,   with  the  rest  of  his   family  in 

1843.  He   rented,   for  a  time,   the    farm 
which  Charles  Grain  purchased  two  years 
later,  and   this  place  has  now   been   Mrs. 
Grain's  home  continuously  for  more  than 
sixty  years.     The  old  homestead  is  still  a 
cherished   possession   of   Mrs.    Grain,    and 
here,  where  she  passed  her  later  girlhood 
and  young  womanhood,  she  is  growing  old 
gracefully,  a  veritable  encyclopedia  of  in- 
formation concerning  the  pioneers  and  pio- 
neer life  of  Evanston  and  its  environments. 
From  time  to  time  she  has  contributed  to 
the  local  press  and  to  the  Evanston  Histori- 
cal Society  much  interesting  data  of  this 
character.     The  history  of  her  family,  as 
well   as   that   of   her   husband's   family,   is 
closely  interwoven  with  the  earliest  history 
of   Evanston,  and   representatives  of  both 
families  bore  an  honorable  part  in  laying 
the  foundation  of  "the  Classic  City." 

Grain  Avenue  was  so  named  in  honor 
of  the  Grain  family.  Besides  Mrs.  Grain, 
the  members  of  this  pioneer  family  living 
in  1905  were  Mrs.  Malvina  (Grain) 
Angle.  Mrs.  Alice  (Grain)  McDougal, 
Miss  Lucy  J.  Grain  of  Evanston.  William 


530 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


E.  Grain,  living  in  Wayne  County.  .111.; 
Charles  E.  Crain  of  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  Mrs. 
Francis  (Crain)  Blake  of  non  City, 
of  Colo. ;  George  H.  Crain,  real  estate  oper- 
ator of  Evanston,  and  Harvey  E.  Crain 
of  Park  Ridge,  111. 


ROBERT  McLEAN  CUMXOCK. 

Robert  McLean  Cumnock,  A.  M.,  L.  H. 
D.,  Director  of  the  School  of  Oratory, 
Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston,  111., 
has  been  a  resident  of  Evanston  for  thirty- 
eight  years.  Professor  Cumnock  is  of 
Scotch  nativity,  having  been  born  in  the 
town  of  Ayr,  Scotland,  on  May  31,  1844. 
At  a  very  early  period  of  his  life  he  was 
brought  to  America  by  his  father,  who  set- 
tled in  Xew  England,  and  the  years  of  his 
boyhood  were  spent  in  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire.  His  preparation  for  a  col- 
legiate course  was  obtained  at  Wilbraham 
Academy,  Wilbraham.  Mass., and. in  the  fall 
of  1864,  he  entered  Wesleyan  University  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1868.  Three 
years  later  his  Alma  Mater  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  A.  M.,  and  in  1903,  he  re- 
ceived from  Dickinson  College  the  degree 
of  L.  H.  D. 

Professor  Cumnock  was  married,  in  1877, 
to  Annie  E.  Webster,  of  Evanston.  The 
children  resulting  from  this  union  are  Wal- 
lace Webster  Cumnock,  who  was  born  April 
28,  1880,  and  Claude  B.  Cumnock,  born 
July  31,  1884.  Professor  Cumnock  has 
been  connected  with  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity since  1868,  and  to  his  assiduous  care, 
in  the  special  department  of  instruction  over 
which  he  presided,  has  been  entrusted  the 
mental  molding  of  many  pupils  who  have 
achieved  useful  and  notable  careers. 


JOSIAH   SEYMOUR  CURREY. 

The  Currey  family  traces  its  ancestry  to 
Richard  Currey,  who  came  from  Scotland 
when  a  young  man  and  settled  in  West- 
chester  County,  X.  Y.,  about  the  year  1700. 
The  county  records  and  Bolton's  History  of 
that  county  mention  the  names  of  Richard 
Currey  and  his  descendants  frequently  dur- 
ing the  period  from  1707  to  the  present  time. 
Richard  Currey  had  a  son  of  the  same 
name,  born  in  1709,  who  died  in  1806.  hav- 
ing attained  the  extreme  age  of  ninety- 
seven  years.  His  son  Stephen,  one  of  nine 
children,  was  born  in  1742  and  died  in 
1830.  Stephen  married  Frances,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Moore  of  Xew  York  City, 
and  they  reared  a  family  of  seven  children. 
Stephen  served  in  a  Xew  York  regiment  for 
a  time  during  the  Revolutionary  War.  The 
family  lived  near  Peekskill,  in  Westchester 
County,  almost  from  the  beginning  of  the 
settlement  of  that  region,  and  many  of  the 
descendants,  now  very  numerous,  are  still 
living  there.  One  of  the  sons  of  Stephen 
was  Thomas,  who  was  born  in  1773  and 
died  in  1862.  He  married  Rebecca  Ward 
and  their  children  were  nine  in  number. 
The  youngest  was  James,  the  father  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  who  was  born  in  1814 
and  died  in  1891.  He  married  Eliza  Fer- 
ris of  Peekskill  and  had  a  family  of  six 
children. 

Josiah  Seymour  Currey,  the  eldest  son  of 
James  and  Eliza  (Ferris)  Currey,  was  born 
on  a  farm  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  October 
2.  1844.  In  his  childhood  he  attended  the 
schools  of  the  neighborhood,  and  when  thir- 
teen years  of  age,  removed  with  his  parents 
to  Illinois,  the  family  making  its  home  at 
Channahon,  in  Will  County,  where  his 
father  carried  on  the  farming  business.  In 
1862  the  family  removed  to  Chicago,  and  in 
1867  to  Evanston.  His  father  was  engaged 
for  some  years  in  the  lumber  business  at 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Evanston,  frequently  receiving  cargoes 
from  lake  vessels  at  the  old  Davis  Street 
pier,  now  in  ruins. 

In  1862,  Seymour  Currey,  as  he  is  usually 
known,  enlisted  in  the  Sixty-seventh  Regi- 
ment Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  (a  3- 
nionths'  regiment).  After  serving  the 
period  of  his  enlistment  on  guard  duty  at 
Chicago  and  Springfield,  he  was  discharged 
October  6th,  following.  Later  in  the  war 
he  enlisted  again  in  one  of  the  "hundred- 
day"  regiments — the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-fourth  Illinois.  During  and  after 
the  war  Mr.  Currey  became  engaged  in 
various  employments,  one  year  as  teacher 
in  a  country  district  school  near  Aurora, 
111.,  for  some  years  serving  as  an  assistant 
in  the  oldtime  drug-store  of  Bliss  &  Sharp 
at  144  Lake  Street.  Chicago,  and  later 
spending  a  year  in  attendance  at  the  North- 
western  University  in  Evanston.  His  first 
appearance  in  the  place  where  he  has  since 
made  his  home  was  in  the  spring  of  1867, 
and  in  the  following  fall  he  regularly  en- 
tered the  University  as  a  member  of  the 
class  of  1871.  His  course  was  not  finished, 
but  the  next  year  other  activities  were  en- 
tered upon,  and  since  that  time  he  has  been 
engaged  in  various  mercantile  employments, 
most  of  the  time  as  an  accountant,  in  which 
capacity  he  attained  considerable  proficien- 
cy. In  1895  he  became  connected  with  the 
New  England  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Boston,  which  has  been  continued 
to  the  present  time. 

Mr.  Currey  was  married  November  24, 
1875,  to  M'ss  Mary  Ella  Corell,  by  Rev. 
E.  N.  Packard  of  the  Congregational 
Church  of  Evanston.  Miss  Corell  was  born 
at  Portland,  Chautauqua  County,  X.  Y., 
September  n,  1852,  the  daughter  of  Joseph 
Corell  of  that  place.  The  Corell  family  had 
lived  in  Chautauqua  County  since  the  days 
of  the  "Holland  Purchase"  early  in  the 
nineteenth  centurv.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Currev 


have  had  seven  children,  six  of  whom  arc- 
living.  The  oldest,  Helen  Marguerite,  was 
born  May  27,  1877,  graduated  from  Yassar 
College  in  1901 ;  the  second,  Harold  Young, 
born  June  10.  1879,  graduated  from  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  in 
1902;  the  third,  Frances  Moore,  born 
March  21,  1882,  married  Ralph  M.  Ashby, 
November  2.  1905 ;  the  fourth.  Rachel, 
born  October  25.  1883,  graduated  from 
Wellesley  College  in  1905 ;  the  fifth.  Fred- 
erick Seymour,  born  August  5.  1885.  died 
December  21,  1888;  the  sixth.  Richard 
Channing,  born  September  20,  1891  ;  the 
seventh,  Ruth  Seymour,  born  July  28.  1896. 
All  were  born  in  Evanston.  and  the  two 
last  named  are  attending  the  schools  in 
Evanston. 

Among  the  ancestors  of,  and  those  im- 
mediately related  to.  the  Curreys  are  the 
names  of  many  well  known  families  and 
men  who  have  attained  eminence.  Frances 
Moore,  previously  mentioned,  was  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Moore  of  New  York 
and  Elizabeth  Channing.  who  was  the 
daughter  of  William  Channing.  the  agent  of 
the  British  navy  in  New  York.  Frances  was 
one  of  a  family  of  eleven  children,  born  in 
1750  and  died  in  1824.  A  brother  of  Fran- 
ces, John  Moore,  was  the  agent  of  the  Brit- 
ish government  in  New  York  from  1765  to 
1783,  and  was  naturally  unfriendly  to  the 
American  cause.  He  was  denounced  in  a 
report  made  to  the  Provincial  Congress  in 
1776.  The  sympathies  of  the  family  were 
divided,  however,  as  another  brother,  Ste- 
phen Moore,  was  Colonel  of  an  American 
regiment,  and  was  owner  of  the  land  on 
which  the  buildings  of  the  West  Point 
Academy  are  now  situated,  which  he  sold 
to  the  American  Government  after  the  war 
for  $10.000.  Ann  Moore,  a  sister  of  Fran- 
ces, became  the  wife  of  Jedediah  Hiint- 
ington.  a  Major-General  in  the  American 
army,  and  Frances  herself  was  the  wife  of 


532 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Stephen  Currey,  a  private  in  the  same  army. 
Another  brother  of  Frances  was  Richard 
Channinp  ?.Toore,  who  was  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Bishop  of  Virginia  from  1814  to 
1841.  and  rector  of  the  Monumental  Church 
of  Richmond. 

Going  back  a  generation  we  find  that 
John  Moore,  the  father  of  Thomas  Moore, 
held  appointments  from  the  British  govern- 
ment in  colonial  times,  was  a  member  of 
"His  Majesty's  Council"  in  New  York, 
and  Colonel  of  a  city  regiment.  He  mar- 
ried Frances  Lambert,  a  member  of  a 
Huguenot  family,  and  they  were  the  parents 
of  eighteen  children,  one  of  whom,  Thomas 
Moore,  above  mentioned,  is  in  the  line  of 
ancestry  we  are  here  tracing.  The  line  of 
descent  is  as  follows:  John  Moore,  1687 
to  1749;  Thomas  Moore.  1722  to  1784; 
Frances  Moore,  1750  to  1824,  who  married 
Stephen  Currey,  previously  mentioned.  In 
Trinity  churchyard.  New  ifork,  within  a 
few  yards  of  the  passing  throng  in  Broad- 
way, may  be  seen  the  family  vault  of  the 
Moore  family.  In  this  vault  lie  the  remains 
of  John  Moore  and  Frances  Lambert,  his 
wife;  Thomas  Moore  and  Elizabeth  Chan- 
ning,  his  wife:  and  a  number  of  the  chil- 
dren of  both  families. 

The  Ward  family  were  residents  of 
Peekskill  in  colonial  times,  and  at  the  time 
of  the  Revolutionary  War,  Benjamin  Ward 
became  Captain  of  a  company  of  loyalists, 
or  "Tories,"  and  entered  the  British  serv- 
ice. He  was  present  at  the  storming  of 
Ft.  Montgomery  in  1777,  being  one  of  the 
first  to  scale  the  walls.  After  the  war  he 
became  reconciled  to  the  new  order  of 
tilings  and  lived  in  Peekskill  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  John  Paulding,  one  of  the  cap- 
tors of  Major  Andre,  married  a  sister  of 
Benjamin  Ward,  and  one  of  the  children, 
Hiram  Paulding,  became  a  Rear- Admiral 
in  the  United  States  Navy  about  the  time 
of  the  Civil  War.  Benjamin  Ward's  daugh- 


ter, Rebecca,  was  born  in  1776  and  died  in 
1864.  She  married  Thomas  Currey  in  1796 
and  they  had  a  large  family  of  children,  one 
of  whom  was  James  Currey,  the  father  of 
the  present  subject. 

Of  the  Ferris  family  the  first  mention  is 
made  of  Jeffrey  Ferris,  who  came  from 
England  about  1635,  and  was  a  resident  of 
Stamford,  Conn.,  where  he  died  in  1666. 
His  son  John  was  born  about  1650  and  died 
in  1715.  The  next  in  order  of  descent  was 
Peter,  who  became  a  resident  of  Westchest- 
er,  N.  Y.,  where  in  1721  his  name  is  men- 
tioned in  a  deed  in  the  county  records.  His 
son  Jonathan  was  born  in  1732  and  died 
in  1798.  Jonathan  was  a  soldier  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  member  of  a  com- 
pany raised  in  Peekskill.  It  is  a  singular 
fact  that  Jonathan  Ferris  and  Stephen  Cur- 
rey, previously  mentioned,  were  members 
of  the  same  company,  namely ;  Capt.  Eben- 
ezer  Boyd's  company  of  Col.  Drake's  regi- 
ment of  New  York  troops ;  and  that  their 
descendants — a  great-granddaughter  of  the 
former  and  a  grandson  of  the  latter — should 
have  become  man  and  wife.  And  thus  the 
present  subject  of  this  account,  J.  Seymour 
Currey,  is  able  to  trace  his  Revolutionary 
ancestry,  on  both  the  maternal  and  paternal 
sides  to  men  who  were  fellow  soldiers  in 
the  same  company.  Jonathan  raised  a  fam- 
ily of  fourteen  children,  the  eldest  of  whom 
was  Joseph,  who  was  born  in  1757  and  died 
in  1841.  He  married  Lyclia  Seymour  in 
1786,  and  they  had  a  family  of  ten  chil- 
dren. The  eldest  was  Josiah  Seymour,  for 
whom  the  subject  of  this  account  was 
named.  He  was  born  in  1788  and  died  in 
1882.  He  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Royce 
of  Peekskill  in  1814  and  they  had  nine  chil- 
dren. He  was  for  many  years  a  custom 
house  officer  in  New  York,  where  the  fami- 
ly lived  a  great  part  of  their  lives.  One- 
of  the  daughters  of  the  family  was  Eliza, 
who  was  born  April  7,  1825,  married  James 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


533 


Currey,  October  22,  1843,  and  she  is  still 
living  in  good  health  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
one.  Thj  eldest  child  of  this  union  is  the 
subject  of  this  sketch. 

Of  the  uncles  of  Mr.  Currey  on  his 
father's  side  one  was  Daniel  Curry  who 
spelled  his  name  at  variance  with  the  usage 
of  his  ancestors.  In  1827  he  graduated 
from  the  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown, 
Conn.,  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Church.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  in  1854  be- 
came President  of  Indiana  Asbury  Univer- 
sity (now  De  Pauw).  In  1857  he  became 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Christian  Advo- 
cate," and  was  the  author  of  numerous 
works.  A  biographical  account  of  him  is 
given  in  the  American  Cyclopedia,  and  in 
the  New  York  papers  at  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1887.  Another  uncle,  a  twin 
brother  of  James  Currey,  was  John  Currey, 
still  living  in  California  at  the  advanced  age 
of  ninety-two  years.  John  Currey  was 
graduated  at  Wesleyan  University  and  af- 
terwards entered  upon  the  practice  of  law 
in  Peekskill.  In  1849  he  went  to  California 
and  has  resided  there  ever  since.  He  was 
an  occupant  of  the  Palace  Hotel,  where  he 
had  lived  some  thirty  years,  at  the  time 
of  its  destruction  by  earthquake  and  fire, 
April  18,  1906,  but  escaped  in  safety, 
though  suffering  a  severe  property  loss.  In 
1859  he  was  a  candidate  for  Governor  of 
the  State  of  California,  and  though  defeat- 
ed, he  conducted  one  of  the  liveliest  cam- 
paigns in  the  political  history  of  the  State. 
In  1864  he  was  elected  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State^  which  office 
he  held  for  eight  years.  In  1870  the  degree 
of  LL.  D  was  conferred  upon  hun  by  Wil- 
liams College  of  Massachusetts.  His  de- 
cisions as  Judge  occupy  a  large  space  in  the 
California  reports,  and  are  highly  esteemed 
by  lawyers.  Edward  Currey,  a  brother  of 
Josiah  Seymour,  was  at  one  time  Secretary 


of  State  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  and  was 
a  prominent  banker  in  the  West  at  the  time 
of  his  untimely  death  in  1904.  Another 
brother,  Arthur  L.  Currey,  is  a  practicing 
lawyer  of  Chicago  widely  known  in  the 
community. 

As  will  be  observed,  the  family  of  Mr. 
Currey  has  been  closely  identified  with  the 
history  of  the  country  at  all  periods  since 
colonial  times.  In  the  Revolutionary  War 
some  of  its  members  were  found  in  the 
ranks  and  some  among  the  officers  on  both 
sides.  They  are  found  in  the  legal  and  min- 
isterial professions,  and  some  have  risen  to 
eminence.  Large  families  and  a  remark- 
able average  of  longevity  have  been  charac- 
teristics of  the  different  branches  above 
described.  One  of  the  family,  who  in  1883 
was  engaged  in  writing  a  family  history 
(which,  however,  was  not  completed),  esti- 
mated that  there  were  (or  had  been)  600 
descendants  of  Stephen  Currey  and  Frances 
Moore. 

Since  his  residence  in  Evanston,  Mr.  Cur- 
rey has  been  honored  by  the  citizens  by  be- 
ing elected  a  Director  of  the  Evanston  Pub- 
lic Library,  for  a  succession  of  terms.  In 
the  spring  election  of  1886,  when  Evanston 
was  under  a  village  form  of  government, 
he  was  elected  for  a  term  of  three  years, 
and  re-elected  twice  thereafter.  The  village 
having  been  succeeded  by  a  city  form  of 
government  in  1892.  the  office  of  Library 
Director  became  thereafter  an  appointive 
one,  and  Mr.  Currey  has  received  the 
appointment  each  time  his  term  has 
expired  up  to  the  present  time,  mak- 
ing a  continuous  service  in  this  line 
of  over  twenty  years.  He  is  now  Vice- 
President  of  the  Board,  and  Chairman  of 
the  Building  Committee  having  in  charge 
the  new  Public  Library  building  now  in 
course  of  construction.  In  1898  he  was 
the  principal  mover  in  the  formation  of  the 
Evanston  Historical  Society  of  which  the 


534 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


late  Harvey  B.  Hurd  was  President  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  in  January,  1906,  when 
Mr.  Currey  was  elected  his  successor  and  is 
now  President  of  the  Society.  Mr.  Currey 
is  a  member  of  the  Caxton  Club  of  Chicago, 
the  American  Historical  Association,  the 
Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  the  Illi- 
nois State  Library  Association,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution  and  the  Society  of  the 
Colonial  Wars. 


CONRAD  HERMAN  POPPENHUSEN. 

Conrad  H.  Poppenhusen,  lawyer,  Evans- 
ton  and  Chicago,  was  born  on  Long  Island, 
New  York,  July  21,  1871,  and  is  the  son 
of  Herman  C.  Poppenhusen,  a  former  man- 
ager of  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  and  his 
wife,  Caroline  C.  Funke.  The  family  name 
is  one  of  social  and  financial  prominence 
and  will,  for  a  great  measure  of  time,  be 
perpetuated  in  the  educational  history  of 
Long  Island,  because  of  the  beneficence  of 
Conrad  Poppenhusen,  the  paternal  grand- 
father of  the  subject  of  this  narrative,  who 
was  a  man  of  affairs,  being  then  the  con- 
trolling owner  of  the  Long  Island  Railroad. 
Commemorative  of  his  fiftieth  anniversary, 
he  presented  to  the  village  of  College  Point, 
Long  Island,  a  suitable  plat  of  ground, 
along  with  an  endowment  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  in  which  deed  is  written 
the  initial  chapter  of  Poppenhusen  Institute. 

The  early  education  of  Mr.  Poppenhusen 
was  obtained  in  private  schools,  and  at  the 
age  of  eleven  years  he  was  sent  to  Europe 
where  he  remained  until  his  eighteenth  year, 
attending  the  best  schools  during  that  en- 
tire period.  Returning  to  America,  he  lo- 
cated in  Evanston  and  entered  the  Evanston 
High  School,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
after  six  months'  attendance.  In  the  same 
year  (1890)  he  matriculated  in  the  Union 


College  of  Law,  now  the  School  of  Law 
of  the  Northwestern  University,  and  re- 
ceived his  degree  in  1892.  In  the  year  1893 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Chicago  bar  and 
then  began  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
Several  years  afterward  he  entered  the  law 
partnership  of  Gregory,  Poppenhusen  & 
McNab,  which  firm  occupies  a  position  of 
high  rank  in  the  Cook  County  Bar. 

Following  the  precepts  of  his  father  and 
paternal  grandfather,  Conrad  Herman  Pop- 
penhusen takes  a  leading  interest  in  educa- 
tional matters.  From  1898  down  to  the 
date  of  this  sketch  he  has  been  continuously 
a  member  of  the  Evanston  High  School 
Board  of  Education,  serving  with  distinc- 
tion during  the  term  1902-03  as  President 
of  that  body.  In  his  political  affiliations, 
he  is  identified  with  the  Republican  party, 
and  has  been  honored,  at  the  solicitation  of 
his  party,  with  office.  In  1895  he  was  Sec- 
retary and  Chief  Examiner  of  the  Evanston 
Civil  Service  Commission,  and  from  1895 
to  1897  served  as  Alderman  in  the  Evanston 
City  Council.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Re- 
publican Club  of  Evanston. 

The  social  status  of  Mr.  Poppenhusen  is 
exemplified  by  his  membership  in  the  fol- 
lowing social  and  other  organizations : 
Evanston  Club,  Evanston  Golf  Club; 
Onwentsia  Club,  Lake  Forest ;  Union 
League,  Chicago ;  Chicago  Athletic  Club ; 
City  Club,  Chicago;  Lawyers'  Club,  New 
York ;  Chicago  Bar  Association ;  Illi- 
nois Bar  Association ;  Municipal  Asso- 
ciation, Evanston,  and  the  Civic  Fed- 
eration of  Evanston,  and  is  also  a  member 
of  all  Masonic  bodies.  He  is  a  believer  in 
the  Presbyterian  faith  and  a  member  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Evanston. 

At  Evanston,  June  25,  1895,  Mr.  Poppen- 
husen was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Har- 
riet Mae  Gunn,  born  May  9,  1872,  the 
daughter  of  Alexander  H.  Gunn,  Esq.,  a 
graduate  of  Yale  College,  class  of  1854.  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


535 


of  Yale  Law  School.  Her  mother,  Emily 
(Dyer)  Gunn,  is  a  daughter  of  Charles 
Dyer.  M.  D.,  of  Burlington,  Wis..  and  a  sis- 
ter of  Judge  Charles  E.  Dyer,  of  Milwau- 
kee. Wis. 


SIMOX  VEDER  KLINE. 

Simon  Yeder  Kline  ( deeased  ) .  whose  res- 
idence in  Evanston  dates  from  1850,  before 
the  advent  of  railroads  at  this  point,  was 
formerly  a  substantial  and  prosperous  mer- 
chant of  the  place.  He  was  born  in  Fonda. 
N.  Y.,  June  12,  1821.  and  his  ancestors  were 
of  German  extraction.  He  was  reared  in 
the  village  of  Fonda,  where  he  attended 
the  common  schools,  and  in  his  youth 
learned  blacksmithinp.  After  living  for  a 
time  in  Syracuse,  X.  Y..  he  came  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  threshing  machines  and  farming  imple- 
ments under  the  firm  name  of  Wemple. 
Kline  &  Company.  In  i8(/>,  they  disposed 
of  the  business,  and  Mr.  Kline  entered  upon 
the  manufacture  of  lumber  at  Glencoe.  111., 
and  also  had  a  contract  for  supplying  the 
Northwestern  Railroad  with  wood  for  en- 
gines at  that  point.  After  the  disposal  of 
these  interests  along  in  the  'seventies,  he  did 
not  engage  again  in  mercantile  pursuits,  but 
operated  a  farm  which  he  owned  north  of 
Evanston  until  1880.  At  that  time  he  went 
into  the  grain  business  in  Evanston,  and 
also  conducted  a  grocery  store.  This  he 
continued  until  l8<;l.  when  he  withdrew 
from  active  business  and  lived  in  retirement 
until  his  death,  December  18.  1893. 

Mr.  Kline  served  as  Assessor  of  the 
Township  of  Evanston  for  several  years ; 
he  was  also  Township  Collector  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  subsequently  served,  as 
Village  Trustee. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  twice  mar- 
ried. His  first  wife  was  Mary  Foster, 


whom  he  wedded  in  1851.  She  bore  him 
one  child,  James  D.,  born  February  28, 
1852,  who  married  Anna  Gedney ;  he  died 
in  1880.  For  his  second  wife  Mr.  Kline 
married  Laura  Xorthrup  Ostrander,  of  \\'a- 
tervale,  N.  Y.,  November  16,  1853.  The 
issue  of  this  union  was  George  Romyne, 
Mary  Yirginia,  Carrie  Anna,  Frank  J.,  and 
Charles  Gaffield.  George  Romyne  was 
born  November  15,  1854,  and  died  October 
20,  1901.  Mary  Yirginia,  who  is  deceased, 
married  Fred.  R.  Merrill,  of  Evanston.  and 
they  had  four  children,  three  of  whom  are 
living.  Frank  J.  married  Anna  C.  Franz, 
of  Evanston.  and  they  have  four  children. 
Charles  Gaffield,  born  January  6.  1863.  mar- 
ried Harriet  E.  Franz,  and  they  have  six 
children.  In  politics,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  a  Republican,  and  in  religious 
belief,  a  Universalist.  Socially  he  was  a 
member  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F.  His  widow  is 
still  living. 


GEORGE  ROMYNE  KLINE. 

George  R.  Kline  ( deceased ).  formerly  a 
prosperous  merchant  of  Evanston.  III., 
where  he  lived  forty-five  years,  was  born  in 
Chicago,  November  15,  1854.  His  father, 
Simon  Veder  Kline,  one  of  the  pioneer  res- 
idents of  the  place,  who  was  a  merchant 
and  farmer,  was  born  in  Fonda,  N.  Y., 
June  12.  1821,  and  his  ancestors  were  of 
German  origin.  His  mother,  formerly 
Laura  Northrup  Ostrander,  was  born  in 
Watervale,  N.  Y.,  and  was  married  to 
Simon  V.  Kline,  November  16,  1853. 
George  R.  Kline  came  with  his  parents  to 
Evanston  when  he  was  two  years  old.  and 
there  attended  the  public  school,  which 
stood  a  little  north  of  the  lighthouse  and 
was  very  primitive  in  those  days.  Dwellings 
were  few  and  the  wolves  could  be  heard 
howling  around  the  home  at  night. 


536 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


George  was  an  apt  pupil,  and  took  pride 
in  recalling  the  time  when  he  won  a  picture 
of  George  Washington  in  the  old  school 
house,  for  being  the  best  speller.  He  grew 
up  in  the  midst  of  pioneers  trained  to  farm- 
ing, and  was  accustomed  to  till  the  soil 
where  fine  houses  and  grounds  now  mark 
the  landscape  and  excite  the  beholder's 
admiration.  About  the  year  1882,  when  the 
city  of  Evanston  began  to  build  up  more 
rapidly,  Mr.  Kline  abandoned  the  farming 
and  dairying  business  which  he  had  carried 
on  in  company  with  his  father,  and  in  com- 
pany with  the  latter  went  into  the  flour  and 
feed  business,  conducting  also  a  grocery 
store.  Shortly  before  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther he  sold  his  interest  in  the  grocery,  but 
continued  in  the  flour  and  feed  trade.  In 
1899,  ne  disposed  of  his  store  and  purchased 
a  large  farm  near  Lake  Forest,  to  which  he 
gave  a  large  share  of  his  attention  thereafter 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  his  coun- 
try home  October  20,  1901.  He  had  led  a 
very  active  life  and  died  at  a  comparatively 
early  age.  Besides  his  farm  he  was  owner 
of  valuable  real  estate  in  Evanston.  and  had 
been  for  some  time  part  owner  and  operator 
of  an  elevator  at  Rockwell.  Iowa. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  married  in 
Chicago,  in  1875,  to  Mary  Jones,  a  daugh- 
ter of  James  VV.  and  Margaret  (Snyder) 
Jones,  who  still  survives  him.  Mrs.  Kline's 
parents  came  to  Evanston  from  Peekskill, 
N.  Y.,  in  1857.  They  first  settled  at  what 
is  now  Wilmette,  when  Mrs.  Kline  was  four 
years  of  age.  but  two  years  afterwards 
established  their  home  on  the  site  of  the 
present  corner  of  Church  Street  and  Chi- 
cago Avenue,  in  Evanston.  The  children 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kline  are  Rolland  R.,  Mrs. 
Laura  (Kline)  Thomas,  of  Evanston,  and 
Mrs.  Jennie  (Kline)  Payne,  also  of  Evan- 
ston. Here  Mrs.  Kline  spent  her  girlhood, 
removing  subsequently  with  her  father's 
family  to  Chicago,  where  she  was  married. 


In  political  views,  Mr.  Kline  supported  the 
Republican  party,  and  participated  with 
lively  interest  in  its  campaign  work.  He 
served  as  Tax  Collector  in  Evanston  during 
the  years  1898,  1899  and  1900.  He  was  an 
estimable  man,  honest  and  upright  in  all  his 
transactions  and  left  a  name  free  from  re- 
proach. 


CHARLES  GAFFIELD  KLINE. 

Charles  G.  Kline,  President  of  the  Kline 
Bros.  Coal  and  Grain  Company  and  for- 
mer manager  of  the  Evanston  branch  of 
the  Peabody  Coal  Company,  in  which  he  is 
a  stockholder,  was  born  in  Evanston,  Illi- 
nois, January  6,  1863.  His  parents,  Simon 
V.  and  Laura  (Ostrander)  Kline,  were 
pioneer  residents  of  Evanston.  His  father 
who  was  a  merchant  and  farmer,  was  born 
in  Fonda,  X.  Y..  June  12,  1821,  his  ances- 
tors being  of  German  origin.  He  married 
Laura  Ostrander,  November  16,  1853. 

Charles  G.  Kline  was  reared  in  Evanston, 
and  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  the  public 
schools.  In  1884  he  became  associated  with 
his  father  and  brother  in  the  flour  and  feed 
business,  to  which  he  had  been  trained  in 
his  father's  store.  Until  1890  he  was  jun- 
ior partner  of  the  firm  of  S.  V.  Kline  & 
Sons.  Then  his  brother,  George  R.,  took 
the  feed  business  in  which,  in  1892,  Charles 
G.  became  a  partner  with  him.  The  same 
year  they  engaged  in  the  coal  trade,  taking 
over  the  business  of  the  Evanston  Elevator 
and  Coal  Company.  This  connection  con- 
'tinued  until  1899.  when  George  R.  Kline 
retired  from  the  firm.  Charles  G.  Kline 
conducted  the  business  until  December  31, 
1904,  when  the  concern  was  absorbed  by  the 
Peabody  Coal  Company,  whose  coal  inter- 
ests in  Evanston  Mr.  Kline  superintends, 
having  gained  an  extensive  patronage.  Mr. 
Kline  has  had  this  trade  under  his  personal 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


537 


direction  since  1892,  and  has  developed  it 
into  large  proportions.  He  has  charge  of 
all  the  interests  of  the  Kline  estate,  acting 
also  as  administrator  of  the  estate  of  his 
brother  George,  since  the  death  of  the  latter 
in  1901. 

Mr.  Kline  was  married  in  Evanston,  in 
1885,  to  Harriet  E.  Franz,  a  daughter  of 
Jacob  Franz,  of  Evanston.  Mrs.  Kline's 
parents  were  early  settlers  in  Chicago,  and 
in  later  years  made  their  home  in  Evanston. 
The  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kline  are : 
Carrie  M.,  Merritt  C,  Elida  F,  Helen. 
Walter  E.  and  Harriet  E.  Politically, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  is  a  Repub- 
lican, and  fraternally,  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 


TUNIS  ISBESTER. 

Tunis  Isbester  (deceased)  was  born  in 
Kimlerhook,  N.  Y.,  on  May  10,  1849,  anc' 
was  engaged  in  business  in  Rochester,  N. 
Y.,  until  about  1887.  when  he  removed  to 
Evanston,  111.,  which  continued  to  be  his 
residence  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
January  15.  1902.  During  the  latter  years 
of  his  life  and  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
Mr.  Isbester  was  the  Western  Manager  of* 
the  -Westinghouse  Air-Brake  Company,  and 
was  widely  known  in  business  circles 
throughout  the  United  States.  His  par- 
ents were  of  Scotch  descent,  but  resided  in 
Kinderhook,  N.  Y.,  for  many  years,  finally 
removing  to  Niagara  Falls.  Mrs.  Isbester 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1849,  the 
daughter  of  John  H.  and  Christene  (Cul- 
len)  Campion,  and  comes  of  Scotch  ances- 
try. Her  family  removed  from  Nashville. 
Tenn.,  to  New  York  City  about  1854,  a  few 
years  after,  her  birth,  and  she  was  married 
at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to  Mr.  Isbester  December 
29,  1873- 

I 


JOHN  J.  FOSTER. 

John  J.   Foster   (deceased)    was  born  in 
Syracuse,   N.  Y.,  April   16,   1832,  the  son 
of  William  and  Mary   Foster,  the   former 
born  in  Ireland  and  the  latter  in  New  York 
State,  who  came  West  with  their  family  in 
the  fall  of  1839,  making  their  home  for  six 
months  in  Chicago.     In  the  spring  of  1840 
they  removed  to  Gross  Point,  purchased  a 
farm   and    remained   there    for   six   years. 
Sometime  in  1846  they  came  to  the  newly- 
laid-otit  town  of  Evanston,  locating  on  what 
was  known  as  the  "Old  Ridge  Road."  now 
Ridge  Avenue  and  Grant  Street.    Mr.  Fos- 
ter   received    his    education    in   the    public 
schools,  and  in  his  seventeenth  year  (1849) 
left  home  with  his  father  for  an  overland 
trip  to  California.     Of  the  experience  per- 
taining to  this  journey  much  might  be  said. 
It  was  at  length  accomplished  in  safety,  and 
the  young  man  spent  three  fairly  successful 
years  in  the  West.     Upon  his  returning  to 
Illinois,   Mr.    Foster   located   at   Evanston. 
where  he  was  engaged  at  different  times,  in 
the  coal  and  lumber  trades.     While  dealing 
in  coal,  he  built   what   was  known  as  the 
"Foster  Pier."  where  much  merchandise  of 
various  sorts  was  handled  during  a  long 
period.     This  pier,  which,  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,   was  so  important  a 
feature  of  the  lake  trade  at  Evanston,  as 
well  as  the  landing  place  of  passengers  from 
lake  vessels,  was  a  place  of  much  historic 
interest.     Here  schooners  and  other  vessels 
were  accustomed  to  discharge  their  cargoes 
of  coal  and  other  fuel  for  consumption  in 
the  city  of  Evanston  and  surrounding  coun- 
try, while  numerous  lake  steamers  used  it  as 
a  landing  place  for  parties  of  excursionists 
from  Chicago  and  other  points,  who  had 
come  to  visit  and  admire  the  college  sub- 
urb.    Through  all  its  history  was  associated 
with  it  the  name  of  Mr.  Foster,  its  origina- 
tor and  builder. 


538 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


On  June  12,  1852,  Mr.  Foster  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Miss  Marietta,  daughter  of 
Oliver  Jellerson,  a  native  of  Bangor,  Maine, 
who  came  to  Illinois  in  1839,  first  settling  in 
Chicago,  but  removing  to  Evanston  in  1846, 
purchased  land  on  what  is  now  Ridge  Av- 
enue and  Leonard  Street.  The  old  home- 
stead where  Mrs.  Foster  spent  her  girlhood 
days  is  yet  standing.  Mr.  Jellerson  accom- 
panied Mr.  Foster  and  his  son,  John  J.,  on 
their  overland  California  trip  in  1849,  an(l 
there  the  former  died.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fos- 
ter were  the  parents  of  six  children,  three  of 
whom  are  living:  Edward,  John  H.,  and 
Mrs.  Olive  M.  Corlett,  all  residents  of 
Evanston. 

In  his  political  views  Mr.  Foster  was  a 
Republican,  and  he  and  his  wife  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Baptist  Church.  Mr.  Foster 
had  all  of  the  pioneer  resident's  pride  in 
the  town  in  which  he  had  always  felt  so 
loyal  and  deep  an  interest,  ami  in  the  devel- 
opment of  which  he  was  so  important  a  fac- 
tor. The  growth  and  prosperity  of  Evan- 
ston meant  much  to  one  who.  like  him,  had 
never  for  a  moment  doubted  the  supremacy 
of  the  college  town.  His  death,  which  oc- 
curred February  12,  1898,  was  sudden,  be- 
ing the  direct  result  of  an  accident,  in  which 
he  received  an  injury  while  unloading  a 
coal  vessel  at  Foster's  Pier.  His  widow 
survives,  residing  at  No.  2236  Ridge  Av- 
enue, Evanston. 


ANDREW  SCHWALL. 

Andrew  Schwall  (deceased),  former  cit- 
izen of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  near  Ber- 
lin, Germany,  October  11.  1846,  the  oldest 
son  of  Jacob  and  Katherine  (Rieden) 
Schwall,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of  the 
vicinity  of  their  son's  birthplace,  where  the 
father  was  a  farmer  by  occupation.  The 
parents  came  to  America  in  1847,  when  the 


son  was  one  year  old,  and  buying  sixty 
acres  of  land  at  Gross  Point,  five  miles 
northwest  of  Evanston,  the  father  there 
resumed  his  vocation  as  a  farmer.  The 
opportunities  then  afforded  for  acquiring 
an  education  in  that  locality  were  extremely 
meager,  and  his  mother  having  died  when 
he  was  seven  years  old,  the  son  Andrew 
assisted  his  father  in  supporting  the  family 
until  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age,  wfien  he 
came  to  Evanston,  and  there  engaged  in 
working  wherever  he  could  find  employ- 
ment. In  this  he  was  so  successful  that  he 
soon  after  purchased  an  express  wagon,  and 
still  later  a  carriage,  which  he  used  for  some 
time  for  the  accommodation  of  passengers 
arriving  or  departing  by  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  trains.  On  January  I,  1873, 
he  entered  into  partnership  with  Earl  S. 
Powers  in  the  livery  business,  the  concern 
becoming  the  well-known  firm  of  Powers  & 
Schwall.  Mr.  Powers  having  died  in 
August  1891.  Mr.  Schwall  purchased 
his  deceased  partner's  interest,  thus 
becoming  sole  proprietor  of  the  estab- 
lishment, which  he  conducted  success- 
fully for  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

On  November  23,  1881,  Mr.  Schwall  was 
married  at  No.  1505  Ashland  Avenue,  in 
Evanston,  to  Lydia  J.  Kinder,  who  was  born 
May  31,  1856,  near  the  village  of'Des 
Plaines  in  the  Town  of  Maine.  Cook  Coun- 
ty, the  youngest  daughter  of  Edwin  and 
Mary  Kinder,  who  came  from  Yorkshire, 
England,  in  1842.  Mrs.  Schwall's  mother 
died  October  3,  1903,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
four  years,  while  the  father  is  still  living 
about  the  same  age.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Schwall 
had  three  children :  Myrtle  Lavinia,  born 
December  15.  1882;  Martha  Marion,  born 
August  H,  1885,  and  Rowland  Rieden,  born 
January  10.  1891.  The  older  daughter, 
Myrtle,  was  married  September  7,  1904,  to 
John  G.  Sey fried,  of  Oak  Park.  111.  The 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTOX. 


539 


two  other  children  still  reside  with  their 
mother  at  1423  Benson  Avenue,  Evanston. 
Mr.  Schwall  was  admitted  to  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity  as  a  member  of  the  Evan- 
ston Lodge,  May  9,  1870,  in  which  he  took 
the  third  degree,  March  26,  1871,  and  on 
June  4,  1878,  became  a  member  of  Apollo 
Commandery,  Knights  Templar.  \Yhile 
not  a  member  of  any  church,  he  was  a  lover 
of  the  highest  order  of  personal  integrity, 
adopting  as  his  motto,  "Let  not  thy  left 
hand  know  what  thy  right  hand  doeth." 
His  political  affiliations  were  with  the  Re- 
publican party.  As  the  result  of  a  stroke 
of  paralysis  which  he  had  suffered  on  May 
28,  1901.  his  decease  occurred  at  his  home 
in  Evanston,  December  19,  1901,  and  he  was 
buried  in  Rose  Hill  Cemetery  on  the  23rd 
of  that  month.  He  was  a  kind  and  loving 
husband  and  father,  and  his  taking  away 
was  deeply  lamented  by  a  large  circle  of 
appreciative  friends,  especially  by  the  poor 
of  his  locality  who  had  been  indebted  to  him 
for  many  favors. 


JOSEPH   McGEE   LYOXS. 

Joseph  McGee  Lyons,  retired  banker,  and 
a  resident  of  Evanston,  111.,  for  more  than 
forty-two  years,  was  born  in  Coleraine, 
Franklin  County,  Mass.,  August  6,  1835. 
and  is  a  son  of  Lucius  and  Jane  Ross  (Mc- 
Gee) Lyons.  His  father,  who  was  by  oc- 
cupation a  cabinet-maker,  was  born  in  1803. 
The  Lyons'  family  is  of  French  extraction, 
and  the  ancestors  of  Joseph  M.  Lyons  went 
to  England  with  William  of  Normandy  in 
the  year  1000.  In  1640  his  more  immediate 
ancestors  came  to  America  and  settled  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.  Mr.  Lyons'  grandfather, 
Jesse  Lyons,  was  born  in  Roxbury,  May 
18,  17(^7,  and  moved  to  Coleraine  while 
still  a  young  man.  The  great-grandfather, 
was  one  of  the  famous  Boston  "Tea  Partv." 


The  house  built  by  Jesse  Lyons  still  stands, 
and  is  among  the  oldest  houses  in  Cole- 
raine. 

Joseph  McGee  Lyons  received  his  early 
mental  training  in  the  common  schools, 
in  Coleraine.  and  the  academy  at  Shelburne 
Falls,  Mass.  When  nineteen  years  of  age, 
he  went  West  and  obtained  employment  in 
a  bank  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  There  he  re- 
mained five  years,  serving  the  last  as  cashier 
af  the  bank.  During  that  year  his  father 
died,  and  he  returned  home  to  settle  up  the 
estate.  After  remaining  at  home  for  two 
years,  he  came  to  Chicago  in  1861  and  es- 
tablished a  banking  and  brokerage  business, 
which  he  conducted  for  ten  years.  In  1864 
he  moved  to  Evanston,  where  he  has  since 
resided.  After  retiring  from  the  banking 
business  Mr.  Lyons  established  a  brick  man- 
ufacturing plant  in  Evanston,  which  he 
operated  until  1873,  when  he  disposed  of  it. 

When  Mr.  Lyons  came  to  Evanston  in 
1864  he  purchased  a  tract  of  twenty  acres 
of  land  just  west  of  Ridge  Avenue.  In 
1870,  in  connection  with  Gilbert  &  Wood- 
ford,  who  owned  the  twenty  acres  adjoining 
he  platted,  improved  and  sold  this  ground, 
which  became  known  as  the  Lyons.  Gilbert 
&  Woodford  Addition  to  Evanston.  In 
1865,  Mr.  Lyons  bought  twenty  acres  more 
lying  west  of  his  former  purchase,  which  he 
used  for  the  manufacture  of  brick.  This 
he  sold  in  1873  to  Merrill  Ladd.  who  sub- 
sequently platted  it  as  an  addition  to  the 
City  of  Evanston.  One  of  the  streets  of 
Evanston  is  named  for  Mr.  Lyons,  and  a 
building  erected  by  him  bears  his  name 
— "Lyons'  Hall." 

Mr.  Lyons  was  married  at  Groton.  Mass., 
on  Xovember  24,  1859,  to  Mary  Helen  Far- 
mer, and  three  children  were  the  issue  of  this 
union,  all  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  Po- 
litically, Mr.  Lyons  is  a  Republican.  He 
cast  his  first  vote  for  John  C.  Fremont,  and 
has  voted  for  every  Republican  candidate 


540 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


for  the  presidency  since  that  day.  During 
the  four  years  from  1876  to  1880,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  office  of  the  County  Treas- 
urer of  Cook  County.  Prior  to  1880  he 
served  one  year  as  Town  Assessor,  and 
with  the  exception  of  a  year's  interval,  has 
filled  this  office  continuously  up  to  the  pres- 
ent time.  He  was  formerly  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Village  Trustees. 

Mr.  Lyons  is  the  "Nestor"  of  Evans 
Lodge  No.  524,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.  In  1857 
he  joined  Woodward  Lodge,  No.  149,  I.  O. 
O.  F.,  in  Cincinnati,  and  was  affiliated  with 
that  order  for  some  time  after  coming  to 
Evanston,  but  relinquished  his  membership 
on  account  of  the  pressure  of  other  duties. 
He  is  a  member  of  St.  Mark's  Episcopal 
Church. 


HENRY  LEONIDAS  BOLTWOOD. 

Henry  L.  Boltwood  (deceased  educa- 
tor) was  born  at  Amherst.  Mass..  Janu- 
ary 17,  1831.  the  son  of  William  and 
Electa  (Stetson)  Boltwood,  both  of  whom 
were  natives  of  Massachusetts,  the  former 
born  at  Amherst.  July  3,  1802,  and  the 
latter  at  Abingdon,  same  State,  April  7. 
1808.  His  ancestors  had  been  New  Eng- 
land farmers  for  eight  generations,  which 
was  the  vocation  of  the  father,  and  in 
which  the  son  gave  assistance  during  his 
boyhood  and  youth.  Several  of  the  fam- 
ily were  killed  during  the  Indian  wars  in 
New  England,  and  Mr.  Boltwood's  great 
grandfather  was  an  officer  in  the  Provin- 
cial wars.  His  maternal  grandfather 
moved  from  Abingdon,  Mass.,  his  moth- 
er's birthplace,  in  1812.  The  father  was 
a  man  of  reserved  temperament,  well-in- 
formed and  suffered  from  lameness  most 
of  his  life.  The  mother  died  at  Ottawa. 
Kan.,  a  few  years  ago,  aged  nearly  nine- 
ty-two years.  Of  their  eleven  children,  of 


whom  Henry  L.  was  the  third,  nine  grew 
to  maturity  and  six  were  living  in  1905, 
previous  to  the  death  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch.  Lucius  Boltwood,  an  uncle 
of  Henry  L.,  was  the  first  candidate  for 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  on  the  old 
Abolition  ticket  in  1840,  and  a  brother, 
Captain  Edmund  Boltwood,  of  Ottawa, 
Kan.,  served  as  a  soldier  for  four  and  a 
half  years  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  a 
Captain  of  the  Twentieth  Kansas  Vol- 
unteers in  the  Philippines  during  the 
Spanish-American  War,  while  still  an- 
other brother  (now  deceased)  was  an  en- 
gineer in  the  Government  service  during 
the  Civil  War. 

Brought  up  on  a  farm  in  his  early  boy- 
hood, Mr.  Boltwood  had  the  opportunity 
of  only  three  months'  attendance  each 
year  at  the  district  schools,  but  between 
the  ages  of  nine  and  fifteen,  residing  with- 
in a  mile  of  Amherst  Academy  and  Col- 
lege, he  was  naturally  inspired  with  a 
desire  for  a  higher  education,  although 
the  family  means  did  not  permit  its  grati- 
fication. Through  the  influence  of  the 
Principal  of  the  Academy  which  he  first 
attended,  his  father  was  induced  to  grant 
him  his  time,  except  such  help  as  he  could 
give  on  the  farm  during  vacation,  or  out 
of  school  hours.  He  obtained  his  board, 
washing  and  fuel  at  home  during  this 
period,  but  no  other  compensation  for  his 
labor.  He  thus  worked  his  way  through 
the  Academy  for  three  years,  and  for  four 
years  in  college,  graduating  from  the  lat- 
ter in  1853.  This  he  was  able  to  do  with- 
out losing  his  rank  in  his  class.  A  vora- 
cious reader  and  having  access  to  the  col- 
lege library  through  the  favor  of  student 
friends,  he  took  a  high  rank  in  college, 
though  often  compelled  to  be  absent  to 
earn  money  by  teaching  or  otherwise  to 
pay  expenses.  During  this  period  he 
taught  every  winter,  at  first  receiving 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


541 


only  four  dollars  per  week  while  board- 
ing 'round.  His  tastes  were  for  the 
languages  and  literature,  and  he  also  be- 
came quite  an  expert  in  botany  and  chem- 
istry. 

After  graduation  in  1853.  Mr.  Bolt  wood 
took  charge  of  an  academy  at  Limerick, 
Maine,  but  six  months  later  accepted  the 
principalship  of  a  high  school  at  Palmer, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  one  year,  when 
he  assumed  charge  of  the  lilanchard 
Academy  at  Pembroke.  X.  H.,  remaining 
there  two  years.  In  1857  he  went  to  Der- 
ry,  N.  H..  and  there  had  charge  of  the 
Pinkerton  Academy  for  four  and  a  half 
years,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  prin- 
cipalship of  the  high  school  at  Law- 
rence. Mass.,  a  little  more  than  a 
year  later  accepting  a  business  po- 
sition as  photographic  chemist  in  Xew 
York  City.  Starting  out  with  the  in- 
tention of  entering  the  ministry,  he  had 
by  this  time  become  deeply  interested 
in  educational  work,  although  in  the 
meanwhile  doing  much  missionary  and 
pastoral  work  in  feeble  and  destitute 
churches,  but  without  having  taken  a 
course  in  theology.  For  one  year  ("1859) 
he  also  served  as  School  Commissioner  of 
Rockingham  County.  X.  H. 

On  April  I.  1864,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  L'nitcd  States  Sanitary 
Commission  in  the  Department  of  the 
(itilf,  remaining  until  June.  1865,  and 
being  present  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Blake- 
ley  near  Mobile,  which  was  the  last  bat- 
tle of  the  war.  occurring  on  the  day  of 
Lee's  surrender  at  Appomattox.  During 
this  period  he  served  for  a  time  as  Chap- 
lain of  the  Sixty-seventh  United  States 
Colored  Infantry,  but  was  never  formally 
mustered  in. 

After  returning  from  the  army,  Mr. 
Roltwood  came  to  Illinois  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  School  Superintendent 


and  Principal  of  the  High  School  at 
Griggsville,  Pike  County,  remaining  there 
two  years  (1865-67).  During  the  latter 
year  he  removed  to  Princeton,  Bureau 
County,  and  there  organized  the  first 
Township  High  School  in  the  State, 
which  proved  a  success,  and  in  connec- 
tion with  which  he  remained  eleven  years, 
when  ( 1878)  he  went  to  Ottawa,  La  Salle 
County,  and  organized  a  similar  school 
there.  Five  years  later  (1883)  he  came 
to  Evanston.  there  organized  his  third 
Township  High  School,  of  which  he  con- 
tinued to  be  Principal  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life — a  period  of  over  twenty-two 
years.  He  has  been  widely  recognized  as 
the  father  of  the  township  high  school 
system,  with  which  he  was  continuously 
connected  for  nearly  forty  years,  and 
for  a  longer  period  than  any  other  teacher 
in  the  State.  In  all,  his  experience  as  a 
teacher,  belli  East  and  West,  covered  a 
period  of  nearly  fifty-three  years.  In- 
cidentally, during  his  teaching  sen-ice, 
Prof.  Boltwood  did  much  outside  work 
as  a  teacher  and  lecturer  in  Teachers'  In- 
stitutes in  New  Hampshire.  Massachu- 
setts, Iowa  and  Illinois.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State 
P-oard  of  Education,  serving  eight  years, 
an.l  was  elected  President  of  the  State 
Teachers'  Association  for  the  year  1891. 
He  was  never  a  candidate  for  political  of- 
fice, though  once  proposed  for  the  nomi- 
nation for  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction. 

While  in  college.  Professor  Boltwood 
was  a  member  of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi 
fraternity,  and  became  a  charter  member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  at  Ani- 
herst ;  was  also  identified  with  most  of 
the  great  religious  organizations  of  the 
Congregational  Church,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  member  in  his  college  days,  in  his 
religious  faith  following  in  the  footsteps 


54-2 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


of  his  parents.  He  was  also  connected 
with  the  Tariff  Reform  and  Anti-Cigar- 
ette Leagues  of  Evanston,  and  various 
benevolent,  literary  and  historical  socie- 
ties. Educated  as  a  Whig  and  a  protec- 
tionist, he  was  active  at  an  early  day  in 
his  support  of  the  principles  of  the  Re- 
publican party.  The  opportunity  of  see- 
ing the  condition  of  the  factory  operatives 
during  his  residence  in  Lawrence,  Mass., 
led  to  a  change  in  his  views  on  the  sub- 
ject of  protection,  and  he  became  a  strong 
advocate  of  tariff  reform  and  an  "inde- 
pendent" in  politics,  as  well  as  an  earnest 
opponent  of  all  classes  of  monopolies. 

Beginning  with  his  college  days.  Prof. 
Boltwood  manifested  a  strong  fondness 
for  athletics,  and  was  one  of  the  best 
long-distance  runners  in  college,  often 
walking  a  distance  of  twenty  miles  or 
more.  He  kept  up  his  practice  in  base- 
ball and  football  until  forty-five  years  of 
age,  and  was  fond  of  hunting,  fishing  and 
forest  life.  His  favorite  sciences  were 
chemistry  and  botany,  and  he  was  also  an 
enthusiastic  student  of  the  languages,  be- 
sides his  vernacular  and  the  classics,  hav- 
ing gained  a  fairly  intimate  acquaintance 
with  German,  French,  Italian,  Spanish 
and  Portuguese,  besides  some  knowledge 
of  Bohemian.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
an  English  Grammar,  several  readers,  two 
spellers,  a  "Topical  Outline  of  General 
History,"  besides  many  articles  on  educa- 
tional topics.  He  was  deeply  interested 
in  labor  issues  and,  in  1889,  delivered  an 
address  on  Tariff  Reform  which  attracted 
much  attention  and  was  widely  quoted. 
( )n  June  17,  1904,  after  completing  fifty 
years  of  actual  school  work.  Professor 
Boltwood  was  tendered  a  public  recep- 
tion by  the  Evanston  Township  High 
School  Board,  which  was  attended  by 
several  hundred  of  his  friends  and  former 
pupils.  Near  the  close  of  the  exercises 


he  was  presented  by  President  George  P. 
Merrick  with  a  purse  containing  fifty  ten- 
dollar  gold  pieces,  and  still  later  the 
alumni  of  the  school  presented  him  with 
a  beautiful  silver  loving-cup.  In  the  fifty- 
odd  years  of  his  school  experience  he  had 
never  lost  a  day  on  account  of  illness  until 
within  the  last  three  or  four  years  of 
his  life.  While  connected  with  public 
school  work,  he  received  several  invita- 
tions to  accept  positions  in  connection 
with  colleges,  but,  being  devoted  to  the 
work  in  which  he  was  already  engaged, 
invariably  declined.  Of  some  6,000 
pupils  who  came  under  his  instruction, 
nearly  one  thousand  have  entered  over 
forty  different  colleges,  professional  or 
technical  schools,  scattered  over  the 
world.  These  have  included  foreign  mis- 
sionaries, regular  officers.  professors, 
doctors,  lawyers,  financiers,  railroad  of- 
ficials, eminent  teachers  and  a  host  of 
prominent  business  men  and  refined  and 
useful  women. 

Professor  Boltwood  was  married  at 
Charlemont,  Mass..  July  31,  1855,  to 
Helen  Eugenia  Field,  born  in  that  city. 
June  18  1830,  the  daughter  of  Eugene 
and  Abigail  (Hawkes)  Field,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Joseph  Field,  who  was  a  pas- 
tor of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Char- 
lemont for  many  years,  later  becoming  a 
Unitarian,  and  who  lived  to  be  ninety- 
four  years  of  age.  An  uncle.  Dr.  Joseph 
Field,  was  with  Fanning's  command 
which  were  the  victims  of  a  brutal  massa- 
cre at  the  hands  of  the  Mexicans,  at  Go- 
liad.  Texas,  during  the  war  for  Texan  in- 
dependence, but  was  spared  by  the  victors 
to  care  for  their  wounded,  finally  escap- 
ing after  a  season  of  great  peril  and  hard- 
ship. Professor  and  Mrs.  Boltwood  had 
one  son,  who  was  born  at  Pembroke,  N. 
H..  April  28'.  1856.  graduated  from  Am- 
herst  College  in  1881,  and  died  of  diph- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


543 


theria  at  Peoria,  111.,  unmarried,  Decem- 
ber 23,  1884.  Professor  Boltwood  died  at 
his  home  in  the  city  of  Evanston,  Janu- 
ary 23,  1906,  deeply  lamented  by  a  large 
circle  of  appreciative  and  admiring 
friends.  His  widow,  Mrs.  Helen  E.  Bolt- 
wood,  still  survives. 


WILLIAM  LISTON  BROWX. 

William  Listen  Brown,  a  longtime  resi- 
dent of  Chicago  and  Evanston,  Cook 
County.  111.,  the  record  of  whose  career,  as 
herein  contained,  speaks  with  no  uncertain 
sound,  was  born  in  St.  Joseph,  Mich..  Aug- 
ust 23,  1842.  He  is  a  son  of  Hiram  and 
Jane  Reese  (Liston)  Brown,  the  former 
born  in  Locke,  X.  Y.,  June  15,  1804 :  and  the 
latter,  born  in  Columbia.  Pa..  June  15,  1810. 
and  a  member  of  a  Quaker  family  who  set- 
tled in  Michigan  in  1830.  The  paternal 
grandfather.  Liberty  Brown,  recruited  a 
company  of  troops  in  Western  Xew  York 
during  the  War  of  1812,  which  he  led  to 
Fort  Xiagara.  Hiram  Brown  first  em- 
barked in  business  in  Rochester,  X.  Y.. 
whence,  in  1834.  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
locating  in  St.  Joseph.  There  he  remained 
until  1848,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
and  for  several  years  operated  a  line  of 
boats  on  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal, 
returning  to  St.  Joseph  in  1861.  He  died 
August  17,  1883.  his  wife  passing  away 
July  7,  1854. 

Mr.  Brown  passed  his  early  youth  in 
Chicago  in  the  manner  customary  for  most 
boys  in  a  large  and  growing  village,  such  as 
Chicago  was  at  that  time.  He  was  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  all  the  streets  and 
points  of  interest,  and  was  ever  on  the  alert 
for  new  and  notable  features.  An  intent 
observer,  his  watchful  eyes  left  no  occur- 
rence unnoticed  in  the  successive  stage  of 
development  which  the  future  metropolis  of 


the  West  was  undergoing.  His  education 
was  mainly  obtained  in  public  and  private 
schools  in  Chicago,  and  he  completed  his 
educational  training  in  what  was  known  as 
the  Garden  City  Academy.  After  finishing 
the  course  of  study  there,  he  was  employed 
as  a  clerk,  and  afterwards  as  bookkeeper,  in 
a  grain  commission  house,  continuing  in  this 
position  from  1857  until  1862.  In  July  of 
the  latter  year.  Mr.  Brown  enlisted  as  a  pri- 
vate in  the  Chicago  Mercantile  Battery. 
Light  Artillery,  and  actively  praticipated  in 
all  of  its  field  activities,  serving  with  it  in 
Tennessee,  at  the  sieges  of  Yicksburg  and 
Jackson.  Miss.,  and  later  in  the  campaigns 
in  Louisiana,  Mississippi.  Arkansas  and 
Texas.  During  the  entire  period  of  his 
enlistment  he  was  continually  in  active  serv- 
ice. He  was  mustered  out  as  Quarter- 
master's Sergeant  in  July.  1865.  On  re- 
turning home  he  became  connected  with  the 
iron  business  in  the  capacity  of  a  clerk,  and, 
in  1870,  was  admitted  to  the  enterprise  as 
partner.  In  1883  he  reorganized  the  con- 
cern as  Pickands,  Brown  &  Co.,  which  is  its 
present  designation.  He  also  organized  the 
Chicago  Ship  Building  Company  in  1890. 
He  devotes  his  attention  largely  to  the 
manufacture  of  pig-iron,  iron  ore  mining, 
and  ship-building,  and  has  developed  these 
industries  in  Chicago  and  the  Xorthwest  to 
extensive  proportions. 

In  addition  to  his  duties  as  President  and 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  Pick- 
ands, Brown  &  Co.,  Mr.  Brown  sustains 
numerous  other  important  commercial  and 
financial  relations,  as  follows:  as  member, 
and  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  American  Ship  Building  Company. ; 
Director  of  the  Bay  City  Ship  Building 
Company ;  President  and  Director  of  the 
Calumet  Transit  Company  :  President  and 
Director  of  the  Chicago  Ship  Building  Com- 
pany :  Director  of  the  Dental  Protective 
Supply  Company  of  the  L'nited  States :  Di- 


544 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


rector  of  the  Detroit  Ship  Building  Com- 
pany ;  President  and  Director  of  the  Fed- 
eral Furnace  Company  ;  Vice-President  and 
Director  of  the  Federal  Steamship  Com- 
pany ;  Director  of  the  First  National  Bank 
of  Chicago ;  Director  of  the  First  Trust  and 
Saving  Bank  of  Chicago ;  Director  of  the 
Interlake  Company  :  Director  of  the  Inter- 
national Steamship  Company  ;  \  ice-Presi- 
dent and  Director  of  the  Manitou  Steam- 
ship Company :  Director  of  the  Milwaukee 
Dry  Dock  Company  :  Director  of  the  Na- 
tional Safe  Deposit  Company  :  Director  of 
the  Sea  &  Lake  Insurance  Company ;  Presi- 
dent and  Director  of  the  South  Chicago 
Furnace  Company  :  Director  of  the  Supe- 
rior Ship  Building  Company :  and  Director 
of  the  Zenith  Furnace  Company.  Mr. 
Brown  is  also  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  Northwestern  University,  and  a 
member  and  Trustee  of  the  Chicago 
(Thomas)  Orchestral  Association. 

On  September  27.  1871.  Mr.  Brown  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Catherine  Seymour, 
of  Smithville,  N.  Y..  a  daughter  of  Dr. 
Stephen  and  Harriet  (Weeks)  Seymour, 
natives  of  New  York  and  Vermont.  Dr. 
Seymour  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College,  of  Chicago, 
and  was  a  physician  of  high  standing  dur- 
ing his  life  in  that  city.  The  attractive  and 
hospitable  residence  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown 
is  situated  at  No.  217  Dempster  Street,  Ev- 
anston.  While  the  tastes  and  inclinations  of 
Mr.  Brown  are  strongly  domestic,  lie  is  fond 
of  outdoor  recreation,  and  takes  pleasure  in 
occasional  travel,  having  visited  almost  ev- 
ery point  of  interest  in  his  own  country, 
and  made  several  tours  in  foreign  lands. 
Socially  he  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago, 
Mid-Day,  Commercial,  (ilen  View.  Omvent- 
sia,  and  Evanston  Country  clubs ;  the  Ket- 
elii-Gammi,  of  Duluth,  Minn. :  the  L'nion  & 
Tavern  Clubs  of  Cleveland,  O. :  the  Casta- 


lia  Fishing  Club ;  the  Point  Moullie*  Shoot- 
ing Club ;  and  the  Tolleston  Club. 

In  politics  Mr.  Brown  has  always  been  a 
pronounced  and  unswerving  Republican,  al- 
though never  an  aspirant  for  political  pre- 
ferment. His  religious  connection  is  with 
the  Chicago  Society  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
(  Swedenborgian )  Church.  Fraternally  he 
is  identified  with  the  (irand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, and  with  the  Ancient  Order  of 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  in  which  he 
is  a  Blue-Lodge  member,  although  not  at 
present  actively  affiliated  with  any  lodge. 
Mr.  Brown  is  one  of  the  most  prominent 
characters  in  the  industrial,  commercial  and 
financial  circles  of  the  West. 


ARTHUR  W.  LITTLE.  D.  D..  L.  II.  D. 

Arthur  W.  Little.  D.  D..  L.  H.  I).. 
Episcopal  clergyman.  Evanston.  111.,  was 
born  in  I'.rooklyn.  N.  Y..  ( )ctober  (>. 
1856,  the  son  of  William  II.  and  Caro- 
line F.  (Cobb)  Little.  The  father  was 
a  native  of  Castine,  Maine,  born  in  1806, 
and  a  merchant,  manufacturer  and  bank- 
er by  occupation,  while  the  mother  was 
born  in  Gouldsborough,  Maine,  in  1823. 
Both  parents  were  people  of  education, 
refinement  and  personal  piety.  The  son 
acquired  his  education  in  Dr.  Pingry's 
school  at  Elizabeth.  N.  J. :  Knox  Col- 
lege, (ialesburg.  111.,  and  the  General 
Theological  Seminary,  New  York.  In 
1881  he  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood, 
and.  during  the  same  year,  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's  Church  at  Portland.  Maine, 
where  he  remained  until  1888,  when  he 
removed  to  Evanston,  III.,  becoming  rec- 
tor of  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church  of 
that  city,  where  he  has  remained  ever 
since,  at  the  present  time  being  the  long- 
est settled  pastor  connected  with  any 
church  in  Evanston. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


545 


The  most  notable  work  accomplished 
by  Dr.  Little  since  coming  to  Evanston 
has  been  the  erection  of  a  beautiful 
church  edifice  and  parish-house  and  the 
building  up  of  a  prosperous  parish,  which 
has  been  attended  by  good  work  for  the 
souls  and  bodies  of  his  parishioners  and 
others  who  have  come  under  his  influ- 
ence. He  has  been  a  member  of  Standing 
Committees  of  the  Dioceses  of  both 
Maine  and  Chicago,  has  represented  both 
in  the  General  Convention  of  the  Episco- 
pal Church,  and  has  been  a  lecturer  on 
Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  Western 
Theological  Seminary  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  Chicago.  He  has  also  been, 
for  many  years.  Examining  Chaplain  to 
the  Bishop  of  Chicago  Diocese.  His  fra- 
ternal relations  are  with  the  Phi  Delta 
Theta  Society,  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 
Masonic  Fraternity,  and  the  University 
Club  of  Chicago.  In  politics  he  is  a  Re- 
publican. 

In  1889  Dr.  Little  was  married,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  to  Caroline  Ferris, 
who  was  a  native  of  Portland,  Maine.  In 
his  religious  and  professional  relations 
he  is  recognized  as  a  hard-working  par- 
ish-priest and  eloquent  preacher,  a  man 
of  wide  culture  and  scholarship  and  a 
successful  writer.  His  principal  publica- 
tions are :  "Reasons  for  Being  a  Church- 
man," which  has  passed  through  several 
editions  and  is  recognized  as  a  standard 
authority  for  the  Anglican  Church ;  "The 
Times  and  Teaching  of  John  Wesley ;" 
"The  Intellectual  Life  of  the  Priest;" 
"The  Character  of  Washington;"  "The 
Maintenance  and  the  Propagation  of  the 
Church  Idea ;"  etc.  Socially  he  is  genial 
and  witty,  and  much  in  demand  as  an 
after-dinner  speaker. 


MILTON  S.  TERRY,  A.  M.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 

Milton  Spenser  Terry,  A.  M.,  D.  D., 
LL.  D.,  who  has  held  a  professorship 
in  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  at  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and 
is  a  widely  known  minister  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  was  born  in  Coey- 
mans,  Albany  County,  N.  Y.,  on  Febru- 
ary 22,  1840,  the  youngest  son  of  John 
and  Elizabeth  (McLoen)  Terry,  of  whom 
the  former  was  born  at  Swansea,  R.  I., 
March  13,  1786,  and  the  latter  in  New 
York  City,  on  April  15,  1796.  The  oc- 
cupation of  John  Terry  was  that  of  a 
farmer,  in  which  he  met  with  reasonable 
success.  In  1794,  he  moved  from  Swan- 
sea, R.  I.,  to  Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  together 
with  his  father,  Philip  Terry,  and  his 
grandfather,  George  Terry.  The  family  is 
of  English  origin,  and  some  of  Dr.  Terry's 
ancestors  settled  at  an  early  period  in  the 
New  England  colonies. 

Milton  S.  Terry  spent  his  early  youth 
on  the  paternal  farm,  and,  as  a  boy,  was 
inclined  to  be  studious  and  to  make  dili- 
gent use  of  his  opportunities  for  mental 
instruction.  He  obtained  the  rudiments 
of  an  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  place,  and  afterwards  pursued 
a  course  of  study  at  Charlotteville  Semi- 
nary, in  New  York,  and  a  theological 
course  in  the  Divinity  School  of  Yale  Col- 
lege. After  graduating  from  the  latter 
institution,  he  entered  the  ministry  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  having 
pastoral  charges  at  Hancock,  N.  Y.,  and  at 
Hamden,  Delhi.  Peekskill,  Poughkeepsie, 
Kingston  and  New  York  City,  in  succes- 
sion. From  1879  to  1883,  he  was  the 
Presiding  Elder  of  the  New  York  District 
of  the  New  York  Conference,  and  since 
1884  he  has  occupied  the  position  of 
Professor  in  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute 
at  Evanston. 


546 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


On  May  15,  1864,  Dr.  Terry  was  united 
in  marriage  at  Delhi,  N.  Y.(  with  Frances 
Orline  Atchinson,  who  was  born  at  Ham- 
den,  N.  Y.,  on  October  I,  1841.  Her 
ancestors  were  of  New  England  origin, 
and  made  their  home  in  Schoharie  Coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  at  an  early  day.  Of  this  union 
there  are  two  children,  namely:  Minnie 
Ruth,  born  in  1870,  and  Arthur  Guy, 
born  in  1878. 

Politically  Dr.  Terry  has  been  a  sup- 
porter of  the  Republican  party  since  1864, 
when  he  voted  for  Abraham  Lincoln, 
whose  election  to  the  Presidency  he  ad- 
vocated in  public  speeches.  Dr.  Terry  is 
a  clear,  forceful  and  convincing  preacher, 
a  highly  efficient  instructor,  and  a  bibli- 
cal scholar  of  profound  research.  His  at- 
tainments as  a  theologian  are  recognized 
throughout  his  denomination  and  in  other 
evangelical  fields,  and  he  is  the  author  of 
a  number  of  widely  read  books.  Among 
these  are  volumes  entitled,  "Biblical  Her- 
mcneutics."  "Biblical  Apocalyptics," 
"Biblical  Dogmatics,"  "The  New  Apolo- 
getic," "Moses  and  the  Prophets,"  "The 
New  and  Living  Way."  "The  Mediation 
of  Jesus  Christ."  "The  Prophecies  of  Dan- 
iel Expounded."  "The  Sibylline  Ora- 
cles," "Commentary  on  Genesis  and  Exo- 
dus," "Commentary  on  Judges,  Ruth, 
First  and  Second  Samuel,"  "Commentary 
on  Kings,  Chronicles,  Ezra,  Nehemiah 
and  Esther,"  and  "Rambles  in  the  Old 
World."  Dr.  Terry  has  been  a  most  ob- 
servant traveler  in  foreign  lands,  and 
has  made  good  use,  in  his  ministerial  and 
institutional  work,  of  the  experience  thus 
gained. 


STEPHEN  JOSEPH   HERBEN. 

Rev.  Stephen  Joseph  Herben,  Litt.  D., 
D.  D.,  of  Evanston,  111.,  editor  of  the 
"Epworth  Herald,"  was  born  in  London, 
England,  May  n,  1861.  In  boyhood  he 


underwent  his  primary  mental  training  in 
the  public  schools.  After  completing  a 
course  of  study  in  the  Preparatory 
School  of  Northwestern  University,  in 
1885  he  entered  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts  of  that  Institution,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1889,  with  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  He  then  became  a  student  in 
the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  graduating 
therefrom  in  1891,  with  the  degree  of  B. 
D.  During  his  preparatory  course,  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Philomathia  So- 
ciety, and  in  college,  a  member  of  the 
Hinnian  Literary  Society  and  the  Phi 
Kappa  Psi  Fraternity,  and  was  President 
of  the  Twentieth  Century  Club.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Frater- 
nity. He  was  a  successful  contestant  for 
the  Marcy  Botany  Prize,  the  Hinman  Es- 
say Prize,  and  the  Sheppard  Political 
Economy  Prize.  He  competed  in  the  Kirk 
Oratorical  Contest,  and  was  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  "Syllabus." 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  joined  the 
Rock  River  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  in  1889.  From  1890  to 
1895,  he  was  assistant  editor  of  "The  Ep- 
worth Herald,"  and  from  1895  until  1904, 
was  associate  editor  of  "The  New  York 
Christian  Advocate."  In  May,  1904,  at 
the  General  Conference  in  Los  Angeles, 
Cal.,  he  was  elected  editor  of  "The  Ep- 
worth Herald."  Dr.  Herben  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Third  Methodist  Ecumenical 
Conference  at  London,  England,  in  1901. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Litt. 
D.  from  Syracuse  University  in  1897,  and 
that  of  D.  D.  from  Garrett  Biblical  Insti- 
tute in  1904. 

On  May  27,  1891,  Dr.  Herben  was 
united  in  marriage  at  Park  Ridge,  111., 
with  Grace  Ida  Foster,  and  two  children 
have  been  born  to  them,  namely:  George 
Foster,  born  March  17,  1893;  and  Stephen 
Joseph,  born  March  14,  1897. 

Mrs.  Herben  was  born  at  Lanark,  111.. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


547 


September  19,  1864.  In  girlhood,  she  re- 
ceived her  primary  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools,  completed  a  course  in  the 
Northwestern  University  Preparatory 
School  in  1885,  and  in  1889  was  graduated 
from  the  University,  with  the  degree  of 
B.  L.,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
from  Allegheny  College  in  1890.  During 
the  undergraduate  period,  she  was  a 
member  of  the  Eugensia  Society ;  the  Al- 
pha Phi  Sorority ;  the  Ossoli  Literary 
Society ;  and  the  Twentieth  Century 
Club.  From  1889  until  1891,  she  held 
the  position  of  Preceptress  in  Allegheny 
College.  In  October,  1895,  she  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Woman's  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  in  New  York 
Conference,  and  in  October,  1905,  was 
elected  Home  Secretary  of  Northwestern 
Branch,  \V.  F.  M.  S. 


GEORGE   PECK    MERRICK. 

George  P.  Merrick,  attorney-at-law. 
Chicago,  with  residence  in  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  at  Manteno,  Kankakee  County, 
111.,  October  4,  1862,  the  son  of  Dr. 
George  Clinton  and  Mary  Elizabeth 
(Peck)  Merrick,  the  former  born  in 
Franklin,  N.  Y.,  December  n,  1824,  and 
the  latter  in  Troy,  same  State.  The  fath- 
er graduated  at  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago,  after  coming  to  Illinois,  and 
practiced  his  profession  at  Manteno  for- 
ty-four years.  Dr.  George  C.  Merrick  re- 
moved with  his  parents  from  their  home 
in  New  York  to  Fremont,  Ohio,  when  he 
was  about  nine  years  of  age,  and  later  to 
Palmyra,  Wis.,  where  he  married  Mary 
E.  Peck  who  was  the  daughter  of  Joel  M. 
and  Amanda  Peck,  the  latter  being  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Purdy  of  Steuben 
County,  N.  Y.  Joel  M.  Peck  removed 
about  1840  to  Wisconsin  and  settled  at 


West  Troy,  Walworth  County,  later  re- 
moving to  Palmyra,  where  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life. 

The  parents  of  Dr.  George  C.  Merrick 
— and  paternal  grandparents  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch — were  Sylvester  M.  and 
Mercy  (Loveland)  Merrick,  both  of  old 
Colonial  families  of  Massachusetts. 
Thomas  Merrick,  the  first  of  the  name 
in  America,  came  from  Wales  and  settled 
in  Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1630.  His  de- 
scendants in  direct  line  were:  Joseph. 
James,  Perez,  Sylvester,  George  C.  and 
George  P. — making  the  latter  of  the  sev- 
enth generation  in  America.  James  Mer- 
rick, the  grandson  of  Thomas,  was  a  sol- 
dier and  served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Continental  army. 

George  P.  Merrick  received  his  ele- 
mentary education  under  private  tutors, 
after  which  he  entered  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, graduating  in  the  class  of  1884. 
He  then  began  the  study  of  law  in 
the  office  of  Judge  Elbridge  Hanecy. 
and  two  years  later  (June,  1886)  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  In  1889  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  preceptor,  but  since 
the  promotion  of  Judge  Hanecy  to  the 
Circuit  Court  bench  in  1893,  nas  Prac~ 
ticed  alone. 

Mr.  Merrick  was  married  at  Gales- 
burg,  111.,  January  21,  1885,  to  Miss 
Grace  Thompson,  daughter  of  James  S. 
and  Nancy  (Willitts)  Thompson.  Mrs. 
Merrick  was  born  in  New  Boston,  Mercer 
County,  111.,  and  she  and  her  husband 
are  the  parents  of  three  children,  namely: 
George  Clinton,  born  January  18,  1886: 
Grace  Willitts,  born  October  I,  1896: 
and  Thompson,  born  March  29.  1900. 
George  C.,  who  is  a  student  in  Yale  Uni- 
versity, at  the  close  of  his  freshman  year 
(1906),  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  edi- 
torial board  of  the  "Yale  Daily  News" 
for  the  year  1906-07.  Mr.  George  P.  Mer- 


548 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


rick  attends  the  Methodist  Church  of 
which  his  wife  is  a  member,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  has  been  one  of  the  Trustees  of 
Northwestern  University.  The  profession- 
al, fraternal  and  social  organizations  with 
which  he  is  identified  include :  the  Ameri- 
can, the  Illinois  State  and  the  Chicago  Bar 
Associations:  the  Chicago  Law  Institute; 
the  University  and  Evanston  Clubs ;  the 
Glen  View  Golf  Club ;  the  Law  Club ;  the 
Knights  Templar  and  subordinate  Ma- 
sonic orders. 


AXSOX    MARK. 

Anson  Mark,  manufacturer,  formerly 
of  Chicago,  but  now  a  resident  of  Evanston. 
111.,  was  born  at  Annville  Mills,  Dauphin 
County.  Pa.,  April  21.  1867,  the  son  of 
Cyrus  and  Rebecca  (Strohm)  Mark.  His 
parents  were  both  natives  of  Lebanon  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  the  father  born  August  8,  1836.  and 
the  mother  March  u,  1840,  the  former 
being  engaged  in  mercantile  business.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  came  to  Chicago  in 
boyhood,  and  was  there  educated  in  the 
public  schools,  after  which  he  was  engaged 
in  the  dry-goods  trade  as  an  employe  of 
James  II.  Walker  &  Company,  wholesale 
dealers,  remaining  with  this  firm  from  Sep- 
tember 4,  1886.  to  July  i,  1890.  On  the  lat- 
ter date  he  became  connected  with  the  Mark 
Manufacturing  Company,  which  had  been 
established  by  his  father  and  a  brother 
in  1889,  and  with  which  he  is  still 
identified.  At  the  time  Mr.  Mark  entered 
into  the  business,  the  companv  employed 
six  men.  It  now  maintains  two  manufact- 
uring plants,  one  at  Evanston  and  another 
at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  employing  twelve  to 
fourteen  hundred  men.  It  is  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  drive-well  points,  ar- 
tesian and  tubular  well  cylinders,  pump 
fixtures,  plumbers'  and  steamfitters'  tools. 


wrought  iron  pipe  and  other  products  in 
this  line.  The  general  offices  of  the  com- 
pany, formerly  in  the  First  National  Bank 
Building,  Chicago,  are  now  located  in  the 
city  of  Evanston. 

Mr.  Mark  removed  from  Chicago  to 
Evanston  in  May,  1902,  which  continues 
to  be  his  home.  On  September  5, 
1893,  he  was  married  at  Van  Buren, 
Ark.,  to  Allie  Willis  Ribling,  who  was  born 
in  that  place  January  27,  1867,  and  they 
have  two  children:  Geraldine  Rebecca 
Mark,  born  in  Chicago,  September  28, 
1896,  and  Anson  Mark,  Jr.,  born  in  Evans- 
ton,  September  9,  1902.  Mr.  Mark's  suc- 
cess as  a  business  man  is  demonstrated  by 
the  phenomenal  growth  of  the  manufac- 
turing enterprise  with  which  he  has  been 
connected  during  the  past  fifteen  years  of 
its  existence. 


AAROX  XELSON  YOUNG. 

Aaron  Xelson  Young,  a  grain  merchant 
of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  of  long 
standing,  who  has  been  a  resident  of 
Evanston,  III.,  for  the  past  thirty-five 
years,  was  born  in  Morrison,  111.,  in  1838, 
and  married  at  Sterling,  111.,  to  Anna  M. 
Correll.  He  received  a  common  school 
education  at  Morrison  and  early  em- 
barked in  the  grain  and  lumber  business. 
About  the  time  of  the  great  Chicago  fire 
he  moved  to  Chicago  and  became  a  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  S.  H.  McCrea  &  Co.: 
later,  in  1883,  established  the  firm  of 
Young  &  Nichols,  in  which  he  was  active- 
ly interested  until  1903,  when  he  retired 
from  business.  He  has  always  been  deep- 
ly interested  in  the  Evanston  public 
schools,  and  served  in  the  capacity  of 
President  of  the  Evanston  Board  of  Edu- 
cation for  many  years,  during  a  period 
when  they  required  very  able  and  care- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


549 


fill  financial  management.  He  was  Trus- 
tee of  the  Northwestern  University  for 
several  years,  and  has  been  a  Director 
in  many  business  enterprises. 


HOMER     HITCHCOCK    KINGSLEY. 

Prof.  Homer  H.  Kingsley,  educator, 
Evanston.  111.,  was  born  at  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  June  9,  1859,  the  son  of  Moses  and 
Clarissa  (Beckley)  Kingsley.  the  father 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  5,  1810.  and 
the  mother  in  Chautauqua  County,  X.  Y., 
in  1818.  The  occupation  of  his  father 
was  that  of  a  farmer  and,  after  reaching 
the  school  age,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
attended  the  district  school  five  miles 
west  of  Kalamazoo  until  twelve  years  of 
age,  when  he  spent  six  years  in  the  graded 
schools  of  Kalamazoo,  going  from  his 
home  each  day  a  distance  of  five  miles 
and  graduating  from  the  Kalamazoo  High 
School  in  1877.  Then  entering  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  he  graduated  there- 
from in  1881,  when  at  once  he  began 
teaching  as  instructor  in  mathematics  in 
the  high  school  at  East  Saginaw,  Mich. 
This  relation  continued  three  years,  when 
Mr.  Kingsley  went  to  Alexandria,  the 
county  seat  of  Douglas  County,  Minn., 
where  he  had  charge  of  the  city  schools 
for  one  year.  He  was  then  recalled  to 
the  University  of  Michigan  as  Instructor 
in  Mathematics,  in  place  of  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors who  was  disabled  by  reason  of 
sickness.  After  remaining  in  connection 
with  the  University  two  years,  in  1886  he 
accepted  the  superintendency  of  the 
schools  at  Evanston.  111.,  which  he  has 
retained  continuously  to  the  present  time, 
a  period  of  twenty  years.  From  boyhood 
Professor  Kingsley  had  a  strong  predilec- 
tion for  teaching  as  a  profession,  and  his 
success  in  that  line,  during  an  experience 


of  twenty-five  years,  has  demonstrated 
the  accuracy  of  his  judgment.  Undoubt- 
edly one  reason  for  that  success  is  to  be 
found  in  his  enjoyment  of  his  profession 
and  the  enthusiasm  which  he  has  thereby 
been  able  to  impart  to  others.  The  es- 
timation in  which  his  abilities  in  his 
chosen  profession  are  held  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that,  during  the  summer  of 
1898.  by  special  invitation  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  "School  Supervis- 
ion" at  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Professor  Kingsley  was  married  at 
Hopkinton,  Mass.,  August  18,  1886.  to 
Nellie  Appleton  Fitch,  who  was  born  at 
Peoria.  111..  October  4.  186.2.  and  three 
(laughters  have  been  born  of  this  union. 
namely:  Margaret  Appleton.  born  July 
3,  1887:  Katharine  \Yinslow,  born  June 
18.  1892.  and  Helen  Dewey.  born  Decem- 
ber 3  1895.  In  politics,  although  in  gen- 
eral accord  with  the  principles  of  the 
Republican  party  on  national  issues,  Mr. 
Kingsley  is  inclined  to  vote  independent- 
ly and  for  "the  best  man"  on  questions  of 
a  local  character.  In  this  he  seeks  to  secure 
the  best  interests  of  the  people. 

Aside  from  his  profession  as  a  teacher, 
both  Professor  Kingsley  and  his  wife 
have  devoted  some  attention  to  literary 
work,  as  shown  by  the  issue  by  the  former 
in  1901  of  a  volume  entitled  "The  New- 
Era  Word  Book."  and  by  the  publication 
in  1900,  from  the  pen  of  the  latter,  of  a 
"History  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedi- 
tion," and  in  i«)O2  of  the  story  of  "Four 
American  Explorers." 


XEWELL  CLARK  KNIGHT. 

Newell  C.  Knight,  manager  of  the  Bond 
Department  of  the  Royal  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Chicago,  was  born  in  St.  Louis. 
Mo.,  April  25  1862.  the  son  of  Augustus 


550 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


and  Fanny  (French)  Knight.  He  re- 
ceived his  preparatory  education  in  the 
Saint  Louis  public  schools  and  the  aca- 
demic department  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity, and  graduated  from  Yale  Uni- 
versity in  1884.  After  graduation,  intend- 
ing to  engage  in  business  as  a  shoe-manu- 
facturer, and  in  order  first  to  learn  it,  he 
entered  the  factory  of  the  Hamilton- 
Brown  Shoe  Company,  working  at  the 
block  and  handling  machines.  Two  years' 
experience  of  ten  hours  a  day  physical 
labor  somewhat  impaired  his  health:  he 
therefore  accepted  a  position  as  Secretary 
of  an  investment  company  at  Wichita. 
Kan.,  but  soon  after  retired  to  engage 
with  his  brother,  Harry  F.,  in  the  same 
line  of  business,  under  the  name  of  The 
Knight  Investment  Company,  dealing  in 
mortgages  and  commercial  paper.  This 
business  was  discontinued  in  1893,  when 
Mr.  Knight  came  to  Chicago,  and  in 
connection  with  Reuben  H.  Donnelley, 
organized  the  firm  of  Knight.  Donnelley 
&  Cotripany.  From  a  small  beginning  this 
firm  became  one  of  the  very  large  stock, 
bond  and  grain  houses  in  Chicago,  being 
members  of  all  the  leading  exchanges. 
Its  failure  in  June.  1905,  resulted  in  its 
dissolution,  and  Mr.  Knight  soon  after 
became  the  Manager  of  the  Bond  Depart- 
ment of  the  Royal  Trust  Company. 

A  Cleveland  Democrat  politically.  Mr. 
Knight,  during  the  campaigns  of  1896  and 
1900,  was  an  active  supporter  of  Mc- 
Kinley  and  of  Roosevelt  in  1904.  In  1899 
lie  was  elected  President  of  the  Evanston 
"Four-mile  League"  and  later  served  as 
Chief  of  Police  of  the  City  of  Evanston 
without  pay.  devoting  his  attention  to  the 
strict  enforcement  of  all  the  city  ordi- 
nances, especially  the  law  prohibiting  the 
establishment  of  saloons  within  four  miles 
of  Northwestern  University.  He  kept 
the  town  clean.  Mr.  Knight  was  mar- 


ried in  1886  to  Annie  Louise,  daughter  of 
James  L.  Sloss  of  Saint  Louis.  Five  chil- 
dren have  been  born  to  them :  Augustus, 
Francis  McMaster,  Katharine,  Newell 
Sloss  and  Nancy  Louise.  His  office  is 
with  the  Royal  Trust  Company,  169 
Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago,  and  his  resi- 
dence is  at  1326  Asbury  Avenue,  Evanston. 


ALBERT  R.  JOXES. 

Albert  R.  Jones,  oil  operator,  residing 
in  Independence,  Kan.,  and  engaged  in 
the  production  of  crude  oil.  was  born  at 
Pekin,  111..  September  14,  1874.  In  boy- 
hood he  attended  public  school,  and  was 
a  pupil  in  the  Virginia  (111.)  High  School 
in  1891-92.  In  the  latter  year,  he  entered 
the  Northwestern  Academy,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  the  fall  of  1895.  He 
then  matriculated  in  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, graduating  therefrom  with  the 
class  of  1899,  and  receiving  the  degree 
of  B.  S.  From  1899  to  1902,  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  law  in  the  Law 
School  of  Illinois  Wesleyan  University, 
at  Bloomington.  111.,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  B.  L. 

Mr.  Jones  is  a  member  of  the  Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon  Fraternity.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  "Dem"  Society,  the  Rog- 
ers Debating  Club,  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  and  was  Captain  of  the 
University  track  team  during  the  seasons 
of  1898  and  1899.  On  June  29,  1904,  at 
Springfield,  111.,  Mr.  Jones  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Mabel  Neer,  of  that  citv. 


NELSON  LLOYD  STOW. 

Nelson  Lloyd  Stow,  whose  residence 
in  Evanston,  Cook  County,  111.,  covers 
the  period  of  a  generation,  during  which 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


55' 


he  has  maintained  a  record  free  from  re- 
proach, was  born  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
January  8,  1833,  a  son  of  Henry  and  Lydia 
(Goodrich)  Stow,  both  natives  of  Con- 
necticut, where  the  former  was  born  in 
Milford,  December  15,  1804,  and  the  lat- 
ter in  Berlin,  September  9,  1805.  The 
occupation  of  Henry  Stow  was  that  of  a 
manufacturer  of  wheels  and  wheel  ma- 
terial for  vehicles,  in  New  Haven,  and  he 
was  the  first  manufacturer  in  the  United 
States  to  make  these  by  machinery.  He 
was  a  devoted  member  of  the  Baptist 
Church  in  New  Haven,  in  which  he 
served  as  deacon  for  more  than  sixty 
years,  and  he  died  in  that  city  at  the  age 
of  ninety-one  years. 

The  Stow  family  is  descended  in  a  di- 
rect line  from  Lord  Thomas  Stow,  oi 
England,  and  certain  of  the  ancestors  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  came  to  this 
country  previous  to  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  held  superior  rank  in  the  Con- 
tinental Army  during  that  conflict.'  A 
fine  monument  in  honor  of  one  of  them 
stands  in  the  cemetery  at  Milford.  Conn., 
erected  by  the  State. 

Xelson  Lloyd  Stow  received  his.  early 
mental  instruction  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  his  native  State.  He  finished 
his  school  studies  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
years,  and  then  spent  five  years  in  learn- 
ing the  trade  of  carriage  manufacturing. 
On  September  17,  1854,  when  twenty- 
one  years  old,  he  located  in  Chicago  and 
engaged  in  selling  carriage  materials.  He 
was  the  first  dealer  in  such  goods  in  Chi- 
cago and  in  the  West,  none  being  manu- 
factured at  that  time  west  of  New  York. 
In  this  business  Mr.  Stow  continued  un- 
til 1880,  when  he  was  engaged  as  man- 
ager of  the  most  extensive  iron  concern  in 
the  city,  and  acted  in  that  capacity  for 
twenty-five  years.  He  became  a  resident 


of  Evanston  in  1873,  anc'  'las  made  his 
home  there  ever  since. 

In  1863,  Mr.  Stow-  was  united  in  mar- 
riage, at  Milford,  Conn.,  with  Sarah  Ma- 
ria Merwin,  who  was  born  May  21.  1844. 
She  is  descended  from  Puritan  stock,  be- 
longing to  one-  of  the  oldest  families  of 
Connecticut,  and  a  monument  to  one  of 
her  ancestors,  in  the  cemetery  at  Milford. 
marks  the  oldest  grave  in  that  oldest  of 
Connecticut  cemeteries.  The  union  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stow  resulted  in  six  chil- 
dren, namely :  Ada  Merwin,  born  Sep- 
tember 17,  1864;  Harry  Jared.  born  De- 
cember 8.  1866;  Helen  Webster,  born 
July  8,  1870:  Charles  Goodrich,  born  Oc- 
tober 2,  1871 :  Nelson  Lloyd,  born  De- 
cember 12.  1872 ;  and  Mary  Goodrich, 
born  October  5.  1875.  Charles  died  in  in- 
fancy and  Nelson  died  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-two years. 

In  politics  Mr.  Stow  has  long  been  an 
unswerving  adherent  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  a  prominent  and  influential  fac- 
tor in  the  local  councils  of  that  organi- 
zation. In  1887  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Evanston  Board  of  Education  for 
District  No.  76,  and  served  in  this  capac- 
ity eleven  years,  acting  for  six  years  as 
President  of  the  board.  He  was  elected 
Alderman  from  the  Fourth  Ward  in 
Evanston  in  1895,  ar|d  twice  re-elected, 
and  filled  the  position  of  acting  Mayor 
of  Evanston  one  year.  He  drafted  many 
of  the  statutes  which  conserve  the  welfare 
of  the  city,  among  them  being  the  Curfew 
Law.  The  erection  of  street  signs  was  ac- 
complished through  the  personal  efforts 
of  Mr.  Stow,  and  under  his  personal  su- 
pervision as  President  of  the  School 
Board,  the  Lincoln  and  Central  schools 
were  erected.  By  individual  exertion  he 
also  raised  over  $600,  with  which  to  put 
up  the  fountain  on  the  Central  School 


552 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


grounds,  which  commemorates  the  hero- 
ism of  teachers  who  saved  the  lives  of 
their  youthful  pupils,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  destruction  by  fire  of  the  old  school 
building.  The  name  of  Mr.  Stow  is  cut 
in  panels  on  both  of  the  school  buildings 
above  mentioned. 

Since  making  his  residence  in  Evans- 
ton,  Mr.  Stow  has  been  identified  almost 
continuously  with  the  public  affairs  of  the 
city.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Cook 
County  Federation,  and  served  on  the 
Drainage  Canal  Committee,  acting  with 
the  late  Judge  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  in  tracing 
the  route  for  the  canal  through  West 
Evanston.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the 
Evanston  Army  and  Navy  League,  or- 
ganized in  1898.  While  a  member  of  the 
City  Council,  Mr.  Stow  drafted  the  stat- 
ute for  the  protection  of  animals  and 
birds,  the  law  to  preserve  street  signs 
from  damage,  and  that  prohibiting  the 
sale  of  cigarettes  to  minors,  besides  other 
statutory  provisions.  During  the  Civil 
War  Mr.  Stow  was  a  member  of  the  Sani- 
tary Commission. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  has  long 
been  a  zealous  adherent  of  the  faith  of 
the  Baptist  denomination.  He  united  with 
the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Evanston  in 

1873,  being  transferred  from  the  Second 
Baptist  Church  of  Chicago,  and  has  main- 
tained his  membership  in  the  former  ever 
since.     In   1875  he  was  elected  clerk  of 
that  church,  and  has  held  that  office  con- 
tinuously until  the  present  time.    He  has 
conducted  Sunday  services  at  the  Indus- 
trial School  for  Girls,  in  Evanston,  since 

1874,  and  served  twelve  years  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  that  In- 
stitution, acting  as  President  of  the  board 
for  three  years.    His  influence  has  always 
been  exerted  in  behalf  of  the  best  inter- 
ests of  the  community. 


LEOXIDAS  P.  HAMLIXE,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Leonidas  P.  Hamline,  who  became 
a  resident  of  Evanston  at  a  comparatively 
early  date,  and  whose  family  has  since 
been  closely  identified  with  the  social  and 
religious  life  of  the  city,  was  born  in 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  August  13,  1828,  the  son 
of  Bishop  Leonidas  L.  Hamline,  a  dis- 
tinguished member  of  the  Episcopacy  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  a 
pulpit  orator  of  rare  force  and  eloquence. 
In  the  youth  of  the  son  Bishop  Hamline 
was  actively  engaged  in  ministerial  work, 
and  under  the  itinerary  system  then  pre- 
vailing in  the  Methodist  Church,  the  fam- 
ily changed  its  residence  at  frequent  in- 
tervals. Thus  it  happened  that  the  young- 
er Hamline  was  educated  in  the  schools 
of  Tarrytown,  XT.  Y. ;  Yellow  Springs, 
Ohio,  and  Greencastle,  Ind.,  finally  fin- 
ishing his  academic  studies  at  Lebanon, 
111.  He  then  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, and  received  his  doctor's  degree 
from  Castleton  Medical  College,  Castle- 
ton,  Vt.  For  a  time  thereafter  he  prac- 
ticed medicine  at  Hydeville,  Vt.,  and  was 
physician  and  surgeon  to  the  corporation 
operating  large  marble  quarries  at  that 
place.  He  came  west  from  Vermont  and 
first  established  his  home  at  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant, Iowa,  where  he  gained  professional 
distinction  and  was  in  active  practice  dur- 
ing nine  years  following.  While  the 
Civil  War  was  in  progress  he  took  an 
active  part  in  caring  for  the  sick  and 
wounded  L'nion  soldiers,  acting  as  sur- 
geon in  the  hospitals  at  Dubuque,  Iowa. 
He  retired  from  practice  at  the  close  of 
the  war  and  removed  to  Evanston  in  1865. 
He  was  among  the  pioneer  men  of  means 
who  established  homes  in  Evanston,  and 
one  of  the  first  to  make  building  and  other 
improvements  which  have  since  made  the 
city  noted  for  its  beauty.  His  father, 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


553 


Bishop  Mainline,  had  been  an  early  and 
fortunate  investor  in  Chicago  real  estate, 
and  the  care  and  management  of  these 
interests  occupied  a  large  share  of  Dr. 
Hamline's  attention  in  later  years.  After 
the  death  of  Bishop  Hamline  at  Mt. 
Pleasant,  Iowa,  in  1864,  his  widow  re- 
moved to  Evanston,  and  that  city  contin- 
ued to  be  her  home  until  her  death,  which 
occurred  in  1881.  It  was  in  the  infancy 
of  Northwestern  University  and  in  the 
village  days  of  Evanston  that  Dr.  Ham- 
line  came  to  Evanston  to  live,  and  for 
more  than  thirty  years  thereafter  he  was 
an  esteemed  citizen  of  the  place.  He  and 
Mrs.  Hamline  were  members  of  the  First 
Methodist  Church  established  here,  and  at- 
tended services  in  the  primitive  church 
edifice  in  the  days  when  the  Methodists 
shared  it  with  other  denominations  not 
able  to  have  places  of  worship  of  their 
own.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life, 
Dr.  Hamline  and  Mrs.  Hamline  traveled 
extensively  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad,  and  much  of  their  time  was  spent 
away  from  Evanston.  Dr.  Hamline  was 
married  in  1850  to  Miss  Virginia  Moore, 
daughter  of  John  Moore  of  Peoria,  111., 
and  died  in  Evanston  in  1897.  Mrs.  Ham- 
line,  who  still  survives,  residing  in  Evans- 
ton,  was  born  in  Ripley,  Ohio.  The 
other  surviving  members  of  this  pioneer 
family  are:  Leonidas  N.  Hamline.  of 
Chicago,  and  Mrs.  Virginia  (Hamline) 
Creighton,  of  Evanston.  Another  son, 
John  H.  Hamline,  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Bar,  died  February 
14.  1904- 


JOHN  H.  HAMLINE. 

John  H.  Hamline,  lawyer  (deceased), 
Evanston  and  Chicago,  was  born  in  Rot- 
terdam, near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  March 
23,  1856,  the  son  of  Dr.  Leonidas  P. 


Hamline,  who  was  the  son  of  a  Bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In  1865 
his  father,  Dr.  L.  P.  Hamline,  removed 
with  his  family  to  Evanston,  111.,  where 
the  son  spent  his  youth  attending  the 
public  schools  and  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, and  graduating  from  the  latter 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1875.  After 
two  years  of  study  in  the  Columbia  Law 
School,  New  York,  he  graduated  from 
that  institution  in  1877,  taking  his  ex- 
amination and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
September  14,  1877,  and  immediately  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  his  profession 
in  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  continued 
to  be  his  professional  headquarters  dur- 
ing his  business  career.  At  this  time  his 
home  was  still  in  Evanston,  where  he 
served  as  Corporation  Counsel  from 
1880  to  1884.  While  occupying  this  of- 
fice he  framed  a  complete  municipal  code 
for  Evanston.  which  was  published  in 
1882. 

About  1885  he  removed  to  1621  Prairie 
Avenue,  Chicago,  where  he  continued  to 
reside  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
October,  1880,  he  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  his  life-long  friend,  Frank  H. 
Scott,  under  the  firm  name  of  Hamline  & 
Scott,  which  later,  by  the  admission  of 
Frank  E.  Lord,  became  Hamline,  Scott 
&  Lord,  Redmond  D.  Stephens  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  firm  in  1902.  In  1887  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
City  Council,  serving  one  term,  during 
which  time  he  won  a  great  deal  of  promi- 
nence by  advocating  for  the  first  time  in 
that  body  the  principle  of  compensation 
for  municipal  franchises.  Though  never 
afterwards  a  candidate  for  political  office, 
he  continued  to  take  an  active  part  in 
public  affairs,  and  his  opinions  were  often 
sought  after  in  connection  with  municipal 
issues.  Besides  being  associated  with 
many  local  clubs  and  fraternal  societies. 


554 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


he  was  a  member  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  the  Chicago  Bar  Association 
(of  which  he  was  elected  President  in 
1891),  and  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Associa- 
tion, serving  as  President  of  the  latter 
for  the  year  1896-97.  In  1895  he  was 
chosen  President  of  the  Union  League 
Club,  and  also  served  one  term  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Law  Club. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous  services 
rendered  by  Mr.  Hamline  was  as  member 
of  a  board  consisting  of  three  members 
appointed  by  Mayor  George  B.  Swift, 
in  1894,  for  the  purpose  of  devising  a 
merit  system  in  connection  with  the  Po- 
lice Department  of  the  City  of  Chicago. 
In  conjunction  with  his  colleagues  he 
gave  a  vigorous  support  to  this  measure, 
which  resulted  in  the  passage  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  the  Civil  Service  Act  of  1895. 
Later  he  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  a 
similar  measure  for  the  whole  State,  and. 
although  it  failed  at  the  time,  the  final 
enactment  of  the  State  Civil  Service  Law, 
approved  May  11.  1905,  authorizing  the 
Governor  to  appoint  a  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission with  power  to  prescribe  rules 
for  the  examination  and  appointment  of 
persons  for  service  in  connection  with  the 
State  institutions,  was  undoubtedly  the 
outcome  of  these  early  efforts. 

Mr.  Hamline  was  married  May  19. 
1880,  to  Miss  Josephine  Mead,  daughter 
of  Henry  Mead  of  Norwich,  X.  Y.,  and 
two  children  were  born  to  them — Jose- 
phine and  John  H.,  Jr.  Mr.  Hamline  died 
at  his  home  in  the  city  of  Chicago  Febru- 
ary 14.  1904,  and  the  event  was  deeply 
deplored  by  a  large  circle  of  personal 
friends  and  members  of  the  bar,  who  had 
learned  to  admire  his  profound  modesty, 
his  high  integrity  and  unselfish  devotion 
to  public  interests,  and  his  talents  as  a 
citizen  and  a  lawyer.  His  former  partner, 
Frank  H.  Scott.  Esq..  in  an  "In  Memo- 
riam"  pamphlet,  paid  the  following  trib- 


ute to  his  memory:  "Taking  into  account 
not  merely  disposition  toward  public  af- 
fairs, nor  ability  nor  energy,  but  all  of 
these  combined,  it  may  safely  be  asserted 
that,  in  the  past  twenty  years,  Chicago 
has  had  no  better  citizen.  For  himself  he 
claimed  nothing,  giving  credit  to  others 
for  the  fruits  of  his  own  efforts.  He  was 
concerned  only  in  effecting  results,  and 
not  at  all  as  to  where  credit  should  be  be- 
stowed." 


CURTIS  H.  REMY. 

Curtis  H.  Remy,  a  well-known  attor- 
ney-at-law,  who  has  been  a  resident  of 
Evanston,  Cook  County,  111.,  for  many 
years,  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
where  he  was  born  in  the  town  of  Hope, 
Bartholomew  County,  April  29,  1852.  He 
is  a  son  of  Allison  Clark  and  Sophia  R. 
Remy.  The  father  was  a  farmer  by  oc- 
cupation, and  was  successful  in  that 
sphere  of  industry.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  spent  his  early  youth  on  the  farm, 
utilizing  the  opportunities  afforded  by 
the  district  schools  in  the  vicinity  of  his 
home.  His  education  was  acquired  in 
part  at  Nazareth  Hall,  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  completed  at  Transylvania  Col- 
lege, Lexington,  Ky. 

Mr.  Remy  was  married  in  Boone  Coun- 
ty, Ind.,  on  October  28,  1875,  and  is  the 
father  of  two  sons  and  one  daughter.  In 
politics  Mr.  Remy  is  a  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  has  served  the  pub- 
lic in  several  local  offices,  and  often  been 
suggested  for  others.  Fraternally  he  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  order,  in 
which  he  has  passed  all  the  degrees,  and 
he  is  also  a  member  of  several  clubs.  His 
religious  belief  is  in  accordance  with  the 
creed  of  the  Methodist  Church.  He  has 
made  his  home  in  Evanston  since  Novem- 
ber. 1876. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


555 


CLAUDIUS   BUCHANAN   SPENCER. 

Claudius  B.  Spencer,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  D. 
D.,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
was  born  at  Fowlerville,  Mich.,  October 
20.  1856,  prepared  for  college  at  How- 
ell.  Mich.,  matriculated  in  Northwestern 
University,  Evanston,  111.,  in  1877.  and 
four  years  later  (1881)  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  with  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  still  later,  in  due  course, 
receiving  the  degree  of  A.  M.  During 
his  undergraduate  career  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Hinman  Literary  Society,  his  fra- 
ternity was  the  Phi  Kappa  Sigma.  He 
is  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  He  was  editor  of 
"The  Tripod"  (the  College  paper),  and 
succeeded  I.  ]•"..  Adams  on  the  "Evans- 
ton  Index."  He  edited  the  college  "Mu- 
sical Register."  Immediately  after  grad- 
uation he  joined  the  Detroit  Conference  of 
the  M.  E.  Church,  and  preached  for  two 
years  on  Lake  Superior :  four  years  in 
Detroit:  three  years  in  Owosso,  Mich., 
and  two  years  again  in  Detroit.  In  1892, 
he  was  transferred  to  Christ  Church. 
Denver.  Colorado  Conference.  He  was 
elected  by  the  General  Conference  Com- 
mission editor  of  the  "Rocky  Mountain 
Christian  Advocate."  In  1895  he  was  as- 
signed to  Asbury  Church,  Denver.  In 
1896  he  was  again  elected  editor  of  the 
"Rocky  Mountain  Christian  Advocate," 
by  the  General  Conference  Commission; 
and  resigned  the  pastorship  to  devote  his 
attention  to  editorial  work.  In  1900  he 
was  elected,  by  the  General  Conference, 
held  that  year  in  Chicago,  editor  of  the 
"Central  Christian  Advocate."  at  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  and  four  years  later  was  re- 
elected  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal..  to  the  same 
position,  which  he  still  retains.  He  was 
Secretary  of  the  Conference  of  Young 
People's  Societies,  held  in  Cleveland. 
Ohio,  in  May.  1889.  which  organized  the 


Epworth  League.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Freedmen's 
Aid  and  Southern  Education  Society. 
On  October  20,  1886,  Mr.  Spencer  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary  L. 
Mitchell,  of  Brockport,  N.  Y.,  and  three 
children  have  been  born  to  them,  namely : 
Helen  Mitchell,  Marjorie  Elizabeth,  and 
Mildred  Isabel. 


THOMAS  C.  HOAG. 

Thomas  C.  Hoag  (deceased),  former 
prominent  citizen  and  banker,  Evanston. 
111.,  was  born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  Sep- 
tember 7.  1825.  His  father,  who  was  a 
book-publisher  in  New  Hampshire,  came 
West  with  his  family  in  the  fall  of  1840, 
and  spent  the  following  winter  in  Chi- 
cago, after  which  he  removed  to  a  farm 
near  Plainfield,  Will  County.  In  1845, 
Thomas  C.  Hoag  came  to  Chicago  and 
engaged  in  the  wholesale  and  retail  gro- 
cery business  in  partnership  with  Oliver 
L.  Goss.  under  the  firm  name  of  Goss  & 
I  loag.  This  business  was  continued  until 
the  great  Chicago  fire  of  1871,  when  their 
stock  having  been  destroyed  with  the 
mass  of  Chicago  business  houses,  Mr. 
Hoag  removed  to  Evanston  and  there 
established  himself  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness in  a  building  still  occupied  by  his 
successors  in  the  same  line.  There  being 
no  banking  facilities  in  Evanston  in  those 
days,  in  1874  Mr.  Hoag  established  a 
private  bank  in  the  rear  of  his  store,  which 
was  conducted  under  the  name  of  T.  C. 
I  loag  &  Company.  In  1894  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  building  now  occupied  by 
the  State  Bank  of  Evanston,  which  was 
incorporated  under  that  name  in  1892. 
Mr.  Hoag  having,  at  that  time,  sold  out 
his  interest  and  retired  from  the  banking 


556 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


business.  In  addition  to  his  other  busi- 
ness interests,  Mr.  Hoag  was,  for  a  time 
commencing  in  1870,  President  of  the 
Lumbermen's  Fire  Insurance  Company  of 
Chicago. 

Mr.  Hoag  was  married  May  i,  1851,  to 
Marie  L.  Bryant,  who  was  born  in  Can- 
terbury, N.  H.,  iu  1827.  In  1857,  while 
still  engaged  in  business  in  Chicago,  he 
became  a  resident  of  Evanston,  purchas- 
ing the  homestead  at  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Davis  Street  and  Hinman  Avenue, 
then  directly  across  the  street  from  the 
original  building  of  the  Northwestern 
University,  of  which  he  was  a  Trustee 
for  thirty  years,  and  for  over  twenty 
years  business  manager.  Of  four  chil- 
dren born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hoag,  three 
are  still  living,  namely:  Dr.  Junius  C. 
Hoag,  of  Chicago;  William  G.  Hoag, 
Cashier  of  the  State  Bank  of  Evanston, 
and  Dr.  Ernest  B.  Hoag,  of  Pasadena, 
Cal.  A  daughter,  Rebecca  B.  Hoag,  was 
one  of  the  first  two  women  to  become 
students  in  Northwestern  University, 
which  she  did  in  1870,  pursuing  a  clas- 
sical course  until  her  death  in  her  junior 
year.  On  May  I,  1901,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hoag  celebrated  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
of  their  wedding,  the  occasion  being 
memorable  on  account  of  the  presence  of 
a  large  number  of  their  early  friends  in 
Chicago  and  Evanston. 

Soon  after  retiring  from  the  banking 
business  in  Evanston,  Mr.  Hoag  removed 
to  Pasadena,  Cal.,  where  he  purchased  a 
home,  there  spending  the  remaining 
vears  of  his  life  in  practical  retirement, 
though  still  maintaining  his  interest  in 
public  enterprises.  While  a  resident  of 
Pasadena  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  that  city,  and  on  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Throop  Poly- 
technic Institute  founded  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Throop,  a  former  resident  of  Chicago. 


Mr.  Hoag's  demise  occurred  at  his  home 
in  Pasadena,  April  16,  1906,  and  his  re- 
mains were  brought  to  Chicago  and  in- 
terred in  Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  where 
impressive  ceremonies  were  held  in  the 
chapel  on  the  cemetery  grounds  on  Sun- 
day afternoon,  April  22.  He  is  survived 
by  his  widow  and  three  sons  mentioned  in 
the  preceding  sketch. 


WILLIAM  GALE  HOAG. 

William  Gale  Hoag,  Cashier  of  the  Ev- 
anston State  Bank,  was  born  in  Evanston, 
111.,  November  19,  1860,  the  son  of  Thom- 
as C.  and  Maria  L.  (Bryant)  Hoag,  who 
were  natives  of  Xew  Hampshire,  the  for- 
mer born  at  Concord  in  1825.  and  the  lat- 
ter at  Canterbury  in  1827.  The  Hoag 
family  was  of  Xew  England  Quaker 
stock,  and  the  father  of  William  G.  was 
prominent  in  Chicago  and  Evanston  busi- 
ness circles  for  more  than  fifty  years.  (See 
sketch  of  Thomas  C.  Hoag  in  this  vol- 
ume.) William  G.  Hoag  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  local  schools  and  North- 
western University  Academy,  enjoying 
the  rare  advantages  of  books  and  friends 
from  his  youth  in  a  university  town. 

After  leaving  school  Mr.  Hoag  at  once 
entered  upon  a  business  career  in  connec- 
tion with  his  father  in  the  private  bank 
conducted  by  the  latter — now  the  State 
Bank  of  Evanston — with  which  he  has 
been  continuously  associated  ever  since, 
and  of  which  he  has  been  Cashier  for 
twenty  years.  His  whole  life  has  been 
spent  in  the  place  of  his  birth  without 
change  of  occupation  or  business  rela- 
tions. The  official  positions  held  by  Mr. 
Hoag  have  been  wholly  in  connection 
with  local  benevolences,  having  served  as 
Treasurer  and  Director,  and  member  of 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


557 


the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Evans- 
ton  Hospital  for  many  years. 

The  literary,  social  and  business  organ- 
izations with  which  Mr.  Hoag  is  associ- 
ated include :  The  University  Club,  The 
Evanston  Club,  Evanston  Country  Club, 
the  Evanston  Golf  Club,  and  the  Bankers' 
Club  of  Chicago.  His  religious  associa- 
tions are  with  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  of  Evanston,  and  politically 
he  supports  the  policies  of  the  Republi- 
can party.  Indulging  the  quiet  tastes  of 
a  bachelor,  he  feels  a  deep  interest  in  the 
social  life  and  happiness  of  those  around 
him,  and  takes  pleasure  in  contributing  his 
share  to  the  comfort  and  welfare  of  others. 


JEAN  FREDERIC  LOB  A,  A.  M.  D.D. 

Jean  Frederic  Loba,  pastor  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church,  Evanston,  III., 
was  born  in  Lausanne.  Switzerland.  Oc- 
tober 17,  1846,  the  son  of  Frederic  and 
Julie  (Sider)  Loba.  Both  parents  were 
natives  of  Switzerland,  as  their  ancestors 
had  been  for  an  indefinite  period — the 
father  born  in  Berne  Canton,  December 
25,  1809,  and  the  mother  at  Echallens. 
The  father  was  a  chemist  and  lived  in 
Canton  de  Vaud ;  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1853  and  died  in  Illinois  March 
14,  1864.  Mr.  Loba  was  educated  at  Olivet 
College,  Mich.,  at  Basle  in  his  native 
country,  Yale  College  and  Chicago  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  Hampered  by  limited 
means,  his  youth  was  spent  in  toil  and 
wandering  from  place  to  place  in  search 
of  employment,  but  being  a  lover  of  books, 
he  was  a  voracious  reader  of  everything 
that  came  into  his  hands,  thus  acquiring 
a  literary  bent  of  mind.  After  leaving 
college  he  spent  two  years  (1873-75)  as 
teacher  of  Greek  in  Knox  College,  Gales- 
burg.  111.,  later  was  a  student  at  Basle 


University,  Switzerland,  1875-76;  a  stu- 
dent in  Yale  Divinity  School,  1876-77 ; 
pastor  at  Kankakee,  111.,  1877-78,  and  at 
Kewanee,  111.,  1878-82;  Professor  of  Mod- 
ern Languages  at  Olivet  College,  Mich.. 
1882-88:  pastor  at  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  1888- 
91;  in  Paris,  France,  1891-92,  and  from 
1892  to  1906  in  his  present  position  as 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
Evanston.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Congregational  Church  since  June,  1866. 

On  September  22,  1864,  he  enlisted  as 
a  soldier  of  the  Civil  War  in  Company  I. 
Thirteenth  Missouri  Veteran  Volunteer 
Cavalry,  and  after  serving  nearly  two 
years,  was  mustered  out  May  17,  1866.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Evanston  Grand  Army 
Post,  and  was  Commander  of  the  Post  in 
Olivet.  Mich.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Alpha  Pi  Literary  Fraternity.  In 
politics  he  is  a  Republican,  but  on  local 
questions  is  inclined  to  act  independently, 
and  on  one  occasion  voted  the  Prohibiti- 
tion  ticket. 

On  September  4,  1877.  Mr.  Loba  was 
united  in  marriage  at  Penacook,  near  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  to  Lucene  M.  Bradley,  born 
at  Adams,  N.  Y..  January  10,  1851,  and  of 
this  union  five  children  have  been  born  : 
Lucene  S.  (now  Mrs.  McConnell),  born 
December  25,  1879;  Julie  B.  (Mrs.  Col- 
lins), born  September  17,  1882;  \Yinifred. 
born  September  2,  1885,  died  April  25, 
1905 ;  Marguerite,  born  December  25. 
1891,  and  Jean  F.,  Jr.,  born  September  10. 
1894.  The  Bradley  family,  to  which  Mrs. 
Loba  belongs,  is  of  Revolutionary  stock, 
and  many  still  reside  in  Concord,  N.  H. 
Possessing  no  advantages  until  he  had 
reached  his  nineteenth  year,  by  a  life  of 
self-denial  and  sturdy  effort,  aided  by  a 
vivacious  and  enthusiastic  temperament, 
Rev.  Mr.  Loba  has  developed  a  strong 
character  which  has  placed  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  Evanston  clergymen.  A 


558 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


lover  of  nature,  he  is  also  a  lover  of  men 
and  of  books,  and  enjoys  life  as  pastor  of 
his  flock  while  contributing  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  others  and  promoting  their  as- 
pirations to  a  higher  life.  In  1876  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  his  Alma 
Mater  and  in  1891  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
from  the  same  institution. 


WILLIAM  S.  HARBERT. 

William  Soesbe  Harbert,  lawyer,  born 
September  17,  1842,  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind., 
is  the  son  of  Solomon  and  Amadine  (Wat- 
son) Harbert — the  former  a  descendant 
of  a  Virginian  family  of  English  extrac- 
tion, and  the  latter  a  native  of  Bards- 
town,  Ky.  At  an  early  age  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Terre  Haute,  preparatory  to  a  course  in 
Franklin  College,  at  Franklin,  Ind.  From 
that  institution  he  went  to  Wabash  Col- 
lege. Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  and  from  there 
to  the  University  of  Michigan,  where  he 
remained  till  he  completed  his  sophomore 
year.  In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  Union  Army,  and  on  his  return  from 
the  field,  matriculated  in  the  Law  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Indiana  at 
Bloomington,  Ind.,  remaining  there  one 
year,  when  he  entered  the  Law  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  at 
Ann  Arbor,  where  he  received  his  degree 
in  1867.  The  same  year  he  located  at  Des 
Moines.  Iowa;  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
remaining  there  seven  years,  within  that 
time  serving  as  Assistant  United  States 
District  Attorney,  and  being  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  law  firm  of  Harbert  &  Clark. 
Success  attended  his  stay  in  Des  Moines, 
but  the  desire  to  operate  in  a  field  afford- 
ing greater  opportunities  led  to  his  re- 
moval to  Chicago  in  1874,  where  he 
resumed  practice  as  the  senior  member  of 


the  firm  of  Harbert  &  Daly.  This  part- 
nership was  succeeded  by  that  of  Har- 
bert, Curran  &  Harbert,  the  junior  part- 
ner being  the  only  son  of  the  subject  of 
this  narrative.  Upon  the  death  of  his  son. 
Arthur  Boynton  Harbert,  in  1900.  the 
firm  was  dissolved,  since  which  time  Mr. 
Harbert  has  practiced  alone. 

The  year  following  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  and  while  a  student,  then 
twenty  years  of  age,  William  Soesbe  Har- 
bert enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  C 
Eighty-fifth  Indiana  Volunteers  and  was 
in  active  service  until  1865.  During  the 
period  of  his  military  career,  he  served  on 
the  staff  of  Gen.  John  Colburn,  Gen.  Ben- 
jamin Harrison,  and  Major-General  W. 
T.  Ward.  He  was  engaged  in  the  cam- 
paigns against  Atlanta  and  Savannah  and 
was  with  General  Sherman  on  his  famous 
march  to  the  sea.  At  the  first  battle  of 
Franklin  (Tenn.)  he  was  taken  prisoner 
and  spent  two  months  in  Libby  Prison. 
He  was  brevetted  as  Captain  "for  distin- 
guished meritorious  services."  Mr.  Har- 
bert is  prominent  in  philanthropic  work 
and,  for  seven  years,  was  President  of  the 
Board  of  Managers  of  the  "Forward 
Movement,"  a  social  settlement  organ- 
ization having  beautiful  assembly 
grounds,  which  Mr.  Harbert  spent  much 
time  in  procuring  for  the  organization. 
He  holds  membership  in  and  is  active  in 
furthering  the  enterprises  of  a  number  of 
philanthropic  organizations. 

In  his  religious  and  political  affiliations, 
Mr.  Harbert  is  independent.  He  believes 
in  municipal  control  of  public  utilities,  as-  • 
sisted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Juve- 
nile Court,  the  adoption  of  the  indeterminate 
sentence  law  and  advocates  the  placing 
of  a  limitation  on  the  power  to  grant,  by 
will,  large  sums  to  single  individuals. 

Mr.  Harbert,  on  October  18,  1870.  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Elizabeth  Mor- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


559 


rison  Boynton,  a  woman  of  high  literary 
attainments  and  social  rank,  a  sketch  of 
whom  also  appears  herein.  Three  chil- 
dren, Arthur  Boynton  (deceased),  Cor- 
inne  Boynton,  and  Boynton  Elizabeth, 
wife  of  Ashley  D.  Rowe,  of  Pasadena,  Cal- 
ifornia, were  born  to  them.  Continuously 
since  1874  the  Harberts  have  been  resi- 
dents of  Evanston,  and  their  spacious 
home  is  not  the  least  of  its  attractions. 
For  twenty  years  they  have  dispensed  a 
generous  hospitality  at  their  pleasant 
summer  home  at  Lake  Geneva,  Wis. 


ELIZABETH  BOYNTON  HARBERT. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton  Harbert, author, 
lecturer,  reformer  and  philanthropist,  was 
born  in  Crawfordsville,  Ind.  She  is  the 
eldest  child  of  William  H.  Boynton,  of 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  and  Abigail  Sweetser 
Boynton,  a  native  of  Boston,  Mass.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  Morrison 
Boynton.  Her  journalistic  signature  was 
Lizzie  M.  Boynton.  She  was  educated  in 
the  Female  Seminary  at  Oxford,  Ohio, 
and  in  the  Terre  Haute  Female  College, 
graduating  from  the  latter  with  honors. 
Growing  up  in  Crawfordsville,  under  the 
shadow  of  a  college  into  which  girls  were 
not  permitted  to  enter,  she  early  learned 
the  value  of  educational  privileges  and 
claimed  them  for  her  sister  women. 

After  vain  attempts  to  slip  the  bolts  of 
prejudice  and  precedent  that  barred  out 
the  daughters  of  the  State  from  the  halls 
of  learning,  she  strove  to  rouse,  with  pen 
and  voice,  those  whose  stronger  hands 
could  open  wide  the  doors.  The  faculty 
of  Wabash  College  had  allowed,  as  an 
especial  privilege,  four  young  women — 
Emma  Hough  Fairchild,  Mary  Krout, 
Mary  Cumberland  Jennison  and  Eliza- 
beth Boynton  Harbert — to  attend  lectures 


on  Physics  by  Prof.  John  L.  Campbell, 
who  was  later  the  Secretary  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Centennial  Exposition.  Although 
these  lectures  were  substantially  repeti- 
tions of  those  required  in  the  college  cur- 
riculum, the  young  men  were  excluded. 
Dr.  White,  the  first  President  of  Wabash 
College,  shortly  before  his  death,  prom- 
ised Mrs.  Harbert  a  diploma  upon  the 
completion  of  her  course.  Not  long 
after  the  same  four  young  women,  in  com- 
pany with  nineteen  others,  petitioned  the 
faculty  for  permission  to  enter  the  college 
and  receive  the  benefit  of  its  teachings. 
The  letter  written  in  reply  to  the  petition 
of  the  young  ladies  was  to  the  effect  that 
the  faculty  expressed  its  extreme  regret 
that  the  facilities  of  the  preparatory  de- 
partment were  such  that  the  department 
was  inadequate  for  its  needs,  and  hence 
the  college  would  not  be  able  to  admit 
the  young  women.  Each  one  of  these 
young  women  had  progressed  far  beyond 
the  "preparatory"  department.  It  is  dif- 
ficult for  Mrs.  Harbert  to  speak  of  this 
letter  without  manifesting,  in  some  man- 
ner, a  slight  touch  of  the  profound  impres- 
sion it  produced,  although,  when  meas- 
ured by  its  after  effect  upon  her  career, 
it  should  be  considered  of  inestimable  val- 
ue. The  first  ten  dollars  she  received  as 
the  result  of  her  own  work,  was  from  the 
"New  York  Independent"  for  an  account 
of  this  attempt  to  obtain  a  college  edu- 
cation. 

This  group  of  twenty-three  girls,  under 
the  leadership  of  the  four,  had  purchased 
the  town  flag,  the  church  organ  and  the 
first  fire  engine.  In  their  indignation  and 
disappointment,  they  determined  to  se- 
cure for  their  own  use.  and  the  town,  a 
public  library.  With  this  object  in  view, 
they  advertised  the  presentation  of  a  com- 
edy, entitled  "The  Coming  Woman,"  in 
which  they  burlesqued  themselves  and 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


their  unsuccessful  efforts.  In  a  relent- 
less manner,  the  male  students  issued  bur- 
lesque handbills  and  posters.  In  one  day 
not  less  than  five  varieties  were  issued. 
The  ladies  were  styled  "the  Twenty-three 
Sorry  Sisses,"  in  an  attempt  to  pun  upon 
the  word  "Sorosis,"  which  latter  organ- 
ization was  attracting  considerable  atten- 
tion in  the  East.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  the  adverse  criticism  attracted  an 
unusually  large  audience,  and  a  consid- 
erable sum  was  netted  with  which  was 
purchased  the  nucleus  for  a  circulating 
library.  At  that  time  Miss  Boynton  was 
but  twenty  years  old. 

Oberlin  was  then  the  only  college  which 
admitted  men  and  women  on  an  equality. 
At  the  suggestion  of  friends.  Miss  Boyn- 
ton prepared  an  address  which  she  enti- 
tled, "Before  Suffrage,  What?"  which 
was  a  plea  for  the  education  of  women  as 
an  essential  preparation  for  their  enfran- 
chisement. This  was  delivered  first  in 
Crawfordsville,  after  a  most  flattering  in- 
troduction by  Gen.  Lew  Wallace.  The 
following  week  the  same  address  was 
given  at  La  Fayette,  and  the  next  week 
at  Cleveland  before  an  immense  audience. 
Following  this  was  another  success  at 
Cincinnati  in  the  opera  house.  Mrs.  Mary 
A.  Livermore,  who  was  at  this  time  a 
most  helpful  and  encouraging  friend  of 
Miss  Boynton,  wrote  to  one  of  the  Wom- 
an's journals,  as  follows :  "The  speech  of 
the  day  and  evening  ("referring  to  a  con- 
vention in  Ohio),  was  made  by  Lizzie 
Boynton,  although  among  the  speakers 
were  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Mrs.  Stanton 
and  myself.  She  held  the  audience  on  the 
platform,  as  well  as  that  in  the  hall,  spell- 
bound for  an  hour."  A  journalistic  sketch 
of  Miss  Boynton  said,  "by  one  stroke  she 
had  placed  herself  beside  Fanny  Fern  and 
Gail  Hamilton." 

During  the   Civil   War   Miss   Boynton 


energetically  devoted  her  time  to  the  care 
of  the  soldiers  and  the  duties  of  the  hour. 
Her  sympathies  were  keenly  allied  to  the 
cause  of  the  Union,  although  she  was 
always  too  inclusive  in  her  love  of  human- 
ity to  indulge  in  any  bitterness  of  feeling. 
Her  first  book,  "The  Golden  Fleece,"  was 
published  in  1867.  In  1870  she  was  mar- 
ried to  Capt.  William  S.  Harbert.  a  brave 
soldier  and  successful  lawyer.  After  their 
marriage  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harbert  lived  in 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  there  Mrs.  Har- 
bert published  her  second  book,  "Out  of 
Her  Sphere,"  and  her  first  song,  "Arling- 
ton Heights." 

While  living  in  Des  Moines,  Mrs.  Har- 
bert took  an  active  part  in  the  Woman's 
Suffrage  Movement,  being  elected  Presi- 
dent of  the  State  Association.  She  suc- 
ceeded in  inducing  the  Republicans  of 
Iowa  to  put  into  their  State  platform  a 
purely  woman's  plank,  "winning  the 
members  of  the  committee  appointed  to 
prepare  a  platform  for  the  State  Con- 
vention, by  her  earnest  and  dignified  pres- 
entation of  the  claims  of  women."  Thus 
was  earned  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  woman  to  design  a  woman's  plank 
and  secure  its  adoption  by  a  great  politi- 
cal party  of  a  state. 

In  the  winter  of  1874,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Harbert  moved  to  Illinois,  and  from  that 
time  have  made  their  home  in  Evanston. 
The  family  now  consists  of  two  daugh- 
ters. Corinne  and  Boynton.  In  1900  their 
only  son,  Arthur  Boynton  Harbert,  hero- 
ically surrendered  his  earthly  life,  mean- 
while bequeathing  to  parents,  sisters  and 
friends  the  memory  of  a  beautiful,  self- 
sacrificing,  loving  life,  he  being  then  in 
his  twenty-eighth  year. 

Mrs.  Harbert  was  for  two  years  the 
President  of  the  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion of  Illinois.  She  was  Vice-President 
of  the  Woman's  Suffrage  Association  of 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Indiana,  President  of  the  Woman's  Suf- 
frage Association  of  Iowa,  ami  for 
twelve  years  President  of  the  Illinois 
\Vonian 's  Suffrage  Association.  She  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of 
the  Girls'  Industrial  School  of  South  Ev- 
a  nston.  and  Vice-President  of  the  Associa- 
tion for  the  advancement  of  women, 
known  as  the  Woman's  Congress. 

As  editor  for  seven  years  of  the 
"Woman'  Kingdom,"  a  regular  weekly 
department  of  the  Chicago  Inter  Ocean. 
she  has  exerted  a  widespread  influence 
over  many  homes.  As  editor  of  the  Xn\.' 
Era,  in  which  she  was  free  to  utter  her 
deepest  convictions,  she  devoted  a  year's 
service.  In  1891  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Col- 
lege conferred  upon  her  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

During  the  year  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition,  and  the  World's  Con- 
gress, auxiliary  thereto,  popularly  known 
as  the  World's  Parliament  of  Religions, 
Mrs.  Harbert  served  on  several  commit- 
tees, among  which  was  the  Committee  on 
Organization  of  the  World's  Congress  of 
Representative  Women,  otherwise  known 
as  the  "Department  of  Woman's  Progress 
of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893." 
Of  that  committee,  Mrs.  May  Wright  Se- 
well,  of  Indianapolis.  Ind.,  was  Chairman  ; 
Mrs.  Rachel  Foster  A  very,  of  Somerton. 
Pa..  Secretary,  and  Mrs.  Sarah  llacket 
Stevenson.  M.  D.,  Mrs.  Julia  Holmes 
Smith,  M.  D..  Mrs.  Coonley  Ward,  Miss 
Frances  E.  Willard  and  Mrs.  William 
Thayer  Brown,  members.  These  con- 
gresses resulted  in  a  number  of  organi- 
zations of  both  national  and  international 
scope.  Mrs.  Harbert  was  alfo  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Woman's  Branch 
of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  on  Gov- 
ernment Reform  Congresses,  and  subse- 
quently became  Associate  Chairman  of 


the  Government  Reform  Congress  of  the 
World's  Congresses. 

The  list  of  charter  members  of  the  Il- 
linois Woman's  Press  Association  con- 
tains the  name  of  Mrs.  Harbert.  She  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Illinois  Press  As- 
sociation. She  was  President  and  Direc- 
tor of  the  National  Household  Economic 
Association,  and  Vice-President  for 
Illinois  of  the  National  Woman  Suffrage 
Association. 

The  Woman's  Club  of  Evanston  was 
organized  and  presided  over  by  Mrs.  Har- 
bert. and  after  seven  years'  service  as  such 
— during  which  time  the  meetings  of  the 
Club  were  held  at  the  Harbert  homestead 
— she  was  elected  Honorary  President  of 
the  Club,  which  honor  she  declined. 

The  immediate  outcome  of  the  World's 
Congresses  was  the  formation  of  two  or- 
ganizations, namely :  The  Religious  Par- 
liament Extension,  of  which  the  late  Hon. 
Charles  C.  Bonney  was  President  and  Dr. 
Paul  Cams,  Secretary :  and  The  World's 
Unity  League,  of  which  Hon.  Charles 
Carroll  Bonney  ( until  the  time  of  his  de- 
cease) and  Mrs.  Harbert  were  Associate 
Chairmen.  At  present  Mrs.  Harbert  is- 
the  acting  chairman,  no  one  having  yet 
been  appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  Bonney. 
Mrs.  Ella  A.  W.  Hoswell  and  Miss  Ida  C. 
llcffron  are  its  secretaries. 

From  the  official  report  of  Mr.  Bonney, 
made  to  the  representative  participants  in 
tile  "Congress  Auxiliary."  we  quote  the 
following: 

The  Woman's  Committee  on  Religious  Par- 
liament Extension. — Mrs.  Elizabeth  Boynton 
Harbert.  Chairman,  and  Mrs.  Frederick  Hawk- 
ins. Secreta-y  thereof,  have  determined  to  cir- 
culate for  signatures,  in  all  parts  of  the  world, 
the  pledge  of  the  World's  Religious  Unity, 
with  which  the  Religious  Extension  Movement 
was  inaugurated.  This  pledge,  of  which  Mrs. 
Harbert  is  the  author,  was  the  bond  of  union 
p-esented  and  signed  at  the  first  Extension 
meeting  and  is  in  the  following  words: 


562 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


BOND   OF    UNION. 


"Recognizing  the  interdependence  and  solidari- 
ty of  humanity,  we  will  welcome  light  from  every 
source,  earnestly  desiring  to  grow  in  knowledge 
of  Truth  and  the  Spirit  of  Love  and  to  manifest 
the  same  by  helpful  service." 

Mrs.  Harbert  is  associated  with  many 
organizations  which  have  for  their  object 
the  recognition  of  the  divinity  of  hu- 
manity, one  of  her  favorite  statements  be- 
ing, "There  are  no  common  people,  since 
we  all  belong  to  the  divine  familyhood  of 
the  Creator  and  the  created." 

Notwithstanding  all  the  work  implied 
in  filling  so  many  important  offices,  Mrs. 
Harbert  finds  her  greatest  pleasure  in  her 
hospitable  home  and  with  her  family. 
However,  the  basic  principle  of  all  her 
work  has  ever  been  found  in  the  home, 
and  the  recognition  of  the  fact  that  the 
civilization  of  tomorrow  inheres  in  the 
children  of  today. 

Mrs.  Harbert  is  versatile  to  a  remark- 
able degree.  She  has  won  the  unstinted  af- 
fection of  her  townsmen  and  women, 
which  has  manifested  itself  in  the  gift  of 
a  fountain,  works  of  art,  etc.,  from  these. 
In  all  her  endeavors  she  has  been  nobly 
sustained  by  her  husband,  whose  clear 
judgment  and  generous  sympathies  have 
made  his  aid  invaluable. 

As  a  writer  she  is  poetic,  pointed,  witty, 
vigorous,  convincing.  On  two  occasions 
she  has  addressed  the  Judiciary  Committee 
of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States, 
making  a  plea  for  an  amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution  prohibiting  the  dis- 
franchisement  of  United  States  citizens 
on  account  of  sex.  She  also  addressed 
the  New  York  General  Assembly  at  a 
joint  session  of  the  Assembly  and  Senate 
of  that  State,  upon  the  same  subject. 
With  Mrs.  Catherine  Waugh  McCulloch, 
of  Evanston,  and  Mrs.  Helen  M.  Cougar, 
of  La  Fayette,  Ind.,  Mrs.  Harbert  went 
to  Springfield,  111.,  where  they  addressed 


the  House  and  Senate  in  favor  of  the  bill 
allowing  the  women  of  Illinois  to  vote 
upon  school  questions,  and  secured  the 
passage  of  the  bill. 

She  has  made  addresses  before  the  Leg- 
islative Assemblies  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa 
and  Illinois.  She  was  one  of  the  two 
women  appointed  by  the  National  Wom- 
an's Suffrage  Committee,  as  delegates  from 
the  United  States  at  large  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention  that  nominated  R. 
B.  Hayes,  at  which  she  made  an  address 
before  the  platform  committee. 

Among  the  most  important  of  Mrs. 
Harbert's  essays  and  lectures  are  the  fol- 
lowing: "Before  Suffrage,  What?" 
"Homes  of  Representative  \Vomen" ; 
"The  Domestic  Problem";  "Men's 
Rights" ;  "Conversation  and  Conversers"  ; 
"The  Ideal  Home" ;  "George  Eliot" ; 
"Lucretia  Mott":  "Statesmanship  of  Wom- 
en" ;  "Aims,  Ideals  and  Methods  of  Wom- 
en's Clubs" ;  "A  Woman's  Dream  of  Co- 
operation" ;  "The  Message  of  the  Madon- 
na"; "Lyric  Poets  of  Russia";  "An  Hour 
with  the  Strong  Minded."  Her  publica- 
tions are:  "The  Golden  Fleece";  "Out  of 
Her  Sphere";  "Amore;"  "The  Illinois 
Chapter  in  the  History  of  Woman  Suf- 
frage." Songs:  "Arlington  Heights"; 
"What  Have  You  Done  with  the  Hours?" 
"The  Xew  America"  (words) ;  "The 
Promised  Land"  (words).  Poems:  "The 
Little  Earth  Angel" ;  Lines  to  My  Anony- 
mous Friend,"  and  others. 

The  narrative  in  the  foregoing  sketch, 
with  but  slight  and  immaterial  changes, 
from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  Harbert's  only  son, 
Arthur  Boynton  Harbert,  who  passed 
from  this  life  in  1890.  was  found  among 
his  papers  after  his  death. 

To  Mrs.  Harbert  is  due  the  full  credit 
of  the  chapter  in  this  volume  under  the 
title  of  "Homes  and  Home-Makers  of  Ev- 
anston." 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


563 


FRANK  M.  ELLIOT. 

Frank  M.  Elliot,  who  for  nineteen  years 
has  resided  at  No.  225,  Lake  Street,  Evan- 
ston,  111.,  and  is  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
and  loan  business  in  Chicago,  was  born  at 
Corinna,  Maine,  March  27,  1853,  the  son  of 
Jacob  Smith  and  Sarah  (Moore)  Elliot, 
both  natives  of  New  England.  Jacob 
Smith  Elliot,  who  was  a  physician  by  pro- 
fession, continued  to  live  in  Maine  until 
1855,  when  the  family  moved  to  Minneap- 
olis, Minn.  He  preempted  80  acres  of  land 
on  which  he  established  his  western  home 
and  which  is  now  within  the  limits  of  that 
city.  Dr.  Elliot  was  one  of  the  leading 
practitioners  of  medicine  in  his  locality  for 
twenty-five  years.  Subsequently,  he  went 
to  California,  where  he  died,  aged  eighty- 
three  years. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  the  paternal  farm,  and  received  his 
early  mental  training  in  the  public  schools 
of  Minneapolis.  He  afterwards  pursued  a 
course  of  study  in  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, at  Evanston,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  class  of  1877.  After  his 
graduation  he  studied  law,  and  then  held  a 
position  in  the  Recorder's  Office  of  Cook 
County,  for  two  years.  At  the  end  of  this 
period,  he  entered  into  the  real  estate  and 
loan  business  in  Chicago,  in  which  he  has 
since  been  successfully  engaged.  He  at- 
tends to  the  management  of  estates  and  con- 
ducts a  general  business  in  real  estate. 
He  has  been  a  director  in  the  State  Bank 
of  Evanston,  since  the  organization. 

On  November  13,  1878,'  Mr.  Elliot  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Evanston,  111.,  with 
Anna  Shuman,  whose  father.  Andrew 
Shuman,  was  for  many  years,  the  editor  of 
the  "Chicago  Evening  Journal''  and  who 
filled  the  position  of  Lieutenant  Governor  of 
Illinois.  In  politics  Mr.  Elliot  has  always 
been  an  earnest  supporter  of  the  Republican 


party.  In  1887  he  held  the  office  of  Village 
Trustee  of  Evanston.  He  has  been  an  of- 
ficer of  the  Evanston  Hospital  Association 
since  its  organization  in  1891,  acting  for 
fifteen  years  on  the  Executive  Committee 
and  has  been  the  President  for  eleven  years. 
In  1884-85  he  was  President  of  the  Alumni 
Association  of  Northwestern  University. 
Socially.  Mr.  Elliot  belongs  to  the  Sigma 
Chi  Fraternity,  in  which  he  was  Grand  An- 
notator  from  1884  to  1886;  and  to  the 
Evanston  Club,  the  Glen  View  Golf  Club, 
and  the  University  Club  of  Chicago.  His 
religious  connection  is  with  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church  of  Evanston.  He  is 
regarded  as  a  public-spirited  and  useful 
member  of  the  communitv. 


BENJAMIN    ALLEX   GREENE.   D.   D. 

Rev.  Benjamin  A.  Greene,  an  eminent 
minister  of  the  Baptist  church,  resid- 
ing in  Evanston.  111.,  was  born  in  Harris- 
ville,  R.  I.,  November  6,  1845,  the  son  of 
Alvin  and  Maria  (Arnold)  Greene,  of 
whom  the  former  was  born  in  Killingly, 
Conn.,  in  December,  1820,  while  the  latter 
was  a  native  of  Rhode  Island,  where  she 
was  born  in  February.  1820.  The  occupa- 
tion of  Alvin  Greene  was  that  of  superinten- 
dent of  a  cotton  mill.  The  genealogical 
line  of  the  family  is  traceable  back  to  John 
Greene,  who  lived  in  Warwick.  R.  I.,  in 
1639. 

In  early  youth  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
attended  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
place.  After  reaching  the  age  of  twelve- 
years,  he  worked  half  of  the  time  in  the 
cotton  mills  and  spent  the  other  half  at 
school.  He  recalls  the  fact  that  he  began 
to  read  the  "New  York  Tribune"  editorials 
of  Horace  Greeley,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War.  For  two  years  he  lived  in  Yar- 
mouth, Maine,  but  most  of  his  later  boy- 


564 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


hood  was  spent  at  White  Rock,  R.  I.  He 
spent  1866-68  in  preparation  for  college,  in 
the  Connecticut  Literary  Institute,  at  Suf- 
field,  and  entering  Brown  University,  grad- 
uated there  in  1872,  and  from  Newton  The- 
ological Institution  in  1875.  In  1893  he 
received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  for- 
mer institution.  From  July,  1875,  to  April, 
1882.  Dr.  Greene  followed  his  ministerial 
calling  in  Massachusetts,  during  that  period 
serving  as  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church  at  Westboro,  and  later  as  pastor  of 
the  \Yashington  Street  Baptist  Church,  at 
Lynn.  Mass.,  from  April.  1882,  to  March, 
1897.  Then  coming  West  he  assumed  his 
present  charge  in  Evanston.  Dr.  Greene 
has  officiated  as  President  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Conference  of  Baptist  Ministers,  and 
as  lecturer  on  homiletics  at  Xewton  Theo- 
logical Institution.  Crozer  Theological 
School.  Rochester  Theological  Seminary, 
and  Chicago  University  Divinity  School. 

On  June  25.  1875,  Dr.  Greene  was  united 
in  marriage,  at  Providence.  R.  I.,  with  Ella 
Fairhrotlier.  who  was  born  in  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  in  1849.  Two  children  have  been 
born  of  this  union,  namely:  Ruth  M.  (Mrs. 
J.  F.  Pierson),  born  February  27,  1877;  and 
Marian  F..  born  January  4,  1886.  On  May 
12.  1891.  the  mother  of  this  family  having 
died.  Dr.  Greene  was  married  again,  his 
second  wife  being  N'ancy  W.  Maine,  who 
was  born  January  19.  1856.  In  his  politi- 
cal views.  Dr.  Greene  is  a  supporter  of  the 
principles  of  the  Republican  party. 


HEXRY  B.  HEMEXWAY.  M.  D. 

Dr.  Henry  Bixby  Henienvvay.  who 
is  successfully  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Evanston.  111.,  was  born  in 
Montpelicr.  \'t..  December  20,  1856,  the  son 
of  Francis  Dana  and  Sarah  Louise  (Bixby) 
Hcmcmvav.  natives  of  Chelsea.  Yt..  where 


the  former  was  born  November  10,  1830, 
and  the  latter,  March  2,  1828.  The  pater- 
nal grandparents,  Jonathan  Wilder  and 
Sally  (Hibbard — or  Hebard)  Hemenway, 
were  born  in  Barre.  Mass.,  and  Brookfield, 
Vt.,  respectively.  On  the  maternal  side  the 
grandparents  were  Ichabod  Bixby,  born  at 
Belchertown,  Mass.,  March  19,  1784,  and 
Susanna  (Lewis)  Bixby,  in  Walpole,  N. 
H..  August  31,  1789.  The  maiden  name 
of  the  great-grandmother,  on  the  paternal 
side,  was  Sarah  Davidson.  The  great- 
grandparents  on  the  maternal  side  were 
Ichabod  and  Lydia  (Orcutt)  Bixby.  James 
and  Grace  (Paddock)  Lewis — the  first  men- 
tioned (Ichabod  Bixby).  born  January  9. 
1757.  The  great-great-grandfather  of 
Mrs.  Hemenway.  Solomon  Bixby.  was 
born  in  1732,  and  died  January  27,  1813. 
His  father,  Xathan  Bixby,  was  born  in  Xo- 
vember,  1694,  the  father  of  Xathan  was 
Benjamin  and  his  father  was  Joseph  Bixby. 
who  died  in  1706.  The  father  of  Joseph 
Bixby  was  Xathaniel  Bixby.  who  came 
from  Boxford.  Suffolk  County,  England 
and  settled  in  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1636.  Dr. 
Hemenway 's  father,  Francis  Dana  Hemen- 
way. was  a  clergyman  who.  at  the  time  of 
the  doctor's  birth  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Montpelier.  Yt..  and  Chaplain  of  the 
State  Senate.  He  first  located  in  Evanston 
in  1857.  During  periods  in  1861  to  1862 
and  1863  to  1865,  he  had  a  pastoral  charge 
at  Kalamazoo.  Mich.,  and  for  a  time  in 
1862-63.  served  as  pastor  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  in  Chicago.  On  lo- 
cating in  Evanston  he  was  elected  to  a  pro- 
fessorship in  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute 
but  from  the  fall  of  1861  until  the  spring 
of  1866.  availed  himself  of  leave  of  absence 
from  the  institution.  In  1876  he  was  a  re- 
viser of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Hymnal. 
Henry  Bixby  Hemenway  received  his 
mental  training  in  the  Preparatory  School 
and  College  of  Liberal  Arts  of  N'orthwest- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


565 


ern  University,  receiving  his  degree  of  A. 
B.  in  1879,  A-  M->  m  1882.  and  that  of  M. 
D.,  from  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  in  1881.  While  taking  his 
course  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  he 
taught  a  district  school  at  Deerfield,  111.,  in 
1878-79.  In  1 88 1  he  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  continued  therein  until  1890,  when 
he  moved  to  Evanston,  where  he  has  since 
practiced  with  successful  results.  He 
served  in  the  capacity  of  Health  Officer  of 
Kalamazoo  in  1884-85,  was  secretary  of 
the  Kalamazoo  Board  of  the  U.  S.  Examin- 
ing Surgeons,  from  January  1887  to  Sep- 
tember 1890;  was  also  Treasurer  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society  from  1886 
to  1890  and  was  Secretary  and  Librarian 
of  the  Kalamazoo  Academy  of  Medicine. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Finance  Com- 
mittee of  the  Ninth  International  Medical 
Congress :  is  now  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  the  American 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Chicago  Medical 
Society,  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society, 
etc. 

Dr.  Hemenway  has  been  twice  married, 
first  in  Evanston.  on  May  2,  1882,  to  Lilla 
Maggie  Bradley,  who  was  born  at  Cottage 
Hill.  111.,  August  25,  1856,  and  died  March 
29,  1883.  She  was  descended  from  an  old 
Xew  England  family.  Benjamin  Bradley, 
a  London  Apothecary,  being  the  ancestor  of 
the  family.  His  son,  Daniel,  born  in  1615, 
came  to  Massachusetts  in  1635  and  was 
killed  by  Indians  August  13,  1689.  The 
doctor's  second  wife  was  Victoria  Steven- 
son Taylor,  to  whom  lie  was  united  in  mar- 
riage at  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  October  13, 
1885.  She  was  born  in  Kalamazoo,  Febru- 
ary 16,  1861,  a  daughter  of  Andrew  and 
Victoria  (Bangs)  Taylor,  her  father  being 
a  native  of  Kelso,  Scotland.  Her  maternal 
grandparents  were  Samuel  and  Susan 
(Payne)  Bangs,  the  birthplace  of  the  latter 


being  in  Virginia.  Samuel  Bangs  received 
a  grant  of  eleven  leagues  of  land  from  the 
Mexican  Government,  for  services  rendered 
previous  to  1840.  Dr.  Hemenway  became 
the  father  of  three  children,  namely:  Ruth 
L.,  born  March  23,  1883 ;  Hazel,  who  was 
born  March  24,  1887,  and  died  March  28, 
of  the  same  year;  and  Margaret,  born  De- 
cember 14,  1888. 

In  politics,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  is  a 
supporter  of  the  Republican  party,  but  is 
averse  to  mingling  national  with  local  is- 
sues. His  religious  connection  is  with  St. 
Mark's  Episcopal  Church.  In  fraternal 
circles,  the  doctor  is  identified  with  the  A. 
F.  &  A.  M.,  belonging  to  the  R.  A.  M.,  and 
Knights  Templar  organizations.  He  is  also 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
U.  O.  F.;  the  I.  O.  O.  F. ;  and  the  Colum- 
bian Knights. 


ANDREW  J.  BROWN. 

Andrew  J.  Brown  (deceased),  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  favorably  known  citizens  of 
Evanston,  111.,  and  a  lawyer  of  distinction, 
was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
born  at  Cooperstown,  in  that  State,  in  1820. 
Mr.  Brown  received  his  early  education  in 
the  common  schools  of  his  native  place,  and 
subsequently  studied  law  with  Robert 
Campbell,  of  Cooperstown.  In  the  autumn 
of  1840.  he  removed  to  Illinois  and  settled 
in  De  Kalb  County,  where,  on  his  twenty- 
first  birthday,  he  was  elected  Probate  Judge 
of  that  county. 

After  remaining  four  years  in  De  Kalb 
County,  Judge  Brown  located  in  Chicago, 
where  he  rapidly  built  up  a  remunerative 
practice.  In  1850,  he  entered  into  a  law- 
partnership  with  the  late  Harvey  B.  Hurd, 
of  Evanston.  which  was  continued  until 
1854.  Soon  after  entering  into  this  part- 
nership he  became  interested  in  North  Shore 


566 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


realty,  and  about  the  year  1863,  became  the 
owner  of  a  tract  of  land  containing  248 
acres,  which  mainly  constitutes  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  Evanston.     In  1850  Mr. 
Brown,  in  conjunction   with  Grant  Good- 
rich, Dr.  John  Evans,  Orrington  Lunt,  and 
others,  took  part  in  a  conference  held  in  the 
city  of  Chicago,  to  consider  the  founding 
of  "a  university  in  the  Northwest  under  the 
patronage     of     the     Methodist     Episcopal 
Church."     Mr.  Brown  served  as  Secretary 
of  this  conference,  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  committee  to  propose  a  form  of  char- 
ter   which    was    adopted    at   a    subsequent 
meeting,  and  still  later,  in  an  act  passed  by 
the   Legislature   in  January,    1851,   author- 
izing the  establishment  of  such  an  institu- 
tion, was  named  as  a  member  of  the  First 
Board  of  Trustees.    As  one  of  the  incorpo- 
rators  he  assisted  in  the  formal  incorpora- 
tion of  the  new  institution,  meanwhile  serv- 
ing as  Secretary  of  the  Board.    Two  years 
later  (1853)  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
search  for  a  permanent  site  for  the  Univer- 
sity, which,  on  or  about  the  Fourth  of  July 
of  that  year,  resulted  in  the  selection  of  the 
present  location,  and  the  founding  of  the 
village  of  Evanston  named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
John  Evans,  at  that  time  President  of  the 
Hoard    of    Trustees    and    a    potent    factor 
in   the   founding  of  the  institution.     It  is 
claimed  that,  as  early  as  1852,  Mr.  Brown 
had     selected     this     as     the     proper     site 
of  the  coming  university,  thus  anticipating 
the  views  of  his  colleagues  on  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  of  which  he  was  the  only  member 
then  living  in  Evanston.     After  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  University,  Judge  Brown, 
who  had  acquired  considerable  financial  re- 
sources, was  one  of  its  most  steadfast  sup- 
porters, and  became  security  for  many  of 
the  loans  negotiated  to  tide  it  over  the  emer- 
gencies in  its  early  history.     The  land  in 
that  vicinity  which  he  purchased  early  in  the 
'sixties  in  anticipation  of  the  future  devel- 


opment of  his  educational  project,  was  dis- 
posed of  by  him  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
promote  the  best  interests  of  the  city  of 
Evanston,  and  to  him  is  largely  attributable 
the  reputation  which  Evanston  now  enjoys 
as  a  center  of  material  elegance,  intellectual 
culture,  and  sound  moral  sentiment. 

Mr.  Brown  was  married  to  Abigail  Mc- 
Tagg,  who  survives  her  husband,  as  do  also 
their  son  and  daughter,  Robert  P.  Brown, 
and  Mrs.  W.  A.  S.  Graham.  His  death,  as 
the  result  of  an  attack  of  grip,  occurred  at 
his  home  in  Evanston  early  in  the  year  1906. 


PETER  CHRISTIAN  LUTKIN. 

Peter  Christian  Lutkin,  whose  career  in 
technical  music  during  the  twenty-five  years 
which  have  passed  since  his  first  connection 
with  Northwestern  University,  has  given 
him  a  high  reputation  throughout  the  West 
as  a  master  of  that  art,  is  a  native  of  Wis- 
consin, born  at  Thompsonville,  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Racine,  that  State,  March  27,  1858. 
His  father  and  mother,  who  were  of  Danish 
nativity,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1844. 
In  1859,  they  moved  from  the  small  village 
where  their  son  Peter  was  born  to  Racine, 
and  thence,  in  1863,  to  Chicago,  where  they 
spent  the  remainder  of  their  lives.  Both 
died  in  1872. 

Before  the  death  of  his  parents,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  had  madfi  diligent  use  of 
the  opportunities  for  mental  training  af- 
forded by  the  Chicago  public  schools,  and 
had  been  for  one  year  a  pupil  in  a  select 
school  in  that  city.  On  being  left  an  or- 
phan when  just  entering  upon  his  'teens, 
further  attendance  at  school  became  impos- 
sible. He  had  gained  some  experience, 
however,  at  an  earlier  age,  as  boy-alto  in 
the  choir  of  the  Cathedral  of  SS.  Peter  and 
Paul,  in  Chicago.  He  was  the  first  boy  to 
sustain  that  part  in  the  church  choirs  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  EVAKSTON 


567 


city,  as  he  was  also  the  first  one  of  his  age 
in  this  section  of  the  country  to  render  solos 
in  oratorio  music.  He  was  then  nine  years 
old,  and  three  years  later,  without  previous 
tuition,  he  presided  at  the  cathedral  organ 
during  the  regular  daily  services.  At  the 
age  of  thirteen  years,  in  conjunction  with 
W.  F.  Whitehouse,  a  son  of  Bishop  White- 
house,  he  played  that  instrument  in  the 
cathedral  on  occasions  of  Sunday  worship. 
He  was  then  appointed  organist  of  the  ca- 
thedral when  fourteen  years  old,  and  acted 
in  that  capacity  for  nine  years.  During  this 
period  he  had  studied  with  Clarence  Eddy, 
Regina  Watson  and  Frederick  Grant  Glea- 
son  in  organ,  piano,  and  the  theory  of  music, 
respectively. 

On  going  to  Europe  in  1881,  Mr.  Lutkin 
became  a  pupil  of  August  Haupt,  Oscar 
Raif  and  Waldemar  Bargiel,  in  Berlin,  in 
the  respective  branches  of  organ,  piano  and 
composition.  In  1882  he  took  a  course  in 
the  Hochschule,  in  that  city,  and  was  one  of 
the  sixteen  students  (he  being  the  only  for- 
eigner) accepted  for  the  study  of  theory  and 
composition  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts, 
Berlin.  Later  he  went  to  Vienna,  where  he 
attended  the  piano  classes  of  Theodor 
Leschetitzky ;  and  subsequently  visited 
Paris,  there  becoming  a  pupil  of  Moszkows- 
ky,  in  piano  and  composition.  Mr.  Lutkin 
then  returned  home  and  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  organist  and  choirmaster  of 
St.  Clement's  Church,  in  Chicago.  From 
1890  to  1896,  he  acted  in  the  capacity  of 
organist  of  St.  James'  Episcopal  Church,  in 
the  same  city,  which  established  the  stand- 
ard for  ecclesiastical  music  in  this  section 
of  the  country. 

Before  entering  upon  his  studies  in  Eu- 
rope, Professor  Lutkin  had  been  a  teacher 
of  piano  in  the  Conservatory  of  Music  in 
Evanston,  and  after  his  return  to  this  coun- 
try, he  was  for  a  considerable  period  the 


principal  theory  teacher  in  the  American 
Conservatory  of  Music  in  Chicago.  In 
1891,  while  temporarily  retaining  his  con- 
nection with  the  latter  institution,  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Conservatory,  to 
which  he  devoted  a  portion  of  his  time,  re- 
organizing the  school  and  soon  uplifting  it 
from  a  state  of  deterioration  to  a  condition 
of  high  efficiency  and  prosperity.  In  1892 
Professor  Lutkin  resigned  his  position  in 
the  American  Conservatory,  and  was  for- 
mally appointed  Director  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Music  of  Northwestern  University 
and  Professor  of  Music  in  the  College  of 
Liberal  Arts.  Five  years  later  the  progress 
of  the  Department  warranted  its  reorganiza- 
tion as  a  separate  School  of  the  University, 
with  Professor  Lutkin  as  Dean  of  the  new 
faculty.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  University  Club,  and  received  the  degree 
of  Mus.  D.  from  Syracuse  L'niversity  in 
1901. 

The  Evanston  Musical  Club  was  organ- 
ized by  Professor  Lutkin  during  the  'nine- 
ties, and  he  has  acted  as  its  director  since 
1895.  He  was  director  as  well  of  the  Ra- 
venswood  Musical  Club  from  1897  to  1905. 
and  that  society  made  signal  progress  under 
his  leadership.  These  two  organizations 
were  awarded  $4.500  in  prizes,  during  com- 
petitions held  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition  at  St.  Louis  in  1904.  Professor 
Lutkin  is  the  composer  of  music  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  for  use  in  the  worship  ol 
the  Episcopal  Church,  to  which  denomina- 
tion he  belongs,  and  some  of  his  composi- 
tions are  used  in  the  services  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church  of  England.  Although  an 
Episcopalian,  he  was  chosen  as  one  of  the 
two  musical  editors  engaged  on  the  revision 
of  the  hymnal  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  a  fact  which  notably  attests  the 
rank  generally  conceded  to  him  in  the  musi- 
cal profession. 


568 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


CHESTER  P.  WALCOTT. 

Chester  .P.  Walcott  (deceased),  for  a 
number  of  years  one  of  the  most  worthy, 
useful  and  highly  esteemed  citizens  of 
Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Providence,  R. 
I.,  November  24,  1859,  the  son  of  Erastus 
L.  and  Harriet  (Pratt)  Walcott.  Mr. 
Walcott  was  reared  in  his  native  place, 
where,  in  early  youth,  he  made  diligent  use 
of  the  opportunities  afforded  by  the  public 
schools.  In  1876,  he  located  in  Chicago, 
and  sometime  afterwards  became  connected 
with  the  business  of  dealing  in  plumbers' 
supplies.  For  many  years,  in  partnership 
with  Mr.  Hurlbut,  he  carried  on  a  large 
business  under  the  firm  style  of  Walcott, 
Hurlbut  &  Co.,  being  identified  with  the 
trade  in  this  line  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  April  25,  1899.  He  had  es- 
tablished his  residence  in  Evanston  in  the 
spring  of  1891,  and  there  passed  away  at 
his  home,  No.  1 1 14,  Judson  Avenue.  Al- 
though a  quiet,  undemonstrative  man,  Mr. 
Walcott  was  energetic  in  the  conduct  of  his 
affairs,  in  which  he  manifested  superior 
business  capability  and  won  merited  success. 

October  27,  1881,  Mr.  Walcott  was  unit- 
ed in  marriage,  at  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Chicago,  with  Martha  C.  Howe, 
a  daughter  of  Samuel  Howe,  one  of  the 
pioneer  grain  merchants  of  that  city.  The 
children  born  of  this  union  are:  Chester  H. 
Walcott,  who  graduated  from  Princeton 
University  with  the  class  of  1905 ;  and  Rus- 
sell S.  Walcott,  who  is  a  high  school  student 
in  Evanston.  Mr.  Walcott  was  reared  an 
Episcopalian,  but  after  his  marriage  united 
with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  to  which  de- 
nomination his  wife  belonged  and  with 
which  she  is  still  connected.  On  settling 
in  Evanston  he  became  a  member  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  promoting  its  welfare. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 


and  of  its  building  committee.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  committee  which  extended 
the  call  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Boyd  to  become 
pastor  of  the  church,  in  which  relation  that 
gentleman  still  officiates. 

Socially,  Mr.  Walcott  was  identified  with 
the  Evanston  Club.  He  had  a  wide  ac- 
quaintance, and  his  genial  nature,  kindly  de- 
portment and  helpful  disposition,  attracted 
to  him  hosts  of  friends.  By  those  who 
were  brought  into  intimate  contact  with  him 
in  the  daily  walks  of  life,  he  was  regarded 
with  warm  affection,  and  his  unswerving 
probity  and  sterling  traits  of  character 
commanded  the  sincere  respect  of  all  with 
whom  he  had  business  transactions. 


COL.  NATHAN  H.  WALWORTH. 

Col.  Nathan  H.  Walworth  (deceased), 
formerly  one  of  the  most  prominent,  popu- 
lar and  widely  known  citizens  of  Evanston, 
111.,  was  born  in  Western  (now  Rome), 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  February  14.  1832, 
the  son  of  Elisha  and  Sarah  (Halbert) 
Walworth,  natives  of  New  York  State. 
Elisha  Walworth  was  a  farmer  and  manu- 
facturer by  occupation.  The  Walworth 
family  was  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  noted 
in  the  Empire  State,  and  among  its  most 
distinguished  representatives  was  the  emi- 
nent jurist.  Chancellor  Walworth. 

The  boyhood  of  Nathan  H.  Walworth 
was  passed  on  the  paternal  farm  in  the  Mo- 
hawk Valley,  and  he  received  his  primary 
training  in-the  public  schools  in  the  vicinity 
of  his  home.  His  education  was  completed 
at  Rome  Academy  and  in  Cazenovia  Semi- 
nary. He  remained  on  the  farm  during  his 
youth  and,  when  about  twenty-two  years 
of  age,  after  finishing  his  studies,  he  came 
west  to  Fulton  County,  III.,  where  he  oper- 
ated a  large  farm  in  1855  and  1856.  At  a 
later  period  he  went  to  Oneida.  Knox  Coun- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


ty,  where  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
In  Oneida  he  was  prominent  both  as  a  mer- 
chant and  as  a  citizen,  serving  as  Supervisor 
of  his  town,  and  filling  other  positions  of 
trust  and  responsibility.  While  in  New 
York,  Col.  Wadsworth  had  some  experience 
as  Captain  of  Artillery,  in  the  National 
Guard  of  that  State,  and  in  the  early  sum- 
mer of  1861,  organized  a  company  of  infan- 
try for  service  in  the  Union  Army.  This 
company  became  a  part  of  the  Forty-second 
Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  in 
which  he  was  commissioned  as  Captain  July 
22,  1861.  In  December  of  that  year  he  was 
promoted  as  Major,  and  in  October,  1862, 
became  Lieutenant  Colonel.  On  February 
15,  1863,  he  was  promoted  to  the  Colonelcy 
and  was  constantly  in. command  of  his  reg- 
iment from  the  time  he  became  Major  until 
May  15,  1864,  when  he  resigned.  At  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Mission  Ridge 
he  commanded  a  brigade.  His  services  in 
the  field  began  under  Fremont  and  Hunter 
in  Missouri.  In  February,  1862,  he  was 
sent  to  reinforce  Grant  at  Fort  Donelson, 
and  was  then  ordered  down  the  Mississippi 
River  to  Island  No.  10.  There  he  con- 
c«ived  the  idea  of  surprising  the  Confeder- 
ate water  battery,  located  above  the  bend  of 
the  river.  His  suggestion  was  carried  out 
by  Col  Roberts  in  the  famous  exploit  of 
April  i,  1862,  in  which  the  guns  of  the  bat- 
tery were  spiked,  and  our  gunboats  ran  the 
gauntlet  at  the  island,  cutting  off  the  retreat 
of  the  Confederates  and  compelling  them  to 
surrender.  The  regiment  was  later  engaged 
in  the  siege  of  Nashville,  and  became  part 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Col.  Wai- 
worth  was  a  close  personal  friend  of  Gen. 
Sheridan,  who  relied  much  on  his  military 
judgment. 

After  leaving  the  army,  Col.  Walworth 
returned  to  Oneida,  111.,  where  he  became 
a  stock  breeder  in  that  vicinity,  and  operated 
a  lumber  yard  in  the  town,  which  he  con- 


ducted until  1868.  In  that  year  he  located 
in  Chicago  with  C.  H.  Conger,  and  was 
largely  interested  in  the  firm  of  Conger, 
Walworth  &  Co.,  lumber  dealers.  About 
the  same  time  the  firm  purchased  the  busi- 
ness of  Roberts.  Calkins  &  Hull,  and  Col. 
Walworth  having  bought  the  Conger  inter- 
est, the  firm  became  Bushnell,  Walworth  & 
Reed  in  1871.  In  1875  the  company 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber 
at  Cedar  Springs,  Mich.,  and  also  estab- 
lished lumber  yards,  drying  kilrs,  etc.,  at 
that  place,  where  it  conducted  business  un- 
til 1880.  The  Chicago  yard  was  sold  in 
1876.  and  Mr.  Bushnell  withdrew  from  the 
firm.  Mr.  Reed  became  President  and  the 
concern  carried  on  a  retail  lumber  business 
at  a  dozen  or  more  points  in  Nebraska, 
having  a  trade  in  the  aggregate  of  30,- 
000,000  feet  of  lumber  per  year.  The  firm 
abandoned  the  lumber  business  in  1889, 
but  Col.  Walworth  and  Mr.  Reed  contin- 
ued together  in  the  real  estate  line  until  the 
death  of  the  former,  at  his  home  in  Evans- 
ton,  October  2<).  1892.  They  were  also  the 
owners  of  large  live-stock  interests,  opera- 
ting an  extensive  ranch  at  Holdredge,  Neb. 
as  the  Holdredge  Live  Stock  Company. 
Besides  these  interests,  they  owned  mills 
at  Muskegon.  Mich.,  which  the  firm  had 
bought  in  1871  and  continued  to  operate 
until  1885,  when  they  moved  to  Minneapo- 
lis. In  1880  the  firm  sold  a  half-interest  in 
the  Cedar  Springs  plant,  and  moved  the 
business  to  Montague.  Mich.,  and  in  1884, 
the  Walworth  &  Reed  Lumber  Company 
was  incorporated,  with  Col.  Walworth  as 
President. 

In  1855,  at  Delta.  N.  Y.,  Col.  Walworth 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Adelia  E. 
Cornish,  who  was  a  native  of  New  York 
and  a  daughter  of  Hosea  Cornish  of  that 
town.  Mrs.  Walworth  is  the  only  surviv- 
ing member  of  the  family,  although  she 
and  her  husband  cared  for  and  educated 


570 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


several  children.  Politically,  Col.  Wadworth 
was  an  earnest  supporter  of  the  principles 
of  the  Republican  party.  Socially,  he  was 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion ; 
the  Union  League  and  Evanston  Clubs ; 
and  the  George  H.  Thomas  Post,  G.  A.  R. 
His  religious  connection  was  with  the  Con- 
gregational Church.  Throughout  his  ac- 
tive career,  the  strain  of  his  varied  and  ex- 
tensive business  responsibilities  was  inces- 
sant and  severe,  and  he  found  it  necessary, 
in  1888-89,  to  indulge  in  a  vacation  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health,  spending  the  period 
in  European  travel. 

It  was  the  nature  of  Col.  Walworth  to 
be  kindly  and  helpful,  and  his  friends 
loved  him  as  few  men  are  loved.  He  was 
ever  charitable  and  took  special  interest  in 
assisting  young  men.  He  was  steadfast  in 
friendship  and  devoted  to  his  old  comrades 
in  arms.  His  home  life  was  ideal,  and  his 
intercourse  with  his  wide  acquaintance  was 
befitting  the  character  of  a  brave  soldier 
and  chivalrous  gentleman. 


RICHARD  CONOVER  LAKE. 

Richard  C.  Lake,  retired,  Evanston, 
111.,  was  born  in  Montour  County,  Pa., 
July  20,  1846,  the  son  of  James  and  Han- 
nah (Dey)  Lake,  natives  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania.  Mr.  Lake  is  most  fortunate 
in  his  ancestry.  On  the  paternal  side,  he 
is  a  descendant  of  John  Lake,  one  of  the 
Lady  Deborah  Moody  party  who  consti- 
tuted the  first  English  settlement  on  Long 
Island  in  1643;  trie  line  of  descent  being 
from  John  through  Daniel,  John,  Richard, 
Benjamin  and  James  to  Richard  C.  On  the 
maternal  side,  the  Dey  family  are  Holland 
Dutch,  and  were  among  the  first  emigrants 
to  land  in  New  Amsterdam,  now  New 
York  City.  Dey  Street  is  named  for  this 
family.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  through 


descent,  both  maternal  and  paternal,  as  well 
as  by  collateral  lines,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  is  related  to  many  of  the  most  prom- 
inent and  distinguished  families  known  to 
American  history,  among  them  being  the 
Randolphs,  Harrisons,  Berkleys,  etc. 

James  Lake,  the  father  of  Richard  C., 
was  a  well-known  agriculturist,  who  at  the 
time  of  his  decease  was  an  associate  Judge 
in  the  County  of  Columbia,  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Richard  C.  received  a  common 
school  education,  which  has  been  supple- 
mented by  study  in  later  years.  Until  he 
was  twelve  years  of  age,  his  youth  was 
spent  upon  a  farm.  He  then  went  to 
Espy,  Columbia  County,  Pa.,  where  he 
was  employed  by  a  mercantile  house  until 
his  seventeenth  year,  when,  in  company 
with  some  older  brothers,  he  removed  to 
Central  City,  Colo.  There  he  went  to  work 
for  a  mercantile  firm,  later  becoming  a 
partner  in  the  concern.  In  1877  he  dis- 
posed of  his  interest  and  embarked  once 
more  on  the  mercantile  sea  in  Deadwood, 
S.  D.  A  little  later  he  engaged  in  the  bank- 
ing business  in  that  city,  and  in  1879  was 
elected  President  of  the  First  National 
Bank.  For  twenty  years  thereafter  he  con- 
tinued in  this  business,  becoming  President 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Rapid  City, 
S.  D.,  in  1884,  and  later  President  of  a  bank 
in  Hot  Springs,  S.  D.,  and  another  at  Chad- 
ron,  Neb. 

On  September  14,  1871,  Mr.  Lake  was 
married  to  Mary,  daughter  of  John  R.  Ran- 
dolph of  Providence,  R.  I.,  whose  father 
was  a  cousin  of  the  celebrated  John  Ran- 
dolph of  Roanoake.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lake 
were  the  parents  of  six  children:  Jessie, 
Amy  (now  Mrs.  Walter  G.  Pietsch),  Rich- 
ard Randolph,  Margaret,  George  Ernest 
(now  a  midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  Navy), 
and  Gertrude.  In  1893,  the  family  removed 
to  Evanston,  111.,  where  Mrs.  Lake  died 
September  14,  1894.  Shortly  after  coming 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


571 


to  Illinois,  Mr.  Lake  disposed  of  his  bank- 
ing interests  in  the  West,  but  was  made 
Vice-President  of  the  Union  National 
Bank  of  Chicago,  which  relation  he  con- 
tinued to  occupy  for  nearly  two  years, 
when,  having  been  elected  President  of 
the  Masonic  Fraternity  Temple  Associa- 
tion, and  being  a  large  stockholder  therein, 
he  resigned  the  vice-presidency  of  the 
bank  and  took  personal  charge  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Temple  Building.  For  two  years 
thereafter — or  until  the  building  was 
placed  on  a  dividend-paying  basis — he  held 
this  position.  He  then  resigned,  and  since 
that  time  has  devoted  his  attention  exclu- 
sively to  his  private  business  affairs,  most 
important  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
the  Range  Cattle  Industry  in  South  Dakota 
and  Texas,  a  business  in  which,  for  the 
past  twenty  years,  he  has  been  interested 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent. 

On  February  9,  1899,  Mr.  Lake  was 
united  to  Helen  M.  Kitchell,  daughter  of 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Willis,  of  Evanston,  111.,  but 
there  is  no  living  issue  from  this  marriage. 
In  his  political  affiliations,  Mr.  Lake  is  a  Re- 
publican. He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Ma- 
son, and  has  filled  nearly  every  position  in  the 
order.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Union 
League  Club  of  Chicago,  the  Glenview  Golf 
Club,  the  Evanston  Club,  and  the  Country 
Club  of  Evanston.  He  is  likewise  a  Direct- 
or of  the  Evanston  Free  Public  Library, 
and  a  member  of  the  School  Board  of  that 
city.  He  and  his  family  are  members  of  the 
Episcopal  Church. 


EDWARD  W.  LEARNED. 

Edward  W.  Learned,  a  prominent  resi- 
dent of  Evanston,  111.,  since  1865,  was  born 
in  the  town  of  Homer,  Cortland  County, 
N.  Y.,  April  30,  1823.  His  parents  were 
Edward  W.  and  Polly  (Briggs)  Learned. 


Edward  W.  Learned,  Sr.,  was  a  farmer  by 
occupation  and  the  son  was  reared  in  the 
neighborhood  made  famous  in  the  story 
of  David  Harum.  Here  he  enjoyed  the 
educational  advantages  of  the  common 
schools  of  Homer  and  Solon,  and  after  a 
course  in  the  Cortland  Academy  at  Homer, 
in  his  early  manhood  engaged  in  teaching. 
He  came  west  in  1845,  locating  at  Racine, 
Wis.,  on  June  5,  of  that  year.  His  elder 
brother  had  come  to  this  section  the  year 
before,  and  he  took  a  tramp  beyond  Rock 
River  to  visit  some  old  New  York  friends. 
There  he  hired  out  to  a  farmer  who  lived 
near  what  was  then  Southport,  but  is  now 
Kenosha.  He  worked  there  at  $12.50  per 
month,  taught  school  the  following  winter 
and,  when  the  term  was  over,  went  to  Port 
Washington,  where  he  and  his  brother  en- 
tered government  land,  receiving  a  deed 
therefor  from  President  James  K.  Polk. 
Mr.  Learned  still  owns  this  farm. 

Except  for  a  period  of  six  years  spent  in 
California,  Mr.  Learned  remained  in  Wis- 
consin, engaged  in  building  and  farming, 
for  twenty-one  years.  He  went  to  Califor- 
nia in  1851,  sailing  from  New  York  and 
rounding  Cape  Horn.  The  voyage  from 
New  York  to  San  Francisco  consumed  155 
days,  and  during  this  period  thirteen  bur- 
ials at  sea  and  ten  cases  of  yellow-fever 
came  under  his  observation.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  building  line  in  San  Francis- 
co and  Sacramento  five  years,  was  connect- 
ed with  the  Vigilantes,  and  made  money 
rapidly.  In  1857  he  returned  from  Cali- 
fornia, via  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  re- 
turned to  Port  Washington  where  he  re- 
sumed building  and  continued  in  this  line 
until  1866,  when  he  came  to  Evanston. 
Here  he  was  actively  engaged  in  building 
operations  until  he  retired  from  business. 
Prior  to  his  removal  to  Evanston  (in  1865) 
he  built  the  second  brick  residence  in  Ev- 
anston. He  put  up  several  buildings  for 


572 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


himself,  and  made  judicious  investments 
in  real  estate.  He  also  conducted  a  grocery 
in  Evanston  for  a  time,  and,  by  diligent  ef- 
fort, secured  a  competency  for  old  age. 

In  1857,  Mr.  Learned  was  married  in 
Homer,  X.  Y.,  to  Carrie  M.  Shuler,  a 
daughter  of  Jacob  Shuler,  of  that  place. 
Their  only  child  was  Ella  Elizabeth 
(Learned)  Belts,  who  died  in  1884,  leaving 
an  infant  son,  who  died  seven  weeks  later. 
Politically,  Mr.  Learned  is  a  Republican. 
He  served  one  term  of  four  years  as  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace,  and  was  also  a  member  of 
the  city  auditing  board.  His  religious  con- 
nection is  with  the  First  Methodist  Church. 


JOHN  R.  VAN  ARSDALE. 

John  R.  Van  Arsdale  (deceased),  for 
eighteen  years  one  of  the  most  favorably 
known  citizens  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
in  Xew  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  March  TO,  1824, 
and  was  reared  in  his  native  place,  where  he 
received  his  early  training  in  the  public 
schools,  and  where  he  also  gained  his  first 
business  experience.  In  1869  he  moved 
west  to  Illinois,  and  locating  in  Chicago, 
was  first  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
wall  paper,  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  M. 
A.  Howell  &  Company.  From  1870  to 
1872,  he  was  a  grain  commission  merchant 
and  an  operator  on  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade.  In  1873,  he  became  connected  with 
the  Mutual  Benefit  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Chicago,  of  which,  in  1876,  he  was 
appointed  cashier.  This  position  he  filled 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
February  15,  1890.  He  passed  away  at 
his  residence  on  Ridge  Avenue,  Evanston, 
where  he  had  established  his  home  in 
1872.  During  the  seventeen  years  of  his 
connection  with  the  above-mentioned  com- 
pany, he  was  largely  instrumental  in  ad- 


vancing its  interests  to  a  high  degree  of 
prosperity. 

In  1857,  Mr.  Van  Arsdale  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Mary  E.  Tannehill,  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  their  union  resulted 
in  the  following  named  children :  Robert 
T.,  a  resident  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. ; 
William  T.,  who  is  engaged  in  business  in 
Chicago,  and  maintains  his  residence  in 
Evanston ;  John  R..  Jr.,  who  is  also  a  busi- 
ness man  of  Chicago  and  lives  in  Evans- 
ton ;  Isabella  (Mrs.  Sutphen)  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  and  Mary,  whose  home  is  in  Evans- 
ton.  In  his  religious  associations  Mr.  Van 
Arsdale  was  an  attendant  upon  the  services 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  a 
man  of  excellent  traits  of  character,  superi- 
or business  capacity  and  scrupulous  integ- 
rity, and  enjoyed  the  sincere  respect  and 
unreserved  confidence  of  all  who  made  his 
acquaintance. 


LUCIUS  A.  TROWBRIDGE. 

Lucius  A.  Trowbridge,  a  well-known 
banker  of  Chicago,  and  prominent  resident 
of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Danbury. 
Fairfield  County,  Conn.,  April  10,  1847, 
the  son  of  Matthew  Thomas  and  Agnes  K. 
( Sherman )  Trowbridge.  who  moved  from 
Connecticut  to  Illinois  in  1861,  settling  in 
Rockford.  where  the  former  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  dying  in  1903.  Both  the 
Trowbridge  and  Sherman  families  are  of 
old  New  England  stock.  Lucius  A.  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  public 
and  high  schools  of  Rockford.  111.,  and. 
after  finishing  his  studies,  was  employed  for 
two  years  as  a  clerk  in  the  "County  Book 
Store,"  in  that  city.  In  1863,  he  became 
bookkeeper  in  the  private  bank  of  Spaf- 
ford  &  1'enfield,  and  during  the  same  year 
this  bank  became  the  Third  National  Bank 


HISTORY  OF  EVAXSTON 


573 


of  Rockford.  Mr.  Trowbridge  remained 
with  it  in  various  capacities  fpr  twenty- 
seven  years.  He  was  successively  book- 
keeper, teller,  assistant  cashier  and  cashier, 
and  for  several  years,  was  also  a  director, 
and  one  of  the  principal  stockholders.  In 
1891,  he  resigned  his  position  as  cashier, 
in  order  to  engage  in  private  banking  in 
Chicago,  and,  in  1893.  founded  the  private 
banking  house  of  Lucius  A.  Trowbridge. 
This  was  succeeded  by  the  corporation  of 
Trowbridge  &  Co.,  in  1895,  with  Mr.  Trow- 
bridge as  President  and  D.  R.  Xiver  as 
Secretary.  In  1900  the  corporate  name  was 
changed  to  that  of  The  Trowbridge  &  Xiv- 
er Co.,  and  the  house  has  been,  and  still  is, 
largely  engaged  in  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  high-grade  municipal  and  corporation 
bonds.  From  the  outset  its  main  offices 
have  been  located  in  the  First  Xational 
Bank  Building,  in  Chicago,  while  a  branch 
office  is  maintained  in  Boston.  In  late  years, 
the  bonds  owned  and  offered  to  the  public 
by  The  Trowbridge  &  Xiver  Company 
have  aggregated  millions  of  dollars  annual- 
ly. Mr.  Trowbridge  is  also  largely  inter- 
ested in  the  Twin  City  Telephone  Company, 
of  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul.  Minn.,  on  be- 
half of  his  firm.  He  is  a  man  of  keen  per- 
ception and  excellent  business  judgment. 
On  June  9,  1881,  Mr.  Trowbridge  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Carolyn  Frances 
Cobb.  a  daughter  of  George  Cobb,  whose 
early  home  was  at  Sauquoit,  X.  Y.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Trowbridge  have  three  daughters, 
namely :  Alice,  Jessie  and  Carolyn.  Relig- 
iously, Mr.  Trowbridge  has  been  for  many 
years  a  prominent  and  active  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church.  He  is  widely  known 
throughout  the  State  of  Illinois  as  a  Sun- 
day School  worker  and,  in  1883.  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  State  Sunday  School 
Association.  He  is  also  active  in  the  work 
of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  was  chairman  of 
the  Illinois  State  Executive  Committee  of 


that  organization  from  1891  to  1895.  He 
is  still  a  member  of  the  advisory  committee 
of  the  association.  Mr.  Trowbridge  estab,- 
lished  his  home  in  Evanston  in  1902.  and  is 
there  held  in  high  esteem. 


DORR  AUGUSTIXE  KIMBALL. 

Dorr  A.  Kimball  (  deceased),  who 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  widely  known  business  men 
of  Chicago,  was  born  in  Dexter,  Jefferson 
County,  X.  Y.,  June  4,  1849,  the  son  of 
John  B.  and  Louisa  (Ryder)  Kimball.  His 
father  was  a  shoe  manufacturer  and  a  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace  in  Xew  York  State,  and 
in  political  sentiment  a  zealous  Free-Soiler, 
deeply  interested  in  the  abolition  movement 
and  the  operations  of  the  "Underground 
Railroad."  and  while  living  near  Sackett's 
Harbor,  frequently  aided  fugitive  slaves  to 
secure  their  freedom  by  escaping  to  Cana- 
da. Later  he  was  a  supporter  of  the  Gov- 
ernment in  the  war  for  the  preservation  of 
the  Union,  assisting  in  the  organization  of 
troops  for  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion. 
On  the  maternal  side,  the  Ryders  were  an 
old  family  of  Xew  York  State,  engaged  in 
agriculture. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  received  his 
education  in  the  public  schools,  and  when 
about  fifteen  years  of  age  obtained  a  clerk- 
ship in  a  store  at  \Vatertown.  X.  Y..  where 
he  remained  a  year  when,  in  1865.  he  came 
to  Chicago  and  found  employment  as  office 
boy  with  Fox  &  Howard,  dredgers  and  con- 
tractors, continuing  in  this  business  until 
1874.  He  then  accepted  a  ]x>sition  as  cash- 
ier with  Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  which  he 
soon  exchanged  for  a  position  at  the  head 
of  the  general  credit  department  of  the 
same  firm,  retaining  the  latter  position  for 
the  rest  of  his  life,  covering  a  period  of 
nearly  thirty  years.  His  long  connection 


574 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


with  the  most  important  department  in 
this  extensive  concern  indicates  the  estima- 
tion in  which  he  was  held  as  a  business 
man.  Gifted  with  a  retentive  memory  which 
enabled  him  promptly  to  recall  faces  and 
events,  his  judgment  and  integrity  were  im- 
plicity  trusted,  and  seldom,  if  ever,  at  fault. 

Soon  after  coming  to  Chicago,  Mr.  Kim- 
ball  became  a  member  of  the  New  England 
Congregational  Church,  but  after  moving 
to  Evanston  in  1876,  transferred  his  mem- 
bership to  the  First  Congregational  Church 
of  that  city,  with  which  he  remained  identi- 
fied up  to  the  date  of  his  decease.  Although 
not  a  member  of  any  secret  society,  he  was 
identified  with  several  social  organizations, 
including  the  Evanston  Club,  the  Evanston 
Country  Club,  besides  various  literary  or- 
ganizations, being  Vice-President  of  the 
first  named  during  the  last  year  of  his  life. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  and  most 
active  supporters  of  the  Home  for  Incura- 
bles, in  connection  with  which  he  served  as 
a  Director  from  its  establishment,  was  a 
member  of*  the  Evanston  High  School 
Board,  a  Director  of  the  Evanston  Hospital 
and,  for  several  terms,  a  Trustee  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church.  He  was  es- 
pecially interested  in  the  welfare  and  happi- 
ness of  the  children — the  boys  and  girls — of 
his  home  city,  and  on  his  holidays  was  ac- 
customed to  lead  a  bicycle  club  of  little 
girls  about  the  city  and  adjoining  country, 
ending  the  trip  with  an  entertainment  at  a 
soda-fountain  or  an  ice-cream  parlor.  The 
affection  in  which  he  was  held  by  the 
younger  class  was  one  of  the  highest  trib- 
utes that  could  be  paid  to  his  character,  ami 
affords  his  friends  a  pleasant  memory  of 
his  many  admirable  qualities  of  mind  and 
heart.  In  politics  he  was  a  Republican. 

Mr.  Kimball  was  united  in  marriage  in 
the  city  of  Chicago,  April  24,  1871,  to  Miss 
Susie  Wood  ford,  daughter  of  Orin  F.  and 
Mary  A.  (Merrill)  Woodford  —  both 


branches  of  Mrs.  Kimball's  family  being  de- 
scended from  old  prominent  New  England 
families.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kimball  were 
born  three  sons  and  three  daughters,  of 
whom  two  sons — Harlow  M.  and  Dorr 
Edwin — and  one'  daughter — Ruth  Merrill 
— are  now  living.  Of  the  other  three  chil- 
dren, two  died  in  infancy,  and  the  oldest 
born,  Leonice  Woodford,  in  1900,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-six  years. 

Mr.  Kimball's  death  occurred  suddenly 
on  May  20,  1903,  at  the  Sanitarium  at  Lake 
Geneva,  Wis.,  whither  he  had  gone  for 
treatment  for  a  nervous  affection,  and  was 
deeply  deplored  by  a  large  circle  of  friends 
both  in  Evanston  and  Chicago  who  had 
learned  to  appreciate  his  high  business  in- 
tegrity and  his  many  admirable  traits  of 
character.  His  decease  called  forth  many 
tributes  to  his  memory. 

It  may  be  said  of  him  that  his  fidelity  and 
his  honesty  were  never  questioned.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  faithful  and  trustworthy  of 
citizens  in  every  relation  of  life.  His  de- 
portment in  all  the  relations  of  life  was  of 
the  highest,  and  he  was  interested  in  every- 
thing that  would  tend  to  the  betterment  of 
the  community  —  spending  freely  of  his 
means,  his  time  and  his  labor  for  the  up- 
building of  his  home  city  and  the  promo- 
tion of  the  public  good. 


LEWIS  CASS  TALLMADGE. 

Lewis  Cass  Tallmadge,  for  many  years 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  favorably 
known  citizens  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
in  Springfield,  Mass.,  January  23,  1842,  son 
of  Marcus  M.  and  Abigail  (Andrews) 
Tallmadge.  Marcus  M.  Tallmadge  was  a 
man  of  independent  fortune.  In  politics,  he 
was  a  prominent  Democrat  and  an  intimate 
friend  of  Andrew  Jackson.  In  religion  he 
was  a  leading  Episcopal  churchman.  Gen. 


HISTORY-  OF  EVANSTON 


575 


Benjamin  Tallmadge,  the  grandfather,  was 
a  member  of  Washington's  staff.  Marcus 
A.  Tallmadge  moved  with  his  family,  at  an 
early  period,  from  Springfield,  Mass.,  to 
East  Granby,  Conn.,  where  he  made  his 
home  for  many  years.  He  had  a  son  and 
daughter,  who  were  respectively  named 
after  Andrew  and  Rachael  Jackson.  The 
old  family  homestead  was  destroyed  by  fire 
in  October,  1905,  and  with  it  were  con- 
sumed njany  Revolutionary  and  other  his- 
torical relics  and  family  treasures.  Among 
these  were  miniature  portraits,  on  ivory,  of 
General  and  Rachael  Jackson,  presented  to 
their  namesakes. 

The  Tallmadge  family  in  New  England 
was  descended  from  James  Tallmadge, 
who,  with  his  son  Robert,  came  from  Hol- 
land to  Boston  in  1630.  They  moved  to 
Connecticut  in  1639,  'and  were  original 
grantees  of  lots  in  the  town  of  New  Haven. 
Many  of  the  Tallmadge  family  participated 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  some  of  its 
representatives  have,  in  later  times,  become 
distinguished  in  professional  careers, 
among  them,  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Tallmadge, 
the  noted  pulpit  orator. 

Lewis  Cass  Tallmadge  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  relinquishing  his  studies  at 
the  age  of  seventeen  years  in  order  to  enlist 
in  the  Union  Army,  where  he  served  in  a 
Connecticut  regiment.  After  the  war  was 
over,  he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  where 
he  obtained  a  position  in  the  War  Depart- 
ment, and  at  the  same  time  studied  law.  At 
a  later  period,  he  engaged  in  the  business 
of  adjusting  naval  claims,  which  he  fol- 
lowed to  a  considerable  extent  during  a 
residence  of  twenty  years  in  Washington 
and  thereafter.  He  was  also  interested  in 
real  estate  operations,  the  building  of  tele- 
phone lines  and  various  other  enterprises. 
In  1881,  Mr.  Tallmadge  located  in  Chicago, 
soon  afterwards  removing  to  Evanston, 


where  he  resided  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Chicago,  October 
16,  1902. 

In  1874,  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
united  in  marriage,  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  with  Mary  Eliza  Eddy,  a  daughter 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Eddy,  then  Secre- 
tary of  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  and  widely  known 
in  that  connection.  Dr.  Eddy  had 
previously  held  the  position  of  editor 
of  the  "Northwestern  Christian  Advo- 
cate," in  Chicago,  and  from  Chicago  went 
to  Baltimore,  where  he  became  pastor  of 
the  old  Charles  Street  Church,  and  after- 
wards built  the  beautiful  Mt.  Vernon 
Place  church,  and  served  as  its  pastor. 
Still  later,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  from  which  he  went  to 
New  York,  and  died  there  while  serv- 
ing as  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Mis- 
sions of  his  denomination.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  ministers  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church,  noted  alike  for  eloquence  in 
the  pulpit  and  rare  executive  ability  in  the 
conduct  of  church  affairs.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Tallmadge  became  the  parents  of  two  chil- 
dren, namely :  Thomas  Eddy  Tallmadge, 
of  Chicago,  and  Abbie  Louise  Tallmadge. 
of  Evanston. 

Politically  Mr.  Tallmadge  was  a  support- 
er of  the  Republican  party.  He  enjoyed  a 
wide  acquaintance  with  public  men,  and 
personally  knew  every  President  of  the 
LTnited  States,  from  Grant  to  McKinley, 
inclusive.  In  religion,  he  was  reared  an 
Episcopalian,  but  became  a  Methodist  while 
in  Washington,  and  was  a  communicant  of 
the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  of 
Evanston.  Socially,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Evanston  and  Country  Clubs ;  the  John 
A.  Logan  Post,  G.  A.  R. ;  and  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution. 


576 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


GEORGE  ALBERT  COE,  A.  M.,  PH.  D. 

George  Albert  Coe,  John  Evans  Profes- 
sor of  Moral  and  Intellectual  Philosophy, 
Northwestern  L'niversity.  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  March  2(1,  1862,  at  Menclon.  X. 
Y..  son  of  the  late  Rev.  George  \V.  Coe. 
for  about  forty  years  a  minister  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  The  Coe  an- 
cestry is  English.  The  first  member  of  this 
family  to  emigrate  to  America  came  to 
Boston  in  the  ship  Francis  in  1654.  The 
ancestry  on  the  side  of  the  mother  (Harriet 
Van  Voorhis)  was  Dutch,  the  first  Van 
Voorhis  ancestor  in  this  country,  coming 
from  Holland  to  the  Hudson  River  region 
in  the  year  1670. 

Mr.  Coe  graduated  with  degree  of  A.  B., 
from  the  University  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in 
1884.  subsequently  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.  M.  from  the  same  university.  In  1887, 
after  three  years'  study  at  Uoston  L'niver- 
sity. he  received  from  that  institution  the 
degree  of  S.  T.  B..  thereafter  remaining 
at  the  L'niversity  for  another  year  of 
graduate  study.  On  September  3,  1888,  he 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Sadie  E.  Know- 
land,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph 
Knowland.  of  Alameda.  Cal..  and  during 
the  next  two  years  (  1888-90)  was  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  L'niversity  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia at  Los  Angeles.  Then,  having  been 
appointed  Jacob  Sleeper  Traveling  Fellow 
of  Boston  L'niversity.  he  spent  one  year 
( i 890-91 ) studying  at  the  L'niversity  of 
Berlin.  In  1891  he  received  the  degree  of 
Ph.  D.  from  Boston  L'niversity,  and  the 
same  year  was  appointed  Acting  Professor 
of  Philosophy  at  Northwestern  L'niversity, 
two  years  later  being  appointed  the  John 
Evans  Professor  of  Moral  and  Intellectual 
Philosophy  in  that  institution,  which  he 
still  retains.  Professor  Coe  has  published 
numerous  articles  in  psychological  and 
theological  journals,  and  is  a  member  of  the 


American  Psychological  Association,  the 
American  Philosophical  Association,  and 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
following  works:  "The  Spiritual  Life" 
(N.  Y.,  lyoo)  ;  "The  Religion  of  a  Mature 
Mind"  (Chicago,  1902)  ;  "Education  in  Re- 
ligion and  Morals"  (Chicago,  1904).  He 
has  also  delivered  numerous  popular  lectures 
on  educational  topics.  In  1900  he  was  Lec- 
turer on  the  Psychology  of  Religion  at  Bos- 
ton L'niversity  School  of  Theology,  and 
in  1902,  and  again  in  1903.  gave  courses  of 
lectures  at  the  summer  sessions  of  the  Har- 
vard Divinity  School  on  The  Psychology  of 
Religion  and  Religious  Education,  respect- 
ively. Professor  Coe  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Methodist  Church  of  Evanston. 


SADIE  KNOWLAND  COE. 

Sadie  Knowland  Coe,  late  Professor  of 
Piano  and  History  of  Music,  Northwestern 
L'niversity  School  of  Music.  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.  in  1864, 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph 
Knowland.  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  the  high  school  of  Alameda, 
Cal.,  and  studied  piano  with  Ernst  Hart- 
maim  of  San  Francisco,  and  still  later  with 
Carl  liaermann  and  J.  W.  Tufts,  of  Boston. 
On  September  3.  1888.  she  was  married  to 
George  Albert  Coe,  a  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Southern  California  at  Los  An- 
geles. During  the  academic  year  1889-90, 
she  was  in  charge  of  the  piano  department 
of  the  University  of  Southern  California, 
and  for  the  next  three  years  studied  music 
in  Germany — taking  instruction  in  piano 
music  with  Hemrich  Barth  and  Moritz 
Moskowski.  Theory  and  Composition  with 
Reinhold  Succo.  and  Ensemble  Playing 
with  Waldemar  Bargiel. 

Mrs.  Coe  came  to  Evanston  in  1893  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


577 


started  a  class  for  private  instruction  of 
pupils  in  piano  music,  but  was  invited  into 
the  faculty  of  the  University  School  of  Mu- 
sic as  Instructor  of  Piano,  with  which  she 
was  connected  eleven  years.  Besides  teach- 
ing piano,  she  developed  a  popular  depart- 
ment of  the  History  of  Music,  gave  numer- 
ous recitals,  and  appeared  often  with  the 
string  quartette,  repeatedly  bringing  out 
new  compositions,  or  those  heard  here  for 
the  first  time.  In  1901  she  was  advanced 
in  rank  to  Professor,  which  she  resigned  in 
1905  in  order  to  establish  a  private  school. 
She  was  under  appointment  as  Lecturer 
on  Musical  Aesthetics  in  the  College  of 
Liberal  Arts  at  the  time  of  her  death, 
which  resulted  from  cancer,  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  August  24,  1905. 

Mrs.  Coe  was  exceedingly  active  in  pro- 
moting music  as  a  means  of  popular  cult- 
ure. For  some  four  years  she  took  the  lead 
in  the  music  work  of  the  Evanston  Wom- 
an's Club,  conducting  or  organizing  each 
year  a  course  of  educational  programs  and 
recitals.  In  the  meantime  she  gave  numer- 
ous lecture  recitals  in  Evanston  and  else- 
where. Her  leading  topics  were  historical, 
such  as  Primitive  Music.  Music  of  the 
American  Indians,  and  the  several  music- 
dramas  of  Richard  Wagner. 

A  few  days  before  her  death  there  ap- 
peared from  the  press  of  the  Clayton  F. 
Summy  Company,  her  "Melodrama  of  Hi- 
awatha" for  speaking  voice  and  piano,  the 
text  being  from  Longfellow's  poem,  and  the 
music  being  based  upon  genuine  Indian 
themes.  This  composition  has  been  given 
repeatedly  in  Evanston.  and  a  number  of 
times  in  other  cities.  It  has  proved  itself 
possessed  of  great  beauty  and  emotional 
power.  Besides  being  a  brilliant  player  and 
an  able  teacher  and  lecturer,  Mrs.  Coe  was 
possessed  of  rare  executive  ability,  intellect- 
uality and  social  power.  Adhering  to  the 
same  faith  as  her  husband,  Prof.  George 


A.   Coe,  she  was  a  member  of  the   First 
Methodist  Church  of  Evanston. 


ALANSOX  SWEET. 

Alanson  Sweet  (deceased),  pioneer  mer- 
chant and  legislator  of  the  Middle  West, 
and  former  well-known  citizen  of  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  was  born  in  Owasco.  Cayuga 
County,  N.  Y.,  March  12.  1804,  the  son  of 
Wilbur  and  Anna  (Leach)  Sweet.  Wilbur 
Sweet  was  a  skilled  stoneworker  by  occu- 
pation, and  was  also  engaged  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  His  son.  Alanson.  was 
reared  on  the  paternal  farm  and  trained  to 
fanning,  besides  learning  the  stone-mason's 
trade.  On  the  maternal  side  he  was  de- 
scended from  Lawrence  Leach,  of  English 
ancestry,  who  settled  in  Salem.  Mass., 
eleven  years  after  the  landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims, and  was  in  the  Colonial  service  un- 
der Governor  Winthrop. 

Left  a  half  -  orphan  by  the  death  of 
his  mother  in  his  early  childhood.  Alanson 
Sweet  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  years.  He  had  had 
few  advantages  of  early  schooling,  but  be- 
ing naturally  studious,  as  a  result  of  self- 
training  he  became  a  man  of  broad  general 
information.  As  a  youth  he  had  a  varied 
experience,  an  incident  of  which  was  his 
service  as  driver  of  a  canal  boat  on  the  Erie 
Canal.  When  but  nineteen  years  of  age 
he  was  a  contractor  for  stone  work,  and  in 
this  connection,  held  Government  contracts. 
In  1831  he  journeyed  to  Chicago,  and  was 
at  Fort  Dearborn  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Blackhawk  War.  He  was  First  Lieutenant 
of  a  company  of  volunteers  raised  in  Chica- 
go at  that  time,  to  aid  in  checking  the  rav- 
ages of  the  Indians,  and  in  this  connection 
rendered  considerable  active  service.  While 
in  Fort  Dearborn  he  saw.  for  the  first  time. 
Emily  Shaw,  who  had  just  arrived  in  Chi- 


578 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


cago  from  New  York  State,  and  who,  on 
account  of  the  threatened  danger,  had  tak- 
en refuge  in  the  fort.  It  was  a  case  of  love 
at  first  sight,  and,  in  1833,  they  were  united 
in  wedlock  at  St.  Joseph,  Mich.  Soon  after 
his  marriage,  Mr.  Sweet  engaged  in  build- 
ing and  other  enterprises  in  Chicago,  and 
was  one  of  the  earliest  real  estate  owners 
there.  He  built  the  first  two-story  frame 
house  in  Chicago,  and  had  the  first  inclosed 
grounds,  comprising  a  quarter  of  an  acre 
of  land  at  the  corner  of  Clark  and  Kinzie 
Streets. 

In  1835,  believing  that  on  account  of 
its  fine  harbor  and  other  advantages,  Mil- 
waukee was  destined  to  become  the  chief 
city  of  the  lakes,  he  moved  to  that  place, 
where  he  acquired  large  landed  interests 
and  became  a  leading  man  of  affairs.  For 
thirty-five  years  thereafter,  he  was  one  of 
the  foremost  citizens  of  Milwaukee,  pos- 
sessed of  ample  means,  conducting  exten- 
sive enterprises  and  manifesting  great  ac- 
tivity in  every  field  of  effort.  It  was  his 
design  to  build  up  a  new  city  and  commer- 
cial emporium.  Mr.  Sweet  held  many  po- 
sitions of  honor  and  trust  in  Milwaukee, 
and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Wis- 
consin Territorial  and  State  Governments. 
He  served  as  one  of  the  five  members  of  the 
first  Territorial  Legislature,  and  was  chief- 
ly instrumental  in  locating  the  capital  of 
Wisconsin,  afterwards  named  Madison,  at 
"Four  Lakes."  He  improved  part  of  the 
harbor  of  Milwaukee,  and  constructed  a 
number  of  lighthouses  on  Lake  Michigan 
and  Lake  Superior.  Mr.  Sweet  was  a  close 
personal  friend  of  Governor  Doty,  the  first 
Governor  of  the  State,  and  co-operated  with 
him  and  other  noted  pioneers  in  laying  the 
foundations  of  a  great  commonwealth.  For 
many  years  he  was  the  leading  grain  mer- 
chant of  Milwaukee,  owning  large  eleva- 
tors 'and  handling  vast  quantities  of  grain 
annually. 


In  the  early  days,  Mr.  Sweet  was  an  ar- 
dent champion  of  water  as  against  railroad 
transportation,  and  was  among  the  pioneers 
who  were  unfriendly  to  railroad  enterprises. 
He  lived,  however,  long  enough  to  realize 
how  largely  the  latter  have  contributed  to- 
ward the  development  of  the  country.  Hav- 
ing met  with  reverses,  Mr.  Sweet  went  to 
Kansas  in  1870,  beginning  the  life  of  a 
farmer  again  at  Arkansas  City.  After  re- 
maining there  about  six  years,  he  relin- 
quished active  efforts  and  settled  in  Ev- 
anston,  where  he  passed  nearly  all  his  later 
life,  dying  in  Chicago  in  1891.  His  last 
days  were  spent  near  the  scenes  of  his  earli- 
est labors  in  Illinois.  On  the  spot  which  he 
had  beheld  in  all  its  original  barrenness, 
with  hardly  a  hitman  habitation  outside  of 
Fort  Dearborn,  he  saw  a  city  of  more  than 
a  million  people  spring  into  existence  al- 
most within  a  generation. 

The  faithful,  life-long  companion  of  Mr. 
Sweet  passed  away  in  Evanston  in  1892, 
and  the  only  surviving  members  of  this 
noted  pioneer  family  are  a  son  and  a 
daughter — George  O.  Sweet,  of  Chicago, 
and  Mrs.  Mary  (Sweet)  Taggart,  of  Ev- 
anston. 


OSCAR   H.   MANN. 

Oscar  H.  Mann,  M.  D.,  who  has  been 
one  of  the  prime  factors  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Evanston,  111.,  from  a  straggling, 
though  pretty  suburb  of  Chicago,  to  a 
handsome  city  and  a  seat  of  wealth  and 
culture,  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
November  24,  1834.  His  parents,  Timo- 
thy M.  and  Eliza  (Tupper)  Mann,  were 
descended  from  families  conspicuous  for 
high  mental  and  moral  qualities.  Dr. 
Mann's  father  was  a  cousin  of  Horace 
Mann,  the  famous  educator  and  author, 
and  Martin  Tupper,  the  poet,  was  a  mem- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


579 


ber  of  the  family  from  which  the  mother 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  derived. 

When  Mr.  Mann  was  but  a  child,  his 
father  moved  to  Albany,  New  York,  and 
for  several  years  was  engaged  in  the 
transportation  business  on  the  Hudson 
River  and  the  Erie  Canal.  The  son  at 
this  period  attended  Whitesboro  College, 
Whitesboro,  N.  Y.,  and  then  pursued  a 
course  of  study  in  the  Medical  College  of 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
where  he  received  his  diploma.  Similar 
degrees  were  also  conferred  upon  him  by 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
and  the  Chicago  Homoeopathic  College. 

In  1860  Dr.  Mann  came  West  and  com- 
menced practicing  medicine  at  Shabbona 
Grove,  111.  From  1863  until  i86f>  he  prac- 
ticed in  Ottawa,  111.,  and  then  settled  in 
Evanston,  where  he  soon  attained  a  pro- 
fessional status  which  ranked  him  among 
the  leading  physicians  of  the  State  for 
more  than  thirty  years.  He  has  been 
President  of  the  Illinois  State  Homoeo- 
pathic Association,  and  has  filled  other 
positions  of  honor  and  trust.  Early  in 
his  career  he  became  interested  in  pro- 
moting public  enterprises  and  was  an 
earnest  advocate  of  honesty  and  economy 
in  municipal  government.  He  bought 
real  estate  and  improved  it  substantially, 
erecting  soine  years  ago  what  is  still  one 
of  the  principal  business  blocks  in  the 
city.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the  Vil- 
lage Board  and  was  the  last  President  of 
that  body  before  the  incorporation  of  Ev- 
anston as  a  city.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
organizers  of  the  waterworks  system, 
and  under  his  administration  the  City 
Hall  was  commenced  and  completed.  The 
annexation  of  South  Evanston  to  Evans- 
ton  was,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  re- 
sult of  his  active  efforts,  in  conjunction 
with  those  of  other  public-spirited  men 
whose  sagacity  and  energy  made  the  city 


what  it  now  is.  He  became  the  first 
Mayor  of  the  city,  and  was  re-elected  to 
that  office,  serving,  fnall,  three  years,  and 
organizing  the  city  government  in  all  its 
departments.  To  him  was  largely  due 
the  satisfactory  settlement  of  the  tax  con- 
troversy between  the  city  and  the  North- 
western University,  the  bringing  to  the 
city  of  the  electric  railroad,  and  the  plan- 
ning and  beautifying  of  Fountain  Square. 
Shortly  after  his  second  term  as  Mayor 
expired,  in  1895.  Dr.  Mann  relinquished 
his  medical  practice,  and  moved  to  a  large 
stock  and  grain  ranch,  which  he  owned 
near  Pierre.  South  Dakota,  where  he  re- 
mained eight  years,  returning  to  Evans- 
ton  in  1903.  Beyond  the  age  of  three- 
score and  ten  years,  he  is  now  living  in 
retirement,  enjoying  well  earned  repose 
and  the  esteem  of  all  his  fellow  citizens. 


FRANK  HERBERT  ANDERSON. 

Frank  H.  Anderson,  a  well  known  citi- 
zen of  Evanston,  111.,  where  he  is  now 
serving  as  City  Treasurer,  was  born  in 
Forest,  Ontario,  Canada,  October  u, 
1866.  He  is  a  son  of  Andrew  Sparahock 
and  Helen  (Jones)  Anderson,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  the  Province  of 
Ontario ;  the  former  born  at  Prescott.  and 
the  latter  at  Kingston.  The  occupation  of 
Andrew  S.  Anderson  was  that  of  a  builder 
and  stockman.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
received  his  early  mental  training  in  the 
public  schools  in  the  vicinity  of  his  birth- 
place, and  remained  at  home  until  his 
schooling  was  completed.  He  then  pur- 
sued a  course  of  professional  study  in  the 
Ontario  Veterinary  College,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1889,  beginning  the 
practice  of  veterinary  surgery  at  Evans- 
ton  in  the  following  year. 

On  November  29.  1893,  MF-  Anderson 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


was  united  in  marriage,  at  Evanston,  with 
Anna  Margaret  Hartray,  who  was  born  in 
that  city,  December  2,  1870.  She  was  a 
daughter  of  James  Hartray,  who  is  one  of 
the  earlier  settlers  of  Evanston.  Of  this 
marriage  there  were  two  children, 
namely :  Raymond  Francis,  born  Septem- 
ber ii,  1804,  all(l  Ruth  Helen,  born  Jan- 
uary 18,  1898.  The  mother  of  these  chil- 
dren died  March  21,  1899. 

In  politics  Mr.  Anderson  is  an  earnest 
supporter  of  the  Republican  party,  and  is 
active  and  influential  in  its  local  councils. 
He  was  elected  City  Treasurer  of  Evans- 
ton  in  1905,  and  is  still  the  efficient  incum- 
bent in  that  office.  He  has  served  in  the 
capacity  of  Assistant  State  Veterinarian 
of  Illinois,  since  1900.  In  fraternal  cir- 
cles, the  subject  of  this  personal  record  is 
identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.  Religi- 
ously, he  is  an  adherent  of  the  Episcopal 
faith.  He  is  an  intelligent,  energetic  and 
popular  man.  and  a  public-spirited  citizen. 


JAMES  MILTON  BARNES. 

James  Milton  Barnes,  who  is  one  of  the 
most  prominent  and  favorably  known  citi- 
zens »f  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  at  Hope. 
Warren  County,  X.  J.,  December  29, 
1858,  the  son  of  Samuel  and  Sarah  Ann 
(Moore)  Barnes,  who  moved  from  the 
East,  in  1860,  to  Rochester,  Mich.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  received  his  early 
mental  training  in  the  public  schools  of 
Rochester,  Mich.,  and  there  his  childhood 
years  were  spent.  He  then  became  a  pu- 
pil in  the  Pontiac  (Mich.)  High  School, 
and  after  graduating  from  that  institu- 
tion, pursued  a  two  years'  course  of  study 
in  the  University  of  Michigan,  at  Ann 
Arbor.  Before  completing  his  education. 
Mr.  Barnes  applied  himself  to  teaching,  in 
which  occupation  he  continued  four  years. 


In  1883  he  entered  the  government  serv- 
ice, securing  a  position  in  the  Ap- 
praiser's office  in  Chicago,  where  he  re- 
mained five  years.  After  leaving  the  gov- 
ernment service,  he  went  into  the  employ 
of  Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  in  Chicago. 
While  thus  engaged  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Subsequently. 
he  was  made  attorney  for  Marshall  Field 
&  Co.,  and  at  a  later  period  became  head 
of  the  credit  and  legal  departments  in  that 
establishment,  which  position  he  now 
holds. 

On  December  25,  1885,  Mr.  Barnes  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Rochester,  Mich., 
with  May  Curtis,  who  was  born  near  that 
place.  October  13,  1860.  Two  children 
have  been  born  of  this  union,  namely : 
Myrtie  Adella,  born  April  22,  1887;  and 
Alice  May,  born  February  10,  1889.  In 
politics,  Mr.  Barnes  is  a  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  in  religion  he  ad- 
heres to  the  faith  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  His  business  reputation  is 
of  the  best,  and  he  is  regarded  in  Evans- 
ton  as  a  high-minded  and  public-spirited 
citizen. 


SARAH  H.  BRAYTON,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Sarah  H.  Brayton,  a  well  known 
and  highly  respected  practitioner  of  medi- 
cine in  Evanston,  111.,  is  a  native  of  Car- 
lisle. County  of  Cumberland,  England, 
where  she  received  her  elementary  educa- 
tion in  the  grammar  schools.  Her  par- 
ents came  to  the  United  States  during  her 
early  girlhood  and  settled  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  where  the  daughter  grew  to 
maturity.  As  she  approached  woman- 
hood, she  conceived  the  idea  of  becoming 
a  physician,  and  intent  upon  the  belief 
that  the  avenue  of  her  usefulness  in  life 
lay  in  this  direction,  she  diligently  applied 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


herself  to  a  course  of  medical  study, 
which  she  continued  four  years.  In  1875 
she  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  and  dur- 
ing the  same  year  began  the  practice  of 
her  profession  in  the  City  of  New  York. 
In  1876  she  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the 
Medical  College  for  Women  in  that  city, 
in  which  she  soon  attained  a  high  reputa- 
tion. She  was  also  signally  successful  in 
her  practice,  which  rapidly  increased. 
\York  in  that  city,  however,  proving  detri- 
mental to  her  health,  she  was  obliged  to 
relinquish  it.  \Yhile  on  a  visit  of  recrea- 
tion to  the  West  during  a  vacation  period, 
some  of  her  friends  in  Evanston  urged  her 
to  resign  her  position  in  New  York,  which 
she  consented  to  do,  and  after  arranging 
her  affairs  in  the  East,  settled  in  Evans- 
ton,  and  has  ever  since  been  profession- 
ally and  socially  popular  in  her  adopted 
city,  where  her  practice  has  continued  to 
meet  with  exceptionally  good  results. 

Dr.  llrayton  has  been  prominent  in  many 
important  and  meritorious  public  enter- 
prises, especially  in  securing  the  erection 
of  the  hospital  building  in  Evanston, 
which  is  now  one  of  the  most  creditable 
features  of  the  town.  She  is  a  member 
of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society :  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society ;  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science :  the  American  Public  Health  As- 
sociation ;  The  Fortnightly  of  Chicago, 
and  the  London  Lyceum  Club.  In  1891 
she  was  appointed  a  delegate  by  the  Aux- 
iliary Congress  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition,  to  the  Seventh  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demogra- 
phy, held  in  London,  England.  In  1893 
she  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Wom- 
an's  Committee  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Public  Health,  which  convened 
with  the  annual  session  of  the  American 


Public  Health  Association,  in  Chicago, 
during  that  year.  In  later  years  in  ad- 
dition to  her  large  practice,  Dr.  Brayton 
has  devoted  much  time  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  convalescent  home  for  women 
and  children  in  Evanston.  She  is  a  mem- 
ber and  Secretary  of  the  Evanston  Hos- 
pital Staff. 


CHARLES    LYMAN    WAY. 

Charles  Lyman  Way  (deceased),  a 
noted  expert  in  iron  and  steel  work, 
whose  residence  in  Evanston.  111.,  began 
at  the  time  of  the  great  Chicago  fire  of 
1871.  in  which  he  was  one  of  the  numer- 
ous sufferers,  was  born  in  Xew  Haven. 
Conn,,  November  7.  1818.  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam and  Betsy  Way.  who  were  natives  of 
New  England.  William  Way,  the  father, 
was  an  iron-worker  by  occupation,  and 
was  the  first  man  in  that  line  of  work  to 
conceive  and  carry  into  effect  the  idea  of 
manufacturing  carriage  hardware  for  the 
general  trade,  thereby  obviating  the  neces- 
sity of  making  each  part  as  needed.  Since 
that  time  this  branch  of  manufacture  has 
grown  into  vast  proportions.  William 
Way  was  a  man  of  rare  skill  as  an  artisan, 
and  was  possessed  of  remarkable  energy 
and  strong  traits  of  character.  In  relig- 
ious belief  he  was  a  Methodist,  and  be- 
longed to  the  First  Methodist  Church  of 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  for  more  than  seventy 
years,  being  a  class-leader  for  about 
sixty  years  of  that  period. 

The  early  mental  training  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  obtained  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  place,  and 
after  his  schooling  was  over,  he  was  em- 
ployed with  his  father  in  the  iron  wdrks. 
until  he  acquired  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  that  art.  From  1845  to  1855,  he  was 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


superintendent  of  Peter  Cooper's  rolling 
mills  at  Trenton,  X.  J.,  and  in  the  latter 
year,  moving  to  Michigan,  acted  in  the 
same  capacity  in  connection  with  E.  B. 
Ward's  rolling  mills  at  Wyandotte  in 
that  State.  In  |8(>.V  he  located  in  Chi- 
cago, where  he  assumed  the  position  of 
superintendent  of  the  \orth  Chicago 
Rolling  Mills,  on  Clybourn  Avenue.  Sub- 
sequently for  more  than  twenty  years,  he 
served  in  the  capacity  of  steel  expert  for 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway 
Company.  He  was  also  connected  with 
the  Pennsylvania,  and  other  railroad  com- 
panies, as  steel  expert. 

(In  September  21,  1851.  at  Trenton,  N. 
J.,  Mr.  Way  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Margaret  C.  Raum.  who  was  born  in  that 
city.  July  23.  1829.  One  child  was  born 
of  this  union,  namely,  Kate  Virginia,  who 
was  born  April  27.  1858,  and  became  the 
wife  of  Roger  Barrett  McMullen,  on 
June  15.  iSSi.  In  politics  Mr.  Way  was 
a  supporter  of  the  Republican  party. 
Religiously,  he  was  reared,  in  the  place 
of  his  birth,  in  accordance  with  the  creed 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  but 
after  his  marriage  became  connected  with 
the  Baptist  denomination. 

Immediately  after  the  fire  of  1871,  Mr. 
Way.  abandoning  the  flaming  ruins  of 
Chicago,  established  his  home  in  Evans- 
ton,  on  October  y.  1871.  and  from  the 
time  of  his  removal  until  his  death  was  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  worthiest  and  most 
useful-  members  of  the  community 
in  which  he  had  cast  his  lot  under  cir- 
cumstances so  peculiar.  He  was  a  man 
of  exceptional  purity  of  character  and 
scrupulous  sense  of  justice.  It  was  his 
habit  never  to  pass  an  adverse  opinion  on 
others,  and  if  nothing  good  was  to  be 
said,  he  said  nothing. 


JOSEPH  M.  LORIMER. 

Joseph  M.  Lorimer  (deceased),  who  was 
for  about  ten  years  a  well  known,  excep- 
tionally useful  and  highly  respected  citizen 
of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  September  6,  1891,  the  son  of  William 
E.  and  Rachael  (Me Masters)  Lorimer,  who 
were  natives  of  Pennsylvania.  When  Jo- 
seph was  five  years  of  age,  the  family  went 
to  Nebraska,  and  after  remaining  there  a 
short  time,  settled  in  Leavenworth,  Kans., 
where  William  F.  Lorimer  was  engaged  in 
freighting  to  Denver.  He  afterwards 
moved  to  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  Leaven- 
worth,  where  his  home  was  situated  during 
the  Civil  war.  The  father  of  the  family 
and  four  sons  served  in  the  Union  army. 

When  Joseph  M.  Lorimer  was  eighteen 
years  of  age  he  located  in  Chicago  and.  as 
messenger,  entered  the  employ  of  Jones  & 
Laughlin,  the  Pittsburg  iron  manufacturers, 
who  had  established  a  branch  in  Chicago 
some  years  previously.  Mr.  Lorimer  was 
advanced  from  one  grade  to  another,  until 
some  years  before  his  death,  when  he  became 
manager  of  the  western  department  of  the 
business.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred August  24.  1804,  he  had  been  in  the 
employ  of  Jones  &  Laughlin  nearly  twenty- 
five  years,  and  had  established  a  very  high 
reputation  as  a  business  man.  He  had 
charge  of  most  important  interests  in  this 
connection,  and  was  the  inventor  of  the 
Lorimer  column,  used  in  structural  iron 
work. 

Mr.  Lorimer  established  his  home  in  Ev- 
anston in  1884,  and  at  once  became  a  potent 
factor  in  promoting  the  best  interests  of  the 
city.  Seldom  has  any  man,  in  a  residence 
so  comparatively  brief  in  duration,  im- 
pressed his  individual  worth  upon  the  hearts 
of  his  fellow  citizens  as  strongly  as  did 
Mr.  Lorimer  upon  the  people  of  Evanston. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


583 


In  1876,  Mr.  Lorimer  was  united  in  mar- 
riage, at  Waukegan,  111.,  with  Fannie  L. 
Sherman,  a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Alanson 
S.  and  Aurora  Sherman.  Mrs.  Lorimer's 
father  was  the  fifth  Mayor  of  Chicago,  and, 
at  a  later  period,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Northwestern  University.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Lorimer  became  the  parents  of  the  follow- 
ing named  children:  Helen  (Mrs.  Miller), 
of  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  Robert  Sherman ;  and 
Joseph  McMasters  Lorimer. 

On  settling  in  Evanston,  Mr.  Lorimer 
took  an  active  part  in  church  and  educa- 
tional work.  He  was  a  most  active  and  use- 
ful member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  a  liberal  contributor  to  its  needs, 
and  earnest  and  zealous  in  all  branches  of 
its  work.  He  was  a  member  of  the  official 
board  of  the  church,  and  his  Sunday  school 
efforts  were  highly  effective.  He  was  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Evanston  Y.  M.  C. 
A.  and  the  prime  mover  in  infusing  life  and 
energy  into  its  operations.  A  leading  spirit 
in  starting  the  movement  to  erect  its  build- 
ing, he  aided  the  construction  with  his  own 
means,  and  made  loans  to  others  for  the 
same  purpose.  For  several  years  Mr.  Lori- 
mer was  a  member  of  the  Evanston  School 
Board,  and  as  chairman  of  the  building 
committee,  had  charge  of  the  erection  of 
the  Lorimer  School,  thus  named  in  his 
honor  after  his  decease.  In  politics.  Mr. 
Lorimer  was  a  strong  Republican  and  took 
a  spirited  part  in  the  campaigns  of  his 
party.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Union 
League  Club  of  Chicago  and  a  director  of 
the  State  Hank  of  Chicago.  His  death  was 
deeply  deplored  as  an  irreparable  loss  to  the 
community,  and  his  memory  is  warmly 
cherished  by  all  who  closely  knew  him  and 
felt  the  wholesome  beneficence  of  his  life. 


ALANSON  FILER. 

Alanson  Filer,  a  venerable  and  highly 
esteemed  citizen  of  Evanston,  111.,  and 
one  of  the  few  survivors  among  the  orig- 
inal settlers  of  the  Middle  West,  was  born 
in  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.,  March  10, 
1812,  the  son  of  Alanson  and  Patty 
(Dodge)  Filer,  the  former  born  Septem- 
ber 12,  1774,  and  the  latter  October  25. 
1784.  The  father  was  a  farmer  by  occu- 
pation. In  early  youth  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  attended  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  place  for  a  limited  period  only,  as, 
being  the  oldest  son,  his  services  were 
needed  to  assist  his  father  in  work  on 
the  farm.  After  having  remained  at 
home  until  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age. 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  cabinet-maker, 
with  whom  he  remained  four  years.  His 
mother  furnished  his  clothing  during  the 
period  of  this  apprenticeship,  and  besides 
his  board,  he  received  from  his  employer, 
in  return  for  four  years'  service,  ten  cents 
in  wages  or  as  a  present.  At  the  end  of 
this  connection  he  went  to  Utica,  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.,  to  serve  another  appren- 
ticeship lasting  until  he  reached  his 
majority,  when  he  journeyed  westward  to 
Chicago,  reaching  that  village  July  6, 

I833- 

On  November  22.  1835.  Mr.  Filer 
moved  from  Chicago  to  Root  River  (now 
Racine),  Wis.,  where  he  made  his  home 
until  April,  1891,  when  he  moved  to 
Fvanston.  111.,  where  he  has  since  resided. 
When  Mr.  Filer  located  at  Root  River, 
Wis.,  that  State  formed  a  part  of  Mich- 
igan Territory,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
pioneers  in  that  region.  He  is  now  prob- 
ably the  oldest  survivor  of  the  original 
settlers  of  Southeastern  Wisconsin. 

On  November  16,  1834,  Mr.  Filer  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Chicago,  with 


584 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Maria  Pilkington  Green,  who  was  born 
November  28,  1809.  and  died  in  1889. 
Eight  children  born  of  this  union  were  as 
follows :  One  daughter,  born  in  October, 
1835.  and  who  died  in  infancy  unnamed ; 
Mary  A.,  born  February  22,  1837;  Agnes 
Julia,  born  August  9,  1840;  Charles  A., 
born  March  15,  1842;  Roxanna  M.,  born 
March  29,  1846;  Martha,  born  April  14, 
1849 ;  Samuel  H.  (date  of  birth  unknown)  ; 
and  Kittie  M.,  born  September  26,  1853. 
The  survivors  of  this  family  are  Agnes 
Julia  and  Martha,  whose  home  is  at  Man- 
istee,  Mich.  Charles  A.  was  killed  in  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  "Charles 
Filer"  Post,  G.  A.  R.,  at  Racine.  \Yis.,  is 
named  in  his  honor.  On  January  28, 
1893,  MV-  Filer  was  married  a  second 
time,  wedding  Elizabeth  Crews,  who  was 
born  and  reared  at  Fairfield.  111. 

In  politics.  Mr.  Filer  was  originally  a 
Whig,  but  became  a  Republican  in  1856, 
maintaining  his  association  with  that 
party  until  1884,  when  he  joined  the  Pro- 
hibition party.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  Wisconsin  Legislature 
in  1855,  and  served  as  Sergeant-at-arms 
of  the  Senate  of  that  State  in  1857.  Fra- 
ternally, he  belonged  to  the  order  of  Good 
Templars  in  the  'fifties,  and  held  the  office 
of  Grand  Worthy  Chief  Templar  until  the 
disruption  of  the  order,  about  the  time  of 
the  Civil  War.  Religiously,  Mr.  Filer  is 
a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  with  which  he  united  in  1828. 
He  was  President  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  First  M.  E.  Church  in  Racine, 
Wis.,  from  the  time  its  place  of  worship 
was  built  until  his  removal  to  Evanston. 
in  1891.  He  has  lived  an  exceptionally 
long,  upright  and  useful  life,  and  is  held 
in  the  highest  esteem  and  veneration  by 
all  who  know  him. 


MYRON  H.  BASS. 

Myron  H.  Bass  (deceased),  formerly 
one  of  the  most  worthy  and  highly 
esteemed  citizens  of  Evanston,  111.,  was 
born  in  Williamstown,  Vt.,  December  24, 
1836,  the  son  of  Joel  and  Catherine 
Wright  Bass,  natives  of  New  England, 
where  they  were  derived  from  Colonial 
ancestry,  Myron  H.  Bass  being  a  descend- 
ant in  the  seventh  generation  from  Sam- 
uel Bass,  who  settled  in  Roxbury,  Mass.. 
in  1630,  and  was  for  many  years  a  deacon 
of  the  first  church  established  there.  Mr. 
Bass  remained  in  his  native  place  until 
he  was  18  years  of  age,  obtaining  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools. 
His  primary  studies  were  supplemented 
by  an  academic  course  at  Meriden,  N.  H. 
In  1855,  Mr.  Bass  removed  to  Illinois,  to 
which  State  two  of  his  brothers  had  pre- 
ceded him — Perkins  Bass,  who  located  in 
Chicago,  and  another  brother,  Walter  B. 
Bass,  who  was  engaged  in  farming  in 
Will  County.  Mr.  Bass  owned  and  oper- 
ated a  farm  in  Kankakee  County  until 
1870,  when  he  moved  to  Chicago  and 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  business,  rep- 
resenting many  large  holdings.  He  con- 
tinued to  be  prominently  identified  with 
the  business  interests  of  Chicago,  al- 
though he  removed  to  Evanston  in  1884, 
which  was  his  home  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life. 

In  1863.  he  was  united  in  marriage,  in 
Will  County,  111.,  with  Ann  Elizabeth 
Kelly,  a  daughter  of  James  Ward  and 
Nancy  J.  Kelly.  In  1834  James  W.  Kelly 
moved  from  Greenbrier  County,  Va..  to 
Illinois,  and  settled  in  Will  County.  At 
that  period,  the  Indians  were  numerous 
in  that  section  of  Illinois,  and  Mrs.  Bass, 
who  was  a  native  of  that  region,  has  vivid 
recollections  of  many  thrilling  experi- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


585 


ences  of  pioneer  life.  The  surviving 
members  of  the  family  born  to  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bass  are:  George  A.,  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. ;  Perkins  B.,  of  Evanston ;  Stella 
(Mrs.  J.  E.  Tilt),  of  Chicago;  and  James 
K.,  of  New  York  City. 

In  religious  belief,  Mr.  Bass  was  a 
Methodist,  at  an  early  period  having  be- 
come a  member  of  the  Grant  Place  Meth- 
odist Church,  of  Chicago.  From  the  time 
when  he  became  a  resident  of  Evanston 
until  his  death,  on  June  3,  1890,  he  was 
a  communicant  of  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  of  that  city,  in  which 
he  officiated  as  one  of  the  stewards.  He 
was  possessed  of  most  excellent  traits  of 
character,  and  was  a  genial,  kindly  man, 
the  virtues  of  whose  daily  life  gained  for 
him  the  affectionate  esteem  and  confi- 
dence of  all  who  intimately  knew  him. 


WILLIAM   MORSE  GRISWOLD. 

Dr.  \Yilliam  M.  Griswold.  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at  No. 
23,  Glockengiesserwall,  Hamburg,  Ger- 
many, was  born  in  St.  Charles,  Minn., 
September  26.  1871.  His  primary  mental 
training  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  and  after  completing  his  prepar- 
atory studies  in  Hamline  University,  he 
took  a  professional  course  in  Northwest- 
ern University  Dental  School,  Chicago, 
111.,  from  which  he  was  graduated, 
in  1897.  with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  S.  He 
received  the  class  honor  of  an  appoint- 
ment as  demonstrator  in  this  institution. 

Dr.  Griswottl  is  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Dental  Society  of  Europe,  and  is 
serving  on  its  Executive  Committee  for 
the  term  extending  from  1903  to  1907. 
That  body  held  its  Easter  session  of  1904 
in  Hamburg,  through  an  invitation  ex- 
tended in  1903  by  Dr.  Griswold,  at  Mad- 


rid, where  he  was  in  attendance  at  the 
meeting  of  the  International  Medical 
Congress.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  is 
a  member  of  the  Xew  York  Institute  of 
Stomatology,  the  Congris  Dentaire  Inter- 
nation  de  Paris,  and  was  elected  first  hon- 
orary member  of  the  W.  D.  Miller  Dental 
Club  of  Berlin. 


SIDNEY  BACHRACH   MEYER. 

Sidney  B.  Meyer,  attorney-at-law,  re- 
siding at  No.  1627  Grace  Street,  Chicago, 
111.,  was  born  in  Quincy,  111.,  April  13, 
1879.  His  primary  mental  training  was 
obtained  in  the  public  schools  and  he  pur- 
sued a  preparatory  course  of  study  in  the 
Xorth  Division  High  School,  in  Chicago. 
In  September,  1898.  he  matriculated  in 
Northwestern  L'niversity  Law  School, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  June. 
1901,  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  In  1899, 
1900  and  1901.  he  was  pitcher  in  the 
Northwestern  University  baseball  team. 
Mr.  Meyer  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Alpha 
Delta  Fraternity,  and  belongs  to  the 
Hampden,  Washington  and  Lexington 
Clubs.  In  1900.  he  was  President  of  the 
First  Voters'  Club,  in  Chicago,  and  in 
1902-1903,  held  a  like  position  in  the  24th 
Ward  Republican  Club  in  that  city.  His 
law  offices  are  at  Rooms  937-945  Amer- 
ican Trust  Building,  Clark  and__Monroe 
Streets,  Chicago. 


WILLIAM  MONTELLE  CARPENTER. 

William  M.  Carpenter,  First  Yice-Pres- 
ident  Walworth  and  Neville  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  with  residence  at  2010 
Sheridan  Road,  Evanston,  was  born  in 
Wooster.  Ohio,  October  15,  1866,  the  son 
of  Charles  and  Mary  (Blanchard)  Car- 


586 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


penter,  both  born  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  the  former  in  1833  and  the  latter 
in  1836.  The  first  of  the  Carpenter  fam- 
ily to  come  to  America  was  William,  an 
Englishman,  who  crossed  the  ocean  on 
the  ship  "Bevis"  in  1^38  and  settled  at 
Rehoboth,  Mass.  Genealogists  have 
traced  the  name  as  far  back  as  John  Car- 
penter, who  was  Town  Clerk  of  the  City 
of  London,  died  wealthy  and  founded  a 
great  school  in  that  city  at  the  corner  of 
the  Thames  Embankment  and  John  Car- 
penter Street, — "The  City  of  London 
Schools."  Another  ancestor  on  the  pater- 
nal side  was  Lieutenant  John  Hollister. 
who  came  from  England  to  Connecticut 
in  1642,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Hon. 
Richard  Treat,  Sr.,  who  was  one  of  those 
to  whom  the  original  Connecticut  charter 
was  issued.  The  first  of  the  Blanchards 
was  Samuel,  who  came  early  in  the  sev- 
enteenth century  from  England  to  Charles- 
ton, now  a  part  of  Boston,  and  whose 
descendants  intermarried  with  many  of 
the  families  of  Billerica,  Mass.  The  last 
of  the  Blanchards  was  Mr.  Carpenter's 
grandfather,  Capt.  Walter  Blanchard, 
who  was  killed  at  Ringgold  Gap,  during 
the  Rebellion,  while  leading  his  regiment, 
the  Thirteenth  Illinois.  The  wife  of  one 
of  the  Blanchards  was  a  Tolford,  whose 
claim  to  descent  from  "the  nobility"  is  at 
least  stoutly  maintained.  The  Daniels, 
another  maternal  family,  was  of  North- 
of-Ireland-Scotch  stock  and  settled  in 
Vermont.  Of  the  different  branches  of 
these  ancestral  families  many  took  part 
in  the  Colonial  Wars,  the  Revolutionary 
War,  the  War  of  1812  and  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion. 

Mr.  Carpenter's  father's  family  re- 
moved from  Southern  New  York  to  the 
central  part  of  the  State,  and  his  mother's 
family  to  the  same  locality  from  Massa- 
chusetts. In  the  'thirties  of  the  last  cen- 
tury his  mother  came  to  Du  Page  County, 


111.,  and  his  father  some  years  later,  and 
there  they  were  married  during  the  Civil 
War,  while  the.  father  was  at  home  on 
furlough.  The  father  of  William  M.  Car- 
penter was  a  school  teacher  and  court 
reporter  for  many  years,  and  a  respected 
citizen  of  Downers  Grove,  where  he 
served  on  various  boards  and  as  Post- 
master. He  made  a  modest  success  in 
business,  and  lived  a  clean,  honorable  and 
useful  life ;  he  was,  at  the  same  time,  of 
strong  character  and  kindly  temperament. 
The  mother  died  in  1893;  in  the  language 
of  Mr.  Carpenter  himself,  she  "was  of  all 
mothers  the  best :  a  strong,  forceful,  noble 
character." 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  spent  his 
boyhood  and  early  youth  in  a  village  near 
Chicago,  where  he  graduated  from  a  high 
school,  later  taking  a  one  year's  classical 
course  in  college,  and  in  the  meantime 
acquiring  the  habit  of  reading,  with  taste 
for  an  active  out-door  life.  lie  then  be- 
came an  errand  boy  in  a  law  office  in 
Chicago  at  a  very  modest  salary,  utilizing 
his  spare  time  in  the  study  of  shorthand. 
In  August,  1883,  he  went  to  New  York  as 
a  stenographer  in  the  office  of  the  West' 
ern  Electric  Company,  a  year  later  return- 
ing West  to  enter  school  for  a  year.  He 
then  entered  the  employment,  of  the 
Western  L'nion  Telegraph  Company  for  a 
year,  but  returned  to  the  Western  Elec- 
tric Company,  with  which  company  he 
continued  for  upwards  of  twelve  years, 
making  steady  progress.  During  1906 
he  connected  himself  with  the  lumber 
company  above  referred  to. 

For  some  years  during  the  'nineties  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Downers  Grove 
Board  of  Education.  Besides  being  a 
member  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans,  he  be- 
longs to  the  following  social  organiza- 
tions and  fraternities:  Union  League  and 
Caxton  Clubs,  Chicago:  Bibliophile  Soci- 
ety, Boston ;  Evanston  Municipal  Associ- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


587 


ation  and  Evanston  Club,  Evanston  His- 
torical Society,  Sons  of  American  Revolu- 
tion and  Sons  of  Colonial  Wars,  Masonic 
Fraternity,  Modern  \\~oodtnen  of  Amer- 
ica, National  Union,  American  Civic  As- 
sociation, National  Geographic  Society 
and  National  Credit  Men's  Association. 
He  has  at  times  been  President  of  The 
Electrical  Trades  Association  of  Chicago 
and  of  the  National  organization. 

Mr.  Carpenter's  business  has  made  it 
necessary  for  him  to  make  frequent  and 
extensive  trips  over  the  country,  and  he 
has  visited  every  large  city  from  Boston 
to  San  Francisco  and  from  New  Orleans 
to  Duluth ;  has  also,  for  several  years, 
made  annual  trips  to  Europe,  one  to  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  and  one  each  to  Cuba 
and  the  City  of  Mexico  and  beyond,  be- 
sides frequent  visits  to  Canada.  He  has 
thus  been  a  visitor  in  practically  every 
State  of  the  Union,  and  in  most  of  the 
large  cities  of  the  country  has  a  more  or 
less  extensive  acquaintance.  Originally 
a  Prohibitionist  in  his  callow  days,  he 
later  came  to  the  conclusion  that  real 
regeneration  never  came  through  law. 
and  is  now  willing  to  be  classed  as  a 
"Mugwump"  with  pronounced  Repub- 
lican proclivities. 

In  July.  1888,  Mr.  Carpenter  was  mar- 
ried, at  Downers  Grove.  111.,  to  Florrie 
M.  Schofield,  who  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  in  1867.  and  of  this  union  two  chil- 
dren were  born,  namely:  Hubert  Mon- 
telle.  born  June  12.  lS8o,.  and  Mary 
P.lanchard,  born  December  19,  1890.  On 
Inly  27.  1898,  he  was  married  in  London, 
England,  to  Lucile  Russell,  of  Hudson. 
Mich.,  and  they  have  one  son — Russell — 
born  June  12.  1903. 

Fond  of  good  books  and  fine  bindings, 
Mr.  Carpenter  has  gathered  a  library  con- 
taining some  choice  books.  For  years  he 
has  had  an  especial  liking  for  the  writ- 
ings of  Eugene  Field,  Rudyard  Kipling 


and  Thackeray,  and  of  neither  one  does 
he  ever  tire.  With  a  taste  for  art,  he  has 
collected  some  good  pictures,  and  has 
studied  potteries  and  picked  up  many 
samples  in  his  travels.  He  has  been  espe- 
cially interested  in  American  art  pottery 
specimens,  including  Rockwood,  Van 
Briggle,  Grueby,  etc.  He  also  made 
many  original  photographs  of  scenery  and 
of  ancient  and  modern  buildings  and 
other  structures  met  with  during  his 
travels :  and  has  in  his  collection  some 
rare  specimens  of  old  Mexican  zerapes. 
Indian  rugs  and  potteries,  Hawaiian  cal- 
abashes and  the  like.  Mr.  Carpenter  re- 
gards the  people  of  the  Middle  West  as 
the  "salt  of  the  earth,"  and  would  rather 
live  in  Evanston  than  in  any  other  city 
he  has  ever  seen. 


WILBUR  WALLACE  McCLEARV. 

Dr.  Wilbur  Wallace  McCleary,  physi- 
cian and  surgeon,  whose  office  is  located 
at  No.  257  West  Forty-seventh  Street, 
Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  Rock  Island. 
111.,  in  1867.  In  boyhood,  he  availed  him- 
self of  the  advantages  afforded  by  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  town,  and  in 
1881  began  a  course  of  study  in  St.  Mary's 
College.  Kan.,  from  which  institution  he 
was  graduated  in  i88fi.  In  that  year,  he 
matriculated  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  Northwestern  University,  graduating 
therefrom  in  1889. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  at  pres- 
ent acting  in  the  capacity  of  physician  to 
the  Provident  Hospital,  in  Chicago.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society  and  the  Chicago  Medical  Society. 
On  June  30.  1895.  Dr.  McCleary  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Fannie  Cleage. 
of  Chattanooga.  Tenn.,  and  one  child, 
losephine,  has  been  born  of  this  union. 


588 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


JOHN    H.    HUNGATE. 

John  H.  Hungate,  lawyer  and  banker 
of  La  Harpe,  Hancock  County,  111.,  was 
born  in  that  county  June  2,  1838.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his  native  place,  and  he  aft- 
erwards pursued  a  preparatory  course  in 
Knox  College  and  Burlington  University. 
Subsequently  he  qualified  himself  for  the 
legal  profession  by  taking  a  course  in  the 
Law  Department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  B.  He  then  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
was  thus  engaged  for  five  years.  From 
1864  to  1868.  he  held  the  office  of  Circuit 
Court  Clerk  of  McDonough  County,  111., 
and  is  the  author  of  the  law  requiring  an 
index  of  court  records. 

In  1876,  Mr.  Hungate  was  the  candi- 
date of  his  party  for  Congress,  but  met 
with  defeat.  He  assisted  in  organizing 
the  Title  and  Trust  Company  of  Peoria, 
111.,  which  was  afterwards  consolidated 
with  the  Dime  Savings  Bank  of  that  city. 
In  1874,  he  organized  the  bank  of  Hun- 
gate, Ward  &  Company,  of  which  he  is 
now  sole  proprietor.  He  is  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Gittings  Sem- 
inary at  La  Harpe,  111.,  and  President  of 
the  Board  of  La  Harpe  High  School. 

On  May  8,  1878,  Mr.  Hungate  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Florence  E.  Mat- 
thews, of  Monmouth,  111.,  and  they  have, 
four  children:  Ward,  Edith,  John  and 
Harold.  In  fraternal  circles,  Mr.  Hun- 
gate is  identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M. 
and  the  I.  O.  O.  F.  He  is  a  man  of  broad 
information  and  has  traveled  extensively 
in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe. 


MASON  B.  LOOMIS. 

Judge  Mason  B.  Loomis  (deceased), 
formerly  a  prominent  citizen  of  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  and  a  lawyer  and  jurist  of  dis- 
tinction, was  born  in  Harrisville,  Medina 
County,  Ohio,  April  14,  1837,  the  son  of 
Milo  and  Lucy  (Greenly)  Loomis,  who 
had  moved  to  Ohio  from  New  York. 
Milo  Loomis  was  a  merchant  by  occupa- 
tion. The  first  known  ancestor  of  Judge 
Loomis  was  a  Spanish  gentleman,  who 
came  to  this  country  at  an  early  period 
and  settled  in  Connecticut.  Both  of 
Judge  Loomis'  parents  died  when  he  was 
fifteen  years  old,  and  he  grew  to  man- 
hood under  the  care  of  a  guardian.  After 
receiving  his  primary  education  in  the 
public  schools  at  Lodi,  Ohio,  he  took  a 
supplementary  course  in  Oberlin  College. 
He  then  spent  several  years  in  Illinois, 
returning  to  Ohio  in  1859  and  beginning 
the  study  of  law  there  with  Bliss  &  Mc- 
Sweeney.  B.oth  of  his  legal  preceptors 
passed  their  professional  examination  at 
the  Ohio  Bar,  and  in  later  years,  Mr. 
McSweeney,  who  was  noted  as  a  criminal 
lawyer,  became  widely  known  through- 
out that  State  as  the  "old  man  eloquent." 
Mr.  Loomis  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  spring  of  1861,  and  thereupon  moved 
to  Kankakee,  111.,  where  he  remained  nine 
years,  meeting  with  signal  success  in  his 
profession.  In  1868,  he  was  elected 
State's  Attorney  for  the  circuit  compris- 
ing the  counties  of  Livingston,  Iroquois 
and  Kankakee,  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
At  the  end  of  two  years,  he  resigned  this 
office  and  located  in  Chicago,  where  he 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Runyan, 
Avery,  Loomis  &  Comstock.  Four  years 
later  he  withdrew  from  this  firm,  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  Charles 
H.  Wood,  under  the  firm  name  of  Wood 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


589 


&  Loomis.  This  connection  continued 
until  1877,  when  Mr.  Loomis  was  elected 
County  Judge  of  Cook  County,  for  a  term 
of  four  years.  In  this  office  he  served, 
however,  five  years,  an  amendment  to  the 
State  Constitution  having,  in  the  mean- 
time, extended  the  term  one  year.  At 
the  expiration  of  this  period,  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  under  the  firm  name 
of  Needham  &  Loomis.  At  a  later  period 
this  partnership  was  dissolved,  and  he 
became  associated  with  his  son  under  the 
firm  name  of  M.  B.  and  F.  S.  Loomis, 
which  existed  until  the  death  of  the 
father,  when  the  son  succeeded  to  the 
practice.  Judge  Loomis  established  his 
home  in  Evanston  in  1892.  and  died  there 
at  his  residence  on  Washington  Street, 
October  2,  1902,  after  an  attack  of  sick- 
ness lasting  four  days.  In  addition  to 
the  offices  of  Judge  and  State's  Attorney, 
he  served  as  a  member  of  the  City  Coun- 
cil of  Evanston,  and  in  this  position  did 
much  towards  the  advancement  of  the  in- 
terests of  the  city. 

In  1859,  at  Harrisville.  Ohio,  Judge 
Loomis  was  united  in  marriage  with  Nel- 
lie Ainsworth,  who  was  a  schoolmate  of 
her  husband  in  their  youth,  and  who  still 
survives  him,  a  resident  of  Evanston.  In 
politics,  Mr.  Loomis  was  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  the  principles  of  the  Republican 
party,  and  participated  in  many  cam- 
paigns. Religiously,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Evanston  during  his  residence  there,  hav- 
ing previously  been  connected  with  the 
Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago. 
Socially,  he  was  identified  with  the  Illi- 
nois Club  (of  which  he  was  an  officer), 
the  Irving  Club,  of  Chicago, — an  old  lit- 
erary organization, — and  the  Twentieth 
Century  Club,  of  Evanston.  These  soci- 
eties, as  well  as  the  Evanston  City  Coun- 
cil, adopted  appropriate  memorial  resolu- 
tions on  the  occasion  of  his  death. 


Judge  Loomis  was  a  rare  wit  and  an 
incisive,  forceful  and  convincing  public 
speaker.  He  was  an  exceptionally  able 
trial  lawyer,  and  a  jurist  of  eminent  abil- 
ity, making  an  exemplary  record  on  the 
bench.  The  "Chicago  Evening  Post"  re- 
flected public  opinion  in  regard  to  him  by 
saying:  "In  citizenship  he  won  high 
esteem.  He  was  a  thorough  Chicagoan, 
zealous  for  Chicago's  supremacy,  and  al- 
ways sought  to  enhance  its  repute,  munic- 
ipally and  commercially.  Honest  local 
government  commanded  his  continuous 
interest.  He  was  identified  with  many 
movements  leading  towards  the  city's  up- 
building, and  education,  charity  and 
church  all  found  in  him  an  ardent  advo- 
cate." The  Twentieth  Century  Club  paid 
him  this  tribute:  "He  was  not  only  pro- 
foundly versed  in  the  law,  but  he  was 
abreast  of  the  best  literature  of  the  day. 
and  conversant  with  the  best  authors  of 
the  past.  His  convictions  were  deep,  and 
he  had  the  courage  to  maintain  them. 
His  wit  was  of  the  character  that  pro- 
voked only  mirth :  it  had  no  sting.  He 
used  this  dangerous  faculty  so  skillfully 
that  he  never  inflicted  a  wound.  Judge 
Loomis  was  a  Christian  gentleman.  He 
was  an  active  participant  in  the  religious 
work  of  the  church  to  which  he  belonged. 
He  was  genuine,  upright,  pure  and  noble, 
and  the  loss  to  this  community  of  such 
a  man  is  immeasurable." 


WALTER  L.  GALLUP. 

Walter  L.  Gallup  (deceased),  formerly 
a  very  energetic,  prosperous  and  repu- 
table citizen  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
at  Poquonock  Bridge. Conn.,  April  2,  1852, 
the  son  of  Franklin  and  Sarah  (Bur- 
roughs) Gallup,  both  members  of  old 
New  England  families.  Franklin  Gallup 
was  engaged  in  the  fish-oil  business.  The 


590 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


early  education  of  Walter  L.  Gallup  was 
obtained  in  the  schools  of  Norwich, 
Conn.,  where  his  childhood  was  passed. 
When  he  reached  the  age  of  fourteen 
years  he  entered  the  Bank  of  Norwich,  in 
which  he  received  his  youthful  business 
training,  becoming  an  expert  accountant. 
A  severe  attack  of  sickness,  however, 
caused  him  to  relinquish  this  position, 
and  to  join  his  father  in  the  oil  business 
on  the  coast  of  Maine.  At  a  later  period, 
he  was  connected  with  a  mercantile  firm 
in  New  York  City.  Early  in  the  'seven- 
ties Mr.  Gallup  located  in  Indianapolis, 
Intl.,  where  he  became  a  member  of  the 
saw-manufacturing  firm  of  E.  C.  Atkins 
&  Co.,  and  was  prominently  identified 
with  the  manufacturing  interests  of  Indi- 
anapolis until  1889,  when  he  established 
himself  in  business  in  Chicago,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  advertising  enterprises 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  Evanston,  in  1894.  After  starting  in 
Chicago  five  years  previously,  he  had, 
through  diligent  application  and  superior 
capacity,  built  up  an  exceedingly  prosper- 
ous business. 

In  1874  Mr.  Gallup  was  united  in  mar- 
riage at  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y.,  with  Ella  H. 
Hunt,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Isaac  S.  and 
Sarah  (Fleming)  Hunt.  Mrs.  Gallup's 
father  practiced  medicine  successfully  for 
many  years  at  Port  Jervis,  and  there  his 
death  occurred.  One  child  resulted  from 
the  union  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gallup, 
namely,  Stella  (Mrs.  Pickerell),  of  Evans- 
ton. 

Mr.  Gallup  belonged  to  the  First  Bap- 
tist Church  of  Evanston,  in  which  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  choir,  and  sustaining 
other  official  responsibilities.  In  frater- 
nal circles,  he  was  identified  with  the 
Royal  Arcanum.  He  was  a  man  of  excel- 
lent traits  of  character  and  strict  probity 


in  his  business  relations,  and  was  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  worthiest  and  most 
useful  members  of  the  community. 


JOHN  H.  VOJE. 

Dr.  John  H.  Voje,  who  is  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  Oconomowoc, 
Wis.,  and  is  also  proprietor  of  Sanatorium 
Waldheim  in  that  city,  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, on  March  12,  1853.  1°  l&74<  ne 
entered  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  now 
the  Medical  Department  of  Northwestern 
University,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1876,  with  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  and  in 
1884  received  another  degree  from  the 
University  of  Leipzig,  Germany.  Dr. 
Voje  founded  the  Sanatorium  Waldheim, 
in  Oconomowoc,  August  i,  1888.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Wisconsin  State  Medical 
Society,  and  the  Waukesha  County  Med- 
ical Society. 

On  June  19,  1879,  Dr.  Yoje  was  married 
to  Hannah  Ulrich,  who  has  borne  him 
two  children:  Hertha,  born  July  24,  1880, 
and  Henry,  born  December  14,  1885. 


CHARLES  W.  BARLOW,  D.  D.  S. 

Charles  William  Barlow,  dentist,  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  was  born  in  St.  John,  N.  B., 
Canada,  May  13,  1863.  His  boyhood  and 
youth  were  spent  in  the  place  of  his  nativ- 
ity, where  his  early  mental  training  was 
obtained  in  the  public  schools.  He  pur- 
sued a  course  of  dental  surgery  in  North- 
western University  Dental  School,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
the  class  of  1894,  receiving  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  S.  He  is  a  member  of  the  North- 
western University  Dental  ScTiool  Alumni 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


59 1 


Association.  The  marriage  of  Dr.  Bar- 
low occurred  August  4,  1896,  at  which 
time  he  was  wedded  to  Florence  A. 
Angell,  of  Providence,  R.  I. 


WINFIELD  SCOTT  HALL. 

Winfield  S.  Hall,  Professor  of  Physiol- 
ogy in  the  Northwestern  University  Meil- 
ical  School  since  1895,  and  a  resident  of 
Berwyn,  Cook  County.  111.,  was  born  in 
Ratavia,  111.,  January  5,  1861.  He  began 
his  preparatory  studies  under  private 
tutors  in  Hastings,  Neb.,  and  entered  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  of  Northwestern 
University  in  1881,  continuing  until  the 
fall  of  1883.  From  1884  until  the  fall  of 

1886,  he  pursued  a  professional  course  in 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School, 
and  in  1886-87,  continued  his  literary  and 
scientific   studies   in   the  University.     In 
1887-88,  he  was  a  student  in  the  Medical 
School,  and  he  also  took  a  course  in  med- 
icine in  the  University  of  Leipzig,  Ger- 
many in   1893-94,  and  a  course  in  philoso- 
phy in  1894-95.     He  received  the  degree 
of  B.  S.  from  Northwestern  University  in 

1887,  that  of  M.  D.  in  1888,  and  of  M.  S. 
in  1889,  from  the  same  source.     The  Uni- 
versity of  Leipzig  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Dr.  Med.  in  1894,  and  those  of 
A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.   (Magna  cum  laudel 
in  1895. 

While  in  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  in 
Evanston,  111.,  Prof.  Hall  was  a  member 
of  the  Hinman  Literary  Society  and  the 
Phi  Kappa  Psi  Fraternity.  He  was 
awarded  the  Marcy  Botany  Prize  in  June, 
1883,  and  received  General  Scholarship 
Honors  in  1887.  He  belonged  to  the 
Honorary  Fraternities — Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
Sigma  Xi,  and  Alpha  Omega  Alpha.  Dur- 
ing his  medical  course,  Prof.  Hall  was 


Class  President  of  the  class  of  '88.  He 
was  a  successful  contestant  for  the 
Fowler  $ioo-Prize  in  Optics,  and  the 
Ingalls  $ioo-Prize  in  "Scholarship:  Lit- 
erary, Scientific  and  Professional."  In 
1888-89  lle  neld  an  interneship  in  Mercy 
Hospital,  Chicago,  after  a  competitive 
examination.  From  1889  to  1893,  Prof. 
Hall  was  Professor  of  Biology  in  Haver- 
ford  College,  Pennsylvania.  From  1901 
to  the  present  time  he  has  served  in  the 
capacity  of  Junior  Dean  of  the  Medical 
Faculty  of  Northwestern  University  Med- 
ical School. 

From  1902  to  1906,  Prof.  Hall  was  Pres- 
ident of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion for  the  Study  of  Narcotics ;  in  1903-04, 
Secretary  of  the  Association  of  American 
Medical  Colleges :  in  1904-05.  Chairman  of 
the  Section  of  Pathology  and  Physiology 
of  the  American  Medical  Association ; 
Primarius  of  the  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
Honorary  Fraternity,  1903  to  date;  and 
President  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine,  1905.  He  is  now  a  Fellow  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Science,  a 
member  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  a  Fellow  of 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
the  American  Physiological  Society,  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society,  etc.,  etc.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  several  important  con- 
tributions to  medical  literature  in  the 
form  of  volumes  familiar  to  the  profes- 
sion. 

On  October  n.  1888.  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  united  in  marriage  at  Juniata, 
Neb.,  with  Jeannette  Winter,  of  Prince- 
ton, 111.,  and  they  became  the  parents  of 
the  following  named  children :  Ethel, 
born  October  22,  1893;  Albert  Winter, 
born  January  8,  1895 ;  Reymond  Ludwig. 
born  January  20.  1897;  and  Muriel,  born 
August  ii,  1902. 


592 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ASAHEL  O.  BASSETT. 


Asahel  O.  Bassett  (deceased),  formerly 
one  of  the  most  substantial  and  prominent 
citizens  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in 
Delhi,  Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  January 
2,  1837,  the  son  of  Hon.  Cornelius  Bas- 
sett, who  was  an  extensive  farmer,  and 
owner  of  a  fine  country  residence,  and  at 
one  time  a  member  of  the  New  York  Leg- 
islature. The  Bassett  family  was  of  Eng- 
lish extraction,  and  settled  at  an  early 
period  in  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Asahel  O.  Bassett  received  his  early 
training  partly  in  the  public  schools  of 
New  York  State  and  partly  in  Illinois. 
He  grew  up  on  his  father's  farm  until  he 
was  about  ten  years  of  age,  when  his 
mother  having  died,  he  accompanied  his 
uncle,  Reuben  Coffin,  to  Illinois,  the  fam- 
ily locating  at  Buffalo  Grove.  Ogle 
County.  After  remaining  there  two  years, 
the  family  came  to  Chicago,  and,  on  the 
trip,  Mr.  Bassett  had  a  good  opportunity 
of  observing  pioneer  life  in  that  section 
of  the  State  from  which  the  farmers  were 
accustomed  to  haul  their  grain  to  Chi- 
cago by  team.  In  1849,  Mr.  Bassett  went 
to  New  York  City,  where  he  remained 
five  years,  and  was  there  trained  to  the 
grocery  business.  Thence  he  went  to 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  first  en- 
gaged in  that  line  of  trade  on  his  own 
responsibility.  At  a  later  period  he  em- 
barked in  the  manufacturing  business,  but 
shortly  after  his  marriage,  took  charge  of 
the  large  estate  of  his  wife's  father,  who 
was  an  extensive  land-owner  at  Tarry- 
town. 

After  living  about  ten  years  at  Tarry- 
town,  Mr.  Bassett  moved  to  Chicago, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  plumbing  and 
gas-fitting  business.  He  suffered  heavy 
loss  by  the  fire  of  1871.  but  at  once  re- 
sumed operations,  and  afterwards  con- 


ducted a  large  business  on  the  Methodist 
Church  Block.  Subsequently  withdraw- 
ing from  the  plumbing  trade,  he  embarked 
in  the  manufacture  of  picture  mouldings 
and  frames  on  a  large  scale,  employing 
about  100  men,  and  shipping  his  product 
throughout  the  United  States.  In  this 
connection  he  suffered  further  losses  by 
fire,  when  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
lumber  trade,  in  which  he  was-  engaged 
until  his  retirement  from  active  business, 
a  few  years  before  his  death.  Mr.  Bassett 
was  always  a  very  active  and  energetic 
business  man,  and  maintained  a  wide 
acquaintance. 

In  1859,  Mr.  Bassett  was  united  in  mar- 
riage, at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  with  Nancy 
B.  Decker.  Her  father,  William  J.  Decker, 
was  in  early  life  a  shipbuilder  in  New 
York  City,  but  subsequently  became  an 
extensive  landowner  in  Westchester 
County,  N.  Y.  The  Deckers  were  an  old 
Knickerbocker  family,  and  were  also  akin 
to  the  Bayles  and  Storm  families,  ances- 
tors of  Mrs.  Bassett  on  the  maternal  side. 
Mrs.  Bassett  was  born  in  New  York  City, 
but  spent  her  youth  in  the  Tarrytown 
home,  which  is  located  amid  historic  sur- 
roundings. It  is  within  four  miles  of 
White  Plains,  a  famous  battlefield  of  the 
Revolutionary  War.  At  Tarrytown,  the 
noted  British  spy,  Major  Andre,  was  cap- 
tured, a  member  of  the  family  of  Mrs. 
Bassett's  mother  having  taken  part  in  the 
capture.  Within  a  mile  of  the  Tarrytown 
home  stood  the  headquarters  occupied  by 
Washington  during  a  portion  of  the  strug- 
gle for  Independence.  Of  the  Decker 
estate  Mrs.  Bassett  is  still  part  owner. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  summer  homes  of 
John  D.  Rockefeller,  Edwin  Gould,  Helen 
Gould  and  other  noted  people.  Mrs.  Bas- 
sett's mother,  who  died  at  the  old  home 
in  1902,  was  born  in  the  same  vicinity  on 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


593 


the  Holland  estate,  afterwards  the  prop- 
erty of  Cyrus  W.  Field. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bassett  became  the  par- 
ents of  the  following  named  children: 
William  D.,  of  Loveland,  Colo.;  George, 
who  is  connected  with  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Chicago;  Etta  (Mrs.  Dr.  Free- 
man), of-  Evanston ;  Harriet,  wife  of 
Harry  H.  Mallory,  of  Evanston;  and 
Emma,  who  married  Yernon  S.  Watson, 
of  Oak  Park,  111. 

In  1882,  Mr.  Bassett  established  his 
home  in  Evanston,  purchasing  a  residence 
at  No.  1124  Asbury  Avenue.  His  home, 
which  then  stood  almost  alone,  is  now  in 
a  compactly  built  portion  of  the  city.  It 
was  there  that  he  departed  this  life  on 
February  4,  1902. 

In  religious  belief,  Mr.  Bassett  was  a 
Baptist,  and  for  18  years  officiated  as 
deacon  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  ot 
Evanston.  In  fraternal  circles,  he  was 
identified  with  the  Royal  Arcanum.  He 
was  devotedly  attached  to  the  home  cir- 
cle, and  his  domestic  life  was  exceedingly 
pleasant.  Although  quiet  and  unassum- 
ing in  demeanor,  he  was  a  man  of  genial, 
amiable  nature  and  winsome  disposition, 
and  won  many  friends.  In  life  he  was 
cordially  esteemed,  and  his  death  was 
deeply  lamented. 


THOMAS  H.  WATSON. 

Thomas  H.  Watson  (deceased),  long  and 
favorably  known  in  connection  with  the 
wholesale  grocery  interests  of  Chicago  for 
a  period  of  thirty-five  years  and  a  promi- 
nent and  highly  esteemed  citizen  of  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  was  born  in  a  Quaker  settlement 
called  "The  Union,"  fourteen  miles  from 
Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  April  7.  1843.  He  was 
a  son  of  Judge  Thomas  B.  and  Harriet  E. 
(Powers)  Watson,  natives  of  New  York. 


Judge  Watson  was  of  English  extraction 
and  was  reared  in  the  Quaker  faith.  He 
was  a  lawyer  of  high  reputation,  and  served 
on  the  judicial  bench  of  New  York  for  a 
number  of  years. 

Thomas  H.  Watson  passed  his  early 
youth  in  Plattsburg.  N.  Y.,  where  he  made 
diligent  use  of  the  opportunities  afforded 
by  the  public  schools.  When  seventeen 
years  of  age  he  located  in  Chicago,  where 
his  uncle,  Heman  G.  Powers,  was  then 
established  in  business,  as  Junior  member 
of  the  firm  of  Durand  &  Powers.  The 
head  of  the  firm,  Henry  Durand,  was  a  pio- 
neer merchant  of  Chicago,  Mr.  Watson 
entered  the  employ  of  this  firm  as  a  clerk, 
and  continued  in  that  capacity  until  1862, 
when  he  entered  the  Union  Army  as  a 
member  of  the  famous  Board  of  Trade 
Battery,  of  Chicago,  in  which  he  served 
until  near  the  close  of  the  war.  On  his  dis- 
charge from  the  service  he  returned  to 
Chicago,  and  resumed  his  connection  with 
Durand  &  Powers,  remaining  with  this 
firm  and  its  successors  until  1879.  when  he 
became  associated  with  the  extensive 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  Franklin  Mac- 
Veagh  &  Company.  At  different  times  he 
traveled  extensively  in  the  interest  of  this 
firm,  and  became  widely  known  as  a  sales- 
man. He  was  a  close  student  of  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  grocery  trade,  and 
gained  a  reputation  throughout  the  West  as 
one  of  the  best  informed  men  in  the  coun- 
try, in  that  line  of  business. 

Mr.  Watson  was  especially  prominent  as 
a  sugar  expert,  and  for  many  years  had  en- 
tire charge  of  the  sugar  purchases  of 
Franklin  MacVeagh  &  Co.,  amounting  to 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  a  year. 
He  was  also  a  leading  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Wholesale  Grocers, 
and  served  as  the  Committeeman  of  that 
organization  charged  with  special  attention 


594 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


to  the  sugar  trade,  until  within  ten  months 
of  his  death.  He  was  very  active  in  busi- 
ness, bearing  heavy  responsibilities,  and 
conduoi-ne  large  transactions. 

In  1862,  at  Kankakee,  111.,  Mr.  Watson 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Mary  P. 
Hickox,  a  daughter  of  John  R.  Hickox,  a 
well  known  member  of  the  Bar  of  Illinois. 
Mrs.  Watson  was  born  at  Dansville,  Liv- 
ingston County,  N.  Y.,  and  spent  the  years 
of  her  girlhood  in  Syracuse,  that  State.  In 
1860  she  moved  from  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, the  journey  westward  being  deeply 
impressed  upon  her  memory  by  the 
fact  that  it  was  made  in  company  with  the 
New  York  delegates  to  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention  held  in  Chicago,  which 
nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  Presi- 
dency. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Watson  became  the 
parents  of  four  children,  as  follows :  Emma 
(Mrs.  Knight),  of  Chicago;  Thomas  W., 
of  Decatur,  111.;  Alice  (Mrs.  Jackson),  and 
Ednah  (Mrs.  Russell),  of  Evanston. 

Mr.  Watson  established  his  home  in 
Evanston  in  1869,  and  during  the  early 
years  of  his  residence  there  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  South  Evanston 
and  also  a  member  of  the  School  Board. 
He  was  an  attendant  at  the  services  of  the 
Congregational  Church.  His  death  oc- 
curred at  Evanston,  July  28,  1904. 

He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
worthy  and  useful  members  of  the  com- 
munity, and  his  estimable  widow  is  held  in 
the  highest  regard  by  a  wide  circle  of 
friends. 


ISAAC  R.  HITT,  JR. 

Isaac  Reynolds  Hitt,  Jr.,  residing  in 
Washington  D.  C.,  was  born  in  Chicago, 
111.,  September  7,  1864.  Mr.  Hitt's  child- 
hood was  spent  in  the  city  of  his  birth. 


In  1871  his  parents  moved  to  Evanston,  111., 
and  there  the  subject  of  this  sketch  lived 
until  1898.  Since  February  I,  of  that  year, 
he  has  been  a  resident  of  Washington,  D. 
C.,  where  his  home  is  at  No.  1334  Columbia 
Road.  The  primary  mental  training  of 
Mr.  Hitt  was  received  in  the  public  schools 
of  Evanston,  111.,  and  he  afterwards  became 
a  pupil  in  the  Preparatory  School  of  North- 
western University,  graduating  therefrom 
in  1883.  He  was  graduated  from  North- 
western University  with  the  class  of  1888, 
receiving  the  degree  of  B.  S.,  that  of  M.  S., 
being  conferred  upon  him  by  his  alma 
mater  in  1894,  the  year  of  his  graduation 
from  the  Kent  Law  School,  now  Lake 
Forest  University  Law  School. 

During  his  preparatory  course,  Mr.  Hitt 
belonged  to  the  Euphonia  Literary  Society, 
and  was  Captain  of  the  Football  Eleven. 
In  the  University  he  was  President  of  the 
Hinman  Literary  Society,  and  Captain  of 
the  University  Football  Eleven.  While  in 
that  institution,  he  was  one  of  the  reorgan- 
izers  of  the  Illinois  Alpha  Chapter  of  the 
Phi  Delta  Theta  Fraternity,  later  Province 
President,  and  in  1891-93  was  in  the  Gen- 
eral Council  of  that  fraternity.  He  partic- 
ipated in  the  "Hinman  Essay  Contest," 
acted  in  the  capacity  of  business  manager 
of  "The  Northwestern"  (Magazine) ; 
served  on  the  board  of  business  managers 
of  the  "Syllabus ;"  and  was  one  of  the  four 
organizers  of  the  "University  Press."  Since 
making  his  home  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
Mr.  Hitt  has  been,  since  its  organization  and 
is  still,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Uni- 
versity Club,  President  of  the  Northwestern 
Alumni  Club,  and  re-organizer  of  the  Phi 
Delta  Theta  Alumni  Club. 

From  1898  to  1902  Mr.  Hitt  held  the 
position  of  Law  Clerk  in  the  Law  Division 
of  the  Internal  Revenue  Bureau  in  the 
Treasury  Department,  and  became  Chief  of 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


595 


the  Miscellaneous  Division  of  that  Depart- 
ment in  the  latter  year.  He  is  President  of 
the  Illinois  Republican  Association  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  is  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Calvary  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  of  Washington,  D. 
C.  He  compiled  the  Internal  Revenue 
Laws  in  1900,  and  the  Legal  Tax  Laws  and 
Decisions.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Bar  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  the 
Court  of  Claims,  and  Supreme  Court  and 
Court  of  Appeals  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 

On  November  13,  1889,  at  Logansport, 
Ind.,  Mr.  Hitt  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Rosa  May  Birch  (X.  W.  U.  Ex. '87).  Four 
children  are  the  offspring  of  this  union, 
namely  :  Ruth  Emma,  born  October  8,  1890 ; 
Leila  Birch,  born  July  29,  1892 ;  William 
Birch,  born  July  17,  1895  -  and  Isaac  Rey- 
nolds, III.,  born  June  7,  1901. 


CARL    ELLSWORTH    BLACK,   A.   M.. 
M.  D. 

Dr.  Carl  E.  Black,  physician  and  surgeon 
who  is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  Jacksonville,  111.,  was  born  in 
Winchester,  111.,  July  4,  1862,  the  son  of 
Green  V.  and  Jane  (Cohenour)  Black,  of 
whom  the  former  is  Dean  of  the  Dental 
Department  of  Northwestern  University. 
In  boyhood  the  subject  of  this  sketch  re- 
ceived his  primary  mental  training  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  place,  and  grad- 
uated from  the  High  School  in  1881.  He 
then  entered  Illinois  College,  from  which 
he  received  the  degree  of  B.  S.  in  1883.  In 
1887,  he  graduated  from  Northwestern 
University  Medical  School  with  the  degree 
of  M.  D.,  afterwards  pursuing  post-grad- 


uate courses  of  medical  study  in  New  York 
City  and  Vienna.  In  1903,  the  degree  of 
A.  M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Illinois 
College.  He  was  awarded  the  prize  for 
the  best  essay  on  the  "Principle  and  Prac- 
tice of  Operative  Surgery,"  and  the 
Stephen  Smith  prize,  inscribed  by  Dr.  N. 
S.  Davis,  for  the  best  Inaugural  Thesis 
submitted  to  the  faculty  of  the  Chicago 
Medical  College  of  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, by  the  graduate  class  of  1887. 

Since  his  graduation,  Dr.  Black  has  been 
engaged  in  practice  in  Jacksonville,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  his  attention  has  been 
devoted  almost  exclusively  to  surgery.  Dr. 
Black  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association ;  The  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,  of  which  he  was  Chairman  of  the 
Legislative  Committee  from  1900  to  1903 ; 
Counsellor  for  the  Sixth  District,  President 
in  1903-4.  and  Chairman  of  the  Council  in 
1906-7,  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical 
Society ;  the  Western  Illinois  Medical  and 
Surgical  Society,  the  Morgan  County  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  the  Jacksonville  Medical 
Club.'  From  1896  to  1902,  he  was  editor 
of  the  Morgan  County  "Medical  Journal ;" 
and,  in  1903-06,  was  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee managing  the  "Illinois  Medical 
Journal,"  is  also  associate  editor  of  the 
"Medical  Fortnightly."  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Jacksonville  Literary  Union.  Presi- 
dent of  the  Morgan  County  Historical  So- 
ciety, a  Trustee  of  Illinois  College,  a  director 
of  the  Jacksonville  Public  Library  and 
Vice-President  and  acting  President  of  the 
Illinois  State  Library  Association,  1905-06. 

On  June  12,  1899.  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  united  in  marriage,  at  Jackson- 
ville. 111.,  with  Bessie  McLaughlin.  and  four 
children  have  been  born  of  this  union : 
Kirby  Vaughn.  Carl  Ellsworth.  Dorothy 
Lawrence,  and  Marjorie  Vauderman. 


596 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


PROF.   OSCAR   OLDBERG. 

Prof.  Oscar  Oldberg,  a  prominent  phar- 
macist of  Chicago,  was  born  in  Alfta,  Hel- 
singland,  Sweden,  January  22,  1846,  the 
son  of  Andrew  and  Fredrika  (Ohrstromer) 
Oldberg,  both  of  whom  were  also  natives 
of  that  country,  the  former  born  in  1804, 
and  the  latter,  in  1808.  Andrew  Oldberg 
was  a  man  of  superior  intellect  and  fine 
attainments.  He  was  an  author  of  note, 
and  had  a  high  reputation  as  an  educator. 
In  religious  belief,  he  was  an  adherent  of 
the  Lutheran  Church.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  University  of  Upsala,  and 
for  many  years  was  the  head  of  Prince 
Oscar's  School,  a  connection  which  was 
terminated  in  1845.  In  that  year  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  Parish  of  Alfta. 
There,  in  1866,  he  departed  this  life.  His 
wife  passed  away  in  1882. 

Oscar  Oldberg  was  the  seventh  of  nine 
children.  In  early  youth  he  made  diligent 
use  of  the  opportunities  for  mental  train- 
ing afforded  by  the  public  schools  in  the 
vicinity  of  his  home,  and  afterwards  pur- 
sued a  course  of  study  in  the  Gymnasium  of 
Gefle,  Sweden.  His  education  was  ob- 
tained to  a  considerable  extent,  however, 
through  instruction  received  from  private 
tutors.  He  was  reared  at  Alfta  on  the 
Woxna  River,  where  his  childhood  was 
passed  among  the  mountains.  During  the 
period  when  he  was  approaching  manhood 
he  devoted  considerable  attention  to  music, 
having  experienced  throughout  his  juven- 
ile years  a  strong  inclination  for  that  art. 
In  1861  he  secured  a  position  in  the  drug 
store  of  Sir.  F.  VV.  Helleday,  at  Falun, 
Sweden,  and  continued  in  the  employ  of 
that  gentleman  until  1865.  At  that  period 
he  became  a  licensed  pharmacist,  and  dur- 
ing the  same  year  left  his  native  country 
and  made  his  home  in  the  United  States, 


locating  in  New  York,  where  he  spent  two 
years  engaged  in  his  chosen  profession.  In 
1882  he  moved  to  Chicago. 

Prof.  Oldberg  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pharmaceutical  Association ;  the  A.  A. 
A.  S. ;  the  A.  Chemical  Society ;  the  Ameri- 
can Metrological  Society;  the  National 
Geographic  Society ;  and  the  Chemical 
Society,  of  Germany. 

On  May  17,  1873,  at  Youngstown,  Ohio, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Emma  Paritt,  who  was  born 
at  Atwater,  in  that  State,  and  underwent 
her  early  mental  culture  in  the  Ohio  schools. 
Three  children  resulted  from  this  union, 
namely:  Arne,  a  composer  of  music,  born 
July  12,  1874;  Olga,  born  April  16,  1876; 
and  Virgil,  a  mechanical  engineer,  born 
December  17,  1877. 

In  political  sentiment,  Prof.  Oldberg  is 
an  Independent  Republican,  and  in  relig- 
ious belief,  accepts  the  faith  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  (Swedenborgian)  Church. 


WILLIAM  NEWELL  BRAIXARD. 

Capt.  William  N.  Brainard  (deceased), 
for  many  years  one  of  the  most  prominent 
citizens  of  Evanston,  Cook  County,  111.,  was 
born  in  De  Ruyter,  Madison  County,  N.  Y., 
January  7,  1823.  He  came  of  an  old  New 
England  family,  the  earliest  known  repre- 
sentative of  which  was  Daniel  Brainard, 
who  was  brought  to  America  when  eight 
years  of  age,  sometime  after  the  landing 
of  the  Pilgrims.  He  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  Haddam,  Conn.,  where  he 
settled  in  1662,  having  previously  lived  in 
the  Colony  at  Hartford.  The  maiden  name 
of  Captain  Brainard's  mother  was  Sally 
Gage,  who  was  born  in  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y.,  and  the  Captain's  grandmother,  on 
the  maternal  side,  when  a  child,  witnessed 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


597 


the  tragic  massacre  at  Wyoming,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  which  two  of  her  brothers  were 
killed.  Another  brother,  who  reached  the  age 
of  one  hundred  years,  was  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolutionary  War.  The  father  of  Cap- 
tain Brainard  was  Jonathan  Brainard,  who 
moved  from  New  York  to  Painesville, 
Ohio,  in  1831,  but  returned  to  New  York  a 
year  later,  where  he  was  engaged  in  farm- 
ing until  his  death. 

Captain  Brainard  spent  his  boyhood  on 
his  father's  farm,  obtaining  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  De  Ruyter 
Institute.  He  began  teaching  when  eigh- 
teen years  of  age,  read  law  for  a  time  and 
afterwards  went  to  Rome,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  the  forwarding  and  ship- 
ping business  for  five  years.  In  1850  he 
sailed  from  New  York  on  the  Pacific  mail- 
ship,  Georgia,  from  which  he  landed  at 
Chagres,  on  the  way  to  California,  in  com- 
pany with  nine  others  going  to  Gorgona 
on  the  Chagres  River,  by  canoe,  rowed  by 
five  naked  natives,  and  thence  to  Panama, 
the  baggage  being  carried  on  pack  mules. 
From  there  he  went  by  vessel  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  he  reached  in  the  following 
December.  After  mining  for  a  time  on  the 
North  Fork  of  the  American  River,  he  went 
into  the  express  and  produce  business  at 
Sacramento,  in  which  he  continued  until 
>  1857.  While  living  in  Sacramento,  he  was 
elected  city  treasurer,  and  held  that  office 
during  the  formative  period  of  the  town. 

In  1853,  Captain  Brainard  returned  east 
as  far  as  Illinois,  and  became  interested 
with  others  in  fitting  out  a  wagon  train, 
which  convoyed  a  herd  of  cattle  across  the 
plains  to  California.  Then  continuing  his 
journey  eastward  to  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  on 
May  4,  1853,  ne  wa$  married  to  Malinda  B. 
Coley,  at  her  home  in  Syracuse,  when  they 
sailed  together  for  California,  and  Mrs. 
Brainard  shared  with  her  husband  the 


thrilling  experiences  of  pioneer  life  there 
until  1857.  During  his  residence  in  Cali- 
fornia, Mr.  Brainard  served  as  Captain  of 
a  company  of  Vigilants,  and  thereby  gained 
the  title  which  clung  to  him  through  life. 

In  1857,  Captain  Brainard  returned  to 
his  native  State,  and,  after  spending  a  year 
in  Syracuse,  moved  to  Chicago,  where  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
engaging  in  the  produce  business,  in  which 
he  continued  until  his  death.  In  1863,  he 
made  a  trip  to  Pike's  Peak.  He  served  one 
term  as  President  of  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  and  was  acting  President  of  that  or- 
ganization in  1872.  He  also  filled  a  num- 
ber of  important  official  positions  at  differ- 
ent times.  These  included  membership  on 
the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal,  by  appointment  of 
Gov.  Beveridge,  from  1873  to  1877.  and  as 
a  member  of  the  Railroad  and  Warehouse 
Commission,  by  appointment  of  Gov.  Ham- 
ilton, from  1883  to  1885.  From  1885  until 
1893  he  served  on  the  Board  of  Trade  com- 
mittee for  the  inspection  of  grain. 

In  1866,  Captain  Brainard  established  his 
home  in  Evanston,  where  he  was  a  leading 
citizen  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  Village 
Board  and  as  Town  Collector.  In  politics, 
he  was  a  supporter  of  the  Republican  party, 
and  fraternally,  was  a  member  of  the  I.  O. 
O.  F.  and  the  California  Pioneers'  Asso- 
ciation. His  death  occurred  May  19,  1894. 

Mrs.  Brainard,  who  survives  her  husband, 
is  a  daughter  of  Col.  George  and  Hulda 
(Norton)  Coley,  of  Chenango  County,  N. 
Y.,  and  her  grandfather  was  a  quartermas- 
ter during  the  Revolutionary  War,  under 
Washington.  Besides  Mrs.  Brainard,  the 
only  member  of  this  family  living  in  1905, 
was  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Frances  Marian 
Belknap.  A  son,  William  Valejo  Brainard, 
died  in  1887,  and  a  daughter,  Hattie  Belle, 
died  in  childhood. 


59» 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


JOHN  R.  WOODBRIDGE. 


John  R.  Wooclbridge  (deceased),  well- 
known  in  business  circles  of  Chicago  and 
throughout  the  West  as  merchant  and  man- 
ufacturer, and  for  some  years  before  his 
death  a  resident  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
at  Fort  Recovery,  Ind.,  August  16,  1851, 
the  son  of  Ebenezer  and  Eliza  (Ripley) 
Woodbridge,  and  a  descendant  of  Rev.  John 
Woodbridge,  who  came  from  England  and 
settled  at  Newberry,  Mass.,  in  1683. 
Through  its  English  ancestry,  the  lineage 
of  the  family  is  traced  to  King  Henry  I.  of 
France. 

When  he  was  four  years  of  age,  and 
when  Illinois  was  still  regarded  as  a  part 
of  the  "Far  West."  Mr.  Woodbridge's  par- 
ents removed  to  Lee  Center  in  this  State, 
and  the  son  passed  the  years  of  his  boyhood 
at  that  place,  receiving  the  mental  train- 
ing in  the  public  schools  and  at  Lee  Center 
Academy,  which  fitted  him  for  a  successful 
business  career.  Leaving  home  when  he 
was  seventeen  years  of  age,  he  came  to  Chi- 
cago and  obtained  his  first  employment  in 
the  Methodist  Book  Concern — then,  as  now, 
one  of  the  great  church  publishing  houses 
in  the  West  and  a  powerful  agency  in  ad- 
vancing church  interests.  In  this  institu- 
tion he  was  well  trained  morally,  religious- 
ly and  industrially,  and  developed  early  in- 
to a  capable  man  of  affairs.  After  serving 
the  Book  Concern  for  several  years,  win- 
ning the  approbation  and  gaining  the  high 
regard  of  those  with  whom  in  this  connec- 
tion he  was  brought  into  contact,  severing 
his  connection  with  the  publishing  concern, 
he  engaged  in  business  on  his  own  account, 
becoming  junior  member  of  the  firm  of 
Eldredge  &  Woodbridge,  pioneers  in  the 
manufacture  of  men's  furnishing  goods 
in  the  West.  A  few  years  after  they  began 
business  Mr.  Eldredge  died,  and  thereafter 


Mr.  Woodbridge  conducted  the  enterprise 
which  they  had  founded  under  the  firm 
name  of  Woodbridge  &  Co.,  building  up  a 
commercial  house  of  high  character  and 
constantly  expanding  trade.  In  later  years 
he  conducted  in  connection  with  his  factory 
a  large  laundry,  located  on  the  "West  Side" 
in  Chicago,  and  also  operated  salesrooms 
at  100  Madison  Street.  In  the  trade  with 
which  he  was  identified  he  became  widely 
known  throughout  the  West,  and  no  busi- 
ness house  in  the  city  had  a  higher  standing 
among  its  patrons.  Those  who  knew  him 
as  a  man  of  affairs  esteemed  him  alike  for 
his  sterling  integrity,  his  correct  business 
methods  and  his  uniform  courtesy  and  fair- 
ness in  all  of  his  dealings.  He  had  broad 
capacity  for  the  conduct  of  business,  was 
intensely  active  and  energetic,  and,  all  in 
all,  was  a  fine  type  of  the  self-made  west- 
ern business  man.  In  1892  he  came  to  Ev- 
anston to  live  and  soon  became  a  favorite 
in  social  and  club  circles  by  reason  of  his 
geniality,  his  kindliness  and  many  lovably 
traits  of  character.  A  man  of  charming 
personality,  he  drew  about  him  a  large  cir- 
cle of  devoted  friends,  to  whom  his  death, 
on  the  2lst  day  of  March.  1901,  brought  a 
deep  sense  of  personal  bereavement.  He 
was  a  Methodist  in  religious  belief  and  a 
leading  member  of  the  Emmanuel  Church  of 
Evanston,  taking  a  deep  interest  in  the  up- 
building of  the  church  and  the  advancement 
of  its  interests.  When  his  business  cares 
were  laid  aside,  he  found  his  favorite  recre- 
ation from  time  to  time  in  hunting  and 
other  out-door  sports:  was  an  active 
and  leading  spirit  in  the  Evanston  Gun 
Club  and  the  Masonic  Order,  and  also  a 
member  of  the  Evanston  Club. 

Mr.  Woodbridge  was  first  married,  in 
1872,  to  Mary  H.  Grannis,  daughter  of 
Amos  Grannis  of  Chicago.  She  died  in 
1884,  leaving  two  daughters,  Anna  May 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


599 


and  Mary  Grannis  Woodbridge.  In  1887 
he  married  Miss  Georgia  E.  Tanner, 
daughter  of  Charles  Tanner  of  Chicago, 
who  survives  her  husband,  residing  at  the 
family  homestead  on  Asbury  Avenue. 
Their  children  are  Helen  Louise  and  John 
R.  Woodbridge,  Jr. 


MARY  BOYD  LINDSAY. 

Mary  B.  Lindsay,  Librarian  Evans- 
ton  Public  Library,  was  born  in  Peoria, 
111.,  the  daughter  of  James  Columbus  and 
Sarah  M.  (Dinwiddie)  Lindsay — the  for- 
mer born  at  McConnellsburg,  Pa.,  June 
20,  1829,  and  the  latter  at  Gettysburg,  Pa., 
November  3,  1834.  The  families  of  both 
parents  became  early  settlers  in  Peoria,  111. 
but  in  1903  removed  to  Evanston. 

Hugh  Dinwiddie,  the  great-great-grand- 
father of  Miss  Lindsay  on  the  maternal 
side,  served  as  Captain  in  the  York  (Pa.) 
"Associators"  during  the  Indian  War,  and 
was  also  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  serv- 
ing first  as  Major,  and  later  as  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel, and  dying  in  the  service.  An- 
other ancestor  on  the  same  side,  Henry 
Black,  served  in  the  American  Revolution 
as  Captain  of  a  company  of  "Rangers." 

Miss  Lindsay  was  educated  in  the  Peoria 
High  School  and  in  the  New  York  State 
Library  School,  at  Albany,  in  that  State, 
and  later  taught  one  year  in  the  Peoria  pub- 
lic schools  and  a  year  in  the  Pettingill  Sem- 
inary of  that  city.  She  also  was  connected 
with  the  Peoria  Public  Library  for  a  time 
until  1894,  when  she  came  to  Evanston  to. 
accept  the  position  of  Librarian  of  the  Free 
Public  Library  of  that  city,  which  she  lias 
continued  to  occupy  to  the  present  time. 
In  July,  1905,  she  was  chosen  Secretary  of 
the  Evanston  Public  Library,  which  posi- 
tion she  still  retains.  She  was  President  of 


the  State  Library  Association  for  the  year 
1905-06.  Her  religious  affiliations  are  with 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Evans- 
ton.  Miss  Lindsay's  long  identification 
with  library  work,  and  her  continuous  reten- 
tion of  the  position  which  she  has  occupied 
for  the  past  twelve  years,  as  well  as  the 
growth  of  the  Evanston  Library  under  her 
administration,  attest  the  value  of  the  ser- 
vice she  has  rendered  in  her  chosen  field 
of  labor  to  the  city  of  Evanston. 


EDGAR   OVET   BLAKE. 

Edgar  Ovet  Blake,  whose  reputation  as 
a  skillful  architect  has  been  thoroughly  es- 
tablished during  the  successful  pursuit  of 
that  profession  in  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
in  Evanston,  July  22,  1866.  The  place  of 
his  birth  is  near  the  property  now  known 
as  Number  1632,  Chicago  Avenue,  Evans- 
ton.  Mr.  Blake  is  a  son  of  Wallace  Hoyt 
and  Lucena  Mariette  (Herrick)  Blake, 
the  former  born  in  Williston,  Yt.,  and  the 
latter  a  native  of  Watertown.  N.  Y. 
For  many  years  the  occupation  of  Wallace 
Hoyt  was  that  of  a  wholesale  grocery  sales- 
man, but  he  is  at  present  living  in  retire- 
ment in  Colorado.  The  mother  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  passed  away  in  1885. 
In  1870,  the  family  moved  to  South  Evans- 
ton,  and  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
in  the  vicinity  where  they  located.  Mr. 
Blake's  ancestry  on  the  paternal  side  is 
traceable  in  America  to  the  year  1700, 
when  this  branch  of  the  family  settled  in 
Wrentham,  Mass.,  where  from  that  period 
its  successive  generations  have  continued 
to  own  and  occupy  land.  On  the  maternal 
side,  Mr.  Blake  is  descended  in  a  direct  line 
from  Edward  Winslow,  who  landed  from 
the  Mayflower  at  Plymouth  Rock,  in  1620. 

In  early  youth,  Mr.  Blake  made  diligent 


6oo 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


use  of  the  opportunities  for  mental  training 
afforded  by  the  South  Evanston  public 
school,  and  supplemented  his  elementary 
studies  by  attending  the  Evanston  High 
School. 

In  1881,  he  entered  the  employ  of  John 
M.  Van  Osdel,  of  Chicago,  who  was  then 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  successful 
architects  of  the  West.  This  period  marked 
the  inception  of  Chicago's  modern  archi- 
tecture, and  in  the  year  last  mentioned,  the 
Board  of  Trade  Building  and  the  John  V. 
Farwell  warehouse  in  that  city,  were  erect- 
ed. On  the  plans  for  the  latter  building, 
Mr.  Blake  assisted  as  office  boy.  When  he 
left  Mr.  Van  Osdel's  employ,  Mr.  Blake  be- 
came a  pupil  in  the  Art  Institute  of  Chica- 
go, where  he  remained  until  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope, finishing  his  architectual  studies  in 
Paris.  With  the  exception  of  the  period 
thus  spent  abroad,  Mr.  Blake  has  spent  his 
entire  life  in  Evanston  and  its  vicinity.  On 
returning  from  Europe,  he  was  employed 
in  the  architect's  office  of  the  World's  Col- 
umbian Exposition  in  Chicago,  and  worked 
on  the  plans  of  the  famous  buildings  includ- 
ed in  that  memorable  enterprise.  During  the 
six  months  of  its  continuance  he  had  abun- 
dant leisure  to  attend  the  "World's  Fair 
Congresses"  on  religious  and  economic 
questions,  and  there  began  the  course  of  in- 
vestigation which  resulted  in  his  present 
attitude  in  public  affairs.  Together  with 
many  others,  he  was  affected  by  the  finan- 
cial depression  which  followed  the  termi- 
nation of  the  great  Exposition  in  1893.  In 
1896,  he  applied  himself  to  his  chosen 
work  in  Evanston,  and  has  since  confined 
himself  closely  to  the  practice  of  architec- 
ture, making  it  a  special  point  to  attend 
personally  (as  a  craftsman)  to  his  work,  as 
far  as  possible. 

He  has  furnished  plans  for  a  number  of 
business  buildings  and  several  fine  apart- 
ment buildings  in  Evanston,  beside  a  few 


churches  in  the  neigboring  towns.  His 
specialty,  however,  has  been  along  the  line 
of  moderate-priced  residences,  of  which  he 
has  designed  about  200,  mainly  in  Evanston. 
Of  these,  quite  a  number  were  built  for 
members  of  the  Northwestern  University 
staff  of  professors. 

On  November  13,  1890,  Mr.  Blake  was 
united  in  marriage  at  Evanston  with  Annie 
Elizabeth  Bradley,  who  was  born  in  Not- 
tingham, England,  April  15,  1866.  Two 
children  have  been  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Blake,  namely :  Marion  Lucena,  born  Octo- 
ber 18,  1891,  and  Eleanor  Elizabeth,  born 
June  1 6,  1896. 

In  religious  association  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  is  identified  with  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  and  formerly  was  quite  ac- 
tive in  church  work,  and  in  the  work  of  the 
Epworth  League.  During  the  past  ten 
years,  however,  his  attention  has  been  al- 
most entirely  devoted  to  his  professional 
and  domestic  duties.  Politically,  Mr.  Blake 
was  formerly  a  Republican,  casting  his  first 
vote  for  Benjamin  Harrison  in  1888.  In 
1896,  he  became  a  Socialist,  as  the  ultimate 
result  of  his  study  of  sociological  and  eco-- 
nomic  problems,  at  the  World's  Fair  Con- 
gress of  1893.  Aside  from  his  chosen  occu- 
pation, he  has  always  taken  an  interest  in 
music,  but  never  made  a  special  study  of 
that  art.  In  1890,  during  his  absence  in 
Europe,  already  mentioned,  he  visited  the 
important  points  of  interest  in  England. 
France  and  Italy.  His  professional  repu- 
tation rests  securely  on  the  work  that  he 
has  wrought,  which  amply  attests  his 
ability  and  skill  as  an  architect. 


JOHN  JAY  SH UTTERLY. 

John  Jay  Shutterly  (deceased),  who  es- 
tablished his  home  in  Evanston  in  1880,  was 
one  of  its  most  active  and  progressive  citi- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


601 


zens.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
July  14,  1826,  and  reared  in  the  village  of 
Carmichael,  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Greene  Academy 
and  Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa. 
From  the  latter  institution  (now  Washing- 
ton and  Jefferson  College),  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1857. 

Mr.  Shutterly  began  business  in  Pitts- 
burg  as  a  wholesale  grocer,  and  subsequent- 
ly engaged  in  real  estate  operations.  For 
years  he  managed  large  realty  interests  for 
Dr.  Hostetter,  of  "Hosteller  Billers"  fame. 
In  1877  he  came  lo  Chicago,  where  he  con- 
linued  in  the  real  eslale  business  on  an  ex- 
lensive  scale  for  a  long  period.  In  1881  he 
built  fifty  houses  wesl  of  Deering,  and  later, 
thirty-six  flat  buildings  on  Ihe  "South  Side." 
He  also  did  some  building  in  Evanston.  In 
1901  he  relired  lo  a  small  fruit  farm  in  the 
vicinity  of  St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  where  he  died 
October  25,  1904. 

Mr.  Shutterly  was  a  member  of  Ihe 
Charleston  Democralic  Nalional  Conven- 
lion  of  1860. 

During  the  Civil  War,  he  recruited  and 
assisted  in  equipping  a  company  for  the 
Fourteenth  Regiment  Pennsylvania  Volun- 
teer Cavalry,  of  which  he  was  commis- 
sioned as  caplain.  He  participaled  in  many 
of  the  principal  battles  of  the  war,  including 
that  of  Getlysburg,  and  was  for  many  years 
afterwards  a  member  of  John  A.  Logan 
Post,  G.  A.  R.,  of  Evanston.  He  married 
Ella  Gillis  of  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  and  they  had 
two  sons,  Eugene  E.(  and  John  J.,  Jr.,  and 
two  daughters,  Mary  and  Lillie  H. 

Mr.  Shutlerly  was  a  consistent  Christian 
and  was  very  active  in  church  work.  He 
was  one  of  Ihe  founders  of  Emmanuel 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Evanston,  in 
which  he  served  on  the  building  commillee, 
as  a  member  of  Ihe  official  board,  leader  of 
Ihe  Bible  class,  etc.  As  a  biblical  scholar 


he  acquired  considerable  repulalion,  and 
was  a  famous  Chaulauquan,  having  gradu- 
aled  wilh  Ihe  highesi  number  of  poinls  ever 
credited  to  a  graduate  up  to  that  period. 
Twenty  seals  were  awarded  to  him,  each 
representing  a  special  course  of  study.  He 
was  a  man  of  uncommon  mental  vigor  and 
unliring  energy. 


EUGENE  E.  SHUTTERLY. 

Eugene  E.  Shutterly,  M.  D.,  a  well- 
known  physician  of  Evanston,  son  of 
John  Jay  Shutterly,  subject  of  the 
foregoing  sketch,  was  born  in  Can- 
onsburg, Pennsylvania,  January  2,  1861. 
He  received  his  early  mental  training  in 
the  schools  of  Piltsburg  and  completed 
his  education  at  Northweslern  Acad- 
emy. In  1888,  he  was  graduated  from  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Chicago,  be- 
gan practice  of  medicine  in  1889,  and  has 
since  gained  an  enviable  standing  in  the 
profession.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
staff  of  Evanston  Hospiial  since  Ihe  insli- 
lulion  was  founded,  and  has  served  as 
Heallh  Commissioner  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Shutterly  was  married  in  1888  to 
Nettie  Rugg,  of  New  Lenox,  111.,  who  died 
in  1890.  In  1897  he  married  Elizabeth 
Miller,  of  Louisville,  as  his  second  wife. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Evanston. 


JAMES  HENRY  RAYMOND. 

James  H.  Raymond,  patent  lawyer,  whose 
office  is  located  at  No.  1515  Monadnock 
Building,  Chicago,  111.,  and  who  resides 
at  No.  2148  Sherman  Avenue,  Evanston, 
III.,  was  born  in  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  June 
6,  1850.  He  is  a  son  of  Rev.  Miner  Ray- 
mond, D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  and  Elizabeth  (Hen- 


602 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


derson)  Raymond.  After  finishing  his 
primary  studies  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  place,  Mr.  Raymond  became  a  pupil 
in  Wesleyan  Academy,  at  Wilbraham, 
Mass.,  and  in  September,  1864,  entered 
Northwestern  University  at  Evanston.  He 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Liberal  Arts 
in  1871,  and  from  the  Law  School  of  the 
University  (then  the  Union  College  of 
Law)  in  1875.  In  1871  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.,  in  1873,  that  of  A.  M.,  and 
in  1875,  that  of  LL.  B.  During  his  under- 
graduate period,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Hinman  Literary  Society  and  the  Phi  Gam- 
ma Delta  Fraternity,  and  won  every  prize 
contest  which  was  open  to  him,  with  two 
exceptions.  These  were  the  contest  for  the 
Hinman  Essay  prize,  from  which  he  was 
debarred  by  sickness ;  and  the  Blanchard 
(now  Kirk)  oratorical  contest,  on  which 
occasion  for  certain  reasons  the  prize  was 
divided  between  Mr.  Raymond  and  E.  R. 
Schrader  of  the  Class  of  '71,  by  a  divided 
vote  of  the  faculty. 

Mr.  Raymond  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1875  and  now  devotes  his  attention, 
chiefly,  to  the  specialties  of  patents,  copy- 
rights, trade-marks  and  corporations.  From 
April  15,  1874,  to  November  21,  1884,  un- 
der the  title  of  "Secretary  and  Treasurer," 
he  served  in  the  capacity  of  actuary  of  the 
Western  Railroad  Association,  a  bureau 
of  103  railroad  companies,  organized  for 
the  purpose  of  investigating  and  adjusting 
all  claims  for  the  infringement  of  patents 
in  use  by  them,  and  defending  all  patent 
suits  brought  against  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation. Mr.  Raymond  was  formerly  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Raymond  &  Veeder, 
and  subsequently,  of  that  of  Raymond  & 
Omohundro ;  the  present  firm  style  is 
Raymond  &  Barnett. 

Mr.  Raymond  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 


can Bar  Association,  having  been  for  one 
term  President  of  its  section  on  patents, 
trade-marks  and  copyrights ;  of  the  Illinois 
State  Bar  Association ;  the  Chicago  Bar 
Association;  the  Chicago  Law  Institute; 
and  the  Chicago  Patent  Law  Association, 
of  which  he  was  the  founder  and  second 
President.  In  non-professional  relations, 
he  is  an  associate  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers;  a 
member  of  the  Master  Car  Builders'  As- 
sociation and  of  the  Railway  Master  Me- 
chanics' Association. 

In  civic  connection,  he  is  a  member  of 
the  Municipal  Association  of  Evanston,  and 
socially,  he  belongs  to  the  Union  League 
Club  of  Chicago  and  to  the  Evanston  Club. 
For  twelve  years  he  has  been  a  Trustee  of 
the  Northwestern  University,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board's  Executive  Committee ; 
is  also  a  director  in  many  private  corpora- 
tions. 

On  October  13,  1874,  Mr.  Raymond  was 
united  in  marriage,  in  Springfield,  111.,  with 
Mary  S.  Edwards,  a  daughter  of  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin Stephenson  Edwards  and  wife  of  that 
city.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  have  had 
four  children  born  to  them,  namely :  Ed- 
wards F.,  of  Evanston;  Elizabeth  (Mrs. 
Frederick  C.  Woodward),  of  Evanston; 
Helena  Van  Wycke  (Mrs.  A.  R.  Carman), 
of  Argyle,  111.,  and  Miner,  a  student  in 
Northwestern  University  College  of  Lib- 
eral Arts,  of  the  Class  of  1907. 

Politically,  Mr.  Raymond  is  a  Sound- 
Money  Democrat.  In  1871-73,  he  was 
Secretary  of  the  first  Railroad  and  Ware- 
house Commission  of  Illinois.  Religiously, 
he  is  a  Methodist,  and  has  been  a  member 
of  the  First  Methodist  Church  of  Evanston 
since  1865.  In  fraternal  circles,  he  is 
identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  in  which 
order  he  is  a  Knight  Templar. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


603 


NATHAN  SMITH  DAVIS,  JR.,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Nathan  Smith  Davis,  Jr.,  physician 
of  Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  that  city,  Sep- 
tember 5,  1858,  the  son  of  Dr.  Nathan  S. 
and  Anna  M.  (Parker)  Davis,  and  a 
grandson  of  Dow  Davis.  His  father  was, 
for  many  years,  one  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous figures  in  the  medical  profession.  Dr. 
Nathan  Smith  Davis,  Jr.,  obtained  his  pri- 
mary education  in  the  schools  of  Chicago, 
and  then  pursued  a  literary  course  in 
Northwestern  University,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1880,  with  the  degree  of 
A.  B.,  receiving  that  of  A.  M.  from  the 
same  source  three  years  later.  While  an 
undergraduate,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Hinman  Literary  Society  and  the  Sigma 
Chi  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Fraternities.  On 
leaving  the  university,  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine  with  his  father,  in  Chicago,  and 
took  three  successive  courses  of  medical 
lectures  in  Chicago  Medical  College,  which 
now  constitutes  the  Medical  School  of 
Northwestern  University.  From  this  in- 
stitution he  was  graduated  in  1883.  In 
that  year  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Chicago,  where  he  has  lived 
ever  since.  Dr.  Davis  took  post-graduate 
courses  in  Heidelberg,  Germany,  and  Vien- 
na, Austria,  in  1885. 

In  1884,  Dr.  Davis  became  Associate 
Professor  of  Pathology  in  Northwestern 
University  Medical  College,  and  in  1886, 
was  made  Professor  of  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,  and  of  Clinical  Med- 
cine.  At  a  later  period  he  became  Secre- 
tary, and  subsequently  Dean,  of  that  insti- 
tution. In  1884  he  was  chosen  physician 
to  Mercy  Hospital  in  Chicago.  Dr.  Davis 
was  a  member  of  the  general  busi- 
ness committee  and  more  recently  of 
the  council  and  judicial  council  of 


the  American  Medical  Association,  having 
previously  been  Secretary  of  the  Section  of 
Practice  and  Chairman  of  the  Section  of 
Therapeutics  in  that  body.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Section 
of  Pathology  in  the  Ninth  International 
Medical  Congress,  and  of  the  Council 
of  the  Section  of  Practice  in  the 
Pan-American  Medical  Congress.  In  1893, 
he  was  Chairman  of  the  Section  of 
Practice  in  the  Illinois  State  Medical  So- 
ciety. Besides  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation and  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,  Dr.  Davis  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Amer- 
ican Climatological  Association,  the  Ameri- 
can Therapeutical  Association,  the  Ameri- 
can Tuberculosis,  the  Chicago  Pathological 
Society,  the  Chicago  Neurological  Society, 
the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago 
Medico-Legal  Society  and  the  Illinois 
State  Microscopical  Society.  Of  non-pro- 
fessional official  relations,  the  doctor  is  a 
Trustee  of  Northwestern  University,  and 
formerly  a  member  of  the  General  Board 
of  Management  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  Chi- 
cago. He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Chi- 
cago Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Chicago 
Literary  Club,  Chicago  Art  Institute  and 
Chicago  Historical  Society.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  is  the  author  of  several  med- 
ical works  of  high  repute,  among  which  are 
volumes  entitled,  "Consumption:  How  to 
Prevent  it  and  How  to  Live  with  it" ;  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Lungs,  Heart  and  Kidneys"; 
and  "Diet  in  Health  and  Disease." 

On  April  16,  1884,  Dr.  Davis  was  united 
in  marriage,  at  Madison,  Wis.,  with  Jessie 
B.  Hopkins,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Judge 
Hopkins,  of  that  city.  Four  children  have 
resulted  from  this  union,  three  of  whom  are 
living,  namely:  Nathan  Smith  Davis  III.; 
Ruth  Davis,  and  William  Deering  Davis. 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


REV.    HUGH    P.    SMYTH. 

Rev.  Hugh  P.  Smyth,  pastor  St.  Mary's 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  a  little  over  fifty  years  ago  in 
County  Cavan,  Ireland,  attended  college  at 
All  Hallows,  Dublin  and  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  in  1881.  He  then  came  to 
America  and,  soon  after  arriving  in  New 
York,  came  to  Chicago,  and  became  assist- 
ant pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Nativity, 
at  Union  Avenue  and  Thirty-seventh  Street, 
retaining  this  position  nine  years.  His  first 
charge  was  as  pastor  of  St.  Patrick's 
Church  at  Lemont,  where  he  remained  two 
years,  when  he  was  called  to  the  rectorship 
of  St.  Mary's  Church  in  Evanston,  being 
appointed  to  this  position  by  Archbishop 
Feehan,  and  taking  charge  of  the  parish  on 
May  6,  1893,  which  position  he  has  retained 
continuously  to  the  present  time.  (See 
"Catholic  Churches,"  Evanston,  in  chapter 
on  churches  in  the  historic  portion  of  this 
volume. ) 

In  the  thirteen  years  of  Father  Smyth's 
connection  with  St.  Mary's  Church  it  has 
greatly  increased  in  the  number  of  its  com- 
municants, the  church  property  has  been 
greatly  improved,  and  he  has  acquired  a 
wide  popularity  among  all  classes  of  citi- 
zens. The  parochial  school  erected  during 
this  period  at  a  cost  of  $70,000  is  capable 
of  accommodating  a  large  body  of  pupils 
and  the  church  membership  has  nearly 
doubled.  Democratic  and  liberal  in  his 
tastes,  Father  Smyth  is  in  much  demand  as 
a  speaker  on  popular  occasions,  and  has 
been  frequently  called  upon  to  lecture  be- 
fore the  students  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. He  takes  a  deep  interest  in  live 
questions  and  has  proven  himself  a  zealous 
champion  of  social,  moral  and  business  re- 
forms. In  an  address  made  before  a  credit 
men's  association,  a  few  months  before  the 


publication,  of  this  volume,  referring  to 
questions  occupying  much  popular  atten- 
tion, he  said:  "I  believe  in  pure  food,  pure 
water,  clean  streets,  air  free  from  grime  and 
soot,  and  stand  for  the  simple,  sweet  and 
peaceable  life  that  brings  out  the  best  in 
man  and  woman." 

The  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  Fr. 
Smyth's  ordination  was  celebrated  in  St. 
Mary's  Church,  Evanston,  with  impressive 
religious  services  on  Sunday,  June  24,  1906, 
followed  by  a  banquet  in  the  parochial 
school  hall,  which  was  participated  in  by 
some  forty  visiting  priests.  Much  interest 
was  manifested  in  the  event  by  many  out- 
side of  the  popular  priest's  own  denomina- 
tion, and  he  was  made  the  recipient  of  nu- 
merous generous  gifts,  not  only  from  his  im- 
mediate parishioners  but  also  from  non- 
Catholic  friends,  amounting  in  all  to  $4,500. 


ELIZABETH  EUNICE  MARCY. 

Elizabeth  Eunice  Marcy,  wife  of  the  late 
Professor  Oliver  Marcy,  LL.  D.,  of  North- 
western University,  was  born  at  East 
Hampton,  Conn.,  December  22,  1821.  She 
is  of  Mayflower  stock  on  both  sides  of  her 
family,  tracing  her  lineage  in  direct  descent 
from  Elder  William  Brewster  and  Stephen 
Hopkins  of  Mayflower  fame.  Mrs.  Mar- 
cy's  life,  up  to  the  time  of  her  young  wom- 
anhood, was  spent  in  her  home  in  East 
Hampton  in  the  atmosphere  of  a  thrifty 
New  England  family.  Nathaniel  Clark 
Smith,  her  father,  was  a  man  highly  re- 
spected in  the  community.  It  may  be  said 
of  him  that  he  practically  received  every 
office  in  the  gift  of  his  fellow  citizens.  He 
was  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Selectman,  No- 
tary Public  and  represented  his  town  in  the 
Legislature  for  several  sessions.  His  fam- 
ily is  directly  traceable  to  the  famous  East- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTOX 


605 


ham  Colony,  the  first  exodus  from  Plym- 
outh about  1644.  Her  mother.  Charlotte 
(Strong)  Smith,  is  said  to  have  beejj  a 
woman  of  remarkable  efficiency,  being  a 
lineal  descendant,  in  the  seventh  genera- 
tion, from  Elder  John  Strong  of  England, 
who  came  to  America  in  1630. 

Elizabeth  was  given  the  usual  opportu- 
nities for  education  in  the  public  schools, 
afterwards  in  private  schools  and  still  later 
in  the  Wesleyan  Academy  of  Wilbraham. 
Mass.,  all  contributing  to  her  training,  af- 
ter which  she  had  further  development  in 
the  experience  of  teaching.  She  is  of  ar- 
tistic temperament  and  has  done  creditable 
work  in  this  line,  as  an  amateur  beginning 
at  a  very  early  age  to  copy  simple  designs. 
All  these  avocations  have  filled  a  long  and 
busy  life  of  one  whose  simple  vocation  was 
a  housekeeper.  Professor  Oliver  Marcy 
married  Elizabeth  Eunice  Smith  July  2, 
1847,  at  which  time  he  was  a  teacher  in  the 
Wilbraham,  Mass..  Academy.  Professor 
Marcy  was  a  member  of  a  very  old  and  dis- 
tinguished family,  being  descended  from 
John  Marcy,  son  of  the  High  Sheriff  of 
Limerick,  Ireland,  who  was  born  about  the 
year  1(162  and  came  to  America  in  1685. 
From  him  the  direct  line  continues  through 
successive  generations  down  to  Thomas, 
the  father  of  Oliver.  Oliver  was  born 
February  13.  1820,  graduated  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  in  1846.  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  from  the  Chicago  Univer- 
sity in  1873.  In  1862  Professor  and  Mrs. 
Marcy  came  to  Evanston,  111.,  he  having 
accepted  a  professorship  in  Northwestern 
University,  with  which  institution  he  was 
identified  until  his  death  on  March  19, 
1899.  His  service  to  the  University  and 
the  science  of  Geology  gave  him  distin- 
guished rank  among  American  educators. 
To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marcy  were  born  four 


children:  Annie  Smith,  born  November  30, 
1851,  married  Dr.  Frank  Davis  April  21, 
1875,  and  died  February  22,  1900;  Edwin 
Grosvenor,  born  January  23,  1854,  died 
July  22,  1855 ;  Frederic  Malcolm,  born  No- 
vember 2,  1856,  died  September  25,  1857 ; 
and  Maude  Elizabeth  Olivia,  born  June  20, 
1862,  died  February  I,  1875. 

During  a  long  and  busy  life,  Mrs.  Marcy 
has  found  time  for  public  service  of  noble 
and  enduring  sort.  Her  passion  for  help- 
fulness found  expression  in  her  alliance 
with  the  Woman's  Foreign  and  Woman's 
Home  Missionary  societies  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  in  both  of  which  she 
was  a  charter  member.  The  early  history 
of  these  movements  is  a  curious  record  of 
opposition  and  discouragement  from  other 
official  agencies,  and  everlasting  credit  is 
due  to  the  noble  and  intrepid  band  of 
women  who  declined  to  be  overawed  or 
discouraged,  and  among  these  Mrs.  Marcy, 
by  pen  and  voice,  was  a  recognized  leader. 
As  a  sort  of  corollary  to  her  work  with  the 
Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society,  Mrs. 
Marcy  undertook  to  found  what  is  known 
as  the  Elizabeth  E.  Marcy  Home  in  one  of 
the  destitute  sections  of  Chicago.  The 
home  is  conducted  as  a  sort  of  religious 
settlement  and  is  now  a  center  of  acknowl- 
edged help  and  usefulness,  a  source  of 
beauty  and  strength  to  those  who  receive 
its  benefits.  Mrs.  Marcy  was  also  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  to  whose  crusade  she 
has  ever  been  one  of  the  most  valuable 
auxiliaries.  She  is  a  member  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  be- 
ing entitled  to  this  order  by  the  service  of 
her  paternal  grandfather,  Sparrow  Smith, 
who  joined  the  Continental  Army  in  his 
seventeenth  year.  She  is  also  eligible  to 
membership  in  the  Colonial  Dames,  having 
for  her  progenitor  on  her  mother's  side 


6o6 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Josiah  Cook,  who  rendered  soldier  service 
in  King  Philip's  War  in  1675.  On  her 
father's  side  she  is  a  descendant  of  the 
Rev.  John  Norton,  who  in  the  French  and 
Indian  War  was  made  Chaplain  of  a  line  of 
forts  in  Western  Massachusetts.  During 
the  service  he  was  carried  to  Canada,  where 
he  remained  captive  for  a  year.  After- 
ward he  settled  in  East  Hampton,  Conn., 
where  he  was  pastor  of  the  church  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life  of  thirty  years. 
She  is  also  by  lineal  descent  from  the  sign- 
ers of  the  original  Compact  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  the 
Women  of  the  Mayflower  of  the  State  of 
Illinois. 

Mrs.  Marcy's  contributions  to  the  press 
have  been  numerous.  In  prose  they  have 
been  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  her  philan- 
thropic work,  some  of  them  being  of  such 
importance  as  to  warrant  their  distribution 
by  tens  of  thousands  in  pamphlet  form.  In 
verse  Mrs.  Marcy  has  been  less  prolific  but 
not  less  successful.  She  excels  as  a  writer 
of  occasional  hymns  and  songs.  One  of 
her  hymns,  originally  contributed  to  the 
Hymnal  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
has  been  taken  up  by  other  hymnals  and 
has  been  sung  with  great  acceptance  by 
congregations  all  over  the  world.  In  per- 
son, Mrs.  Marcy  is  most  approachable  and 
companionable.  The  wide  variety  of  her 
interests,  her  intellectual  keenness,  the 
breadth  and  geniality  of  her  sympathies, 
the  high  quality  of  her  culture  and  her  deep 
spirituality  invest  her  with  exceptional 
charms.  She  has  lived  a  long,  diligent  and 
useful  life,  and  if,  by  reason  of  years,  her 
range  of  activity  is  now  restricted,  she  is 
none  the  less  an  inspiring  and  beloved  fig- 
ure in  a  wide  circle  of  friends  upon  whom 
the  blessing  and  the  balm  of  a  pure  spirit 
have  passed. 


CHARLES  C.  BRAGDON. 

Charles  C.  Bragdon,  A.  M.,  a  teacher  by 
profession,  who  is  Principal  of  the  Lasell 
Seminary  for  Young  Women,  at  Auburn- 
dale,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
September  6,  1847.  In  boyhood  he  attend- 
ed public  school,  and  in  early  manhood 
pursued  courses  of  study  in  Northwestern 
Female  College,  and  in  the  Preparatory 
Department  of  Northwestern  University, 
where  he  graduated  in  1865,  and  received 
the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  regular  course  in 
1868.  At  a  later  period,  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  North- 
western University.  From  1872  to  1874, 
Mr.  Bragdon  continued  his  studies  in  Ger- 
many. "He  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
Alpha  Phi  Kappa  Psi  Fraternity,  and  dur- 
ing his  collegiate  course,  belonged  to  the 
Adelphic  Literary  Society. 

From  1865  to  1867,  Mr.  Bragdon  taught 
in  the  Williamsport  Seminary,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  from  1868  to  1872,  in  the  Wes- 
leyan  Female  College,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
On  June  30,  1869,  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Kate  R.  Ransom,  of  Williams- 
port.  Pa.,  and  they  became  the  parents  of 
two  children,  namely:  Katherine  Belle  and 
John  Ransom. 


FRANKLIN  SEXTON  CATLIX. 

Franklin  S.  Catlin,  a  worthy  and  prom- 
ising representative  of  the  younger  element 
of  attorneys-at-law  in  Chicago,  111.,  was 
bom  in  that  city  September  16,  1876,  the 
only  son  of  Charles  and  Mary  Edith 
(Woods)  Catlin,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  Chicago.  On  the  maternal  side  he 
is  descended  from  Michael  Humphrey,  who 
settled  in  Connecticut  in  1647.  Mr.  Charles 
Catlin  is  Cashier  of  the  Money  Order  De- 
partment of  the  Chicago  Post  Office. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


607 


The  youthful  mental  training  of  Mr. 
Catlin  was  obtained  in  the  "Lincoln"  Pub- 
lic Grammar  School,  of  Chicago,  after 
which  he  became  a  pupil  in  the  old  Chicago 
Manual  Training  School,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1894.  He  then  entered 
the  Northwestern  University  Law  School, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1896,  and  receiv- 
ing the  degree  of  LL.  B.  In  that  year  he 
was  a  contributor  to  the  "Northwestern 
University  Law  Review."  As  he  was  too 
young  for  admission  to  the  bar,  being  but 
nineteen  years  old,  he  took  a  post-graduate 
course  in  the  Chicago  College  of  Law  (the 
law  department  of  Lake  Forest  University), 
which  also  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  B.  In  November,  1897,  Mr.  Catlin 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  became  con- 
nected with  the  law  firm  of  Loesch  Broth- 
ers &  Howell,  with  whom  he  remained 
three  years.  Since  1900  he  has  continued 
in  practice  alone. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Catlin  is  an  earnest  ad- 
herent of  the  Republican  party,  and  takes 
an  active  part  in  the  work  of  its  local  or- 
ganization, having  acted  as  secretary  of  his 
precinct  and  clerk  of  election  for  six  years. 
His  religious  connection  is  with  Unity 
Church  (long  under  the  ministry  of  Rev. 
Robert  Collyer),  of  which  he  is  secretary. 
In  fraternal  circles  he  is  identified  with  the 
A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  being  a  member  of  Orien- . 
tal  Lodge  No.  33,  of  Chicago,  of  which  his 
father  has  been  Secretary  for  the  past 
twenty-seven  years.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  North 
Side  Club,  a  social  organization.  Mr.  Cat- 
lin is  somewhat  of  an  expert  in  aquatic 
sports.  In  1896  he  won  the  Junior  Single 
Shell  championship,  and  was  one  of  the 
winners  of  the  Junior  Pair-oared  Shell 
championship,  in  the  regatta  of  the  Missis^ 
sippi  Valley  Amateur  Rowing  Association, 


at  Black  Lake,  Michigan.  He  is  secretary 
of  the  Catlin  Boat  Club,  which  was  organ- 
ized in  1882,  and  a  member  of  the  American 
Canoe  Association. 


GEORGE  W.  WHITEFIELD,  M.  D., 
D.  D.  S. 

George  W.  Whitefield,  physician,  D.  D. 
S.,  was  born  near  Boston,  Mass.,  September 
30,  1855.  the  son  of  Rev.  John  and  Martha 
(Kemp)  Whitefield^and  a  grand  nephew 
of  Rev.  George  Whitefield.  the  celebrated 
English  evangelist  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. In  boyhood,  he  was  brought  by  his 
parents  to  Aurora,  111.,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  school  and  high  school, 
his  first  employment  after  leaving  school 
being  as  a  bookkeeper.  While  still  in  his 
'teens  he  opened  an  art  store  in  Aurora, 
and,  after  reaching  manhood,  spent  some 
time  on  the  plains.  In  1879  ne  began  study 
and  laboratory  work  preparatory  to  open- 
ing a  dental  office  during  the  following 
year,  in  the  meantime,  while  engaged  in 
practice,  pursuing  medical  and  dental  col- 
lege courses,  taking  the  D.  D.  S.  degree  at 
the  Chicago  Dental  College  in  1885,  and 
that  of  M.  D.  from  Rush  Medical  College 
in  1886.  The  official  positions  which  he 
has  he4d  in  connection  with  his  profession 
include  the  chair  of  Dental  Pathology  in 
the  American  Dental  College  and  that  of 
Electrical  Therapeutics  in  the  Dental  De- 
partment of  the  Northwestern  University; 
also  for  some  time  was  Aural  Surgeon  in 
connection  with  the  Protestant  Orphan 
Asylum,  and  Assistant  Surgeon  under  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Gunn  preceding  the  death  of 
the  latter  in  1887.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Dental  Society,  the  Odontographic 
Society  and  the  Electric  Club,  and  served 


6o8 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


as  delegate  to  the  Ninth  International  Med- 
ical Congress  ;  is  also  the  inventor  of  several 
valuable  instruments  now  in  general  use  in 
connection  with  electro-therapy. 

On  January  31,  1895,  Dr.  Whitefiekl  was 
married  to  Fannie  Comstock,  daughter  of 
Charles  Comstock,  and  they  have  one 
daughter,  Julia  Sprague.  For  five  years  he 
was  a  member  of  Company  D,  Third  Regi- 
ment I.  N.  G.,  and  served  with  his  regiment 
in  suppressing  the  riots  at  Braidwood,  111., 
in  1877.  Owing  to  failing  health  he  en- 
tered commercial  life,  serving  for  a  time 
as  Vice-President  of  a  company  whose  bus- 
iness interests  led  to  his  making  a  trip  to 
the  tropics.  In  a  short  time,  having  re- 
gained his  health,  he  returned  home  in 
1903  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, which  he  has  followed  continuous- 
ly since.  He  was  Vice-President  of  the 
American  Fruit  and  Transportation  Com- 
pany and  a  Director  of  the  Rio  Bonito 
Company.  His  residence  and  office  are  at 
No.  1518  Hinman  Avenue,  Evanston. 


FRANK    LYNN    BORTON.  • 

Frank. Lynn  Horton  was  born  near  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.,  in  1863.  of  Quaker  parentage. 
Mr.  Borton  has  been  in  the  service  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  System  for  twenty 
years  and  is  Assistant  to  the  Manager  of 
the  Star  Union  Line,  the  through  freight 
department  of  the  Pennsylvania  Lines.  He 
has  been  a  resident  of  Evanston  for  eleven 
years,  is  a  member  of  the  Official  Board  of 
Emmanuel  Methodist  Church,  and  has  al- 
ways taken  an  active  interest  in  municipal 
affairs.  Mr.  Borton's  home  is  at  740  For- 
est Avenue. 


DAVID  R.  DYCHE,  M.  D. 

Dr.  David  R.  Dyche  (deceased)  was 
born  near  Red  Lion,  Warren  County. 
Ohio,  March  u,  1827,  the  son  of  William 
Dyche,  who  was  a  farmer  -by  occupation. 
The  son  was  brought  up  on  a  farm,  mean- 
while receiving  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools,  at  Lebanon  Academy  and 
under  private  tutorship,  after  which  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr. 
Joshua  Stearns  of  Lebanon,  still  later  tak- 
ing a  course  in  the  Medical  College  at 
Cincinnati,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1854.  He  then  began  practice  in  the 
town  of  Monroe,  Butler  County,  Ohio, 
where  he  remained  nine  years.  In  1865. 
coming  to  Chicago,  at  the  end  of  the  year 
he  engaged  in  the  drug  business,  first  at 
the  corner  of  Randolph  and  Dearborn 
Streets.  The  fire  of  1871  having  destroyed 
his  place  of  business,  he  soon  afterward 
erected  the  Dyche  building  at  the  corner 
of  Randolph  and  State  Streets,  in  which 
he  continued  business  until  his  death 
August  4.  1893. 

Up  to  1874,  Dr.  Dyche's  residence  was 
in  the  city  of  Chicago.  He  then  removed 
to  Evanston,  where  he  continued  to  reside 
(hiring  the  remainder  of  his  life,  taking  an 
active  part  in  the  building  up  of  that  city. 
He  was  one  of  the  active  members  of  the 
Citizens'  League,  which  did  much  to  keep 
saloons  from  obtaining  a  foothold  in  the 
city  in  violation  of  the  "Four-Mile  Limit 
Law."  He  was  an  active  factor  in  the 
founding  of  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege, afterwards  identified  with  the  North- 
western University,  and  in  the  promotion 
of  the  medical  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity :  and  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  School  of  Pharmacy  connected  with 
that  institution.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Church  in  early  life,  and 
took  a  deep  interest  in  church  affairs  and 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


609 


in  the  upbuilding  of  the  Northwestern 
University,  with  which  he  was  closely 
identified  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  soon  after  coming  to  Evanston, 
and  continuously  thereafter  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Dyche  was  married  in  Monroe, 
Ohio,  in  1856,  to  Mary  S.  Boyd.  a  daugh- 
ter of  Andrew  Boyd  of  that  place,  ami 
they  had  two  sons,  both  of  whom  sur- 
vive, namely  :  William  A.,  former  Mayor 
of  the  City  of  Evanston.  and  present  Busi- 
ness Manager  of  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, and  Dr.  George  B.  Dyche,  who  is 
a  physician  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 

Liberal,  public-spirited  and  enterpris- 
ing. Dr.  David  R.  Dyche  was  one  of  the 
most  influential  factors  in  promoting  the 
benevolent,  educational  and  moral  inter- 
ests of  the  city  with  which  he  was  so 
closelv  identified  for  twenty  years. 


JOHX  CARXEY. 

John  Carney  (deceased),  who  spent  his 
entire  life  of  nearly  fifty-four  years  in 
Evanston.  111.,  and  served  twenty-three 
years,  in  all.  as  head  of  its  police  force, 
died  September  21.  1899,  within  three 
blocks  of  the  spot  where  he  was  born 
January  7,  1846.  His  parents  were  John 
and  Mary  (Lindsay)  Carney,  natives  of 
County  Mayo,  Ireland.  His  father,  born 
in  Castlebar,  County  Mayo,  was  reared  to 
farming,  and  on  coming  to  the  United 
States  in  1835,  sought  what  was  then  the 
Far  West,  and  settled  on  the  prairie 
twelve  miles  north  of  the  village  of  Chi- 
cago, and  on  the  site  of  the  present  city 
of  Evanston.  The  tract  of  land  on  which 
he  located  is  now  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Church  Street,  south  by  Greenleaf 
Street,  east  by  Railroad  Avenue,  and  west 


by  the  western  limits  of  Evanston.  Here 
he  applied  himself  to  farming,  being  one 
of  the  first  of  the  pioneers  to  bring  land 
under  cultivation  in  this  region.  His  old 
homestead  is  now  No.  1314  Ridge  Avenue, 
and  he  continued  to  reside  there  until  the 
Northwestern  University  was  established, 
and  the  ground  on  which  it  stood  was 
purchased  for  the  use  of  that  institution. 
I  le  then  moved  to  a  place  near  the  present 
Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  where  he  was  occu- 
pied in  farming  for  two  years. 

In  the  meantime.  Evanston  having  been 
laid  out,  he  established  his  home  in  the 
new  village,  where  he  became  the  owner 
of  the  block  of  ground  on  Asbury  Avenue 
between  Grove  and  Lake  Streets.  There 
he  built  the  residence  in  which  he  lived 
during  the  remainder  of  his  days,  dying 
there  April  3,  1874.  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
seven  years.  His  widow,  who  reached 
the  age  of  ninety-two  years,  passed  away 
August  12.  1896.  Both  of  these  worthy 
pioneers  were  typical  early  settlers,  and 
throughout  their  long  lives,  enjoyed  the 
high  esteem  of  their  contemporaries  in 
early  settlement,  and  that  of  the  later  gen- 
eration that  grew  up  around  them. 

John  Carney,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  born  at  the  early  homestead  on  Ridge 
Avenue.  He  attended  school  in  the  prim- 
itive log  school  house  in  the  village,  then 
called  Ridgeville.  and  was  subsequently 
a  pupil  in  the  historic  Catholic  school  in 
Chicago,  known  as  St.  Mary's  of  the  Lake. 
He  learned  the  butcher's  trade  as  a  boy 
and  he  and  his  brother  William  were,  for 
some  time  during  his  early  manhood,  en- 
gaged in  the  meat  business  in  Evanston. 
Afterwards,  he  worked  at  the  painter's 
trade  until  1872,  when  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  pioneer  police  force  of  the  Vil- 
lage of  Evanston.  Among  the  Village 
Trustees  of  that  period  were  Lyman  J. 


6io 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Gage,  Oliver  Willard,  J.  J.  Parkhurst  and 
others  who  gained  distinction  in  later  life. 
Mr.  Carney  was  the  first  Chief  of  Police 
of  the  incorporated  City  of  Evanston,  and 
became  widely  known  for  his  ability  as  a 
police  officer  and  detective.  He  had 
more  than  any  other  man  to  do  with  shap- 
ing the  character  of  the  force  and  making 
it  what  it  is  to-day.  After  1895  he  gave 
up  all  active  pursuits  and  lived  in  pleasant 
retirement  at  his  home  on  Asbury  Ave- 
nue. Throughout  his  official  life  he  was 
chiefly  interested  in  preserving  the  best 
possible  order  in  the  community,  and 
took  a  leading  part  in  establishing  the 
"four-mile  limit,"  within  which  saloons 
are  not  allowed  in  Evanston. 

Mr.  Carney  was  married  in  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Evanston,  June  12,  1870,  to  Ida 
Maria  Guinan,  a  native  of  Burr,  Kings 
County,  Ireland.  Mrs.  Carney  came  to 
the  United  States  with  her  parents.  John 
and  Anna  Guinan,  when  she  was  five 
years  of  age.  Her  family  settled  at  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  where  she  passed  the  early 
years  of  her  life.  The  only  child  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Carney  is  Mrs.  John  M.  James, 
the  infant  daughter  of  whom,  Irene,  rep- 
resents the  fourth  generation  of  the  fam- 
ily in  Evanston,  and  the  third  generation 
born  there. 

Like  his  father  before  him,  Mr.  Carney 
was  a  Catholic  Churchman.  His  widow, 
who  survives  him,  and  her  daughter  ad- 
here to  the  same  faith  and  are  communi- 
cants of  St.  Mary's  Church  in  Evanston. 


JOHN  BRENTON  CALLIGAN. 

John  Brenton  Calligan  (deceased),  for- 
merly a  well-known  citizen  of  Evanston, 
111.,  was  born  in  Machias,  Maine,  August 
19,  1848,  and  there  received  his  mental 


training  in  the  high  school.  His  parents, 
XYarren  and  Catherine  (Hartley)  Calli- 
gan, died  when  he  was  very  young,  and 
he  was  adopted  into  the  family  of  Wil- 
liam Lorimer,  of  Machias,  where  he  was 
reared.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the 
employ  of  the  Pope  Brothers,  who  oper- 
ated a  large  merchandising  and  lumber- 
ing concern  in  Machias,  and  for  many 
years  occupied  a  responsible  position  with 
this  firm.  About  1880,  he'went  to  Boston 
and  became  connected  with  the  mercantile 
house  of  R.  H.  White.  There  he  remained 
until  1887.  when  he  resigned  this  posi-, 
tion,  and  coming  to  Chicago,  entered  the 
wholesale  hardware  trade  as  a  representa- 
tive of  the  Colby  Wringer  Company,  with 
which  he  continued  until  1896.  Retiring 
from  this  busipess,  he  then  purchased  a 
fruit  ranch  near  Boise  City,  Idaho,  to 
which  he  devoted  his  attention  mainly 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1887 
he  established  his  home  in  Evanston. 
where  he  lived  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  October  6,  1904. 

Mr.  Calligan  was  twice  married.  His 
first  wife,  to  whom  he  was  wedded  in 
1873,  was  Frances  Brown,  a  daughter  of 
Capt.  David  Brown,  of  Machias,  Maine, 
who  was  a  prominent  resident  of  that 
place.  She  died  in  June,  1882.  Two  chil- 
dren resulted  from  this  union,  of  whom 
one  died  in  1882  and  the  other  in  1883. 

In  June.  1884,  Mr.  Calligan  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Annie  F.  Harlow,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Deacon  Alden  and  Temperance 
(Bourne)  Harlow,  of  Needham,  Mass. 
On  the  paternal  side,  Mrs.  Calligan,  who 
survives  her  husband,  is  a  lineal  descend- 
ant of  John  Alden,  the  Puritan,  and  comes 
of  a  noted  New  England  family.  One  of 
her  ancestors  in  the  paternal  line  was  Col. 
Anthony  Thomas,  of  Revolutionary  fame. 
Another  was  Col.  Briggs  Alden,  who  was 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


Cn 


a  close  personal  friend  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton. On  the  maternal  side,  Mrs.  Calligan 
has  an  equally  distinguished  ancestry. 
One  of  her  ancestors  was  John  Bourne, 
who  walked  a  distance  of  forty  miles  to 
Boston  in  order  to  enlist  in  the  Revolution- 
ary Army.  He  was  with  Washington  at 
Valley  Forge,  and  the  record  of  his  mil- 
itary career  constitutes  a  narrative  of 
thrilling  interest.  He  lived  to  be  six 
months  more  than  a  hundred  years  old. 
Mrs.  Calligan's  grandfather,  Eleazer  Har- 
low,  owned  and  lived  on  a  farm  adjoining 
that  of  Daniel  Webster,  at  Marshfield, 
Mass.  The  two  men  were  warm  personal 
friends,  and  Mr.  Harlow  was  one  of  the 
pall-bearers  at  the  funeral  of  the  great 
New  England  statesman. 

The  only  child  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Calli- 
gan is  Mrs.  Grace  Brenton  Williams,  who 
is  a  Daughter  of  the  Revolution,  and  pre- 
serves among  her  cherished  possessions 
the  cartridge  box  and  bayonet  of  her 
ancestor,  John  Bourne,  and  other  relics  of 
the  Revolution. 

Politically.  Mr.  Calligan  was  a  Re- 
publican of  pronounced  views.  Frater- 
nally, he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order  in  Norfold  Lotlge,  at 
Xeedham.  Mass.,  in  1883.  His  religious 
associations  were  with  the  Second  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Evanston. 


ROBERT  DODDS. 

Dr.  Robert  Dodcls,  physician  and  sur- 
geon, who  is  located  at  No.  144  Oakwood 
Boulevard,  Chicago,  111.,  was  born  at 
Kirkmaiden,  Scotland,  February  12,  1856. 
In  boyhood  he  was  a  pupil  in  the  gram- 
mar schools  of  Scotland,  and  subsequently 
pursued  a  course  of  study  in  Ayr  Acad- 
emy, in  that  country.  He  graduated  from 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  North- 


western University  in  1890.  with  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  Dr.  Dodds  is  Attending 
Surgeon  to  the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital 
and  the  Charity  Hospital.  Gynecologist  of 
the  Post-Graduate  School  and  Hospital, 
and  Lecturer  in  the  Methodist  Training 
School  for  Home  and  Foreign  Missions. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the 
Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society,  and  the 
Chicago  Gynecological  Society.  Dr.  Dodds 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Jessie  B. 
Brown  in  April,  1890.  and  one  child  has 
been  the  offspring  of  this  union,  namely : 
Marv  West  Dodds. 


CASSIUS  M.  C.  BUNTAIN. 

Cassius  M.  Clay  Buntain.  lawyer,  of 
Kankakee,  Kankakee  County,  111.,  was 
born  in  Momence,  in  that  county,  October 
15,  1876,  the  son  of  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
Anna  (Vankirk)  Buntain.  His  early 
youth  was  spent  in  his  native  town,  where 
he  obtained  his  primary  mental  training 
in  the  public  school.  On  September  7, 
1891,  he  entered  the  Momence  High 
School,  from  which  he  graduated  as  class 
orator  and  valedictorian  May  23.  1894. 
On  September  12,  1894.  he  entered  the 
Northwestern  University  Academy  at 
Evanston,  111.,  from  which  he  graduated 
June  8,  1896.  On  September  21,  1809.  he 
became  a  student  in  the  law  school  of 
Northwestern  University,  from  which  he 
graduated  June  19,  1902,  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  B.  He  had  previously  (June  15, 
1899)  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from 
Northwestern  University,  and  that  of  A. 
M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Col- 
lege of  Liberal  Arts  in  Evanston  June  19. 
1902.  In  1894-95.  ne  was  President  of 
the  Momence  High  School  Alumni  Asso- 


612 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ciation,  and  Chairman  of  its  Executive 
Committee  in  1895-96.  The  prizes  which 
were  awarded  Mr.  Buntain  in  connection 
with  his  studies  in  Momence,  111.,  were  as 
follows:  a  silver  medal.  October  15, 
1890.  at  the  Inter-State  Hay  Palace  in 
that  place,  for  the  "best  scholarship  in 
arithmetic" :  a  $3  prize  for  the  best  map 
of  the  United  States  drawn  from  mem- 
ory :  a  $3  prize  for  the  best  solution 
for  a  problem  in  mathematics;  a  prize  for 
the  best  note-book  kept  during  the  year; 
first  prize  (a  silver  medal)  in  the  Demor- 
est  declamation  contest  at  Momence,  111.. 
April  3.  1891;  first  prize  (a.  gold  medal) 
in  the  Dtmorest  declamation  contest  at 
Watseka.  111.,  August  20,  1891  :  first  prize 
(a  gold  medal)  in  a  declamation  contest 
at  Chicago  Heights.  111..  January  6.  1894: 
and  first  prize  (grand  gold  medal)  in  the 
Demorest  declamation  contest  at  Urbana, 
111.,  September  7.  1894.  In  Northwestern 
University  Academy,  Evanston,  111.,  Mr. 
Buntain  won  second  place  in  the  Colum- 
bian Oratorical  Contest,  May  25,  1895. 

In  the  course  of  his  academic  and  col- 
lege connections  Mr.  Buntain  received, 
in  1895-96.  a  State  scholarship  for  four 
years.  During  the  same  period,  he  was 
chosen  Trig  Cremation  orator.  In  1896- 
97,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Rogers  Debat- 
ing Club  and  was  nominated  by  the  class 
committee  as  editor  of  the  "Syllabus." 
In  1897-98.  he  was  Chairman  of  the  Pan- 
Hellenic  Association  :  leader  of  the  Junior 
Promenade,  February  18.  1898:  member 
of  the  Junior  Play  Committee  and  cast, 
elected  a  member  of  the  Rogers  De- 
bating Club  team  for  1898-99:  and  Dele- 
gate to  the  province  convention  of  the 
"Phi  Delta  Theta"  Fraternity  at  Lin- 
coln, Nebraska,  May  19,  1898.  He  also 
represented  the  same  fraternity  at  its 
semi-centennial  convention  at  Columbus, 


Ohio,  November  21-25,  1898-  On  Sep- 
tember 29,  1904,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  he  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  "Phi  Delta  Phi"  Fraternity. 
He  joined  the  "Phi  Delta  Theta"  Frater- 
nity December  7.  1895,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  "Theta  Xu  Epsilon"  Fra- 
ternity May  13.  1898.  He  was  initiated 
into  the  "Deru"  (Senior  Fraternity)  on 
May  27.  1898.  On  May  1 1,  190x3,  he  was 
initiated  into  the  legal  fraternity  of  "Phi 
Delta  Phi."  On  May  24.  1901,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  class  of  1902,  for 
the  senior  year  (1901-02).  During  the 
summer  of  1898,  Mr.  Buntain  served  as 
clerk  in  the  Adjutant  General's  Office 
(War  Department),  \Vashington,  D.  C. 
On  October  28th  of  the  same  year  he  was 
a  member  of  the  winning  team  in  the 
first  semi-final  debate  of  the  Inter  Society 
Debating  League.  On  January  13.  1899, 
he  was  a  Cleveland  declamation  contest- 
ant and  a  Lyman  J.  Gage  debate  contest- 
ant April  14,  1899.  On  February  21.  1899, 
he  was  elected  to  membership  in  the  Soci- 
ety of  American  Wars. 

On  October  7-8.  1902.  Mr.  Buntain 
passed  the  State  Bar  Examination  at 
Springfield,  111.,  and  on  October  I7th.  fol- 
lowing, was  admitted  to  practice.  From 
February  2,  to  May  6,  1903,  he  was  clerk 
in  the  law  firm  of  Dupee.  Judah,  Willard 
&  Wolf,  of  Chicago,  and  from  May  141)1 
to  October  291)1  of  that  year  he  acted  as 
assistant  attorney  for  Farson,  Leach  & 
Co.  of  that  city.  On  April  4,  1904,  he 
opened  up  a  law  office  at  25  Arcade  Build- 
ing, Kankakee.  111.,  where  he  has  since 
been  successfully  engaged  in  practice.  In 
fraternal  circles,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
is  identified  with  the  Royal  Arcanum. 
Grove  City  Council  No.  832;  also  Kanka- 
kee (111.)  Lodge  No.  389  of  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons;  Kankakee  (111.) 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


613 


Chapter  No.  78  Royal  Arch-Masons ;  and 
Ivanhoe  Commandery  No.  33  Knights 
Templar,  Kankakee,  111. 


PETER  THOMAS  BURNS,  M.  D. 

Dr.  Peter  Thomas  Burns,  physician, 
who  is  located  at  No.  531  South  Leavitt 
Street,  Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  Osman, 
\\'is.,  October  5,  1864.  In  early  youth  he 
attended  the  common  and  high  schools  of 
his  native  place,  and  in  1888  matriculated 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  Northwest- 
ern University,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1891. 
From  the  time  of  his  graduation.  Dr. 
Burns  has  been  a  teacher  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Anatomy  of  the  University  Med- 
ical School,  in  which,  since  1892.  he  has 
acted  in  the  capacity  of  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy.  Dr.  Burns  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  and  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society.  The  marriage 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  took  place  on 
June  21,  1892.  when  he  was  wedded  to 
Marv  Adelaide  Davis  of  Meeme,  \Vis. 


SOLOMON  W.  ZIPPERMAN.  D.  D.  S. 

Dr.  Solomon  \Yilliam  Zipperman,  who 
is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at 
No.  538  South  Halsted  Street,  Chicago, 
111.,  is  a  native  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
where  he  was  born  in  Chotin,  Bessarabia, 
June  15.  1875.  His  boyhood  and  youth 
were  spent  in  the  place  of  his  birth,  and 
his  earlier  mental  training  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools  of  Chotin,  Russia, 
and  in  the  high  school  there,  of  which  he 
is  a  graduate. 

Shortly  after  coming  to  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Zipperman  matriculated  (in 


1896)  in  the  Northwestern  University 
Dental  School,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  class  of  1899,  receiving  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  S.  He  immediately  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
in  which  he  has  met  with  successful  re- 
sults, and  has  secured  a  remunerative 
patronage. 

Dr.  Zipperman  is  a  member  of  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  Northwestern 
University  Dental  School,  the  Illinois 
State  Dental  Society,  and  the  Chicago 
( Klontographic  Society :  and  is  also  fra- 
ternally affiliated  with  Apollo  Lodge  No. 
(142.  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  and  Commercial 
Lodge  No.  165.  I.  ( ).  O.  F. 


KOSCOE  TOXYNLEY  NICHOLS.M.  D. 

Roscoe  Townley  Nichols,  physician  and 
surgeon,  who  is  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Liberal.  Seward 
County.  Kan.,  was  born  at  Allerton, 
XX'ayne  County,  la.,  on  February  20.  1881. 
In  early  youth  he  attended  public  school 
in  his  native  place,  and.  from  1895  to  '899. 
pursued  a  course  of  scientific  study  in  the 
Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  the  year  last 
named,  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  He  then, 
in  1899-1901.  studied  medicine  at  St. 
Louis.  Mo.,  in  Barnes  Medical  College 
In  September.  1901.  he  entered  the  North- 
western University  Medical  School,  grad- 
uating therefrom  with  the  degree  of  M. 
D.  in  June.  1902.  In  1899  he  was  Pres- 
ident of  the  XX'ebster  Literary  Society  of 
the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College, 
and  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
"Students'  Herald."  of  that  institution,  in 
1898-90. 

Dr.  Nichols  is  a  member  of  the  South- 
west Counties  Medical  Society  of  Kan- 
sas, the  Kansas  State  Medical  Societv, 


6i4 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


the  American  Medical  Association,  and 
the  American  Academy  of  Medicine.  Fra- 
ternally, he  is  identified  with  the  A.  F. 
&  A.  M.,  having  been  made  a  Mason  by 
Fargo  Lodge  No.  300  in  May.  1903.  On 
May  3.  1903,  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Osa  Roscoe  Clark,  and  two  children 
have  been  born  of  this  union:  Harry 
Dale  Nichols,  born  March  15,  1904,  and 
Alice  C.  Nichols,  born  August  22,  1905. 


CHARLES  L.  RICHARDS. 

Charles  L.  Richards,  lawyer,  of  Hebron, 
Neb.,  was  born  in  Woodstock.  111..  March 
21.  1856.  and  there,  in  boyhood,  received 
his  primary  mental  training  in  the  public 
schools.  At  a  later  period  he  entered  the 
University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  with  the  class 
of  1878.  He  pursued  his  legal  studies  in 
the  Union  College  of  Law  in  Chicago, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1884  with  the 
degree  of  LL.  B.  From  1886  to  18901 
Mr.  Richards  held  the  office  of  Prosecut- 
ing Attorney  of  Thayer  County,  Neb.,  and 
in  1895  served  in  the  capacity  of  member 
and  Speaker  of  the  Nebraska  House  of 
Representatives. 

In  fraternal  circles,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  is  affiliated  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M. 
Religiously,  he  adheres  to  the  faith  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  Mr.  Richards  is 
the  father  of  four  children,  namely  :  Carl 
G.,  John  Lowrie.  Webb  and  Bessie. 


WILLIAM  J.  CAMDEN. 

William  J.  Camden.  pharmacist,  of 
Walhalla,  North  Dakota,  was  born  in  the 
Province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  on  Decem- 
ber 19,  1872,  received  his  early  mental 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Paul. 


Minn.,  and  in  September,  1890,  matricu- 
lated in  the  Northwestern  University 
School  of  Pharmacy  in  Chicago,  III., 
graduating  in  1893  with  the  degree  of 
Graduate  in  Pharmacy.  In  1897,  he  en- 
gaged in  business  at  his  present  location. 
In  1902-03,  he  served  in  the  capacity  of 
Vice-President  of  the  North  Dakota 
Pharmaceutical  Association,  of  which 
body  he  was  elected  President  in  1904.  In 
fraternal  circles,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
is  identified  with  the  K.  of  P.,  the  A.  F. 
&  A.  M..  and  the  D.  O.  K.  K.  Mr.  Cam- 
den  was  united  in  marriage  with  Mary 
Frances  Horgan,  of  Walhalla,  N.  D.,  on 
February  7,  1906. 


CHARLES  H.  MAYO,  M.  D. 

Charles  Horace  Mayo,  who  is  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  surgery  at  Rochester. 
Minn.,  was  born  in  that  city  July  19,  1865. 
In  youth  he  attended  a  private  school, 
and  was  also  a  pupil  in  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  his  native  place.  In  1885 
he  matriculated  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Northwestern  University,  in 
Chicago.  III.,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1888  with  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
in  1904.  Dr.  Mayo  is  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Mayo.  Stinchfield  &  Graham  of 
Rochester,  Minn.,  and  is  surgeon  in  St. 
Mary's  Hospital  in  that  city.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Minnesota  State  Board 
of  Health,  and  is  connected  with  various 
medical  and  surgical  societies  as  follows : 
The  American  Surgical  Association  ;  the 
Southern  Surgical  Association  ;  the  West- 
ern Surgical  Association,  of  which  he  was 
elected  President  in  1904 ;  the  American 
Medical  Association ;  the  Minnesota 
State  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was 
President  in  1905-06:  the  District  Medical 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


6i5 


Society  for  the  Southern  Counties  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley ;  and  the  Olmsted 
County  (Minn.)  Medical  Society.  On 
April  5,  1893,  Dr.  Mayo  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Edith  Graham,  who  has 
borne  him  five  children,  namely :  Dorothy, 
Charles,  Edith,  Joseph  and  Louise. 


RAYXOR  ELMORE  HOLMES.  M.  D. 

Dr.  Raynor  E.  Holmes,  physician  and  sur- 
geon, Canon  City,  Colo.,  was  born  at  New 
Lenox,  111.,  November  2.  1871.  In  boyhood 
he  attended  the  public  school  in  his  na- 
tive place,  and  his  later  youth  was  de- 
voted to  special  studies.  In  1893  he  en- 
tered the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  of 
Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston. 
111.,  and  completed  his  course  in  1895. 
In  1896  he  matriculated  in  the  Northwest- 
ern University  Medical  School,  graduat- 
ing therefrom  in  1901,  with  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  Dr.  Holmes  acted  in  the  capacity 
of  interne  in  the  Minnequa  Hospital,  in 
Pueblo,  Colo.,  from  June,  1901.  to  Octo- 
ber, 1902.  From  October.  1902.  until  the 
present  writing  he  has  occupied  the  po- 
sition of  surgeon  at  Canon  City  and 
Brookside,  Colo.,  for  the  Colorado  Fuel 
&  Iron  Company. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  a  member 
of  the  Colorado  State  Medical  Society: 
the  Fremont  County  (Colo.)  Medical  So- 
ciety ;  and  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 


THOMAS  BATES. 

Thomas  Bates,  a  prominent  attorney 
residing  in  Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in 
Griggsville,  Pike  County.  111..  March  4,1844. 
His  parents,  Thomas  and  Ann  (Cleve- 
land) Bates,  were  natives  of  Windsor. 
Vt.,  where  thev  were  born  in  1815  and 

*  •*      J_ 


1818,  respectively.  In  the  earlier  period 
of  his  life,  Thomas  Bates,  Sr.,  was  en- 
gaged in  fanning,  but  later  became  a  mer- 
chant and  grain  buyer.  The  son,  Thom- 
as, received  his  early  mental  training  in 
the  common  schools,  and  spent  one  year 
in  Illinois  College,-at  Jacksonville.  After 
leaving  college  he  worked  one  year  in  his 
father's  store,  and  then  went  west  as  as- 
sistant wagon-master  in  Sully  &  Sibley's 
expedition  against  the  Sioux  Indians. 
This  occupied  his  time  for  about  a  year, 
when  he  returned  home  and  in  May,  1862, 
enlisted  in  Company  B,  Sixty-eighth  Reg- 
iment Illinois  Infantry,  which  was  at- 
tached to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  under 
Gen.  McClellan.  The  regiment  first  en- 
listed as  State  Militia,  but  at  the  request 
of  its  members  was  mustered  into  the 
Federal  service,  and  was  engaged  in 
guarding  forts,  etc.,  for  a  period  of  about 
four  months,  when  it  was  mustered  out 
at  Springfield.  Thomas  Bates  returned 
home  when  discharged,  and  taught  school 
at  Towanda  and  Oilman,  111.,  for  about 
nine  years.  In  1876,  he  came  to  Chicago 
and  entered  the  law  office  of  Leonard 
Swett,  having  previously  read  law  under 
Mr.  Swett's  direction.  In  the  autumn  of 
1876  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  legal  pre- 
ceptor, under  the  firm  name  of  Swett  & 
Bates.  Subsequently  Judge  Van  H.  Hig- 
gins  was  admitted,  and  the  firm  name  be- 
came Higgins,  Swett  &  Bates.  On  Mr. 
Higgins'  withdrawal  Pliny  N.  Haskell 
was  admitted,  the  style  of  the  firm  then 
becoming  Swett,  Bates  &  Haskell.  This 
continued  until  1884,  when  Mr.  Bates  re- 
tired from  the  partnership  and  practiced 
alone  for  three  or  four  years,  when  Rich- 
ard W.  Barger,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
was  admitted  as  a  partner.  Later  the 
firm  became  Bates  &  Harding,  and  is  now 
Bates,  Harding  &  Atkins. 


6i6 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Mr.  Bates  has  confined  his  practice 
chiefly  to  fire  insurance  cases,  and  is  attor- 
ney for  a  large  number  of  fire  insurance 
companies  doing  business  in  the  West. 
Among  the  famous  suits  which  he  has 
conducted  may  be  mentioned  those  in 
Arkansas  and  in  Kansas,  known  as  the 
"Anti-Trust  Suits,"  brought  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ousting  all  companies  which  were 
in  combination  and  had  fixed  rates,  etc. 
Mr.  Bates  was  the  attorney  for  the  insur- 
ance companies  and  won  the  suits.  He 
has  defended  the  suits  in  both  the  above- 
mentioned  States  and  in  Missouri,  and  is 
attending  to  similar  suits  now  pending  in 
Illinois. 

Mr.  Bates  was  married  at  Turner, 
Maine,  in  December,  1872,  to  Sarah  B. 
Ricker.  whose  mother  was  a  sister  of 
Leonard  Swett  and  they  have  two  chil- 
dren living,  namely :  Rose  Cleveland,  born 
in  1878:  and  Alfred  Ricker,  born  in  1882. 
Politically,  Mr.  Bates  was  a  Democrat 
until  the  Bryan  campaign,  when  he  be- 
came, and  still  continues,  a  Republican. 
He  was  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Village 
of  Evanston  for  two  terms,  before  its  in- 
corporation as  a  city.  In  1899  he  was 
elected  Mayor  of  Evanston,  serving  one 
term :  and  was  nominated  for  a  second 
term  but  declined  a  re-election.  Mr. 
Bates  is  a  member  of  the  Country  Club, 
of  Evanston,  and  of  the  Evanston  Golf 
Club.  He  is  an  attendant  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 


EDWARD  HEMPSTEAD. 

Edward  Hempstead  (deceased),  for 
twenty  years  a  highly  respected  citizen  of 
Evanston,  is  descended  from  a  long  line 
of  Puritan  ancestors  who  were  among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  London,  Conn. 
His  grandfather,  Stephen  Hempstead, 
born  there  in  1754,  was  a  patriot  and  sol- 


dier in  the  American  Revolution,  who 
fought  for  his  country  from  the  first  call 
for  troops  at  Lexington  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  1811  he  removed  with  his  large 
family  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  where  his  son 
Edward  Hempstead,  a  young  and  distin- 
guished lawyer,  had  already  preceded 
him,  and  who  was  the  first  Delegate  in 
Congress  from  the  region  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River.  His  father,  Charles  S. 
Hempstead,  also  a  lawyer  of  marked  abil- 
ity, was  intimately  connected  with  the 
early  development  of  St.  Louis,  and  later 
of  Galena,  111.,  where  for  many  years  he 
had  a  large  law  practice  extending  over 
what  was  then  a  wide  western  territory, 
including  Chicago  in  its  early  days.  Ed- 
ward Hempstead  was  born  in  St.  Louis 
in  1820.  His  mother,  Rachel  Wilt,  of  old 
Pennsylvania  Dutch  lineage,  died  when 
he  was  a  child,  and  his  youth  was  passed 
with  his  father's  relatives  in  that  circle  of 
early  pioneers  of  St.  Louis,  where  true 
Xew  England  hospitality,  blended  with 
the  grace  and  polish  of  the  French  set- 
tlers, created  such  a  charming  society, 
among  whose  number  were  the  most  emi- 
nent people  of  those  days.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Belleville,  111.,  Seminary,  and 
began  his  business  career  as  a  commission 
merchant  in  Galena.  In  1854  he  came  to  Chi- 
cago, and  for  nearly  twenty  years  was  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Hempstead  &  Horton,  wholesale  grocers. 
With  many  others  he  lost  home  and  prop- 
erty in  the  great  fire  of  1871  and  became, 
for  a  short  time  a  refugee  in  Evanston. 
Soon  after  that  disaster,  retiring  from  bus- 
iness, he  became  a  permanent  resident  in 
Evanston  where  he  died  in  1895. 

A  true  Republican  in  sentiment,  he  took 
the  deepest  interest  in  the  political  wel- 
fare of  his  country,  numbering  among  his 
acquaintances  Abraham  Lincoln,  Gen.  U. 
S.  Grant.  Hon.  E.  B.  Washburne,  and  many 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


617 


other  public  men  of  Illinois  of  his  time. 
He  was  a  liberal  promoter  and  contribu- 
tor toward  all  the  early  enterprises  of 
Chicago,  one  of  the  first  members  of  its 
Board  of  Trade,  the  Historical  Society 
and  Art  Institute,  and  always  greatly  in- 
terested in  the  growth  and  prosperity  of 
that  city.  Mr.  Hempstead  was  a  man  of 
the  highest  integrity,  of  excellent  judg- 
ment and  cultured  taste,  always  loyal  to 
his  friends,  of  a  most  social  and  kindly 
disposition  and  highly  esteemed  by  all 
who  knew  him.  He  was  married  in 
1846  to  Miss  Mary  Cbrwith,  of  Bridge- 
hampton.  Long  Island.  Six  of  their  eight 
children  are  living. 


Bank,  and   the   local  Building  and   Loan 
Association. 


CHARLES  NEVILLE  KIRK15RIDE. 

Charles  N.  Kirkbride.  attorney-at-law. 
who  resides  in  San  Mateo,  San  Mateo 
County,  Cal.,  was  born  in  Pueblo,  Colo., 
November  15,  1868.  In  early  youth  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools  and  in  1884,  en- 
tered the  University  of  the  Pacific,  at  San 
Jose,  Cal.,  where  he  graduated  in  1887, 
with  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  He  matricu- 
lated in  Northwestern  University  Law 
School  at  Chicago,  111.,  in  1891,  gradu- 
ating therefrom  in  1893,  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  B. 

In  1889-90,  Mr.  Kirkbride  was  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "San  Mateo  (Cal.)  Leader." 
and  in  1890-91,  of  the  "Times-G-  -ette," 
at  Redwood  City,  in  the  same  St£.  •.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  California  bar  in  Oc- 
tober, 1893,  and  was  elected  City  Attorney 
of  San  Mateo,  Cal.,  in  1895,  and  still  holds 
that  office.  He  is  Secretary  of  the  San 
Mateo  Public  Library,  and  has  filled  the 
position  of  Trustee  of  the  San  Mateo 
Union  High  School  since  1902.  He  is  also 
a  Director  of  the  San  Mateo  Athletic 
Club,  and  attorney  for  the  San  Mateo 


.     GEORGE  WILLIAM  UIXON. 

George  \V.  Dixon,  lawyer,  Secretary 
and  Treasurer  of  the  Arthur  Uixon  Trans- 
fer Company  of  Chicago,  111.,  residing  at 
No.  2706,  Michigan  Avenue,  that  city,  is 
a  native  of  Chicago.  After  finishing  his 
primary  studies  in  the  public  schools,  and 
completing  his  preparatory  course  in  the 
West  Division  High  School  in  Chicago, 
he  matriculated  in  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1889 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  then  entered 
Northwestern  University  Law  School, 
graduating  therefrom  in  1892,  with  the 
degree  of  LL.  B.  During  his  under  grad- 
uate course,  he  was  a  contestant  for  the 
Kirk  Oratorical  Prize,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Phi  Kappa  Psi 
and  Phi  Delta  Phi  fraternities. 

From  1902  to  1906,  Mr.  Dixon  repre- 
sented the  First  Senatorial  District  of  Il- 
linois in  the  State  Senate.  He  also  served 
as  a  member  of  the  staff  of  Governor 
Yates,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  In  1901- 
02.  he  was  President  of  the  Chicago  Meth- 
odist Social  Union.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Union  League.  Hamilton  and  Univer- 
sity Clubs  of  Chicago  and  of  the  Chicago 
Athletic  Club,  a  thirty-second  degree 
Mason,  a  Knight  Templar  and  Mystic 
Shriner. 

On  March  2,  1903,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  united  in  marriage  with  Mar- 
ian E.  Martin.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Marian. 


JUDSON  WILKES  HOOVER. 

Judson  \Yilkes  Hoover,  who  is  engaged 
in  the  drug  business  at  251  Main  Street. 
Galesburg,  111.,  was  born  in  Avoca,  Iowa, 


6i8 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


March  2,  1876.  His  primary  mental  train- 
ing was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town.  After  taking  a  prepara- 
tory course  in  the  Iowa  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity, at  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  on  Septem- 
ber I,  1898,  he  matriculated  in  the  North- 
western University  College  of  Pharmacy.' 
from  which  he  was  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Ph.  G.,  in  June,  1899. 

Mr.  Hoover  is  a  member  of  the  M.  \Y. 
A. ;  of  the  Northwestern  University 
Alumni  Association  of  Pharmacy,  in 
which  he  holds  the  office  of  Secretary :  a 
member  of  the  Soangetaka  Club,  the 
Galesburg  Cmmerciar  Club  and  Fraternal 
Tribunes  of  Galesburg.  111.  On  April  15, 
1894.  he  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Kathryn  Daugherty,  of  Ml.  Pleasant. 
Iowa,  and  one  child  has  been  born  to  them, 
namely:  Murlin  Hoover,  born  June  30, 
1895. 


JAMES  A.  GARLAND,  M.  D. 

James  Asa  Garland,  physician  and  sur- 
geon of  Buchanan,  Mich.,  was  born  in 
Peoria,  111.,  January  15,  1871.  In  early 
youth  he  attended  the  Chicago  public 
schools,  and  is  a  graduate  of  one  of  the 
high  schools  in  that  city.  He  entered 
Northwestern  University  in  1891,  gradu- 
ating from  the  medical  department  of 
that  institution  in  1895.  with  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  From  1898  to  1901.  inclusive. 
he  served  as  Health  Officer  of -the  city  of 
Buchanan,  Mich.,  and  of  the  township. 

Dr.  Garland  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  the  Berrien 
County  ( Mich.)  Medical  Society,  and  the 
Red  Cross  Society,  Berrien  County  Hu- 
mane Society.  In  fraternal  circles,  he  is 
identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.  and  the 
M.  W.  A.  On  November  27.  1901,  Dr. 
Garland  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Gertrude  Friesleben,  of  Chicago. 


AMOS  A.  L.  SMITH. 

Amos  A.  L.  Smith,  attorney  at  law, 
who  is  located  at  No.  2316,  Grand  Avenue, 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  was  born  at  Appleton, 
Wis.,  September  8,  1849.  His  primary 
mental  training  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  place  and  he  pursued 
his  preparatory  course  of  study  in  Law- 
rence University,  at  Appleton.  He  then 
entered  Northwestern  University  in  the 
Sophomore  year,  and  was  graduated 
therefrom  with  the  class  of  1872.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Adelphic  Literary  Socie- 
ty and  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Fraternity. 
In  the  English  Literature  contest,  his 
essay  on  "Darwinism"  won  the  "Presi- 
dent's prize."  He  also  won  the  one 
hundred  dollar  prize  for  oratory,  by  his 
oration  on  "Cavour."  During  the  under- 
graduate period,  he  held  the  position  of 
editor  of  the  "Tripod."  Mr.  Smith  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  Milwaukee  Woman's  College,  a 
Director  of  the  Wisconsin  National  Bank, 
and  of  the  Wisconsin  Trust  and  Security 
Company.  Socially  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Milwaukee  Club,  the  Bankers'  Club,  the 
Milwaukee  Athletic  Club,  and  the  Blue 
Mound  Country  Club. 

Mr.  Smith  was  wedded  in  1874  to  Frances 
L.  Brown,  who  died  in  1891.  In  1893  he 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Mary  Niel 
Anderson.  He  became  the  father  of  four 
children,  namely:  Philip  R..  Edwin  L., 
Laura  L.,  and  Walton  K. 


RICHARD    R.    JOHNSON,    D.D.S. 

Richard  Roy  Johnson,  D.D.S. ,  who  was 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at 
Great  Falls,  Mont.,  was  born  in  White- 
hall, Mich.,  September  25.  1874.  In  early 
youth  he  attended  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town,  and  prepared  for  college 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


619 


in  the  High  School  at  Lisbon,  X.  D.. 
whence  he  went  to  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota Dental  Department,  in  which  he 
completed  the  first  year  of  the  course  in 
1897.  During  the  same  year  he  matricu- 
lated in  Northwestern  University  Dental 
College,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
with  the  class  of  1899,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.S.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Delta  Sigma  Delta  Fraternity.  Shortly 
after  his  graduation,  he  opened  an  office  at 
Lisbon,  X.  D.,  but  sold  his  practice  in 
June,  1903,  and  moved  to  his  present  lo- 
cation, where  his  efforts  have  been  attend- 
ed with  good  results.  He  is  at  present 
lecturing  on  dentistry  and  hygiene  at  the 
Columbus  and  Deaconess  Hospitals  in 
that  city.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Montana 
State  Dental  Society. 

During  1902.  and  until  his  removal  to 
Montana,  in  June.  1903,  Dr.  Johnson  held 
the  office  of  City  Treasurer  of  Lisbon,  X. 
D..  and  in  that  city  he  was  married  on 
September  26,  1900,  to  Florence  May 
Severance.  Two  children  have  resulted 
from  their  union,  namely :  Maude  Lucille, 
born  in  Lisbon.  X.  D..  June  25,  1902:  and 
Winnifred  May,  born  in  Great  Falls,  May 
30,  i<jc>4.  Fraternally.  Dr.  Johnson  is 
identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M..  and  is 
Past  Master  of  the  Lisbon  Lodge  of  that 
order.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  R.  A. 
Chapter  and  Commandery  of  Knights 
Templar. 


C.  PRUYX  STRINGFIELD,  M.  D.. 

Dr.  C.  Pruyn  Stringfield,  physician  and 
surgeon,  whose  office  is  located  in  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Building,  in 
Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  Washington. 
D.  C.,  December  12.  1866.  In  youth  he 
made  diligent  use  of  the  facilities  for  in- 
struction afforded  by  the  public  schools 
of  Topeka.  Kan.,  and  entered  the  Medical 


Department  of  Xorthwestern  L'niversity 
in  1886,  graduating  therefrom  in  1889. 
From  that  year  until  1894,  he  assisted 
Prof.  Ralph  S.  Isham  in  clinical  surgery. 
He  was  President  of  the  Chicago  Medi- 
cal Examiners'  Association  in  1902 
and  1903.  In  1895.  1896  and  1897,  he  was 
connected  with  the  Health  Department  of 
the  City  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  Stringfield  was  consulting  physic.ian 
of  the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital :  attending 
surgeon  to  the  Cook  County  Hospital ;  is 
physician  to  the  Actors'  Fund  of  America : 
was  Medical  Director  of  the  Marquette  Life 
Insurance  Company,  and  is  now  Medical 
Examiner  for  the  Phoenix  Mutual  Life  Com- 
pany of  Hartford ;  resident  physician  of 
the  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  in  Chicago;  and 
ex-contract  surgeon  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corp.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association :  the  Illi- 
nois State  Medical  Society :  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society ;  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Life  Examining  Surgeons;  Chi- 
cago Medical  Examiners'  Association  and 
the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of 
the  United  States.  From  1901  to  1905. 
Dr.  Stringfield  served  on  the  staff  of  Gov- 
ernor Yates.  of  Illinois,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel. 

Fraternally,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
is  a  Mason,  a  life-member  of  the  B.  P.  O. 
Elks,  and  is  Past  Chancellor  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  belongs  to  the 
Chicago  Athletic  Club ;  South  Shore 
Country  Club ;  the  Chicago  Yacht  Club : 
the  Hamilton,  the  Forty  and  the  Chicago 
Automobile  Clubs. 

The  marriage  of  Dr.  Stringfield  took 
place  on  August  14.  1889,  when  Miss 
Josephine  Milgie.  a  most  estimable  and 
accomplished  lady,  became  his  wife.  He 
is  widely  and  favorably  known  in  Chi- 
cago and  the  State,  where  he  is  held  in 
high  esteem,  individually,  professionally 
and  as  a  citizen. 


620 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ALEXANDER  F.  BANKS. 

Alexander  F.  Banks,  a  prominent  rail- 
way official,  whose  residence  is  at  No. 
1908  Sheridan  Road,  Evanston,  111.,  and 
who  is  widely  and  favorably  known 
throughout  the  railway  circles  of  Illinois, 
was  born  in  Crawford  County,  Ind.,  on 
January  31,  1861.  He  is  a  son  of  Henry 
Bartlett  and  Julia  C.  (French)  Banks,  na- 
tives of  Kentucky,  his  father  born  in  Wash- 
ington County,  that  State,  in  1809,  and 
his  mother,  in  Maysville,  in  1822.  Henry 
Bartlett  Banks,  who  was  a  farmer  by  oc- 
cupation, moved  with  his  family  from 
Kentucky  to  Crawford  County,  Ind.,  in 
1844.  and  there  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits.  His  son,  Alexander,  attended 
the  common  schools  of  Indiana  during  the 
winter  months,  until  he  was  thirteen  years 
of  age,  and  in  the  intervals  between  the 
school  terms,  assisted  his  father  in  the 
work  on  the  farm.  At  that  period  he 
started  out  to  work  for  himself. 

In  1877,  when  sixteen  years  old.  Air. 
Banks  entered  upon  his  career  in  the  rail- 
way service  as  a  clerk  at  Evansville.  Ind., 
and,  in  1879,  was  appointed  contracting 
freight  agent  of  the  St.  Louis  &  South- 
western Railway.  In  1880,  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  Continental  Fast  Freight 
Line,  and  served  in  the  capacity  of  Agent 
and  General  Agent  of  that  company  until 
1888.  In  that  year  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Iowa  Central  Railway  Company,  at 
Peoria,  III.,  as  General  Agent,  afterwards 
serving  successively  as  General  Freight 
Agent,  General  Freight  and  Passenger 
Agent,  and  as  Traffic  Manager.  In  1893 
Mr.  Banks  left  the  services  of  the  Iowa 
Central  Railway  Company,  in  order  to  be- 
come General  Freight  Agent  of  the  Elgin. 
Joliet  &  Eastern  Railway  Company.  He 
was  appointed  Traffic  Manager  of  that 


company,  and  also  of  the  Lake  Shore  & 
Eastern  Railway  Company,  in  1894.  In 
1900  he  was  elected  President  of  both  of 
these  corporations  and  still  serves  in  that 
capacity. 

In  November,  1883,  Mr.  Banks  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Blanche  Nichol- 
son, at  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  of  this  union 
three  children  have  been  born,  namely : 
Duke  Nicholson,  Blanche,  and  Charles 
Ackert.  Mr.  Banks  has  risen,  step  by 
step,  from  a  lowly  grade  of  railway  serv- 
ice, through  superior  innate  ability,  to 
his  present  high  and  responsible  position, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  thor- 
ough and  capable  railroad  officials  in  this 
section  of  the  country. 


AUGUST  AHLBERG. 

August  Ahlberg,  Evanston,  111.,  was 
born  in  Sweden.  August  5,  1845.  tne  son  of 
Johan  Gustave  and  Margaret  Christina 
(Olson)  Ahlberg,  his  ancestors  on  both 
sides  having  been  natives  of  Sweden  for 
generations.  After  receiving  his  educa- 
tion in  his  native  country,  he  learned  the 
cabinet-making  trade  and,  in  1871,  came 
to  America,  arriving  in  Chicago  in  July  of 
that  year.  In  1878.  he  removed  to  Evanston, 
where  he  has  followed  the  cabinet  busi- 
ness continuously  ever  since.  Mr.  Ahl- 
berg was  married  in  1872  to  Margaret  C. 
( Jslund,  who  is  also  a. native  of  Sweden, 
and  they  have  three  children :  Theresa. 
Axel  Renaldo  and  Gertrude.  In  religious 
faith  he  is  a  Baptist  and  a  member  of  the 
Swedish  Baptist  Church,  and  in  political 
opinions  is  a  Republican,  but  is  not  identi- 
fied with  any  secret  fraternal  organiza- 
tions. His  residence  is  at  2122  Harrison 
Street,  Evanston. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


621 


DR.  STEPHEN  V.  BALDERSTON. 

Stephen  Victor  Balderston,  a  very  fav- 
orably known  and  successful  physician,  of 
Evanston,  111.,  was  born  in  Prince  Edward 
Island,  Canada,  November  5,  1868,  a  son 
of  Hon.  John  and  Sarah  (Weeks)  Bald- 
erston, both  natives  of  Prince  Edward  Is- 
land. His  father  was  born  October  31, 
1831,  and  his  mother,  May  3,  1841.  The 
occupation  of  the  former  was  that  of  a 
fanner  and  miller  and.  in  his  civic  career,  he 
attained  prominence  and  distinction  as  a 
statesman.  Hon.  John  Balderston  first 
came  into  public  notice  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight  years,  in  connection  with  the 
movement,  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  for 
the  abolition  of  landlordism  in  that  col- 
ony. \Yhen  thirty-two  years  old,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislative  Council,  in 
which  he  served  twenty-four  years,  during 
ten  years  of  this  period  acting  as  Presi- 
dent of  that  body.  When  Prince  Edward 
Island  became  a  Province  of  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  in  1870.  the  title  of  Hon- 
orable was  bestowed  upon  Mr.  Balderston, 
as  a  mark  of  favor,  by  Queen  Victoria. 

The  paternal  grandfather  of  Dr.  Bald- 
erston was  a  native  of  Cornwall,  England, 
and  a  descendant  of  an  old  border  family 
which  lived  in  the  land  of  the  Douglases. 
Grandmother  I'alderston's  people  were 
Protestant  Irish,  born  in  Wexford.  One 
brother  was  condemned  to  be  burned  by 
Irish  insurrectionists  in  a  holocaust  of 
some  hundreds  in  a  large  barn,  but  was 
rescued  at  the  last  moment  by  a  priest, 
who  was  a  personal  friend.  The  Weeks 
family  were  also  Irish  Protestants,  and 
one  member  of  it  was  a  Captain  of  foot 
soldiers  during  the  Irish  Rebellion. 

Stephen  Victor  Balderston  spent  his 
childhood  on  his  father's  farm,  and  was 
a  sprightly  lad  of  a  somewhat  studious 
disposition.  In  early  youth  he  utilized 
the  advantages  afforded  by  the  common 


schools  in  the  vicinity  of  his  home,  and 
then  pursued  a  course  of  study  in  Prince 
of  Wales  College,  at  Charlottetown, 
Prince  Edward  Island.  After  leaving 
college,  he  applied  himself  to  teaching 
school  for  a  time.  His  professional  edu- 
cation was  subsequently  obtained  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  Medical  De- 
partment, at  Philadelphia,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1895.  In  the  same  year 
he  took  the  position  of  interne  in  the  hos- 
pital of  the  National  Soldiers'  Home,  in 
Virginia,  where  he  was  promoted  to  be 
First  Assistant  Surgeon  in  1897.  This 
position  he  resigned  in  December,  1899, 
to  take  up  private  practice  in  Evanston. 
During  the  period  spent  in  the  hospital  at 
Hampton,  Va.,  he  served  through  an  epi- 
demic of  yellow  fever.  While  there  he 
became  a  citizen  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Virginia. 

On  January  5,  1903,  Dr.  Balderston  was 
united  in  marriage,  in  the  National  Sol- 
diers' Home,  in  Virginia,  with  Jessie  Eliz- 
abeth Thompson,  who  was  born  August 
17,  1873,  'n  tne  National  Military  Home 
at  Dayton,  Ohio.  Her  father  was  a  vet- 
eran of  the  Civil  War,  having  served  in 
the  Third  Regiment  Kentucky  Volunteer 
Infantry  and  lost  an  arm  on  the  battle- 
field. He  was  a  member  of  the  staff  at 
the  National  Military  Home  at  Dayton, 
Ohio,  and  Governor  of  the  National  Sol- 
diers' Home  in  Virginia.  Mrs.  Balderston 
is  a  graduate  of  the  Woman's  College  of 
Baltimore,  Md.,  and  a  member  of  the 
Alpha  Phi  Sorority. 

Dr.  Balderston  is  a  member  of  the  John 
Ashhurst,  Jr.,  Surgical  Society  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Chicago 
Pediatric  Society,  the  Chicago  Medical 
Society,  and  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society.  In  politics,  he  is  inclined  to 
favor  the  general  policies  of  the  Repub- 
lican party,  but  is  not  in  accord  with  high- 


622 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


tariff  legislation.  He  voted  for  McKinley 
and  Roosevelt.  In  religion,  the  doctor 
adheres  to  the  faith  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

Next  to  his  love  of  good  books  and  his 
partiality  for  microscopic  investigation, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  is  fond  of  out- 
door sports,  especially  golf.  Most  of  all. 
in  a  practical  sense,  he  likes  to  be  regarded 
as  a  family  doctor  who  tries  to  make  peo- 
ple physically  better  and  mentally  hap- 
pier. He  takes  an  earnest  and  intelligent 
interest  in  public  affairs,  and  supports  all 
measures  tending  to  promote  the  welfare 
of  the  city  of  his  adoption. 


HENRY  W.  HINSDALE. 

Henry  W.  Hinsdale,  an  old  and  widely 
known  resident  of  Evanston,  now  living  in 
honored  retirement,  was  born  in  Benning- 
ton,  Vt.,  August  19,  1825,  being  descended 
from  an  old  New  England  family.  His 
father,  Hiram  W.  Hinsdale,  was  a  farmer 
by  occupation.  The  son  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Bennington,  and  later,  went  to 
school  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  to  which 
place  his  parents  moved  at  an  early  date. 
Grand  Rapids  was  then  an  Indian  trading 
post.  Henry  stayed  on  the  farm  until  he 
was  seventeen  years  old,  and  then  set  out 
alone  for  Chicago,  where  he  arrived  with 
but  two  dollars  in  his  pocket  and  having  no 
acquaintance  to  advise  him.  He  looked 
about  for  something  to  do,  and  finally  se- 
cured employment  with  J.  H.  Dunham, 
then  the  leading  wholesale  grocer.  His 
wages  at  first  were  two  dollars  per  week. 
He  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  this  store 
for  ten  years,  his  salary  for  the  last  five 
years  of  this  period  amounting  to  $2,500  per 
year.  He  was  afterwards  a  partner  in  the 
concern  for  three  years,  and  then  bought 


Mr.  Dunham's  interest  and  became  the  head 
of  the  firm  of  Hinsdale  &  Babcock.  Later 
he  built  a  block  at  the  corner  of  South  Wa- 
ter and  River  Streets,  which  he  occupied 
as  head  of  the  firm  of  Hinsdale,  Sibley  & 
Babcock.  He  carried  on  this  business  until 
the  spring  of  1867,  when  he  temporarily 
retired.  He  was  the  most  extensive  whole- 
sale grocer  of  his  day  in  Chicago. 

Just  before  the  great  fire  of  1871,  Mr. 
Hinsdale  went  to  Grand  Rapids,  where  he 
built  a  beautiful  home,  intending  to  live 
there.  The  fire  destroyed  property  belong- 
ing to  him,  worth  more  than  $500,000,  and 
evidence  of  his  high  standing  as  a  merchant 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  two  of  his  New 
York  correspondents  telegraphed  him  au- 
thority to  draw  on  them  for  $50,000  each. 

Mr.  Hinsdale  has  known  Chicago  since 
it  was  a  small  city,  and  can  remember  hunt- 
ing deer  where  the  Board  of  Trade  Build- 
ing stands.  His  business  career  began  in 
Chicago  during  the  'forties,  and  continued 
for  a  period  of  more  than  fifty  years.  His 
first  residence  was  on  Wabash  Avenue, 
where  he  built  the  first  house  north  of 
Twelfth  Street.  Later  he  had  a  house  on 
Prairie  Avenue.  He  removed  to  Evanston 
in  the  'sixties,  where  he  lived  for  three  or 
four  years  before  going  to  Grand  Rapids. 
He  continued  to  reside  at  the  latter  place 
until  1879,  engaged  in  loaning  money  for 
Eastern  capitalists  and  in  rebuilding  Chi- 
cago property.  During  the  years  'of  his 
experience  as  a  pioneer  merchant,  he  had 
formed  a  wide  acquaintance  with  Western 
business  men,  who  had  great  confidence  in 
his  sagacity  and  foresight. 

In  1879  Mr.  Hinsdale  moved  from  Grand 
Rapids  to  Evanston,  and  went  into  the 
brokerage  business,  in  which  he  was  en-?, 
gaged  for  fourteen  years.  At  the  end  of 
this  period  he  became  manager  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  safetv  vaults.  This 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


623 


position  he  held  until  July,  1904,  when  he 
abandoned  an  active  business  life.  While 
in  the  brokerage  business  he  represented 
three  of  the  leading  sugar  refineries  of  the 
United  States.  After  the  capture  of  New 
Orleans  in  the  Civil  War,  he  sent  north  the 
first  cargo  of  sugar,  loading  three  vessels. 

Mr.  Hinsdale  was  one  of  the  early  mem- 
bers of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade,  and 
one  of  the  first  stockholders  of  the  Elgin 
Watch  company.  The  Merchants  Loan  & 
Trust  Company  was  organized  in  the  office 
of  J.  H.  Dunham  &  Co.,  with  which  Mr. 
Hinsdale  was  connected.  He  was  a  pas- 
senger on  the  first  train  that  ran  west  of 
Chicago  on  the  Chicago  &  Galena  Union 
Railroad.  In  1866  he  made  an  overland 
journey  to  California,  returning  by  way  of 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  beautiful 
town  of  Hinsdale,  on  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railway,  was  named  after 
Mr.  Hinsdale  by  its  founders,  who  were  his 
friends. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  married 
in  Chicago,  at  the  home  of  Mrs.  Hinsdale, 
on  State  Street,  opposite  Marshall  Field's 
present  store,  wedding  Eliza  Chatfield,  a 
daughter  of  Judge  John  Chatfield,  of  Ba- 
tavia,  N.  Y.  The  children  born  of  this 
union  are :  Henry  K.  Hinsdale,  now  of  New 
York ;  Mrs.  Charlotte  Hinsdale  Mosely, 
and  Benjamin  Hinsdale,  of  Evanston. 

Religiously  Mr.  Hinsdale  is  an  Episco- 
palian, and  served  as  Warden  of  Grace  Epis- 
copal Church  in  Chicago,  for  many  years. 
He  is  now  a  communicant  of  St.  Mary's 
Episcopal  Church  of  Evanston. 


THOMAS  H.  BEEBE. 

Thomas  H.  Beebe,  a  venerable  and  great- 
ly esteemed  citizen  of  Evanston,  111.,  who 
is  passing  his  declining  years  in  well- 


earned  repose,  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
March  31,  1819,  the  son  of  Elijah  and 
Sarah  (Hempstead)  Beebe,  natives  of  Con- 
necticut. The  Beebe  family  came  to  Ameri- 
ca with  Gov.  Winthrop's  colony.  John 
Beebe  started  from  Northamptonshire, 
England,  with  his  wife  and  five  sons,  in 
1650,  but  died  on  shipboard.  The  remain- 
der of  the  family  settled  at  New  London, 
Conn.  From  its  head,  all  the  Beebes  are  de- 
scended. At  a  convention  of  citizens  of 
Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  held  June  24, 
1776,  Martin  Beebe  was  made  a  member 
of  a  committee  which  was  instructed  to 
draft  resolutions  declaring  for  Independ- 
ence. The  Hempstead  family  is  also  of  an- 
cient and  honorable  origin. 

Elijah  Beebe  journeyed  from  New  Eng- 
land to  St.  Louis  in  1813,  making  the  trip 
to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  overland.  There  he  pur- 
chased a  keel-boat  and  took  a  cargo  of  flour 
down  the  river.  At  Louisville,  Ky.,  he 
took  aboard  John  and  Benjamin  O'Fallon, 
men  who  afterwards  became  noted  citizens 
'of  St.  Louis.  By  trade  Elijah  Beebe  was  a 
saddler  and  harness  maker,  and  established 
himself  in  that  line  in  St.  Louis.  Subse- 
quently, he  took  a  contract  to  supply  beef 
to  the  Government  forts.  On  one  of  his 
excursions  in  this  connection,  Indians 
robbed  him  of  a  whole  herd  of  cattle,  for 
which  loss  he  was  reimbursed  by  Congress 
through  the  efforts  of  Col.  Thomas  H. 
Benton. 

Thomas  H.  Beebe  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  and 
in  the  country  schools  of  Belleville,  111.,  and 
afterwards  went  to  work  in  the  dry  goods 
store  of  his  uncle,  William  Hempstead,  in 
St.  Louis.  He  was  later  employed  by 
Hempstead  and  Beebe.  This  firm  was  in 
the  river  trade,  and  was  interested  in  steam- 
boats. Mr.  Beebe  afterwards  became  a 
clerk  at  different  times  on  several  of  these 


624 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


boats,  and  followed  the  river  for  about  four 
years.  He  then  went  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains with  a  wagon  train,  and  on  this  trad- 
ing expedition  had  an  interesting  experi- 
ence among  the  Indians. 

In  1841  Mr.  Beebe  went  to  Galena,  111., 
where  his  uncle,  William  Hempstead,  was 
in  business,  and  was  employed  by  him  for 
two  'years,  becoming  his  uncle's  partner,  at 
•a  later  period,  in  smelting  and  dealing  in 
lead.  This  connection  lasted  until  1853, 
when  he  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  a 
branch  house  under  the  name  of  T.  H. 
Beebe  &  Co.,  in  the  forwarding  and  com- 
mission line.  Isaac  L.  Lyon  and  E.  G. 
Merrick  became  members  of  the  firm  dur- 
ing its  first  year,  and  the  business  was  trans- 
acted under  the  firm  name  of  Beebe,  Lyon 
&  Co.  Mr.  Beebe  bought  his  uncle's  half- 
interest,  and  the  firm  purchased  a  half-in- 
terest in  the  lumber  firm  of  Capt.  Jesse  H. 
Leavenworth,  who  owned  mills  and  timber 
land  at  Peshtigo,  Wis.  The  firm  of  Beebe, 
Lyon  &  Co.  was  dissolved  in  1855,  Mr. 
Beebe  retaining  his  lumber  interest  with 
Capt.  Leavenworth. 

William  B.  Ogden.  the  first  Mayor  of 
Chicago,  became  a  partner  of  Beebe,  in 
1856,  and  the  Peshtigo  Lumber  Company 
was  formed  that  year.  Mr.  Beebe  after- 
wards became  President  of  this  company, 
and  filled  that  office  until  1873,  when  he  re- 
signed and  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the 
business. 

In  1873,  Mr.  Beebe  went  to  California  as 
general  superintendent  of  a  large  lumber 
concern.  After  a  short  time  he  returned 
to  Chicago,  and  was  subsequently  connect- 
ed with  the  First  National  Bank,  of  that 
city,  and  the  Consolidated  Paper  Company. 
He  was  a  sufferer  from  the  great  fire  of 
1871,  after  which  he  moved  to  Highland 
Park,  where  he  lived  six  years  and  served 
as  Mayor  in  1874.  He  afterwards  returned 


to  Chicago,  whence,  in  1891,  he  moved  to 
Evanston,  where  he  has  since  resided.     He 
was  an  early  member  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade,  of  which  he  was  Vice-President 
for  two  years. 

Thomas  H.  Beebe  was  married  in  1844 
to  Catherine  Eddowes,  a  daughter  of  John 
and  Lydia  Eddowes,  of  Galena,  111.  Mrs. 
Beebe  was  born  in  Newcastle  County,  Dela- 
ware. She  died  June  3,  1902,  after  fifty- 
eight  years  of  wifely  companionship.  The 
children  of  this  union  who  are  living  are 
as  follows:  Edward  H.,  who  lives  in  Cali- 
fornia ;  William  H.,  Dr.  John  E.,  Christ- 
opher K.,  of  Chicago;  Archibald  A.,  and 
Catherine  E. ;  Mrs.  Lydia  (Beebe)  Van  Du- 
sen  and  Mrs.  Mary  K.  Valentine,  of  Evans- 
ton. 

Politically,  Mr.  Beebe  was  a  Whig  in  his 
early  life,  but  later  acted  in  co-operation 
with  the  Democratic  Party  until  1896,  and 
since  that  time  has  been  an  Independent  Re- 
publican. Religiously,  he  is  classed  as  a 
Presbyterian. 


JOHN  G.  BYRNE,  M.  D. 

John  G.  Byrne,  physician  and  surgeon, 
who  is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Spokane,  Wash.,  was  born  in 
Chicago,  111.,  January  22,  1871.  He  at- 
tended the  Chicago  public  schools,  and  was 
a  student  in  Dennison  University,  in  1887- 
89,  and  in  Lake  Forest  Academy  in  1890. 
In  1891  he  matriculated  in  Northwestern 
University  Medical  School,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1894  with  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  From  April,  1894,  to  May,  1895, 
he  acted  in  the  capacity  of  interne  in  Wes- 
ley Hospital,  Chicago.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Phi  Rho  Sigma  Fraternity. 

On  March  2,  1887,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Second 
Regiment,  Illinois  National  Guard,  and  be- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


came  Corporal  of  Company  E,  May  17, 
1890;  Sergeant,  December  15,  1890;  First 
Sergeant  and  Hospital  Steward  in  1896; 
Assistant  Surgeon,  December  22,  1897 ; 
First  Lieutenant  and  Assistant  Surgeon  Il- 
linois Volunteer  Infantry,  May  16,  1898, 
and  resigned  September  28,  1898.  He  was 
appointed  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  U.  S. 
Army,  November  9,  1899,  and  served  as 
such  until  March  20,  1903,  spending  one 
year  in  the  Philippines,  where  he  was 
wounded,  June  26,  1900.  He  was  Post 
Surgeon  at  Fort  Wright  from  December  (a, 
1900  to  March  20,  1903. 

Dr.  Byrne  is  a  member  of  the  Snohomish 
County  (Wash.)  Medical  Society,  and  a 
life  member  of  Northwestern  University 
Alumni  Medical  Association.  Socially,  he  is 
a  member  of  the  Spokane  Club,  and  the  M. 
W.  A.,  the  Royal  Highlanders,  and  Sur- 
geon to  Spanish  War  Veterans. 

On  October  14,  1897,  Dr.  Byrne  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Annie  S.  Hewitt, 
who  has  held  the  position  of  Superintend- 
ent of  Wesley  Hospital  in  Chicago,  and  of 
the  West  Side  Hospital,  in  the  same  city. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Byrne  have  one  child — Kath- 
erine  Anna,  born  November  7,  1903. 


JOHN  J.  FLINN. 

John  J.  Flinn  became  a  resident  of  the 
village  of  South  Evanston  in  the  summer 
of  1880,  when  he  purchased  from  General 
Julius  White  the  house  which  he  and  his 
family  have  since  occupied  at  814  Michigan 
Avenue.  The  street  was  then  called  Con- 
gress Street,  but  later  the  name  was 
changed  to  Wheeler  Avenue.  It  became 
Michigan  Avenue  by  adopting  the  name  of 
the  extension  north  of  Main  Street,  which 
was  then  called  Lincoln  Avenue.  With 
the  exception  of  three  years,  Mr.  Flinn  has 
been  continuously  a  resident  of  Evanston 


from  the  time  of  his  first  removal  here. 
He  has  thus  witnessed  practically  all  the 
changes  that  have  occurred  here  for  the 
last  twenty-five  years,  and  has  taken  an  ac- 
tive part  in  connection  with  some  of  the 
most  important  of  them. 

Mr.  Flinn  was  born  in  Clonmel,  Ireland, 
December  5,  1851,  his  parents  being  James 
and  Margaret  (Cunningham)  Flinn.  Com- 
ing to  America  with  his  widowed  mother  in 
1863,  after  receiving  only  an  elementary 
education  in  his  native  country,  he  began 
life  on  this  side  as  a  cash  boy  in  Boston. 
Thanks  to  the  fact  that  the  Boston  Public 
Library  was  open  to  him.  his  education  was 
uninterrupted.  He  read  everything  that  he 
could  lay  his  hands  on,  and  kept  this  up 
when  his  family  moved  to  Missouri.  At  eigh- 
teen years  of  age  he  began  to  contribute 
matter  to  the  local  newspapers,  at  twenty- 
one  became  a  reporter  in  St.  Joseph.  Mo., 
and  one  year  later  secured  a  position  under 
Joseph  B.  McCullagh  (inventor  of  the  "In- 
terview"), on  the  "St.  Louis  Globe,"  now 
the  "Globe-Democrat.''  At  twenty-two  he 
was  made  night  editor  of  that  journal,  later 
was  entrusted  with  the  Legislative  corre- 
spondence, and  in  1873  reported  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Missouri  State  Constitutional 
Convention.  His  days  in  St.  Louis  were 
contemporaneous  with  those  of  Eugene 
Field,  Stanley  Huntly,  Stanley  Waterloo, 
William  Lightfoot  Visscher,  and  others 
who  have  won  celebrity  in  literature. 

In  1875  Mr.  Flinn  became  associated 
with  Melville  E.  Stone  in  the  editorship  of 
the  "Chicago  Daily  News,"  and  was  con- 
nected with  that  newspaper  during  the  first 
seven  years  of  its  existence.  In  1883  ne 
was  appointed  Consul  to  Chemnitz,  Sax- 
ony. Returning  he  became  associated  with 
Frank  Hatton,  who  was  Postmaster-Gener- 
al under  President  Arthur,  and  Clinton  A. 
Snowden,  in  the  publication  of  the  "Chi- 
cago Mail,"  and  later  was  managing  editor 


626 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


of  the  "Chicago  Times."  Since  1897  he  has 
been  an  editorial  writer  on  the  "Chicago 
Inter  Ocean." 

In  addition  to  his  newspaper  work,  Mr. 
Flinn  has  written  numerous  essays,  lec- 
tures, poems,  a  novel,  etc.  In  connection 
with  John  E.  Wilkie,  now  chief  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  Secret  Service,  he  compiled  a 
"History  of  the  Chicago  Police."  He  is 
the  compiler,  also,  of  the  "Standard  Guide 
to  Chicago,"  and  was  appointed  compiler 
of  all  the  authorized  Guide  Books  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  He  is 
a  charter  member  of  the  Chicago  Press 
Club,  and  was  elected  to  its  Presidency  in 
1906.  He  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Evanston,  and 
has  been  its  President.  He  is  serving  his 
third  term  as  a  member  of  the  Evanston 
City  Council. 


FRANK  MYER  FORREY. 

Frank  Myer  Forrey,  credit  man  State 
Bank  of  Chicago,  was  born  in  Cambridge 
City,  Ind.,  November  i,  1859,  the  son  of 
William  Sharpless  and  Lydia  (Myer)  For^~ 
rey,  the  former  a  native  of  Milton,  Ind., 
and  the  latter  of  Dublin,  Ind.  The  father 
was  engaged  in  the  hotel  business  for  many 
years,  for  ten  years  was  in  charge  of  the 
Hotel  Phoenix  at  Shreveport,  La. ;  one  year 
with  the  Commercial  Hotel  at  Muscatine, 
Iowa;  five  years  with  the  Occidental  Hotel 
at  Wichita,  Kan.,  and  five  years  with  the 
Glen  House  at  Harper,  Kan.  He  died  in 
April,  1904. 

Frank  M.  Forrey  came  to  Chicago  in 
1864,  acquired  his  education  there  and,  in 
1875,  entered  into  the  employment  of  the 
Central  National  Bank,  remaining  one  year, 
when  he  became  a  clerk  and  later  Exchange 
Gerk,  in  the  Clearing  House  for  two  years. 
He  was  then  offered  the  position  of  Assist- 


ant Cashier  of  the  firm  of  A.  T.  Stewart  ut 
Co.,  where  three  years  later  he  assumed  the 
entire  responsibility  as  Cashier  without  an 
assistant.  In  1881  he  became  connected 
with  the  wholesale  dry  goods  firm  of  James 
H.  Walker  &  Co.,  as  Cashier,  remaining 
until  the  failure  of  the  firm  in  1893,  when 
he  became  an  employe  of  the  State  Bank  of 
Chicago,  in  which,  at  the  present  time,  he 
holds  the  position  of  credit  man. 

On  November  i,  1881,  Mr.  Forrey  was 
married  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  to  Alida 
Churcher,  who  was  born  in  Chicago  in  1862 
and  is  a  granddaughter  of  Rev.  Edward  D. 
Wheadon,  who  was  a  prominent  Methodist 
preacher  and  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Evanston.  Mrs.  Forrey 's  mother  was 
a  teacher  in  the  vicinity  of  Evans- 
ton  a  half  century  ago.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Forrey  have  lived  at  the  same  location  in 
Evanston,  No.  2040  Sherman  Avenue,  since 
1882,  a  period  of  nearly  twenty-five  years. 
They  have  two  children :  La  Jeune  C.,  born 
in  Evanston,  November  i,  1885,  and  Rich- 
ard Lindgren,  born  in  the  same  place,  De- 
cember 5,  1891.  The  daughter,  La  Jeune, 
won  the  oratorical  contest  of  Literary  So- 
brieties as  a  student  in  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity in  1904,  being  the  first  female 
student  to  gain  that  distinction  in  ten  years. 

Mr.  Forrey  served  as  Alderman  of  his 
ward  two  years  (1897-98),  is  a  member  of 
the  Republican  party  and  in  religious  faith 
and  association  a  Methodist.  He  is  fra- 
ternally associated  with  the  Royal  Arca- 
num, the  Royal  League,  of  which  he  has 
been  an  officer  since  1883 ;  the  Order  of 
Columbian  Knights,  and  formerly  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boat  Club,  but  later  of  the  Evan- 
ston Club.  He  is  also  identified  with  the 
Evanston  Musical  Club,  which  includes  in 
its  membership  a  large  proportion  of  the 
musical  talent  of  the  University  city. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


627 


MITCHELL  DAVIS  FOLLAXSBEE.          ROLLIX  CURTIS  WINSLOW,  M.  D. 


Mitchell  Davis  Follansbee.  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Chicago, 
with  offices  in  the  Home  Insurance  Build- 
ing, and  in  New  York,  with  offices  in  the 
Trinity  Building,  is  the  son  of  George  A. 
Follansbee.  and  was  born  in  Chicago  Janu- 
ary 23,  1870.  He  obtained  his  education  in 
the  public  schools,  the  South  Division  High 
School,  Harvard  School,  and  Harvard 
University,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1892.  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  then 
entered  the  Northwestern  University  Law 
School,  being  graduated  therefrom  in  1894, 
with  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  He  was  on  the 
first  Board  of  the  Northwestern  Law  Re- 
view, and  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Phi 
Legal  Fraternity.  He  now  holds  the  posi- 
tion of  lecturer  on  Legal  Ethics  in  the 
Northwestern  University  Law  School  and 
is  Professor  of  Illinois  Practice  in  that 
institution.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Univer- 
sity, Midday,  Onwentsia,  Forty,  Saddle  & 
Cycle,  and  Harvard  clubs  of  Chicago,  and 
belongs  to  the  Legal  Club,  Law  Club,  the 
Chicago  Bar  Association,  the  Illinois  State 
Bar  Association,  the  Harvard  Club  and  the 
Lawyers'  Club  of  New  York,  and  the  Har- 
vard Union  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  He  is 
President  of  the  District  Council  of  the 
Lower  North  District  of  the  Bureau  of 
Charities,  and  is  President  of  the  North- 
western University  Law  Publishing  Asso- 
ciation, publishers  of  the  new  Illinois  Law 
Review. 

On  April  14,  1903,  Mr.  Follansbee  was 
married  at  Seabreeze,  Fla.,  to  Miss  Julia 
Rogers  McConnell.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren: Eleanor,  born  January  27,  1904,  and 
Mitchell  Davis  Follansbee,  Jr.,  born  March 
6,  1906.  Their  home  is  at  52  Bellevue 
Place,  Chicago. 


Dr.  Rollin  Curtis  Winslow,  physician  and 
surgeon,  who  is  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
Mich.,  was  born  at  Laporte,  Mich.,  August 
1 1,  1873.  He  received  his  primary  mental 
training  in  the  public  school,  and  afterward 
became  a  pupil  in  the  Laporte  (Mich.) 
High  School.  He  then  studied  languages 
in  a  private  school,  for  two  years.  His 
first  course  of  medical  study  was  pursued  in 
the  Saginaw  Valley  Medical  College,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1899,  with  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  He  matriculated  in 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School  in 
the  summer  of  1901,  and  graduated  there- 
from with  the  class  of  1902. 

Previous  to  taking  the  university  course, 
Dr.  Winslow  was  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  medicine  at  West  Branch,  Mich.,  from 
June,  1899,  to  September,  1901.  On  grad- 
uating from  the  medical  department  of  the 
university  he  entered  upon  practice  in  his 
present  location. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association ;  the  Michigan  State  Medi- 
cal Society;  the  Upper  Peninsula  (Mich.) 
Medical  Society ;  and  the  Chippewa  County 
(Mich.)  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was 
elected  Secretary  in  1905. 

On  September  21,  1898,  at  Saginaw, 
Mich.,  Dr.  Winslow  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Edith  May  McAlpine.  This 
union  has  resulted  in  one  child,  Madeline 
Eloise.  born  January  22,  1905. 


WILLIAM    HUDSON    DAMSEL. 

William  H.  Damsel,  a  well  known  and 
highly  respected  citizen  of  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  in  Westchester,  Chester  County. 
Pa.,  February  7,  1844,  the  son  of  Uriah  and 
Catherine  (Phipps)  Damsel,  natives  of 


628 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Pennsylvania,  the  former  born  in  Lancaster 
County  and  the  latter  in  Chester  County. 
The  occupation  of  Uriah  Damsel  was  that 
of  a  manufacturer.  In  early  youth  William 
H.  Damsel  obtained  his  education  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  town,  and  after  his 
studies  were  completed,  secured  a  position 
in  the  employ  of  the  Central  Ohio  Rail- 
road Company.  April  17,  1861,  he  enlisted 
as  a  private  in  the  Third  Regular  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry,  for  a  service  of  three 
months,  being  mustered  out  August  19, 
1861,  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  enlist- 
ment. On  May  I,  1864,  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  Adams  Express  Company, 
with  which  he  has  ever  since  been  con- 
nected. 

On  September  15.  1870,  Mr.  Damsel  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
with  Susan  R.  Nace.  who  was  born  at 
Morristown,  in  that  State,  March  7,  1845. 
Five  children  were  born  of  this  union, 
namely :  William  Wynkoop,  born  December 
27,  1871  ;  Edna  Murray,  born  January  14, 
1873:  Jessamine  Phipps.  born  April  I, 
1877;  Ethel  Birch,  born  June  20,  1879:  and 
Percy,  born  June  10,  1882. 

In  politics  Mr.  Damsel  is  a  supporter  of 
the  Republican  party,  and  fraternally  is 
identified  with  the  Royal  Arcanum  and  the 
Knights  of  Honor. 


GEORGE  OSMAN  IDE. 

George  Osman  Ide  (deceased),  formerly 
a  well  known  attorney  of  Evanston,  111., 
and  a  highly  respected  citizen,  was  born  at 
Passumpsic,  Vt.,  November  25,  1831.  His 
father,  Rev.  George  Barton  Ide,  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Baptist  Church,  was  born  in 
Coventry.  Vt.,  February  17,  1804,  and  his 
mother.  Harriet  (Walker)  Ide,  was  born 
December  21,  1807.  The  ancestry  of  the 


Ide  family  dates  back  to  an  early  period  in 
New  England  history.  John  Ide,  the  great- 
grandfather of  George  O.,  born  in  1742, 
and  deceased  in  1815,  was  a  soldier  in  the 
Revolutionary  army.  Timothy  Ide,  another 
ancestor,  whose  life  covered  the  period  be- 
tween 1660  and  1735,  was  an  early  settler 
of  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  wars  against  the  In- 
dians, and  was  an  ensign  to  the  General 
Court  of  Massachusetts.  Still  another  an- 
cestor, Nicholas  Ide,  came  from  England  to 
Massachusetts  in  1643.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  settlers  of  Bristol  County,  and  one 
of  the  first  landowners  there.  He  was  ac- 
tive in  the  early  settlements ;  was  one  of  a 
committee  appointed  to  settle  disputes  with 
King  Philip,  the  Indian  Chief,  in  1689,  and 
was  the  first  of  his  name  in  America. 

Rev.  George  B.  Ide,  father  of  George  O., 
was  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  from  1838  to  1852,  and 
of  the  first  Baptist  Church  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  from  1852  to  1872.  He  died  in  the 
city  last  named,  April  16,  1872. 

George  O.  Ide  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Philadelphia,  to  which  place  the  family 
had  moved,  and  completed  his  education  at 
Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  where  he  gradu- 
ated. He  studied  law  under  Rufus  Choate, 
in  Springfield,  Mass.,  where  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  Soon  afterwards  he 
came  to  Illinois  and,  about  1855,  settled  in 
Princeton,  where  he  began  the  practice  of 
law.  In  this  he  continued  successfully  un- 
til 1871,  when  he  came  to  Chicago  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  George  L.  Pad- 
dock, formerly  of  Princeton,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Paddock  &  Ide,  during  the  same 
year  taking  up  his  residence  in  Evanston, 
where  he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  About  three  years  before  his  death 
the  firm  of  Paddock  &  Ide  was  dissolved, 
and  Mr.  Ide  thereafter  practiced  alone. 
He  was  Village  Attorney  of  Evanston  from 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


629 


1874  to  1880,  and  attained  a  prominent  po- 
sition at  the  Chicago  bar. 

Mr.  Ide  was  married  at  Princeton,  111.. 
January  29,  1862,  to  Helen  M.  Ide,  a 
daughter  of  Cas^ander  Ide,  of  that  place. 
Mrs.  Ide  was  born  at  Essex,  Yt.,  and  be- 
longed to  the  same  general  lineage  as  her 
husband.  The  children  born  of  this  union 
who  are  still  living  are :  William  K.  Ide, 
of  the  First  National  Bank,  Chicago ; 
Charles  B.  Ide,  of  the  Corn  Exchange  Na- 
tional Bank,  Chicago ;  Arthur  C.  Ide,  an 
attorney  of  Chicago ;  and  Mrs.  Henry  W. 
Dakin,  of  Detroit,  Mich.  The  eldest  of  the 
sons  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ide,  died  in  Evans- 
ton,  August  6,  1894. 

In  politics,  George  O.  Ide  was  a  Demo- 
crat, and  fraternally,  was  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  and  in  religious  belief,  a 
Baptist.  His  death  occurred  at  his  home 
in  Evanston,  February  7,  1885.  The  home 
at  No.  1425  Maple  Avenue,  where  the  fam- 
ily have  resided  since  1881,  is  still  occupied 
by  his  widow  and  three  surviving  sons. 


ORRIN  T.  MAXSON,  M.  D. 

Orrin  T.  Maxson,  M.  D.  (deceased), 
formerly  a  prominent  physician  in  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  was  born  in  the  State  of  Xew 
York  in  1825,  being  descended  from  an  old 
New  England  family.  In  his  early  child- 
hood he  went  to  Wisconsin  with  his  parents, 
who  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  that  State.  There  he 
attended  the  public  schools  and  received 
his  early  mental  training.  His  professional 
education  was  obtained  in  Rush  Medical 
College,  Chicago.  Dr.  Maxson  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Prescott,  Wis., 
where  he  remained  several  years,  when  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and  where  he  con- 
tinued in  practice.  He  subsequently  lived 
and  practiced  for  a  time  in  Waukegan,  111. 


In  the  early  'eighties  he  moved  to  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  his 
profession  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Pasadena,  Cal.,  in  1895.  Dr.  Maxson 
recruited  Company  A,  Twelfth  Regiment 
Wisconsin  Volunteer  Infantry  for  service  in 
the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  its  Captain 
during  the  entire  war. 

Dr.  Maxson  was  married  to  Eunice  Mc- 
Cray,  of  New  York  State.  Those  of  their 
children  who  are  living  are:  Dr.  O.  P.  Max- 
son,  of  Waukegan  ;  and  Amelia  ( Maxson ) 
Knox,  who  resides  in  Evanston.  In  1882 
the  daughter.  Amelia,  became  the  wife  of 
Laverne  L.  Knox,  of  Waukegan,  who  was 
engaged  in  business  in  Chicago,  and  died 
in  Evanston  in  1889. 

Dr.  Maxson  was  a  physician  of  high 
standing  in  his  profession  and  of  superior 
accomplishments,  and  was  a  valued  member 
of  the  leading  medical  societies.  Politically 
he  was  an  active  Republican  and  took  a 
good  citizen's  interest  in  public  affairs. 
While  living  in  Wisconsin  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State. 
Fraternally,  he  was  a  Knight  Templar,  and 
in  religious  belief  a  Congregationalist. 


FRANK  WHEELOCK  GEROULD. 

Among  the  most  prominent  men  in  the 
social,  political  and  religious  circles  of 
Evanston,  111.,  whose  business  interests  are 
in  Chicago,  is  the  gentleman  whose  name 
heads  this  brief  personal  record.  Mr.  Ge- 
roukl  was  born  in  Smithfield.  Pa.,  January 
13.  1854.  the  son  of  Marcus  15.  and  Mary 
E.  (Uingham)  Gerould.  of  whom  the  for- 
mer was  born  in  Smithfield.  Pa..  October 
28,  1818.  and  the  latter,  in  Towanda  County, 
in  the  same  State.  January  2.  1827.  Mar- 
cus 1>.  Gerould  was  a  merchant  by  occupa- 
tion. In  1857  he  moved  from  Pennsylvania 
to  Rockford.  111.,  where,  with  the  exception 


630 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


of  a  few  years  spent  in  Byron,  111.,  the 
family  made  their  permanent  home. 

In  youth  the  subject  of  this  sketch  dili- 
gently utilized  the  opportunities  afforded 
by  the  public  schools  of  Rockford,  and,  af- 
ter completing  his  studies,  secured  employ- 
ment as  clerk  in  a  shoe  store  in  that  city. 
In  1878  he  located  in  Chicago  and  entered 
the  employ  of  A.  G.  Spaulding  &  Bros., 
extensive  dealers  in  athletic  goods,  in 
which  connection  he  has  remained  until  the 
present  time.  Mr.  Gerould  now  occupies 
the  position  of  managing  director  of  the 
western  department  of  that  widely  known 
establishment.  He  maintains  a  high  repu- 
tation for  executive  ability  in  the  commer- 
cial circles  of  Chicago,  and  is  very  popular 
among  the  employes  and  patrons  of  the  con- 
cern with  which  he  has  been  so  long  identi- 
fied. 

On  September  I,  1881,  Mr.  Gerould  was 
united  in  marriage,  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
with  Mary  S.  Avery,  who  was  born  in  Bel- 
videre.  111.,  on  February  9,  1860.  Three 
children  have  been  born  to  them :  Helen 
Louise,  born  January  9,  1890;  Frank  Avery, 
born  August  15.  1893,  and  Walter  Blakes- 
ley,  born  August  18,  1898.  The  mother  of 
this  family  passed  away  in  Evanston,  March 
ii,  1901. 

Mr.  Gerould  is  connected  with  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  of  Evanston,  and  is 
a  member  of  its  Board  of  Trustees.  In 
politics  he  is  a  supporter  ot  the  Republican 
party,  and  has  represented  his  ward  in 
Evanston,  as  Alderman,  for  the  last  eight 
years.  Socially  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Evanston  Club,  of  which  he  is  President 
and  director;  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Athletic  Club,  and  of  the  Glen  View  Golf 
Club.  He  is  one  of  the  Directors  of  the 
State  Bank  of  Evanston.  In  earlier  life  he 
belonged  to  the  Illinois  National  Guard  for 
six  years.  He  is  highly  regarded  through- 
out the  community. 


WILLIAM   BECKLEY   PARKES. 

William  B.  Parkes  (deceased),  formerly 
a  prominent  citizen  of  Evanston,  111.,  and  a 
man  of  lovable  and  great  force  of  charac- 
ter, was  born  in  Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  March 
19,  1838.  He  was  a  son  of  Joseph  and 
Mary  (Dunn)  Parkes,  who  came  from 
Dudley,  England,  five  or  six  years  before 
his  birth,  and  a  brother  of  the  noted  sur- 
geon. Dr.  Charles  T.  Parkes,  of  Chicago. 
Joseph  Parkes  was  an  iron  master,  with 
interests  in  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  St. 
Louis.  Mo.  He  prepared  his  son,  William, 
for  a  commercial  career,  the  latter  having 
graduated  from  a  business  college  in  Wheel- 
ing at  the  age  of  thirteen  years.  From  that 
period  he  worked  in  his  father's  foundry 
and  made  himself  independent,  paying  his 
own  board  and  other  expenses. 

In  the  panic  of  1857,  the  failure  of  his 
father's  works  at  St.  Louis,  with  which  he 
was  connected,  together  with  his  marriage 
at  the  same  time,  made  it  necessary  for  him 
to  seek  other  employment.  He  accordingly 
went  from  St.  Louis  to  Southern  Illinois, 
and  worked  on  farms  in-  order  to  secure 
means  to  engage  in  business  on  his  own 
account.  In  1864,  he  bought  a  farm  in 
Will  County,  111.,  which  he  operated  for 
three  years,  and  then,  coming  to  Chicago, 
secured  employment  in  connection  with  the 
North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill  Company. 

In  1868.  Capt.  E.  B.  Ward,  of  Detroit, 
founded  the  Milwaukee  Iron  Works,  and 
among  other  skilled  workmen  who  were 
taken  there  from  Chicago,  was  Mr.  Parkes. 
He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  superinten- 
dency  of  a  department  in  the  plant,  and 
subsequently,  when  the  North  Chicago  Roll- 
ing Mill  Company  acquired  possession  of 
the  works,  he  was  made  General  Superin- 
tendent. This  position  he  held  for  ten 
years  or  more,  having  an  average  of  2,000 
men  under  his  direction.  He  was  especially 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


631 


happy  in  his  method  of  dealing  with  his 
employes,  and  was  successful  in  building 
up  an  industrious  and  prosperous  communi- 
ty. In  this  connection  he  became  widely 
known  as  a  practical  iron-master  of  ripe 
experience  and  broad  general  knowledge 
of  all  phases  of  the  business.  Besides  his 
rolling  mill  connection,  he  was  interested 
in  iron  mines  and  transportation  companies 
to  a  considerable  extent. 

At  this  period  ill  health  compelled  Mr. 
Parkes  to  retire  from  active  business,  and 
he  severed  his  connection  with  the  concern 
in  1890.  Disposing  of  his  Milwaukee  in- 
terest^ he  purchased  a  home  in  Evanston, 
where  he  lived  in  retirement  until  1899. 
He  died  August  4,  1899,  in  Milwaukee, 
where  he  had  gone  to  visit  his  daughter. 

Mr.  Parkes  was  married  at  St.  Louis,  in 
1857,  to  Mary  Jane  McNickle,  a  daughter 
of  George  and  Jane  (McCoy)  McNickle, 
of  that  city.  Mrs.  Parkes,  who  is  still  liv- 
ing, was  born  in  Pennsylvania  and  reared 
in  Virginia.  The  children  of  this  union  are 
as  follows :  Ida  Virginia  Parkes.  Mrs.  Mary 
(Parkes)  Llewellyn.  Mrs.  Jennie  (Parkes) 
Grier.  Mrs.  Annie  (Parkes)  Phillips,  and 
Dr.  William  Ross  Parkes.  all  of  Evanston, 
and  Mrs.  Sarah  (Parkes)  Treat,  of  Apple- 
ton,  Wis. 

Mr.  Parkes  became  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  when  he  was 
fourteen  years  of  age,  and  when  he  re- 
moved to  his  farm  in  Will  County,  he 
helped  to  found  a  church  at  Monee.  He 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Dixon  Street  M.  E.  Church  in  Chicago,  and 
of  Trinity  M.  E.  Church  in  Milwaukee, 
where  he  served  as  Sunday-school  Super- 
intendent for  twenty  years.  After  coming 
to  Evanston  he  was  one  of  the  builders  of 
Emmanuel  M.  E.  Church.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trtvstees  and  of  the  official  board  of  the  last 
named  church.  "Though  dead  he  yet 
speaketh,"  and  "his  works  do  follow  him." 


JOSEPH  WATERS  WORK. 

Joseph  W.  Work,  who  is  successfully 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  business  in  Evan- 
ston, 111.,  was  born  in  Dewitt,  Carroll  Coun- 
ty, Mo.,  September  18,  1871.  His  father, 
Andrew  Jackson  Work,  was  a  native  of 
Charlestown,  Ind.,  where  he  was  born  Oc- 
tober 17,  1819,  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth 
(Waters)  Work,  was  born  in  Lincoln 
County,  Ky.,  October  15,  1835.  Andrew 
Jackson  Work  was  a  farmer  by  occupation 
and  his  whole  active  life  was  devoted  to 
agricultural  pursuits. 

The  early  education  of  Joseph  W. 
was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  and 
the  high  school  at  North  Salem,  Ind., 
and  Bunker  Hill.  111.,  and.  after  com- 
pleting his  studies,  he  became  a  traveling 
salesman.  This  occupation  he  followed  for 
nine  years  previous  to  making  his  home  in 
Evanston,  where  lie  located  in  1894.  In 
that  year  he  established  himself  in  the  real 
estate  business  in  partnership  with  his  fa- 
ther-in-law, Lewis  M.  Perry,  succeeding  to 
the  latter's  interest  in  the  firm,  in  1897  and 
establishing  at  that  time  the  firm  known  as 
The  J.  W.  Wrork  Agency. 

On  December  27,  1893,  Mr.  Work  was 
united  in  marriage  at  Evanston,  with  Flora 
Perry,  who  was  born  in  Murdock,  111.,  De- 
cember 10,  1871. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Work  pursues  an  inde- 
pendent course,  ignoring  party  lines.  His 
religious  connection  is  with  the  Evanston 
Christian  Church,  of  which  he  is  a  charter 
member.  Socially  he  is  identified  with  the 
Evanston  Club. 


SUSAN  LEONHARDT. 

Mrs.  Susan  Leonhardt,  one  of  the  oldest 
living  natives  of  Cook  County,  111.,  was  born 
at  Grosse  Point.  September  18.  1840,  and 
enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first 
white  child  born  within  the  present  city  of 


632 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Evanston.  She  is  a  daughter  of  Paul 
and  Caroline  (Adams)  Pratt,  who  were 
natives  of  Massachusetts ;  her  mother 
Caroline  Adams,  being  a  daughter  of  Rev. 
Ephraim  Adams,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
same  family  which  furnished  two  Presi- 
dents of  the  United  States — John  Adams 
and  John  Quincy  Adams.  Her  father  was 
born  in  Weston,  Middlesex  County,  Mass., 
September  1 1,  1807,  and  her  mother,  in  Ox- 
ford, Worcester  County,  March  10,  1816. 
Paul  Pratt  was  the  owner  of  considerable 
landed  property,  for  those  times,  and  was 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  His 
father,  also  Paul  Pratt,  was  one  of  the  his- 
torical "Minute  Men"  of  Massachusetts 
Colony,  who  sprang  to  arms  from  every 
village  and  farm  in  Middlesex  County,  when 
Paul  Revere  sounded  the  summons  on  his 
celebrated  ride  in  1775.  Paul  Pratt,  Jr., 
the  father  of  Mrs.  Leonhardt,  moved  to  Il- 
linois at  an  early  period,  locating  on  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Evanston.  On  his 
land  in  that  locality,  he  hewed  timber  and 
rafted  it  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River, 
to  be  used  in  building  the  first  Government 
pier  at  Chicago  in  1839.  He  had  two  sons 
who  took  part  in  the  Civil  War,  Charles  E. 
and  Willard  I.  The  former  served  three 
years  in  the  Eighth  Regiment  Illinois  Vol- 
unteer Cavalry ;  the  latter  was  a  member  of 
Company  C,  Eighty-ninth  Regiment  Illinois 
Volunteer  Infantry,  and  was  taken  prison- 
er at  Dallas,  Ga.,  and  incarcerated  in  An- 
dersonville  prison,  where  he  languished  for 
seven  months.  He  died  at  home  in  1865. 
From  their  log  cabin  on  Leon  Avenue,  the 
family  moved  in  1848,  to  a  frame  house, 
built  that  year,  and  which  was  one  of  the 
first  frame  dwellings  constructed  in  Evan- 
ston. 

Mrs.  Leonhardt  spent  her  childhood  years 
in  the  way  customary  for  farmers'  (laugh- 
ters in  a  new  settlement.  Her  early  mental 
training  was  obtained  in  the  country  school 


at  Ridgeville,  now  a  part  of  Evanston,  and 
she  grew  to  maturity  on  the  paternal  farm. 
On  September  30,  1857,  she  was  united  in 
marriage  at  Evanston,  with  Louis  Leon- 
hardt, and  twelve  children  were  born  of 
this  union :  Charles  E.,  born  April  29,  1859 ; 
Arthur  D.,  born  November  3,  1861 ;  Frank 
W.,  born  November  29,  1863;  Carrie  E. 
(Mrs.  Stiles)  born  February  4,  1865;  Ella, 
who  was  born  August  29,  1866,  and  died  in 
1867;  George  P.,  born  March  7,  1868; 
Louis,  born  November  25,  1870,  and  died  in 
1880;  Eva  May,  born  January  21,  1873,  and 
died  in  1880;  Paul,  born  February  10,  1875, 
and  died  in  1880;  Fred.  L.,  born  July  30, 
1877,  and  died  in  1880;  Richard  J.,  born 
November  17,  1880;  and  Willard  L,  born 
January  7,  1882.  Seven  of  this  family  still 
survive. 

In  religious  faith,  Mrs.  Leonhardt  is  a 
Baptist,  and  a  zealous  member  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Society  of  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Evanston.  She  is  an  object  of  affec- 
tionate interest  to  her  children,  and  of  cor- 
dial esteem  by  a  large  circle  of  friends. 


LEWIS   TABOR   BRISTOL. 

Lewis  Tabor  Bristol,  who  is  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  dentistry  in  Nogales,  Ariz., 
was  born  in  Cairo,  111.,  September  I,  1872, 
the  son  of  Walter  L.  and  Louisa  S.  Bristol, 
natives  of  Illinois.  In  early  boyhood,  Dr. 
Bristol  received  his  primary  mental  train- 
ing in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  youth- 
ful years.  He  entered  the  Dental  School  of 
Northwestern  University  in  1894,  graduat- 
ing therefrom  in  1897,  with  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  S.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  Sig- 
ma Delta  Fraternity.  Shortly  after  his 
graduation  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  in  which  he  has  continued 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


633 


successfully  ever  since.  In  politics,  Dr. 
Bristol  is  an  earnest  supporter  of  the  Repub- 
lican party.  In  1905,  he  served  as  a  Repre- 
sentative of  Santa  Cruz  County  in  the  Leg- 
islature of  Arizona. 


On  December  6,  1899,  ^r-  Browne  was 
married  to  Miss  Daisy  Gertrude  Reeser, 
of  Farmer  City,  111.,  and  they  have  one 
daughter,  Theresa  Gertrude  Browne,  born 
February  5,  1903. 


VERXELLE  FREELAND   BROWNE.        WALTER  LAURAXCE  HERDIEX. 


Vernelle  F.  Browne,  attorney-at-law, 
Farmer  City,  111.,  was  born  at  De  Witt, 
De  Witt  County,  111.,  January  8,  1873. 
He  acquired  his  primary  education  in  the 
local  high  school  and  by  home  study,  took 
a  law  course  in  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Law  School  at  Evanston,  111.,  with 
one  semester  in  the  Law  Department  of 
the  University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor 
in  that  State.  While  in  the  University 
he  was  much  interested  in  athletics,  and 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  Club  at  the 
University  of  Michigan.  He  worked  his 
way  through  the  University,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  October,  1899,  and,  starting 
in  debt,  since  entering  upon  his  profes- 
sion has  been  very  successful,  having 
accumulated,  in  less  than  seven  years' 
practice,  an  estate  valued  at  $15,000.  The 
official  positions  held  by  Mr.  Browne 
since  locating  at  Farmer  City,  111.,  include 
those  of  City  Clerk  for  two  years  (May 
i,  1901,  to  May  i,  1903);  City  Attorney 
since  May  i,  1903,  in  which  he  is  now 
serving  his  second  term,  which  will  expire 
May  i,  1907.  He  has  been  solicited  at  dif 
ferent  times  to  become  the  candidate  of 
the  Republican  party  for  County  Judge, 
State's  Attorney  and  Representative  in 
the  State  Legislature,  but  believing  that 
his  best  interests  would  be  subserved  by 
adhering  to  his  profession,  has  declined. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
Modern  Woodmen.  Red  Men.  a  Thirty- 
second  Degree  Mason,  the  Order  of  the 
Eastern  Star,  the  Rathbon  Sisters  and  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 


Walter  Laurance  Herdien,  who  is  a 
successful  representative  of  the  younger 
element  of  rising  lawyers  who  are  becom- 
ing favorably  known  at  the  bar  of  Chi- 
cago, was  born  in  Galva,  111.  August  8, 
1874.  He  is  a  son  of  Peter  and  Martha 
(Johnson)  Herdien,  natives  of  Sweden 
In  early  youth  he  made  diligent  use  of 
the  opportunities  for  an  education  afforded 
by  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place, 
and  in  September,  1894.  matriculated  in 
the  Lijjeral  Arts  Department  of  North- 
western University,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  June,  1898,  with  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  He  entered  Northwestern  L'ni- 
versity  Law  School  in  September,  1898. 
graduating  therefrom  in  June,  1900,  with 
the  degree  of  LL.  B.  During  his  collegi- 
ate course,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Beta 
Theta  Pi  Fraternity  and  the  Deru  Society. 
Shortly  after  graduating  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  at  once  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  in  which  he  has 
since  continued.  In  social  circles,  he  is 
affiliated  with  the  B.  P.  O.  E. 

On  October  25,  1903,  Mr.  Herdien  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Mabel  Geneva 
Sharp,  of  Kewanee,  111.  Politically,  he  is 
a  Republican. 


ELMER  FORREST  HERDIEN,  M.  D. 

Elmer  Forrest  Herdien.  physician,  Chi- 
cago. 111.,  was  born  in  Galva,  111.,  May  22. 
1876.  the  son  of  Peter  and  Martha  (John- 
son) Herdien,  both  natives  of  Sweden 


634 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


and  a  brother  of  Walter  L.  Herdien,  a 
lawyer  of  Chicago.  Elmer  F.  spent  most 
of  his  early  life  in  Chicago,  was  a  graduate 
from  the  Lake  View  High  School  and 
from  the  Northwestern  University,  later 
taking  a  course  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1901.  After  gradua- 
tion he  served  for  a  time  as  interne  in 
hospital  work,  after  which  he  was  en- 
gaged in  practice  at  Baker  City,  Oregon. 
On  June  6,  1906,  Dr.  Herdien  was  mar- 
ried at  Kewanee.  111.,  to  Miss  Xelle  John- 
son, of  that  city,  the  event  exciting  much 
interest  among  society  people,  and  being 
celebrated  with  much  eclat  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  large  circle  of  friends  of  the 
bride  and  groom.  Dr.  Herdien's  address 
is  at  1317  Foster  Avenue  (Edgewater), 
Chicago. 


HENRY  BUTLER. 

Henry  Butler,  a  well-known  and  highly- 
esteemed  citizen  of  Evanston,  Cook 
County,  111.,  where  he  has  lived  for  nearly 
twenty-six  years — during  a  considerable 
portion  of  this  period  being  extensively 
and  successfully  engaged  in  the  livery  and 
teaming  business — was  born  in  Kenosha. 
Wis.,  April  7.  1860,  the  son  of  Cornelius 
and  Barbara  (  Blanknheim)  Butler,  of 
whom  the  former  was  born  in  Richmond 
Ya.,  in  July,  1822.  and  the  latter  in  Prtie, 
a  small  town  in  The  Netherlands,  on  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1831.  Cornelius  Butler  was  a 
carpenter  by  occupation,  and  followed  that 
trade  in  Kenosha.  \\'is..  of  which  place  he 
became  a  resident  in  1840.  Early  in  the 
Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  the  Thirty-ninth 
Regiment  Wisconsin  Volunteer  Infantry, 
with  which  he  served  until  the  end  of  the 
conflict,  when  he  returned  to  Kenosha. 
and  resumed  his  customary  work.  Shortly 
afterward  he  moved  to  Evanston,  where 


he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  The 
mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  came 
to  the  United  States  when  she  was  about 
sixteen  years  of  age.  Her  marriage  to 
Mr.  Butler  took  place  at  Kenosha  on 
March  13,  1851,  and  their  union  resulted 
in  eleven  children. 

The  early  mental  training  of  Henry 
Butler  was  obtained  in  the  district  schools 
in  the  vicinity  of  Kenosha,  and  in  the 
public  schools  of  that  city.  When  not 
engaged  in  study,  he  applied  himself  to 
farm  work.  He  was  about  seventeen 
years  old  when  he  came  to  Evanston, 
where  he  was  employed  for  several  years 
in  various  kinds  of  labor  by  prominent 
citizens  of  the  place.  In  1893  he  started 
out  on  his  own  responsibility,  establish- 
ing himself  in  the  livery  and  teaming 
business,  in  which  he  has  ever  since  been 
very  successful.  He  now  conducts  two 
extensive  livery  barns,  has  about  seventy 
teams  in  use,  and  employs  forty  men. 
besides  an  office  force  of  four  girls.  He 
also  operates  large  blacksmith  and  repair 
shops.  His  entire  time  is  occupied  in 
superintending  this  business,  and  his 
energy,  diligence,  close  application  and 
honorable  methods  have  made  the  enter- 
prise a  pronounced  and  signal  success. 
With  the  exception  of  a  tour  of  inspection 
which  he  made  through  the  Western 
States,  he  has  not  been  absent  from  home 
to  any  extent  since  coming  to  Evanston. 

On  January  5.  1883,  Mr.  Butler  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Evanston.  111.,  with 
Mary  Hager.  who  was  born  July  4,  1864. 
at  Florence,  Ala.,  where,  in  girlhood,  she 
enjoyed  the  advantages  of  the  public 
schools.  Mrs.  Butler  is  a  daughter  of 
William  Hager,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  War,  near  the 
close  of  which  he  lost  his  life.  Her  mother 
is  also  deceased. 

In  religious  faith   Mr.   Butler  is  a  Bap- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


635 


tist,  being  a  consistent  member  of  the 
Second  Baptist  Church,  of  Evanston. 
Politically  he  has  always  been  a  firm 
Republican,  but  never  an  aspirant  for  pub- 
lic office.  To  all  charitable  and  benev- 
olent enterprises  in  Evanston,  he  has  al- 
ways been  a  liberal  contributor.  He  has 
led  a  life  of  exceptional  personal  purity, 
having  never  made  use  of  tobacco  or  in- 
toxicants, nor  indulged  in  profane  lan- 
guage. His  strict  observance  of  correct 
rules  of  living  have  enabled  him  to  endure 
the  strain  of  long  and  strenuous  exertion 
in  building  up  his  extensive  business,  with 
no  impairment  of  mental  or  physical  fac- 
ulties, and  his  upright  and  honorable  deal- 
ings have  gained  for  him,  in  an  especial 
degree,  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  his 
fellow  citizens.  Mr.  Butler  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  useful  and  exemplary 
members  of  the  community. 


JOHN  T.  BARKER. 

John  T.  Barker,  lawyer  and  Mayor  of 
Evanston,  was  born  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, October  27,  1860,  the  son  of  John 
and  Mary  (Shimwell)  Barker.  John  Bar- 
ker, Sr.,  was  a  blacksmith  by  trade,  and 
his  death  occurred  in  England.  This 
bereavement  necessitated  his  son's  finding 
a  position  at  the  age  of  eleven  in  a  rolling 
mill,  in  order  to  help  support  his  mother. 
When  the  lad  was  thirteen  years  old,  with 
his  surviving  parent  he  took  passage 
for  America,  locating  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. The  boy  enjoyed  less  than  two 
years'  schooling  before  he  went  to  work 
in  earnest  for  the  North  Chicago  Rolling 
Mills.  A  little  later  he  secured  a  posi- 
tion with  the  Chicago  Steel  Works,  where, 
for  fifteen  years,  he  found  steady  employ- 
ment; first  as  a  common  laborer,  at  fifty 
cents  per  day,  spending  his  earnings  at  a 


night  school,  being  gradually  promoted 
through  the  positions  of  stenographer, 
bookkeeper,  cashier,  etc.,  until  he  received 
the  sum  of  $1,500  per  annum.  Here  he 
paused  long  enough  to  take  a  course  of 
lessons  at  the  Chicago  Athenaeum.  In 
1890  he  launched  out  in  the  real  estate 
business,  his  evenings  again  being  occu- 
pied with  the  study  of  law  in  the  night 
schools  of  the  great  city.  In  1893,  his 
studiousness  was  rewarded  by  his  admit- 
tance to  the  bar. 

On  December  14,  1881,  Mr.  Barker  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Anna  Laura  Blanch- 
ard,  and  of  this  union  two  children  have  • 
been  born :  John  Lawrence,  born  August 
27,  1884,  and  Marion  Ethel,  born  July  22, 
1888.  In  1897,  Mr.  Barker  removed  with 
his  family  to  the  city  of  Evanston  111., 
with  the  history  of  whose  growth  the 
present  Mayor  has  been  and  is  still  inti- 
mately connected.  In  the  year  1900,  Mr. 
Barker  was  elected  Alderman  for  the 
Third  Ward,  thus  becoming  an  active 
member  of  the  City  Council.  In  1901  he 
took  an  extended  vacation,  making  a  tour 
through  England,  Scotland,  France  and 
Belgium,  and  other  European  countries. 
Upon  his  return  to  Evanston  in  1902,  he 
was  re-eleited  Alderman,  which  position 
he  resigned  in  the  spring  of  1903,  when 
he  was  made  Mayor  of  the  city  as  suc- 
cessor of  James  A.  Patten.  During  his 
official  connection  with  the  city,  Mayor 
Barker  has  been  greatly  interested  in 
much  legislation  of  an  important  nature, 
such  as  the  annexing  of  the  North  Shore 
territory  to  the  Drainage  District,  the 
consolidation  of  the  towns  included  in 
the  present  city  of  Evanston,  the  amend- 
ment of  the  Library  Act,  and  other  meas- 
ures pertaining  to  public  improvement. 
In  the  year  1905,  he  was  re-elected  Mayor 
of  the  city  whose  interests  he  has  served 
so  disinterestedly  and  well.  In  his  polit- 


636 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ical  affiliations,  Mayor  Barker  is  a  Repub- 
lican. He  was  one  of  the  originators  of 
the  organization  of  the  first  Park  District 
of  the  city  of  Evanston,  an  improvement 
recognized  by  all.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  the  National  Union,  and 
Royal  League  Fraternities,  and  also  of  the 
local  Evanston  Club,  Hamilton  and  Golf 
Clubs.  He  belongs  to  the  Episcopalian 
Church. 


GEORGE  E.  GOOCH. 

George  E.  Gooch,  a  well-known  resident 
of  Evanston,  111.,  who  has  been  prom- 
inent in  the  business  circles  of  Chicago 
for  many  years,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
Norfolk,  England,  September  24,  1847,  tne 
son  of  George  C.  and  Margaret  (Brewer) 
Gooch.  The  son  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
land,  and  came  to  Chicago  in  1867.  He 
became  connected  with  the  commission 
firm  of  Sherman,  Hall  &  Pope,  and  soon 
afterwards  engaged  in  the  same  line  of 
business  on  South  Water  Street,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Richards  &  Gooch.  Sub- 
sequently, he  identified  himself  with 
Charles  Counselman  &  Co.,  and  still  re- 
mains in  that  connection.  Since  1869  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade.  Mr.  Gooch  established  his  res- 
idence in  Evanston  in  1877,  and  is  con- 
sidered one  of  its  intelligent  and  sub- 
stantial citizens. 

Mr.  Gooch  was  married  in  November, 
1874,  to  Miss  Rhoda  England,  a  daughter 
of  William  England,  and  they  have  seven 
children,  all  of  whom  were  born  in  Evans- 
ton,  and  all  are  still  living. 

In  his  political  views,  Mr.  Gooch  is  in- 
dependent, and  his  action  is  untrammeled 
by  party  ties.  He  has  served  as  Alder- 
man of  the  Second  Ward  in  the  City 
Council.  Socially,  he  belongs  to  the  A. 


F.  &  A.  M.  Royal  Arcanum,  of  which  he 
is  Regent;  Royal  League,  of  which  he  is 
Orator ;  Modern  Woodmen  of  America, 
and  Sons  of  St.  George.  He  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  Evanston  Club  and  the 
Evanston  Boat  Club.  Mr.  Gooch  is  a 
communicant  in  St.  Mark's  Episcopal 
Church,  in  which  he  officiates  as  vestry- 
man. 


JOHN  W.  GIBSON. 

John  W.  Gibson  (deceased),  formerly 
a  well-known  resident  of  Evanston,  111., 
was  born  in  Batesville,  Noble  County, 
Ohio,  October  20,  1853.  His  parents  were 
William  and  Christine  (Stattler)  Gibson, 
the  former  being  a  merchant  by  occupa- 
tion. The  early  childhood  of  Mr.  Gibson 
was  passed  in  Batesville,  and  his  educa- 
tion was  received  in  the  schools  of  New- 
ark, Ohio.  He  was  trained  to  merchan- 
dising by  his  father,  and  on  the  death  of 
the  latter,  succeeded  to  the  business  and 
conducted  it  for  two  or  three  years. 
About  1881  he  came  West  and  became 
identified  with  the  nursery  business,  es- 
tablishing his  home  in  Davenport,  Iowa. 
In  this  connection  he  traveled  extensively, 
his  transactions  covering  the  States  of 
Iowa,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  He  con- 
tinued to  reside  at  Davenport  until  1890, 
when  he  moved  to  Evanston.  where  he 
remained  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
September  13,  1904. 

Mr.  Gibson  was  married  at  Monroe 
Center,  111.,  December  26,  1882,  to  Ella 
Tyler,  a  daughter  of  Mrs.  H.  C.  Tyler, 
of  that  place.  Mrs.  Gibson,  who  survives 
her  husband,  was  born  there  and  grew  up 
in  Illinois.  The  only  child  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Gibson  is  Harry  W.  Gibson,  who  has 
succeeded  to  the  conduct  and  manage- 
ment of  his  father's  business  interests. 
Mr.  Gibson  was  an  attendant  upon  the 
services  at  the  Baptist  Church. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


637 


JOHN  C.  MURPHY. 

John  C.  Murphy  (deceased), who  served 
as  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  Evanston,  111., 
for  nearly  twenty-three  years,  was  born 
in  Evanston  July  31,  1841,  the  first  white 
child  born  in  that  place.  His  parents 
were  Edward  and  Ann  (Mack)  Murphy, 
natives  of  Ireland,  the  father  born  at  Ken- 
more,  County  Kerry,  in  1805,  and  the 
mother  at  Castletown  Bearhaven,  County 
Cork.  Edward  Murphy  was  a  teacher 
and  mathematician  by  profession. 
Through  the  influence  of  the  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  while  still  a  young  man,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  position  of  Govern- 
ment teacher  at  London,  Upper  Canada, 
where  he  first  located  on  his  arrival  in 
America.  In  the  spring  of  1837  he  set- 
tled in  Chicago,  where  he  taught  in  the 
public  schools,  and  was  otherwise  inter- 
ested in  educational  affairs.  In  1839  he 
was  appointed  Deputy  Sheriff,  under 
Sheriff  Isaac  R.  Gavenfirst,  was  elected 
Coroner  of  Cook  County  in  1840.  and  re- 
elected  in  1842.  He  was  the  first  Super- 
visor for  Evanston,  having  been  elected 
to  that  office  in  1850,  the  year  of  the  adop- 
tion of  township  organization,  and  served 
in  this  capacity  until  1856.  His  death 
occurred  January  25,  1875.  Eugene  Mack 
a  brother  of  Mrs.  Edward  Murphy,  served 
in  the  United  States  Navy  for  forty  years, 
and  was  an  officer  on  board  the  Frigate 
"Cumberland"  when  that  vessel  was  sunk. 
Six  of  Edward  Murphy's  children  sur- 
vived him — two  sons  and  four  daughters, 
namely :  John  C.,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch ;  Edward,  Mary  A.  (Mrs.  Samp- 
son), Anna  E.,  Louisa  D.,  and  Eliza- 
beth C. 

John  C.  Murphy  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago, 
where  he  subsequently  pursued  a  course 
of  study  in  a  business  college.  His  father 


owned  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  Evans- 
ton,  and  upon  this  John  C.  lived  until 
1875.  From  that  year  until  1881,  he  was 
in  the  employ  of  Cook  County.  He  al- 
ways made  his  home  in  Evanston,  and  in 
his  reminiscences  of  early  times  often  re- 
calls the  rush  of  gold  seekers,  with  their 
prairie  schooners  to  California  in  1849-50. 

On  July  19,  1877,  Mr.  Murphy  was 
united  in  marriage,  in  Chicago,  with  Eliz- 
abeth M.  Carroll,  who  was  born  at 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  August  4.  1857.  Four 
children  were  born  of  this  union,  namely : 
Edward  J.,  born  April  30,  1879;  J.  Francis, 
born  November  13,  1881 ;  Joseph  N.,  born 
January  7,  1891  and  Nannie  A.,  born 
August  23,  1886. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Murphy  was  an  un- 
swerving adherent  of  the  Republican 
party.  He  was  elected  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  Evanston  Township  in  April, 
1881,  and  held  that  office  without  inter- 
mission until  the  ti.-nt  of  his  death.  In 
fraternal  circles,  he  was  identified  with 
the  K.  of  P.  and  the  Catholic  Order  of 
Foresters.  He  belonged  to  the  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Evanston.  In  religion,  he 
was  a  devout  member  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  and  as  a  citizen,  was  ever  on  the 
alert  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  best 
interests  of  the  community.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Evanston  Historical  Soci- 
ety. 

Mr.  Murphy  departed  this  life  on  Feb- 
ruary 21,  1904,  and  his  death  was  deeply 
lamented  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was 
a  man  of  invariable  good  nature  and.  as 
a  public  official,  was  easily  accessible. 
On  account  of  the  numerous  wedding 
ceremonies  which  he  performed,  he  was 
sometimes  called  "Bishop"  Murphy. 
The  dwelling  in  which  he  was  born  is 
still  standing,  in  a  slightly  altered  condi- 
'tion,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Clark 
Street  and  Rogers  Avenue. 


638 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


EDWARD  J.  MURPHY. 

Edward  J.  Murphy,  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  Evanston,  III.,  is  a  native  of  Evans- 
ton,  where  he  was  born  April  30,  1879, 
the  son  of  John  C.  and  Elizabeth  M.  (Car- 
roll) Murphy,  the  father  born  in  Evans- 
ton,  111.,  July  31,  1841,  and  the  mother  in 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  August  4,  1857.  John 
C.  Murphy  was  the  first  white  male  child 
born  in  Evanston,  and  died  in  that  city 
February  21,  1904.  The  grandparents, 
Edward  and  Ann  (Mack)  Murphy,  were 
natives  of  Ireland  (see  sketch  of  John  C. 
Murphy).  Grandfather  Edward  Murphy 
was  a  teacher  and  mathematician,  who 
came  to  Chicago  from  London,  Canada, 
in  the  spring  of  1837,  and  taught  in  the 
public  schools.  He  was  the  owner  of  a 
farm  situated  where  the  City  of  Evanston 
now  stands,  and  served  as  Deputy  Sheriff 
and  Coroner  of  Cook  County,  and  as  the 
first  Supervisor  of  Evanston,  to  which 
office  he  was  elected  in  1850. 

The  gentleman  to  whom  this  record  re- 
fers received  his  rudimentary  mental 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  Evans- 
ton,  and  subsequently  graduated  from  the 
De  La  Salle  Institute,  in  Chicago.  He 
then  pursued  courses  of  study  in  Canisius 
College,  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  Northwest- 
ern University,  Evanston,  graduating 
from  the  Law  School  of  the  latter  in  1903. 

In  politics  Edward  J.  Murphy  is  an  ear- 
nest supporter  of  the  Republican  party. 
In  1904  he  was  elected  to  succeed  his 
father  as  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  being  the  youngest  in- 
cumbent of  that  office  ever  elected  in 
Cook  County.  Socially,  he  is  identified 
with  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  Fraternity,  the 
Alpha  Chi  Law  Fraternity,  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America,  and  the  Knights 
of  Columbus.  He  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  promising  young  men  in  the 
community,  and  seems  fully  assured  of  a 
bright  and  useful  future. 


GEORGE  HENRY  MOORE. 

George  Henry  Moore,  Manager  Insur- 
ance Company,  Chicago,  with  residence  in 
Evanston,  was  born  in  North  Hartland, 
Vermont,  January  20,  1848,  the  son  of 
Reuben  and  Ann  Maria  (Hunt)  Moore, 
the  former  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Novem- 
ber 18,  1808,  and  the  latter  in  Concord 
Mass.,  December  6,  1812.  The  father's 
occupation  was  that  of  a  railroad  con- 
tractor and  builder.  On  the  maternal  side 
Mr.  Moore  is  the  eighth  in  descent  from 
Captain  Thomas  Brooks,  seventh  from 
Captain  Timothy  Wheeler  and  Captain 
John  Prescott,  and  sixth  from  Ensign 
Humphrey  Barrett,  Captain  James  Min- 
ott,  Captain  Jonathan  Prescott,  Hon. 
Peter  Bulkley,  Simon  Lynde  and  Francis 
Willoughby — all  of  whom  were  soldiers 
of  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  Wars, 
and  direct  descendants  of  the  famous 
Hunt  family,  whose  progenitors  settled  in 
New  England  in  1635. 

George  Henry  Moore  commenced  busi- 
ness for  himself  at  Plattsburgh,  New 
York,  as  clerk  in  a  general  merchandise 
store  in  1864,  in  which  he  remained  two 
years,  when  (in  1866)  he  engaged  in  the 
forwarding  and  shipping  business  and 
lumber  trade  at  Detroit,  Michigan. 
Twelve  years  later  (1878)  he  entered  into 
the  fire  insurance  business,  which  he  has 
followed  continuously  ever  since.  Hav- 
ing received  an  appointment  as  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  Liverpool,  London  & 
Globe  Insurance  Company  for  the  West, 
on  January  I,  1893,  he  moved  to  Evans- 
ton.  He  still  retains  this  position  with 
office  in  the  Home  Insurance  Building  at 
205  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago.  He  was 
elected  President  for  1896-7  of  the  Fire 
Insurance  Association  of  the  Northwest, 
which  is  the  largest  insurance  organiza- 
tion in  the  world. 

December  16,  1870,  Mr.  Moore  was 
married  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  to  Emma  E. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


639 


Smith,  and  they  have  had  six  children: 
Carlton  Ward,  Ella  Florine,  George 
Albert,  Louise  Hurd  and  Irene  Hunt 
(twins),  and  William  Warren. 

In  his  political  sentiments  Mr.  Moore 
has  always  been  a  sturdy  Republican,  is 
an  attendant  upon  religious  services  at 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Evans- 
ton,  and  is  identified  with  the  following 
clubs  and  social  organizations:  Union 
League  Club,  Chicago;  Sons  of  the  Rev- 
olution, Colonial  War  Society,  Evanston 
Club,  Evanston,  and  Glen  View  Golf 
Club. 


CHARLES  CLARENCE  POOLE. 

Charles  Clarence  Poole,  patent  lawyer, 
Evanston,  111.,  was  born  at  Benicia,  Cal., 
November  27,  1856,  the  son  of  Charles 
Henry  and  Mary  A.  (Daniels)  Poole.  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  fitted  for  practice  in 
civil  engineering  by  private  instruction. 
During  1874-75  he  served  as  Assistant 
Engineer  in  connection  with  surveys  car- 
ried on  by  the  Engineering  Department 
of  the  United  States  Army.  In  1882  he 
graduated  from  the  Law  Department  of 
the  Columbian  University,  Washington,, 
with  the  prize  for  an  essay  on  Trade- 
marks. During  the  same  year  he  came  to 
Chicago  and,  in  partnership  with  Taylor 
E.  Brown,  engaged  in  practice  as  a  law- 
yer, confining  his  attention  chiefly  to 
patents,  copyright  and  trade  mark  laws, 
which  he  still  continues,  with  offices 
in  the  Marquette  Building.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  bar  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  the  Chicago  Bar  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Patent  Law  Association! 
In  1884  Mr.  Poole  was  married  in  the 
city  of  Chicago  to  Miss  Anna  Poole, 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  William  Fred- 
erick Poole,  at  that  time  Librarian  of 


the  Chicago  Public  Library,  but  later 
occupying  a  similar  position  in  connection 
with  the  Newberry  Library.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Poole  have  four  children:  Frances, 
Charles  H.,  Clarence  F.  and  Dorothy, 
their  residence  being  at  939  Forest  Ave- 
nue, Evanston.  Mr.  Poole's  fraternal  as- 
sociations are  with  the  Illinois  Athletic 
and  the  Chicago  Literary  Clubs. 


CHARLES  S.  RADDIN. 

Charles  S.  Raddin,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Evanston,  111.,  where  he  has  resided  for 
twenty-five  years,  was  born  in  Lynn, 
Mass.,  January  29,  1864,  the  son  of 
Charles  E.  and  Harriet  Augusta  (Rhodes) 
Raddin,  natives  of  New  England.  Charles 
E.  Raddin,  who  carried  on  the  business  of 
shoe  manufacturing  in  Lynn,  Mass.. 
moved  with  his  family  from  that  city  to 
Chicago  in  1879,  and  thence  to  Evanston 
in  1881.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  ob- 
tained his  early  education  in  Chauncy 
Hall,  Boston,  Mass.,  and  when  the  family 
located  in  Evanston,  pursued  a  course  of 
study  in  Northwestern  University,  from 
which  he  received  the  degrees  of  B.  S. 
and  M.  S.  During  his  undergraduate 
period  he  identified  himself  with  the  Phi 
Kappa  Sigma  Fraternity.  Mr.  Raddin's 
business  interests  are  in  Chicago,  where 
he  acts  in  the  capacity  of  manager  of  the 
American  Bank  Equipment  Company. 

On  June  28,  1892,  Mr.  Raddin  was 
united  in  marriage,  at  Evanston,  111.,  with 
Belle  Elmira  Ailing,  a  native  of  that  city, 
and  the  daughter  of  a  well  known  Meth- 
odist clergyman.  This  union  resulted  in 
one  child,  Louise,  born  January  4,  1898. 
Politically  Mr.  Raddin  is  a  supporter  of 
the  Republican  party.  Religiously  he 
adheres  to  the  faith  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  In  fraternal  circles  he  is  affili- 


640 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


ated  with  the  National  Union.  He  is 
a  member  and  Vice-President  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Chicago  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  Secretary  of  the  Natural 
History  Survey  of  Chicago,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Evanston  Historical  Society.  He  is  the 
author  of  publications  entitled,  "Flora  of 
Evanston  and  Vicinity,"  and  "Flora  of 
Chicago  and  Vicinity,"  issued  as  bulletins 
of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences. 
Aside  from  his  business  relations,  he  is  a 
man  of  studious  habits  and  wide  informa- 
tion, and  is  a  useful  and  highly  esteemed 
member  of  the  communitv. 


WALTER  LEE  BROWN. 

Walter  Lee  Brown  (deceased),  for- 
merly a  chemist  of  high  repute  and  for 
some  time  President  of  the  Northwestern 
Gas  Company,  of  Evanston,  111.,  was  born 
in  Melrose,  Mass.,  August  24,  1853.  He 
was  a  son  of  Edwin  Lee  and  Mary  (Bab- 
cock)  Brown.  His  father  was  a  man  of 
high  attainments  whose  reputation  ex- 
tended beyond  the  limits  of  his  State.  The 
family  came  to  Chicago  about  1861.  As 
a  boy,  Walter  Brown  attended  the  old 
Ogden  School  in  Chicago.  When  seven- 
teen years  of  age  he  returned  to  the  East 
and  entered  the  Pennsylvania  Military 
Academy,  at  Chester,  Pa.,  which  he  at- 
tended for  three  years.  He  completed  his 
academic  studies  at  Northwestern  Univer 
sity,  giving  special  attention  to  chemistry 
while  there.  From  that  institution  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science. 
After  completinghis  studies  in  Evanston,  he 
entered  the  Columbia  College  School  of 
Mines,  from  which  he  was  also  graduated 
at  the  end  of  a  course  of  study  in  which 
he  devoted  much  time  to  metallurgy.  For 
two  or  three  years  thereafter  he  was  a 


lecturer  at  Columbia  College,  and  acted 
as  assistant  to  Dr.  Charles  F.  Chandler, 
then,  as  now,  at  the  head  of  the  scientific 
department  of  that  institution.  About 
1879,  Mr.  Brown  returned  to  Chicago, 
where  he  purchased  the  pioneer  labora- 
tory, the  oldest  in  the  city — established  at 
an  early  date  by  the  late  Dr.  James  G. 
Blaney.  He  conducted  this  laboratory  five 
years, and  became  widely  known  as  achem- 
ist,  assayer  and  metallurgist.  In  1885  he  dis- 
posed of  the  laboratory  in  order  to  organ- 
ize a  "test  department"  for  the  Chicago. 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway  Company, 
which  then  set  on  foot  a  plan  to  test  all 
materials  used  in  its  railroad  construc- 
tion, equipment,  etc.  From  1885  to  1888, 
while  conducting  these  experiments,  he 
resided  at  Aurora,  111.  Business  interests 
then  compelled  him  to  remove  to  Evans- 
ton,  where  he  succeeded  his  father  as 
President  of  the  Northwestern  Gas  Com- 
pany. 

With  the  duties  imposed  on  him  by  this 
relation  he  was  occupied  for  the  next  five 
years.  He  disposed  of  his  interest  in  this 
company  in  1893,  and  virtually  retired 
from  business,  devoting  his  attention  to 
his  books  and  the  arts  and  sciences  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  his  life,  which  ended 
April  6,  1904.  He  bestowed  much  time 
on  the  collection  of  rare  books  and  lit- 
erary relics,  and  gathered  together  numer- 
ous first  editions  of  American  authors. 
Among  his  intimate  associates  in  this  occu- 
pation was  James  Fennimore  Cooper,  a 
grandson  of  the  famous  novelist.  In  the 
science  of  metallurgy  he  was  eminent,  and 
was  the  author  of  "A  Manual  of  Assay- 
ing," which  reached  its  eleventh  edition, 
and  has  been  adopted  as  a  text-book  by 
Harvard  University  and  other  higher  in- 
stitutions of  learning  in  America  and 
abroad.  He  traveled  extensively  through- 
out the  mining  regions  of  the  United 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


641 


States  in  connection  with  his  work  as  met- 
allurgist and  mineralogist.  He  was  a 
charter  member  of  the  National  Society 
of  Chemists,  and  was  long  an  official  of 
that  organization.  From  June,  1894,  to 
August,  1901,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Evanston  Free 
Public  Library. 

Mr.  Brown  was  married  October  16, 
1884,  at  Boone,  Iowa,  to  Ida  B.  Cosgrove. 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  A.  Cosgrove,  of 
Evanston.  Mr.  Cosgrove  was  an  early 
resident  of  Evanston,  having  moved 
there  from  Champaign,  111.,  in  1868 
He  was  one  pf  the  prime  movers  in 
securing  the  location  of  the  Illinois 
State  University  at  Urbana.  The  chil- 
dren of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown  are: 
Lathrop  Lee,  who  pursued  a  course  of 
study  at  the  Manner  School  in  Stamford. 
Conn.:  Lois  Virginia,  and  Delight.  Mrs. 
Brown  is  still  living  in  Evanston. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  man 
of  undeviating  rectitude  of  character.  In 
religious  views  he  was  broadly  liberal. 


EDWARD  H.  WEBSTER. 

Edward  H.  Webster,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Evanston,  Cook  County,  111.,  was  born 
at  Wells  River.  Vt..  November  17.  1851. 
He  is  a  son  of  Caleb  Williams  and  Persis 
T.  Webster.  The  father,  Caleb  William 
Webster,  was  a  merchant  by  occupation. 

The  subject  of  this  brief  personal  rec- 
ord received  his  early  mental  training  in 
the  public  schools  of  his  native  State, 
and  graduated  from  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity. Mr.  Webster  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Emily  Roneyn  Winne,  and 
one  child,  Helen  Christine,  is  the  result  of 
this  union. 


GEORGE  P.  K.  VOLZ. 

George  P.  K.  Volz,  of  Arlington 
Heights,  Cook  County,  111.,  Manager  of 
the  firm  of  Peter  &  Volz,. manufacturers 
of  sewing  machines,  opera  chairs,  and 
school  desks,  was  born  in  Arlington 
Heights,  April  7,  1878.  From  1884  until 
1891  he  attended  the  public  school  in  his 
native  place,  and  from  1891  until  1895  was 
a  pupil  in  the  Jefferson  High  School  in 
Chicago.  In  the  last  mentioned  year  he 
matriculated  in  Northwestern  University, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1899, 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  was  a 
teacher  in  the  Chicago  public  schools 
from  1899  until  1903,  when  he  assumed 
the  management  of  the  Peter  &  Volz 
manufactory. 

Mr.  Volz  is  a  member  of  the  Arlington 
Athletic  and  Social  Club,  of  which  he 
was  secretary  1901-1906.  In  1902  he  was 
appointed  assistant  chief  of  the  Arlington 
Heights  Volunteer  Fire  Department,  and 
was  appointed  Chief  in  1905.  In  fraternal 
circles,  he  is  affiliated  with  the  M.  W.  A., 
and  was  clerk  of  the  Arlington  Camp  of 
that  order,  1900-1906.  He  is  also  identi- 
fied with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  being  a 
member  of  Palatine  Lodge  No.  314.  and 
of  Lincoln  Park  Chapter.  R.  A.  M.,  Xo. 

177- 

On  June  29,  1904.  at  Aurora,  111.,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Sallie  Anderson,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  they  have  one  daughter,  Donna 
Marie,  born  July  8  1905. 


EZRA  MARCH  BORING.  D.  D. 

The  Boring  family  name  was  first 
known  in  America  in  Maryland.  The  pro- 
genitor of  the  American  branch  of  this 
family  was  a  sailor,  who  was  separated 


642 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


from  his  family  at  Liverpool,  England, 
when  a  lad.  Together  with  companions, 
he  was  enticed  upon  a  ship  which  sailed 
and  carried  them  to  sea.  Because  the 
boys  were  unable  to  pay  their  fare  they 
were  sold  into  servitude.  Young  Boring, 
on  account  of  his  vivacity,  became  a  fa- 
vorite of  the  captain  and  was  made  cabin 
boy.  From  this  position  he  rose  to  that 
of  mate  and  finally  to  be  captain  of  a 
privateer.  While  commanding  this  ves- 
sel, he  lost  a  limb  in  an  engagement  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  after  this  in- 
cident determined  to  retire  from  the  sea 
service.  He  returned  to  England  and, 
unable  to  find  his  family,  sailed  for 
America  and  settled  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. His  business  was  that  of  a  shoe- 
maker. He  was  one  of  the  early  converts 
to  Methodism,  and  the  Boring  family, 
which  spread  over  the  South  and  West, 
has  been  generally  prominently  identified 
with  that  denomination. 

Some  of  the  immediate  ancestors  of 
the  family  of  a  later  period  removed  from 
Maryland  to  Kentucky,  and  early  in  the 
last  century  to  Claremont,  Ohio,  where 
Ezra  Marsh  Boring  was  born  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Felicity,  June  12,  1813.  General  U. 
S.  Grant  was  also  born  in  this  village  and 
was  a  boyhood  friend.  Temperance  Bor- 
ing, the  mother  of  Ezra  Marsh  Boring, 
was  a  strong  character,  an  ardent  Metho- 
dist, and  her  home  was  one  of  the  best 
known  of  the  fraternity  in  Southern 
Ohio. 

In  1832  Mr.  Boring  was  soundly  con- 
verted, and  this  change  of  heart  turned 
his  life  into  a  new  channel  and  he  became 
an  earnest  student.  Previous  to  this  time 
he  had  learned  the  saddler's  trade,  and 
this  fact,  together  with  the  assistance  of 
his  warm  friend,  William  I.  Fee,  made  it 
possible  for  him  to  attend  the  Methodist 


school  in  Augusta,  Kentucky.  He  gradu- 
ated from  this  college  in  1842,  and,  while 
the  college  .curriculum  was  limited,  he 
became  reasonably  proficient  in  Latin, 
Greek  and  Hebrew,  which  languages  he 
continued  to  study  and  use  until  his  clos- 
ing years. 

At  the  close  of  his  school  life,  Mr.  Bor- 
ing married  Rebecca  Ann  Barnes,  and 
became  Principal  of  Franklin  Seminary  in 
Washington  County,  Kentucky.  This  was 
a  well  known  Southern  Seminary  of  the 
M.  E.  Church,  situated  in  the  heart  of  the 
slave  district.  Ezra  Marsh  Boring  re- 
ceived a  liberal  salary  for  his  services 
for  that  day,  and  enjoyed  great  popularity 
among  the  planters,  because  of  his  great 
ability  as  an  orator  and  his  genial  and 
happy  nature.  He  was  an  ardent  cham- 
pion of  the"Divine  Right  of  Slavery"until 
he  was  suddenly  converted  to  Abolition- 
ism, which  made  it  necessary  for  him  to 
cross  the  Ohio  River  and  separate  him- 
self from  his  friends.  From  that  day  he 
was  an  ardent  friend  of  the  black  man. 
and  his  home  was  one  of»  the  stations  of 
the  "underground  railroad."  In  1843,  ne 
joined  the  Southern  Ohio  M.  E.  Confer- 
ence and  was  stationed  at  Gallipolis.  This 
was  an  old  French  town  with  marked  in- 
fidel tendencies  among  its  citizens.  Here 
Mr.  Boring's  fearlessness,  joined  with  his 
tact,  made  him  many  warm  friends,  so 
that  the  meager  salary,  customary  in  that 
day,  was  generously  supplemented  by  fees 
and  presents.  He  afterwards  preached 
at  Marietta,  Newark  and  Lancaster,  Ohio, 
and  was  made  a  Presiding  Elder,  at  which 
time  he  resided  at  Athens,  the  seat  of 
the  Ohio  State  University.  He  was  then 
a  very  young  man  for  so  responsible  a 
position.  In  1857  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Rock  River  Conference  in  Illinois,  be- 
ing stationed  at  Galena,  where  he  re- 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


643 


mained  for  two  years  and  made  many 
warm  friends.  He  also  here  renewed  his 
acquaintance  with  U.  S.  Grant,  his  boy- 
hood friejid,  which  friendship  continued 
through  life.  After  a  brief  pastorate  in 
Waukegan,  he  removed  to  Chicago  and 
became  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Chicago 
District,  serving,  in  all,  two  terms  in 
this  position.  He  was  pastor  at  Grant 
Place  (now  Wesley),  Dixon  Street  and 
State  Street,  Chicago;  also  at  Arlington 
Heights.  Park  Ridge,  Crystal  Lake, 
Woodstock  and  Wheaton,  Illinois. 

For  many  years  he  was  Secretary  of 
the  Home  for  the  Friendless  in  Chicago, 
giving  to  this  Institution  the  best  service 
of  his  life,  and,  as  the  result  of  his  labors, 
leaving  it  well  endowed  for  the  future. 
The  closing  years  of  this  long  life  in 
public  service  was  spent  as  Correspond- 
ing Secretary  of  The  Superannuates'  Re- 
lief Association  of  the  Rock  River  Con- 
ference, and  here  he  also  succeeded  to  a 
remarkable  extent.  The  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  Theological  Institute  of  Greensburg. 
Ind.  Dr.  Boring  will  be  especially  re- 
membered by  many  as  the  founder  of  the 
Desplaines  Camp  Meeting,  established  in 
1860,  which  he  conducted  or  attended  for 
twenty-eight  consecutive  years. 

As  a  preacher,  Elder  Boring  (as  he  was 
often  called)  spoke  extemporaneously, 
and  often  with  great  power.  He  was  an 
earnest  but  wise  evangelist,  an  educator 
of  great  ability,  and  managed  business 
affairs  with  remarkable  sagacity.  He  was 
greatly  beloved  by  many  of  all  demoni- 
nations  for  his  broad  and  tolerant  spirit, 
and  no  man  in  Chicago  was  probably  bet- 
ter known  by  those  of  every  rank  of  life. 
He  passed  away  November  21,  1892,  hav-- 
ing  survived  his  wife  about  two  years. 


ERNEST  HAMMOND  EVERSZ. 

•Ernest  H.  Eversz,  senior  member  of 
the  firm  of  Eversz  &  Company,  bankers, 
located  at  Xo.  220  La  Salle  Street,  Chi- 
cago, was  born  August  3.  1872.  His 
primary  education  was  obtained  in  the 
Milwaukee  public  school,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1888.  He  subsequently  pursued 
a  course  of  study  in  Evanston  Town- 
ship High  School,  Cook  County,  111., 
graduating  therefrom  in  1891.  In  that 
year  he  matriculated  in  Northwestern 
University,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  in  1895  w'tn  tne  degree  of  A. 
B.  While  taking  the  university  course, 
he  was  identified  with  the  Beta  Theta  Pi 
and  Theta  Nu  Epsilon  fraternities,  and 
from  1891  to  1894,  was  a  member  of  the 
Northwestern  University  Glee  and  Banjo 
Clubs.  In  1895  he  took  the  Harris  Prize 
in  the 'political  economy  contest. 

From  1895  until  1901,  Mr.  Eversz  was 
in  the  employ  of  N.  W.  Harris  &  Com- 
pany, bankers,  in  Chicago.  From  1901 
to  1904  he  was  manager  of  the  Chicago 
office  of  Redmond,  Kerr  &  Company, 
bankers,  and  since  1904  has  been  engaged 
in  his  present  connection.  Mr.  Eversz  is 
a  member  of  the  Union  League  and 
Washington  Park  Clubs,  of  Chicago ;  the 
Chicago  Yacht  Club,  and  the  Illinois  Ath- 
letic Club. 

On  November  5.  1902,  Mr.  Eversz  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Ruth  Swift,  a 
daughter  of  the  late  Gustavus  F.  Swift. 
One  child.  P>arbara.  has  resulted  from  this 
union,  born  October  9,  1904.  Mr.  Eversz. 
resides  at  No.  3323  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago. 

WILBUR  J.  ANDREWS. 

Wilbur  J.  Andrews,  of  Berwyn,  Cook 
County.  111.,  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business,  was  born  in  Rockford,  111., 


644 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


March  24,  1859.  In  boyhood  he  received  his 
rudimentary  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  place,  and  otherwise 
pursued  his  preparatory  studies  until  he 
entered  Northwestern  University,  from 
which  institution  he  received  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  in  1887,  and  that  of  A.  M.,  in 
1890.  While  in  the  university,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Hinman  Literary  Society 
and  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  fraternity.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Ada  C.  Redfield,  of  Evanston, 
111.,  in  1881  and  they  became  the  parents 
of  three  children,  namely:  Elliot  Red- 
field.  Jerome  Edson  and  Kathryn  Louise. 


CHARLES  EDWARD  PIPER. 

Charles  Edward  Piper,  lawyer  and  real 
estate  operator,  Berwyn,  111.,  was  born  in 
Chicago,  111.,  June  12,  1858,  the  son  of  Otis 
and  Margaret  Piper — the  former  born  at 
Sackett's  Harbor,  X.  Y.,  in  October,  1830, 
and  the  latter  at  Prescott,  Canada,  in  1837. 
Mr.  Piper's  father  was  a  merchant,  and  one 
branch  of  his  family  was  descended  from 
old  Massachusetts  stock  extending  back  to 
New  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1632. 

Mr.  Piper  was  educated  in  the  Chicago 
public  schools,  the  High  School  and  North- 
western University,  and  after  completing  his 
literary  course,  served  as  Postmaster  at  the 
Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  while  pur- 
suing the  study  of  law  in  the  Law  Depart- 
ment of  the  Northwestern  University. 
After  his  graduation  from  the  Law 
School  in  1887,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
the  real  estate  business  and  general  practice 
of  his  profession.  During  1894-95  he  served 
as  President  of  the  Town  Board  of  Cicero 
Township,  and  has  also  been  a  member  of 
the  School  Board.  Some  years  since  he 


started  the  movement  for  the  establishment 
of  Sanatoria  in  different  States  for  the  bene- 
fit of  tuberculous  members  of  various  fra- 
ternal organizations  participating  in  the 
same,  the  first  institution  being  located  at 
Black  Mountain,  N.  C. 

In  political  views,  Mr.  Piper  was  born 
and  bred  a  Republican,  and  in  religious  be- 
lief is  identified  with  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Epworth  League,  serving  as  the  first 
President  for  the  Chicago  District,  and  later 
as  President  of  the  State  organization,  and 
for  eight  years  as  Treasurer  of  the  National 
organization.  He  has  also  been  Supreme 
Secretary  and  General  Manager  of  the 
Royal  League,  a  member  of  the  Phi  Kappa 
Psi  and  Phi  Delta  Phi  Fraternities,  of  the 
Royal  Arcanum,  Knights  of  Pythias,  va- 
rious Masonic  bodies,  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workman,  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  Independent  Order  of  For- 
esters, North  American  Union,  and  various 
other  secret  and  benevolent  orders. 

At  Indianola,  Iowa,  on  August  15,  1882, 
Mr.  Piper  was  married  to  Carrie  Gregory, 
who  was  a  native  of  Nauvoo,  111.,  and  whose 
great-grandfather  was  associated  with  Rob- 
ert Morris  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpow- 
der for  use  of  the  American  soldiers  during 
the  Revolutionary  War  period.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Piper's  children  are:  Carolyn  E.,  born 
January  17.  1884,  and  now  a  member  of  the 
Senior  Class  in  Northwestern  University ; 
Lulu  Lane,  born  May  29,  1887,  a  sophomore 
in  Macalester  College,  St.  Paul,  Minn ;  Rob 
ert  G..  born  December  7,  1889,  a  graduate 
of  Clyde  High  School,  now  entered  Fresh- 
man in  Northwestern  ;  Margaret,  born  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1892,  died  September  16,  1894; 
and  Charles  E.,  Jr.,  born  March  6.  1898. 
Mr.  Piper's  office  as  Supreme  Scribe  of  the 
Royal  League  is  located  in  Room  1601,  Ma- 
sonic Temple  Building,  Chicago. 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


645 


CHARLES  LYFORD  LOGAN. 

Charles  Lyford  Logan,  clergyman,  who 
is  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal - 
Church  at  Elizabeth,  111.,  was  born  in  At- 
kinson, Maine,  June  10,  1850.  When  he 
was  four  years  old  his  parents  removed 
to  Illinois  and  two  years  later  to  Minne- 
sota. Here  he  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  and,  after 
preparing  for  college  at  home,  in  the  fall 
of  1873  entered  the  Freshman  Class  of 
Northwestern  University,  graduating 
therefrom  in  1877.  In  that  year  he  became 
Principal  of  Public  Schools  in  Caledonia, 
Houston  County,  Minn.,  for  one  term.  He 
joined  the  Wisconsin  M.  E.  Conference 
in  1878.  and  in  1880,  entered  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,  at  Evanston,  111.,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1882.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1877;  that  of 
A.  M.,  in  1880;  and  that  of  B.  D.,  in 
1882.  During  his  college  course,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Adelphic  Literary  So- 
ciety and  of  the  Owl  Club.  In  the  Junior 
year,  he  was  one  of  those  who  took  part 
in  the  "Junior  Ex.,"  and  was  a  contestant 
in  debate  between  the  Adelphic  and  a  Chi- 
cago literary  society.  He  was  editor  of 
the  "Tripod."  representing  the  Adelphic 
Literary  Society,  and  was  one  of  the  ora- 
tors in  the  commencement  exercises,  at 
the  time  of  his  graduation.  In  1883  he 
transferred  to  the  Rock  River  Conference. 
From  1886  to  1889.  and  from  1892  to  1895, 
a  period  of  seven  years,  inclusive,  he  was 
principal  of  Inyo  Academy,  at  Bishop,  Inyo 
County.  Cal. 

On  May  8,  1884,  Mr.  Logan  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Grace  Boehm  Wood,  and 
they  have  become  the  parents  of  the  fol- 
lowing children,  namely:  Mary  Lois,  born 
in  1885:  Grace  Sarah,  born  in  1887;  Laura 
Louise,  born  in  1889;  Helen  Irene,  born 
in  1891 :  Edith  Evangeline,  born  in  1893 ; 


Frances  Willard,  born  in  1896;  Charles 
Lyford,  Jr.,  born  in  1898;  and  Ruth,  born 
in  1904. 

In  fraternal  circles,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  is  identified  with  the  I.  O.  O.  F. 
and  the  A.  O.  U.  A.  M. 


JEROME  J.  CERMAK. 

Jerome  J.  Cermak,  attorney-at-law,  Chi- 
cago, was  born  in  the  city  where  he  now  re- 
sides, September  30,  1880.  In  boyhood  he 
made  diligent  use  of  the  opportunities  af- 
forded by  the  Chicago  public  schools, 
graduating  from  the  Joseph  Medill  High 
School  in  June,  1898.  In  September,  1899, 
he  matriculated  in  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Law  School,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  June.  1902,  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  B.  From  1902  to  1906  he  has  been 
Secretary  of  the  Law  Alumni  Association 
of  that  institution.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  University  Baseball  Club  in  the  spring 
of  1901.  and  of  the  Law  School  baseball 
team  in  1901  and  1902.  He  belongs  to 
the  Phi  Alpha  Delta  Law  fraternity,  and 
socially,  is  identified  with  the  Royal 
League  and  the  "Ceska  Beseda."  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 


GEORGE  THOMAS  FOX,  D.  D.  S. 

Dr.  George  Thomas  Fox,  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at  No. 
5101  South  Halsted  Street,  Chicago,  111., 
was  born  in  Chicago  February  19.  1881, 
and  received  his  rudimentary  education  in 
the  Chicago  public  schools.  He  after- 
wards pursued  a  course  of  study  in 
Wheaton  College  at  Wheaton,  111.,  and. 
in  the  fall  of  1900.  entered  Northwestern 
L'niversity  Dental  College,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1903,  with  the  degree  of 


646 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


D.  D.  S.  In  November,  1903,  he  com- 
menced the  practice  of  dentistry  at  the 
location  above  mentioned,  where  he  has 
since  continued  with  good  results. 


PHILIP  E.  ELTING. 

Philip  E.  Elting,  attorney-at-la\v,  Ma- 
comb,  McDonough  County,  111.,  was  born 
in  the  vicinity  of  that  city  and  spent  his 
boyhood  and  early  youth  in  his  native 
place,  where  he  enjoyed  the  advantages  of 
the  public  schools.  After  completing  his 
primary  education,  he  pursued  a  course  of 
study  in  the  Law  Department  of  North- 
western University  at  Evanston.  111.,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  with  the  Class  of 
1892,  receiving  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  He 
was  immediately  admitted  to  the  bar 
(June  14,  1892),  and  at  once  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Macomb, 
in  which  he  has  since  continued  with  suc- 
cessful results.  Although  he  has  not 
sought  political  preferment,  he  has  been 
endorsed  by  his  county  as  a  candidate  for 
Circuit  Judge  in  the  Ninth  Judicial  Circuit 
of  Illinois. 

In  fraternal  circles,  Mr.  Elting  is  identi- 
fied with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  in  which  he  is 
a  Knight  Templar:  and  is  also  affiliated 
with  Military  Tract  Lodge.  No.  145,  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  with 
the  Knights  of  Pythias. 


SIDNEY  G.   McCALLIN,  D.   D.   S. 

Sidney  Gilmore  McCallin,  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at  No. 
830  West  Sixty-Third  Street,  Chicago. 
111.,  was  born  in  Rochester,  Minn.,  Sep- 
tember 7,  1878.  In  boyhood  he  made  dili- 
gent use  of  the  opportunities  afforded  by 
the  public  schools,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  Waukesha  (Wis.)  High  School,  from 


which  he  was  graduated  in  1896.  On  Oc- 
tober, 5,  1898,  he  matriculated  in  North- 
western University  Dental  School,  gradu- 
ating therefrom  in  May,  1900,  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  S.  During  his  dental 
course  he  was  a  member  of  the  Psi  Omega 
Fraternity,  and  was  on  the  Dental  School 
football  team  in  1898-1899. 

Dr.  McCallin  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  No.  1124  West  Sixty- 
third  Street,  Chicago,  on  July  7,  1901,  and 
on  June  7,  1904,  moved  to  his  present  lo- 
cation. In  1904,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Englewood  Dental  Society,  of  which 
he  was  elected  President  in  1905.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Englewood  Men's 
Club  and  of  the  Jackson  Park  Yacht  Club. 


LOUIS  GRANT  HOTCH. 

Louis  Grant  Hotch,  dentist,  who  is  lo- 
cated at  No.  334  East  Division  Street, 
Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  Carthage,  111., 
March  15  1868.  In  early  youth  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  his  native 
place,  and  afterwards  graduated  from  the 
High  School,  subsequently  taking  a  course 
in  a  Kansas  City  (Mo.)  business  college. 
In  1901,  he  graduated  form  Northwestern 
University  Dental  School.  Dr.  Hotch 
worked  his  way  through  school  by  indus- 
trious application  to  other  pursuits,  during 
his  vacations  and  other  periods  of  leisure. 
On  June  30,  1900,  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Tillie  Nelson,  and  one  child 
Marion  Sophia,  has  been  the  result  of  this 
union. 


SAMUEL   CRAIG   PLUMMER. 

Samuel  Craig  Plummer,  surgeon,  who 
is  located  at  No.  156  East  Forty-second 
Place,  Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in  Rock 
Island,  111.,  April  22, 1865.  In  early  youth 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


647 


he  utilized  the  advantages  of  the  public 
schools  and,  after  finishing  his  primary 
studies,   pursued   a   course   in   Augustana 
College,  at  Rock   Island,   from  which  he 
was    graduated    in    June,    1883,    with    the 
degree  of  A.  B.    In  the  same  year  he  ma- 
triculated in  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
of  Northwestern   University,  graduating 
therefrom   March  23,   1886.  with  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.    He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi 
Rho   Sigma   fraternity.     In    1886-87,   Dr. 
Plummer  occupied  the  position  of  interne 
in  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  Chicago.  In 
1891  he  was  appointed  Assistant  Demon- 
strator of  Anatomy  in  the  Northwestern 
University   Medical   School ;  in    1892  be- 
came Lecturer  on  Anatomy ;  in  1893,  Pro- 
fessor of  Anatomy,  and  in  1894,  Demon- 
strator of  Operative  Surgery.     Since  1899 
he  has  been  Professor  of  ( )perative  Sur- 
gery  in   that    institution,   and   from    1900 
until  the  present  time,  has  served  in  the 
capacity  of  Surgeon  to  Wesley  Hospital, 
Chicago,  and  since  1902  has  held  the  po- 
sition of  Chief  Surgeon  of  the  Chicago, 
Rock   Island  &   Pacific   Railway  system. 
He  has  also  been  secretary  of  the  North- 
western  University  Medical  School  since 
1904. 

Dr.  Plummer  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association ;  the  American 
Association  of  Railway  Surgeons ;  the 
Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  the  Chi- 
cago Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was 
Secretary  in  1900-1901  :  the  Chicago  Sur- 
gical Society ;  and  the  Chicago  Pathologi- 
cal Society.  Socially  Dr.  Plummer  is  a 
member  of  the  Kenwood  and  Washing- 
ton Park  Clubs  of  Chicago,  and  fraternally 
of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 
He  was  united  in  marriage  with  Mary 
Louise  Middleton.  on  March  18,  1902,  and 
one  child,  Susan  Middleton  Plummer,  has 
been  born  of  this  union. 


ALBERT  D.  PERSONS,  D.  D.  S.,  M.D.S. 

Dr.  Albert  Dodge  Persons,  dentist,  of 
Des  Plaines,  Cook  County,  111.,  was  born 
in  Chicago,  111.,  July  20,  1879.  His  early 
mental  training  was  obtained  in  the  Chi- 
cago public  schools  and,  in  October,  1897, 
he  entered  the  Northwestern  College  of 
Dental  Surgery  and  matriculated  in 
Northwestern  University  Dental  School 
in  October,  1898,  graduating  therefrom 
April  30,  1900.  with  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
S.  He  has  also  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  S.  Dr.  Persons  was  a  member  of 
Northwestern  L'niversity  Dental  School 
football  team  in  1898-1899. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  Professor 
of  Oral  Surgery  in  the  American  Post- 
Graduate  School :  Professor  of  Oral  Sur- 
gery in  the  National  Medical  University; 
was  formerly  Professor  of  Orthodon- 
tia  in  the  Illinois  Medical  School  Dental 
Department,  and  is  now  Assistant  Professbr 
of  Orthodontia  in  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Dental  School. 

Dr.  Persons  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Grace  Bennett,  of  Des  Plaines.  111., 
on  August  16,  1904. 


WALTER  B.  HELM,  M.  D. 

Walter  B.  Helm,  physician  and  sur- 
geon, of  Rockford,  111.,  was  born  at  But- 
lerville,  Iowa,  October  12,  1859,  and  his 
primary  education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  place.  Sub- 
sequently he  became  a  pupil  in  the  B'eaver 
Dam  (Wis.)  High  School,  finishing  his 
studies  there  in  1876.  He  then  matricu- 
lated in  Northwestern  University,  and. 
after  completing  the  literary  course,  in 
1881  entered  the  Medical  Department  of 
that  institution,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  in  1884. 


648 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


He  had  previously  received  the  degree  of 
B.  S.  In  1884-85,  he  attended  the  clinics 
of  Cook  County  Hospital,  Chicago,  and 
in  1895,  took  a  course  in  the  New  York 
Post  Graduate  School  of  Medicine.  Dur- 
ing his  undergraduate  period,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Hinman  Literary  Society, 
and  from  1879  to  1883,  was  connected  with 
the  United  States  Life-Saving  Service. 

Dr.  Helm  acted  as  Attending  Physician 
and  Surgeon  in  connection  with  the  Rock- 
ford  City  Hospital  from  1886  to  1904,  and. 
since  the  last  named  year,  has  occupied 
the  position  of  Consulting  Surgeon  in  that 
institution.  He  was  local  surgeon  of  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  at  Ra- 
cine, \Yis.,  in  1897.  Dr.  Helm  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association  ; 
the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society;  the 
Central  Wisconsin  Medical  Society ;  and 
the  \\innebago  (111.)  Medical  Society. 
Socially  he  is  connected  with  the  Rock- 
ford  Country  Club,  and,  in  fraternal  cir- 
cles, is  identified  with  the  B.  P.  ().  E. 

Dr.  Helm  was  married  on  October  26, 
1887,  to  Mary  C.  Gibson,  and  two  children 
are  the  offspring  of  this  union,  namely: 
Allan  (I.,  born  November  8,  1888,  and 
Elizabeth,  born  January  27,  1902. 


GEORGE   \V.   NESBITT. 

George  W.  Nesbitt,  physician  and 
surgeon,  of  Sycamore,  111.,  was  born  in 
that  town  March  13,  1869.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  place,  and  from  1887  to  1889, 
he  was  a  student  in  the  Illinois  State  Uni- 
versity at  Urbana.  In  the  fall  of  the  lat- 
ter year  he  matriculated  in  the  Chicago 
Medical  College  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  was  graduated 
April  22,  1892,  with  the  degree  of  M.  D. 

Dr.  Nesbitt  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 


can Medical  Association;  the  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society;  the  DeKalb 
County  (111.)  Medical  Society;  and  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Society.  He 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Cora  Whitte- 
more,  of  Sycamore,  111.,  on  August  16, 
1894. 


PAUL  SYNNESTVEDT. 

Paul  Synnestvedt,  who  is  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  law,  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
where  his  office  is  located  at  No.  518  Frick 
Building,  was  born  in  Chicago,  111.,  April 
14,  1870.  In  his  youth  he  enjoyed  the  ad- 
vantages afforded  by  the  public  schools  of 
Chicago,  and,  after  finishing  his  literary 
studies,  entered  the  Law  School  of  North- 
western University  at  Chicago,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1897,  with  the 
degree  of  LL.  B.  The  marriage  of  Mr. 
Synnestvedt  took  place  in  1893,  when 
he  was  wedded  to  Anna  E.  Lechner  of 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  their  union  resulting  in 
eight  children,  namely:  Arthur,  Hubert, 
Elsa,  George,  Evan,  Raymond,  Kenneth 
and  Virginia. 


WILLIAM  LEON  STEVENS,  D.  D.  S. 

Dr.  William  Leon  Stevens,  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  dentistry  at  No. 
1012  West  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111.,  and 
resides  at  Clyde,  Cook  County,  111.,  was 
born  at  Eaton  Rapids,  Mich.,  December 
ii,  1867.  In  early  youth  he  utilized  the 
opportunities  afforded  by  the  public 
schools,  and  on  September  25,  1887,  ma- 
triculated in  the  American  College  of 
Dental  Surgery,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  S.,  March 
25.  1880.  In  fraternal  circles,  Dr.  Ste- 
vens is  identified  with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M., 


HISTORY  OF  EVANSTON 


649 


having  joined  Lodge  No.  610,  August  14, 
1893. 

On  June  17,  1897,  Dr.  Stevens  was  uni- 
ted in  marriage  with  Anna  Maude  Stevens, 
and  they  have  become  the  parents  of  two 
children,  namely :  Morton  Leon,  born  Oc- 
tober 27,  1898,  and  Ethel  Grace,  born  May 
17,  1891. 


OLE  HANSEN  TUTTLE. 

Ole  Hansen  Tuttle,  dentist,  Chicago,  111., 
was  born  at  Eaton,  Ohio,  April  17,  1867. 
In  early  youth  he  utilized  the  opportuni- 
ties afforded  by  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  town  and  graduated  there  in  1886. 
In  1891  he  entered  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Dental  College,  and  was  graduated 
therefrom  in  1894,  with  the  degree  of  D. 
D.  S.  He  was  class  treasurer  in  that  in- 
stitution during  the  last  mentioned  year, 
and  special  clinic  in  operative  dentistry 
there  in  1895-96.  From  1893  to  1900,  he 
served  as  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Miami  Club,  Fraternally  he  is  identified 
with  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M..  being  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Mason,  and  a  member  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine. 

On  November  24,  1902,  Dr.  Tuttle  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Grace  M.  Goss, 
a  daughter  of  the  inventor  of  the  Goss 
Printing  Press.  One  child,  Genevieve 
Harriet,  has  been  the  offspring  of  their 
union.  Dr.  Tuttle  is  located  at  No.  1046 
Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago. 


BENJAMIN    WALDBERG. 

Benjamin  Waldberg,  who  is  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  dentistry  at  No.  66  North 
State  Street,  Chicago,  111.,  was  born  in 
Lemberg,  Austria,  December  25,  1851.  In 
boyhood  he  received  his  primary  mental 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 


country,  and  graduated  from  the  Classic 
Gymnasium  in  the  city  of  his  birth.  He 
matriculated  in  Northwestern  University 
Dental  School  for  the  term  of  1897-8,  and 
was  graduated  in  1901,  with  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  S.  Dr.  Waldberg  was  appointed 
Demonstrator  in  Prosthetic  Technics,  Oc- 
tober i,  1899,  and  in  May,  1901,  received 
the  appointment  of  Demonstrator  and 
Superintendent  of  Prosthetic  Laborator- 
ies, a  position  which  he  still  holds.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Odontographic  So- 
ciety ;  the  Psi  Omega  Dental  Fraternity, 
and  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M. 

Dr.  Waldberg  was  married  in  1869,  but 
has  been  a  widower  since  1886.  He  has 
two  sons,  Bernard  and  Joseph. 


AMOS  R.  SOLENBERGER,  M.  D. 

Amos  Rufus  Solenberger,  physician, 
and  a  resident  of  Colorado  Springs,  Colo., 
was  born  in  1853,  at  Canton,  Ohio.  After 
finishing  his  primary  studies  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  State,  his  parents 
removed  to  Illinois,  where  he  pursued 
preparatory  courses  in  Rock  River  Sem- 
inary and  Northwestern  University 
Academy,  and  in  1879  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  of  Northwestern 
University,  Evanston,  graduating  there- 
from in  1883,  with  the  degree  of  Ph.  B. 
In  1883  he  entered  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Medical  School,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1885,  with  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  During  his  undergraduate  course, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Euphronean  and 
Adelphic  societies,  and  of  the  Phi  Kappa 
Psi  Fraternity,  and  was  contestant  for  the 
Adelphic  and  Hintnan  prizes  in  oratory. 
He  acted  in  the  capacity  of  Field  Marshal 
on  Field  Day  in  1883. 

Dr.  Solenberger  took  special  courses  in 
Medicine,  Laryngology,  Rhinology  and 


650 


BIOGRAPHICAL 


Otology,  in  Berlin,  Paris  and  London,  and 
is  the  author  of  "Lectures  on  Hygiene  of 
the  Vocal  Organs,"  and  on  the  "Principles 
and  Practice  of  Diseases  of  the  Upper 
Respiratory  Tract."  From  1896  to  1899 
he  was  Instructor  in  Laryngology  and 
Rhinology  in  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Medical  School.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association ;  the 
Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine ;  the  Am- 
erican Laryngological,  Otological  and 
Rhinological  Societies,  and  of  the  Colorado 
State  Medical  Association. 

He  was  united  in  marriage  with  Pris- 
cilla  H.  Stauffer,  at  Denver,  Colo.,  on 
April  8,  1885. 


JOHN  RAYMOND  HOFFMAN,  M.  D. 
Dr.  John  Raymond  Hoffman,  who  is 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  at  No. 
206  East  Washington  Street,  Chicago, 
111.,  and  resides  in  Ottawa,  111.,  was  born 
in  the  latter  city,  June  18,  1865.  In  boy- 
hood he  attended  public  school  in  Ottawa, 
and  graduated  from  the  High  School 
there  in  1885.  He  matriculated  in  Chi- 
cago Medical  College  of  Northwestern 
University  in  1888,  and  was  graduated 
therefrom  in  1891  with  the  degree  of  M. 


D.  Dr.  Hoffman  entered  upon  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  his  profession  in  Ottawa, 
during  the  year  of  his  graduation  from 
the  University,  and  continued  therein  un- 
til 1895,  when  he  devoted  his  attention 
mainly  to  affections  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat.  In  1897,  he  began  this  special 
line  of  practice  in  Chicago,  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and 
Throat  College,  of  which  he  is  secretary. 
In  this  institution,  Dr.  Hoffman  has  also 
filled  the  chair  of  Professor  of  Ophthal- 
mology since  the  year  of  its  establish- 
ment. From  1896  to  1898,  Dr.  Hoffman 
was  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Illinois 
National  Guard,  and  from  1897  to  1903 
was  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Illinois 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  lie  is 
a  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society, 
the  Chicago  Ophthalmological  and  Otolo- 
gical Society,  and  the  American  Academy 
of  Ophthalmology,  Otology  and  Rhinol- 
ogy. 

On  June  2,  1891,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  united  in  marriage  with  Mary 
T.  Hapeman,  of  Ottawa,  111.,  and  their 
union  has  resulted  in  three  children 
namely:  Douglas  T.,  Phoebe  Ella,  and 
Frances. 


